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^ ^ THE
D
GENERAL GAZETTEER;
OR, COMPENDIOUS
GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
CONTAINING
A DESCRIPTION OF THE
EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES, TOWNS, FORTS, SEAS,
HARBOURS, RIVERS, LAKES, MOUNTAINS, CAP^S, &e.
KNOWN WORLD:
WITH THE
EXTENT, BOUNDARIES, AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF EACH COUNTRY ; THE GOVERN-
jMENT, customs, MANNERS, AND RELIGION OF THE INHABITANTS J THE TRADE,
MANUFACTURES, AND CURIOSITIES, OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS, WITH THEIP. LONGI-
TUDE AND LATITUDE, BEARING AND DISTANCE IN ENGLISH MILES FROM IMPORTANT
PLACES; AND THE REMARKABLE EVENTS BY WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN DISTIN-
GUISHED.
ORIGINALLY COMPILED
By R. BROOKES, M. D.
THE SEVENTEENTH EDITION,
WITH VERY CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEME-NTS, FROM THE
* BEST AND MOST RECENT AUTHORITIES.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON, W. LOWNDES, SCATCHERD AND LETTERMAN, J.
CUTHELL, J. NUNV, T. WILKIE, LONGMAN AND CO. CADELL AND DAVIES, J. AND A. ARCH,
BLACK AND CO. J. AND W. T. CLARKE, J. RICHARDSON, J. M, UICHARDSON, LACKINGTON
AND CO. LALDWIN AND CO. <i, AND W. B. WUITTAKER, R. S. KIRBY, T. H. HODGSON, J.
BOOTH, SHERWOOD AND CO. J. .MAWIIAN, OGLE AND CO. T. HAMILTON, A. K. NEWMAN
AND CO. W. BAYNES AND SON, J. ASPEKNE, T. TEGG, J. ROBINSON, BIMFTKN AND MARSHALL,
T, AND J. ALLMAN ; WILSON ANO SONS, YORK; AND CONSTAM-B AND CO. AND MACCBSDIB
AND CO. geiXBURG.
1820.
G
10-2
/ 2xo
C. Baldwin, Prloter,
New Bridge-itreet, London #
ADVERTISEMENT
SEVENTEENTH EDITION.
-i HE Editor of the present and several former editions of
Brookes' General Gazetteer has not relaxed in assiduit\', to
render this established work worthy of the reputation it has
acquired. Since the appearance of the preceding edition,
many territorial changes have taken place, in different conn-
tries, and many works have been published, containing mucli
geographical and topographical information : to tliesc, and
other sources, constant attention has been given, and a large
portion of new matter obtained. The articles now first in-
serted, and the additions made to others, are very numerous
and considerable; yet, by retrenching some redundancies,
enlarging the page, and adopting a narrower type, the present
volume little exceeds the former in tliickness. The maps have
undergone a revision, ar;d maybe occasionally of service for
an immediate reference; but atlases on a superior scale are
now become so general, that their insertion is not of nnicii
utility.
April, 1820.
A ^
The Maps given in this tvork are, the World, placed before
the Title, and Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South
America, East Indies, and West Indies, placed lefore their
Descriptions.
INTRODUCTION.
The science which treats of the construction, figure, disposition, and rela-
tion of all the parts of the universe, is called Cosmoguai'iiy ; that is, a de-
scription of the world : and as the universe is represented by the celestial
and terrestrial globes, cosmography has two principal parts ; namely, As-
tronomy, which is the science of the celestial bodies; and Geogkaphy,
which is a description of the Earth. As these two sciences have, in many
respects, a necessary connection, we shall take a cursory view of each.
Of the Universe.
Astronomy is a science which has been the study and admiration of the
most remote ages. The true system of the universe was known in the ear-
liest times. Pythagoras in particular, Mho flourished near 500 years before
Christ, was undoubtedly acquainted with the present doctrine of the plane-
tary motions, which he is supposed to have learned during his residence with
some more enlightened nations in the east. His disciples not only taught,
that the earth had a diurnal motion on its own axis, and annually revolved,
with other planets round the Sun, but gave such an account of the comets
as is agreeable to modern discoveries. The heavens and stars they supposed
quiescent : and their apparent diurnal motion from east to west was imputed
to the Earth's motion from west to east. Hence this doctrine, for many ages,
was called the Pythagorean System, It was followed by Philolaus, Plato,
Archimedes, and others, but lost during the prevalence of the Peripatetic
philosophy, when the Ptolemaic System (so called from Ptolemy, an Egyp-
tian philosopher, who lived about 138 years after Christ) was universally
adopted. This system supposes the Earth at rest in the centre of the uni-
verse, and that the heavens revolve round it from east to west, carrying all
the celestial bodies along with them, in twenty-four hours. Among the an-
cient philosophers, the principal asserters of this system were Aristotle and
Hipparchus. Being consonant to appearances, it was adhered to for many
ages, till happily, in the year 1530, the true system was revived by Nicolaus
Copernicus, a native of Thorn, in Western Prussia,
The Solar, or Planetary System, should, in strict propriety, be distin-
guished from the Systeni of the Universe : for the fixed stars, from tiieir im--
mense distance, and the little relation they seem to bear to our globe, are
reputed no part of the former. It is highly probable, indeed, that eacli fixed
star is itself a sun, and the centre of a particular system, surrounded by
planets, &c. which, at different distances, and in different periods, revolve
round their respective suns, by which they are enlightened, warmed, and
cherished. Hence we have a very magnificent idea of the universe, and its
immensity ; and hence also arises a kind of system of systems.
Of the Solar System.
As by the universe is to be understood the whole frame of nature, to the
utmost extent of the creation ; so by the solar system is meant that portion
only of the universe which comprehends the Sun, planets, satellites, and
comets. Of this system the Sun is the centre ; and there are seven planets
M'hich revolve round him, each in its path or orbit. The names of these
planets, in the order of their distance from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus,
vi INTRODUCTION.
the Eiu-tli, j\Iai-.^, Jupiter, Saturn, and the GcorLnan. The fir.st two, because
they move within the orbit of the Earth, are called inferior phiuets ; and the
last four, on account of their moving witliout that orbit, are called superior
j)lanets *.
The Sun.
The Sun, the centre of our system, the parent of the seasons, and " great
delegated source of light and life," is in the form of a spheroid, higher under
the equator than about the poles, ilis diameter is 88:5,000 miles; and his
solid bulk is above a million of tinies larger than that of the Earth. 'J'his lumi-
nary was generally considered by the ancients as a globe of pure fire; but
from anumber of maculcc, or dark spots, which, by means of a telescope, may
be seen on different parts of his disk, he is now supposed to be an opaque
body, surrounded by an atmosphere of a phosplioric nature. These spots are
supposed to be large cavities on his surface ; and as they are observed to move
from east to west, and quicker when they ore near "the central regions, it
follows that the Sun must be a spherical body, and revolve on his axis. The
time in which he performs this revolution is twenty-five days and six hours.
The Planets.
The planets are all opaque spherical bodies, and have no light of their
own, but shine by means of that borrowed light which they receive from the
Sun j it being ascertained, fi-om telescopical observations, "that only that side
of the planets which is turned toward the sun is ever enlightened ; while the
opposite side, which the solar rays cannot reach, remains constantly dark.
From the regular appearance and disappearance of several remarkable dark
spots, which, by means of a telescope, are constantly to be seen on their
bodies, it may be demonstrated, that each has such a motion round its axis,
as corresponds with the diurnal rotation of the Earth ; and from tlieir seem-
ing sometimes to be stationary, and at other times retrograde, it is equally
certain, that they must have such a progressive motion round the Sun as
answers to the annual revolution of the Earth in its orbit. As the Earth,
moreover, is simifar to the other six planets, it may reasonably be concluded
by analogy, that they must be designed for the same purposes, although,
from their different proportions of heat and cold, it is not credible that beings
of our make and temperament could live upon all of thenj. We now proceed
to the consideration of each planet in particular.
1. Mercury, the nearest planet to the Sun, revolves round tliat luminary
in about eighty-seven days and twenty-three hours, or little less than three
of our months, which is the length of his year. Being seldom seen, however,
on account of his proximity to the Sun, and no spots appearing on his disk,
the time of his rotation on his axis, or the length of his days and nights, is
unknown. His distance from the Sun is 36,841,000 miles j his diameter
3100 ; and in his annual revolution round the Sun, he moves at the rate of
105,000 miles an hour. These calculations, as well as those of the other
planets which follow, are founded on astronomical observations made on the
* Four other planets have been uiscoTcretl in the present ccnlnry, whose orbits are
between those of Mars and Jupiter, but they are of such iuconsiilcralile size, the largest
being much inferior to our Moon, that the term asUroidcs has been applied to tliem ; 'and
they require glasses of a high magnifying power to show thein distinctly. The first, aud
largest, was discovered by M. Piazzi, at Palermo, in ISOI, and is called Ceres : its dia-
meter is 1760 miles. Tho second was discovered by Dr. Olbers, at Bremen, in 1S02, and
is named Pallas : the third, discovered bv M. Ilanling at Liliciiliiul, near BrcnuMi, in
1804, is called Juno : and the fourth, discovered by Dr. Olbers, in 1807, ih named Vesta.
According to their orbicular distances from the Siin, they rans^e In the followiii>r order j
Vesta at the distance of 228 millious of miles, Ceres at 285 millions, l'ulla» at 2S» iniJ-
lionsj and Juao at 300 nullioiis.
INTRODUCTION. vii
transit of Venus oVcr the Sun, in the year 1761. Mercury seems, when
viewed in different positions, with a good telescope, to have all tlie phases
or appearances of the Moon, except that he can, at no time, be seen entirely
round, or quite full ; because his enlightened side is never turned directly
toward us, but when he is so near the Sun as to be hid in his beams.
2. Venus, which is the brightest, and in appearance the largest, of all the
planets, is 68,891,000 miles from the Sun, and, by moving at the rate of
76,000 miles an hour, completes her annual revolution in 224< days and
seventeen hours, or about seven months and a half. Her diameter is 7360
railes, and her diurnal rotation on her axis is performed in twenty-three
hours and twenty-two minutes. When this planet appears to the west of the
Sun, she rises before him in the mornings and is called a morning star;
and when she appears to the east of that luminary, she sliines in the even-
ing, and is called the evening star. She is in each situation, alternately, for
about 290 days ; and during tlie whole of her revolution, appears, through
a telescope, to have the various phases of the Moon.
3. The Earth is 95,173,000 miles distant from the Sun, and by moving
at the rate of 60,000 miles an hour, performs its annual revolution in 365
days, five hours, and 4'9 minutes, which is the space of our year. This dis-
tance is so prodigious, that a cannon-ball which moves at the rate of about
eight miles in a minute, would be something more than twenty-two years and
a half in going from the Earth to the Sun; and its motion, although 120
times swifter than tliat of a cannon-ball, is little more than half the velocity
of Mercury in his orbit. The diameter of the Earth is 7970 miles ; and as it
turns round its axis every twenty-four hours, from west to east, it occasions
an apparent motion of all the heavenly bodies from east to west, in the sam©
time. The line which it describes in its annual motion is called the ecliptic,
and proceeds from west to east, according to the order of the signs of the
zodiac. This motion is the cause of the different seasons of spring, summer,
autumn, and winter, and consequently of the different length of day and night
in these seasons. In its progress through the ecliptic, the Earth every where
keeps its axis in a situation parallel to itself, and equally inclined to the plane
of the ecliptic, in an angle of about twenty-three degrees and a half. The
rotation of the earth on its axis in twenty-four hours, makes it day in those
parts which are turned toward the Sun, and night in the parts which are turned
from him. That the Earth is of a spherical figure, nearly resembling that of
a globe, is evident from the voyages of several celebrated circumnavigators,
and particularly commodore Anson, who, by steering continually westward,
arrived, at length, at the place whence he departed ; which could never have
happened, had the Earth been of any other than a spherical figure. This
form is also evident from the circular appearance of the sea itself, and the
circumstances which attend large objects when seen at a distance on its sur-
face ; for, when a ship is sailing from the shore, we first lose sight of the hull,
afterward of the rigging, and, at last, discern the top of the mast only: this
is evidently occasioned by the convexity of the water between the eye and
the object ; for, otherwise, the largest and most conspicuous part would be
visible the longest. Another proof of the globular form of the Earth is taken
from its shadow on the face of the Moon, in the time of an eclipse; for, as the
Moon has no light but what she receives from tlie Sun, and the Earth being
interposed between them, during the eclipse, the Moon must be obscured,
either totally or in part. And since in every lunar eclipse which is not total,
the obscure part always appears to be bounded by a circular line, the Earth
itself must be spherical ; it being evident, that nothing but a spherical body
can, in all situations, cast a circular shadow. The unevenness of the surface
of the Earth, caused by mountains and valleys, does not afford an objection
to ita being conshWred as a circular body \ for the most lofty mountaint beav
viii INTRODUCTION.
]es9 proportion to the vast mngnitmle of tlio Earth, tlinn tlio small risings on
the coat of an orange do to tlie orange itself, or a grain of sand to an artili-
cial globe of a foot in diameter. Accordingly, we fnul that these trilling pro-
tuberances occasion no irregnlarities in the shadow of the i:arth, during the
time ot a lunar eclipse. On the contrary, its circumference ajiin-ars to ho even
and regular, as if cast by a body periectly globular. It has been demon-
strated, however, that the earth is not a perfect globe. IM. Richer, in a voy-
age to Cayenne, near the equator, in 1G72, found that the pendulum of liis
clock did not make its vibrations so frequent as in the latitude of Paris, and
that it was absolutely necessary to shorten it by a line and a quarter, a little
more than the eleventh part of a Paris inch, in order to make it agree with
the times of the stars passing the meridian. A pendulum, like any other lull-
ing body, is acted upon by the force of gravity ; and, in consequence of
llichcr's discovery (which has been since conlirmed by repeated experi-
ments) it was observed, that since the gravity of bodies is by so much the
less powerful as those bodies are further removed from the centre of the
Earth, the region of the equator must be absolutely much more elevated than
that of France; and that, therefore, the figure of "the earth could not be that
of a sphere. ^ Newton and Iluygens were the first who perceived the exten-
sive application of which this discovery was capable ; and the first of these
great philosophers had before found, by mathematical calculations of the ac-
tion of gravity on a revolving sphere, that tlie earth must be flatted tovrard
the poles; which hypothesis was fully confirmed by the mensuration of a de-
gree in Lapland and France, from winch it appeared that the polar diameter
of the earth is to the equatorial as 229 is to 230; or that the regions of the
equator are elevated about thirty-five miles more than at tliose of the poles ;
and that the true figure of the Earth, consequently, was that of an oblate
spheroid, or a body nearly resembling an orange.
4. Mars is distant from the Sun l'45,014',odo miles. He moves at the rate
of 55,000 miles an hour, and completes his revolution round the Sun in little
less than two of our years. His diameter is 5150 miles ; and his diurnal ro-
tation on his axis is performed in twenty-four hours and thirty-nine minutes.
He sometimes appears gibbous, but never horned, like the Moon : which
evidently demonstrates, that his orbit includes that of the Earth, and that
he shines not by any native light. Tliis planet is diversified with spots like
the Moon ; and from his ruddy and obscure appearance, as well as from
other circumstances, it is concluded, that his atmosphere is nearly of the
same density with that of the Earth.
5. JupiTEU, the largest of all the planets, is distant from the Sun
494-,990,000 miles. He moves at the rate of 29,000 miles an hour, and com-
pletes bis annual revolution in something less than twelve of our years. His
diameter is 94',100 miles ; and, by a prodigious rapid motion on his axis, he
performs his diurnal rotation in nine hours and fifty-si:: minutes. The tele-
scopic appearance of this planet affords a vast field for the curious inquirer.
It is surrounded by several faint substances, resembling belts or bands, which
are parallel to t'nc plane of its orbit. They are not regular or constant in
their appearance : for sometimes one only is to be seen, and sometimes five ;
and, in the latter case, two of them have been known to disappear during the
time of observation. When their number is most considerable, one or more
dark spots are frequently formed between the belts, which increase till the
whole is united in one large dusky band. This planet is also diversified with
a number of large spots, which are on the brighest parts of the surface ; but,
like the belts, they are subject to various mutations, both in their figure ancl
])eriods. It has been conjectured that these belts are seas, and that these varia-
tions observed, both in them and the spots, are occasioned by tides, which
are differently affected, according to the position of his moons. These
INTRODUCTION. ix
moons or satellites, which are four in number, were discovered by Galileo,
in IGIO, soon after the invention of the telescope; but the belts were not
discovered till near twcnt}' years after.
6. Satukx is 907,956,000 miles from the Sun ; and, by travelling at the
rate of 22,000 miles an hour, performs his annual circuit round that luminary
in about twenty-nine and a half of our years. His diameter is 77,990 miles ;
and he is surrounded by belts, like Jupiter, by observations on which Dr.
Plerschel has ascertained that his diurnal rotation is performed in twelve
hours and thirteen minutes. Saturn is observed to be attended by seven
satellites. Of these, five were discovered in the 17th century; and the other
two v.ore first observed by Dr. llerschel, in 1788. A magnificent luminous
ring encompasses this planet, at the distance of 21,000 miles from the body
of the planet. This ring was discovered by Huygens, about the year 1655.
According to Dr. llerschel it is two concentric rings, situate in one plane;
that the b'l-eadth of the inner ring is 20,000 miles, that of the outer ring
7200 miles, and the vacant space between the two rings 2S4;0 miles. The
rings revolve about the planet in ten hours and fifteen minutes, and may
probably be of considerable use in reflecting the light of the Sun to the
body of the planet.
7. The GeorcxIAN, the most remote planet in our system, had escaped
the observation of every astronomer, as a planet, till the year 17S1, when
it was ascertained to be a planet by Mr, Hersehel, at Bath. He gave it the
name of Georgiam Sidus, as a mark of respect to George the Third ; but by
astronomers it is called llerschel. Its distance from the Sun is 1,81G,4'55,000
miles, which is nineteen times greater than that of the Earth. Its diameter
is 35,860 miles; and it revolves round the Sun, at the rate of 16,000 miles
an hour, in about 84 years: the rotation on its axis has not yet been ascer-
tained. It shines with a taint steady light, somewhat paler and fainter than
Jupiter; but its apparent diameter being only about four seconds, it can oidy
be seen by the naked eye in a clear night, when the Moon is absent. Six
satellites attending upon it, have since been discovered.
The Sevnndunj Planets.
Beside the primary planets, there are eighteen others, called secondary
planets, satellites, or moons, vi-!iich regard their primaries as centres of
their motions, and revolve round them in the same manner as those pri-
maries do round the Sun; namclv, the Moon, which attends our Eartli ;
the four satellites of Jupiter; the seven that belong to Saturn; and the six
that attend the Georgian. From the continual change of their phases or
appearances, it is evident that tliese also are opaque bodies, and shine only
by the reflection of the light which they receive from the Sun.
The Moox, which is the constant attendant of our globe, is tlie most
conspicuous of these satellites. She accompanies the Earth in its annual
progress through the heavens, and revolves round it continually by a ditlbr-
ent motion, in 29 days, 12 hours, and 44 minutes, which is called a month.
The diameter of the ?>Toon is 2180 miles; her distance from the Earth
210,000 miles ; and, in bulk, s1)b is sixty times less than the Earth. The
rotation of the Moon on her axis is performed exactly in the same time tiiat
she moves once round the Earth, as is evident from her always presenting
the same face to us durir-g the whole of her monthly revolution. On viewing
the Moon with the naked eye, we discern a number ofspots, which imagina-
tion naturally supposes to be seas, continents, and the like ; but on viewing
her through a telescope, the hypothesis of planetary worlds receives additional''^'
confirmation. Vast cavities and asperities are observed upon various parts"'
of her surface, exactly resembling valleys and mountains ; and every otliei^'^
X INTRODUCTION.
appearance seems to iiHlicatc, that she is a body of the same nature witli
tlie Earth. Dr. Ilcrschcl, the superiority of wliose t(!lcscopcs is well
known, has stated, in the Pliilosopliical Transactions for 17!S7, liis observa-
tions on three different volcanos in the Moon. Several astronomers have
given exact maps of the IMoon, with the iigure of every spot, as it appears
through the best telescopes, distinguishing each of them by a proper name.
One of the most remarkable circumstances attending the Moon, is tiie con-
tinual change of iigure to which she is subject; while that half of her which
is toward the Sun is illumined, the other half is dark and invisible. Hence
she disaopears when she comes between the Earth and the Sun; because her
dark side is then toward us. When she is gone somewhat forward, m'c see
a little of her enlightened side, which still increases to our view as she
advances, until she comes to be opposite the Sun, when her entire en-
lightened side is toward tlic Earth, and she appears with a full illumined orb,
which we call the Full Moon ; her dark side being then turned away from
the Earth. From the full she decreases gradually as she proceeds through
the other half of her course ; showing us less and less of her bright side, every
day, till her next change or conjunction with the Sun, and then she dis-
appears as before. These different appearances of the IMoon, which we call
her phases, are sufficient to demonstrate, tliat she shines not by any light of
her own ; for, otherwise, as her form is spherical, we should always behold
her, like the Sun, with a full orb. There arc other phenomena of the Moon,
the discussions of which, in this cursory view, would be too intricate to admit
of a popular illustration. We shall, therefore, only observe further, that of
all the celestial orbs, this satellite, next to the Sun, has tlie most beneficial
inlluence on our globe. How cheerless and uncomfortable would be our
nights, but for the constant returns of light, which this our inseparable com-
panion dispenses in such agreeable vicissitude ! How highly useful arc even
her eclipses, in our astronouiical, geographical, and chronological computa-
tions ! How salutary is her attractive influence, which swells the tides,
perpetuates the regular returns of ebb and flow, and thus tends not only to
preserve the liquid element itself from putrefaction, but the surrounding
continents, in course, from infection and disease !
The Comets.
CoMET.s are solid opaque bodies, of different magnitudes, like the planets;
but most of those which have been observed are less than the Moon.
Their number is unknown ; but they have been found to move round the Sun,
and to cross the orbits of the planets in all manner of directions. They are
principally distinguished from the planets by a long transparent train or tail
of light, which extends from the side that is furthest from the Sun. The
orbits in which these bodies move are exceedingly long ovals, or very eccen-
tric ellipses, of such amazing circumferences, that in some part of their
circuit through the heavens they approach so near the Sun, as to be almost
vitritied by his heat, and then go off again into the regions of infinite space,
to such immense distances, as to be totally deprived of the light and heat,
which the rest of the planets receive ironi that luminary. The paths which
they describe, and the laws to which they are subject, have been explained
by Newton. Their revolutions are governed throughout by the same law,
of describing equal areas in equal times, which is known to regulate the
motions of all the other bodies in the system.
Tha Fixed Stars.
What a magnificent idea of the Creator and his works is presented in this
account of th« solar sybtem ! In the centre is placed the Sun, a stupendous
INTRODUCTION. xi
liui)inous body, around whose orb, the planets, satellites, and comets, perform
their revolutions with an exactness and regularity which must iill the mind
with the most sublime conceptions of their divine origin. Who can con-
template the magnitudes and distances of those vast bodies and not be
struck with the wonders of Omnipotence ! But what must be our astonish-
ment, when informed, that this glorious system is only a small part of the
universe, and that if it were utterly annihilated, it would be missed no more,
by an eye that could take in the whole creation, than a grain of sand on the
seashore. To form some idea, tliereibre, however imperfect, of the extent
of the universe, and the more glorious works of creation, we must extend
our views to those numerous and splendid orbs which are extended far
beyond the bounds of our solar system.
The fixed stars arc distinguished from the planets by being more lumi-
nous, and by continually exhibiting that appearance, which we call the
twinkhng of the stars. This arises, probably, from their appearing so ex-
tremely small, that the interposition of any very minute substance (of which
there are many constantly floating in our atmosphere) deprives us of the
sight of them ; but as the interposed body instantly changes its place, we
again see the star; and this succession being perpetual, occasions the twink-
ling. lUit a more remarkable property of the fixed stars (and from which
they obtain their name) is their never changing their situation with regard
to each other, as the planets do ; for although the rotation of the Earth, on
its axis, occasions an apparent diurnal motion of the whole frame of the
heavens, in a contrary direction, yet any two fixed stars being observed, at
distant intervals of time, will always be found to preserve the same relative
position during the whole of this revolution.
The fixed stars are not placed in one concave surface, so as to be all equally
distant from us, but are so dispersed through illimitable space, that there
must be as great distance between any two neighbouring stars, as th^^re is
between the'Sun, and those which are the nearest to him. Were a spectator,
therefore, to be placed near any fixed star, he would consider tliat alone as a
real Sun, and the rest as so many luminous points, placed in the firmament
ut equal ilistances from him. The largest stars, supposed to be those nearest
to us, are called stars of the first magnitude, and so on as lar as the sixth,
which includes al! the stars that are visible, without a telescope; and, since
the invention of that instrument, their number is considered as innnense.
But the innnensity of their number is not alone worthy of admiration: their
immense distance from us, and from each other, must equally exalt our
ideas of the wonders of Omnipotence, and the inconceivable extent of the
creation. The nearest star to us, or that supposed to be such from being
the largest in appearance, is Sirius, or the dogstar ; and the Earth, in its
revolution round the Sun, is 190,000,000 miles nearer to this star in one
part 8f its orbit, than in the opposite one, yet there appears no sensible
difference in its magnitude. The distance of this star from the Sun is com-
puted to be above 3'2 millions of millions of miles, which is further than a
cannon-ball would ily in seven millions of years.
The stars being at such innnense distances from the Sun, cannot receive
from him so strong a light as they seem to possess, nor even a degree of
brightness sulficient to make them visible to us ; for his rays would be so
dissipated before they could reach such remote objects, that they could
never be transmitted to our eyes, so as to render those objects visible by
reflection. The stars, therefore, shine by their own native lustre, and, in
this respect, are totally diiferent irom the planets.
The vulgar and uninformed imagine, that all the stars were made only to
give a faint glinnnering light to the inhubiiants of this globe ; although many
of these stnVB arc ao far from benefiting us, I'lat they cannot be pccn without
xii INTRODUCTION.
a te]ci?copc; and there are innumerable others which tlic eye, even by the
aid of that instrument, can never reacli. Wc have ah-cady intimated, ll)at
tliere is an inconceivable nundicr of suns, systems, and worlds, dispersed
throngli infinite sp;ice ; insomuch that our solar system, compared with the
whole, nppenrs but as an atom, and is almost lost in the innnensity of the
creation. The Georgian planet, nevertheless, revolves at the distance of
above 1,800,000,000 miles from the Sun, and some of the comets make ex-
cursions of many millions of miles beyond this; and yet, at that astonishinfr
distance, they are incomparably nearer to the Sun than to any other fixed
star ; as is evident from their keeping clear of the attraction of the stars,
and returning periodically by virtu'e of that of the Sun. It cannot be
iniagined, therefore, that the oamipotent Creator, who acts with infinite
wisdom, and never acts in vain, shovdd have created so many glorious suns,
fitted for so many important ])urposes, and placed at such" distances from'
each other, without suitable objects sufficiently near them to be benefited
by their influence. On the contrary, it is reasonable to conclude, that they
were creatc-d for the same purposes with our Sun ; to bestow light, heat,
and vegetation, on a certain number of planets revolving round them. And
from analogy we may infer, that all these innumerable systems are with
equal wisdom contrived for the accommodation of rational inhabitants ;
perhaps of still higher orders of intelligent beings, all capable, in the dif-
ferent scales of existence, of a perpetual progression in knowledge and
virtue, in perfection and felicity.
DESCRIPTION OF the ARTIFICIAL SPHERE.
On the convex part of the terrestrial globe, which is an artificial spherical
body, is represented tlie whole world, as it consists of land and water. The
circumference of the globe is divided into 3G0 degrees, every degree con-
taining 60 geographical miles ; consequently the globe is 21,600 such miles
round: but as these geographic miles are each about 69 miles and a half
I'^nglish measure, the circuit of the globe is therefore 'J5,000 English miles.
The circles represented upon the globe are, the Equator, and 'the circles
parallel to it ; the Meridian, and the res^t of the meridional lines ; the Horizon ;
tlie Ecliptic ; the two Tropics ; and the two Polar Circles.
The Equttlor, or Equinoctial, is a great circle, ninety degrees distant from
the i)o!es of the world, and so named, because it divides the world into two
equal parts ; that in which the arctic pole is found, is called the northern
half; and that in which the antarctic pole is placed, is the southern half.
It is divided into 360 degrees, or ISO degrees east and the same west,
from the first meridian, which on English globes passes through Greenwich,
or London ; and its principal use is to show the longitude of any place, east
or west, from such first meridian. When the Sun is in this circle, there is
an equality of days and nights all over the world ; hence these points are
called the equinoxes.
The Meridian is a great circle, supposed to pass through the poles of
the world and those of the horizon, cutting the sphere into two equal parts,
the one oriental, and the other occidental. " It also passes through the zenith
and nadir in every place, and cuts the horizon at right angles. It is called
the Meridian, because it marks half the space of time during which the San
and the stars appear above the horizon. As there is- an infinite number of
zeniths and horizons, the number of IMeridians is also infinite ; for the Me-
ridian iy changed,- as well as the zenith and horizon, every step wc take
INTRODUCTION. xiii
toward the east or west ; but if we pass in a right line northward or south-
ward, we still continue under the same Meridian, though we constantly
chsjnge the zenith and horizon. However, geographers only reckon 360
Meridians, which are supposed to pass through every degree of the equi-
noctial. It has been customary for geographers to establish a First Meridian ;
though this is altogether arbitrary : Ptolemy placed it at the island of Ferro,
which is the most western of the Canaries ; but the common metiiod, at
present, is for every geographer to make the Meridian of the capital of his
country the First ?.Icridian ; and, accordingly, the longitudes of this Dic-
tionary are reckoned east or west from the Meridian of Greenwich or Lon-
don. Tlie use of the brass INIcridian of a globe, is to show when it is noon
or midnight at the place to which it is applied ; and also to find the latitude
of places, north or south, from the equator.
The Ecliptic is a great circle that cuts the equator obliquely, and repre-
sents that path in the heavens, which the Sun seems to describe by the
Earth's annual course round it. It is divided into 12 parts, called signs,
and each of those into 30 more, called degrees, corresponding to the 12
months, and the days of the month.
The Horizon is a great circle that divides the world into two equal parts
or hemispheres, of which one is superior and visible, and the other inferior
and invisible. When the Sun is above this circle it is then day, and when
it is sunk IS degrees beneath it, night then commences. This circle is of
wood, and the brass meridian is enclosed therein with all the I'est of the
sphere : it is also immoveable, and on it are marked the degrees of the 12
signs of the ecliptic, and the days of the 12 months of the year.
The Tropics are two small circles parallel to the equinoctial, described by
the first points of the first degrees of the signs termed Cancer and Capricorn,
that is when they touch the ecliptic. They are distant from the equinoctial
very near 23 degrees and a half. The Sun describes these tropics about the
21st day of June, and the 21st day of December, When he touches the
Tropic of Cancer, he makes the longest day for the inhabitants between the
equator and the north pole ; and when he comes to the biginning of Capri-
corn, he makes the longest day for the people between the equator and the
south pole. On the contrary, the shortest day to the former will be when
the Sun touches the Tropic of Capricorn, and to the latter when he comes
to the Tropic of Cancer. For this reason, those points are called the winter
and the summer Tropics, or the southern and northern ; and they are as it
were the tv,-o barriers, beyond which the Sun never passes.
The Polar Circles are distinguished by the names of the arctic and antarc-
tic, or the north and the south, and are circles parailel to the equinoctial.
They are termed Polar, because they are near the poles of the world, bein"-
only 23 degrees and a half from each pole.
The Map of the World, at the beginning of this book, represents the
globe, taken out of its horizon, cut through, turned up, and squeezed flat.
The circles bounding the projection, represent the brass meridian; and the
curve lines running across, at every 10 degrees, show the latitude, north or
south, from the equator. The top and bottom are the noi'th and south poles ;
and the curve lines uniting them are the other meridians on the globe, which
are drawn at every 10 degrees on the equator, and show the longitude, east
or west, from the meridian of Greenwich or London. The equator or equi-
noctial is the straight line running across the meridians exactly in the middle,
at the proper distances from which, on each side, are dotted curve lines re-
presenting the tropics and polar circles.
xiv INTRODUCTION.
Of llw Zones. '
The Znnea arc five broad spaces encompassing tlie glol)e, and are tlistin-
guished cln'criy hy the temperature of the air. 'J'ho torrid Zone contains all
the space between tlie two tropics, and is so called IVom its excessive Jieat,
the Sun being vertical twice every year to all that inhabit it. This circle is
about 17 degrees broad. The two temperate Zones are so called from their
lying between the two extremes of heat and cold, viz. between the torrid
Zone and the frigid Zones, the one being called the Northern teniperato
Zone, and the other the Southern temperate Zone. These are both 4.'}
degrees broad. Of the two frigid Zonec, the one encompasses tlie arctic or
north pole, and extends to the distance of 23 degrees and a half from it ;
and the other, the antarctic or south pole, to the same distance.
' Of tiw CUmalcs.
A Climaie is a space of the Earth comprehended between two parallel.';,
at the end of which the length of the longest days are increased half an hour
in tlie summer season. The better to understand this we must observe, that
under the equator the longest day is no more than twelve hours, and that in
proportion as we advance toward the polar circle, tlie days of each climate
increase half an hour, till we arrive at the polar circles; for there the longest
day consists of 21' hours. Thus there are 24 Climates in all, on each side
of the equator. It is easy to know in what climate a city is, by observiu"-
the longest day; as, for instance, at London, where the days are 16 hours
long, we need only subtract 12 from the number, and there will remain four;
then multiply this by two, and you will have eight, which is the Climate of
London. The same may be done for any other Climate.
Of tlie Points of the Compass.
Tlie Earth may be considered, with regard to the four cardinal Points,
which are the north, south, east, and west; and all the points included be-
tween them may have respect to a particular place. By this means we know
the situation of the difterent countries of the world, with regard to eacli
other ; for some are oriental or toward the east, with regard to those that
are occidental, or lie westerly of them. Thus Ireland is to the west of
England, Poland is to the east of Germany, and Africa is to the south of
Europe. Vv^e may easily distinguish the points that lie between those that
are cardinal : thus, though Spain is to the south of France, yet it likewise
lies to the westward thereof; but as they d.o not lie exactly south or west of
each other, Spain may be said to lie southwest of France ; and for the same
reason, on the contrary, France will be northeast with regard to Spain, The
like may be said of any two other countries.
Of the Terms used in Geography.
The word Geography comes from the Greek, and signifies a description of
the Earth. By the Earth is meant the terraqueous globe, composed of land
and water; and it is commonly called the terrestrial globe, Chorography is
the description of a particular region, as a countr}', or province. Topo-
vraplni is the description of a particular plac^, as a (bounty, or town. Hy-
(iro'rraphi/ is a description of the water, as oceans, seas, and lakes.
The Earth may be represented either in the whole, or in part, by geo-
graphical charts or mnps, wliich may be i-cduci,Hl to two kinds ; namely,
INTRODUCTION. xv
creneral and particular. Among the former is the map of the world, or
planisphere, which shows the two surfaces of the whole terrestrial globe,
bisected by the meridian passing through the equinoxes ; as also the maps
which describe some principal part of the globe, such as Europe, or Asia ;
and even kingdoms, as Spain, or France. However, tliose maps may be
called particular, which represent any particular country ; but they are
more properly such which exhibit only a part, as Galicia in Spain, or Nor-
mandy in France.
But nothing can give a better or more general idea of the Earth th.an a
globe, because it is of the same shape and figure ; yet as it is impossible to
make one large enough to show every part of the land and sea distinctly,
there is a necessity of having recourse to general and particular maps.
Geography, as well as other arts and sciences, has terms proper to itself;
some of which have relation to the land, and others to the water.
A Coiitment is a large part of land that comprehends several countries not
separated by any sea : thus Europe is a continent.
An Island, or Isle, is a portion of land entirely surrounded by water.
A Peninsula is a quantity of land that is joined to a continent only by a
neck of the same, it being every where else encompassed by water : as the
peninsula of Crimea.
An Isthmus, or neck of land, is that part by which a peninsula is joined
to the land : as the isthmus of Panama.
A Promontory is a high part of land that projects into the sea ; it is com-
monly called a Cape, when it appears like a mountain ; but when the ad-
vanced part has little elevation, it is termed a Point : thus the Cape of
Good Hope is a mountainous promontory.
An Ocean is a large collection of waters bordering or surrounding a con-
siderable part of a continent; such as the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
A Sea is a smaller collection of waters, when understood in a strict sense,
as the Mediterranean Sea ; but, in general, every part of the ocean may be
called the sea ; and it is still more general, when the terraqueous globe is
said to consist of sea and land.
A Channel is a narrow sea, confined between an island and a continent,
or between two islands ; as the English Channel and St, George Channel.
A Gulf is a part of the sea surrounded by land, except in one part where
it communicates with the ocean; as the Gulf of Bengal, the Gulf of
Florida ; and yet these arc more properly seas than the Mediterranean, the
Baltic, and the Black Seas, which, properly speaking, are gulfs, as well as
the Gulf of Venice.
A Bay is said to difibr from a gulf only in being less, and more narrow at
the entrance than within ; but this in some instances is not correct : for a bay
has a wider entrance in proportion than a gulf, and it may be also larger
than some gulfs ; as, for instance, the Bay of Biscay; though it must bo
acknowledged that bays in general are much smaller.
A Creek is a small inlet of the sea, and always much less than a bay.
A Road is a place upon any coast where there is good anchorage, and
where vessels, in some sense, are sheltered from the uind.
A Strait is a narrow passage which joins two seas, two gulfs, or a sea and
a gulf ; such as the Sound, near the B-altic ; and the Strait of Gibraltar,
between the Atlantic Ocean and th.e JJediterrancan Sea.
A Lahc is a large expanse of water surrounded by land, having no com-
munication with the sea, except by a river. Thus the Caspian Sea is truly
and properly a lake. Smaller lakes are those of Ladoga, Geneva, and se-
veral others.
xvi INTRODUCTION.
Dcscripliun <)J' a ]\Tap.
The top of aMnpis considered as the noitli, tliQ bottom ns tlic soulli, tlie
riglit hand ns the east, and the left hand as the west. Where tliis rule is not
strictly followed, a llowcr dc luce is jj;enerall_y placed on yonio part of it,
l)ointinj;; toward the north, by whicli tlie other points are easily known.
On tlie top of tlie map, between the marginal lines, are placed tlie several
fij^urcs that show the number of degress of east or west longitude of every
place, which is directly under those figures, from the first meridian ; and
this meridian, in modern British maps, is the royal observatory at Green-
wich, near London. At the bottom of most maps arc placed the same figures
as those at the top : but in some maps, instt\ul of them are placed the num-
ber of hours or minutes of time, every place in the map lies distant, east
or west, from the chief town or first meridian. For instance, every place
which is situate one degree east from another, will have the Sun/o«<r minutes
of time Z»r/orc it ; and any one place, situate one degree west of another,
will have the Sun ^four minutes of time afla- it. Again, a place situate
fifteen degrees east of Greenwich, as Naples, will have the Sun one hour
earlier than London ; and a place situate fifteen degrees west of Greenwich,
as the island of Madeira, will have the Sun onehonv later than London.
On the right and left hand of every map, between the marginal lines, are
placed figures that show the number of degrees, either north or south lati-
tude, which every place parallel with them is distant from the equator. Thus
London is situate 51 degrees 31 minutes of north latitude; that is, it is so
many degrees and minutes north from the equator. Over most maps are
drawn lines from the top to the bottom, and from the left hand to the right;
those which run from the top to the bottom are lines of longitude, and those
which cross them, lines of latitude; but these are sometimes omitted, wholly
or in part, when a map is too full to admit them. In the corner or some
vacant part of a map is usually put a scale of miles, by means of which the
dimension, distance, &c. ot places may be fcund.
Kmgdoms or provi)ices are divided from each other by a row of single
points; and, when coloured, they are stained with different colours, CHies
or great toxms are made like small houses, with a little circle in the middle of
them ; but smaller toxmis or villages are marked only with little circles. Moun-
tains are imitated in the form of rising hillocks ; smA forests and twods are re-
presented by a number of shrubs. Small rivers are described by a single
waved line, increasing in thickness as they flovv' ; and large rivers by such
double and treble lines made strong and black. Roads are usually distin-
guished by a faint double line ; and canals by a strong single line. The
names of villages are written in a running hand, those of to-wns in a Roman
character, those of cities in small capitals, and those of provinces in large
capitals. The sea is generally left as an empty space on the map, except
where there are rocks, sands or shelves, currents of water or wind, Roclcs are
sometimes represented in maps by little pointed things sticking up sharp in the
sea. Sands or shelves are denoted by a great number of dots placed in the
form of those sands, as they have been found to lie in the ocean, by sounding
the depths. Ciirrenis of wafer are described by several long parallel crooked
strokes^, imitating a current. The course of xmids is marked by arrows, with
the heads pointing out the direction in wliich the wind blows. '
TIIE
GENERAL GAZETTEER;
OR, COMPENDIOUS
GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
ABA
-, >/-^l, a river of the Netlierlands, which.
■^ rises oii the n borders of Lie2;e, flows
by Ilelmont, and joins the Dommel, near
Bois le Due.
Aa, a river of France, which rises in tlie
department of Somme, becomes navigable
near St. Omer, and enters the German
ocean at Gravelins.
Aa, a river of Poland, wliich rises in
Samositia, and flows throu2:h Courland, by
Missau, into the e;nlf of Riga.
Aa, a river of Switzerland, which rises
in the valley of Engelberg, crosses Under-
walden, and flows into the Waldstadter
see. Near the abbey of Engelberg, it has
a noble cataract.
Aain C/>u?'ain, a village 6 ni from Jeru-
salem, said to be the place wliere Zaclia-
rias lived. It is frequented by pilgrims;
and near it there is a large convent, with a
splendid altar that is said to stand on
the spot vvhei-e John the Baptist was born.
A(tr', a river of Switzerland, which issues
from a lake, on the mount Grimsel, to the
w of St. Gothard, flows through the lakes
of Brentz and Thun to Bern, thence to
Soleure, Arberg, and Bruck, below which
it receives tlie Reiiss and Linimat, and
then enters the Rhine, below Zurzach.
