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INTRODUCTION
The checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi by Galloway & Quilhot (1998) contains 1383 lichen species for Chile, thirteen of them belonging to the genus Rinodina. After publication of the checklist, R. pyrina (Ach.) Arnold from the surroundings of Santiago de Chile (Vargas et al. 2013) and R. sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal. from the Bío-Bío Region (Pereira et al. 2016) were found. Vargas et al. (2017) recorded R. intrusa (Nyl.) Malme from the Atacama, but this specimen may have been confused with R. viridis Müll. Arg. Additionally, Trinkaus et al. (1999) collected Rinodina gennarii Bagl. on coastal rocks near Puerto Montt and verified the occurrence of this species in South America. However, the knowledge about the genus Rinodina in general and especially the geographical distribution, frequency and habitat requirements of its species is still rather poor in Chile.Here we present further records of four Rinodina, and one Orcularia species, collected during field excursions by the first author in 2013 and 2019 and a key for Rinodina and closely related species known from Chile.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
For identification, the specimens were studied in the usual way with stereomicroscope and compound microscope. Measurements were taken on thin hand-cut sections mounted in water. Lichen substances were analyzed by spot tests and polarized light. Cited specimens are kept in the private herbarium of the first author.
An asterisk (*) represents species reported as new to Chile in the list below.
SPECIES LIST
*Orcularia insperata (Nyl.) Kalb & Giralt
A corticolous or lignicolous species. The specimen has the typical Orcularia-type spores of the genus. The size of the spores is 15-17 × 8-9 μm, n=8. The hypothecium and thalline margin are darkly pigmented.
Orcularia insperata is widely distributed in both hemispheres and occurs mainly in (sub-)oceanic regions. The distribution area on the Northern Hemisphere comprises the temperate and meridional vegetation zone. It is known from Europe (British Islands: Kalb & Giralt 2011, Russia, Caucasus: Urbanavichus et al. 2020, Spain: Kalb & Giralt 2011), Africa (Macaronesia: Kalb & Giralt 2011) and North America (North Carolina: Lendemer et al. 2008). In the Southern Hemisphere, the species spreads over the austrosubtropical and austral vegetation zone. It has been found in New Zealand (Mayrhofer et al. 1999), eastern Australia (GBIF.org 2020a, Mayrhofer et al. 1999), South Africa (GBIF.org 2020a) and eastern South America (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay: Kalb & Giralt 2011, Osorio 2000). Furthermore, O. insperata grows at high altitudes in tropical regions (Costa Rica, Colombia: GBIF.org 2020a, Equador, Réunion: Kalb & Giralt 2011) and on New Zealand’s subantarctic islands (Elix 2018).
CHILE, Aysén Region, Aysén Province, Puerto Raúl Marín Balmaceda, dunes N of the village, open dunes with dense Cytisus? shrubbery, 72°57’17,3’’W, 43°45’45,9’’S, c. 5 m, 24- II-2019, U. Schiefelbein 5208.
*Rinodina capensis Hampe
A corticolous species. The examined specimens have the characteristic features: atranorin in the cortex, Physcia-type spores, absent or a light torus and spore size of 22.5-23.5 × 10-11.5 μm, n=24.
In the Northern Hemisphere, Rinodina capensis occurs mainly in oceanic and sub-oceanic regions of the temperate and meridional vegetation zone. It is known from western North America (GBIF.org 2020b, Sheard 2004, 2010), Europe (Austria: Ropin & Mayrhofer 1993 as R. corticola, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bilovitz & Mayrhofer 2010, Bulgaria: Mayrhofer et al. 2005, Czech Republic: Malíček & Palice 2015, Croatia: Magnusson 1947 as R. corticola, France: Roux 2014, Georgia: Ropin & Mayrhofer 1993 as R. corticola, Germany: Wirth et al. 2013, Greece: Abbott 2009, Italy: Nimis 2016, Romania: Ropin & Mayrhofer 1993 as R. corticola, Slovakia: Pišút et al. 1998, Slovenia: Ropin & Mayrhofer 1993 as R. corticola, Suppan et al. 2000, Spain: Giralt 2010, Switzerland: Ropin & Mayrhofer 1993 as R. corticola, Turkey: John et al. 2017, Ukraine: Faltynowicz & Sulma 1994 as R. corticola), North Africa (Morocco: Ravera 2001) and Asia (Russia, southern Siberia: Urbanavichus, & Andreev 2010, Taiwan: GBIF 2020b).
In the Southern Hemisphere, the species has been so far reported from South Africa (Doidge 1950, GBIF 2020b, Mayrhofer et al. 2014) and Argentina (GBIF 2020b).