Aarbeig ; see Arberg: and tor other
words that frequently begin with Aa, look
under single A.
Aaronsburg, a town of Pennsylvania,
in Northumberland county, at the head of
Penn creek, 40 in w by n Sunbury. Lon.
77 31 w, lat.40 52 N.
Aback, a town of Bavaria, with a cita-
del, several Roman antiquities, and some
fine mineral springs ; seated near the Da-
nube, 7 m ssw Ratisbon.
Abaco, or Liicuyo, one of the largest of
the Bahama islands, lying at the se end of
the Little Bahama bank. It contains great
quantities .of various kinds of wood. Near
the r, point is Little Harbour, which af-
fords good anchorage. Lon. 77 14 w, lat.
26 2i-s.
Abukansk, a fortified town of Siberia, in
ABB
the government of Koly van, seated on the
Abakan, 340 m ese Kolyvan. Lon. 91 9
E, lat. 54 50 N.
Ahalak, a town of Siberia, famous for an
image of the virgin, visited by a great num-
ber of pilgrims. It is 14 m s Tobolsk,
Abniicai/, a town of Peru, in the pro-
vince of Cusco, and the capital of a large
district. The country produces sugar,
hemp, wheat, maize, and other grain ; the
breed of horned cattle is considerable; and
it has cloth manufactures and silver mines.
The town stands on a river of the same
name, over which is one of the largest
bridges in the kingdom, 60 m sw Cusco.
Lon. 72 26 w, lat. 13 32 s.
Abano, a town of Italy, famous for its
warm baths, 5 m sw Padua.
Aburaner, a town of Armenia, seated
on the Alengena, 20 m n Naksivan.
Abaskaia, a town of Siberia, on the river
Ischim, 128 m s by E Tobolsk. Lon. 69 0
E, lat. 50 10 N.
Abbasabad, a town and fort of Persian
Armenia, in Erivan, situate on the Aras,
7 m s Nakhjuwan.
Abberfurd, a town in W Yorkshire, with
a market on Wednesday, and a manufac-
ture of pins. Here are the ruins of an an-
cient castle. It is seated on the river Cook,
16 m sw York, and 186 nnw London.
Abbeville, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Somme, with manufactures of
woollen cloth, canvas, carpets, and soap.
It is seated on both sides the river Somme»
22 m Nvv Amiens, and 60 s Calais. Lon.
1 .50 E, lat. 50 7 N.
Abbey Boi/le, &,c.; see Boyle, &c.
Abbotsbury, a town in Dorsetshire, with
a market on Thursday. Here are many
traces of a famous Benedictine abbey, and
some of the offices are yet entire. A mile
\V of the town is Strangevvays castle, where
there is a large swannery. Abbotsbury is
seated near the sea, 7 m wsw Dorchester,
and 127 w by s London.
Abbots Langley, a village in Hertford-
shire, 4 m sw St. Alban, famous for being
B
ABE
the birthplace of Nicholas BiTa'kspearp,
who, umier the name oi". Adrian n^was tlie
only Rnglibliman that ever hecauic pope.
Abbs {St.) llfod, a proinontory on the
E coast ot Scotland, 10 ni nkw Bcruick.
The remains ot a cl)urcli anil a castlo are
still visible on its ht'i'j;hts. Lon. 2 10 w,
lat. 55 54 N.
Abensbirg, a town and castle of Bava-
ria, on the river Abens, near the Danube,
15 ni ssw Hatisbon.
Aberavou, a town of Wales, in Glamor-
ganshire, which has copper and tin works ;
seated at the mouth of the Avon, 6 in s
Neath, and 192 w London.
Aberbrothock, or Arbroath, a boroufih
of Scotland, in Forfarshire, at the mouth
of the Brothock, with a small harbour, de-
fended by a pier and a battery. The chief
exports are coal, lime, thread, barley, and
wheat. Here arc considerable manufac-
tures of canvas and brown linen, and the
magnificent ruins of an abbey. The popu-
lation was 5280 in 1811. It is 48 m nne
Edinburg. Lon. 2 33 w, lat. 56 35 n.
Aberconwuy, a corporate town of Wales,
in Carnarvonshire, with a market on Fri-
day. It is surrounded by a wall with
towers ; and on a rocky promontory are the
massy remains of a castle, formerly one of
the most magnificent structures of the kind
in the kingdom. It stands near the mouth
of the Conway, 18 m ene Carnarvon, and
220 wMw London.
Abercorn, a town of Scotland, in Linlith-
gowshire. The Roman wall built by An-
toninus began at this place, and extended
to Kirkpatrick, on the frith of Clyde. It
stands near the frith of Forth, 4 m ne
Linlithgow.
Abercorn, a town of the state of Georgia,
■OO the river Savanna, 20 m nw Savanna.
Aberdare, a village of Wales, in Gla-
morganshire, 5 m sw Merthyr Tudfyl. It
has extensive iron-works, and a canal to
that of Merthyr Tudfyl.
Aberdeen, Nezv, a city of Scotland,
capital of Aberdeenshire, situate on an
eminence, near the mouth of the Dee. The
college, called Marischal college, is a re-
spectable seminary, but the scholars are
boarded in the town. Beside two papist
churches, and the college kirk, there is an
elegant episcopal chapel, and several meet-
ing-houses. The other public buildings
are, a townhouse, Gordon hospital, a lu-
natic hospital, and an iniinuary. The
harbour is defended by a strong stone pier
and two batteries. Beside the coasting
trade, vessels are sent hence to tiie Baltic,
the Levant, and the W Indies. The manu-
factures are irtockings, thread, cottons, &c.
and great quantities of salmon and pork
are pickled here, The city is governed hy
ABE
a lord provost. The population was 21,639
in 1811. It is 121 m nne Fxlinburc
Lon. 2 8 \v, lat. 57 9 n.
Ab<irdcen, Old, or Abcrdon, a borough of
Scotland, on the s bank oftiic Don, near it»
mouth. It was anciently a bishop's see,
and a part of the catludral now forms the
pari>li church. King college is a large
Stately fabric, with a long uniform range of
modern houses for the professors and stu-
dents ; and the townhouse is a neat modern
structure. On the seacoast is a fort, and
the remains of the castle that was destroy-
ed l>y Cromwell. The population was
13,731 in 1811. It is a mile n New
Aberdeen.
Aberdeenahire, a county of Scotland, 90
m long and 38 broad ; bounded on the n
and £ by the Gf;rman ocean, s by the
counties of Kincardine, Forfar, and Perth,
and w by those of Inverness and Banfl". It
contains 718,800 acres, and is divided into
87 parishes. 1 he population was 135,075
in 1811. The kk part, extending toward
the river Ythan, is called Buchan ; and the
Wangle, consisting of vast woodland moun-
tains, is called Mar Forest,in w liich the river
Dee takes its rise. There is excellent pasture
in the high parts ; and the level tract, called
Strathbogie, contains well-cultivated fields.
It has quarries of granite, millstone, and
limestone; and veins of manganese and
plumbago. The principal rivers are the Dee,
Don, Ythan, Deveron, and Bogie, which a«-
bound with excellent salmon.
Aberdour, a town of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, with manufactures of checks and iron
utensils ; seated on the Forth, 10 m kvt
Edinburg.
Aberdour, a fishing town of Scotland, ii»
Aberdeenshire, with the remains of an an-
cient castle ; seated on the German ocean,
8 m w Fraserburg.
Aberfrazo, a town of Wales, in Anglesey,
with a market on Thursday. The princes
of N Wales had formerly a palace here.
It has a trade in flannels, manutactured in
the neighbourhood ; and the mountains
near it abound in coal, iron, and limestone.
Several iron-works have been lately erected.
It is seated at the mouth of the Fraw, 19
m wsvv Beaumaris, and 269 nw London.
Abergavenni/, a town in Monmouthshire,>
with a market on Tuesday. Here are the
ruins of a castle, a large church that for-
merly belonged to a priory, and a free-school
founded by Henry viii. It has a trade ia
flannels, and in the adjacent mountains are
some great iron- works. It is seated at the
conflux of the Gaveimy with the Usk, 16
m w Monmouth, and 146 w by n London,
Abergeley, a town of Wales, in Denbigh-
shire, with a market on "Saturday. It is
much iVeqiieinted for bathing, and stands ou-
ABI
the seacoast, 12 ra nw Denbigli and 229
London.
Abergrcily, a village of Wales, in Car-
marthenshire, at the conflux of the Gwily
with the Tovvy, 2 m e Carmarthen. The
church was formerly collegiate, and the
bishop of St. David has a palace here.
Abernetliy, a town of Scotland, in Perth-
shire, formerly the seat of the Pictish kings,
and the see of a bishop. The church is
supposed to have been the cathedral, and
near it is an antique tower 74 feet high and
48 in circuit. It has a manufacture of linen,
and stands on the Tay, a little above the
influx of the Erne, 6 m se Perth.
Abcrporth, a village of Wales, in Cardi-
ganshire, seated in a cove of St. George
channel, 7 m eke Cardigan. It has a
trade in limestone, coal, and culm.
Aberyslwith, a town of Wales, in Cardi-
ganshire, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Monday. It has manufactures
of flannels and stockings, and a con-
siderable fishery In the bathing season
it is a fashionable watering-place. Here
are the remains of a castle, on a craggy
eminence, once the residence of the great
Cadvvallader; and, in the neighbourhood,
the silver and lead mines whence the cele*-
brated sir Hugh Midd4eton acquired his
hirge fortune. It is seated on Cardigan
bay, near the mouths of the Ystwith and
Rhydol, 34 m NE Cardigan, and 208 wnw
London. Lon. 4 3 w,, lat. 52 22 n.
Abex, a country of Africa, extending 400
m along the coast of the Red sea, which
bounds it on the e, and Abyssinia and Nu-
bia surround it on all the other parts. It
is sandy and barren, being destitute of
water. The inhabitants are Mohamedans.
Suaquam is the capital.
Abiagrasso, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
seated on a canal, 12 m sw Milan.
Abineau, a port on the N side of Lake
Erie, 13 m wsw Fort Erie.
Abingdon, a borough in Berkshire, with a
market on Monday and Friday. The sum-
mer assizes arc held here. It has a hand-
some townhall, two churches, and a spa-
cious corn-market. Great quantities of
malt are made here, and sent in barges to
London. It is seated on the Thames, 7 m
s Oxford, and 56 why n London. Lon. 1
22 w, lat. 51 40 n.
Abingdon, a town of Maryland, in Hart-
ford county. Here is Cokesbury college,
instituted by the methodists in 1785. It is
situate at the head of the tide waters on
Bush river, 20 rn ne Baltimore.
Abingdon, a town of Virginia, capital of
Washington county. It is 260 m w by
3 Richmond. Lon. 81 59 w, lat. 36 41 N.
Abiacu, a province ot Peru, e of the Andes,
between the rivers Yetau and Amarumago,
and s of Cusco. It is Uttle kuovv'n, bein^
ABR
full of woods, rivers, and lakes ; and its
few plains are occupied by barbarous na»
tions of Indians.
Abiverd, a town of Persia, in Chorasan,
near the river Tedzen, 52 m n Mesched. -
Abkhas, one of the seven nations in the
countries comprehended between the Black
sea and the Caspian. Their principal and
most ancient establishments are on the
southern slope of the mountains compre-
hended between the river Cuban and the
Black sea. They are tributary to the Turks,
and are divided into two governments, the
western and the eastern ; each subject to a
pashaw, commonly chosen out of the prin-
cipal native families; one of whom resides
at Sotchukkale and the other at Soghura*
kale. The Abkh.as speak an original lan-
guage, which appears to iiave a remote
affinity to that of the Circassians. They
have, at present, very little religion, al-
though they still preserve some traces of
Christianity. Their chief town is Anacopia.
Ablaif, a country in Great Tartary, sub-
ject to the Russians. Lon, from 72 to 83
E, lat 51 to 54 N.
Abloe, a town of Little Tartary, between
the river Dnieper and the Black sea. Lon.
33 15 E, lat. 46 20 N.
Abo, a seaport of Finland, capital of-
Finland Proper, and a bishop's see, with
a castle, and a university. It contains se-
veral stone houses, but the generality are
of wood. The inhabitants, about 10,000,
export coarse linen, furs, pitch, and iron,
but the principal trade is in timber.' Abo
was taken from the Swedes by the Russians
in 1808. It is situate on the Aura, near its
entrance into the gulf of Bothnia, 170 ni
ENE Stockholm. Lon. 22 13 e, lat. 60 27 N. '
Aboukir, a castle, island, and bay, on tha
coast of Egypt, to the w of the Rosetta
mouth of the Nile. The bay is rendered
famous by the total defeat and destruction
of the French fleet, by admiral Nelson,
in 1798. The island lies in the w part of
the bay: the Italians call it Biccliieri;
the French, Beguires; and the English Nel-
son. The castle stands on a sandy penin-
sula, 3 m ssw of the island, and 18 ene
Alexandria. Lon. 31 23 e, lat. 31 20 n.
Aboutig, a town of Upper Egypt, where
the best opium is made; seated near the
Nile, 170 m s Cairo.
Abrantes, a town of Portugal, in Estre-
madura, on the river Tajo. It has faur
churches, beside convents, and is 80 m ne
Lisbon. Lon. 7 23 w, lat. 39 13 n.
Abrng Bani/a, or Abrobania, a town of
Transvlvania, near which are mines of gold
and silver. It is 20 m wxw Weissenburg.
Abruzzo, a province of Naples, bounded
on the E by the gulf of Venice, :n and why
Anconia, Spoleto, and CampasrnadiRoma,
B 2
ABY
and s by Terra di Lavoia and Molifc. It
is divided into two parts by tlic ri\er Pcs-
cara, one called Ultra, wliich luis Aquila
for its capital ; and the other Citra, ol"
which Civita di Chieti is the capital. This
country is fertile in corn, rice, tVnit, and
satYron ; but the woods abound with bears
and wolves.
Abs, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ardcche. It was formerly the ca-
pital of \'ivarez, and the see of a bishop ;
but now little, beside ruins, remains of its
ancient fj;randeur. It is 8 m nw Viviers.
Abucara, a town of Pern, in the pro-
vince of Lucanus, of which it was formerly
the capital. It is situate in a valley, 150
m s by E Guamanga. Lon. 73 28 w, iat.
15 32 s.
Abuscfiahr; see Bushier.
Abtjdos, a town and castle of Asiatic
Turkey, in Natolia, on the strait of Galli-
poli. Here all ships from the Archipelago
are searched. Lon. 37 S6 e, Iat 40 16 N.
Abyssinia, an empire of Africa, 900 m
long and 600 broad ; bounded on the N by
ISJubia, E by the Red sea and Adel, s by
Machidas, Gingiro, and Monoeniuci, and
w by Nigritia and Darfoor. It is divided
into two grand districts, Tigre and Amhara,
which are subdivided into several pro-
vinces. The country is mountainous, but
in the vales the soil is fertile. The rainy
season continues from April to September.
This is succeeded, without interval, by a
cloudless sky, and a vertical suu. Cold
nights as instantly follow these scorching
days. The earth, notwithstanding these
clays, is cold to the soles of the feet; partly
owing to the six months rain, when no sun
appears, and partly to the perpetual equal-
ity of nights and days. There is no coun-
try in the world that produces a greater
variety of quadrupeds, both wild and tame:
the hyenas are very numerous, and dread-
ful in their ravages, but there are no tigers;
and a species of oxen, called sanga, are ce-
lebrated for the size of their horns, some of
which are nearly 4 feet long, and 21 inches
round at the base. Beside eagles, vul-
tures, &c. there is a species of glede, call-
ed haddayn, which is frequent in i^gypt,
and comes puncti>;illy into Abyssiniaj at
the return of the sun, after the tropical
rains; and storks are numerous in May,
when the rains become constant: there aie
few owls J but these are of an innnense
size and beauty. The most remarkable
insect is iheTtsaltsal, a large fly, which is
so fatal to cattle, that, in some districts,
great emigrations take place in the begin-
ning of the rainy season, to prevent the
stock of cattle from being destroyed. There
ig a remarkable coincidence between the
customs in the court of ancient Persia and
those of Abyssinia. The religion of the
ACH
country is a mixture of Judaism and of thd
Christianity of the Greek church ; and the
languaijje bears a great alfujity to the Ara-
bic. The govennnent is in an unsettled
state ; for the power of the neguz, or em-
peror, is very weak, and the ras, or prince
of the empire, and the chiefs of the pro-
vinces, are generally in enmity with one
another. The natives are of a dark olive
complexion; and the dress is a light robe,
bound with a sash, the head being covered
with a kind of turban. The houses are of
a conic form, meanly built of clay, and
covered with thatch; and even the churches
are of a round form, encircled by a portico.
Many of the natives are fond of raw beef;
and soldiers, when hungred on a march,
will cut out a piece from each buttock of a
cow, near the tail, and eat them ; the
wounds they sew up and {Jaster over with
dung, and the maimed animal having per-
formed the remainder of the day's journey,
is then killed. The chief rivers are the
Nile and the Tacazze, which have their
sources in this country. Gondar is the
metropolis.
Acaba, a town and fort of Arabia Pe-
trea, on the e arm of the Red sea, at its
NE extremity, 150 m ese Suez. Lon. 34
40 E, Iat. 29 3 n.
Acadia ; see Nova Scotia.
Acupulco, a city of New Spain, in th«
province of Mexico, on a bay of the Paci-
fic ocean, with a commodious harbour, de-
fended by a strong castle. Every year a
rich ship is sent to Manilla ; and another
returns annually tlience to this port, laden
with valuable Asiatic commodities. Here
is a hospital, maintained by the merchants,
and deductions from the pay of the soldiers.
It is 180 m ssw Mexico. Lon. 99 46 w,
Iat. IG 50 N.
Acasabastlun, a town of New Spain, in
the province of Vera Paz ; situate on a
river of the same name, 25 m from it»
mouth in the gulf of Dulcc, and 70 ene
Guatimala. Lon. 91 20 w, Iat. 14 58 «.
Acbarubad; see Agra.
• Acereuza, a city of Naples, capital of
Basilicata, and an archbishop's see. It is
seatedon the Branduno, at the foot of the
Apennines, 97 m e by s Naples. Lon,
16 5 E, Iat 40 44 N.
Acerno, a town of Naples, in Principatg
Citra, 12 m N E Salerno.
Acerra, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavora, seated on the Agno, 12 in ne Na-
ples.
Ach, a town of Suabia, in the landgra»
vate of Nellenburg, on a rocky eminence,
by the river Ach, 14 m ne Schaftbausen.
Acham, a country in Asia, bounded on
the N by Bootan, e by Cliina, s by Bir-
mah, and w by Hindoostan. It i& very
little knowu to the Eui'upcaus.
ACH
Acheen, a kingdom in the KW part of
Sumatra, now very different from earlier
times, when its sovereigns received embas-
sies from some of the greatest potentates
of Europe. It does not now extend inland
above 50 m to the se ; and at its ports on
the w coast, the power of the Achenese so-
vereicnis little more thannominal. The go-
vernment is hereditary, and more or less
arbitrary in proportion to the talents of the
reigning prince, who usually maintains a
guard of 100 sepoys from the Coromandel
coast. The country is populous, and com-
paratively healthy, being more free from
woods and swamps than the other parts of
the island. Its chief products are tropical
fruits, rice, cotton, gold dust, and sulphur.
The Achenese are taller, stouter, and dark-
er complexioned tlian the other Sumatrans.
Ihey are more active and industrious
tlian their neighbours, have more saga-
city and penetration, and are bold and
expert navigators. They are Mohaine-
dans.
Acheen, the capital of the above king-
dom, situate near the mouth of a river, on
the ^w point of the island, or Acheen
Head, in a wide valley, formed by two lofty
ranges of hills. The river, which empties
itself by several channels, is very shallow
at the bar. The houses are built of bam-
boos and rough timbers, and are raised
some feet from the ground, this part of
the country being overflowed in the rainy
season. It is an open town, in the centre
of which is the sultan's palace, surrounded
by a wide and deep moat, and strong walls.
A manufacture of a thick kind of cotton
cloth, and of stuff for the short trowsers
worn by the Malays and Achenese, is es-
tablished here. Payments are commonly
made in gold dust, which is carried about
in bladders. Crimes are punished here with
remarkable rigour ; but the rod of justice,
it is supposed, falls only on the poor : yet
the Aciienese are supposed to be the most
dishonest and flagitious people in the East.
Acheen is 1000 m se Madras. Lon, 95 45
E, lat. 5 35 N.
Achill Islands, islands on the w coast
of Ireland, in Mayo county, which form
the entrances into Clew bay. The w point
of the largest island is called Achill Ilead.
Lon. 10 40 w, lat. 53 50 N.
Achleiten, a town of Austria, on the
Danube, 12 m kse Ens.
Achnietchet ; see Sympheropol.
Achmim, a town of Egypt, the residence
of an emir, or prince of the country. It
has manufactures of coarse cottons, and
stands on a small eminence, on the right
bank of the Nile, «40 m s Cairo. Lon.
SI 5(j E, lat. 26 40 n.
Achonry, a town of Ireland, in Sligo
county, and a bishop's see united to Killa-
ACR
fa. It is seated on the Shannon, 16 ra
wsw Sligo.
Achstetten, a town of Suabia, 6 m nw
Augsburg,
AcfiT/r, a strong town and castle of Uk-
raine, on the river Uorsklo, 1 27 m e Kiof.
Lon. 36 10 E, lat. 49 32 N.
Acken, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Magdeburg, with a citadel j situate
on the Elbe, 5 m nw Dessau.
AcoTiia, or St. Estevan de Aco)na, a town
of New Mexico, with a strong castle ;
seated on a mountain, by the river Puerco,
90 m sw St. Fe.
Aconcagua, a town of Chili, capital of an
inland province, which is rich in grain,
fruit, silver, and copper. The town, some-
times called St. Philip, stands on the river
Aconcagua, 74 m kne St. Jago. Lon. 69
46 w, lat. 32 10 s.
Acqs, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Arriege, on the river Arriege, 20
m sse Foix.
Acqua, a town of Tuscany, noted for its
warm baths, 15 m e Leghorn.
Acquacknack, a town of New Jersey,
in Essex county, on the w side of the Pas-
saic, 10 m N Newark.
Acquapendente, a town of Italy, in the
territory of Orvieto, seated on a mountain,
near the river Paglia, 10 m w Orvieto.
Acquaria, a town of Italy, in Modenese,
noted for its medicinal waters, 12 m s Mo-
dena.
Acquaviva, a to^vn of Naples, in Terra
di Bari, 18 ni s Bari.
Acra, a town of Guinea, on the Gold
coast, which has a great trade in gold and
slaves. Near it the English have a fort.
Lon. 0 10 w, lat. 5 35 n.
Acre, or Sf. John d'Acre, a town of
Syria, in Palestine, and a bishop's see. It
is the Ptolemais of the Greeks and Ko-
mans, and stands on a plain at the n point
of a bay, which extends iu a semicircle of
9 in to the point of Mount Carmel, near
the mouth of the Kardanah, or ancient Be-
lus. In the time of the crusades, it under-
went several sieges ; and little is now to ba
seen of the ancient city, but the remains
of monuments, and of a church dedicated
to St. Andrew, or, as some think, St. John
the baptist. The new city is distant a
mile from the ancient walls, and the forti-
fications are of little importance. The pa-
lace of the grand master of the order of
St. John of Jerusalem is the residence of
thechief of Acre. Here are three mosques,
four churches, and a synagogue. Its port
has been at all times the key to Palestine,
and though now a bad one, is better than
any other along the coast. The chief ar-
ticles of commerce are cotton, cattle,
corn, olives, and linseed ; and rice brought
from Egypt. In 1799, aided by the British
ADM
under sirW. S. Smith, it withstood a siege
bv tho French under Bonaparte, who re-
treated alter failinir in a twuitili a^sault. It
is Qi \n s Tyre, and 47 x Jerasaleni. Lon.
35 20 t, lat. 32 SJ N.
Acrov, a territory of Guinea, on the
Gold coast. Tlie IJntcIi liavo a tort here
called Patience. Lon. 0 28 e, lat. 5 10 n.
Acrotcri, a town of the island of Santo-
rini, 2 ni wsw Scauro.
Acton-BiiDiel, a villaiie in Shropshire,
8ms Shrewsbury. Here are considerable
remains of a castle, in which a parliament
%vas held in the reign of Edward 1.
Adalla, or Antulia ; see Sutulia.
Adunu, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in
Roimi, capital of a sangiacate, and a bi-
shop's sec, with a castle. It has a trade in
corn, wine, and fruit; and is seated on the
Sarus, or Sclioun, 15 m from the Mediter-
ranean, and 170 se Cogni. Lon. 35 4 e,
lat. 37 0 N.
Adare, or Addair, a town of Ireland, in
Limerick county, seated on the Maig, 11
m sw Limerick.
Aduyea ; see Mexicano.
Adda, a river that rises in Switzerlahd,
in the canton of Orisons, runs through
Valteline and the lake of Como, by Lecco,
and joins the Po, near Cremona.
Adeenagur, a town of Cabul, in the dis-
strict of Kameh, seated near the left bank
of the Kameh, 60 m ese Cabul.
Add, a kingdom of Ajan, about 400 m
in length, on the s side ofthe gulf of Aden.
It seldom lains here; but the country is
well watered by rivers, and abounds vvith
wheat, millet, fiaiikincense and pepper.
The inhabitants are Mohamedans. The
capital is Aucagurel.
Adelfois, a town of Sweden, in Smoland,
noted for its gold mines, 70 m KvvCalmar,
Aden, a seaport of Arabia, in Yemen.
It is a great mart for gums and excellent
coHee, and stands on a peninsula, in a* gulf
of its name, 120 m ese Mocha. Lon. 45
18 E, lat. 12 44 N.
Aderbijun, a province of Persia, bound-
ed on the K by Armenia and Schirvan, w
by the Caspian sea and Ghilan, s by Irak,
and w by Curdistan. It is mountainous,
but contains many well- watered valleys, and
reckoned among the most productive pro-
vinces of Persia. Tabriz is the capital.
Adige, a river that rises in the canton of
Orisons, enters Tyrol, and flows by Trent
and Verona mto the gulf of Venice, 10 m
to the N ofthe Po.
^ Ad'dabad, a town of Hindoostan, in
Kandeish, near which is a lake, held in
great veneration by the Hindoos. It is
situate on the Poornah, 20 m s by e Boor-
h^inpoor.
Admiralti/ Islands, a cluster of islands
in the Pacific ocean, to the KW of New Ire-
ADR
land. They were discovered in 1767: some
of them appear of considerable extent; and
the centre one is supposed to be in lon. 14(5
44 r, lat. 2 18 s.
Adoit, a town of Hungary, seated in a
fruitful country, near the Danube, 12 m s
Buda.
Adoni, a town of Hindoostan, in 15ala-
gaut, capital of a district, on the s side of
the Toombnddra. In 1787 it was taken
and destroyed by Tippoo, and is now a
small place, seated on the llindernv, 40
m NE Balhary. Lon. 77 16 r, lat. 1532 N.
Adurf, a town ofthe kingdom of Saxony,
in Voigtland, seated on tlie Elster, 15 in
KNw Kgra.
Adoiir, a river of France, which rises
in the department of Upper Pyrenees, flows
by Tarbes and Dax, and enters the bay of
Biscay, below Bayonne.
Adotca, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre,
and the chief mart of commerce between
Gondar and the coast, for goods passing
each way. It has manufiictures of coarse
and fine cotton cloths. The population
8000. It stands on the side and at the
foot of a hill, 11 m E Axum, and 76 nw
Antalo. Lon. 39 5 e, lat. 14 12 n.
Adra, a seaport of Spain, in Granada,
with a strong citadel, 47 m SE Granada.
Lon. 3 7 w, fat. 36 45 N.
Adrumiti, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, on the e coast of a gulf of its
name, 70 m n by w Smyrna. Lon. 26 50
E, lat. 39 26 N.
Adria, a town of Italy, in Polesino di
Rovigo, which gives name to the Adriatic
sea, and was formerly of great note, hut
has been much reduced by frequent inun-
dations. It is seated on the Tartaro, 25
m ssw \^enice.
Adriano, a mountain of Spain, in Bis-
cay, over which is a very difficult road to
Alba and Old Castile. It is one of the
highest ofthe Pyrenees ; and is only inha-
bited by a few shepherds.
Adrianople, a city of European Turkey,
in Romania, the see of an archbishop, and
formerly the European seat ofthe Turkish
dominion. It is 8 m in circuit, situate in
the midst of a very extensive plain, on the
river Marissa, which here receives two tri-
butary streams, the Adra and Arda. Se-
veral of the mosques are very splendid, and
the principal one has four minarets, said to
be the highest in all Turkey. Many ofthe
houses are neat, but the streets are narrow
and devious. The seraglio is separated
from the city by the river Arda, and com-
mands an extensive view of the country,
which is fertile, and famous for excellent
vines. The conunerce of the city by the
river Marissa is considerable. It is 130
m wNw Constantinople, Lon. 26 47 i,
lat. 42 4 M,
AFG
Adriampatam, a town of Hindoostan, in
the province of Tanjore, seated on the s.
coa:-t, 37 m ssETanjore.
Adriatic Sea ; see Venice, Gulf of.
Adventure Bay, a bay at the se end of
Van Dieinen land, so called from the sliip
in which captain Furneaux sailed. Lon.
147 GO \v, lat. 43 23 s.
Aershot, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, on the river Demur, 10 m e Mech-
lin.
Afghanistan, a country of Asia, 350 m
long and 300 broad ; bounded on the N by
the mountains of Tartary, e by Hindoo-
stan, s by Ballosistan, and w by Persia.
The inhabitants have no written character,
and speak a language peculiar to them-
selves. They are a robust, hardy race of
men, and being generally addicted to a
state of predatory warfare, their manners
partake of a barbarous insolence; they
avow a fixed contempt for the occupations
of civil life ; and are esteemed the most
negligent of religious observances of all the
Mohamedans. Their common dress con-
sists of a shirt, which falls over the upper
part of long and narrow trowsers ; a wool-
len vest, fitted closely to the body, and
reaching to the midleg ; and a high turned
up cap, of broad cloth or cotton, usually
of one colour, and of a conic form, with
two small parallel slits in the upperedge of
its facing. The principal cities are Canda-
har and Cabul, the former of which was
tlie capital; but the sultan now keeps his
court at Cabul. About the year 17 20, an
army of Afghans invaded Persia, took Is-
pahan, and made the sultan Husseyn pri-
soner. They kept possession of Ispahan
and the southern provinces for ten years,
when they were defeated in several battles,
and driven out of the country by Nadir
Kuli, commonly known in Europe by the
name of Kouli Khan. After Nadir had
deposed his sovereign. Shah Thamas, he
laid siege to and took Candahar; but af-
terward received a considerable body of the
Afghans into his army On his assassina-
tion in 1747, the general of the Afghan
troops, Ahmed Shah, seized on the Af-
ghan territories ; and having run through a
long and arduous military career, died in
1773. He was succeeded by his son, Ti-
mour Shah, v. ho also retained the province
of Cashmere, some scattered portions of
Moultan, and a large division of Chorasan,
including the city of Herat. He died in
1792, leaving 19 sons. To the eldest,
Humayoon, he gave Herat and Candahar ;
to Zeman Shall, Cabul and the rest of the
Afghan territories, as well as Cashmere and
Moultan. The latter afterward dethroned
his elder brother ; and himself, in 1802,
wa^s dethroned by another brother, and he
^as suou expelled by another. Muhanied
AGA
Khan, viceroy of Cashmere, taking advan-
tage of these dissensions, in 1809 erected
the flag of independence in that province,
which still continues unsubdued ; and the
subjection of the other districts of tha
Afghan empire are little more than nomi-
nal.
AFRICA, one of the four grand divi-
sions of the world; bounded on the n by
the Mediterranean sea, e by the isthmus ot
Suez, the Red sea, and the Indian ocean, s
by the Southern ocean, and w by the Atlan-
tic ocean. It is a peninsula of prodigious
extent, being joined to Asia by the isthmus
of Suez, which is 125 m over. In its
greatest length, from the most northern part
to tl)e Cape of Good Hope, it is 4600 m ;
and in the broadest part, from Cape V'erd
fo Cape Guardafui, it is 3500. The greater
part lieo within the torrid zone, which ren-
ders the heat almost insTipportable in manj
places; bat the coasts in general are very
fertile, the fruits excellent, and the plants
extraordinary. There are more wild beast*
than in any other part of the world : also
some animals peculiar to this countr-y ; as
the hippopotamus, or river hoi-se ; the rhi-
noceros, with two horns on its nose ; and.
the beautiful striped zebra Beside these,
there are crocodiles, ostriches, camels, and
many other animals not to be met with in
Europe. There are several deserts, parti-
cularly one of a large extent called Zaara;
but these ai-enot quite without inhabitants.
There are many large rivers, of which the
principal are the Zaire, Nile, Niger, Se-
negal, and Gambia. The most consider-
able mountains ar'e the Atlas, the Moun-
tains of the Moon, and the Sierra Leone.
The inhabitants consist of pagans, Moha-
medans, and Chi'istians. The tirst, who
possess the gi-eatest part of the country,
from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of
Good Hope, are the most numerous, and
are generally black. The Mohamedans,
who are tawny, possess Egypt and the
coast of Barbai-y. The people of Abyssi-
nia ai'e denominated Christians, but retain
many pagan and Jewish rites. In the n of
Africa ar-e some .lews, who manage all the
little ti'ade of that part of the country.
The pi-incipal divisions of Africa are Birr-
bary, Egypt, Biledulgerid,Zaar-a, Nigritia,
Senegambia, Guinea, Bornou, Cashna,
Fezzan, Setma, Nubia, Abyssinia, Abex,
Loango, Congo, Angola, Benguela, Mata-
man, Zanguebar, Mocarango, Monoeniu-
gi, Sofala, CatVreria, and the country of the
Hottentots.
Africa, a town on the e coast of Tunis,
near a cape of its name, 20 m sse Susa.
Afrique, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aveiron, (3 m e by N Vabres.
Agadeer; see Cruz, St.
Jgades, a town of Cassina, capital of a
AGM
province. It sends annually a caravan of
1000 camels to the salt lakes in the desert,
at a place called Domboo ; which salt is
distributed anionp the other provinces of
the empire. It is 260 m kne Cassina.
Lon. 13 0 E, lat. 20 5 N.
Agal/cga, or Gallega, an island of Af-
rica, near Madagascar. Lon. 54 8 E, lat.
10 12 X.
Agiimcnticus, a mountain of Massachu-
sets, in the district of Maine, about 8 m
froni York iiarbour. It alfords pasture up
to its summit, and is a seamark for tho en-
trance of Piscataqua river. Lon. 70 39
w, lat. 43 Id N.
Agatha, St. a town of Naples, in I'rinci-
pato Ultra, 20 m ne Naples.
Aguton, a town of Guinea, near the
mouth of the Formosa, 80 m s Benin.
Lon. 7 6 E, lat. 7 20 k.
Agde, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ilerault, on the river Herault,
near its mouth in the gulf of Lyon, where
there is a fort to defend the entrance. It
Js 17 ni NE Narbonne.
Agen, a town of Hindoostan, in Mal-
wah, will) a stone fort, 42 m n by e Ou-
gein.
Agen, a city of France, capital of the
department of Lot and Garonne, and a
bishop's see. Prunes form here a con-
siderable object of commerce; and it has
manufactures of camblets, serges, and can-
vas. The population 11,000. It stands
in a' fertile country, on the banks of the
Garonne, 80 m se Bourdeaux. Lon. 0 Q,Q
E, lat. 44 12 N,
Agenahat, a town of Transylvania, 20
m NE Hermanstadt.
Agga, or Aggona, a town and district
on the coast of Guinea, in which is a high
hill, called the Devil's Mount. The English
liave a fort here. Lon. 0 5 e, lat. 6 0 N.
Aggerhvys, a fortress of Norvvay, in a
government of the same name, which is
full of mountains. See Christiania.
Aghadoe, a town of Ireland, in Kerry
county, and a bishop's see united to Lime-
rick and Ardfert. A few fragments of the
cathedral walls and the stump of a round
tower remain. It is situate near the lake
of Killarney, 13 m sse Tralee.
Aghrim, a village of Ireland, 11m ene
Galway, memorable for the decisive vic-
tory gained, in 1691, by the army of Wil-
liam III, over that of James ii.
Aghrin, a town of Ireland, in Wicklovv
county, 13 m sw Wickiow.
Agincourt, a village of France, in the
department of Pas de Calais, 7 m n Hes-
tlin. Near this place Henry v of England
obtained a signal victory over the French,
in 1415.
Aglia, a town of Piedmont, 7ms Ivrea.
Agmaty a town of ^Morocco, on a river of
AGR
the same name, and on the w side of one
of the Atlas mountains, 16 m s Morocco.
Agmoiidesham ; see Amcrsham.
Agnano, a circular lake in the kingdom
of Naples, 7 m from Puzzoli. It is about
half a mile in diameter, surrounded by hills
covered with verdure. As no mention is
made of this lake by the ancients, it is sup-
posed to be the celebrated fish-pond sunk
by Lucullus, whose villa stood in the
neighbourhood. A few paces from the
margin of the lake, in the side of a moun-
tain, is the famous Grotta del Cane, where
many dogs have been tortured and suffo-
cated, to show the efl'ect of a vapour that
rises about a foot above the bottom of this
cave, and is destructive to animal life.
Agon, an island of Sweden, in the gulf
of Bothnia, with a good harbour. Lon.
18 10 E, lat. 61 'JOn
Agosta, an island in tlic gulf of ^'en^ce,
near the coast of Dalmatiri, 18 m in circuit,
and 10 sw of the island of Curzola. It
affords good anchoraire and fresh water.
Lon. 17 0 E, lat. 42 55 N.
Agosta, in Sicily ; see Augusta.
Agra, a province of Hindoostan Proper,
250 m long and 180 broad ; bounded on
the N by Delhi, e by Oude and Allahabad,
s by Malwah, and w by Ajmeer. The sur-
face N of the Churnbul is in general fiat,
open, and rather bare of trees ; but s of
that river, and toward the kw frontier, it
is more hilly, and trees become more plen-
tiful. The chief rivers are the Jumna,
Chumbul, and Ganges ; but tiie country is
indifferently supplied with water. The most
fertile part, called the Doab, is between
the Ganges and the Jumna.
Agra, the capital of the above province,
with a strong fort. It was once the most
splendid of all the Indian cities, and now
exhibits the most magniticent ruins. About
the year 1566, emperor Acbar made it his
capital, and gave liis name to it; since
which time it is often named Acbarabad.
In the 17th century the great mogul fre-
quently resided here. His palace was pro-
digiously large; the palaces of the onnahs
and others were numerous ; and there were
above 60 caravansaries, 800 baths, 700
mosques, and two magnificent mausoleums.
It has since rapidly declined. In the war
with the ^Nlahrattas in 1803, it was taken
by the British, and is the seat of a civil es-
tablishment. It stands on the right bank
of the Jumna, 100 m sse Delhi. Lon.
77 56 E, lat. 27 12 N.
Agram, or Zagrah, a strong town of
Croatia, capital of the Austrian part, and
a bishop's see. The population was 17,266
in 1815. It stands on the left bank of the
Save, ]70 m s by w Vienna. Lon. 16 10
E, lat. 45 45 >'.
Agramont, a town of Spain, in Catalo
AJA
■fiia, seated on a mountain, near a small
river, 18 m f. Bulagiier.
Asrreda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
8 m sw Taraconu.
Jgria, or Erlaii, a town of Hungary,
capital of lieves county, and an arch-
bibliop's see, with a citadel. Tlie popula-
tion was 16,1 1'2, in 1815. It is seated on
the Ft^ev, (>S m ne Pest. Lon. 20 o2 e,
lat. 47 51 N.
Agrigun, one of the Ladrone islands, '13
m in compass. It is nuiuntainous, and has
several volcanos. Lon. 14(i 0 r, lat. 19 40 N.
Agropoli, a town of Naples, in Princi-
patoCitra, on the r. side of the gulf of Sa-
lerno, '22 m SSE Salerno.
AguHiir, a town of Spain, in Navarre,
20 ra w Estella.
A/iar, a town of Persia, in Aderbijan,
Seated in a large plain, and on a river of
the same name, 50 m r.M: 'i'abriz.
Ahmedubad, a city of Ilindoostan, the
capita! of Gujrat. The walls are 6 m in
circuit, and contain 12 gates; but now not
a quarter of the area is inhabited. The
mosque and tomb of the founder, Tatar
Ahmed, are built of stone and marble, the
last of exquisite workmanship. It was
taken by the English, in 1780, from the
Poonah JMahraltas, to whom it was re-
stored in 178J>. It is seated in- a level
country, on the river Sabermaty, which is
navigable to the gulf of Cambay, 320 m N
Bombay. Lon. 72 3(5 e, lat. 22 58 N.
Ahm'ednagur, a city and fort of Hindoo-
stan, once the capital of the soubah of its
name, which was afterward called Dowla-
tabad, and now Aurungabad. This city was
the residence of emperor Aurungzebe, dur-
ing his conquest of theDeccan. Soon after
his death, in 1707, it was seized by the
Mahrattas, and retained till 1797, when
Dowlet Row Sindia forced the peshwa to
cede it to him ; but, in 1803, it was taken
bv, and ceded to, the British, who restored
it to the pe^i^wa in 1804. It is 73 m NE
Poona. Lon. 7 5 4 E, lat. 19 1 x.
Aider, a town of Ilindoostan, in Agra,
situate on the riglit bank of the Chunibul,
50 m SE Agra.
Ahuaz, or Akicuz, a town of Persia, in
Knsistan, once a flourishing city, of which
considerable rains remain. It is seated on
the Karasu, 48 m sw J'oster.
Ahuys, a strong town of Sweden, in Goth-
land, with a good harbour, 15 m scChristi-
anstadt. Lon. 14 15 e, lat. 5(i 15 K.
Ajuccio, a seaport of Corsica, capital of
the departmentof Liamone, and a bishop's
see. It is tlie best built town of the island,
and stands on tlie w coast, on a point of
land that juts into the gulf of .Viaccio, 16U
m SE Toulon. Lon. 8 30 e, lat. 41 56 n.
AJaii, or Ajen, a country on the e coast
of Atrica, extending iVuia Cape Guaidufui
AIL
to Zanguebar 700 m. It is divided into se-
veral states or kingdoms ; the principal of
which are Adel and Magadoxo. The east-
ern coast of Ajan is sar.dy and barren, but
to the north it is more fertile. The kings
of Ajan are frequently at war with the em-
peror of Abyssinia, and sell the prisoners
which they take. Ivory, gold, and horses of
an excellent breed, are the articles of trade..
Ajtizzo, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, io
Svria, seated on the Mediterranean, on the
site of the ancient Issus, where Alexander
fought his second battle with Darius. It
is 30 m s Antioch, and 40 w Aleppo. Lon.
36 10 E, lat. 36 0 N.
Aich, a town of Bavaria, with a castlft
seated on the Par, 18 m s Neuburg.
Aichstadt, a town of Franconia, capital
of a principahty (late bishopric) now sub-
ject to the king of Bavaria. In the church
is a piece of curious workmanship, called
the Sun of the Holy Sacrament, which is of
massy gold, enriched with diamonds, pearls,
rubies, and other precious stones. It is
seated on the Altuiuhl, 40 m s by E Nu-
remberg. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 48 50 N.
Aidar, the principal seaport of Nubia,
seated on a mountain, on the coast of the
Red sea. It has a trade in ebony and aro-
matic plants. Ltm. 53 57 E, lat. 22 20 K.
Aigcn,VL town of Austria, on the confines,
of Bohemia, 24 m Nw Steyre.
Aigle, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Bern, principally built of black mar-
ble, found in the neighboui hood, and seated
on a river that soon joins the Rhone, 7 m
from its entrance into the lake of Genevx.
Aigle, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Oriie, 47 m sw Rouen.
Aignan, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Loire and Cher, on the river
Cher, 24 m s by e Blois.
Aiguemorte, a town of France, in the de-
partment ofGard, situate among the mo-
rasses, near the sea, and had a harbour,
which is now choaked up. It is 12 m tSE
Montpellier.
Aigueperse, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Puy de Dome, 18 m N Cler-
mont.
AigidbeUo, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Drome, 6 m sE Montelimart.
Aiguibtllo, a townof Savoy, on the river
Arc, 15 m t: Chamberry.
Aiguillas, Cure, the mostsoutherly pointy
of Atnca, 13 leagues ese of the Cape of
Good Hope. Lon. 20 8 £, I;it. 34 55 s.
Allah, a town of Arabia Petrea, on the
E arm of the Red sea, at its nw extremity,
140 111 ESESuez. Lon. 34 30 E, lat. 29 10 k.
A nil/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment: of Somme, 9 m sse Amiens.
yl(/M(, an insulated rock, s of the isle of
Arran, in Scotland. The base is 2 m in
tii'euit; ai>d it comiists of a stupendous as-
A IX
semblage of precipitous clitrs, lisiiic in a
pyramidal scries, POO feet hi^h. accessible
only on tlie Nr.. It atVords ret'us:e to an im-
mense number o\' scatowl, and is well
stocked witl) ral)bits. I'be ruins of a cliapol,
and of a castle, are still seen ; and near the
latter is a spriiij; of fresh wjitei'.
Airiic, ov Ayvio, a town of Savoy, on the
river Isere, 18 m E^^, Moutier.
Ajmeer, a province of llindoostan Pro-
per, 330 in lone "nd 2120 broad; bounded
on the ^^v bv iMooltan, ne by Delhi and
Af:ra, se by Slah\ali, and sw by (Jnjrat
and Sindy. The n\v part is a barren plain,
and thinly inhabited ; the central part
hilly, containine salt lakes and spring:s that
produce salt spontaneously; and the se
])art mountainous, with fertile valleys and
plains intervenin;;.
Ajmeer, the capital of the above province.
It stands at the foot of a mountain, on the
top of which is a stron}; fortress. *. lose to
the walls of tlie town are two lakes, the
largest 6 m in circuit, and very deep. It
is 200 m \v by s Agra. Lon. 74 48 e, lat.
26 33 N.
Ain, a department of France, including
the old province of Bresse. It takes its
jiame from a river, which rises in Mount
Jura, near Nozeroy, and enters the Rhone,
above Lyon. Bourg is the capital.
Ainereiille, a town of FriUice, in the de-
partment of Meuse, 3 m sw Dun.
Ainsa, a town of Spain, in Aragon, on
the river Ara, 30 m n BaU)astro.
Airano, a town of Italy, in Milanese, 30
ni SE Como.
Airdrie, a town of Scotland, in T/anark-
gliire, with an iron foundery, and a con-
siderable trade in ir.alt spirits ; situate on
a rising ground, between two rivulets, 10
m E Glasgow.
Aire, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Landes, seated on the side of a
hill, by the river Adour, 65 msBourdeaux.
Lon. d 10 E, lat. 43 42 N.
Aire, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Pas de Calais. It communicates
•with St. Omer by a canal, and is seated on
the river Lis, 22 m s Dunkirk.
Aire, a river in Yorkshire, which issues
:from a lake on Malham mo'ir, near Settle,
Hows by Skipion, Keighley, Leeds, and
Snaith, and enters the Ouse, below IIow-
den. By this river, and a canal from Leeds,
there is an inland navigation between the
ports of Hull and Liverpool.
Aisne, a department of France, includ-
ing the old territories of Soissor.nois and
\'ermandois. It takes its name from a
river, which runs by Soissons, and enters
the Oise, above Compiegne. Laon is the
capital.
Aix, a city of France, capital of the de-
partment of iMouths of the Rhone, and an
arrhljishop's see. It was formerly the ca-
pital of Provence, when it had a parlia-
ment. It has a trade in wine, brandy, and
olive oil ; also manufactures ot silk, \elvet,
ratteens, cloth, and gauze. 'I'he population
23,700. It is seated in a plain, where there
are hot baths near the river Arc. 80 m r.
Montpellier. Lon. 5 27 e, lat. 43 32 N.
Aix, a town of Savoy, on the lake of
Bourget. Here are mineral waters much
frequented. It is 12 m kne Cham-
berry.
Aix, a small island of France, betweew
the isle of Oleron and the continent. It is
12 m Nw Rochfort. Lon. 1 10 w, lat. 46
5 E.
Aix-la-ChapeUe, a city of Germany, in
the duchy of Juliers, and a bishop's see.
Charlemasine was so rlelighted with the
beauty of the place, that he chose it for his
residence : he is interred in the cathedral
of Notre Dame, where they keep his sword
and belt. The city is large, and in general
well built ; but within the walls there are
many fields and gardens. The population,
26,000. Its famous mineral waters draw a
great number of persons every year; and tlie
chief manufactures are cloth, kerseymere,
needles, and pins. Near it, at Burscheid,
are similar manufactures, and several warm
springs ; and in the vicinity are mines of
iron, lead, calamine, sulphur, and coal. In
1668 and 1748, it was distinguished by
two celebrated treaties of peace. It was
taken by the French in 1792, retaken by
the Austrians in 1793, and again taken by
the French in 1794. In 1818, a congress
of the sovereigns in Europe met here to
consult on some public aftairs. It is seated
in a bottom, surrounded by mountains, 26
m ENE Liege. Lon. 5 39 E, lat. 50 47 x.
Aizenay,VL town of France, in the depart-
ment of Vendee, 29 m s Nantes.
Akalzike, or Akiska, a city of Turkish
Armenia, with a castle, but no walls nor
foriitications. It is the capital of the dis-
trict of Akiska, and a populous trading
place, seated on the left bank of the Kur,
130 m XE Erzerum. Lon. 43 50 e, lat.
41 10 N.
Akunsa; see Arkansa.
Akennnn; see Bie/gorod.
Akissat, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, the ancient Thyatira, built ni a
plain above 17 m over, which produces
corn and cotton. It is inhabited by about
5000 Mahomedans, and stands on the river
Hermits, 50 m se Pergaino. Lon. 28 30 e,
lat. 38 4B N.
Aklut, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Kur-
distan, on the Kw part of the lake Van,
40 m WNW Van.
Akahelir, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Caramania, anciently called Antioch in
Pisidia. Ilere is a handsome mosque aad
ALA
college to tlie memory of Bajazet, who died
here. It is seated at the tiiot of a range of
mountains, watered by i.mnerous streams,
and near tlie lake Eberdy, 66 m wnw
Cogni.
Aktiar; see Sebastopol.
Alabama, a river that rises in the Alle-
gany mountains, in the xw part of the state
of Georgia, flow s sw into the territory of
Alabama, where it continues a ssw course
of 200 ni to its junction wirh theTombech-
bee; the united stream then takes the
name of Mobile. The Alabama, above the
influx of tl'.e Tallapoose, is frequently called
the Coosa.
^/«6«;»«, a territory of the United States,
570 m long and 130 broad; bounded on
the N by Tennessee, e by Georgia, s by W
Florida and the gulf of Mexico, and w by
Mississippi. 'Jhe x part is crossed by the
Great Bend of the Tennessee, and s of this
by a chain of mountains. The land is in ge-
neral low, and sandy or swampv ; but some
parts, particularly along the Alabama river,
are fertile. The chief town is Mobile.
Alabaster, or Elcuthcra, one of the Ba-
hama islands, which produces the greatest
part of the pineapples that are exported ;
and on the e coast are a number of alabaster
rocks. It has a small fort. Lon. 76 24 w,
lat. 24 40 N.
Alacananda, a river of Northern Hin-
doostan, supposed to issue from the Hima-
leh mountains, on the borders of Tibet. It
flows ssw to Serinagur, and thence w to
Devaprayaga, where it meets the Bliagi-
rathi from the sw, and their union forms
the Ganges. At the junction, the Alaca-
nanda is the largest river, and 40 m above
Bhadrinath its stream is concealed under
immense heaps of snow.
Alois, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gard, lately an episcopal see. It
has a citadel, and is seated near the river
Gard, at the foot of the Gevennes, 22 m
>w Nisones. Lon. 4 5 e, lat. 44 ii x.
Alaman, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, 9 m xe Nion.
Aland, a cluster of islands in the Baltic,
at the entrance of the gulf of Bothnia.
They form eight parishes, each with its
church, produce corn sutficient for the in-
habitants, and export fatted beef, tallow,
hides, and butter. The principal island,
which gives name to the rest, is 20 m long
and 8 broad. It is included in the govern-
ment of Finland. Castleholm is the chief
place, 70 m wsw Abo, and 100 exe Stock-
holm. Lon. 20 28 e, lat. 60 10 x. See
Tinland.
Alania, or Alaya, a town of Asiatic
Turkey, in Caramania, on the E side of a
lofty promontory, in the gulf of Satalia. It
is strong by nature, and the capital of a
pashalic j but at present of no great im-
ALB
portance. It is 76 m ese Satalia. Lon,
32 2 E, lat. 36 32 x.
Alarcnn, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, seated on the Xucar, 50 m s Cuenr-a.
Alaska, a peninsula on the xw coa«.t of
America, about 100 m broad, and extend-
ing 480 m SW' into the Pacific ocean. At
its extremity commences the group or
chain of islands called the Northern Archi-
pelago ; and on its x side is Bristol bay.
Alatumaha, a navigable river of the state
of Georgia, formed by the junction of the
Oakmulgee and Oconee, which have their
source in the Allegany mountains. It flows
SE 100 m through forests and plains, to the
Atlantic, which it ent':;rs by two mouths.
The X branch passes by Darien, and the s,
which is the deepest, has its influx near St,
Simon island, by a mouth 500 yards wide.
Alutri, a town of Italy, in Compagna di
Roma, situate on a hill, 42 m ese Rome.
Alat)jr, a town of Russia, on the river
Surn, 40 m e Kasan.
Alauta, a river of European Turkey,
which rises in the mountains that separate
Moldavia from'J'ransylvania, flows through
Wallachia, and enters the Danube, near
Nicopolis.
Alba, a town of Piedmont, in Mont-
ferrat, and an ancient bishopric. It con-
tains three parochial and three other
churches, beside the cathedral, and seven
convents. It is seated on the Tanaro, 20
m SE Turin.
Allan, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Tarn, 15 m ese Alby.
Alban, St. a borough in Hertfordshire,
the ancient city of \'erulam, some vestiger.
of which are yet to be seen. The market
is on Wednesday and Saturday ; and it is
governed by a mayor. It owes its name to
Alban, the first martyr in Britain, who was
buried on a hill near the town, where a
noble monastery was afterward erected to
his m.emory by king Offa, of which no part
now remains, except the gate and the
church : in the latter is the monument of
Offa, and of Humphrey duke of Gloucester,
whose leaden cotfin was discovered in
1703, the body pieserved almost entire by
a pickle. In the church of St. Michael is
the monument of the celebrated Francis
Bacon, viscount St. Alban. Here are two
silk mills and a cotton manufacture. St.
Alban is famous for the victory obtained by
Richard duke of York, in 1455, over Henry
VI ; and for a victory which queen JNIargar
ret gained in 1461, over the earl of VVarr
wick. It is seated on the Coin, 21 m x by
vv London.
Alban, St. a town of Vermont, in Chillin-
den county, situate near Lake Champlain,
34 m KNE Burlington.
Albantlla, a town of Naples, in Princi
puto Citra, 20 m se. Salerno.
ALB
Albania, n province of European Tur-
kev, comprehending the ancient lllvrin and
r.pirus. It is 240 ni loni; and 60 broad ;
bounded on the N bv Dahnatia and Bos-
nia, r, by Macedonia and Thessaly, s by
Livadia, and w by the gulf of Venire. It
produces excellent wine; and the cliief ex-
ports arc crain, .spun cotton, wool, tobac-
co, oil, leather, and timber of a su}>erior
quality for bhips. The Albanians are stout
and well made, never happy but in action,
and are brave and intrej)i(l warriors. In
1812, the vizier of this province, Ali Pa-
slia, became independent of the J*orte, and
liis government is a pertcct despotism.
His pilfer, but of a more controlled nature,
also extends over a large poition of Mace-
donia, and nearly the whole of Thessaly
and Livadia. Janina is the capital:
Alhano, a town of Italy, in Canipagna
di Iloina, on an eminence, near a lake of
the same name. Tlie lake, 7 m iu circuit,
is supposed to be contained in the crater of
an extinguished volcmo, and its outlet is
bored throngh a rock more than a mile in
length. The environs produce the best
vine in all this country. It is 15 m sse
Rome.
Albano, a town of Naples, in Basilica-
»a, seated in a fertile country, on the river
Baaiento, 15 m e by s Potenza.
Albanopolis, a town of European Tur-
key, formerly the capital of Albania, but
now a poor place, seated on the Drino,
43 m E Alessio.
Albany, a city of New York, capital of
a county, and the seat of the judicial
courts of the state. In 1707 it contained
6021 inhabitants ; in 1810, the census
gave 9356; and in 181.'!, they had in-
creased to 12,000. Here are ten churches,
and numerous public edifices, built of brick
or stone ; and the houses are principally of
brick, three or four stories liigh. Albany
is the storehouse of the trade to and from
Canada and the Lakes ; and has manufac-
ttires of tobacco, chocolate, n)U6tard,
starch, &c. It is seated on the w side of
Hudson river, 150 m k New York. Lon.
73 42 vv, lar. 42 40 N.
Albarazin, a city of Spain, in Aragon,
and a bishop's see. Its wool is the best in
Aragon. It stands on a mountain, by the
river Guadalavir, 88 m ssw Saragossa, and
140 E Madrid. Lon. 1 21 w, lat. 40 30 K.
Albazcte, a town of Spain, in Murcia,
with manufactures of iron and steel ; seat-
ed in a fertile country, 44 m w by n Al-
nianza.
Albazin, a town of Chinese Tartary, with
a fortress, on tlie x side of the Saghalien.
Lon. 123 30 E, lat. 53 0 n.
Albeck, a town and castle of Suabia, on
the river Alb, 5 m n by e Ulra.
Albemarle, or Auinale, a. town of France,
ALB
in the department of Lower Seine, with a
manufacture of serges and other stuffs, 20
m sw Dieppe, and 82 n.nw Kouen.
Albcmarlf Sound, an inlet of the Atlan-
tic, in N Carolina, 60 m long, and from 8
to 12 broad. It is 30 ni n of Pamlico
sound; and the tract of countrv between
them boti) is called Disnrml Swamp.
^llboiga, a town on tlie coast of Genoa,
surrounded by olive trees, 37 m sw Genoa.
Albion ; see Uritain.
Albion, New, a ccjuutry on the w coast
of N An)erica, extending from California
to the mouth of the Columbia. It received
its name from sir Francis Drake in 1578,
whose harbour is in lon. IIG 45 w, lat. 37
58 K ; but the coast had been examined by
Juan Rodriguez CabriUo, in 1542, and the
coiuitry is called ^cw California by th©
Spaniards. The land is mountainous, and
abounds with trees; but there are exten-
sive plains and valleys of luxuriant soil, and
well watered. INIaize, wheat, and barley
are cultivated iu abundance; good wine is
made in all the settlements (-^n the coast ;
and the olive is successfully cultivated, es-
pecially near St. Diego. In the mountains
are the same kind of goats as in Califor-
nia ; and in the forests and plains are stags
of a most gigantic size, called venados, of
a brown colour and without spot. The
climate is subject to much drought, espe-
cially in autumn ; but this is in some mea-
sure compensated by dews, which often fall
very heavily : the rainy season is from De-
cember to March. Ihe Spaniards, who
iirst settled here in 1769, have in the *
part formed four jurisdictions, named from
their chief towns, St. Diego, St. Barbara,
Monterey, and St. Francisco. The go-
vernment is confided to European monks of
the order of St. Francis, and their esta-
blishments are in a prosperous state. In
1802, the number of native Indian culti-
vators alone was 15,562. The capital is
Monterey.
Albona, a town of Italy, in Istria, near
the gulf ot" Carnero, 16 m e by s Rovigno.
Albret, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Landes, 37 m s Bourdeaux.
Albuera, a village of Spain, in x\ndalu-
sia, on a river of the same name, 12 m a
Badajoz. Here, in 1811, was a bloody
battle, in which the French were defeated
by the English and their allies.
Albufera, a town of Portugal, in Algar-
va, with a fort ; situate on the gulf of Ca-
diz, 10 m Nw Faio,
Ailmqutrque, a town of Spain, in Estre-
madura, on the frontiers ofPortugal, witha
strong castle. It has a considerable trade in
wool and cloth, and is 30 m knw Badajoz.
Albuquerque, a town of New Mexico,
on the left bank of Rio del Norte, 52 m
ssw St. Fe.
ALC
Alburg, a city of Denmark, in N Jut-
land, capital of a diocese. It has a consi-
derable trade in herrings, cattle, and corn,
and manufactures of guns, pistoU, sad-
dles, and 2;loves. It is seated on the s side
of the gulf of Lymford, 10 m from the Ca-
tegat, and SO N by e Wibiirg. Lon. 9 41
E, lat. 57 0 N.
Albi/, a city of France, in the depart-
ment of Tarn," tbrmerly an archiepiscopal
see, and the capital of the territory of the
Albiseois in Lans;uedoc. In point of ar-
chitecture and decorations, the principal
church is one of the most curious in France.
The environs produce all kinds of grain,
excellent wines, flax, hemp, saffron, ani-
seed, coriander, and woad. It is seated on
the Tarn, 23 m n by w Castres, and 42 ne
Toulouse. Lon. 2 8 E, lat. 43 56 N.
Alcala de Guaduira, a town of Spain, in
Andalusia, on the river Guadaira, at the
foot of a hill, on which are the extensive
remains of a Roman castle, and a part is
converted into a modern church. It is 12
m NE Seville.
Alcata de Henares, a town of Spain, in
New Castile, with a famous university, and
a castle. It is surrounded by a wall, and
seated on the Henares, 15 m e by n Ma-
drid.
Alcala de los Gazides, a town of Spain,
in Andalusia, with an ancient castle, situate
on a mountain in a fertile plain, 14 m E by
s Medma Sidonia.
Alcala Real, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, seated on a mountain, 18 m s\v Jaen.
Atcamo, a town of Sicily, in Val di Ma-
xara, at the foot of Mount Bonifacio, 34 m
wsw Palermo.
Alkaniz, a town of Spain, in Aragon,
on the Guadalope, from which is a canal
to the Ebro, made by the Moors. It is 53
m S3E Saragossa. Lon. 0 8 w, lat. 41,
ION.
Alcantara, a fortified town of Spain, in
Estremadura, and the chief place of the
knights of that name. It has a celebrated
stone bridge over the Tajo, built in the
time of Trajan, and it is 42 m n by w Se-
Tille. Lon.' 6 12 w, lat. 39 20 n.
Alcantara, a town of Spain, in An-
dalusia, near the river Guudalquiver.
Here is a bridge built by the Humans, to
pass the marshes formed by the river. It
19 14 m s Seville.
Alcuruz, a. tov/n of Spain, in Pvlancha,
with a strong castle, and a remarkable an-
cient aqueduct. It is situate among moun-
tains, near the source of the (iuadalquiver,
67 m ECiudad Real. Lon. 2 48 w, lat. 38
58 N.
Alcaudete, a tosvn of Spain, in Andalu-
sia, 19 m wsw Jaen.
Alcazar de Sal, a town of Portugal, u\
Q
ALD
Estremadura, vrith a castle reckoned in>-
pregnable. Fine white salt is made here.
It is seated on the Cadoan, 15 m from the
sea, and 35 SE Lisbon. Lon. 9 5 w, lat.
38 18 N.
Alcazar Quiber, a town of the kingdom
of Fez, which has a profitable commerc*
with Tetuan and other places. A little to
the N of the town Sebastian, king of Por-
tugal, lost his life in a battle with the
Moors, in 1578. It is seated near tlic
Lucos, 20 in se Larash.
Alcazar Seguer, a town of the kingdom
of Fez, on the strait of Gibraltar. It was
taken by Alphonso, king of Portugal, in
1468 ; but soon after abandoned. It is 14
m E Tangier.
Alcester, or Alncester, a town in War-
wickshire, with a market on Tuesday.
Many Roman coins, bricks, &c. have l-;et»
found near it, and the Icknield-street
passes through the town. It has a manu-
facture of needles, and is situate at the con-
iU\ of the Alne with the Arrow, 14 ra wsw"
Warwick, and J03 nw London.
Alcmaer, or Alkmnar, a strong city of S
Holland. The environs produce excellent
butter and cheese, and fine tulips. This
city was besieged by the Spaniards in
1573, after they had "taken Harlem; but,
after an investment of three months, they
were oblised to raise the siege. It receiv-
ed the British in 1799, after the second
battle near Bergen ; but a treaty was soon
afterward concluded here for their evacuat-
ing the country. A canal passed from this
cify to Horn. It is situate among groves
of tall trees, near the lake Schermeer, 18
m N by E Harlem. Lon. 4 38 e, lat. 52
38 N.
Alconchol, a fort of Spain, on the fron-
tiers of Estremadura, seated on the Al-
caraque, which runs into the Guadiana,
20 rn s by w Badajoz. Lon 7 3 w, lat. 38
12 N.
Alcoutim, a town of Portugal, m Algar-
va, with a strong castle, seated on an island
in the Guadiana, 1(3 m from its entrance
into the gulf of Cadiz, and 22 NNeTavira.
Lon. 7 25 w, lat. 37 20 k.
Alcoy, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
with a manufacture uf cloth; seated near
the source of a river of the same name, 22
m N Alicant.
Alcudla, a city of Majorca, surrounded
by a wall and ditch, with two forts. It
contains about 1000 houses, and stand-5 on
a peninsula, between two bays on the ne
roast, 34 ra ne Pairaa. Lon 3 10 e, lat,
39 50 N.
Aldborough, a borough and seaport in
Suffolk, with a market on VVednesd;iy and
Saturday. It stands on the Aide, betwee^
a hi|l\ liill and the jta ; and tha harbour is
ALE
folcrnbly good, but small, defeluled by a
tower. The town was formerly iiuicli lon-
ger ;. but the sea has taken away whole
streets. It is JO m k Bury, and 94 m:
London. Lon. 1 37 k, lal. "5'2 10 n.
ALdborou^h, a iKirough in W Yorkslilre,
which has now no market. Here are many
remains of Roman works. It is seated on
the ]LIre, near its junctitui with the Swale,
15 m ,\E York, and L'OtJ n by w London.
Aldeu Gallega, a town of Portugal, in
r.stremadura, seated on the Tajo, 10 in se
Lijl)()n.
Aldenhurg, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Berg, 20 m ese Dusseldorf.
A/dcrburi/, a village in Wiltshire, on a
hill near the Avon, 3 m from Salisbury.
It has a manufacture of fustians, and re-
ceived considerable damage by a fire in
1777, when 100 houses were destroyed.
Alderholm, an island of Sweden, formed
by the three arms of the river Gesle, in
the giilf of Bothnia. A considerable trade
is carried on here in planks and deals. It
is 80 m N Stockholm.
Aldernei/, an island in the English chan-
nel, 8 m in circuit, separated from France
by a strait called the Race of Alderney,
which is a dangerous passage, on account
of the rocks under water. It is fertile in
corn and pasture ; and has upward of 1000
inhabitants, who live in a town of the same
name, Lon. 2 17 vv, lat. 49 45 N.
Aldstone; see Alston-moor.
A'egre, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Loire, 15 m se Brionde.
ALetitejo, a province of Portugal, be-
ALE
caravansaries, fountains, vineyards, and
gardens. 'J'he water in the wells is brack-
ish; but good water is brought from some
springs about 5 m ofl", by an aqueduct, said
to have been built by empress Helena.
The Christians have their houses and
churches in the suburbs, and carry on a
considerable trade in silks, camblets, and
leather. Large caravans frequently arrive
from Bagdad and Rassora, charged with
the products of Persia and India. '" Several
European nations have factories here, and
the merchants live in greater splendour and
safety than in any other city in the Turk-
is!) empire. It is seated ou a rivulet, 75
m NE Latakia (its port) and 180 n by e
Damascus. Lon. 37 6 e, lat. 30 10 n.
Alessano, a town of Naples, in Terra
d'Otranto, 15 m sw Otrarito.
Alensio, a town of European Turkey, in
Albania, and a bishop's see; seated on a
rock, washed by the Drino, 30 ni se Scu-
tiiri, and 40 nne Durazzo.
Alet, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aude, lately an episcopal see. It
is noted for its baths, and stands near the
Pyrenees, on the river Aude, 15 m s by w
Carcassone.
Aleutian Islands ; see Archipelago,
Nort/iern.
Alexandria, or Scanderoon, a town of
Syria, on the Mediterranean sea, and for-
merly the port of Aleppo. It is now a
poor place, the tombs being more nume-
rous than the houses. The road is subject
to many inconveniences; but the extreme
unwholesomeness of the air is the worst.
tween the river Tajo and the province of While the heats are excessive, the princi-
Algarve. Its oranges are of an excellent
quality, and it produces much rice. Evora
is the capital.
Alencon, a city of France, capital of the
department of Orne. The manufacture of
lace is considerable. Near it are stone
Quarries, in which are found a sort of crys-
tal like Bristol stones. It is seated on the
.Sarte, 30 m n by w Mans, and 87 wsw
Paris. Lon. 0 1 e, lat. 48 20 n.
Aleppo, the capital of Syria, and next
to Constantinople and Cairo, the largest
city in the Turkish empire. It stands on
eight hills, in the middle of a fruitful plain;
is (.f an oval figure, 7 m in compass, and
contains 250,000 inhabitants. 'I he castle,
the residence of the pashaw,is on the high-
est hill, in the centre of the city; and the
houses are better than in other places in
Turkey. As usual in the East, they consist
of a large court, with a dead wall to the
street, an arcade running round it, paved
with marble, and a marble fountain in the
middle. The streets are narrow, but well
paved "with large square stones, and kept
very clean. Here are many stately mosques,
7
pal inhabitants retire to the neighbouring
villages, among the mountains, wliere there
is excellent water, and delicious huits. It is
00 niNw Aleppo. Lon. 30 14 e, lat. 30 35 n.
Alexandria, a town of Egypt, now much
decayed, though there are still some re-
mains of its ancient splendour. Here is
an obelisk full of hieroglyphics, called
Cleopatra's Needle, which is GO feet high,
and 7 square at the base : also Pompey's
pillar, the shaft of which is one entire piece
of granite, 03 feet high, and 8 in diameter,
and the whole column is 88 feet high : but
these two monuments are, without doubt,
much more ancient than their present
names indicate. The ancient Pharos, so
famous in antiquity that it was numbered
among the seven wonders of the world, is
now a castle called Pharillon, and still used
to direct vessels into the harbour. From
the harbour is a canal to the w branch of
the Nile, at Ilhamanie. A mile to the w
are the catacombs of Necropolis, the most
wonderful and extensive yet known. This
city was first built by Alexander the great,
and was several miles in extent. It oovy
ALF
Gonsists chiefly of one long street, facing
the harbour, the rest being a heap of ruins;
part of the walls are standing, with ^reat
square towers 200 paces distant; and the
gates are of Thebaic and sranite marble,
it was formerly a place of sreat trade, all
the treasures of the E Indies being depo-
sited here, before the iliscovery of the
route by the Cape of Good Hope. It is
subject to the grand .signior, who, however,
has but a limited authority. Alexandria
was taken by the French invaders, under
Bonaparte, in 1798 ; and taken from them
by the English in 1801. It surrendered to
the English in 1807, but was soon after
evacuated. It is seated on the Mediterra-
nean, 125 m N\v Cairo. Lon. oO 10 e, lat.
SlllN.
Alexandria, a town of Italy, in Milan-
ese, with a strong castle. It has been of-
ten taken in the various wars in Italy. The
inhabitants, about 12,000, have a consi-
derable trade, particularly in cotton and
silk. It is seated on the Tanaro, 40 m e
Turin, and 50 ssw Milan. Lon. 8 38 E,
lat. 44 53 N.
Alexandria, a town of the United States,
in the district of ColumVia, on the right
bank of the Potomac. The streets run in
straight lines, and the houses are neatly
built. Here are five churches, an academy,
and a court-house. Nine m below is
Mount Vernon, once the seat of the cele-
brated general VViishington, whose remains
were deposited in a vault on the bank of
the river. Alexandria is 5 m ssw of the
city of Washington.
Alexandria, a town of the state of Ohio,
on the river Ohio, at the influx of the Sci-
oto, 90 m SE Cincinnati.
Alexandrow, a town and fort of Russia,
in the province of Caucasia, seated on the
Dongusle, 80 m nkw Georgiewsk.
Alfacs, an island of Spain, at the mouth
of the Ebro, on the coast of Catalonia. It
has a town of the same name, 20 m se
Tortosa,
Alfaro, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
on the s side of the Ebro, 9 m wnw Tude-
la, and 12 E Calahorra.
Alfayates, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
defended by a wall and castle. It is situate
on an eminence, on the coiilines of Spain,
150 m jiE Lisbon. Lon. 5 48 w, lat. 40
Atfeizerao,^ town of Portugal, in Estre-
raadura, on the seaside, 75 m nne Lis-
bon. Lon. 9 15 w, lat. 89 30 jj.
Alfeld, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
principality of Hildesheim, seated on the
Leine, 15 m ssw Hildesheim.
. Aljidena, a town of Naples, in Abruzo
Citra, 40 m ssw Civita di Chieti.
Alford, a town in Lincolnshire, with Si
market on Tuesday ; seated on a small
ALG
brook G m from the sea, 30 e Lincoln, and
140 N by E London.
Alford, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen-
shire, seated near the Don, over which is a
bridge, 27 m wnw Aberdeen.
Alfordston, a town of N Carolina, chief
of Moor county. It is 40 m from Fayette-
viUe.
Alfreton, a town of Derbyshire, with a
market on Monday, and manufactures of
stockings and brown earthen ware; seated
on a hill, 13 m N Derby, and 142 NXW
London.
Algagliola, a small fortified seaport, on
the KW coast of Corsica, at the mouth of
the Aregno, 28 m w by s Bastia.
Algarva, a province of Portugal, bound-
ed on the w and s by the sea, E by th»
Gnadiana, and n by Alentego. It is fertile
in figs, oranges, almonds, dates, olives, and
excellent wine. Faro is the capital.
Algaucin, a town of Spain, in Granada,
on the ridge of a hill, near the Guadiaro,
52 in wsw Malaga.
Algeri, or Alghieri, a town on the w
coast of Sardinia, and a bishop's see, ti m s
by w Sassari.
Algezira, a province of Turkey in Asia^
now usually called Diarbek.
Algeziras, a town of Spain, in Andalu-
sia, on the w side of Gibraltar bay. The
ancient citadel is in ruins, and the harbour
is decayed, but affords shelter to numerous
gun boats and small vessels. It is 7 m w
Gibraltar.
Algiers, a country of Barbary, compre-
hending a great part of the ancient Mauri-
tania. It is GOO m from e to w, and 1 70
in breadth; bounded on the n by the Me-
diterranean, E by Tunis, s by Mount Atlas,
and w by Morocco. It is divided into four
provinces, Mascara, Algiers, Titeri, and
Coiistantina. Mineral springs and waters
are met with in many places; and several
pf the chains of mountains contain lead
and copper. Salt of the best quality is
produced in abundance from rocks and va-
rious sources of salt water; and immense
quantities of coral are procured along the
coast. The principal rivers are the Shel-
lif, Mazafran, Malva, and Zaiii.e. The
land toward the N is fertile in corn, ajid
the valleys are full of fruit ; but it is ill
cultivated. The melons have an exquisite
taste, pomegranates are exceedingly large,
and the bunches of grapes are a foot and a
half long. The Turks have the g.overn-
ment entirely in .their hands, for the
Moors, or natives of Africa, have no share
in it. It is a kind of republic under the
protection of the grand signior, and go-
verned by a dey, who, however, can do
nothing of consequence without tlie coun-
cil of the janissaries. The Arabs, who
live in tents, are a distinct people, goveya-
ALG
erl hy tlicir own laws and magistrates,
tl)(ni<;li the Turks interpose as often as
they iilease. The dey is an absolute mo-
narch, but elected by tlie 'I'urkish soldiers,
and frequently dejiosed and put to death
by them. The revenues of the jjovern-
nient nrise from the triliute paid by the
Moors and Arabs, a detachment of tlic
armv beinji sent into each province every
year to collect it ; and the prizes they take
;it sea sometimes eqiial the taxes they lay
tjpon the natives. '1 he dey lias several
thousand Moors in his service, both horse
and foot; and the beys or viceroys of the
pro\inces have each an army under his
command. The complexion of the natives
is tavv!>y, and they are strong and well
made. Their religion is IMohamedanism,
iind their laneuaiie a dialect of the ^Vrabic.
They have likewise a jargon, composed of
Italian, I'rench, and Spanish, called Lingua
J'ranca, which is understood by tlie com-
mon people and merchants.
Algiers, a strong city, capital of the pro-
vince and whole country of Algiers. It is
built on the side of a hill, next the har-
bour; and the houses appearing one above
another, of a resplendent whiteness, make a
fine appearance from the jNIediterranean
sea. 'ihe tops of the houses are flat,
covered with earth, and form a sort of gar-
dens. 'Ihe streets are very narrow, and
serve to keep oft" the extreme heat of the
sun. There are five gates, but no public
places or squares of considerable extent.
The larger mosques are nine, but there is
nothing remarkable in their architecture ;
and the dey's palace has two great courts
surrounded witli spacious galleries. Ihe
harbour is small, and the entrance incom-
moded Ijy numertms rocks. The mole of
the harbour is ."lOO paces long, extending
from the continent to a small island, where
there is a castle and a large battery. The
population l'JO,000, of which 8000 are
Jews. 1 he hilly country around is adorned
with gardens and villas, orange and olive
groves, and numerous vineyards. Algiers
lias for ages braved the resentment of the
most powerful states in Christendom, t'or
its piracies, and sending into slavery the
crews of all Christian vessels that were
taken. Emperor Charles v lost a fine
Heet and army in an expedition against it
in 1541. The English burnt the vessels in
the harbour in lt);<5 and 1670. It was
bombarded by the French in 1688,. In
1775, the Spaniards made a descent near
the city with a formidable army; and in
1784, a powerful fleet attacked the forts
that detVnd the harbour ; both of which
were repelled with great slaughter. But in
1816, a formidable British fleet (aided by
a Dutch fieet) destroyed tlie vessels in the
harbour, aud so reUwcfcd the tity, that it
ALL
was compelled to surrender; but it was
immediately restored to the dey, on certain
conditions, and particularly, that all C'hrist-
ian slaA'es should be given up, and such
slavery for ever abolished. Algiers is 380
m vv Tunis. Lon. 3 28 r., lat. 36 40 n.
Ali^ou Bay, a bay on the s coast of
Africa. It lies open to the se wind, and
the entrance is diflicnlt when it blows from
other quarters. Mere is a military esta-
blishment, at the nioutli of the Baaker,
environed by a country rich in corn, fruit,
aiid cattle ; and on the summit of a hill is
Fort Fredrick, built by the FLnglish in
1799. Lon. ii5 '24 k, lat. 34 12 s.
Algue, a town of Chili, in the provincr
of Kancagua. It has a very rich mine of
gold, and is 26 m NW Ilancagua.
Alliuma, a town of Spain, in Granada,
near which arc hot baths, accounted the
best in Spiun. It is seated on the Motril,
surrounded by mountains, Ub m sw Gra-
nada.
Alluivtlia, a town oi Spain, in Aragon,
near a river of its name, 7 ni N Ternel.
Alicaiii, a city and seaport of Spain, in
Valencia, famous for excellent wine and
fruit. It has a great trade, and the chief
exports are barilla, kermes, wool, antimony,
alum, vermilion, aniseed, cumin, and tent
wine. The castle, oti a high rock, wa»
taken by the English in 1706. It was
likewise taken by the I'rench and Spani-
ards, after a siege of almost two years ; and
then part of the rock was blown up. It is
seated on a bay of the same name, 85 m s
Valencia. Lon, 0 32 w, lat. 38 16 n.
Alicafa, a seaport of Sicily, in \'al di
Mazara, with a fortress on a small cape.
It exports much corn and sulphur, and
stands at the mouth of the Salso, 28 m
SE Girgenti. Lon. 14 5 e, lat. 37 6 n.
Alicudi, the most western of the Li pari
islands, in the Mediterranean, 10 m vf
Felicudi.
Alifi, a town of Naples, iu Terra di
Lavoro, at the foot of the Apennines, 25
m Kw Benevento.
Alingsahs, a town of Sweden, in W
Gothland, with manufactures of silk and
v.'ool, 28 m KE Gotheburg.
Aliscda, a town of Spain, in Estremadura,
on the river Salon, 28 m sse Alcantara.
Alhituar ; see Alanaer.
xiUahubud, a province of Hindoostan
Proper, 260 m long and 120 broad ;
bounded on the N by Agra and Oude, e by
Bahar, s by Orissa and Berar, and w by
Malwa and Agra. The Nerbudda, which
ris«s on the se borders of the province, flows
from E to w near its s side; and the
Ganges, which is here joined by the Jumna,
crosses it from w to e near its N side.
The sw part includes the Bundlecund, an
elevated Inlly territory ; but in other parts
ALL
it is flat, and very productive. Tlie largest
city is Benares.
Allahabad, the capital of the above pro-
vince, with a magnificent citadel. It was
founded by emperor Acbar, who intended
it as a place of arms ; and its fortifications
are now impregnaijie to a native army. It
is seated at the conflux of the Jumna with
the Ganges, 470 m v^NW Calcutta. Lon.
81 50 E,^lat. 25 27 N.
Allumparva, ixloviw ofHindoostan,in the
Carnatic, with a small fort, situate on the
seacoast, 67 m sby w Madras. Lon. 80 7
E, lat. 12 10 N. '
Allchurch, a village in Worcestershire,
formerly a borough, 5 m f. by N Bromsgrove.
The Roman Icknield street and the Wor-
cester canal pass it. The bishop of Wor-
cester had formerly a palace here ; and the
church contains many antique monuments.
Allegany, or Apalacliiun Mountains, a
long range of mountains in N America,
between the Atlantic, the Mississippi, and
the lakes ; extending, nearly parallel with
the seacoast, 900 m in length, and from
60 to 200 in breadth. The different ridges
wliich compose this immense range have
difl'erent names in the different states.
Advancing from the Atlantic, the fn-st ridge
of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and N Carolina,
is the Blue ridge, or South Mountain, from
ISO to 200 m from the sea, and about
4000 feet high from its base. Between
this and tlie North Mountain spreads a
large fertile vale. Next lies the Allegany,
which is the principal ridge, and has been
descriptively called the Back-bone of the
United States. Beyond this is the long
ridge, called the Laurel Mountains, in a
spur of which, in lat. 36, is a spring of
water, 50 feet deep, very cold, and as blue
as indigo. From these several lidges pro-
ceed innumerable nameless branches or
spurs. The Kittatiny, or Blue Mountains,
run through the northern parts of New
Jersey and Pennsylvania. All these ridges,
except the Allegany, are broken through
by rivers, which appear to have forced
their way through solid rocks. These moun-
tains are sometimes called the Apulachian,
from a river, whose original source pio-
ceeds from this ridge, called the Apala-
chia. They are not confusedly scattered,
but stretch along in uniform ridges, scarcely
half a mile high. They spread as they
proceed s, and some of them terminate in
higli perpendicular bluffs ; others gradually
subside into a level country, giving rise to
the rivers which run southerly into the gulf
of Mexico.
Allegany, a river of the United States,
which rises in the Allegany mountains,
in lat. 42. At Fort Venango, at the mouth
of French creek, it is 200 yards wide, and
ALM
navigable for light batteaux. At Pittsburg
it joins the Monongahela, and then assumes
the name of Ohio. Sec Ohio.
Allen, Lough, a lake of Ireland, nearly
in the centre of Leitrim county, 7 m long
and 4 broad. It is formed by a streani
from Lough Clean to the nw, and anothe*'
from the foot of Quilka mountain in Cavan
county to the ne, which last is in its course
abundantly supplied by torrents from the
adjacent mountains. The last stream is by
some deemed the source of the Shannon,
which issues from the s end of this lake.