CHILE, Aysén Region, Capitán Prat Province, Cochrane, W of Lago Esmeralda, c. 7,5 km SSW of Cochrane, pasture with old trees, 72°37’12,1’’W, 47°19’12,5’’S, c. 290 m, 18- II-2019, U. Schiefelbein 5116, 5124. Aysén Region, Capitán Prat Province, Cochrane, Tamango National Reserve, path to Laguna El Cangrejo, old farmyard, c. 3,6 km NE of Cochrane, old freestanding trees, 72°31’57,3’’W, 47°13’25,3’’S, c. 490 m, 19-II-2019, U. Schiefelbein 5142, 5148, 5150. Aysén Region, Capitán Prat Province, Cochrane, Tamango National Reserve, path to Laguna El Cangrejo, c. 2,5 km NE of Cochrane, old freestanding trees, 72°32’13,5’’W, 47°14’08,9’’S, c. 460 m, 19-II-2019, U. Schiefelbein 5153. Aysén Region, Capitán Prat Province, Cochrane, Tamango National Reserve, path to Laguna El Cangrejo, NW of the entrance to the national reserve, c. 2,6 km E of Cochrane, shrubbery, 72°31’52,1’’W, 47°14’35,6’’S, c. 210 m, 19-II-2019, U. Schiefelbein 5157. Aysén Region, Capitán Prat Province, Cochrane, Chacabuco valley, Los Gatos Trail, c. 3,5 km N of the Alta Valle Campground, old forest, 72°04’20,4’’W, 47°08’39’’S, c. 670 m, 20-II-2019, U. Schiefelbein 5166.
Cfr. Rinodina endophragmia I. M. Lamb
A saxicolous species with relatively thick white to light brown thallus and spores of the Bicincta-type, 18.0-21.0 × 11.0- 12.5 μm, n=16. The identification is tentative because of the light orange-brown color of the epihymenium, which is not typical for this species or of their occurrence on the coast in the littoral zone. Because of the spore type and the color of the epihymenium it may be close to R. lecanorina but this species differs in possessing smaller spores and occurring on calcareous rocks.
This species grows in the so-called black zone together with a Hydropunctaria species and other “marine” lichens.
CHILE, Los Lagos Region, Palena Province, Chaitén, Santa Bárbara, nothern edge of the beach, coastal rocks, on horizontal surface, in lower part of the rock, above the barnacle zone, on schist, 72°48’03,8’’W, 42°51’10,8’’S, c. 5 m, 25-II-2019, U. Schiefelbein 5231. Los Lagos Region, Provincia de Palena, Contao, Seno de Reloncaví, beach c. 1,3 km NE of Contao, boulder beach, upper part of the beach, together with Hydropunctaria, on schist, 72°41’49,1’’W, 41°47’00,8’’S, c. 2 m, 26-II-2019, U. Schiefelbein 5720.
Rinodina gennarii Bagl.
The examined specimen has spore development of type B that belong to the Dirinaria-type, c. 15.5 × 8.0 μm, n= 8, slightly swollen at septum and without a torus.
A saxicolous species. Rinodina gennarii is often included in R. oleae (e.g. Kaschik 2006, Giavarini et al. 2009) in the recent past, but in our opinion, this species is restricted to corticolous substrata, in contrast to R. gennarii, which grows primarily on coastal and more rarely on inland rocks.
In the Northern hemisphere, the distribution area of R. gennarii reaches from the boreal (Mayrhofer 1984, Mayrhofer & Moberg 2002) to the meridional vegetation zone (Egea 1996, Mayrhofer 1984), and it occurs on both coasts of North America (Sheard 2010, GBIF.org 2020c) as well as the Old World (Africa: Egea 1996, Mayrhofer 1984, Asia: Sheard et al. 2017, Europe: e.g. Giralt 2010, Mayrhofer 1984, Mayrhofer & Moberg 2002, Wirth et al. 2013), but because of its integration into R. oleae and its maritime preference, it is uncertain how far inland it occurs within the continents.
In the Southern Hemisphere, the distribution area of R. gennarii seems to be almost restricted to austral vegetation zone. The species is so far known from Australia, New Zealand (Trinkaus et al. 1999), South Africa (Matzer & Mayrhofer 1996), Île Saint-Paul, an island in the Indian Ocean, (Mayrhofer 1984) and Chile (Trinkaus et al. 1999). In Chile it was found in coastal habitats on Isle of Chiloe and north of that island (Trinkaus et al. 1999).
CHILE, Región de los Lagos (X), Chiloé Province, Chiloé, coast c. 5,5 km SW of Chepu, rocky coast, on schist, 74°01’50’’W, 42°04’25’’S, c. 5 m, 24-II-2013, U. Schiefelbein 5285.