Allenburg, a town of Prussia, on the
river Alle, 25 m ese Konigsberg.
Allendorf, a town of Germany, in
Lower Hesse, famous for its salt-works,
and three bridges over the Werra. It is 15
m E Cassel.
Allenstein, or Oischnech, a town of Prus-
sia, 55 m s Konigsberg.
Allex, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Drome, 10 m s Valence.
Allier, a department of France, includ-
ing the old province of Bourbonnois. It is
so called from a river, which flows by Mou-
lins, and enters the Loire, below Nevers.
Alloa, a town of Scotland, in Clack-
mannanshire, near the mouth of the Forth.
Here is a customhouse, a glasshouse, an
iron foundery, and an excellent dry dock;
and its harbour is the resort of all the coal
vessels in the neighbourhood. The popu-
lation was 5096 in 1811. Near the town
is a lower 90 feet high, with walls 11 feet
thick. It is 31m wnw Edinburg. Lon.
3 45 w, lat. 56 6 n.
Allonby, a tishing town in Westmorland,
much resorted to for batiiing. It stands on
a flat shore of the Irish sea, 8 m nn\t
Cockermouth, and 22 wsw Carlisle.
All-Saints Bay, or Bahia de Todo&
Santos, a goveniment of Brasil, so called
from a bay of that name, which is a great
basin, 36 m in circuit, and interspersed
with a number of pleasant islands. This
government, frequently called emphatically
the Bay, and Bahia, is separated from thai
of Ilheos, on the s, by the river Serinhaem.
It is reckoned the richest and most fertile,
in Brasil, having some gold mines, and
producing great quantities of cotton and
sugar. St. Salvador is the capital.
Al>nagaron,a. seaport of Spain, in Mur-
cia, with a fortress. It is famous for a very
fine red earth, used as an ingredient in Spa-,-
uish snuff, and to give the last polish to
glass ; also for a truly saline white stone, ,
called plume-alum. It stands near the
mouth of the Guadalantin, 20 m wsw Car-
thagena. Lon. 1 26 w, lat. 37 32 n.
Almada, a town of Portugal, in Estre-
madura, seated on the Tajo, nearly oppo-
site lisbon.
ALM
Abnaden, a town of Spain, in Mancha,
famous for rich mines of mercury and ver-
milion, 45 m s\v Ciudad Heal.
Almudcn, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
on the river Colar, S-i ni n by r. Seville.
Alnuigro, a town of Spain, in Miincha,
with ii iniiversity, 12 m Fsi. Cindad Real.
Alniaguer, a town of New Granada, in
Popayan, seated on the Cauca, near its
source, 36 m s Popayan.
Almansor, a town of the kingdom of
Fez, on the river Cuir, near the sea, JO m
sw Sallee.
Almanza, a town of Spain, in Murcia,
with the remains of an ancient castle.
Here is a considerable manufacture of linen
cloth. This place is famous for a victory
gained by the French and Spaniards in
1707, when most of the English were killed
or taken, havinj; been abandoned by the
Portuguese horse at the first charge. It is
situate in a fertile plain, on the frontiers of
Valencia, 35 m sw Xativa, and 62 > Mur-
cia. Lon. 1 10 w, lat. 38 48 k.
Almeida, a fortified town of Portugal, in
Beira, on the river Coa, and near the bor-
ders of Spain. The French took it in 1810,
and abandoned it in 1811, after blowing up
the fortress. It is 18 m ne Guarda,
Almenai-u, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
situate on an eminence near the sea, 25 m
UNE V^alencia.
Almendralejo, a town of Spain, in Estre-
madura, 14 m s Merida.
Atmeria, a city of Spain, in Granada,
and a bishop's see. It was anciently the
most commercial city in Spain; but is now
much declined, and the exports are con-
fined 10 some barilla and lead. It stands
near the head of a large bay, 62 m ese Gra-
nada. Lon. 2 34 w, lat, 36 51 n.
Almissa, a town of Dalmatia, famous
for its wine; seated at the foot of a high
rock, and at the mouth of the Cetina, 18 m
ESE Spalatro.
Ahtiondbun/, a village in W Yorkshire,
seated on the Calder, 2 m sse Hndders-
field. It was the Campodonum of the Ro-
mans, afterward a seat of the Saxon kings,
and had once a castle and a cathedral.
Abuondsbiirj/, a village in Gloucester-
shire, 7 m N Bristol, where AHmond, father
of king Egbert, is said to have been buried.
Here is a fortification of the Saxons, with a
double ditch, which commands an extensive
view of the Severn.
Abnora, a town of Hindoostan, capital
of the province of Kemaoon, and of the
district of its name. It stands on a ridge
of mountains, the houses extending down
the slope on each side. The rajah of Ne-
paul keeps a garrison here. It is 62 m
SSE Serinagur, and 160 eke Delhi. Lon.
79 40 E, lat. 29 35 n.
X
ALP
Alinunezar, a town of Spain, in Grji-
nada, with a good harbour on the Me-
diterranean, dcfendetl by a strong castle,
30 m SSE Alhama. Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 36
30 N.
Abnunia, a town of Spain, in Aragon,
near the Xiloca, 27 m sw Saragossa.
Ahimauth, a village in Northumberland,
at the mouth of theAln, 4 m f, bys Alnwick.
Large quantities of corn are shipped here,
and vessels of 300 tons are built.
Alnwick, a corporate town, the capital
of Northumberland, with a market on
Saturday. It was formerly surrounded by
a wall, and has three gates almost entire.
It was defended by a stately Gothic castle,
now the seat of the duke of Northumber-
land. Here is a large tovvnhouse, where
the county meetings are held, except the
assizes, which are held at Newcastle. The
population was 5426 in 1811. It is seated
on the river Aln, 34 m k Newcastle, and
308 N by w London. Lon. 1 30 w, lat.
55 25 N.
Alora, a town of Spain, in Granada,
with a castle on a high conical hill. It
stands on the side of a mountain, in a rich
vale, 24 ra xw Malaga.
Alost, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, on the river Dender, 15 m kw
Brussels.
Alpnuch, a town of Switzerland, in
Underwalden, on an arm of the lake of the
Four Cantons, 6ms Lucern.
AlpK, a chain of mountains, in Europe,
which begins at the gulf of Genoa, to the
E of Nicp, passes into Switzerland, crosses
that country and Tyrol, separates Germany
from Italy, and terminates at the n part
of the gulf of Venice. This grand chain
is sometimes divided into two or more
ridges, ranging one by another, with only
narrow vallies between; and the dift'erent
portions have distmct appellations, as the
Maritime, Pennine, Lepontine, Helvetian,
Khc tiaii, Julian, &c. They are composed
of stupendous rocky masses piled upon
each other, from 4000 to above 15,600
feet high. There are few passes over
them, and those of difficult access. Swit-
zerland has the central part of these moun-
tains, and the vallies between them. The
famous Hannibal attempted to cross the
Alps on the side of Piedmont, in the win-
ter season, when he invaded Italy, and lost
most of his elephants among them.
Alps, Upper, a department of France,
including part of the old province of Dau-
phiny. It is so called from its vicinity to
the mountains of that name. The capital
is Embrun.
Alps, Lower, a department of France,
including part of the old province of Pro-
vence. The capital is Digna.
ALT
Alpuxares, high mountains of Spain, in
Granada, near the Mediterranean. They
are inhabited by the Moriscos, who care-
fully cultivate the ground, which produces
excellent wines and fruits.
Alresford, a town in Hampshire, with a
market on Thursday, and a manufacture of
lin!<evs. To the sw of the town is a piece
of water, covering about 200 acres, which
forms a head to the river Itchin. It is 18
m XE Southampton, and 57 wsw London.
Alsace, an old province of France,
bounded on tlie i: by the Rhine, s by Swit-
zerland and Tranche Compte, w by Lor-
rain, and x by the palatinate of the Rhine.
It is a fertile country, producing plenty of
corn, wine, pasture, wood, flax, tobacco,
pulse, and fruit. There are mines of silver,
copper, and lead, as well as mineral waters.
It is diversified with pleasant hills, and
mountains covered with forests, in which
are lofty pine trees. It is now included in the
departments of Upper and Lower Rhine.
Ahen, an island of Denmark, in the
Baltic, separated from the coast of Sles-
wick by a narrow channel. It is 18 m long,
and from 5 to 9 broad, with two deep gulfs
on the sw side, and produces abundance of
corn and fruit. The chief town is Sonder-
borg.
Ahfeld, a town of Germany, in Upper
Hesse, with a castle; seated on the Schwa-
Ion, 12 m E Marburg.
Alsheda, a town of Sweden, in Smoland,
near which a gold mine was discovered in
1738.
Alsiera, a town of Naples, in the county
of Molise, on the river Tiserno, 23 na ne
Molise.
Aldeben, a town of Upper Saxony, in
the principality of Anhalt, 9 m ssw Bern-
burg.
Alstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, v.ith a castle, on the rivulet
Rane, 8 m w Querfurt.
Alstadt, a town of Moravia, in the cir-
cle of Ohnutz, near the source of the Mo-
rau, 35 m xnw Olmutz.
Alston-moor, or Aldstone, u town in
Cumberland, with a market on Saturday.
Here is an iron foundery, and a shot manu-
facture ; and in the vicinity are numerous
lead mines It is seated on the side of a
hill, on the s branch of the Tyne, 20 m E
by s Carlisle, and 271 n by w London.
Altamont, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Citra, 15 m nw Basigniano.
Altamura, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Ban, at the foot of the Apennines, 10 ra
KE Gravina.
Altea, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
fich in wine, honey, silk, and tlax. It was
taken in 1705, for the archduke Charles ;
but lost after the famous battle of Aliuanza.
ALT
It is seated on the Mediterranean, 30 m
KE Alicant.
Alten, a seaport of Norway, capital of
Finmark, seated on a bay, which is part
of the gulf of Alten. Seven m to the e is
Altengaai'd, the residence of the governor,
near the mouth of the river Alten. Many
cows and sheep are fed here. The chief
exports are fish and skins. It is 110 m
ssw of the North Cape. Lon. 22 57 e, lat.
69 55 N.
Altenau, a town of Lower Saxony, in th«
territory of Brunswick, 8ms Goslar.
Alten berg, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, celebrated for its tin
mine, 20 ra s Dresden.
Altenbvrg, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, with a castle on a rock. It is
seated on the Pleisse, 20 m s Leipzic.
Altenburg, a town of Hungary,
with an ancient castle, now principally
used for a corn magazine. It has two
churches and a college, and is seated ou
the Leitha, at its entrance into the Dar
nube, 17 m SSE Presburg.
Allendorn, a town of the duchy of West-
phalia, on the river Bigge, 48 m e by N
Cologne.
Altenkirchen, a town of Germany, m
Westerwald, chief of the county of Sayn,
with a castle. It is 15 m nne Coblentz.
Altesson, a town of Piedmont, between
the rivers Doire and Stura, 3 m n Turin.
Altkirch, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Rhine, on an eminence,
near the source of the river 111, 25 m s
Colmar.
Altmore, a town of Ireland, in Tyrone
county, 7 m kw Dungannchi.
Alton, a town in Hampshire, with a
market on Saturday. It has manufactures
of corded stuffs, figured baragons, ribbed
druggets, serges, &c. and round the town
areplantations of hops. It is seated on
the Wey, 28 m ene Southampton, and 47
wsw London.
Altonii, a city and seaport of Germany,
in Holstein, biiilt by the Danes, that it
might rival Hamburg in commerce. It was
burnt by the Swedes in 1712, but has been
beautifully rebuilt, and contains 25,000
inhabitants. It has numerous manutac-
tures, builds merchant vessels for sale, and
is largely concerned in the herring and
whale" fisheries. It is seated on the Elbe,
2 m w Hamburg. Lon. 9 58 E,lat. 53 34 N.
Altar f, a town of Franconia, in the ter-
ritory of Nurenberg, with a university, 16
ra SE Nurenberg.
Altorf, a town of Suabia, 20 ra »e Con-
stance.
Altorf, a town of Switzerland, capital
of the canton of Uri. Here is the statue
of WilliRin Tell, in the place where be WJ6
C2
AMA
sentenced to sho^t tlie apple fiDiii liis ^on's
head. This deliverer ot" his country lived
at Bur2;li, near this place, and his cotta.^e
is champed into a chapel, where ma:rs is
solemnly said. Altorf stands on the lake
of Lucorn, near the influx of the river
Reuss, 20 m sk Lucer*. Lon. H 40 i:, hit.
46 48 N.
Altringfiam, a town in Cheshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Tuesday. Here are several manufactures
of worsted and cotton ; and much fruit and
vegetables are sent hence to Manchester.
It is seated near the duke of Bridgewater's
canal, 30 ra ne Chester, and 180 nw Lon-
don.
Altunkupri, a town of Asiatic Turkey,
In Kurdistan, situate on the Altun, at its
conflux, with the Little Zab, 20 m nw
Kerkouk, and 90 sw Mosul.
Alva de Tonnes, a town of Spain, in
Leon, with a castle; seated on theTormes,
16 m SIC Salamanca.
Alvar, a town of Hindoostan, in Agra,
capital of a hilly and woody district, go-
verned by a rajah, known by the appella-
tion of the INIacherry rajah. It is situate
near the Manes, 86 m wnw Agra. Lon. T6
40 E, lat. 27 41 N.
ALvarada, a town of New Spain, in
Guaxaca, on a lake and river of the same
name, near the gulf of Mexico, 42 ra se
Vera Cruz, and 160 ne Guaxaca.
Alvaston, a village in Gloucestershire, 8
m NbyE Bristol. On the top of a hill,
near the Severn, is a round camp, called
Oldbury, where several antiquities have
been dug up.
Alyghur, or Coel, a town and fortress of
Hindoostan, in Delhi. The British took
it by storm in 1R03. It is 40 m n Agra,
and 75 se Delhi.
Alzey, a town of Germany, in the pala-
tinate of the Rhine, situate on the Selsse,
17 m ssw Mentz.
Alziru, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
situate on an island formed by the Xucar,
17 m s Valencia.
Amadia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Kurdistan, with a strong fort, on a moun-
tain. It is the residence of a powerful
prince, whose district is populous, and rich
in corn and wine. It is 80 m n Mosul, and
92 SE Beths. Lou. 43 5 e, lat. 37
95 N.
Amak, an island of Denmark, on which
part of Copenhagen, called Christiansha-
fen, is built. It is 8 ni long and 4 broad,
and separated from Zealand by a channel,
over which are two bridges that communi-
eate with Copenhagen. It is laid out in
■cardens and pastures, and supplies Copen-
hagen with milk, butter, and vegeta-
bles.
Amul} a town of Sweden, in Dalia, with
AMA
a good harbour on the lake Wener. It has
a great trade in timber, deals, and tar; and
is 48 m N by r Wonersburg. Lon. 12 40
v., lat. 59 On.
Aiiialugnn, one of the Ladrone islands,
about 20 ni in circuit. Lon. 145 38 E, lat.
18 0 N.
Amalfi, a town of Naples, in Principa-
to Citn\, and an archbishop's see. Flavio
Gioia, who is said to have invented the
mariner'^ compass, was a native of thi*
town. It stands on the gulf of Salerno,
13 m sw Salerno.
Amand, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cher, near the river Cher, 21
m s Bourges.
Amundj St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, with an abbey; seated
on the Scarp, 7 m n V'alenciennes.
Amantea, a seaport of Naples, in Cala-
bria Citra, near the bay of Eufemia, 20 m
sw Cosenza. Lon. 16 10 e, lat. 39 12 N.
Anuipalla, a seaport of Mexico, in Ni-
caragua, seated on an island on the w side
of the entrance of a gulf of the same name.
Lon. 88 30 w, lat. 13 10 n.
Amarante, a town of Portugal, in Entre
Douro e Minho, on the river Tamaga, 30
m ENE Oporto.
Amasia, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in Na-
tolia, the birthplace of Strabo, and the ca-
pital of a district that produces excellent
wine and silk. The castle is on the sum-
mit of a mountain ; and in the rock below
are five excavations, said to have been th«
retreats of St. Chrysostoin. The mosques
are numerous, and one of them is a very
fine edifice. The city was injured by an
earthquake in 1794. It is seated on the
Tozan, in the recess of an amphitheatre of
hills, 38 m nw Tucat, Lon. 26 4 e, lat.
40 2.5 N.
Amatiqua, a gulf in the bay of Honduras,
between Cape Three Points and the gulf
Dulce. Lon. 90 0 w, lat. 16 0 N.
Amato, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citra, on a riyer of the same name, 7 m se
Nicastro.
Amazon, or Maranon, a river of S Ame-
rica, and the greatest in the world. Its
three sources are the Beni, Apurimac, and
Tunguragua, which have their lise in Peru,
among the Andes, near the Pacific ocean.
The first two unite, and the stream is then
called the Ucayale, which afterward joins
the Tunguragua in lon. 72 46 w, lat 4 55
s. At this place of junction commences
the river Amazon, which is here 4 m wide
and 55 fathoms deep, and running E enters
the Atlantic ccean under the equinoctial
line. Its course is 4300 m, and its mouth
is 150 m broad. It receives, in its pro-
gress, near 200 other rivers, many of which
have a course of 1500 m, and some of
them not inferior to the Danube. In the
AMB
rainy season it overflows its banks, and
fertilizes the adjacent country.
Amazonia, a country of S America, 1400
m long and 960 broad ; bounded on the N
by Caracas and Guayana, e by the Atlan-
tic ocean and Brasil, s by Paraguay, and
w by Peru. It was discovered in 1580, by
Francisco Orellana, who, conning from
Peru, sailed down the river Amazon to the
Atlantic. Observing companies of women
in arms on its banks, he called the country
Amazonia, and eave the name of Amazon
to the river, which had formerly been called
Maranon. The air in this country is cool-
er than mitjht be expected, considering its
situation in the torrid zone ; this is owing
partly to the heavy rains, which cause the
inundations of the rivers for one half of the
year, and pai tly to the cloudiness of the
atmosphere, by which the sun is obscured
the greatest part of the day. The fair sea-
son is about the time of the solstices, and
the rainy season about the equinoxes. The
soil is very rich and fertile ; the trees and
plants are verdant all the year. In the
woods are tigers, wild boars, buffalos, deer,
and game of various kinds. The rivers
and lakes abound with fish, but are infest-
ed by alligators and water serpents. Their
banks are inhabited by different tribes of
Indians, governed by petty sovereigns, dis-
tinguished from their subjects by a coronet
of beautiful feathers. The natives are of
a good stature and copper colour, with
handsome features and long black hair.
They make cotton cloth ; and their houses
are built of wood and clay, thatched with
reeds. Their arms are darts, javelins, bows
and arrows, and targets of cane or fishskin.
The Spaniards have made many unsuccess-
ful attempts to settle in this country ; but
on the coast, between Cape North and the
mouth of the Amazon, the Portuguese
have some small settlements.
Ambahluh, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Delhi, with a large citadel, 120
ra NNw Delhi.
Amherg, a fortified town, capital of the
palatinate of Bavaria, with a strong castle.
The magnificent church of St. Martin con-
tains many beautiful paintings and curio-
sities ; and the mint is esteemed one of the
finest buildings of the kind in Germany.
In 1743 it was taken by the Austrians, and
in 1796 by the French. It is seated on the
river Ills, 40 m e Nurenberg. Lon. 12 0 e,
lat. 49 27 N.
Amberieux, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ain, 25 m ne Lyon.
Atnbert, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Puy de Dome. There are nume-
rous paperraakers in its vicinity, and it has
a trade in coarse laces, camlets, ferrets, &c.
It is seated in a beautiful valley, on the ri-
Tcf Dore, 21 m e Issoire.
AMB
Amhlecote, a village in Staffordshire, on
the river Stour, which separates it from
Stourbridge, in Worcestershire. It is fam-
ous for a stratum of blue clay (45 feet be-
low the coal) of which are made the best
pots for glass furnaces. In the vicinity are
a number of spacious glasshouses.
Ambleside, i\ town in Westmorland, with
a market on Wednesday, and a manufac-
ture of woollen cloth ; seated on the Rotha,
near the head of Windermere, 13 m NW
Kendal, and 276 nnw London.
Ambleteiise, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, dfefended by a
battery. It stands on a cove of the English
channel, which aifords good anchorage.
Here Cesar embarked his cavahy when he
passed over into England ; and here James
II landed on his leaving England, in 1688.
It is 8 m N Boulogne.
Amboise, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire. The stair-
case of the castle is without steps, and may
be ascended to the very top. Here Louis
XI instituted the order of St. Michel. It
is seated on the Loire, 12 ra e by N Tours,
and 118 ssw Paris.
Ambournay, a town of France, in the
department of Ain, 20 m nw Belley, and
27 NE Lyon.
Amboyna, an island in the Indian ocean,
the Dutch metropolis of the Moluccas, It
is 56 m long, and divided, at the sw end,
by a large bay into two limbs, the largest
called Hetou, and the other Leytimor. The
surface is beautiful ; woody hills and ver-
dant plains being interspersed with ham-
lets, and enriched by cultivation. Th«
chief products are cloves, nutmegs, sugar,
coffee, and many delicious fruits ; also a
peculiar wood that is used for beautiful ca-
binet-work. The woods abound with deer
and wild hogs ; and the domestic animals
are beeves, horses, sheep, goats, and hogs.
The natives wear large whiskers, and their
dress is only a slight piece of stuff wrapped
round their middle. The men buy their
wives of their parents, and if they prove
barren, the marriage is void. They are
generally Mohamedans ; but there are soma
Christians among them. The English and
Dutch had factories here at the beginning
of the 17th century ; but the Dutch ex-
pelled the English, and, in 1622, tortured
and put to death many of them. The is-
land was taken by the British in 1796, re-
stored in 1802, and again taken in 1810.
The chief town is of the same name, neat-
ly built, and stands near the head of the
bay, on the largest limb, defended by Fort
Victoria and two batteries. Lon. 128 13
E, lat. 3 40 s.
Ambresbury; see Amesbury.
Ambrine, St. an island on the coast of
Chili, 15 m w from St. Felix island. In
AME
1792, above 13,000 seal skins were cured
here. Lon. 80 56 w, lat. 2(i 13 s.
Amhrym, one ot" the New Hebrides, in
the Pacific ocean, 50 m in circuit. Lon.
168 12 E, lat. 16 ION.
Ameeniibud, a town of Hindoostan, in
Lahore, 35 m n by w Lahore.
Amelia, an island on the coast of E Flo-
rida, 13 m lone; and '2 broad; exteiidinsr,
about 2 in from the continent, between the
rivers St. Mary and Nassau. It is very
fertile, and has a town with an excellent
harbour at its N end. Lon. 81 35 w, lat.
SO 42 N.
Amelia, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
Sporeto, seated on a mountain between the
Tiber and Nira, 20 ra sw Spoleta, and 45
K Rome.
Amelia, a town of S Carolina, seated on
the Santee, 26 ni sk Columbia.
AMERICA, one of the four grand divi-
sions of the world, and by much the larj;-
eit; bounded on all sides by the ocean. It
took its name from Americus Vespucius,
a Florentine, who havinjj accoinpai\ied
Ojeda, a Spanish navigator, in 1497, drew
up an amusing history of his voyage, in
which it was insinuated, that the glory of
having first discovered the continent of the
new world belonged to him. 'this was in
part believed ; the country began to be
called after the name of its supposed first
discoverer; and the unaccountable caprice
of mankind has perpetuated the error. But
America was first discovered by Christo-
pher Columbus, a Genoese, in 1492. It is
called the New World with great proprie-
ty ; for not only the men, but the birds
and beasts, differ, in some respects, from
those known before. It has likewise a
great number of trees and plants, that
grew no where else before they were trans-
mitted to other places. All the men, ex-
cept the Esquimaux, near Greenland, seem
to have the same origin ; for they agree in
every particular, froai the strait of Magel-
lan, in the s, to Hudson bay, in the n.
Their skins, unless daubed with grease or
oil, are of a red copper colour, and they
have no beard>, or hair on any ottier parts
of their bodies, except their heads, where
it is black, straight, and coarse. Many are
the conjectures about the peopling of this
vast continent, and almost as various as
their authors. America is so long, that it
takes in not only al! the torrid, but also
the temperate and part of the frigid zones.
The cold of America is much greater than
in the countries of Europe, under the same
latitude. A cctutiuent so extensive must
naturally be various in its soil and produc-
tions. In the most northern and most
southern fai ts, the countries are cold, ste-
rile, and desert ; while in the centre are
found tbericliest luetals; minerals; precious
AME
stones, and abundance of the most valua-
ble and useful commodities. It is hard to
say how many dilVerent languages there are
in America, a vast number being spoken
by the different people in dilfereut parts;
and as to religion, there is no giving any
tolerable account of it in general, though
some of the most civiUzed of the aborigines
seem to have worshi|)ped the sun. The
principle motive of the Spanianis in send-
ing so many colonists here was the thirst of
gold; and indeed they and the Portuguese
are possessed of all those parts where it is
found in the greatest plenty. This vast
continent is divided into North and South
America, which are joined by the isthmus
of Panama. It has lofty and immense
ranges of mountains, such as the Andes
and Allegany ; and the most stupendous
rivers, such as the Amazon, Plata, Orinoco,
Mississippi, and Missouri. Beside the
aborigines, who inhabit the interior parts,
and the United States of America, who
possess Louisiana, and some of the iinest
provinces, the different Eiu'opean powers
have rich and flou'"isliing colonies Uere.
In N America, Britain possesses New
Britain, Canada, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick ; Spain has Florida, Mexico,
New Mexico, New Albany, and Califor-
nia; and Russia has some settlements on
Cook inlet In S America, Spain possesses
Caracas, New Granada, Peru, Chili, and
Buenos Ayres ; Portugal has Brasil, and
part of Amazonia and Guayana; and Spain,
F'rance, Britain, and Holland, have the re-
mainder of Guayana.
Amerkote, a town and fort of Hindoos-
tan, in the Sandy desart, near the border
of Sindy. This place is celebrated as the
retreat of emperor Humayoon, during his
troubles ; and here was born his son, the
illustrious Acbar. It is 100 m EbyN Hy-
drabad. Lon. 70 24 E, lat. 25 40 N.
Amerpoor, a town of Hmdoostan, in
Nepaul, and district of Muckwanny, 70
m NNW Purneah, in Bengal.
Amersfort, a town of the Netherlands, in
the province of Utrecht. It has a trade in
beer and tobacco ; and goods from C^erma-
ny are shipped here tor Amsterdam. It is
seated in a fertile country, on the river
Eem, 10 m ene Utrecht.
Amer&hum, or Agmondeshum, a borough
in Buckinghamshue, with a market on
Tuesday; seated in a vale between woody
hills, 26 m nv/ London.
Amesbury, or Amhreshury, a town in
Wiltshire, with a snarket on F'riday. It is
seated on the Avon, at the place where a
number of Britons were treacherously
murdered, and near that famous monu-
ment of antiquity, Stonehenge. Here are
the ruins of a venerable abbey. This
place gave birth to the celebrated Joseph
AMO
Addison. It is 6 m n Salisbury, and 77
w London.
Amesbury, a town of IMassachusets, in
Essex county, situate on the Merriinac, at
tlie influx of the Powovv, 4 m nw New-
bury Port.
Amhara, one of the two grand divisions
of Abyssinia, which includes the s and w
parts of the empire, and is subdivided
into several provinces. Gondar is the
capital.
Amherst, a town of New Hampshire,
capital of Iliisborough county. The Aurean
academy was founded here in 1790. It is
situate on a .\ branch of the Souhegan, 53
m >.w Boston, and 60 wsw Portsmouth.
Lon. 71 33 w, lat. 42 54 -N.
Amherst, a town of Massachusets, in
Hampshire county, 8 m xxe Northampton,
and 91 w Boston.
Amherstburg, a town and fort of Upper
Canada, on the e side of the river Detroit,
at its entrance into Lake Erie. Lon. 82
56 w, lat. 42 36 n.
Ainicl, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, 40 m E Amasia.
Amiens, a city of France, and an epis-
copal see, capital of the department of
Somme, with a citadel. The cathedral is
a stately structure; beside which there are
10 parish churches, one in the suburbs,
and an academy of belles lettres. Three
branches of the river Somine pass through
this city, and afterward unite. It has
manufactures of linen and woollen cloth,
■which employ, in the city and its vicinity,
30,000 people. A treaty of peace was con-
cluded here in 1802, between Spain, Hol-
land, France, and England. It is 20 m se
Abbeville, and 75 n Paris. Lon. 2 18 e,
lat. 49 54 X.
Amhcich, a town of Wales, on the xw
coast of Anglesea, with a harbour for
small vessels. The church was erected by
. the Parys Mine Company, who have alsii
greatly improved the harbour. -It is 25 m
w Beaumaris, and 275 xw London. See
Parys,
Amman, a town of Syria, anciently the
capital of the Ammonites, called llabbah
Amnion, and now the principal place of a
district. It is 30 m sw Bosra.
Ammerpoor, a town of llindoostan, in
Nepaul, on the right bank of the Bagmutty,
10 m E by X Macwanpoor, and 43 sse Cat-
mandoo.
Amol, a town of Usbec Tartary, in Bok-
haria. It has a considerable trade, and is
seated on the Amu, 60 ra w Bokhara.
Lon. 62 4 E, lat. 39 4 N.
Amol, a town of Persia, in Mazanderan,
with the remains of an ancient fortress and
palace. It has manufactures of cotton,
and in the neighbourhood are iron mines
aiid cannon foundeties. It stands in a plain,
AMR
between Mount Taurus and the Caspian
sea, 50 m wxw Sari.
Amonehurg, a town of Germany, in
Upper Hesse, seated on the Othern, 8 m
EXE Marburg.
Aniorgo, an island of the Archipelago,
fertile in wine, oil, and corn. Th(; best
cultivated parts belong to a monastery. It
is 30 m in circuit, and 67 x Candia. Lon.
26 15 E, lat. 36 20 x.
Amour, or Amur; see Saghalien.
Amoy, an island on the se coast of
China, 15 m in circuit. The English had
a factory here, but abandoned it, on ac-
count of the impositions of the inhabitants.
Its port, on the w side, is capable of re-
ceiving 1000 ships. Lon. 118 45 e, lat. 24
20 X. '^
Amphila, an island in the Red sea, on
the coast of Abyssinia, at the entrance of
a bay to which it gives name. Lon. 41 9
E, lat. 14 42 N.
Amplepuis, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Rhone, celebrated for its
wines, 16 m w Villefranche, and 26 xw
Lyon.
Amposla, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
on the river Ebro, 7 m s Tortosa.
Ampthill, a town in Bedfordshire, with
a market on Thursday. It was the resi-
dence of Catharine, queen of Henry viii,
during the time her unjust divorce was in
agitation; and this event is commemorated
by a poetical inscription on a column
where the old castle stood. It is situate
between two hills, 6 m s Bedford, and 45
xw London.
Ampurias, a seaport of Spain, in Cata-
lonia, at the mouth of the Fluvia, 70 m xe
Barcelona. Lon. 3 0 e, lat. 42 9 x.
Amran, a town of Hindoostan, in Guj-
rat, with a small square fort ; seated near
the gulf ofCutch, 28 m xe Noanagur. ■
Amrus, a castle or palace of Germ.iny,
in Tyrol, at the foot of a mountain, 2 m SE
Inspruck.
Amrctsir, a town of Hindoostan, in La-
hore, and the capital of the Seik nation,
with a modern fort. It is an open town,
about 8 m in circuit; known formerly by
the name of Chakgroo, and afterward
called Ramdasspoor. The present appel-
lation is from the famous tank Amretsir,
or the pool of iunnortality, on the w of the
town : it is a basin of about 135 paces
square, built of bricks, and in the centre
stands a temple, which is attended by up-
ward of 500 priests. The streets pf the
town are narrow ; the houses in general
lofty and built ot bricks, but the apart-
ments are contined. It is the emporium
of trade for the shawls and saffron of Cash-
mere, and a variety of other commodities
from the s and e parts of India ; but the
manufactures are only a few coarse cloths
AMD
nud inferior silks. It has a canal to the
llavee, a distance of 34 ni, and is 40 ni
ESE Lahore. Lon.74 32 f, hit. 31 34 N.
Amsterdnm, a city of the Netlierlands,
capital of Holland. Next to London, it is
deemed the most commercial city in the
world, and is suijposed to contain '230,000
inhabitants. The walls are hi<ih and well
fortified ; and the bridge, which joins the
rampart, is built over the river Amstel.
Toward the water it is only protected by
a flouble range of great piles, strengthened
by transverse beams, with openings to
admit vessels into the canals, which are
closed by booms at night. But its chief
security consists in the facility of inundat-
ing the vicinity by means of sluices. Tew
cities have their public buildings so fine,
numerous, and well kept. Here are many
handsome cFiurches, colleges, and hospitals
for persons of all religions and countries.
The new church, which is of vast dimen-
sions, contains a grand organ, reckoned to
be every way superior to that at Harlem.
The exchange is one of the principal orna-
ments of the city, and the harbour is one
of the finest in Europe. The foundation
of this town is laid upon piles, driven into
a morass ; and under the stadthouse alone
are 13,6.59. The streets are broad and
well paved, and most of them have canals,
with rows of trees on each side; but there
are no spacious public places, nor squares.
It surrendered to the king of Prussia in
1787, %vhen that prince invaded Holland,
in favour of the stadtholder ; it received
the French troops in 1795, without any re-
sistance ; and in 1813, it was the first
place that declared for the restoration of
the house of Orange. It is seated at the
conflux of the Amstel and Wye, 70 m nw
Cleve, and 80 N by e Antwerp. Lou. 4 52
E, lat 52 22 N.
Amsterdam, and St. Paul, two unin-
habited islands in the Indian ocean, lying
nearly in the same longitude, at 40 m dis-
tance. Their names are reversed by navi-
gators, but most of them call the northern
one Amsterdam, and the southern one St.
Paul. The former presents no very high
land, and is covered with trees, but has no
convenient landing-place. St. Paul, or the
southern island, is high land, and upward
of 4 ra long and 2 broad. It has evident
marks of volcanic eruption in every part,
and almost wholly covered with a deep
fertile soil, but is destitute of trees. On
the E side is a crater, into which the sea
has made a narrow and shallow entrance :
its shelving sides are 700 feet in perpendi-
cular height, in which are several hot
springs of fresh water. Lon. 77 28 e, lat.
38 23 s.
Amsterdam, New, sec Tonga,
Amu, GihoH, or Oxus, a river of Inde-
ANC
pendent Tartary, which issues from the
mountains of Belur, on the confines of
India and Persia, flows n through Bok-
haria, into Charasra, and enters the s ex-
tremity of the lake Aral, after a course of
950 miles
AmncU, a village in Hertfordshire, a
mile s of Ware, famous for originally giving
rise to the New River, which supplies a
great part of London with water.
Anacopia, the capital of the nation of
the Abkahs, on the river Makai, near its
entrance into the Black sea. Lon. 40 30
E, lat. 43 20 N.
Anadir, a river of Siberia, which has
its source out of a lake in the province of
Tchukotski, and runs into the gulf of
Anadir, in the sea of Kamschatka.
Anagni, a town of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma, situate on a lofty eminence, 32
m ESE Rome.
Allah, or Anna, a town of Asiatic
Turkey, in Diarbek, in a country pioduc-
ing abundance of corn and fruit. It stands
on the Euphrates, 1(J0 n\ wnw Bagdad, and
2G0 SSE Diarbekir. Lon. 41 45 e, lat. 34
10 N.
Anamour, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Caramania, and formerly a place of note
from the extent of its ruins. It is situate
on a promoiitory, 60 m se Alania. Lon.
32 51 E, lat. 36 1 n.
Anantapooram, a town of Ilindoostan,
in Balagaut, 15 m w by s Wandicotta.
Anantpoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Balagaut, 45 m w by s Wandicotta.
Anarghia, a town of Mingrelia, situate
on a river, near its entrance into the Black
sea, 50 m wsw Ruki.
Anattom, an island, tlie most southern
of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean.
Lon. 170 9 E, lat. 20 10 s.
Anbur, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Irak, with a palace built by Solyman the
great ; seated on the Euphrates, 40 m w
Bagdad.
Ancarano, a town of Italy, in the mar-
quisate of Ancona, 5 m n Ascoli, and 82
NE Rome.
Ancuster, a village in Lincolnshire, 15
m s Lincoln. It stands on a Roman high-
way, at the foot of a hill which abounds
with antiquities, a:id at the s end are the
remains of a castle.
Ancaster, a town of Upper Canada,
situate between the w end of Lake Ontario
and the Ouse, or Grand River, which flows
SE to Lake Erie. It contains many good
houses and shops, and the vicinity is
thickly spread with improving farms. It is
30 m sw York, and 50 nw Fort Erie.
Ancenis, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Loire, seated on the
Loire, 20 m e Nantes.
Ancholm, a river in Lincolnshire, which
AND
rises near Market Raisin, flows to Gkin-
fordbridge, and is navigable thence to the
Humber.
Anclam, a fortified town of Hither Pome-
rania, on the river Peene, 20 m sf. Gripswald.
Ancoher, a district of Guinea, on the
Ivory coast, separated from the Gold
coast, on the r, by the river Ancober, or
Axitn. At the mouth of the river, within
the bar, is a good harbour. Lon. 1 10 w,
lat. 4 50 X.
Ancona, a marquisate of Italy, in the
Ecclesiastical State, 70 m long and 50
broad ; bounded on the Nw by Urbino, ne
by the gulf of Venice, s by Naples, and sw^
by Spoleto. The soil is fertile, particularly
in hemp and flax, and there is plenty of
wax and honey.
Ancona, the capital of the above mar-
quisate, and a bishop's see, with a citadel
on a hill. The cathedral stands upon an-
other hill, and the houses extend down the
side of the eminence towai-d the gulf of
Venice, Clement xir built a mole, to
render the harbt)ur safe; it is erected on
the ruins of the ancient mole, raised by
Trajan, and is 2000 feet long, 100 broad,
and 68 high, with a battery and lighthouse
on the point. Near this stands the tri-
umphal arch of Trajan, built of white
marble, and deemed the most perfect re-
main of lloman magnificence existing.
Here likewise Clement erected a lazaretto,
which advances a little way into the sea,
in the form of a pentagon. Great numbers
of Jews are settled in this city, where they
have a synagogue ; and they have the prin-
cipal share of its commerce. Ancona was
taken in 1796 by the French, who surren-
dered it to the Austrians in 1799. It is
116 ra N by n Rome. Lon. 13 29 e, lat.
43 38 N.
Andalusia, a province of Spain, which,
in its largest sense, is divided into Upper
and Lower : Upper Andalusia comprehends
the province of Granada; and Lower Anda-
lusia, the districts of Seville, Cordova, and
Jaen. Andalusia, in a restricted sense
(excluding Granada) is 270 m long and 80
broad ; bounded on the n by Estremadura
and Mancha, e by Murcia, s by Granada
and the Mediterranean, and w by the At-
lantic and Portugal. The Guadalquiver
runs through its whole length ; and it is
the most fertile and trading country in
Spain. The capital is Seville.
Andalusia, Nezo; see Paria.
Andaman Islands, several islands on the
E side of the bay of Bengal. The largest,
called Great Andaman, is 140 m long and
20 broad, indented by deep bays affording
good harbours, and intersected by vast
creeks, two of which pass through the
island, and at high water are navigable for
small vessels. In the centre of this island
AND
is a mountain, named Saddlepeak, about
240 feet high. The forests aftbrd some pre-
cious trees, as ebony and the Nicober
bread-fruit ; and the edible bird-nests
abound here. The only quadrupeds seem
to be wild hogs, monkeys, and rats. The
inhabitants are in a state of barbarism,
and live chiefly on fish, fruit, and herbs ;
they perfectly resemble Ncgros, and their
canoes are of the rudest kind. In 1793,
the English made a settlement on the ir
end of Great Andaman, which is called
Port Cornwallis, nnd has a commodious
harbour to shelter ships during the ne
monsoon. Lon. 9o 0 e, lat. 13 30 n.
Andaye, a fortified town of France, in
the department of Lower Pyrenees, situate
near the mouth of the Bidassoa, almost
opposite Fontarabia, in Spain, 18 m sw
Bayonne.
Andegan, a town of Western Tartary, in
Turkestan, on the river Sirr, 190 m se Ta-
raz. Lon. 69 0 e, lat. 42 18 n.
Andeh/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eure, divided by a paved road
into Great and Little Andely, a mile from
each other. Great Andely is on the rivu-
let Gamons, and Little Andely on the
Seine. The cloths manufactured here are
in high esteem. It is 17 m xe Evreux, and
20 SE Rouen.
Anderab, a city of Usbec Tartary, capi-
tal of the province of Tokaristan. In its
vicinity are rich quarries of lapis lazuli. It
is seated on a river, and near a pass
through the mountains of Hindoo-ko, 240
m ESE Balk. Lon. 69 53 e, lat. 36 10 n.
Andernuch, a town of Germany, in the
district of Cologne, with a castle. It i.s
famous for excellent millstones, and stones
for making cement that hardens in water,
procured from the neighbouring mountains.
Great quantities of timber are also collect-
ed here, which are formed into vast rafts,
and floated to Dort, in Holland. It is
seated on the Rhine, 11 m x\v Coblentz.
Andero, St. see Santander.
Andes, or Coi-diU.eras, a grand chain of
moimtains in S America, extending 4300 m
along the coast of the Pacific ocean, from
the isthmus of Panama to the strait of
Magellan. The greatest width of these
mountains is 60 m, where they divide into
two branches ; being in some parts 100 ra
from the coast, and in others approaching
it within 50 m. They are superior in
lieight to any other mountains, except
those of Himaleh, in Asia ; for the plain of
Quito, which may be considered as the
base of the Andes, is elevated further
above the sea than the top of the Pyrenees.
The storms often roll, and the thunder
bursts below their summits, which,
though exposed to the rays of the sun
in the torrid 7,onc, are always covered
AND
with snow. The liiahest part of this
chain rises from the plain of Quito, and
the loftiest mountains arc from 18 to
21,000 feet above the level of the sea:
the medium height tmder the equator
may he reckoned at 1 1-,000 feet. These
mountains are (listini:uished from others
by friuhtful quchradas, or perpendicular
rents, some of which measure above 4000
feet in a vertical descent ; and the task of
crossin<i such tremendous clefts, is often a
work of great toil and danger. The .■\ndes
contain numerous volcanos, many of tiiem
constantly hmiiing, and some of the lower
ones ejecting lava and other matter; they
likewise give rise to waterfalls of immense
height and amazing force. They are clad
with large forests ; and abound in gold,
silver, and other metals, precious stones,
niarhlcs, and mineral earths of the rarest
qualities. See Anlisana and Chiiuhoruzo.
jindlaii, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Rhine, with a castle ;
situate on a mountain, 18 m ssw Stras-
burg.
Andover, a borougli in Hampshire, with
a market on Saturday, a manufacture of
shalloons, and a considerable trade in
malt. A navigable canal passes hence to
Southampton water. It is situate near the
river Ande, 10 ra N by w Winchester, and
63 w by s London. Lon. 1 20 w, hit. 51
■ 14 N.
Andover, a town of Massachusets, in
Essex county. Here is an excellent aca-
demy, called Phillips Academy ; also
manufactures of paper and gunpowder. It
is situate on the Shawsheen, '20 m wsw
Newbury Port, and 22 Msw Boston. Lon.
718 w, I'at. 42 41 n.
Aridrngiry, the capital of a kingdom on
the E coast of Sumatra. The chief pro-
duce is pepper. It is seated on a river,
commodious for trade, 200 m n by w Ben-
coolen. Lon. 102 0 i", lat. 0 58 s.
Andrurum, a town of Sweden, in Goth-
land, with the greatest alum work in the
kingdom. It is 10 m s Christianstadt.
Andreasberg, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the ducliv of Brunswick, with good sil-
ver mines, 28 m ne Gottengen.
Andreoasa, or AndroussUy a town of
European Turkey, in Morea, at the foot
of a perpendicular mountain, and near the
river Pirnazza, 40 m w Misitra.
Andrew, St. a town of Germany, in
Carinthia, and a bishop's see; seated on
the Lavant, 20 m eke Clagenfurt.
Andrew, St. a city of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, formerly the see of an archbishop,
and still the seat of the oldest Scotch uni-
versity. The university was founded by
bishop Wardlaw, in 1411, and consists of
two colleges. 1 he cathedral, the chapel
of St. Regulus, the church of St. Salvador,
ANG
and the priory, have been noble structures.
Tiie castle was the scene of the cruelty and
punishment of cardinal Beton: the window
is still shown, from which he beheld the
martyrdom of George Wishart, who was
burnt on the spot beneath ; and in this
castle he himself was assassinated in 1546.
The chief manufactures are canvass, brown
linens, and golf halls ; but it is a place of
little trade, nor is the harbour in good con-
dition. It is seated near a bay, oi\ the
level top of a small hill, .39 m nne Edin-
burg. Lon, 2 50 w, lat. 56 18 n.
Andria, a town of Naples, in Buri, 4 m
s Barletta.
Andros, an island in the Archipelago,
24 m long and 8 broad. It has fertile
plains, which are well watered ; and it
wants only a good harbour. The inhabit-
ants are of the Greek church, and have a
bishop and several monasteries. The prin-
cipal riches of this island consist in silks,
oranges, citrons, nmlberries, pomegranates,
and tigs. The capital is of the same name,
on the E coast. Lon. 25 2 e, lat. 38 0 N.
Andros Islands, a chain of islands
among the Bahamas, extending in a sort of
curve, from n to s, upward of 40 leagues.
The principal island is 50 m long ; but it
has few, if any inhabitants, and its shores
are difficult of access. High Point, the
most s part, is 26 m Siiw of the w point of
Providence. Lon. 77 25 w, lat. 24 48 n.
Andugan, a town of Usbec Tartary, ca-
pital of the province of Fergana; seated on
the river Sirr. 300 m ne Samarcand. Lon.
68 55 E, lat. 42 25 n.
Andtijar, or Anduxar, a town ofSpain,
in Andalusia, with a castle, and some
beautiful churches and convents. 1 lie en-
virons abound in wheat, wine, oil, honey,
and fiuir. It is seated on the Guadal-
(]uiver, 25 m wnw Jaen. Lon. 3 54 w,
lat. 37 48 N.
Anegnda, one of the English Virgin
islands, and the most northern of them.
Lon. 64 7 w, lat. 18 40 n.
Angediva, a small island in the Indian
ocean, on the w coast of Hindoostan, be-
longing to the Portuguese. It is 60 m sse
Goa. ' Lon. 74 0 k, lat. 14 43 k.
Angela, St. a town of Italy, in the
duchy of Urbino, 14 m sw Urbino.
Angela, St. a town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Ultra, 6 m nkw Conza.
Angelas ; see Fuebla de los Angelas.
j-lngerburg, a town of Prussia, with a
castle, seated on the n side of a lake to
which it gives name, 70 m se Konigsberg.
Lon. 22 15 E, lat. 54 8 n.
Angcrniania, or Angernianland, a pro-
vince of Sweden, in Nordland, 150 m long
and from 25 to 80 broad, the widest part
being to the e on the gulf of Bothnia. It
is mountainous and woody ; produces a
ANG
<juantity of flax, which is spun and dressed
in a peculiar manner ; and has consider-
able iron-works. The chief town is Her-
nosand.
Angermimde, a town of Brandenburj;;,
in the Ucker mark, on the lake Maude, 48
m NNE Berlin.
Angers, a city of France, capital of the
department of Mayenne and Loire, and an
episcopal see. It is seated on tlie Ma-
yenne, at the influx of the Sarte, and is
divided by the former into two parts ; the
western, which extends into a plain, and
the eastern, which rises on the side of a
hill. Its environs present a view of nume-
rous villas, upward of a hundred windmills,
and eminences that produce good white
wine. The castle, flanked by 18 round
towers, is situate on a rock ; and in it is
the tomb of Rene, king of Sicily. The
cathedral is an unique structure, con-
sisting of one long avenue, surmounted
by a gothic arched roof, without a pillar ;
it contains the monument of Margaret
of Anjou, queen of Henry iv of England.
The populatiun 29,000. Here are con-
siderable manufactures of handkerchiefs
and canvass ; and the slate quarries, at the
extremity of the suburb of Bressigny, yield
an important article of commerce. It is 50
m ENE Nantes, and 1(37 sw Paris. Lon.
0 33 w, hit. 47 28 N.
Anghiera, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
on the E side of the lake Maggiore, 30 m
Nw Milan.
Anglen, or Angelen, a small country of
Denmark in the duchy of Sleswick. Many
authors suppose that from the people of
this country the English originated ; being
called in to assist the Britons against the
invaders from Norway, and in process of
time becoming masters of the country, they
gave it the name of England.
Anglesey, an island, and the most north-
ern county of Wales, 24 m long and 18
broad, containing 257,280 acres. It sends
two members to parliament ; is divided
into six hundreds, and 77 parishes; and
has two market-towns. The population
was 37,045 in 1811. It is separated from
Carnarvonshire by a narrow ciiannel called
Menai, which passes from St. George
channel, by Carnarvon and Bangor, to the
Irish sea. That part of the island which
borders this strait is hnely wooded, re-
calling to mind its ancient state, when it
was the celebrated seat of the Driuds,
whose terrihc religious rites were perform-
ed in the gloom of the thickest woods.
Many rude mounds, circles, and monu-
mental stones, said to be druidical remains,
are still to be seen : but a little way within,
the whole appears an open tract, without
«trees or hedges, watered by numerous rills,
fertile in grass and corn, and abounding in
ANG
cattle. Thfs island produces vast quan-
tities of copper and sulphur (see Part/s)
and in the nw part is a quarry of green
marble, intennixed with asbestos. Beau-
maris is the county-town, but Holyhead is
the largest.
Angola, a kingdom of Congo, bounded
on the N by Congo Proper, e by Mutumba,
s by Benguela, and w by the Atlantic. It
produces maize, beans, oranges, lemons,
and several other fruits. The inhabitants
are very lazy, generally idolaters, and take
as many wives as they think fit. The
country is divided among several petty
princes, and the Portuguese have several
settlements on the coast; but the British
and Dutch tratfic with the natives. Loanda
is the capital.
Angora, the ancient Ancyra, a city of
Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and a Greek
archbishop's see. The castle, in a dilapi-
dated sta'e, occupies the summit of a high
rock, perpendicular on three sides, and
has a triple enclosure. The population
20,000, and the environs are rich in truit and
pasturage. Here are bred the finest goats
in the world ; the hair, being almost like
silk, is worked into fine stuffs. It stands
in a lofty situation, and on a small river,
210 m ESE Constantinople. Lon. 32 3(5 e,
lat. 39 50 X.
Angostura, a town of New Granada,
with a fort. It is a depot of the interi'or
trade between the rivers Amazon and
Oronoko, and situate on the Negro, one of
the sources of the Amazon, 1(30 m s St.
Fernando. Lon. 67 58 w, lat. 2 5 N.
Angouleine, a t(jwn of France, capital of
the department of Charente, and the see of
a bishop. It has manufactures oi woollen,
earthenware, and excellent papei' ; also a
royal foundery of cannon for the uuu'ine,
and nunieious forges. In the vicinity are
some rocks, in which are many caves filled
with stalactites of diftcrent colours. The ;
population 15,000. It is seated on a hill, ,■
by the river Charente, Ct3 m s by w Poi- •
tiers. Lon 0 9 e, lat. 45 39 JJ.
A'lgouinois, an old province of France,
bounded on the N by Poitou, e by Limo-
sin and Marche, s by Perigord, and w by
Saintonge. It is now included in the de-
partment of Charente.
Angra, the capital of Tercera, one of the
Azores. It is a bishop's see, and the re-
sidence of the governor of the Azores.
The town is well built, and populous; and
here are royal magazines for all sorts of
naval stores. It stands on a bay, between
two mountains, on the s side of the island.
Lon. 27 12 w, lat. 38 39 n.
Angrogna, a town of Piedmont, on a
river of the same name, 7. m w Piguerol.
Anguilla, or Snake Island, the most
northerly of the Caribe islands, 30 m long
ANN
and 3 broad. It takes its name from its
winding figure, and is 60 m n\v of St.
Christopher. Lon. 63 10 w, hit. 18 12 N.
Anguillaba, a town of Italy, in the pa-
trimony of St. Peter, near the hike Brac-
ciano, 15 m nw Rome.
Angus-shire; see Foi-farshire.
Anhult, a principality of (iermany, in
Upper Saxony, 42 m long and 10 broad ;
bounded on the n by Magdeburg, i: by
the duchy of Saxony, s by Mansfeld, and
w by Ilalberstadt. It abounds in corn,
and is watered by the Saldc and Mulda.
Its ancient castle is gone to decay. Zerbst
is the capital.
An/iolt, an island of Denmark, in the
Categat, surrounded by sand banks, but
it affords good anchorage and supplies of
water. In 1809, it was taken by the Bri-
tish, who defeated tlie Danes in their at-
tempt to retake it in 1811. On it is a
lighthouse. Lon. 11 35 e, lat. .56 38 N.
Aniaiie, a tovm of France, in the de-
partment of Herault, 13 m wxw Montpclier.
Anjenga, a town of Hindoostan, in Tra-
vancore, with a manufacture of excellent
coir cables, and a trade in pepper and cali-
cos. It stands at the mouth of a river, 46
m wxw Travancore. Lon. 76 51 e, lat.
8 39 N.
A»jicr, a town and fort on the w coast
of Java, situate on a bay in the strait of
Sunda, 18 m w Bantam.
AnbnaUiyu, a town of Hindoostan, in
Coimbetore, with a fort. It has a trade
in drugs, honey, and wax, collected in the
hilJs to the s ; and in its district are ex-
tensive woods and many elephants. It is
seated on the Alima, 21 m s Coimbetore.
Anjou, an old province of France,
bounded on the n by Maine, w by Bre-
tagne, s by Poitou, and Eby Touraine. It
now forms the department of Mayenne
and Loire.
Ankuber, a town of Abyssinia, in Am-
hara, capital of the southern province of
Efat, which witli that of Shoa on the w,
are deemed the most fertile and populous
in the empire. The two provinces are now
under one ruler, who resides atAnkober,
and may be considered as an independent
sovereign; but he keeps up a friendly in-
tercourse both with Gondar and On-
talo, and occasionally sends valuable pre-
sents of horses. Ankober is a place of
traffic ; and caravans pass hence to the n
coast of Adel. It is 250 m s by e Antalo.
ion. 42 27 e, lat. 9 47 x.
Ann, St. a town of New Bnmswick,
situate on the river St. John, 2 m below
Fredrictown, and 88 above the city of St,
John.
Anna j see Anah.
Annalerg, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, noted for silver mines
ANN
and tlie manufacture of lace, 17 m s Chem-
nitz.
Annagh, an island on the w coast of
Ireland, 5 m in circuit, between tlie isle of
Achil and the coast of Mayo. Lon. 9 39
w, lat. 53 58 N.
Anvagooudi/, a town of Hindoostan, in
Balagaut, on the left bank of the Toom-
buddra, opposite the ruins of the famous
city of Bijanagur. After the destruction of
Bijanagur the nominal rajahs were allowed
to retain Annagooiidy for several genera-
tions, and the name is frequently understood
to include both places. In 1786, Tippoo
entered Annagoondy and burnt the rajah's
palace. It is 200 m n by w Seringapatara.
Lon. 76 33 i:, lat. 15 15 n.
Annamooka, one of the Friendly islands,
in the Pacific ocean, discovered by 'i'as-
man in 1643, and visited by Cook in 1774
and 1777. in many places are plantations
of yams and plantains, enclosed with neat
fences of reed; and the bread-fruit and
cocoa-nut trees are interspersed with little
order, but chiefly near the habitations of
the natives. The other parts of the island,
especially toward the sea, are covered with
trees and bushes. It lies in about 187 e
lon. and 20 s lat.
Anrian, a river of Scotland, in Dum-
friesshire, which rises in the INIoffat hills,
and taking a southerly direction, through
a fertile dale to which it gives name, enters-
Solway frith, below the town of Annan.
Annan, a borough of Scotland, in Dum-
friesshire, on the river Annan, 3 m from
its mouth, which forms a good harbour for
vessels of 250 tons. Here was a fine castle,
built by one of the Bruces, the ruins of
which still remain. Much corn is exported
hence; and there is a manufacture for
carding and spinning. It is 16 m ese Dum-
fries, and 79 s Edinburg. Lon. 3 8 w, lat.
52 2 N.
Annano, a fort of Italy, in the duchy of
Milan, seated on the Tenaro, 12 ms Casal.
Annapolis, the capital of Maryland, in
Ann Arundel county. The state- house
stands in the centre of the city, from which
ooint the streets diverge in every direction.
Here also is St. John College, which with
Washington college, at Chester, constitute
one university, named the University at
Maryland. The population was 2000 in
1810. It is situate on Chesapeak bay, at
the mflux of the Severn, 22 m s Baltimore,
and 27 e by x Washington. Lon. 76 40
w, lat. 39 2 N.
Annapolis, a fortified seaport of Nova
Scotia, on the e side of the bay of Fundy.
It has one of the finest harbours in the
world, but the entrance is through a difti-
cult strait, called the (Jut of Annapolis.
The town and fort stand on the s side of
the harbour, at the mouth of a river of its
ANT
ANT
name, 86 m w by N Halifax. Lon. 65 22 60 n by e Aleppo. Lon. 37 35 e, lat. 36
w, lat. 44 49 N. ^ 35 N.
Annecy, a town of Switzerland, in the Antalo, a town of Abyssinia, capital of
canton ot Geneva. It stands at the n end the province of I'hiderta, and of all Tigre.
of a lake of its name, wlience issues the The ras of the empire here appears to exer-
canal of Thioux, which runs through the cise supreme authority, independant of the
town and then enters the river Sier. It neguz, or emperor, who resides at Goiidar.
lately belonged to Savoy, and was the see It is seated on the side of a hill, in a fertile
of a'bishop, who also assumed the title of district, 170 m ene Gondar. Lon. 39 52
bishop and prince of Geneva. Annecy is e, lat. 13 22 n.
16 ni s Geneva. Lon. 6 9 e, lat. 45 52 n. Antalia, or Adulia; see Satalia,
Annobon, an Island in the gulf of Guinea, Antequera, a town of Spain, in Granada,
so called from having been discovered by divided into the Upper and the Lower,
the Portuguese on New-years-day, 1526.
It is 24 m in circuit, rising in two high
The Upper is seated on a hill, and has a
castle ; the Lower stands in a plain, and is
hills ; produces all the tropical fruits, with watered by many brooks. In and around
excellent cotton, and is well stocked with it are numerous ancient edifices in ruins;
cattle and poultry. Lon. 5 40 e, lat. 1 30 s. and in the vicinity are large quantities of
Annonay, a town of France, in the de- natural salt, quarries of excellent stone,
partment of Ardeche, with manufactures and a spring famous for the cure of the
of very fine paper; seated at the conflux of gravel. It is 26 m nw Malaga. Lon. 4
the Cances and Deumes, 12 m sw Vienne. 30 w, lat. 37 1 n.
Annot, or Anot, a town of France, in
the department of Lower Alps, 6 ra w En-
Ireveaux.
Anopsheher, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, with a large brick fort. It is sur-
rounded by a strong mud wall, and stands
Antequera, a town of New Spain. See
Guuxaca.
Antery, a town of Hindoostan, in Agra,
at the foot of the hills, and on the river
Dialoo, 17 m s Gohud.
Aiiilbari, a seaport of European Turkey,
on the right bank of the Ganges-, 65 m in Albania, on the confines of Dalmatia
ESE Delhi. It is the port of Scutari, and the depot of
Anover, a town of Spain, in New Cas- the commodities furnished by the valley of
tile, near the Tajo, 17 ra ne Toledo, and the Drino. It stands on a steep and lofty
22 s Madrid. hill, near the gulf of Venice, 14 m wsvr
Ansauvillers, a town of France, in the Scutari,
department of Oise, 5 mssE Breteuil. Antihes, a town of France, in the de-:
Anse, a town of France, in the depart- partment of Var, with a strong castle, and
ment of Rhone, 12 m n Lyon. a harbour for small vessels. The vicinity
Anspach, or Ono/«6flcA, a principality of produces excellent fruit. It is seated on
Germany, in the s part of Franconia. It the Mediterranean, 11m ssw Nice. Lon.
has iron mines, and several medicinal
springs; and the soil produces consider-
able quantities of corn, and feeds great
numbers of cattle.
Anspach, a city and the capital of the
7 7 E, lat. 43 35 N.
Aiiticosti, an island at the mouth of the
St. Lawrence, 120 m long and 30 broad. It
is full of rocks, covered with wood, and
has no harbour ; but excellent cod is found
above principality, with a castle, a palace, on the coasts,
and an excellent academy. It has matiy Antigua, one of the Caribe islands, 16
handsome buildings; and the principal m long and 12 broad, and 60 E by s of St.
manufacture is lace. It is seated on the Christopher. It has several good ports,
Ketzat, 24 m wsw Nurenberg. Lon. 10 28 and in that called English harbour, on the
£, lat. 49 18 N. SE side, are a royal navy yard and arsenal,^
Anstruther, East, and West, two bo- with conveniences for careening ships of
roughs of Scotland, on the se coast of war. It is destitute of fresh water, and the
Fifeshire. They adjoin each other; and inhabitants save the rain water in cisterns.
East Anstruther, which is much the The chief products are sugar, rum, cotton
largest, has a quay, and some trade in
ship-building. It is 9 m sse St. Andrew.
Antub, a town of Syria, situate on two
hills and the valley between them, watered
by the Sejour. It is 3 m in circuit, with
a strong old castle on a rock, and has a
manufacture of stamped calicos. Many
medals of the Syrian kings have been
ool, and coftee. It was taken by the
French in 1782, but restored In 1783.
The capital is St. John.
Antilles, the name which the French
give to the Caribe Islands.
Antiock, or Antakia,^ town of Syria, of
which it was formerly the capital. This
ancient city, in which the disciples of
found here, and some also of the kings of Christ were first called Christians, and yet
Cappadocla. It is 30 m k Alexandretta, and the see of a Greek patriarch, is now almost
ANT
come to iiothinn ; Ixit some map;niliccnt
ruins of it still exist. It is deli};litl"uliy
seated on the Orontes, J.'i m troni tlie 1\1<;-
diterranean, and 50 w Aleppo. J.on. i>6
14 E, lat. 'Mi 13 N.
Antiochetta, a town ot" As'atic Tnikey,
in Caramania, and a bishop's see; seated
on the Mediterranean, 88 ni s Cogni. ].on.
83 26 E, lat. 36 30 n.
Antioco, St. an island on the s\v coast of
Sardinia, 14 ni lonf^ and 3 broad. In 1703
it was taken by the French, but evacuated
soon after.
Antioquia, a province of New Granada,
bounded on the n by Darien and Cartha-
gena, e by St. Fe, s by Popayan, and w
by (Jhoco. It IS famous for mines of gold
and silver, and consists almost entirely of
mountainous land, having; part of the cen-
tral ridge of the Andes within its limits.
The capital is of the same name, and seated
on the Cauca, 170 m nnw St. Fe de Bo-
gota. Lon. 75 17 w, lat. 6 46 n.
Antiparos, the ancient Oleiros, an island
of the Archipelago, 2 m w of Paros. It is
only a rock, 16 m in circuit ; yet, in some
parts, is well cultivated, and produces as
much barley as serves a small village. It
has a grotto, about 80 yards high and 100
broad, which is descended into by ropes,
from the different declivities : it contains a
Vast variety of figures, of a white transpa-
rent crystalline substance, resembling
vegetables, marble pillars, and a superb
marble pyramid. Lon. 25 44 r, lat. 37 8 k.
Antisunu, one of the loftiest mountains
of the Andes, in the vicinity of Quito. On
it, at the height of 3800 feet above the plain
ot Quito, and 13,500 above the sea, is a
hamlet of the same name, which is deemed
the highest inhabited spot on the surface of
the earth. This inountain was ascertained
by Humboldt, in 1802. to have rising from
it a crater, in the midst of perpetual snow,
at an elevation of 19,150 feet above the
level of the sea.
Antoinc, St. a town of France, in the
department of Isere, 5 m iic St. Marcel-
ian.
Antonio, St. the most northerly and
westerly of the Cape Verd islands, 15 m
from St. Vincent. It is full of mountains,
whence proceed streams of excellent water,
which render the land fruitful. The prin-
cipal town is seated among the mountains.
Lon. 25 90 w, lat. 17 20 n.
Antonio, St. a townof Brasil,in the pro-
vince of ilheos, on a river of the same
name, near its mouth, 80 m s Ilheos.
Antonio, St. a town of New Spain, ca-
pital of Texas. It is seated on a river of
the same name, 300 m ejje Montelovez.
Lon. 95 40 w, lat. 28 40 n.
Antonio ic Capo, St, a town of Brasil,
ANT
in the province of Pernainbuco, situate
near Cape St. Augustin, 30 in ssw Oliiida.
Antonio dc los Cues, St. a town of New
Spain, in CJuaxaca, celebrated for the re-
mains of ancient Mexican fortifications, 85
m N Guaxaca.
Antonio dc Scneci, St. a town of New-
Mexico, on the w side of Rio del Norte,
150 m s by e St. Fe. ] on. 107 45 w, lat.
34 15 N.
Antonio de Suchitipec, St. a town of
New Spain, in Guatimala, situate on a
river, near its entrance into the Pacific
ocean, 70 m w by n Guatiinala. Lon. 95
28 w, lat. 14 44 n.
Antrim, a county of Ireland, 46 m long
and 27 broad ; bounded on the n and e by
the sea, s by Down, and w by London-
derry. It is divided into 77 parishes, which
include 170,000 inhabitants, and sends five
members to parliament. This county is
much encumbered with bogs and morasses,
though' it enjoys a tolerable air. It has a
great natural curiosity on the n coast, called
the Giants Causeway, which projects 600
feet into the sea. It is formed of above
3000 perpendicular pillars of basaltes,
standing in contact with each other, and
exhibiting a sort of polygon pavement,
somewhat resembling the appearance of u
solid honeycomb: the pillars are of angular
shape, from three to eight sides, but I he
hexagonal ones are as numerous as all the
rest together. The linen manufacture is
carried on very extensively in this county.
The principal rivers are the Bann, Lagan,
aiifl Bush. The assizes are held at Carrick-
fcTgUS.
Antriw, a borough of the above county,
now much decayed, but still partakes of
the linen manufacture. It stands on a
rivulet, which a little below the town enters
the ^ E end of Lough Neagh, 16 m w Car-
rickfergus. Lon. 6 41 w, lat. 54 46 N.
Antrnm, a mountain of the Swiss Alps,
in Valais, by which there is a passage into
the valley ofAntrona, in Milanese.
Aniivtrp, a city of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, lately a bishop's see. It stands
on the Sclield, which is here 400 yards
wide, and large vessels may come up to
the quay, and into a great basin. Here
are also docks for building large vessels, a
canal that communicates with Brussels,
and several inferior ones. In 1568, Ant-
werp «as the chief mart of Flemish com-
merce, and then contained 200,000 inha-
bitants ; but the civil wars, caused by the
tyranny of Philip n, drove the trade to
Amsterdam. It now contains only 60,000
inhabitants, who carry on some commerce,
and a few flourishing manufactures, parti-
cularly of lace and linen. The cathedral
is a line structure, and contains an assem-
APE
blapje of paintings by the p-eatest masters
of the Flemish school ; and there are many
fine paintings in the other churches. The
exchange, once so thronged, and from
which sir Thomas Gresham took the model
of that for London, now serves for the ac-
commodation of an academy for painting,
sculpture, architecture, and the mathema-
tics. The towuhonse, in the great market-
place, is a noble structure ; and the citadel
is esteemed one of the strongest fortresses
of the Netherlands. Antwerp was taken
by the prince of Parma in 1585, after along
and memorable siege. It has been fre-
quently taken more easily since, the last
time by the French in 1794. It is ^2 m n
Brussels, and 65 s Amsterdam. Lon. 4 23
E, Lit. 51 13 N.
Anville, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Dauphin county, situate at the head of
Tulphehocken creek, and on the canal be-
tween the Susquehana and the Schuylkil,
18 m EXE Ilarrisburg, and 65 \v.\w Phila-
delphia.
Anzceiller, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Deux Fonts, seated on the Queich,
8 m w by n Landau.
Anzarbu, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Caramania, seated in a plain, 35 m ke
Adana.
Anzerma, a town of New Granada, in
Popayan, where there are mines of gold.
It is seated on the river Cauca, 140 m xxe
Popayan. Lon. 75 25 w, lat. 4 58 x.
Anziko, a kingdom of Guinea, lying e of
Gabon, and n of Congou, but is little
known. Tha king is styled the Micoco,
whence the country is sometimes so called.
The capital is Monsol.
Aostc, or Auusta, a city of Piedmont,
and a bishop's see. It contains several
monuments of the Romans, and stands at
the foot of the Pennine and Greek Alps, on
the river Deria, 45 ra xxw Turin. Lon.
7 25 E, lat. 45 41 x.
Aouife, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Drome, on the river Drome, 15 m
$E Valence.
Apalachia, or Apalachicola, a river that
is formed in the state of Georgia, by the
junction of the Chatahouche and Flint, at
an old Indian fort of the same name on the
S confines, and thence tlows s between W
and E Florida into Apaluchia bay, in the
gulf of Mexico, r of Cape Blaize. Its
mouth is encircled by a number of small
islands, called St. George Isles.
Apalackian ; see AUeguni/.
Apamea, a towu of Syria, o.n the river
Osi, 35 m s Autioch.
Apanomia, a town of the island of San-
torin, seated on the nw coast, 7 m xxw
Scauro.
Apee, one of the New Hebrides, iiear
AQU
Malicollo, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 168
27 E, lat. 16 46 s.
Apennines, a chain of mountains, in
Europe, which begins near Oneglia, on the
gulf of Genoa, passes round that gulf at no
great distance from the sea, then proceeds
E to the centre of Italy, and afterward
divides that country in a mediate se di-
rection to the extremities of the kingdom
of Naples. Hence proceed all the rivers
which water Italy. The Apennines are at
first a branch of the Alps, and some of
them above 5000 feet high ; but on the
border of Parma they turn to the se, and
afterward, in general, they may rather bo
regarded as hills than as mountains.
Apenrude, a seaport of Denmark, in
Sleswick, with a citadel. It is a place of
considerable trade, seated at the head of a
gulf of the Little Belt, surrounded by
hills, 27 m xxw Sleswick. Lon. 9 38 e,
lat. 55 8 X.
Apicc, a town of Naples, in Princip at)
Citra, 7 m ese Benevento.
Apolda, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, 8 m x Jena, and 40 sw Leipzic.
Appenzel, a canton of Switzerland, iu
the xe part, completely environed by the
canton of St. Gall. It is a mass of hills
and mountains; the climate generally cold,
and subject to sudden changes.
Appenzel, the capital of the above
canton. It is large and populous, and
situate on the river Setter, 40 m e Zuriciu
Lon. 9 31 E, lat. 47 21 x.
Appleby, a borough of the county-town
of Westmorland, with a market on Satur-
day. It has been twice destroyed by the
Scots, and now consists of only one broad
street of mean houses. At the upper end
or s part is the castle, and at the lower end
is the church. The town is governed by a
mayor, and almost encircled by the river
Eden. The population was 2160 in 1311.
It is 20 m XXE Kendal, and 270 xxw Lon-
don. Lon. 2 35 w, lat. 54 35 x.
Appledore, a village in Devonshire, at
the mouth of the Torridge, in Barnstaple
bay, 3 m N by e Biddeford. Here the
Danes landed, under Hubba, in the time
of Alfred. It is a place of resort in the
battling season.
Apt, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mouths of the Rhone. It has a
trade in prunes, coarse serges, and wax
chandlery; and contains many fine Roman
antiquities. It is seated on the Calaron,
30 m ese Avignon.
Aptirimac, a river of Peru, which rises
ab'.iit 80 m to the e of the city of Arequi-
pa, and flowing xxw and xxe above 500
m, joins the Beni. The united stream then
takes the name of Ucuyale
Aqua Negra, a town of Ituly, iu Man-
ARA
fuaii, on the river Chiesa, 12 m w JNJan-
tua.
yl(/uambo, a kingdom of Guinea, which
occiii)ics about 10 m on the coast, on tlie
u side of the Volta, and extends above 100
m inland, whore it is of ijreater breadth.
It is one of the j;reatest monarchies in
Guinea, and is divided into a number of
petty royaUics, but ail of tiiem subjetft to
the king; of Aquambo, who exercises an
unlimited authority over them and his
meanest subjects. I'lie natives are hauij;hty,
turbulent, and warlike; and their power is
formidable to the neighbourinji; kingdoms.
Aq7ti, a town of Piedmont, in Mont-
ferrat, with a citadel, and baths of mineral
water; seated on the Eormida, 15 m s
Alexandria.
Aquila, a city of Naples, capital of
Abruzzo Ultra, and a bishop's see, with a
• castle. An earthquake happened here in
1700, by which 2-iUO persons were killed.
It is seated on a hill, near the Pescara, 28
m w Civita di Chieti, and 106 N by w Na-
ples. Lon. 13 4.7 e, kit. 42 33 n.
Jquileifi, a town of Italy, in Friuli,
formerly a large city, but demolished by the
Huns in 452. Its ancient patriarch was
next in power to the pope ; but in the 15th
century his power was much reduced. In
1750, "the patriarchate was entirely abo-
lished, and the archbishoprics of Gorz and
Udine established in its stead. Aquilea,
now a small place, is seated near the gulf
of \'enice, 30 m ssf. Triuli.
Aquino, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, ruined by emperor Conrade. It is
the birthplace of Juvenal, and seated near
the Garigliano, 20 m s by k Sora.
Arabat, a town and fort of Crimea, on
the borders of the sea of Asoph, 20 m » by
B Caffa.
Arabia, a country of Asia, extendmg
1430 m in length and 1200 in breadth ;
bounded on the w by the Red sea and the
isthmus of Suez, >e by the Euphrates,
which divides it from Diarbek, e by the
gulfs of Persia and Ormus, and s by the
Indian oceau. It is divided into three
parts, Arabia Petrea, Deserta, and Felix,
so named by Europeans from their sup-
posed qualities. Arabia Petrea, much the
smallest of the three, lies to the s of Syria,
alone the e coast of the Red sea. The N
part is mountainous, and in general stony,
sandy, and barren, but some parts yield
gutiicient nourishment for cattle, whose^
milk and the flesh of camels are the chief
food of its few inhabitants. Arabia Deserta
lies s. of Syria, and e of Arabia Petrea. It
is for the" most part desert, being inter-
sected by barren mountains. Many of the
plains are nothing but great sands and
heaths ; but there are some plains and val-
ARA
leys that feed great flocks of sheep and
goats ; there are also great numbers of
ostriches, and a fine breed of camels in se-
veral plact;s. Arabia Felix, so called on
account of its fertility with regard to th&
rest, lies to the s of Arabia Ueserta, be-
tween the Red sea, the Indian ocean, and
the Persian gulf. It is by far the most
considerable part, anil though the centra
is occupied by very dry desserts, there are
many rich provinces on the coasts, produc-
ing a vaiiety of fruit, honey, wax, cinna-
mon, cassia, manna, spikenard, frankin-
cense, myrrh, and coffee, of which latter
prodigious quantities are cxportc^d. The
Arabs are of a middle stature and brown
complexion; and have always a grave and
melancholy air, which, aided by the impos-
ing aspect of their beards, gives a dignity
in'their manner tluit is very striking. 'I'hey
live in tribes amicably, consider hospitality
as a religious duty, and always act with
kindness to their" slaves and inferiors.
Selfishness, the vice of civilized nations,
seldom degrades an Arab ; and drunken-
ness and gaming are unknown among them.
They derive their subsistence trom their
flocks, from hunting, and from what they
acquire by plunder. They acknowledge no,
sovereign but the emir, or leading sheik, of
their tribe, who is their natural prince, and
to whom they pay obedience. They have
also sheiks, or chiefs, of an advanced age,
whom they often consult, and whose advice
they follow. The dress of the Arabs con-
sists of a white robe, bound round with a
broad leather girdle, fastened by a strong
buckle or large clasp. Their drawers are
made of linen, and descend to the lower
part of the leg. They wear a kind of red
cap on the head; and sometimes they wear
slippers, after the manner of the Turks, but
are generally in half boots, that they may
be ready to get on horseback. Winter and
summer they wear a large cloak, striped,
black and white, made of the hair of goats
or some other animal. Their emirs dress
in the same manner, except that their
cloaks are for the most part all black. The
Arabs in the deserts live in tents, and re-
move from place to place, partly for the
sake of pasture, and partly to lie in wait
for the caravans, which they often rob, as
they travel over from Bassora to Aleppo,
and from Cairo to Mecca. The famous
Moharaed vvas a native of this country ;
and his followers, soon after his death, con-;
quered a great part of Asia, Africa, and
Europe, establishing their religion wherever
they came.
Arucan, or Reckrin, a fertile country of
Asia, bounded on the NW by Chittagong,
NE by Cassay, e and se by Birmah, and
sw by the gulf of Bengal. The rainy season
ARA
continues from April to October; and the
rest of the year is called summer. The in-
habitants are idolaters. Tlie women are
tolerably fair; but the longest ears are
reckoned the most beautilul, and in these
they wear many rings. They are a dastard-
ly race ot people, and have only courage to
attack defenceless merchants and boatmen.
There are such numbers of elephants, buf-
falos, an! tioers, that but few places are
inhabited, on account of the ravages made
by thesi- animals. The principal imports
are bullion, salt, elephant teeth, wax, and
rice ; but its trade was never very consider-
able. Aracan was loni: an independent
nation, governed by a kins; , but it was
subdued by the Birmans in 1783, and is
now a province of that empire.
Arucan, the capital ot the above coun-
try, with an extensive fort. The river Ara-
can runs through the city, and waters the
streets bv means of several arms or canals,
into which it is divided. The population,
100,000. It was taken by the Birmans in
1783. It is 260 ni ssf. Islamabad, and '230
wsw Ava. Lon. 93 5 e, lat. 20 38 n.
Arad, a town of Hungary, capital of 't
county, with a strong fortress, on the river
Marcs. It is 32 m Nby e Temeswar, and
57 E by s Segedin. Lon. 21 23 e, lat. 46
8n.
Aragon, a province of Spain, bounded
on the N by the Pyrenees, wbylSavarre
and the Two Castiles, s by Valencia, and
E by \'alencia and Catalonia. The coun-
try, though abounding in rivers, is in want
of good water. It is fertile in corn, wine,
flax, and fruit, near the rivers, but in other
places dry and sandy ; it also produces
satFron, and there are many mines of salt.
Saragossa is the capital.
Araiche, a seaport of the kingdom- of
Fez, at the mouth of the Kos. It has a
strong castle, and several batteries on the
banks of the river. The larger vessels of
the emperor generally winter in a cove of
the river, where there are magazines of
naval stores It is 40 m ssw Tangier. Lon.
6 2 w, lat. S5 11 N.
Ai'ul, a lake of Independent Tartary,
120 m E of the Caspian sea. It is 200 m
long, and in some places 70 broad. The
water is salt, and there are many small
saline lakes in the vicinity.
Aranda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
on the Douro, 42 m s Burgos.
Arunjuez, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, with broad streets intersecting each
other at right angles. The great square is
surrounded by porticos, and has a fountain
that supplies the town with water. Here
are three churches, a royal palace with
beautiful gardens, and a theatre for the
bull-fights. It is seated on the Tajo, 30 ra
ARB
s by £ Madrid. Lon. 3 43 w, lat. 40
6 N.
Ararat, a stupendous detached moun-
tain of Persian Armenia, on the confines of
Turkey. It has too sunnnits, which are
generally surrounded by clouds, and the
highest is always covered with snow. The
Armenians venerate this mountain, from a
belief of its being that on which Noah's
ark rested.
Arus, a river of Persia, the ancient
Araxes, which rises in the mountains to
the SE of Erzerum, passes to the s of Erivan
and Naksivan, separates the province of
Aderbijan from Georgia, and joins the
Kur, nearly opposite Javat, in the pro-
vince of Schirvan, about 50 m from the
Caspian sea.
Arassi, a maritime town of the duchy (Jf
Genoa, 5 ni sw Albenga.
Arau, a town of Switzerland, capital of
the canton of .-^rgau, with manufactures of
cotton, printed linen, velvet trimmings, and
cutlery. It is seated on the Aar, over
which it has two bridges, 27 m w Zurich.
Low. 7 50 E, lat. 47 25 N.
Aravacouc/n/, a town of Hindoostan, in
Coimbetore, with a neat fort, and a good
bazar; situate on the Nunganji, 24 m E
Daraporan\«
Aruuco, a fortress . and town of Chilly
situate in a fine valley, on a river of the
same name, 40 m s by w Cotiception.
Arha, an island, 30 m in circuit, on the
coast of Dalmatia, from which it is 5 na
distant. The soil is rich, but the inhabit-
ants are indolent. It has a town of the
same name. Lon. 14 55 e, lat. 45 5 n.
Arberg, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, on an island formed by the
river Aar. It is 10 m nw Bern.
Arbil, or ErbiUe, a town of Asiatic
Turkey, in Kurdistan, the ancient Arbella,
near which Alexander defeated Darius.
Here is the remain of an ancient castle, and
in the vicinity^ are naphtha pits. It is
seated in an extensive plain, 50 ra n by w
Kerkouk, and 80 e Mosul.
Arhois, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Jura, famous for its white
wines. It is 22 m sw Besancon.
Arboga, a town of Sweden, in West-
mania, on the river Ulvison, by which,
and a canal, it has a communication with
the lakes Hielraar and Maelar. It is 25
m ENE Orebro, and 30 sw Wesleras.
Arbon, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Thurgau, with a castle; seated
on the lake of Constance, 12 m se Con-
stance.
Arbroath ; see Aherbrothwkk.
Arbitrg, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Argau, witli a citadel on a rock,
seated on the Aar, 8 in sw Arau.
D
y
ARC
Arcadia, a seaport of" European Turkey,
in IVIoreu, ifoverued by a bey. It stands at
the toot of a mountain, and on the s part
of a s^nlf of its name, "22 m n Navarin.
Lon. '21 42 K, lat. 37 2J-N.
Archangel, a city of Russia, capital of
a goverinncnt of the same name. It was
the only seaport of Russia for many years,
and was first resorted to by the British in
1553. The trade is yet considerable,
thoui];h i^rcatly diminished since the build-
ing of Teterhburg. In 1703, afire destroyed
p;reat part of the city and suburbs ; but they
have been rebuilt with neatness. Arch-
angel is seated on the Dwina, 4 m from the
White sea, and 400 ne Petersburg. Lon.
40 28 E, lat. 64 32 n.
Arclddona, a town of Spain, in Gra-
nada, with an ancient castle, 13 m nne
Autequeru.
Archidona, a town of Quito, chief of the
district of Quixos, which is covered with
thick forests. It was almost ruined in
1744, by an explosion of Cotopaxi, and is
now a small place, 130 m ese Quito. Lon.
76 48 w, lat. 0 45 s.
Archipelago, a part of the Mediterra-
nean sea, having Romania on the n, Na-
toliaon the e, the isle of Candia on the s,
Macedonia, Livadia, and Morea on the w.
It is partly in Europe, and partly in Asia,
containing the islands of Rhodes, Negro-
pont, Leranos, Tenedos, Scirus, Metelin,
Scio, Samos, Patmos, Paros, Antiparos,
Cerigo, Santorini, Andros, Tina, Naxia,
Mile, Delos, Hydra, Argentiera, and many
others.
Arciiipclago, Northern, a part of the
Pacific ocean, having the peninsula of
Kamtschatka on the w, and that of Alaska
on the E. It includes a number of islands,
among which are four principal groups.
Tlie first, called Sasignan, contains five
islands ; the second, called Khoa, includes
eight islands ; and both these groups toge-
ther are styled the Aleutian Islands. The
third group, called the AndreanotTski
Ostrova, comprises 16 islands ; and the
fourth group is the Lissie Ostrova, or the
Fox Islands, 16 in number. They all be-
long to Russia, and are valuable chiefly
for the skins of animals found there, parti-
cularly the sea otter. See Fox Islands and
Oonalaska.