Rinodina peloleuca (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
A saxicolous species. Spores of the examined specimens are of the Physcia-Physconia-type, sometimes Dirinaria-like, 18.5-24.0 × 10.5-14.0 μm, n=15, without apical thickening. Skyrin is not always seen as a medullary pigment but K+ red- violet patches are always present in the medulla.
Rinodina peloleuca is a well-known southern South America species occurring in Tasmania, New Zealand, southern South America, on subantarctic islands, and in maritime Antarctica (Kaschik 2006, Matzer et al. 1998). In Chile, it was already found in the Los Lagos region (Región de los Lagos) and along the strait of Magellan (Matzer et al. 1998).
CHILE, Los Lagos Region, Chiloé Province, Chiloé, coast W of Tenaun, boulders at the coast, on granite, 73°22’53’’W, 42°19’56’’S, c. 1 m, 22-II-2013, U. Schiefelbein 5284. Los Lagos Region, Chiloé Province, Chiloé, coast c. 5,5 km SW of Chepu, rocky coast, on schist, 74°01’50’’W, 42°04’25’’S, c. 5 m, 24-II-2013, U. Schiefelbein 5286. Los Lagos Region, Chiloé Province, Chiloé, National park Chiloé, coastal rocks c. 5 km NNW of Cucao, rocks adjacent to the sandy beach, on schist, 74°06’50’’W, 42°37’05’’S, c. 20 m, 21-II-2013, U. Schiefelbein 5287.
Key to Rinodina and related species in Chile
1a. Ascospores 3-septate at maturity .......................................................................... Rinodina conradii Körb.
1b. Ascospores 1-septate at maturity …........................................................................................................ 2
2a. Growing on wood, or bark (corticolous, lignicolous) ................................................................................... 3
2b. Growing on rock (saxicolous), or on soil, terricolous mosses or decaying plant debris (terricolous) ...................... 6
3a. Ascospores Orcularia-type .................................................................................. Orcularia insperata (Nyl.) Kalb & Giralt
3b. Ascospores of another type .................................................................................................................... 4
4a. Ascospores Milvina-type .................................................................................... Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal.
4b. Ascospores of another type ..................................................................................................................... 5
5a. Ascospores Physcia-type, atranorin in cortex ................................................................... Rinodina capensis Hampe
5a. Ascospores Physconia-like, atranorin absent ................................................................. Rinodina pyrina (Ach.) Arnold
6a. Growing on rock (saxicolous) .................................................................................................................... 7
6b. Growing on soil (terricolous), terricolous mosses or decaying plant debris ..................................................... 13
7a. Thallus yellow or yellowish ..................................................................................... Rinodina thiomela (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
7b. Thallus not yellow/yellowish (whitish-grey or brown) ................................................................................ 8
8a. Ascospores Dirinaria-type ............................................................................................. Rinodina gennarii Bagl.
8b. Ascospores of another type ....................................................................................................................... 9
9a. Ascospores Pachysporaria-type II ......................................................................... Rinodina viridis Müll. Arg.
9b. Ascospores of another type .................................................................................................................... 10
10a. Ascospores Bicincta-type ........................................................................ cfr. Rinodina endophragmia I. M. Lamb
10b. Ascospores Physcia- or Phsyconia-type .................................................................................................. 11
11a. Thallus containing atranorin, K + yellow .................................................... Rinodina occulta (Körb.) Sheard
11b. Thallus not containing atranorin, K - ..................................................................................................... 12
12a. Medulla with dispersed patches of an orange pigment containing skyrin, K+ red-violet, ascospores 15- 23 × 10-13 µm, without pronounced apical, internal wall-thickenings ........................................ Rinodina peloleuca (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. [syn. Rinodina endochrysodes (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Rinodina deceptionis I. M. Lamb.]
12b. Medulla with an evenly distributed orange pigment not containing skyrin, K+ red, ascospores 20-30 × 10-12 µm, with pronounced apical, internal wall-thickenings ………..................................... Rinodina infuscata (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
13a. Thallus squamulose ................................... Phaeorrhiza nimbosa (Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt [syn. Rinodina nimbosa (Fr.) Th. Fr.]
13b. Thallus crustose ................................................................................................................................. 14
14a. Cortex of apothecial margin 40-70 µm, sphaerophorin present ……………………….……… Rinodina turfacea (Wahlenb.) Körb.
14b. Cortex of apothecial margin, 20-40 µm, sphaerophorin absent.................................... Rinodina olivaceobrunnea C. W. Dodge & G. E. Baker