Arcis, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aube, on the river A\ibe, 13 m n
by E Troyes.
Arcu, a town and castle of Germany, in
Tyrol, taken by the French in 1703, and
abandoned soon after. It stands on the
Scarca, 15 m wsw Trent.
Areas, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with a castle, seated on a craggy rock, by
the river Guadalete, 38 ni sse Seville.
ARD
Arcot, n city of Hindoostan, the nomi-
nal capital of the Carnatic. The citadel is
largo, and a place of some strength; but
the nabob often resides at Madras. In the
vicinity are celebrated temples, visited by
numerous pilgrims. Arcot has a manutac-
ture of coarse cotton cloth. It is seated on
the s bank of the Paliar, 66 m w by s Ma-
dras, and 180 £ by N Sevingapatam. Lon.
79 29 E, lat. 12 52 N.
Arcueil, a village of France, on the river
Bievre, 3 in s Paris; noted for a magnifi-
cent aqueduct built by queen Mary de Me-
dicis, to convey water to that city.
Ardagli, a town of Ireland, in Longford
county, which, united to Kilmore, gives
name to a bisliopric. There is no cathe-
dral, or episcopal place of residence. It is
7 m SE Longford.
Ardehil, a town of Persia, in Aderbi-
jan, the residence and burial-place of many
kings; particularly of sheik Sessi, the au-
thor of the Persian sect. Pilgrims resort
to this place from all parts of Persia ; and
caravans arefrequently passing to and from
Constantinople and Smyrna. It is situate
ftn the Balak, 100 m e by n Tabriz. Lon.
49 10 E, lat. 38 12 N.
Ardcche, a department of France, in-
cluding the old territory of Vivarez. It
takes -its name from a river, which flows
into the Rhone, at the s extremity of the
department. Privas is the capital.
Ardee, or Atherdee, a borough of Ire-
land, in Louth county. Here is a large
mount, apparently artificial ; some sup-
pose it to have been a burial-place of the
Irish kings ; others, that it was a place
where the people assembled to delibera';e
on public affairs. It is situate on the Dee,
15 m Nw Drogheda.
Ardeiihurg, a town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, 10 m ne Bruges.
Ardennes, a department of France, con-
taining part of the old province of Cham-
pagne. It is so named from a famous
forest, extending along the river Meuse.
The principal town is Sedan.
Ardjert, a borough of Ireland, in
Kerry county, and a bishop's see united
with Aghadoe to Limerick. It was for-
merly the capital of the county, but is now
a poor place, with extensive ruins. The
cathedral is in good repair. It is seated
on a river that flows to Tralee bay, 7 ra nw
Tralee.
Ardntore, a town of Ireland, in Water-
ford county, anciently a bishop's see.
Here are the remains of two churches ;
the chancel of one of them is roofed, and
used for divine worship. It stands on a
bay of its name, 10 m ssw Dungar-
von.
Arducli, a village of Scotland, in Perth-
ARE
sVire, on the river Allan, 6 m nk Dum-
biaiie. Here is the vestige of a large
Roman camp, supposed to be the most
perfect in Great Britain, which is now en-
closed with a wall to preserve it from fu-
ture demolition.
Ardra, a small kingdom of Guinea, on
the Slave coast, e of VVhidah. The coun-
try is fertile in maize, pulm-wine, plants,
and fruits, which last all the year; and it
lias lakes that produce a great deal of i^alt.
It has a town of the sauie name. Lon. 3
5 E, lat. 6 0 N.
Ardrcs, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais. On an open
plain between this town and Guisnes was
the celebrated interview between Francis i
of France and Henry viir of England, in
1520. It is 10 ra sse Calais.
Arebo, or Arehon, a town of Guinea, on
the Slave coast, at the mouth of the For-
moso. Lon. 5 5 e, lat. 6 0 x.
Areca, an island in the gulf of Persia, 3
m sw Ormus. The Dutch attempted to
establish a factory, and built a fort here, but
were expelled by the Persians.
Arekea ; see Arkeeko.
Arena, a town of Abyssinia, in Dancali,
with a port on the w side of Ilowakil bay.
The chief exports are slaves, horses, cattle,
goats, and, ghee; and the \icinity is cele-
brated for producing the opsian stone, men-
tioned by Pliny and otliers. It is 60 m se
Arkeeko, and 1.^0 n by e Antalo. Lon.
40 17 E, lat. 15 8 n.
Arensherg, the capital of the duchy of
Westphalia, and of a county of its name.
It is seated on a hill, by the river Ruhr, 22
m SSE Ham, and 63 ne Cologne. Lon. 8
10 E, lat. 51 23 N.
Arensburg, a seaport of Russia, in the
government of Riga, capital of the isle of
Oesel, and a bishop's see. Lon. 25 40 e,
lat. 58 15 N.
Areiishard, a district of Denmark, in
the duchy of Sleswick, containing the
greatest part of the famous rampart built
by king Gotric, in the beginning of the 9th
century, as a defence agamst the eruptions
of the Saxons. It extends across the coun-
try, about 9 m in length.
Arenswalde, a town of Brandenburg, in
the New mark, on the lake Slauin, 17 m
SE New Stargard.
Arequipa, a city of Peru, capital of a
province, and a bishop's see. The country
abounds in wine, sugar, wheat, maize, and
potatoes, but has few cattle. The city
was founded by Pizarro in 1539 ; and it has
been four times laid in ruins by earth-
quakes, the last in 1785; but its edifices
were soon rebuilt, and the houses, chiefly
of stone, have only one floor, with arched
roofs. It has a beautiful fountain in the
AUG
chief square, and a fine brid:ie over the
Chile, \shich is let oft' by sluices to irri-
gate the environs. The population 24,000.
It stands in a valley, on the skirt of the
mountain Ornate, which is a volcano, 60 in
from the sea, and 400 se Lima. Lou. 71
58 \v, lat. 16 17 s.
Arevci/o, a tov,n of Spain, in Old Castile,
seated on the Adaga, 32 m n by e Avila.
Arezzo, a town of Tuscany, in Floren-
tine. Guy Aretin, a Benedictine monk,
inventor of the musical notes, was born
here; also the celebrated Francis Petrarch.
It stantis on a hill, at the conflux of the
Chianna with the Ar)U),42 m ese Florence.
Argau, acanton of Switzerland, bounded
on the N by the Rhine, e by Zurich, s by
Luceni, and w by Soleure and Basel. It
formerly composed the northern part of the
canton of Bern, and includes the county
of Baden. Ai-au is the capital.
Argences, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Calvados, on the river Meauce,
10 m e Caen.
Argenlan, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Oriie, with a considerable
trade in lace ; seated on an eminence, by
the river Orne, 12 ra kw Seez, and 110 \v
Paris.
Argenteuil, a town of France, on the
river Seine, 5 m kw Paris. It has a fine
vineyard ; and in the environs are quarries
of the plaster of Paris.
Argentiera, a barren island of the Ar-
chipelago, so called from the silver mines
in it. 'Jhere is but one village, and it has
no water but what is kept in cisterns. Lou,
23 10 E, lat. 36 50 n.
Argentiere, a town of France, in the
department of Ardeche, 5 ra sw Aubenas,
and 17 w Viviers.
Argenton, a town of France, in the de
partment of Indre, divided into two parts
by the river Creuse. It is 37 m sw Bour-
ges. Lon. 1 38 e, lat. 46 35 N.
Argiro Castro, a city of European
Turkey, in Albania, capital of a pashalic.
It is singularly built, upon three eminences,
on the side of a mountain, which is part of
n lofty chain that forms the w boundary of
a luxuriant vale. <-)n the central ridge is
a modern castle of great extent, which in-
cludes a large seraglio. The inhabitants,
about 20,000, are chiefly Turks ; and the
principal trade is in grain, tobacco, and
wool. It is seated near a river of its name,
which flows N to the Viosa, 50 m Nw Ja-
nina. Lon. 20 28 e, lat. 40 18 N.
Argish, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Kurdistan, on the n side of the lake V'^an,
30 m Nw Van.
Argos, a town of European Turkey, in
Morea, anciently a large city and the ea-
pital of a kingdom, and is still the see of a
D2
ARH
bishop. The citadel is on the summit of a
hiiih rock, culled Lai issii ; and the bazar,
^vhlch is hiVB;e and well frequented, con-
tains some fragments of anti<)ue columns.
Many vestiges of temples, and other struc-
tures, evince its former grandeur. Six m
to the NF. are some massive remains ot
MyceniB, a city laid waste by tlu' Arrives,
466 vears b. c. Ar>i(^s stands on the side
of a "hill, commanding a view over a rich
plain and the bay of Napoll, 32 m ene
Tripolizza. Lon. 23 5 e, lat. 37 40 n.
^Irgo-Uofi, a town of the island ofCeta-
lonia, with a fortress and the best harbour
in the island. It is 8 m wsw Cefalonia.
Argueil, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine, 18 n\ ne Rouen.
Arguin, a bay, island, and fori, on the
coast of Zaara The Portuguese built the
fort in 144 1 ; it was taken from tiiein by
the Dutch in 1638; afterward the Freuch
took it tVom the Dutch. It is 30 m se
Cape Blanco. Lou. 17 5 w, lat. 20 30 n.
Argun ; see Saghalien.
Ai'gunskoi, a town of Siberia, on the
frontiers of Eastern 'J'urkey. Near it are
mines of silver and lead, and a pearl
fishery in the river Argun. It is 70 m se
Nershinsk. Lon. 103 56 e, lat. 42 30 N.
Argi/leshire, a county of Scotland,
bounded on the n by Inverness-shire, e by
the counties of Perth and Dumbarton, and
s and \v by the Atlantic ocean, by which it
is broken into islands and peninsulas. It
it 114 m long, from the mull of Cantyre to
its NE extremity; its breadth is very un-
equal, about 40 m where greatest. It is
divided into 49 parishes, and sends a mem-
ber to parliament. The population was
85,585 in 1811. To the nw is a penin-
sula nearly detached from the rest of the
county ; it contains the districts of Ardna-
murchan, Morven, Sunart, and Ardgowar :
the peninsulas of Cantyre and Cowal are
likewise very large. The chief islands at-
tached to this county are Mull, Islay, Jura,.
Tirey, and Col. The soil of Argyleshire,
in the high grounds, aftbrds excellent pas-
ture; and the only crops cultivated to any
extent,, are bigg, cats, and potatoes.
Many sheep and beeves are bred here,
which, with the fishery, are its principal
riches. Some parts are covered with
heath, and others exhibit rugged and bare
rocks. The sides of the hills and lakes are
interspersed with woods ; and there are
mines ot" copper, iron, and lead. The chief
town is Inveraray.
Arliusen, or Aarhus, a seaport of Den-
mark, in N Jutland, capital of a diocese.
It is surrounded by forests full of game,
and seated on the w side of the bay of
Kaloe, at the mouth of the Guda, 25 m
tsE Wiburg. Lon. 9 50 E,lat. 56 5 n.
3
ARK
Arirnio, a town of Naples, in Pnncipata
Ultra, 15 m e by n Renevento.
Ar'mno, a town of Italy, in Ferrarese,.
on a branch of tiie Po, 22 m nk I'errara.
Arica, a seaport of Peru, in the jjro-
vince of Aro(|uipa, and tlu; capital ot a
district, which is the S extremity of Peru.
It is hut bhdiv fortified, and has been much
injurcil by earthcpiakes. Here the treasure
brought {\■m\^ Potosi is shipped ; and there
are many farms employed in the cultiva-
tion of (Juinea pejjper, in which it has a
great trade. It is 170 m NW Potosi, and
180 SSE Arequipa. Lon. 70 19 w, lat. 13
27 s.
Arienzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, 14 m ne Naples.
Arindul, a town of Norway, in the go-
vernment of Bergen, noted for the pro-
ductive iron mines m its vicinity. It is
seated near the sea, lO'm nne Christian-
sand
Arinthot, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Jura, 8 m s Orgelet.
Aripo, a town of Ceylon, at the mouth of
the Sarunda, in the gulf of Manaar. Here
the civil and military otticers reside, who
attend the pearl fishery in the gulf during
the season. It is 120 m N Columbo. Lon.
79 47 E, lat. 8 42 x.
Ariscit, a town and fort of Egypt, near
a gulf of the Mediterrimean, to which it
gives name. The French became mastars
of it in 1799 ; but it was retaken by the
Turks and British at the end of the year.
It stands on the confines of Arabia and Pa-
lestine, 36 m sw Gaza, and 110 ne Suez.
Arispe, a city of New Spain, capital of
the province of Sonora, with two forts.
The population 8000. It is 330 m n by w
Ciiialoa. Lon. 108 58 w, lat. 30 36 n".
Arkansa, a liver of Louisiana, which
rises in the mountains on the n border of
New Mexico, in about lat. 41 n. It ilows
2170 miles, the lower half very ilexuous,
to the Mississippi, which it entersinlat. 33
45 N. In 1806, the stream of this river
was struck by an exploratory party, under
lieut. Pike, iu lon. 96 30 w, lat. 37 44 n ;
and from this point it was ascended by him
to its source, and descended by lieut. Wil-
kinson to its mouth. Its whole length, ex-
cept 190 m in the mountains, may be navi-
gated in spring with boats, and meet
with no detentions : but in summer, soon
after attaining the plain, the river for up-
ward of 400 miles bectimes nearly dry, the
bed extending over a wide sandy soil ; and
lower down, below the influx of Grand
river, is a perpendicular fall of near seven
feet, and rapids tiiat extend several hun-
dred miles. Its banks, in general, are rich
in herbage, and abound with bufValos, elks,
and deer.
ARM
Arkansa, a town, or military post, of
Louisiana, on the left bank of the Aikansa,
100 tn above its mouth. Lon. 92 20 "\v,
lat. 34 10 N.
Arkeeko, or Arekea, a town in the N
part of Abyssinia, at the head of a bay of
its name, in which is the inland and port
of Masuah. It is 4 m s Masuah, and 160
Sf Antalo. Lon. 39 38 r, lat. 15 34 N.
Arklow, a town of Ireland, in Wicklow
countv, with the remains of a castle, and
a haven for small craft. It stands near the
{nouthof the Avoca, 13 m s Wicklow.
Aries, a city of France, in the depart-
ment of Mouths of the Rhone, lately an
archiepiscopal see. The country around
produces goad wine, vermilion, manna,
oil, and fruits. There are a great number
of antiquities, of which the amphitheatre
and obelisk are the most remarkable. It is
seated on the Rhone, 20 m se Nismes.
Lon. 4 37 e, lat. 43 40 N.
Arles/iei»i,a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Basel, 3ms Basel.
Arleux, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nord, 8 m nw Canibray.
Arlon, a town of the Netherlands, in
Luxemburo-, seated on a mountain, 10 m nw
Luxemburg.
Arwag/i, a county of Ireland, 32 m long
and 19 broad ; bounded on the e by Down,
w by Tyrone and Mcnaghan, n by Lough
Neah, and s by Louth. It contains 20
parishes, and sends three, members to par-
liament. The soil is reckoned the richest
in Ireland ; but a tract called the Fowes is
hilly and barren, and there are also some
considerable bogs. The chief rivers are
the Blackwater, Bann, and Newry. Some
good marble is found in this county ; and
the linen manufacture flourishes in all its
brandies.
Armagh, a city, capital of the above
county, and the see of an archbishop,
who IS primate of all Ireland. The vene-
rable cathedral stands on a hill, built in
the form of a cross, with a square tower
rising from the points of intersection. The
public buildings are modern, and the city
is deemed the neatest inlaud town in the
islaiifi. Here is a handsome arcliiepiscopal
palace, a school founded by Charles i,
an observatory, and a public library. Ar-
magh sends a member to parliament, has
a great linen m irket, and many bleaching
grounds in its vicinity. It is seated near
the river Callen, 52* m se Londonderry,
and 76 N by w Dublin. Lon. 7 6 w, lat.
54 20 N.
Armaghana, a town of Persia, in Irak,
with a square fort, 90 m nnw Casbin.
Armagnac, an old province of France, in
Guienne, 55 in long and 40 broad. It is
fertile in coin and wine, and has a trade in
brandy and wool. This province, with
ARN
Gascony, now forms the department of
Gers.
Armegum, a town of Ilindoostan, the
first English establishment in the Carna-
tic ; seated on the seacoast, 63 m n Ma- .
dras.
Armenia, a large country of Asia, part
in Turkey and part in Persia; bounded on
the \v by' the Euphrates, s by Diarbek and
Kurdistan, e by Schirvan, and N by
Georgia. It is a fine country, being watered
by several large rivers. The inhabitants
are much attached to commerce, and
undertake long journeys to carry it on.
They are chiefly Christians, and have a
patriarch and an archbishop. Erzerum and
Erivan are the capitals.
Armentiers, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, seated on the Lis, 8 m
WNW Lisle.
Armiers, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, seated on the Sambre,
20 m s Mons.
Armiro, a town of European Turkey, in
INIacedonia, on the gulf of Velo, 30 m se
Larissa. Lon. 23 22 e, lat. 39 30 N.
Arnnuidcn, a town of the Netherlands,
iu the island of Walchercn, now incon-
siderable, the sea having stopt up the har-
bour. The salt works are its chief re-
source. It is 3 m E Middleburg.
Arnay le Due, a town of France, in the
department of Cote d'Or, seated in a val-
ley, near the river Arroux, 25 m nw Baune.
' Arnebcrg, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Old mark, with a ruined castle on a hill, by
the river Elbe, 3 m from Werben.
Arnedo, a seaport of Peru, with a good
harbour, in the Pacific ocean, 25 m n Cal-
lao. Lon. 76 53 w, lat. 11 40 s.
Arnee, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Cainatic, witli a fortress, 17 m ssw Arcot.
Arn/iausen, a town of Germany, in Fur-
ther Pomerania, 27 m sse Colberg.
Arnheim, a strong town of the Nether-
lands, in Gelderland, capital of the quarter
or county of its name. It was formerly
the residence of the dukes of Gelderland,
and is seated on the Rhine, 8 m n Nime-
guen. Lon. 5 54 E, lat. 52 2 N.
Arm, a river of Tuscany, which rises in
the Apennines, passes by Florence and Pisa,
and enters the gulf of Genoa, a little below
the latter town. Above the vale of this river,
imbosomed in the Apennines, 15mEbyN
of Florence, is the famed abbey of Val-
ombrosa, which, from its wild and ro-
mantic scenery, is supposed to have fur-
nished Milton with the origiual of his
Paradise.
Arnsheim, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, 8 ra from Kreuze-
nach.
Arnstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Tlmringia, with a castle, a palace, and
ASI
flux with the Stour, 14 m sw Canterbury,
and :).5 se Loudon.
Js/jfonl, a town of Connerticut, in
Windham county, 14 m N Windham, and
23 KNE Hartford.
Ashmunein, a town of Eiiypt, V)uilt on
the ruins of a city, supposed to be the an-
cient Ileruiopolis, on tlie left hank of the
Nile, 1 10 m ssw Cairo. Lon. 317 v, hit.
28 10 N.
Asltruf, or Es/irrf, a town of Persia, in
Mazanderau, the favorite residence of the
great Shall Abbas, whose ^rand palace is
now in a ruinous state. It is situate near
a bay of the Caspian sea, 40 m Eby n Sari.
As/iton, a village in Lancashire, 4 m s
Wigan. It has considerable manufactures
of cotton and hardware.
Afihton-under-Line, a village in Lanca-
shire, seated on a high bank by the river
Tame, 7 m e Manchester. It has a large
church, a manufacture of cotton, an iron
foundery, extensive collieries, and a canal
from Manchester, which is here joined by
the Iluddersfieldand Peak Forest canals.
Aslmcll, a village in Hertfordshire, 4 m
N Baldock. It was formerly a borough;
and near its fine church are the remains of
a Roman camp, which consists of 12 acres
of land, enclosed by a deep ditch. Many
sepulchral urns have been dug up in the
neiglibourhood.
ASIA, one of the four grand divisions of
the world ; bounded on the n by the
Frozen ocean, e by the Pacific ocean,
s by the Indian ocean, and w by the
Red sea, the Mediterranean, the Black
sea, the Don, the A'olga, the Ural moun-
tains, and the river Cara. It extends
6050 m from the Dardanelles, on the
w, to the E shore of Tartary ; and 5380 m
from the most southern part of Malacca to
the most northern cape of Nova Zembla;
being superior in extent, as well as in many
other respects, to Africa and Europe.
This quarter of the globe has been the
scene of the most important transactions
recorded in the holy scriptures. In early
times, this vast extent of territory was suc-
cessively governed by the Assyrians,
JVIedes, Persians, and Greeks ; but the
regions of India and China were Httle
known to Alexander, or the conquerors of
tiie ancient world. On the decline of these
empires, great part of Asia submitted to
the Romans ; and afterward, in the middle
ages, the Saracens founded in Asia, Africa,
and Europe, a more extensive empire than
that of the Roman when in its height of
power. The Saracen greatness ended with
the death of 'I'amerlane ; and the Turks,
conquerors on every side, took possession
of the middle regions of Asia, which they
still enjoy. The principal countries in this
ASO
continonr are Siberia, Tartary, China, Ti-
bet, liindoostan, Persia, Arabia, and Tur-
key. The various particulars of govern-
ment, religion, soil, climate, and produc-
tions, may be found under the names of the
respective countries.
Asia Minor, a name anciently given to
the western part of Asiatic Turkey, lying
between tiie Black sea and the Mediterra-
nean. It now forms the provinces of Na-
tolia and Caramania.
Asiago, a town of Italy, in Vlccntino,
20 m N Vicenza.
Aainara, an island in the Mediterranean,
on the NW coast of Sardinia, 17 m xbyw
Sassari. It is 10 m long and 2 broad.
Here are numbers of land turtle; and sea
turtle and tunny fish are taken on the
coast. On its e side is Porto Traljuco, with
good anchorage. Lon. 8 24 e, hit. 41 6 N.
Askah, a town of Hindoostan, in the
circar of Cicacole, 36 m xw Ganjam.
Askemund, a town of Sweden, in Neri-
cia, near the N end of the lake VVet'cer, 28
m ssw Orebro.
Askeyton, a borough of Ireland, in Li-
merick county, noted for its cattle, and for
one of the most perfect abbeys in the coun-
try. It is seated on the Deel, near its
conflux with the Shannon, 18 m wsw Lime-
rick.
Askrig, a town in N Yorkshire, with a
market on Thursday ; seated near the Ure,
18 m wsw Richmond, and 246 n London.
Asna ; see Esne.
Asnieras, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Vienne, 10 m isw Bel-
lac.
Asola, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, 20
m SE Brescia.
Asolo, a town of Italy, in Trevisano,
with a spacious citadel on a hill. It is sur-
rounded by walls, and situate near the
Musone, 17 m isw Treviso.
Asop/i, or Azof, a sea, anciently the Pa-
ins Mffiotis, lying n of the Black sea, with
which it communicates by the strait of Ta-
man. This sea, sometimes called the Sea
of Zabak, extends 240 m from sw to
KE, and is 60 m broad. It contains many
banks, which cause strong and irregular
currents, and renderitsnavigationintrlcate.
Asop/i, a district of the Russian empire,
in the province of Catharinenslaf, includ-
ing a large tract ot territory to tlie x of the
tov\n of Asoph. It was ceded by the
lurks in 1774, and after that period, seve-
ral new towns were built by Catharine ii ;
one of which, Catharinenslafjis the capital.
Asoph, a tow n of Russia, formerly the
capital of the above district, seated on the
s branch of the Don, near iis entrance
into the sea of Asoph. The fort is in ruin,
and the town become of little importance.
AUB
Africa to Brasil in S America, Is 23iX) m.
On one side of the equator it is culled the
Nortii Atlantic Ocean ; and on the other,
the South Atlantic Ocean.
Atlas, a chain of high mountains in
Africa, extending along the s of Barbary
upward of 2000 m from the coast of the
x\tlantic to the border of Egypt. Another
chain, called the Little Atlas, extends from
the strait of Gibraltar to Bona in the state
of Algiers. These mountains have differ-
ent names, according to the various coun-
tries they pass through, and the plains and
valleys by which they are intersected. They
are inhabited almost in every place except
where the extreme cold will not permit.
Atlisco, a town of New Spain, in Tlas-
cala, seated in an extensive plain of its
name, 20 m wsw Puebla.
Atooi, one of the Sandwich islands, in
the Pacific ocean. It is 30 m long, and
contains a great portion of gently rising
Innd. On the sw side is a good road and
anclioring-place, called Wymoa, Lon. 159
40 w, lat. 21 57 N.
Atri, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ultra, on a craggy mountain, 4 m from the
gulf of Venice, and 10 se Teramo.
Aftlebormigh, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Tuesday, 14 m NEThetford and
93 London.
Attleborough, a town of Massachusets,
in Bristol county, 32 m sse Boston.
Attack, a town and fortress of Hindoos-
tan, in the province of Lahore. It stands
on the left bank of the Indus, 10 m below
the influx of the Kameh or Attock river,
and on the site of the Taxila of Alexander,
where he crossed that river, 180 m wnw
Lahore. Lon. 71 15 e, lat. 33 6 x.
Attore, a strong town of liindoostan, in
the Carnatic, which defends a pass of the
Gauls. It is 60 m n Trichinopoly, and 80
wsw Pondicherry.
Ava, a city, formerly the capital of a
kingdom of the same name, now called
Birmah. It is about 4 m in circuit, with a
lofty wall, now mouldering to decay. The
materials of the houses, consisting chiefly
of wood, were removed about the year
1783 to the new city ; and its numerous
temples, on which the Birmans never lay
sacrilegious hands, are dilapidating by
time. Clumps of bamboos, a few plantain
trees, and tall thorns, occupy most of the
area of this lately flourishing capital. It
is situate on the s side of the Irrawaddy,
4 m sw Ummerapoor, the present capital.
Avallon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Yonne, which has a trade in
grain, wine, wood, and cattle.' It is seated
on the Cousin, 24 in sse Auxerre.
^'I?/6, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Wurtzburg, on the river GoUach, 12 m
SE Wurtzburg.
AUD
Aubagne, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mouths of the Rhone, cele-
brated for its wines ; seated on the Beaune,
12 m E Marseilles.
Aube, a department of France, contain-
ing part of the old province of Cham-
pagne. It takes its name from a river,
which passing by Bar sur Aube and Arcis,
joins the Seine, above Nogent. Troyes is
the capital.
Aubenas, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ardeche, with manufactures
of woollen cloths and red cotton; seated
on the Ardeche, at the foot of the Ce-
vennes, 15 m nw Viviers.
Aubenton, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aisne, 14 m e Vervins.
Aubieres, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Puy de Dome, 3 m se Cler-
mont.
Aubigny, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cher, with a castle ; seated
in a fine plain, on the river Nerre, 23 m
N Bourges.
Aubin, St. a town of the island of
Jeney, with a fort, standing on a bay of
the same name, opening to the s. See
St. Belier.
Aubonne, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Vaud, with a castle, seated on
a river of its name, 10 m w Lausanne.
Auburn, a town in Wiltshire, with a
market on Tuesday ; seated on a branch
of the Kennet, 8 in ne Marlborough, and
81 vv London.
AubussoT}, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Creuse, with a manufacture of
tapestry ; seated on the river Creuse, 37
m ne Limoges.
AuQOgurel, the capital of the kingdom
of Adel, seated on an eminence near
the river Hawash. Lon. 44 25 e, lat. 8
bd N.
Auch, a city of France, capital of the
department of Gers ; lately an archiepis-
copal see, and the capital of Gascony.
The cathedral and the ancient archiepis-
copa! palace are the only public edifices
worthy of note. The population 8800.
It has manufactures of velvet, serges,
crapes, hats, and leather. It is seated on
the side of a hill, by the river Gers, 43 m
w Toulouse. Lon. 0 35 e, lat. 43 39 n.
Auckland, Bishop, a town in the bishop-
ric of Durham, with a market on Thurs-
day. It has a beautiful castle, and a
chapel, whose architecture is very curious.
Here are manufactures of cotton and mus-
lin. It is seated on the river Wear, 8 m
sby w Durham, and 249 nnw London.
Aude, a department of France, contain-
ing part of the old province of Languedoc.
It receives its name from a river, which
rises in the Pyrenees, and flowing byQuil-
lan, Limeux, and Carcassone, enters the
AVE
Moditcrrarpnii, near Narbone. C'arcassoiie
is the c;iplt;il.
Atiiht/iic, a town of France, in tlic (ic-
partnieiit of rinistene, seated on a bay of
the same name, \\itli a good haven tor
coasters, IB m w Quiinper.
Ai'eiro, a town ot' Portugal, in Beira,
v.ith a good harbonr for vessels of a mo-
derate si/e. The chief trade is in salt, of
viuch great quantities are made in its \ici-
iiity. It stands on a small gulf, at the
mouth of tile X'ouga, 33 m s Oporto. Lon.
8 oO w. lat.40 10 N.
Aveiron, a department of France, in-
cluding the old province of Kouergue. It
is nanied from a river, which rises near
Severac le Chateau, and flowing by Rodez
and \illetVanche, joins the Garonne, below
Montauban. The capital is Rodez.
Avil/a, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, celebrated tor its honey and apples,
15 m >K Naples.
AreUino, a town of Naples, in Princi-
pato Ultra. It was almost ruined by an
earthquake in 1805. Near it is the cele-
brated convent of Monte Virgine, on a wild
mountain, which formerly hud a sumptu-
ous temjile of Cybele. Avellino is famous
tor tlie die of cloth, also for nuts and ma-
caroni. It is 25 m E Naples.
Aren, a river of Scotland, in Banffsliire,
which issues from a small lake at the foot
of Cairngorm mountain, and after a rapid
course of 20 m enters tlie Spey on the con-
fines of Elginshii'e.
Avenaij, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mavne, on the river Marne,
15 m WNW Chalons sur Marne.
Avenche, a tcnvn of Switzerlaiul, in the
canton of Bern. It was formerly the ca-
pital of Helvetia, but now greatly decayed,
grain and tobacco being grown on the site
of part of the ancient city. It stands on
the Broye, near its entrance into the lake
Morat, 15 m w Bern.
Averhucli, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Voigtland, near which is a rock
famous for pale topazes. It is 14 m s
Zwickau.
Averno, a lake of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, near Puzzoli. Ilnmer, Virgil,
and others, have said the water was so
bad that birds dropt dead when ilyingover
it, and lience they call it the lake ot hell ;
but it now has no such poisonous quality,
that the face of nature here is mucli al-
tered since their time. The lake is now of
a circular form, about halt a mile in dia-
meter, and f)f immense depth ; surround-
ed with culti'.jiied ground, on one side
low, on the other high, but not steep, nor
much wooded. A little to the w of the
lake is a cave, wliere some pretend they
went formerly to consult the Cnnuuan sy-
bil. There are also some old walls, whicli
AUG
some suppose to be the ruins of a temple
of Apollo, and others t)f I'luto.
Aveisti, a town of Naples, in Terra di
I.avoro. In 1805 it sutVered greatly by an
earthquake. It is seated in a line plain,
10 m Nt Naples.
Averj/sborou'ih, a town of N Carolina,
situate on Cape Fear river, 'Zb m N Fay-
etteville, and 30 sw Ralegh.
Arex, a small island in the Caribean
sea, from which a bank, called the Bank
of Aves, extends to St. Eustatia, 140 m
to the ^^"K•
Av^s, or mild Islands, a cluster of
islands and rocks in the Caribean sea, so
called from the great number of birds that
frequent them. They are 70 m e Cura-
cao, and 100 N of the coast of Caracas.
Atesnes, a strong town of France, in the
department of Nord, seated on theHesper,
25 m E Cambray.
Avestadt, a town of Sweden, in West-
mania, noted for its copper works, and
a mint for copper money, 35 rn nnw
Westeras.
Avezzano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ultra, !8 m s Aquila.
Augher, a borough of Ireland, in Ty-
rone coimty, near the river Blackvvater,
17 m wsw Dungannon.
Au<xiki, a territory of Zaara, lying to
the s of Barca, between Fezzan and Egypt.
It abounds in dates; and many of the in-
habitants engage in the caravan trade.
The capital is of the same name, 220 m w
Siwah, and 540 e by k Mourzouk. Lon.
23 40 E, hit. 29 33 n.
Augsbu7g/i, a foitified city of Snabia,
lately a bishop's see, and now the capital
of a principality subject to Bavaria. It
has a variety of manufactures, and is one
of the principal trading towns in Germany.
The cathedral, townhouse, and other pub-
lic buildings, are magniticent. In the
bishop's palace, the Lutherans presented
their confession of faith tcj emperor Charles
V in 1550 ; hence called the Confession
of Augsburg. The city was taken by the
French in 1703, and again in 1796. It
is seated between the Werdach and Lech,
30 m >\v Munich. Lon. 10 55 e, lat. 48
17 N.
Augusta, or Agosta, a seaport of Sicily,
in Val di Noto, with a ime harbour, de-
fended by a citadel and forts. '1 he town,
rebuilt since the eaithquake in 1693, covers
a low island, joined to Sicily on the s by
a long causeway. The principal article of
export IS salt. It is 20 m sse Catania.
Lon. 15 25 e, lat. 37 13 n.
Augusta, a town and fort of the state of
Ce< rgia in Richmond county, lately the
cajnt;il of the state. It has the advantage
of a central situavion between the upper
and lower countries ; and is seated iij a tine
AVI
■plain, on the right bank of the Savanna,
52 m NE Louisville, and 127 NNW Savanna.
Lon. 80 46 w, lat 'M 19 n.
August ill, St. the capital of E Florida,
situate at the foot of a hill, on the e coast.
The sea is too shallow for the town to he
approached by vessels that draw more than
twelve feet water. The city consists of
four wide streets, rnnuini!: parallel to each
other, and intersected by others ot a
smaller size, at right angles. The popula-
tion 4000. It is surrounded by a wall, and
has a strong castle. Lon. 81 40 w, lat. 29
58 N.
Augnstin, St. a port and river on the se
coast of Labrador, and the gulf of St. Law-
rence. In the harbour are two small
islands. Lon. 58 53 vv, lat. 51 14 x.
Augustin, St. a cape on the coast of
Brasil, iiOO m ne of the bay of Ail Saints.
Lon. 35 40 w, lat. 8 30 s.
Augustorc, a town of Poland, in Pola-
chia, seated on the Narieu, 44 ni x Bielsk.
Augustus, Fort, a fort of Scotland, in
Inverness-shire, at the sw extremity of Loch
Ness, on a peninsula formed by the larf
and Oich, over the laot of which is a bridge.
It is 30 m nne Fort William, and 34 sw
Inverness.
Augustusburg ; see Sckellenhcrg.
Aviuno, a town of Italy, in Iriuli, 28
m w L^dina.
Avigliano, a fcirtified town of Piedmont,
on a hill, near the Cottian Alps, 10 m \V
Turin.
Avignon, a city of France, capital of
the department of Vauclus^^, and a bishop's
see. It was lately dependent on the pope,
and an archbishop's see. This city suf-
fered much by the revolutionary fury; and
the pope's palace, separated only from the
cathedral by some ruins, presents a laby-
rinth of dilapidated apartments. It has a
university, several handsome churclies, a
synagogue, some literary and scientific so-
cieties, and several benevolent institutions.
Tlie population 23,000. The chief trade
is in madder, hemp, flax, and oil. It is
seated on the Rhone, 20 m exk Nismes.
Lon. 4 48 E, lat. 43 57 n.
Avila, a city of Spain, in (Jld Castile,
and a bishop's see, with a university.
Here is a manufacture of cotton cloth, be-
gun in 1789 by two Englishmen. It is
seated on the Adaga, in a lai'ge plain, sur-
rounded by mountains covered with fruit-
trees and vineyards, 5(3 ra ^w Madrid.
Lon. 4 55 w, lat. 40 4b n.
Aviles, a town of Spain, in Asturias,
near the bay of Biscay, 16 m n Oviedo.
Avis, a town of Portus^al, in Alentejo,
seated on an eminence, with a castle, near
the river Avis. Hence the military order
of the knights of Avis have their name.
It is 25 m NW Estreinos.
AUR
Aviso, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, 6 m E Sora.
Aulen, a town of Suabia, on the river
Kocher, 23 \n nne Uhn.
Aulendorf, a town of Suabia, on the
river Schus, 22 m wsw Memingen.
Aulnuyy a town of France, in the de-
partment of Calvados, 14 m sw Caen.
Aviona ; see Vuionu.
Aumale. ; see Albemarle.
Aumoat, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lozere, 15 ra nvv Mende.
Aunis, a recent small territory of France,
in the sw part of Poitou. It is now in-
cluded in the department of Lower Cha-
rente.
Avon, a river tint rises in Leicester-
shire, flows by Warwick and Evesham,
and enters the Severn at Tewkesbury.
Avon, a river that rises in V\ iltshire,
flows by Salisbury, coasts the edge of the
New Forest, and enters the Enghsh chan-
nel at Christchurch bay.
-i ;/?, Lower, a river that rises in ^^ ilt-
shire, flows w to Bath, where it becomes
navigable, continues its course to Bristol,
and enters the Bristol channel.
Aurach, a fortified town of Wirtemberg,
seated at the- foot of a mountain, on tiie
rivulet Er.nst, 15 ra e Tubingen.
Avranchcs, a town of France, in the
department of Manche, lately the sec of a
bishop. It is celebrated for cider, and si-
tuate at the foot of a mountain, near the
mouth of the Sees, 22 m s Coutances, and
160 w Paris.
Auras, a town of Silesia, on the river
Oder, 12 m nw Breslau.
Auruy, a town ot France, in the depart-
ment of Morbihan, on a river of its name,
near the entrance into the gulf of Morbi-
han, 8 m w Vannes.
Auricli, a town of Westphalia, in E
Friesland, seated in a plain, surrounded bj
forests, 12 m ne Emden.
Aurillac, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cantal, with lace and velvet
manufactures ; seated on the Jordanne,
30 in sw St. Flour.
Auriol, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mouths of the Rhone, 12 in se
Aix, and 12 n>:e Marseilles.
Aurora, an island, one of the New He-
brides, in the Paciiic oceao. It is 30 in
long and 6 broad, allbrds plenty of wood
ancT water, and has a small bay on the K\r
coast. Lon. 168 18 k, lat. 15 8 s.
Aurungabad, a province of the Deccan
of Iliudoostaii,300 ra long and 160 broad;
bounded on the N by Kaiidesh and Beiar,
e by Berar and Hydrabad, s by Bejapoor,
and w bv the sea. It is also known by the
names of Ainednagur and Dowlataburi,
each of those towns havmg been its capital
formerly. The surface in general is mo*iii-
A us
taiiMJiip, and abounds with nutuial fort-
resses and strung holds ; but it is fertile in
the low districts. The sea coast (except-
ing the islands of Bonil)ay and Salselte)
with tin'ee fotnihs of tliis province are pos-
sessed bv the Mahrattas, and the remain-
der by the nizam.
Auruvg^abudy a considerable city, capital
of the above piovince. It was oris;inally a
village called Gurka, and owes I lie great-
est part of its niagnilicence to the great
Aurup.gzebe, who resided here, and gave it:
the present name ; but it is now much
fallen from its former grandeur, It stands
in a fertile plain, almost surrounded by
mountains, 110 m ssw Boorhanpoor, and
250 F.sE Surat. Lon. 76 3 e, lat. 19 46 n.
/luruns^uhunder, a town of Hindoostan,
in Sindy, on a branch of the Indus, to
which it gives name, 40 m ssw Tatta.
Auspitz, a town of Moravia, 20 m sse
Brunn.
Aussig, a town of Bohemia, seated on
the Elbe, 11m j.n\v Lsutmeritz
Aunt, a village in Gloucestershire, 10 m
N Bristol, noted for its ancient ferry over
the Severn.
Austerlitz, or Slazokow, a town of Mora-
via, near which, in 18U5, a great victory
was obtained by the French over the Aus-
trians and Russians. It is 12 rn e Brunn,
and 30 ssw Olmutz.
Austle, St. a town of Cornwall, with a
market on Friday. The principal manu
facture is woollen cloth ; and in the envi-
rons is got fine clay, which is sent coast-
wise for the potteries. It is seated near
the English channel, 13 m eke Truro, and
245 wbys London.
Audrala&ia, a name applied by seme
late geographers to the circuit that includes
those islands lying s of the continent of
Asia; as Terra Australia, New Guinea,
New Britain, New Ireland, New Caledo-
nia, New Zealand, and those of Solomon,
Arroo, New Hebrides, &;c.
Austria, Si c\vc\e of Germany, bounded
on the E by Hungary, s by Italy and Croa-
tia, \v by Switzerland, and n by Suabia,
Bavaria, Bohemia, and -Moravia. It con-
tains the archduchy of Austria, the duchies
of Stiria, Carinthia, and Carniola, the
county of Tyrol, and the principalities of
Brixen and Trent.
Austria, an archduchy of Germany, in
the circle of the same name, containing
637,000 square acres. The river Ens di-
vides it into Upper and Lower; \ ienna is
the capital of the Lower, and Lintz of the
Upper. The inhabitants are polite, intel-
ligent, and gay ; fond of honour, which
they strive to gain by the arts and sci-
ences, or by arms ; and there is no coun-
try in Germany where foreigners are more
courteously entertained. Austria excels all
AWE
the provinces of Germany in the fertility
of its soil : corn, wine, and fruit, are plen-
tiful ; and the safl'ron is better than that of
th(3 E Indies. The principal rivers are the
Danube, Iinj, Drave, and Save. In 1804,
Irancis ii, emperor of Germany, renounced
that title in a formal maimer, erected his
own dominions into an hereditary empire,
and was crowned emperor of Austria. To
this august house belong Austria IVoper,
Stiria, t'aiinthia, Carniola, Bohemia, Mo-
ravia, Hungary, Transylvania, part of Po-
land under the name of Galicia, Sciavonia,
Croatia, Morlachia, Bosnia, part of Servia,
and part of Walachia. I'he metropoHs of
the empire is Vienna.
Autun, a city of I'rance, and a bishop's
see, in the department of Saoneand Lone.
It contains many vestiges of Roman mag-
nificence, particularly the temples of Janus
and (.'ybele. Here are manufactures of
tapestry, carpets, coverlets, and glue. The
cathedral, the college, and the seminary,
are worthy of notice. Autun is seated on
the Arroux, at the foot of three mountains,
45 m Ebys Nevers, and 162 se Paris.
Lon. 4 18 e, lat. 46 57 n.
Auvergne, an old province of France,
100 m long and 75 broad; bounded on the
N by Bourbonnois, e by Forez and \'elay,
s by Ilouergue and Cevennes, and w by
Limosin, Querci, and Marche. It now
forms the departments of Cantal and Puy
de Dome.
Auvillard, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot and Garonne, on the river
Garonne, 13 m se Agen.
Auxere, a city of France, capital of the
department of Yonne, and lately a bishop's
see. It contains many fountains and
squares, and tiie episcopal palace is deemed
one of the most beautiful in France. T he
population 16,000. The chief trade is in
vN'ine, hemp, cotton, iron, and drugs. It is
seated on the side of a hill, by the river
Yonne, 75 m wnw Dijon, and 90 sse Paris.
Lon. 3 34 e, lat. 47 48 n.
Auxon, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aube, 13 m s Troyes.
Auxonne, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cote d'Or, with a castle, an
arsenal, a foundry for cannon, and a school
for the artillery. It is seated on the Saone,
17 ra E Dijon.
Auatika Bay, a harbour on the se coast
of Kamtschatka, the safest and most ex-
tensive yet (hscovered, in those parts, that
can admit vessels of considerable burden.
It has a town called St. Peter and Paul.
Awe, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Ar-
gyleshire, 30 m long, and in some parts
above 2 broad. It contains four little
islands, tufted with trees, on one of which
is the ruin of an ancient castle ; and on a
peninsula of the lake is the noble ruin of
AYL
KiWmrn castle. At the n extremlt}' rises
the mountain C'ruachan, elevated 3390
feet above the surface of the lake ; and
near its top is the spring; which forms this
beautiful expanse of water. The river
Awe, the outlet of this lake, runs into
Loch Etive, at the village of Bunawe.
Aweri, or Overo, a kingdom of Africa,
dependant on Benin, with a town of the
same name, on the river Formosa. Lon.
5 10 F., lat. 6 10 -N.
Awien, a town of Suabia, on the river
Cochen, 20 m wsw Oeting.
Axbridge, a town in Somersetshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market ^>n
Thursday ; seated on the river Ax, under
the Mendip hills, 10 m n\v Wells, and 130
w London.
Axel, a town of the Netherlands, in
Flanders, seated in a morass, 10 m N
Ghent.
Axim, a district of Guinea, on the Gold
coast, separated on the e from the Ivory
coast by the river Ancober, called also the
Axim. The country is fertile and well
cultivated, producing palm oil, cocoa,
oranges, pineapples, yams, water-melons,
and a prodigious quantity of rice. The
Dutch have a fort and a factory here,
called St. Anthony, near the mouth of the
river; and a little s of it is the town of
Axim. Lon. ^ 56 w, lat. 4 42 N.
Axrninster, a town in Devonshire, on
the river Ax, with a market on Saturday.
King Athel»tan established a minster here
to the memory of the princes slain in his
army, when he defeated the Danes in this
neighbourhood Here is a manufacture of
leather gloves, &c. and a famous one of
carpets. It is 27 m Ebyx Exeter, and
147 w London.
Axum, a town, anciently the capital, of
Abyssinia. Its ruins are very extensive,
among which are many obelisks of granite,
with sculptures and inscriptions, but no
hieroglyphics. The inhabitants are cele-
brated for making parchment. It is 80 m
NW Antalo. Lon. 38 55 e, lat. 14 12 n.
At/amonte, a fortified seaport of Spain,
in Andalusia, with a castle on a rock, at
the mouth of the Guadiana, opposite
Castro Marim, 80 m nw Cadiz. Lon. 7
15 w, lat 37 12 ^.
Aylesbury, a borough and the largest
town in Buckinghamshire, with a market
on Saturday. The spring assizes are held
here, and it is the centre of the business
of the fertile vale of Aylesbury. Many
people here derive their support from a
peculiar manner of rearing early ducks for
the London market ; and the making of
lace is carried on to a great extent. The
population was 3447 in 1811. It is 17 m
SE Buckingham, and 38 nw London. Lon.
0 50 w, lat. 51 48 .n.
AZA
Aylesham, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Thursday, 11 m n Norwich, and
118 NE London.
Ay!'"'nUlt, a town of Scotland in Ber-
wickbhue, 6 m >' Berwick, and once forti
fied to curb the garrison of that town.
Ayr, a river of vScotUind, which rises in
the E part of Ayrshire, receives the Green-
ock and Garpel in its course across the
county, and enters the frith of Clyde, at
the town of Ayr.
Ayr, a borough of Scotland, in Ayrshire,
situate on a sandy plain, on the s side of
the mouth of the river Ayr, over which is
a bridge to Newtown. Its chief trade is
in coal, and the fishery for salmon and all
kinds of white fish; it has also an exten-
sive manufactureof leather and soap. Two
lighthouses are erected to conduct vessels
into the harbour, which is ofteu incom-
moded with sand. Here are the ruins of
a Dominican monastery. The celebrated
poet Robert Burns was born and buried
here. The population was 6291 in 1811.
It is 76 m sw Edinburg. . Lon. 4 35 e,
lat. 55 28 X.
Ayrshire, a county of Scotland, bound-
ed on the w by the Irish channel and the
frith of Clyde, n by Renfrewshire, e by
the counties of Lanerk, Dumfries, and
Kirkcudbright, and s by Wigtonshire. It
exhibits the shape of two wings, extending
to the NW and sw-, and forming a vast bay
at the mouth of the frith of Clyde. Be-
tween its extreme points it is 56 m, and the
greatest breadth is 26. It is divided into
45 parishes, which contained 103,954 in-
habitants in 1811. The sw angle, though
mountainous, is rich in pasture ; but tne
greater part of the nw is a tine level coun-
try. It is intersected by the Ayr, Irvine,
Girvan, Stinchar, and several other rivers,
which abound with salmon. It has inex-
haustible seams of coal, also freestone,
limestone, iron, lead, and copper ; and a
great quantity of sea weed is thrown
ashore, from which abundance of kelp is
made.
Ayrstoivn, a town of New Jersey, in
Burlington county, on the middle branch
of Ancocus creek, 13 m sw Burlington.
Aysgart/i, a village in N Yorkshire,
seated on the Eure, 4 m e Askrig. Here
is a grand picturesque waterfall, called
Aysgarth Force ; and a bridge of one arch,
72 feet in the span, overgrown with ivy.
Aytk, a town of Abyssinia, in Dalcali,
with an open road in the Red sea, 130 m
ene Antalo. Lon. 41 45 e, lat. 13 57 N.
Ay ton, a village in N Yorkshire, 5 m
sw Scarborough. It is seated on the Der-
went, and has a considerable forge for iron
ware.
Azamor, a town of Morocco, fortified
with walls. The. great mosque is a line
BAB
edifice. It is situate in a plain, on the
river Morbeya, near the sea, \'i6 in n by w
Morocco. Lon. 8 4 \v, hit. .'iS J9 n.
Azarcdo, a seapi-rt'ot' Brasil, in the bay
of Spirito Santo, celebrated tor sugar.
Lon. 40 10 w, lat. 20 18 s.
Azcm ; see Asmvi.
Azof; see Anoph.
Azotes, or Western Islands, a group of
islands in the Atlantic, between 25 and
30 w lon. and .')7 and 40 n lat. 900 m w
of Portu^ial. They are nine in number,
namely, St. Maria, St. Michael, Tercera.
St. Georcie, Craciosa, Fayal, Pico, I'lores,
and Corvo. They were discovered in
14SP, by John N'anderber^, a merchant
of Brn£:es, who, in a voyage to Lisbon,
•was driven to them by stress of weather.
On his arrival at Lisbon, he boasted of
his discovery ; on which the Portuguese
set sail, took possessk)n of the islands, and
called them the Azores, from the number
of hawks found among them. Their
rugged precipices and mountains, many of
whose summits are conical, indicate the
violent convulsions by which, at several
distant periods, they have been agitated.
1 hey enjoy a great portion of serene wea-
ther, and the climate is favorable to human
health. The soil is in general fertile,
abounding in corn, grapes, oranges, lemons,
and other fruits, and feeding many cattle
ard sheep. The woods and high lands
present a multitude of birds of dift'erent
descriptions. No poisonous animal, it is
said, is to be found in the Azores. The
governor-general resides at Angra, in Ter-
cera; but St. Michael is the largest island.
Azua, a town of St. Domingo, which
has a trade in mahogany, fustic, lignum
vitse, and sugar. It stands at the mouth of
a river, in the bay of Neyba, GO m w St.
Domingo. Lon. 716 w, lat. 18 16 k.
B.
Bnba, a town of European Turkey, in
Bulgaria, celebrated for knives and sword
blades. It stands on a gulf of the same
name, in the Black-sea, 90 m ne Silistria.
Long. 28 38 e, lat. 44 40 x.
Bobelmandeb, a strait between the coast
of Abyssinia and Arabia, uniting the Red
sea with the Indian ocean. In the narrow-
est part is a small island called Perim.
Lon. 43 48 e, lat. 12 38 N.
Babenhausen, a town of Wirtemberg,
5 m N Tubingen.
Babuyanes, a cluster of small islands in
the IS Pacitic ocean, lying off the n coast
of the isle of Luconia. The chief pro-
duce is wax, ebony, bananas, cocoas, and
plantains. Babuyan is the largest island,
BAD
about 25 m in circuit. Lon. 121 30 e, lat.
19 43 N.
Baca, or Baza, a town of Spain, in
Granada, 15 m m. Guadix.
Bacano, a town of Italy, in the patri-
mony of .St. Peter, near a river of the same
name, 20 m NW Home.
Bacharac/t, a town of Germany, in (he
palatinate of the Rhine. It is famous for
wine, and stands at the foot of a moun-
tain, near the Rhine, 24 ra sbyE Co-
blentz.
Bucheserai, or Baktcheserai, a town of
Russia, in Taurida, once the residence of
th.e Tartar chans of Crimea. The palace,
a curious species of painted Chinese struc-
ture, was visited by Catharine ii. The
other buildings have an oriental appear-
ance, but many of them have suffered by
the destructive Russians. It has manu-
factures of red and yellow leather, felt,
carpets, and hardware. ISlear this place,
on a high rock, is an old f(;rt called the
Jews Citadel, havuii been from time im-
memorial inhabited by a colony of Karaite
Jews. Bacheserai is seated in u deep
valley, on the rivulet Katza, 18 m ssw
Sym])heropol.
Bachian, an island, the largest and most
southern of the proper Moluccas. It is
70 m in circuit, and the interior rises into
woody hills. It is governed by a sultan,
who is also sovereign of Ouby and Deram.
Lon. 127 0 E., lat. 0 25 s.
Bachmut, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Catharinenslaf, anciently a,
fortress against tl.e Tartars. Here are two
springs, from which a great quantity ot
salt is made and exported. It stands on
a river of the same name, 120 m tbys
Catharinenslaf.
Backar; see Behker.
Backer gun g,e, a town of Hindoostan,
in Bengal, capital of a district. It is 120ra
E Calcutta. Lon. 90 20 f, lat. 22 42 n.
Badajoz, a city of Spain, capital of
Estremadura, and a bishop's see. It is
famous for a bridge built by the Romans
over the Guadiana; and on it the Portu-
guese were defeated by don John of Astu-
rias, in 1661. Badajoz is a frontier town
toward Portugal, and well ibrtitied. It
surrendered to the French in 1811, and
was taken from them by the Britisli and
Portuguese in 1812. It "is 14 m e Elvas,
and 175 sbyw Madrid. Long. 6 40 w,
lat. 38 45 N.
Budakshan, a city of Usbec Tartary,
capital of the province of Kilan. Gold,
silver, and rubies are found in its vicinity ;
and caravans pass by this city to Cabul
and China. It is seated on the Harrat, or
Amu, in a branch of the Belur mountains,
320 m E Balk. Lon. 70 35 e, lat. 36 35 n.
Badaumy, a strong town of Hindoostan,
BAF
in the province of Bejapoor, 73 m s. Beja-
poiir.
Badbury, a village in Dorsetshire, on a
consiHerable eminence, 4 in nw Winboni.
It was a summer station of the Romans,
and many of iheir coins, urns, Sec. have
been found. Here is also a Saxon camp,
which consists of three oblong ramparts.
Budetona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
seated on the Mediterranean, 10 m XE
Barcelona.
Buden, a strand duchy of Suabia, bound-
-»don the n by the palatinate of the Rhine
and territoryof Spire, e by Wirteraberg
and the principality of Furstenberg, s by
Brissau, an. I w by the Rhnie. It is di-
vided into I'pper and Lower Baden, fre-
quently called Baden-Baden and Baden
Durlach, from the chiei' towns.
Baden, the capital of the above duchy,
with a castle, on the top of a hill, where
the urand uuke often resides. It is famous
for nunierciati hot baths, and many Ro-
man monuments. It stands on the Oel-
bach, near the Rhine, 40 m w Stutgard.
Lou. 8. '22 E, lat. 48 48 N.
Baden, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Arszau, capital of <i county, with
a castle. It is divided into the old and
new town, hy the river Limmar, over
which is a heaatifu, bridge. Here are
seven handsome churches and a splendid
townhouse. Near it are some warm baths,
mentioned by the ancients undei the names
of .Aquaj anti Thermae Helvetica^. It is 10
m NW Zmich. Lon. 8 24 e, lat. 47 2tj n.
Buden, a town of Austria, famous for
its numerous hot baths ; seated at the
skirt of a mountain, near the Suechat,
15 m ssw Vienna.
Budenwei/er, a town of Suabia, in
Brisgau, Miuth frequented for its hot baths;
seated near the Rhine, 10 m ssw I'riburg.
Badgeworth, a village in Gloucester-
shire, 7 m NE Glnucester. Here is a mi-
neial sp-ing called Cold Pool, nearly the
same in quality as that of Chellenham.
BadracheUuiii, a town of llindoostan,
in Hydrabad, near which is a pagoda
of high repute. It is situate on the left
bank of the Godavery, 85 m nw Raja-
mundry.
Baezn, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with a university, seated on i^e Guadal-
(juiver, 15aiNEJaen.
Baff'a, a town of Cyprus, with a fort.
It IS the ancient Paphos, of which consi-
derable ruins remain, particularly some
broken columns, which probably belonged
to the temple of Venus. The vicinity
abounds in minerals, among which are a
beautiful variety of crystallized quartz,
called Baffa diamonds. Amianthus of a
very superior quality, as flexible as silk,
BAG
and perfectly white, is also found here.
Bafl'a stands on the w coast of the island,
80 m wsw Nicosia. Lon. 32 21 e, lat. 34
52 N.
Baffin Bay, a large bay, to the n of
Hudson bay, discovered in 1616 by Wm.
Baffin, an Englishman, who here attempted
to find a Nw passage to the South sea.
It is entered from the Atlantic through
Davis strait; and some maps also show
an entrance into it from the n end of
Hudson bay. The northern extremity is
Smith sound, so named by Baffin, in Ion.
76 15 w, lat. 77 55 N. In this bny the
irregularities in the deviation of the needle
are far greater than has been observed
in any other part of the world.
Bagdad, a city of Asiatic Turkey, capi-
tal of Irak, with a cast'e The walls are
6 m in circuit, and flanked with nine prin-
cipal bastions and several inferior turrets.
The houses, in general, are built of brick,
seldom above two sttn-ies high, and with
no windows to the streets, which are very
narrow. Its vaulted bazars, numerous
domes, and lofty minarets, cive it a plea-
sant appearance at a distance. Bagdad
was the capital of the Saracen empire, till
taken by the Tui ks in the I5th century ;
since which it has been often taken by the
Turks and Persians, the last time by the
Turks in 1638. It stdl continues to be a
place of considerable resort for all the
commodities of Matolia, Syria, Persia, and
India ; but has lost much of its ancient
splendour, and is not so opulent as when
in the possession of the Persians. The
population 190,000 The chief manufac-
tures are red and yellow leather, and silk
and cotton stuffs. Six m to the sw is a
very ancient structure, 190 feet in height,
and 100 m diameter, called the Tower of
Babel by Europeans. Bagdad is seated on
the Tiiiris, 410 m wsw Teheran. Lon, 44
20 E, lat. 33 22 N.
Bughermi, the capital of a country of
the same name, in the empire of Bornoii.
It is 180 m SSE Bornou, Lon. 24 10 e, lat.
17 40 N.
Baglana, a country of Hindoostan, form
ing the nw part of the province of Aurnn-
gabad. It is exceedingly mountainous, but
fertile in many places ; and has a number
of hill fortresses, possessed by several
Mahratta chiefs. The rivers are small,
and there are no towns of any great note ;
the chief is Chandor.
Bagnalucu, a town of European Turkey,
in Bosnia, 55 in nw Serai.
Bagnara, a seaport of Naples, in Cala-
bria Ultra. Here are several high water-
falls ; and among the rocks are the ruins
of the former town, in which 3017 person<?
perished by an earthquake in 1783 It
E
BAH
stands near the strait of Messina, 1.">m
NNU Resio. Lon. 1(3 8 r., lat. ;j8 15 n.
Bdiinarea, a town of Italy, in the patri-
mony of St. Peter, 5 m s Orvieto.
Bagnei-es, a town of France, in the (ie^
partment of Upper Pyrenees, famous for
its baths and liot mineral waters ; seated
on the Adonr, at the foot of Mont Olivet,
15 m shy r, Tarbes.
Iiiigni>/:<, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Card, near the river Cese,
Q m s Pont St. Esprit.
Bags/tot, a village in Surry, 12 m NbyE
Farnham. Here our monarchs had formerly
a honse and park, which was laid open
after the civil wars. It is surrounded by
an extensive heath, chiefly barren, but on
its borders are a great number of hand-
some seats.
Bahama, or Lucai/o Islands, in the At-
lantic ocean, extending; along the coast of
Florida to Cuba, on two sand- banks, called
the Little and Great Bank of Bahama ; the
former lying n of the latter. The islands
are near 500 in number ; some of them
mere rocks, but 12 are large and fertile.
Few of them are inhabited, and they are
subject to the English. 'Hie islands that
give name to the whole are Bahama and
Lucayo, both of them on the s part of the
Little bank, which is separated from the
Great bank by a passage called Providence
Channel. The passage between the two
banks and the continent is called the New
Channel of Bahama, or Gulf of Florida ;
and the passage between the Great bank
aud Cuba, the Old Channel of Bahama.
One of these islands was the first land of
the new world descried by Columbus, in
1492, on which he landed, and called it
San Salvador. The Bahamas were not
known to the English till 1667, when cap-
tain Seyle being driven among them in his
passage to Carolina, gave his name to one
of them ; and afterward, being a second
time driven upon it, called it Providence.
These islands produce abundance of salt,
also a great quantity of dying woods, and
some lignum vita; and mahogany. The
only articles cultivated for exportation are
cotton and coffee.
Bahama, one of the largest of the Ba-
hama islands, lying on the s side of the
Little Bahama bank, and extending from
the gulf of Florida to the island of Abaco.
It contains much fine timber, but is diffi-
cult of access. It is uninhabited, and the
vv end is 20 leagues r. of the coast of Flo-
rida. Lon. 78 54 w, lat. 27 5 ^.
Bahar, a province of Ilindoostan, 2S0
m long and 210 broad; bounded on the
N by Nepaul, e by Bengal, s by Orissa,
and w by Allahabad and Oude. It is sub-
ject to the English E India Company;
BAI
and most of the saltpetre they export is
maimtactured in this province ; opium is
also a staple commodity. The climate is
temperate, and it is one of the most fertile,
highly cultivated, and populous countries
of Ilindoostan. Patna is the capital.
Bahar, a town of the above province,
of which it was once the capital, and is
now remarkable for a number of magnifi-
cent funeral monuments. It is 35 m se
Patna.
Buhia ; sec All-Saiuls Buy.
Bahrenburg, a town of Westijhalin, in
the county of iioya, on the river Suhlingen,
20 m w Nienburg.
Bahrin, a town of Arabia, situate on
the w side of a fine island, 30 m long, in
the gulf of Persia. It gives name not only
to the island on which it is built, but also
to a cluster of them, celebrated for the
pearl fishery; and likewise to a province,
extending along the w coast of the gulf.
The town is Ibrtified, and belonged once
to the Portuguese. It is 70 m ne Lahsa,
the capital of the province. Lon, 49 5 e,
lat. 26 20 N.
Bahii/, a town of Ilindoostan, in Agra.
It contains several handsome Mohamedan
tombs, and is 36 m sw Agra.
Bahus, a province of Sweden, on the ?;w
coast of Gothland, having Norway on the
N. It is 115 m long, and from 15 to 30
broad, much intersected by rivers and
lakes. The land is fertile, and the prin-
cipal exports are fish, wood, pitch, lime,
tallow, and hides.
Bahvf, the capital of the above province,
with a fortress on a rock. It is situate on
an island of the river Gotha, 12 m n by e
Gotheburg. Lon. 12 2 e, lat. 57 51 n. ,
Baia, a town of Naples, in Terra di La-
voro, with a castle on the brow of a rocky
precipice. It was fiirmerly famous for its
hot baths and elegant palaces, of which
some ruins remain. It is seated on the
bay of Naples, 12 m w Naples.
Baja, a town of llnnnaiy, and the place ^
of assembly for Batscli county. It is I
situate on the Danube, 35 m wbyN The- ■
resiopol.
Bajador, a cape on the w coast of ,
Africa, s of the Canary islands. Lon. 14
22 w, lat. 26 12 n.
Baikal, a lake of Siberia, in the pro-
vince of Irkutsk, 350 m in length, but its
greatest breadth not above 40. The water
is fresh ; and the Russians speak of it with
reverence, calling it the Holy sea. There
are many seals in it of a blackish colour,
and abundance of fish; also several islands,
and that of Olchon, the largest, has sul-
phureous springs. It receives the Selinga
from the s, and its outlet is the Angara,
v^hich flows N into the Yenisei.
6
BAK
Bailleul, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, 9 m Sw Ypres.
Bailur, or Beloul, a seaport of Abyssi-
nia, and chief town in the country of Dan-
cali. It stands on a bay of the Red sea,
opposite Mocha in Arabia, 190 m e An-
talo. Lon. 4'2 37 e, lat. 13 13 N.
Bailura, a town of Hindoostan, in My-
sore, with a good stone fort. It has a ma-
nufacture of cochineal, and carries on a
considerable trade with Jannalabad, in
Canara. It is seated near the Bhadri, 60
m WNW Seringapatam.
Bain, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ille and \'ilaine, 16 m s Renues.
BairdstoTCti, a town of Kentucky, chief
of Nelson county. It stands on the head
waters of Salt river, 50 ni se Louisville.
Bairmit, anciently Berytus, a seaport of
Syria, in Palestine, and the chief town of
the Druses. The port is nearly choked
with sand and ruins ; but it has a good
road, and vessels of different sizes are built
here. The chief trade is in raw silk, wine,
and oil, and many cottons and silks are
exported hence for Cairo. It stands on
the N side of a broad promontory, 50 m
WNW Damascus. Lon. 56 10 e, lat. 33
45 N.
Bajulpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Malwah, situate amongtheVindaya moun-
tains, 35 ni sby w Oojain.
Bakahani/a, a town of Hungary, with
the richest gold mine in the country, 14 m
ssw Schemnitz.
Bakerstozcit, a town of the district of
Maine, in (Cumberland county, 40 m nne
Portland.
Bakewell, a town in the Peak of Derby-
shire, with a market on Friday. Here is
a large cotton-mill ; and near it, at the
village of Ashford, are marble works, where
the black and gray marbles found in the
vicinity are sawn and polished. It is seat-
ed on the Wye, 27 m nnw Derby and 153
London.
Bakow, a town of European Turkey, in
Moldavia, on the river Bistritza, 60 m sw
Jassy.
Baktcheserai ; see Bacheserai.
Baku, a town of Sshirvan, surrounded
by a double wall and deep ditch. It is a
place of considerable trade, and the most
commodious and safe haven of the Caspian
sea. The vicinity produces much rock
salt, sulphur, and naptha, and it is famous
for saffron. A little e of the naptha springs
is a fire temple of the Guebres, near a mile
in circuit, trom the centre of which a
bluish flame and sulphurous gas arises ;
and the country around has, at times,
the appearance of being enveloped in
flames. Baku was taken by the Russians
in 1801. It stands on a peninsula, 100 m
BAL
EbyN Schamachi. Lon. 50 15 e, lat. 40
30 N.
Bala, a corporate town of Wales, in
Merionethshire, with a market on Satur-
day. It stands on the lake of Bala, or
Pemhlemere, where the river Dee issues ;
and has a great trade in woollen stockings,
■webs, and flannels. It is 40 m se Carnar-
von, and 195 mw London. Lon. 3 35 w,
lat. 52 50 N.
Balachna, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Niznei Novgorod, seated near
the Volga, 40 m wnw Nizaei Novgorod.
Balaclava, a seaport of Ivussia, in Tuu-
rida. The harbour has a very narrow
entrance, and is land-locked by precipi-
tcjus mountains of red and white mar-
ble, in the sides of wjiich are several
excavations. On the heights above the
mouth of the port are tiie ruins of a mag-
nificent Genoese fortress. The present in-
habitants are Greeks, and the porticos of
all their doors are covered with vines. It
is 18 m SSE Sebastopol.
Balagunt, a large country of Southern
Hindoostan, consisting of vast fertile plains,
supported by a stupendous wall of moun-
tains, called the Gaiits. It extends s from
the rivers Kistna and Toombuddra to the
frontiers of Mysore, and is divided into
many districts. This country was ceded
by the nizam of the Deccan to the British
in 1800 ; and is now formed into two col-
lectorships, Cudapah and Balhary, the
former containing the eastern, and the lat-
ter the western district.
Balaguer, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
with a strong fort that defends a difficult
pass from Tortosa to Tarragona. The
iort was taken from the French by the Bri-
tish in 1813. The town stands on the
river Segra, at the foot of a craggy rock,
20 m sw Tarragona, and 28 ke Tortosa.
Balaise, a small island in the gulf of
Mexico, with a fort, at the principal mouth
of the Mississippi. Lon. 89 20 \v, lat.
29 6 N.
Balambangam, an island in the Indian
ocean, 15 m long and 3 broad, lying off
the N extremity of Borneo. A settlement
was formed here by the British in 1774,
and treacherously expelled by the Sooloos
in 1775 : it was re-established in 1803, but
afterward abandoned. Lon. 117 5 e, lat.
7 15 N.
Bulapura, Chica and Doda, or Little
and Great Balapoor ; see Chinuhalabaram
and Peddabalaharam.
Balartic, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Herault, famous for its baths.
It is 12 m from Montpellier.
Bulaspre, a town of Hindoostan, in
Orissa, and a place of considerable trade.
The town, with this part of the district of
E 2
BAL
Mohiu-bunge, was ceded by the Malirattas
to the British in 1803. It is situate on
the Gongahnr, 8 m from its moutli in the
bay pf Bengal, and 110 sw Calcutta. Lon.
87 13 E, lat. '.'1 31 N.
Balaton, or Flatten See, a hike of Hun-
gary, 70 ni to the ssr. ot that of Neusidler.
It is 46 ni long and from 3 to 9 broad ; the
depth generally trifling, and the deepest
parts not more tiian 27 feet. The shores
are in general but little elevated, and the
ground is marshy.
Balassa Gi/uriiiath, a town of Hungary,
capital of ?Seograd county. It is situate
on the Ipoly, 35 m ne Gran, and 63 ese
Neutra. Lon. 19 25 e, lat. 48 9 n.
Batbastro, an episcopal city of Spain, in
Aragon, on the river Vero, near its conflux
with the Cinca, 45 m ene Saragossa.
Lon. 0 6 e, lat. 41 54 n.
Balbec, the ancient Heliopolis, a town
of Syria, at the foot of Mount Libanus,
near the ne extremity of the fertile valley
of Bocat. On the e side are magnificent
ruins, particularly those of the temple de-
dicated to the Sun. The town was nearly
destroyed by an earthquake in 1759, and
is now a poor place, 37 m nnw Damascus.
Balbripgen, a town of Ireland, in Dub-
lin county, with a small harbour, defended
by a pier, 20 m NbyE Dublin.
Baldock, a town in Hertfordshire, with
a market on Thursday ; seated among hills,
9 m wsw Royston, and 37 nxw London.
Baleures, or Balearic Islands, a number
of islands lying to the e of Spain, in the
Mediterranean sea. The principal are
Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica, which are
populous; but those of Formentera, Ca-
brea, Dragonera, and other smaller ones,
have few or no inhabitants. They belong
to the Spaniards.
Balecunda, a town of Hindoostan, in
Hydrabad, near the right bank of the
Godavery, 94 m nne Warangol. Lon.
79 29 E,"lat. 19 10 n.
Baljrush, a town of Persia, in Mazan-
deran. It is larger than Sari, but meanly
built. The bazar, which forms the prin-
cipal street, denotes an active trathc. It
is situate in a low valley, near the Caspian
sea, 40 m isw Sari.
Balga, a town of Prussia, on the Frisch
Haff, 24 m sw Konigsberg.
Balfiarj/, a town of Hindoostan, capital
of the western portion of Balagaut, with a
hill fort. It is situate on the Hoggry, 186
m N Seringapatam. Lon. 76 55 e, lat.
15 5 N.
Balize, a town of New Spain, in Juca-
tan, at the mouth of a river of the same
name, in the bay of Honduras. The
houses are built of wood, raised on piles,
and it is the principal settlement of the
3
BAL
English on this coast. The river is navi-
gable for above 200 m, but vessels of bur-
don cannot approacli the town, on account
of a bur. The chief trade is in logwood
and mahogany. Lon. 87 40 w, hit. 17
SO N.
Balk, a city of Usbec Tartary, capital
of a province lying i; of Chorasan. It has
a considcable trade in silk, and is the chief
seat of the commerce between Bokharia
and Hindoostan. 'Ihe khan's castle is a
magnificent structure, built of marble, dug
out of the neighhourmg mountains. It is
seated on the Dewash, which (lows into
the Amu, 260 m sk, Bokhara, and 310 ne
Herat. Lon. 65 16 e, lat. 36 28 K.
Ballantrae, a town of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, near the mouth of the Stinchar, 24
m ssw Ayr.
Balliboi/, a town of Ireland, in King
county, 18 m sw I'hiliptown.
Ballimonei/, a town of Ireland, in An-
trim county, 7 m ese Colerain, and 28
NNW Antrim.
Balliinore, a town of Ireland, in W
Meath comity, 13 m ne Athlone.
BuLUviote, a town of Ireland, in Sligo
county, with an extensive linen manufac-
ture, 14 m s Sligo.
Ballina, a town of Ireland, in Mayo
county, on the river Moy, 19 m NbyE
Castlebar.
Ballinadoe, a town of Ireland, in Gal-
way county, where the greatest wool and
cattle fairs in the island are held. It is
situate on the Suck, 9 m wnw Clonfert.
BaUinrobe, a town of Ireland, in Mayo
county, where the assizes are held alter-
nately with Castlebar. It is situate on
both sides of the river Robe, 18 m sbyE
Castlebar.
Ballintoy, a town of Ireland, on the N
coast of Antrim, with a tolerable good bay,
and a trade in coal, 4 m \v by n Bally-
castle.
Ballogistan, or Beloochistan, a country
of Asia, comprehended between lon. 59
and 68 e, and lat. 25 and 30 n ; but its
political limits are in such a perpetual
state of fluctuation, that they cannot be
defined. It has Candahar and Cabul to
the X, Hindoostan to the e, the Arabian
sea on the s, and Persia on the w ; and is
divided into several provinces. The coun-
try consists of stupendous mountains, arid
plains, and a few tine valleys. The Ballo-
gese are so adverse to all the arts of civil life,
that they have few commodities suited for
trade ; the population is also dispersed in
small societies, generally hostile to each
other, and yielding but a nominal obedi-
ence to any chief. Kelat is the capital.
Balltou'n, a town of New York, in Sa-
ratoga county. In a neighbouring valley
I
BAL
are famous merlicinal sprinijs, with good
accommoHations for valetudinarians. It
is ?.6 m N Albany.
Bal/y, an island of the E Indies, 75 m
loi)}i and 40 hroad, separated from the r.
end of Java by a channel called the Strait
of Bally. It is populous, abounds in rice
and fruit, and fin-uishes checkered cloth,
cotton yarn, and pickled pork. I\ear the
w end is Mount Trinia, a volcano that fre-
quently emits a shower of a>hes ; and at
the w end is the Peak of lially, which is
also volcanic. At the foot of this moun-
tain, and on the strait of Lombock, is Ca-
rang Assem, the principal town. Lon.
115 30 E, lat. 8 30 s.
Ballycastle, u town of Ireland, on the
N coast of Antrim. It has some good col-
lieries, and stands at the mouth of the
Glenshesk, 35 m Nbyw Antrim. Lon. 6
4g w, lat 55 14 x.
Bal/j/connel, a town of Ireland, in Ca-
yan county, on the river Woodford, 11 m
KW Cavan.
Bidli/muhon, a town of Ireland, in Lonr;-
ford county, on the river Limy, 52 m w
Dublin.
Balh/mena, a town of Ireland, in An-
trim county, on a branch of the river
Maine, 12 ra knw Antrim.
Bulli/moni/, a town of Ireland, in An-
t4-im county, 28 m nkw Antrim.
Balli/iia/iinch, a town of Ireland, in
Down county. Near this place, in 1798,
the rebels weie defeated : and the greater
part of the town was burnt. It is 26 m ne
Newry.
Ballyjiakill, a borough of Ireland, in
Queen county. Here are some woollen
manufactures, and tl.e ruins of a castle.
It is 18 m NW Kilkeimy.
Ballyporeen, a town of Ireland, in Tip-
.perary county, 16 m wsw Clonmel.
Balh/iihannoi, a borough and seaport of
Ireland, in Donegal county. Here is a
good salmon fishery, and an extensive liuen
nianulkcture. It stands near the mouth
of the Erne, over which is a bridge of 14
arches ; and a little above is a cataract,
deemed the greatest salmon heap in Ire-
land. It is 11 m ssw Donegal, and 110
KW Dublin. Lon. 8 36 w, lat. 54 33 n.
Bulmerino, a town of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, which has a trade in corn and sal-
mon, and a manufacture of coarse linen.
The ruins of its once magnificent abbey are
much admired. It is seated on the frith
of Tay, 10 m nw St. Andrew.
Bulrudtry, a town of Ireland, in Dublin
county, seated near the sea, 18 m k Dublin.
Baltic, an inland sea, in the NW of Eu-
rope,between the coasts of Sweden, Russia,
Courland, Prussia, Germany, and Den-
mark. It includes the gulfs of Bothnia
.9.yd Finland ; and a gieat number of
BAM
islands, the principal of which are Aland,
Dago, Oesel, Gothland, Oeland, Bornholm,
Rugen, and Laland ; and the islands of
Zealand and Funen separate it from the
Categat, by which it communicates with
the ocean. The Baltic receives 240 rivers,
beside a vast number of torrents and rivu-
lets formed by the melting of the snow and
ice. It has no tide, and a current always
sets through the Sound into the Categat.
Yellow amber is found on the coast.
Baltimore, a borough of Ireland, in Cork
county, on a headland which runs into the
sea, and forms a good harbour, 5 m ne of
Cape Clear. It has the ruins of an abbey,
and is 50 m sw Cork. Lon. 9 14 w, lat.
51 18 N.
Baltimore, a city of Maryland, capital
of a county, in which are numerous iron-
works. It is divided by a creek into the
Town and Fell point, to the latter of
which the water is deep enough for ships
of burden, but small vessels only go up to
the town. The harbour is one of the finest
in America, with a narrow entrance de-
fended by a fort. Here are nine edifices
for public worship ; and a monument to
the memory of general Washington, which
also serves as a mark for vessels entering
the river. The commerce of this place is
very considerable. The population was
46,555 in 1810, and upward of 55,000 in
1817. It is seated on the Patapsco, near
its entrance into Chesapeak bay, 22 m n
Annapolis, and 35 ne Washington. Lon.
76 44 w, lat 39 19 n.
Baltinglass, a town of Ireland, in Wick-
low county, with extensive manufactures
of linen and woollen ; seated on the Slaney,
35 m sw Dublin.
Bamba, a town of the kingdom of Congo,
in a rich province of the same name. It
car'-ies on a traffic in slaves, and is seated
on the Loze, 160 m sw St. Salvador. Lon,
13 45 E, lat. 7 2 s.
Bambakoo, a town of Nigritia, in Bam-
barra, situate on the Niger, where it be
gins to be navigable, 220 m vvby s Sego,
Lon. 3 45 w, lat'; 12 42 N.
Bumharra, a kingdom of Nigritia, which
lies to the sw of that of Tombuctoo. The
cultivation of corn is here carried on to a
great extent. Sego is the capital.
Bamberg, a city of Francouia, capital
of a principality, with a university. The
palace is a large pile of building, and the
cathedral a vast Gothic edifice. It was
taken in 1758 and 1762 by the Prussians,
and in 1794 by the French. It is seated
on the Rednitz, near its conflux with the
Mauie, 35 m n Nurenberg. Lon. 10 56
E, lat. 49 55 N.
Bamberg, a town of Bohemia, at the
foot of a mountain, 30 m s Glatz.
Bamborough, a village in Northumber-
BAN
land, on the seacoast, 14 m N Alnwick.
It \va>i once a lioroiiirli, and gave name to a
tract called Bamboroughsliirc. It has a
castle, on a hijili rock, inaccessible on all
sides, except the s, said to have been built
by kinti Ida, about 560. This castle, and
the manor, was purchased after the re-
bellion of 1715, by lord Crew, bishop of
Duriiam, who left it for many benevolent
purposes, particularly that of ministering
instant relief to seamen and vessels that
happen to be cast on this dangerous coast.
Bamhouk, a kingdom of Nigritia, be-
tween the rivers Faleme and Basing. It is
said to be very populous, and on the bor-
<lers of the rivers fertile, but in other
parts sandy and barren. The most re-
markable animals are a species of white
apes, which are not allowed to be sent out
of the country ; white foxes, and the gi-
rafa, an animal made like a camel, and of
extraordinary swiftness. There are mines
of gold, silver, tin, lead, and iron. The
capital is of the sanje name. Lon. 9 18 w,
lat. 14 '28 N.
Baniian, a city of Usbec Tartary, capi-
tal of a district, in the province of Balk.
Here are a great number of apartments and
recesses cut out of a mountain ; some of
which, from their ornamental work and
extraordinary dimensions, are supposed to
have been temples. It is seated near a
river of the same name, 170 m sse Balk.
Lon. 66 57 e, lat. 34 30 N.
Bumos, a town on the N borders of the
kingdom of Birmah, with a fort, seated
on the Irrawaddy, 170 m nne Ummera-
poor.
Bampto7i, a town in O.xfordshire, with
a market on Wednesday. Some remains
of its ancient castle yet exist; and it has
a trade in leather gloves, jackets, and
breeches. It is seated near the Thames,
12 m w Oxford, and 71 why n London.
Bampton, a town in Devonshire, with
a market on Saturday, a chalybeate spring,
and a manufacture of serges. It is seated
in a bottom, surrounded by hills, 20 m nne
Exeter, and 163 whys London.
Bamragur, a town of Hindoostan, in
Orissa, near which to the s are iron mines
and forges. It stands on the left bank of
the Braminy, 52 m sw Konjeur.
Banagher, a borough of Ireland, in
Iving county, seated on the Shannon, over
•which is a bridge into Galway, 33 m avsw
Philiptown.
Banaul,a. town of Hindoostan, in Cash-
mere, seated in a mountainous district, 43
m SE Cashmere.
Banass, a river of Hindoostan, which
rises in the se part of Ajmere, flows w to
Sarowy, then sw into Gujrat, and passing
through the low fenny tract of that pro-
vince, enters the h'ead of the gulf of Cutch.
BAN
Banatvura, a town of Hindoostan, in
Mysore, with a line nmd fort, and the
ruins of an extensive palace. Much to-
bacco is cultivated in the vicinity. It is
68 ni Nw Seringapatam.
Banburi/, a borough in Oxfordshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Thursday. It is noted for its cakes and
ale, and is seatcfl on the Charvvell, 71 m
NNw London. Lon. 1 11 w, lat. 52 4 N.
Banco, an island lying oiY the n k coast of
Sumatra, from which it is separated by the
strait of Banca. It is 130 m long and 35
broad, covered with wood, and celebrated
for rich mines of tin. '1 he British took pos-
session of the island in 1812, having been
ceded to them by the sultan of Palimbang.
It has a town of the same name, seated
near the middle of the strait; but the
capital is Minto, near the nw point of the
island. Lon. 105 3!! e, lat. 2 10 s.
Bancatis, a seaport on the e coast of
Sumatra, where the Dutch have a settle-
ment. Lon. 101 7 E, lat. 0 35 N.
Bancapoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bajapoor, and the capital of a district. It
was formerly a place of importance, but
the fort was dismantled by Tippoo's anny,
in one of his campaigns against the Mah-
rattas. It is 50 m sse Darwar. Lon. 75
16 E, lat. 14 58 N.
Buncok, a town of the kingdom of Siam,
with a fort. It is the principal place of
trade, and the king is the chief merchant ;
for no other, without his permission, can
export lead, tin, tutenague, elephant teeth,
and japan wood. It is seated near the
mouth of the Menan, 40 m s Siam. Lon.
100 48 E, lat. 13 44 N.
Bancovi, or Fori Victoria, a town and
fortress of Hindoostan, on the coast of
Concan, with a good harbour, and a trade
in salt. It was taken by the British in
1755, and stands near the mouth of the
river Bancout, 68 m s Bombay. Lon. 72
55 E, lat. 17 56 N.
Banda, the chief of the Banda, or Nut-
meg islands, in the Indian ocean. The
group comprises this isle and nine others,
which are all high. I'lie nutmeg tree grows
principally on these islands ; and they have
been subject to the Dutch ever since 1609,
when they expelled both the English and
natives. They are all small, the largest
being narrow and only 20 m in circuit.
Banda was taken by the English in 1796,
restored in 1802, taken again in 1810, and
restored in 1814. Lon," 129 58 e, lat. 4
36 s.
Bander Congo, a seaport of Persia, on
the gulf of Persia, 80 m w Gombroon.
Lon. oj 8 E, lat. 27 10 N.
Buiidon, a borough of Ireland, in Cork
county. It is a military station, and sends
a member to parliament. Here are mann-
BAN
factures of cotton, camblets, ticking, Sec.
It is situate on a river of liie same name,
17 m sw Cork.
Bandora, a town of Ilindoostan, on the
s side of tlie island of Salsette, which is se-
parated from that of Bombay by a narrow
chanuel. It is 6 m \ Bombay.
Banff, a borough and seaport of Scot-
Jand, and the county-town of Banft'shire.
The castle, formerly a place of >trength, is
now a plain modern edifice. The harbour
is defended by a pier and a battery. Here
are manufactures of thread, cotton, and
stockings; and great quantities of salmon
are exported. 'J (le population was 3603
in 1811. It is seated on the side of a hill,
at the mouth of the Deveron, 45 m nxw
Aberdeen, and 165 n by e Edinburg. Lon.
2 23 w, lat. 37 40 N.
Banffshire, ?i county of Scotland, bound-
ed on the N by the ocean, SE by Aberdeen-
shire, and vv by Elginshire. Its greatest
length is 50 m, and its extent along the
coast 22, but the mean breadth is not
more than 16. It contains 649,600 acres,
and is divided into 23 parishes. The po-
pulation was 36,668 in 1811. The s part
is very mountainous, but the northern dis-
trict is level and fertile. The principal
rivers are the Deveron and Spey, which
form a part of its e and w boundaries.
Bungaloor, a city of Hinduostan, in
Mysore. It has a strong fort, the bulwark
of Mysore, toward Arcot : it was taken by
the Englisli in 1791, and restored the next
year to Tippoo, who destroyed it; but it
has since been renovated. The palace is
composed of mud, yet not without some
degree of magnificence ; and there are two
extensive gardens. The principal articles
of trade are betel nut, black pepper, and
sandalwood; and the chief manufactures
are silk and cotton-cloth, muslin, leather,
and oil. It is 74 m ne Seringapatam.
Lon. 77 46 e, lat. 12 57 n.
Bangor, a city of Wales, in Carnarvon-
shire, with a market on Friday. It was
once considerable, and defended by a cas-
tle ; but is now a small place, though in-
creased since a new harbour was made.
The population was 2383 in 1811. The
principal buildings are the cathedral and
the bishop's palace. It is situate at the
N end of the strait RIenai, 36 m w St.
Asaph, and 251 Nw London. Lon. 4 12
w, lat. 53 12 N.
Bangor, a borough and seaport of Ire-
land, in Down county, seated on the s side
of the bay of Carrickfergus, opposite the
town of that name, and 11 m ne Belfast.
Bangor, a town of the district of Maine,
in Hancock county, on the w side of Pe-
nobscot river, 25 m wbyE Belfast.
Banjaluka, a town of European Turkey,
in Bosnia, with 18,000 inhabitants. It is
BAN
seated at the conflux of the '^''erbania with
the Verbas, 70 m kw Serai, and 155 w
Belgrade. Lon. 18 5 e, lat. 44 44 n.
Banjerwaasin, a kingdom in the s part
of Borneo, the capital of which is Negara.
The country produces great quantities of
pepper ; also gold dust, diamonds, canes,
iron, bird-nests, wax, and dragonsblood.
It has a town of the same name, with a
good harbour, near the mouth of the river
Banjer, where the Dutch have a factory.
Lon. 114 50 E, lat. 3 0 s.
Ba7ijowaiigy, a town at the e end of
Java, on the narrowest part of the strait
of Bally. The fort stands on a river,
which is separated from the sea by a nar-
row sand-bank that terminates half a mile
below. The town is populous, the country
well cultivated, and the climate healthy.
Cattle are imported here from the opposite
coast of Bally for the supply of ships. It
is 130 m SE Sourabaya. Lon. 114 17 e,
lat. 8 7 s.
Bankapour, a town and fortress of Ilin-
doostan, in Mysore, situate on the Buddra,
41 m ESE Bednore.
Banks Island, an island in the Pacific
ocean, about 100 ra in circuit, lying on the
E side of New Zealand. Lon. 174 0 e, lat.
43 30 s.
Banks Island, an island in the Pacific
ocean, near the w coast of N America,
about 60 m long and 5 broad. Lon. 130
0 w, lat. 53 30 n.
Bann, a river of Ireland, which issues
from the Mourne mountains in Down
county, flows nw into Armagh, through
Lough Neagh, and thence forms the boun-
dary between Londonderry and Antrim,
entering the sea 4 ni below Colerain. It
has the most productive salmon fishery of
Ireland.
Bannhridge, a town of Ireland, in Down
county, on the river Bann, 14 m n by e
Newry.
Bannochhurn, a village of Scotland, on
ti»e river Bannock, 3ms Stirling. It has
manufactures of cotton-cloth and tartan,
and an extensive colliery. This place is
noted for a battle between Edward ii and
Robert Bruce, in 13 14, in which the former
was defeated. Here also James iii, in
1487, was defeated by his rebellious sub-
jects, wounded, and soon after murdered
by a priest, who was called in to receive his
confession.
Bannow, a borough and seaport of Ire-
land, in Wexford county, on the e side of
a bay to which it gives name, 20 m sw
Wexford. Lon. 6 40 w, lat. 52 12 n.
Bantam, a town on the N coast of Java,
capital of a province or kingdom of the
same name, at the \v end of the island.
It is divided into two parts by a river, and
only fortified on the land side. The king
BAR
resides in a kind of palace, within an old
fort ; and contic^uoiis to it is the Dutcli
fort ; but they are both now in ruins.
Bantam, once [lopulous and flourishing, and
rich in pepper plantations, is now a poor
place ; the harbour beins: inaccessible to
vessels of burden, anrl the climate more
pestilential than tliat of Hatavia. It has
therefore been deserted by the European
establishnient for Sirana:, an elevated and
liealthy station 5 m further inland to the
s of Bantam. It is 53 m wbyN Batavia,
Lon. lOd 8 E, lat. G 2 s.
Bautri/, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, seated on the e side of an exten-
sive bay of the same name, which is one of
the most capacious and secure harbours in
the world It is a small place, with little
trade, 40 m wsw Cork. Lon. 10 10 w,
lat. 31 26 N.
BanzceU, a village in Somersetshire, 4 m
NNw Axbridge. Here was a monastery,
founded by one of the Saxon princes, which
•was destroyed by the Danes. On its site an
episcopal palace was erected, some remains
of which are to be seen aear the church.
Banyu, a town of Hungary, famous for
gold and silver mines of great produce,
and where money is coined. It is 32 m
ESE Szathonar.
Bupaume, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, 12 msE Arras.
Ba?; a town of Poland, in Podolia, on
a river that flows e into the Bog. In 1768
a catholic confederation was held here, to
protect the religion of the country, from
the encroachment of dissenters. It is 48
m EXE Kaminiek, and 55 isn Braclaw.
Lon. 27 40 E, lat. 49 14 N.
Bur, a town of Ilindoostan, in Bahar,
situate on the Ganges, 34 m ese Patna.
Bar, or Barrois, a recent duchy of
France, lying on both sides the Meuse, be-
tween Lorrain and Champagne. It now
forms the department of Meuse.
Bar le Due, a town of France, capital
of the department of Meuse, with a castle.
Its wine is as delicate as Champagne. It
is seated on the side of a hill, by the river
Orney, 30 m w Toul, and 138 e Paris.
Lon. 5 20 e, lat. 48 44 N.
Bar snr Aiibe, a town of France, in the
department of Aube, famous for its wines;
seatert at the foot of a mountain, 18 m sw
Joinville.
Bar sur Seine, a town of France, in the
department of Aube, on the river Seine, at
the foot of a mountain, 20 ra sw Bar sur
Aube.
Bara, one of the Hebrides of Scotland,
to the s of S Uist. It is 12 m long and
4 broad, and has a mountainous appear-
ance, but the soil in many parts is fertile.
Great quantities of cod and ling are caught
on the coast; and shellfish, especially
BAR
cockles, are found in abundance. On the
NE side is a good haiboiu'. Lon. 7 27 w,
lat. 57 2 N.
Baracoa, a town on the ne coast of
Cuba, with a good harbour for small ves-
sels, 90 m ENE St. Jago de Cuba. Lon.
74 42 w, lat. 10 30 n.
Haralnit, a town of Hindoostan, in Se-
rinagur, situate among the mountains, 56
m WNW Serinagur.
Buraiche, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Oude, capital of a district. It stands on
the lett bank of the Baharee, 63 m lN^w
Fyzabad. Lon. 81 36 e, lat. 27 32 K.
Buranca de MuUtmbo, a town of New
Granada, in the province of Carthagena,
and a bishop's see. It has a good har-
bour, at the mouth of the Magdalena, and
is 60 m :xE Carthagena. Lon. 74 50 w,
lat. 11 20 N.
Baruny, or Baraniavar, a town of Hun-
gary, in Barany county ; seated on an
island formed by the river Crasso, 32 m
se Funfkirchen.
Buruqukemito, a town of Caracas, in
the province of Como, on a river of the
same name, 80 m EbyN Truxillo.
Burbacoa, a town of New Granada, in
the province of Popayan, on the river To-
lembi, 110 m sw Popayan.
Burbacoa, a town of Caracas, in the
province of Maracaibo, on the Eside of the
lake Maracaibo, ISO m ssw Coro.
Barbados, the easternmost of the Caribe
islands, 20 m long and 14 broad. The
exports are sugar, rum, cotton, and ginger;
and it has most of the fruits common to
the climate. The sugar exported hence is
finer than that of any other plantation ;
and it has a production, called Barbados
tar, which rises out of the earth, and swims
upon the surface of the water. This island
always belonged to the British, who colo-
nised it in 1624, and it remained private
property till settled to the crown in 1663.
It has suffered much from hurricanes ;
particularly from one in 1780, when 4326
of the inhabitants lost their lives; and the
damage done to the property was computed
at 1,320,5601. The capital is Bridgetown.
Barbara, or Berbera, a town of the
kingdom of Adel, resorted to by caravans
from a great distance in the interior. The
principal exports are gum-arabic, myrrh,
and frankincense. It is seated near the
mouth of the Hawash, 200 m ne Aucagu-
rel. Lon. 46 25 e, lat. 11 2 n.
Barbara, St. a town on the coast of
New Albion, capital of a jurisdiction. It
stands in a rugged country, but has a good
roadstead. Lon. 119 46 w, lat. 34 26 N.
Barbareen, a village of Ceylon, on the
w coast, 8ms Caltura. It has a harbour
for ship-boats, and a considerable manu-
facture of coir cordage and cables.
BAH
Barbary, a region of Africa, between
the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean sea,
and Esypt- It is 2200 ni in len<:th, and,
in some places, 500 in breadth ; contain-
in? the countries of Barca, Tripoli, Tunis,
Algiers, Fez, iMorocco, Tafilet, and Bile-
dulacrid. It was known to tho ancients
by the names of Mauritania, Numidia,
Proper Africa, and Lybia.
Barbas, a cape of Africa, in the Atlan-
tic ocean. Lon. Iti 40 w, lat. 22 15 n.
Barbe, St. a town of New Spain, in Xew
Biscay, near which are rich silver mines.
It is 500 m Nw Mexico. Lon. 107 5 w,
lat. 26 0 X.
Barberino, a town of Tuscany, at the
foot of the Appennines, on the river Sieva,
12 ra N Florence.
Bai-bezieux, a town of Fance in the de-
partment of Charente, with a mineral
spring, and a manufacture of linen cloth,
18 m sw Angoulenie, and 52 xxe Bour-
deaux.
Burbuda, one of the Caribe islands, 20
m long and 10 hroad. It has a good road
for shipping, but no direct trade to Britain.
The inhabitants, about 1500, are chieHy
employed in raising corn, and breeding
swine and sheep, for the use of the neigh-
bouring islands. It is 35 m n Antigua.
Lon. 61 50 w, lat. 17 36 x.
Burbi/, a town of Upper Saxony, capital
of a county, with an ancient castle, and an
academical college, founded by the United
Brethren in 1754. It is seated on the i'lbe,
15 m SE Magdeburg. Lon. 12 4 e, lat. 52
2 x.
Burca, a country of Barbary, pait of
the ancient Lybia, lying on the coast of tlie
Mediterranean, between Tripoli and Egypt.
The s part is a barren de>art inhabited by
wandering Arabs. The x part along the
coasts is fertile and well peopled. It be-
longs to the Turks, and is governed by a
sangiac, dependant on the pashaw of Tri-
poli. It has a town of the same name, on
the seacoast, 12 m exe Teukera, but Derna
is the capital.
Barcelona, a city of Spain, capital of
Catalonia, and a bishop's see. It is of an
oblong form, defended by a prodigious
citadel on the e, and by a strong fort called
Montjouich, which stands on a rocky
mountain, a mile w of the town. It has
double walls on the x and e, and the Me-
diterranean sea on the s, with a mole for
the security of ships. It is divided into
the new and old town, by a wall and a
ditch ; and the sea having retired consider-
ably from the portgates, a whole quarter
of the town now stands on the sands that
were once the bottom of the harbour. It
has a tine university, a cathedral with two
lot'ty towers, a palace for the viceroy, a
large exchange, an extensive cannon fouii-
BAR
dery, an arsenal of vast extent, and docks
for the building of gallies. It has manu-
factures of silk, cotton, lace, and printed
c-.ilicos, curious works in glass, and its
swords, knives, shoes, hats, and blankets,
are in great reputation. The population
160,000. In 1705, it was taken by the
earl of Peterborough, after a siege of three
weeks. In 1706, Philip v invested it with
a numerous army, but was obliged to raise
the siege. In 1714, it was taken by the
I'rench and Spaniards, and the citadel
built to keep it in awe. It is 250 m E
Madrid. Lon 2 11 e, lat. 41 23 n.
Barcelona, a city of Caracas, capital of
a district, in the province of Cuinana, with
a fort on a rock. The chief trade is in
beeves and hogs, many of which are ex-
poited alive, and cargoes of jerked beef
annually sent to Havana. It stands oa
the left bank of the Nevery, near itss
mouth, 44 m wsw Cumana. Lon. 64 43
w, lat. 10 12 X.
Barcelonette, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Alps, seated on the
Hubaye, 12 m se Embrun.
Borcelore, a town of Hmdoostan, on the
coast of Canara, which had formerly a
great trade, but has been long in ruins.
It is 60 m xxv\' Mangalore.
Barcclos, a town of Portugal, in Entre
Douro e Ninho, near the river Cavado, 10
ra wsw Braga.
Bardewick, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Luneburg, on the river
Ilmenau, 17 m se Hamburg.
Bardl, a town of Italy, in Parmesan,
with a magnificent castle, 30 m sw Parma.
Bardt, a town of Hither Pomerania,
with a castle and harbour, near the Baltic,
15 m v/byx Stralsund. Lon. 13 0 e, lat,
54 25 X. '
Bareges, a village of I'rance, in the de-
partment of Upper Pyrenees, much fre-
quented on account of its mnieral baths.
It is seated in a valley, at the foot of the
Pyrenees, 34 m s I'arbes.
Bareh ; see Burrihua.
Bareil^, a city of ilindoastan, in Delhi,
capital of a district of its name, and of
llohiicund generally. 3 he fort is large,
but without bastions for guns. The city is
extensive and populous, situate on the
united streams of the Jooah and Sunkra,
142 m isw Lucknow. Lon. 79 24 e, lat.
28 22 X.
Barcith ; see Bayreuth.
Barcnda, or Perinda, a city of Hin-
doostan, in Aurungahad, capital of the dis-
trict of Barenda, with a stone fort. It is
a larse place, but now much decayed, 1^5
m Ebys Poonah. Lon. ?5 51 £, lat. 18
19 N."
Barenton, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Manche, 20 ni ese Avranches.
BAR
Bnrfieur, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Manche. It was ruined by the
Englisli in 134(3, and the harbour filled up.
'Jhe cupe of that name is 1'2 ni e Cherburp;,
and near it part of the French navy was
destroyed by the English in 1(39'2. Bar-
ilenr is 17o m ^w Paris. Lon. 1 10 w,
Jat. 19 40 N.
Bcirg<:, or Barges, a town of Piedmont,
7 m s Pinerola.
Barguzin!!l<, a town of Siberia, in the
government uf Irkutsk, on the e side of the
lake Baikid, at the influx of the Barguzin,
170 m KNK Selenginsk. Lon. 109 30 e,
lat. .")3 20 N.
Bari, ^^r Terra di Bari, a province of
Naples, bounded on the N and m: by the
Snlf of Venice, se by Otranlo, sw by Basi-
licata, and Kw by Capitanata. The soil is
fertile ; but there are many serpents and
tarantulas. See Trani,
Bari, a toptified city of Naples, capital
of Terra di Bari, and an archbishop's see.
3t has a good harbour tor small vessels, and
the trade principally consists in wine, olives,
and sonp- It is seated on the gulf of Ve-
nice, 26 m Ebys Trani. Lon. 17 0 e, lat.
41 15 N.
Burjols, n town of France, in the depart-
ment of \^ar, 19 m ssw Riez.
Barkhig, a town in Essex, with a mar-
ket on Saturday. It was celebrated for a
magnificent nunnery, of which a gateway,
and part of the walls arc still visible. It
is chieily inhabited by fishermen, and seat-
ed on the Roding, near the Thames, 7 m e
London.
Barlelta, a seaport of Naples, in Bari,
with a large stone pier, and a trade in corn,
almonds, and salt. It is seated on the gulf
of Venice, 25 m vvsw Bari, Lon. Id 32 e,
lat. 41 19 N.
Barmoulh,a.i>m^\\ seaport of Wales, the
only one in Merionethshire, with a market
am Friday. The houses are raised on ter-
laces, consisting of eight tiers, cut on the
side of a reeky mountain. It has a good
trade in flannel and hose, and is much fre-
quented in the bathing season. It stands
on the Maw, at its entrance into Cardigan
bay, 12 m s Harlech, and 222 ivw London-
Lon. 3 58 Av, lat. 52 44 N.
Barnard Casle; see Bernard Castle.
Burnet, a town in Hertfordshire, with a
market on Monday. IN ear this place was
fouiiht,in 1471, tlie decisive battle between
the houses of York and Lancaster ; and at
the meeting of the St. Alban and Hatfield
roads is a column, with an inscription, to
commemorate this event. Barnet is 11m
ji by w London.
Barnevelt, an island of S America, to
the s of lerra del Fuego. Lon. 6C 58 w,
lat. 55 49 s.
Barnsley, a town in W Yorkshire, with
BAR
a market on Wednesday. It is famous for
the manufacture of sheetings, diapers, &c. ;
and in the vicinity are many bleaching
grounds, a glasshouse, and several coal
mines. The population was 5014 in 1811.
It has a canal to the Calder, and another to
the Don ; and is seated near the Dearne,
19 m s Leeds, and 172 n l)yw London.
Barnstaple, a seaport and borough in
Devonshire, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Friday. It had formerly a castle,
but none of the works remain except the
mount. Here are manufactures of tammies,
shalloons, baize, Jkc. and a variety of ar-
ticles are exported. It is seated on the
Taw, 12 m E of Barnstaple bay, in the
Bristol channel, 35 m iv.NW Exeter, and
192 vvbvs London. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 51
8 N.
Barnstaple, a town of Massachusets,
capital of a county. The chief trade is in
the fishery, and many of the farmers are
occasionally seamen. It is seated on Bass
creek, on the s side of the peninsula of
Cape Cod, 07 m se Boston. Lon. 70 15
\v, lat. 41 43 N.
Buroach ; see Broach.
Barquisimets, a town of Caracas, in the
province of Coro, situate on an elevated
plain, which feeds many herds of cattle,
140 m sse Coro.
Burramahal, a country of Southern Hin-
doostan, extending from Coimbetoor to
Balagaut, between Mysore and the Carna-
tic. It was annexed to Mysore, by Ilyder,
but ceded to the British in 1792. It con-
tains a great part of the eastern Gauts, and
some level tracts, particularly toward My-
sore. When ceded, the country was in a
miserable state and thinly inhabited ;
but has since been attaining a higher de-
gree of cultivation. The chief town is
Kistnaghery.
Barraux, a fortress of France, in the
department of Isere, at the entrance of tlie
valley of Gresivauden, and on the river
Isere, 6ms Chamberry.
Barre, a town of Massachusets, in Wor-
cester county, noted for its butter and
cheese, 24 m nw Worcester.
Barrihua, or Bareh, a town and fortress
of Nepaul. To the n of it is a great forest,
noted for its excellent tiniberand numerous
elephants. It stands near the s border of
the country, on the river Jumne, 80 m N
Patna, and 95 s Catmandu.
Barrington, a town of New Hampshire,
in Straftbrd county, where alum is found.
It is 24 in Kw Portsmouth.
Barri?igton Fort, a town of the state of
Georgia, seated on the n side of the Alata-
maha, 50 m wsw Smnbury. Lon. 81 24
w, lat. 31 25 N.
Barrowy a river of Ireland, which rises
in the N part of Queen county, and flows
BAS
s by A thy, Curlow, and New Ross, into
Waterford harbour.
Barrow, a village in Leicestershire, on
the river Soar, 2 ni N Moinitsorrel. It has
for centuries been famed for a very fine
lime, in particular request for works in
water, and it is exported in large (juaatities.
Bartholomezv, a small islaiul in the Paci-
fic ocean, one of the New Hebrides. Lon.
167 18 E, lat. 15 'l^ s.
Bartholomeic, St. one of the Caribe is-
lands, 24 m in circuit, and 25 n of St.
Christopher. The French ceded it to the
Swedes in 1785; and it was taken by the
British in 1801. '1 he chief exports are drugs
and lignum vita; ; and it has a good harbour,
Lon. 63 40 w, lat. 17 46 N.
Barton, a town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Monday. It has two large
churches, and was formerly a considerable
place, surrounded by a rampart and foss,
the remains of which are yet visible. Four
m ESE are the noble remains of Thornton
abbey. Barton is seated on the Humber,
and passage boats go hence every tide to
Hull in Yorkshire. It is 34 m N Lincoln,
and 167 London.
Barton, a town in Lancashire, noted for
its trade and manufactures. The popula-
tion was 6948 in 1811. Itis seated on the
Irwell and the Duke of Bridgewater's canal,
d m sw Manchester.
Baruth, a town of Lusatia, on the fron-
tiers of Brandenburg, 26 m s by e Potsdam.
Barutk,a. town of Syria, with a christian
church, 3 m ne Seyda.
Basartschick, a town of European Tur-
key, in Romania. It has a great trade, and
is seated on the river Meritz. Lon. 24 40
e, lat. 42 19 N.
Basel, or Basle, n canton of Switzerland,
34 m long and 21 broad ; boundeu on the
N by France and Brisgau, e by Argau, s
by Soleure and Bern, and w. by Bern. In
1815, a small part of the late bishopric of
Basel was added to the canton.
Basel, the capital of the above canton,
and the largest city in Switzerland. It is
surrounded by thick walls, flanked by towers
and bastions; and is dividetl into two parts
by the Rhine, which communicate by a
handsome bridge. The smaller part is on
the side of Germany, stands on a plain, and
has two gates, with several streets and foun-
tains. The larger has five gates, six suburbs,
numerous streets and fountains, and is part-
ly seated on a hill. The principal church
is an elegant Gothic building, and contains
the tomb of the great Erasmus. The town-
house, and fine paintings in fresco, are much
admired. The university, founded in 1439,
has a fine library, and a rich cabinet of me-
dals. Basel has several manufactures, par-
ticularly of paper, ribands, and cottons ;
and it carries on an extensive trade. Three
BAS
treaties of peace were concluded here in
1795, with the French republic ; namely,
by Prussia, Spain, and liesse Cassel. lu
1814, the emperors of Russia and Austria,
and the king of Prussia, mot here, and pro-
ceeded on their warfare to Paris. Basel,
though extensive, has only 10,000 inhabi-
tants. It is 174 m N by E Geneva, and 250
Ebys Paris. Lon. 7 30 e, lat. 47 35 N.
Basel, Bishopric of, lately a territory in
thcNW part of Switzerland, wh )se sovereign
bishop was a prince of the German empire,
and the capital was Porentru. In 1798, the
French seized on this territory, and added
it to the department of Upper Rhine. la
1815, It was restored to Switzerland, when
a small part was added to the canton of
Basel, and the remainder to that of Bern.
Basliee, an island in the China sea, the
most eastern of a cluster called the Bashee
islands, lying to the s of Formosa. The
productions are plantains, bananas, pine-
apples, sugar canes, potatoes, yams, and
cotton. The quadrupeds are goats and hogs.
Bachee is of a circular form, 6 m in dia-
meter, and has a town of the same name.
Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 20 30 N.
Basilibata, a province of Naples, bound-
ed on the N by Capitanata and Barl, e by
the gnlpli of Taranta, s by Calabria Citra,
and w by Principato Citra and Ultra. It
has some mountains continually covered
with snow, but is fertile in corn, wine, oil,
cotton, honey, and saffron. A^cerenza is the
capital.
Basiiipolamo, a river of European Tur-
key, in Moraa, which flows Into the gulf
of Colocythla. It is the Eurotes of the
ancients.
Basingstoke, a corporate town in Hamp-
shire, with a market on Wednesday. It
has a great trade in corn and malt, a ma-
nufacture of druggets and shalloons, and a
navigable canal to the river Wey, near its
entrance into the Thames, It Is 18 mNNE
Winchester, and 45 whys London.
Busoudha, a town of Hindoostan, in Mal-
wah, seated on the Betwah, 46 m ne Bil.
sah.
Basques, a recent territory o f France,
which included Lower Navarre, Labourd,
and Soule. It now forms, with Beam, the
department of Lower Pyrenees.
Bass, Tin insulated rock, near the coast of
Scotland, at the entrance of the frith of
Forth, between the towns of N Berwick
and Dunbar. It is inaccessible on all
sides, except the sw, and there it is with
difficulty a man can climb up by the help
of a rope or ladder. In May and June it
is covered with the nests, eggs, and young
birds of the gannets, or solan geese. The
rock is one mile in circuit, and a ruinous
casllc, once the state prison of Scotland,
stands at the edge of the precipice. The
BAS
p:aiTi.-<nn, in 1694, siirrenderfid to William
III, and the tortirtcations were (lcin(>li>lio(l.
Bus.'i Sirait, a chaniK'l about 40 leamiPs
wide, wliicli separates \'an Dieinen Land
from tiie s extremity of New Sooth Wales.
It was dl^cov;re{I in 1793, by surtieon Has^,
in an open \\halelxiat, and passed throu'^h
by him and lieut. Minders, in ihe Norfolk.
in 1799. It is crossed by a chain oTsmall
islands.
Bassnno, a town of Italy, in Vincentino,
on the river Uronta, in a country productive
of excellent wine and oil. The lYench de-
feated the Ausirians at this place in 1796.
It is 18 m N \ iconza.
Btisne, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nord, formerly of great strength,
but dismantled by Louis xiv. It is seated
on the Denle, Iti ni sw Lisle.
Baaseen, a town of Ilindoostan, in the
country of }3aglana. It was taken by the
British in 1780, but restored to the Mah-
rattas in 1783. It stands on the seacoast,
opposite the nw point of the island of Sal-
sette, 24 m n Bombay. Lon. 72 54 e,
hit. 19 18 N.
BassetitJiroaite-rvater, a lake in Cumber-
land, 3 m K\v Keswick. It is 4 m lonjr,
bounded on one side by high hills, wooded,
in many places, to their bases : on the ottier,
by theileldsand the skirts ofSkiddaw. 'i'he
river Dervvent ilows through its whole
length.
Basseterre, l he capital of St. Christopher,
built by the French, when this part of the
island was in their possession, before it
was ceded to the English in 1713. It is
situate on the se end of the island, has a
considerable trade, and is defended by three
forts. Lon. 63 13 w, iat. 17 10 k. "
Basseterre, the capital of Gnadaloupe,
on the sw part of the island, defended by a
citadel and other fortifications. Lon. 61
49 w, Iat. 15 59 N.
Bassien, or Fersaim, a town of Pegu,
capital of the province of Bassien. It is a
trading place, situate on a river of the same
name, wliich is the w branch of the Irra-
waddy, 110 m sw Pegu. Lon. 94 53 e,
Iat. 16 52 N.
Bussora, or Basra, a city of Asiatic Tur-
key, in Irak. It stands on the Euplirates,
a canal from \\hicli divides the city into
two parte, and fiver it is a bridge of boals.
Merchants of Arabia, Turkey, Armenia,
and Greece, and many Jews and Indians
reside here ; the English and Dutch have
their consuls, and their ships come loaded
with all the merchandise of India, which
are conveyed hence to Bagdad, Aleppo,
Constantinople, and even to the Wediter-
vauean shores. The neighbouring countries
furnish also merchandise for exchange ; the
most considerable of which are the ancient
copper of Persia, .pearls, grain, dates, wine,
BAT
and dry fruits. Bassora belongs rather to
the Arabs than the 'I'urks, the language of
(he lormor is cliietiy spuken, and their
prince pays but little resjiect to the Ottoman
court, it is surrounded bv a wall of clay,
6 m in circuit, and defended by circular
bastions. 'I he streets afe bad and narrow,
and the houses have a mean aspect. Tlic
population, 80,000. It is 40 m Nw of the
mouth ot the I''uphrates in the gulf of Per-
sia, and 'J70 se Bagdad. Lon. 17 35 e,
Iat. MO ;!] n.
Bastia, a seaport of European '1 iirkey,
in Albania, opposite the island of Corfu, at
the month of the Calamu. Lon. 20 20 e,
Iat. 39 40 N.
Bastia, a city of (.'oisica, capital of the
island, with a good harbour for small ves-
sels. It stands on the side f)f a hill, and is
divided into the old and new towns, which
contain 11,000 inhabitants. Its fortifica-
tions are a rampart flanked with bastions.
Jt was taken by the British in 1791, and
evacuated in 1796. It is 80 m ssw Leg-
horn. Lon. 9 20 E, Iat. 42 38 n.
Bastida, a town of Spain, in Biscay, 17
m ssw Vitoria.
Bastogne, a city of the Netherlands, in
• Luxemburg, near the forest of Ardennes.
It was fortified by the French in 1688, and
being so very ptipulous and well built, was
frequently called Paris in Ardennes. Itis 23
mNNwLuxeniburg. Lon. 552 e, Iat. 500 n.
Bdtabavo, a town on thes coast of Cuba,
situate on the n side of a large bay, oppo-
site Pinos island, 55 m ssw Havaiia. Lon.
82 0 w, Iat. 22 20 N.
Batacolo, a town on the e coast of Cey-
lon, with a small fort, and a harbour that
admits of small craft. It is 66 m sse Trin-
comalee.
Batalha, a town in Portugal, in Estremar
dura, celebrated for its rich monastery,
founded in 1386 by Jolm i, who is interred
here, with his queen Philippa. It is 8 m
ssw Leira.
Butasec.h, a town of Hungary, on the
Danube, 20 m ene Funfkirchen.
Batavia, the ancient name of an island
in Holland ; see Betuwe. The term Bata-
via is now also frequently used to denomi-
nate the whole country of Holland, or
Dutch Netherlands.
Batuvia, a city and seaport of Java,
capital of the island, and of all the Dutch
settletnents in the E Indies. It is in the
form of a parallelogram, 4200 feet long, and
3000 broad, and the streets cross each other
at right angles. The public edifices consist
of the great church, a Lutheran and Por-
tuguese church, a mosque, a Chinese tem-
ple, the stadthouse, the spenhouse, the in-
firmary, and the chamber of orphans. The
fort is built of coral rock, brought from
gome of the adjoining islands, and has n
BAT
fortification of brick. A part of the town
wall is built of dense lava from tlie moun-
tains in the centre of Java. No stone, of
any kind, is to be found for many miles be-
yond this city ; but marble and granite are
"brought here from Ciiina. The liarbour is
excellent, and there are canals in the prin-
cipal streets, planted on eachside with trees.
Batavia contains a prodii^ious number of
inhabitants^ of various countries ; and all the
goods brought from other parts of the E
Indies are laid up here, till tliey are export-
ed to their places of destination. The city
surrendered to a British force in 1811. It
is situateon the river Jakatra,aiiiidswamps
and stagnant pf)ols, which, with the fogs
and chmate, render the air unwholesome
to Europeans. I^on. lOG 52 e, lat. 6 8 s.
Buicole, or Batecola/i, a town of Hin-
doostan, on the coast of Canara. The
country protluces a great quantity of pep-
per. It is "20 ra NNVV Barcelore.
Bate, an island and town of Iliiuloostan,
in Gujrat, with a fort, a good iiarbour, and
a temple connected with thatof Dwaraca.
It is situate at tiie sw point of the gulf of
Cutch. Lon. 69 20 e, lat. 22 21 n.
Bat/i, a city iii Somersetsiiire, governed
by a.may(n-, with a market on VVednesda^y
and Saturday. It has been famous, from
the time of the Romans, for its hotiprings,
which are not only used as baths, but in-
ternally as a medicine ; and great benefits
are derived from them in gonty, paralytic,
bilious, and other cases. The reputation
of these waters has so much increased, that
Bath is become the principal resort, next to
the metropolis, for the nobility and gentry,
and the constant residence of many opulent
invalids, as well as of numerous votaries of
dissipation. The poc-r who coaie here to
drink the waters, may be received into a
noble hospital. The baths are distinguished
by the names of the Cross, the Hot, the
Kings, the Queens, the Corporation, and
the Duke of Kingston, or Abbey bath.
This city, conjoined with Wells, constitute
one bishopric. The cathedral is a magni-
ficent edihce ; and there are eight parish
churches, beside cha[)e]s and meeting-
houses. Bath exceeds every town in Eng-
land in splendour and elegance of buildings;
they being constructed of a white stone,
and many of them quite open to the coun-
try. The population was 31,496 in 1811.
It is seated on the Avon, which is navigable
hence to the sea, 13 m ese Bristol, and 106
vv London. Lon. 2 21 \v, lat. 51 22 N.
Buth, a town of the district of Maine, in
Lincoln county, on the w side of the Kene-
bec, 13 m sw Wiscasset.
Bath, a town of \'irginia, in Berkeley
county, noted for its warm springs ; situate
at the foot of a mountain, 45 in ke Alex-
aridria.
BAT
Bath, a town of Virginia, capital of a
county. Here are hot medicinal springs,
near the t'ootof a mountain. It stands near
Jackson river, a branch of the James, 130
m w I'redricsburg. Lon. 80 10 w, lat. 38
10 N.
Bath, a town of New York, in Steuben
county, seated near the source of the Tioga,
42 111 se Williamsburg.
Bathiiafe, a town of Scotland, in Linlith-
gowshire, which has a manufacture of mus-
lin, and extensi\e quarries of freestone. It
is 18 in w bys Edinburgh.
Bailiuini, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Guriel, at the mouth of a river of the same
name, in the Black sea, 30 inNbyE Go-
nieh.
Batneer, or Batinda, a town of Hindoo-
stan, in Delhi, and ca;)ital of the Bh.itty.
country, whose chieis were originally llaj-
poots, but are now Mohamedans. It is
150 m WNW Delhi. Lon. 74 56 e, lat 2^
26 N.
Bato, one of the Ladrone islands. Lon.
142 0 E, lat 12 0 N..
Batoa, a small island in the Indian ocean,
near the w side of Sumatra^ on the equi-
noctial line, in lon. 98 0 e.
Battaluh, a town of Hindoostan, in La-
hore, situate on a fine open plahi, 74 m
ESE Lahore.
Batteiiburg, a town of the Netherlands,
in Gelderland, with a castle on the x bank
of the Meuse, 10 m sw Nimeguen.
Butteiilurg, a town and castle of Ger-
many, in Upper Hesse, seated on the Eder,
14 m N Marburg.
Battersea, a village in Surry, 4 m wsw
London. Here was the seat of the St.
Johns, where the famous lord Bolingbroke
was burn and died. On the site of it now
stand a distidery and a horizontal air-mill.
Here is a timber bridge over the Ihaines
to Chelsea.
Batticola, a fortress on the e side of Cey-
lon, built by the Dutch. It is of great
importance, on account of the extreme
fertility of the adjacent country, which,
during a war, or times of scarcity, in the
district of Trincoinalee,can supply the gar-
risons there with all kinds of provisions.
It surrendered to the English in ^796; and
is situate at the head of a deep bay, 54 m
SSE Trincomalee.
Battle, a town in Sussex, with a market
on Thursday. Between this place and
Hastings, Vv'.iliam duke of Normandy de-
feated Harold king of England, in 1066,
and in memory of the victory, lie founded
here an abbey, which from its remaius ap-
pears to have been magnificent. The town
is famous for a manufacture of gunpowder.
It is 24 m E Lewes, and 56 se Louden.
Battlfjield, a village in Shropshire, 5 m
N Shrewsbury. Here the decisivr; victorv
BAU
was gained by Henry iv, over Henry Percy,
siuMamed HiJtsptir.
B(tvu7Hii, a circle of Germany, bounded
on tlio w by Siiabia, kw by rranconia, nk
by Bohemia, e by ^Viistiia and Stiria, and
s by Carinthia and Tyrol. It contains
Bavaria Proper, the palatinate oflJavaria,
the principalities of liatisbon, I'roisencen,
and I'assan, and the duchies of Neubcrg,
Sulzbach, and Sal'/.buri:;.
Bavaria Proper, a ducliy and the prin-
cipal part of the circle of Bavaria. It is
12 J m long and 87 broad, and divided into
Upper and Lower Bavaria. 'I'oward the
s tiic country is mountainous, intcisectcd
with tbrests, lakes, morasses, and pastures;
and toward the N are larsic |)lains, which
produce plenty of corn : thei'e are likewise
many salt works, medicinal springs and
baths, mines of copper, silver, and lead, and
quarries of excellent marble. The princi-
pal rivers are the Danube, Inn, Iser, and
Nab. The iid)abitants are deemed the most
zealous catholics in Europe. The capital
is JMunich.
Bavaria, Palatinate of, a ducliy, some-
times called Norcfgaii, from its situation in
the N part of the circle of Bavaria, and
sometimes the Upper Palatinate, to distin-
guish it from the palatinate of the Rhine,
often called the Lower Palatinate. It is
very fertile, and watered by the Nab, and
several smaller rivers. The capital is Am-
bers;.
Bavay, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nord. It was taken by the
Austrians in 1792, but recovered the same
year. It is G m ne Quesnoy, and 12 sw
Mons.
Bauge, a town of Trance, in the depart-
ment of Mayenne and Loire, seated on the
Coesnon, 18 m e Angers.
Baiane les Nones, a town of France, in
the department of Doubs. It has a nun-
nery, from which it received its appellation ;
and is seated on the Doubs, 15 m ne Be-
sancon.
Bauman Islands, three islands in the
Pacific ocean, discovered by Bauman, a
Dutchman, who accompanied Roggewin, in
1772. They are covered with fruit trees,
and divers sorts of vegetables. 1 he inha-
bitants are numerous, and armed with bows
and arrows ; but of a gentle and humane
disposition, and friendly to strangers. The
largest island is about 22 m in circuit.
Lon. 169 30 w, lat. 13 50 s.
Bausk, or Bautko, a town of Courland,
on the frontiers of Poland, with a castle on
;i rock. It is seated on the Musza, 15 m
SE Mittau.
Bautzen, or Budissen, the capital of Up-
per Lusatia,with a citadel on a rock, called
Ortenbur^. The trade, arising from various
manufactures, is considerable. It stands
BAY
on the Spree, SO in j; by n Dresden. Lon.
11 30 1, lat. 5110 N.
Baux, a town of l'"rance, in tlie depart-
ment of iMouths of tlie Rhone, seated on a
rock, at the top of wiiich is a castle, 10 m
Eby N Aries.
Batitn/, a town in W Yorkshire, with
a marlci on Saturday. It has a trade in
lead, millstones, and grindstones; and i.s
seated on the river Idle, 9 rasbyr. Don-
caster, and 153 ^ London.
Baj/a, a seaport of (juinea, on the Gold
coast, (JO m ese Acra. Lon. 1 50 e, lat.
5-15-\.
Buyamo, a town on the f, part of Cuba,
on the river Estero, which forms a bay on
the coast, 20 m below the town. It gives
name to a channel, between Cuba and the
islands called the Queens Gardens, and is
80 m wsw St. Jago. Lon. 77 20 w, lat.
20 45 N.
Boyazid, acity ofTurkish Armenia, with
a strong castle on a hill. It is surrounded
by a wall and ramparts, and is governed by
a pashaw. Here is a monastery famous
for its architecture, antiquity, and gran-
deur. It is situate on the confines of Persia,
and at the foot of Mount Ararat, ICO m ese
Erzerum. Lon. It 13 e, lat. 39 23 n.
Bfii/ersdorJ, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Bayreuth, vnth a scat of
justice and a large synagogue, seated on the
Rednitz, 4 m n Erlang.
Bayeux, a town of France, in the de-
partnient of Calvados, and a bishop's see.
The cathedral is very noble, and there are
17 other churches. The chief trade is ja
leather. It is seated on the river Aure, 4 m
from the English channel, and 140 w byN
Paris. Lon. 0 42 w, lat. 49 17 n.
Bai/len, a town of Spain, in Andalusia.
In 1808, the Spaniards defeated the French
near this place. It is 20 m N Jean.
Bayou, a town of France, in the depart-
ment "of Meurthe, on the river Moselle, 12
m s Nancy.
Bayona, a fortified town of Spain, in
Gallicia, on a small -julf of the Atlantic,
with a convenient harbour, 12 m w by N
Tuy.
Bayonne, a city and seaport of France,
in the department of Lower Pyrenees, and
a bishop's see. The Nivcand Adour unite
their streams in the middle of the city,
and proceed to the sea, at the distance of
3 m. The first, which is deeper and more
rapid than the Adour, divides the town into
two unequal parts, the smallest of which is
called the Bourgneuf, or new town. They
have a communication by three timber
bridges. The population 13,200. A bank
of sand, at the mouth of the Adour, ren-
ders the entrance of the harbour diliicult.
The citadel is the strongest in France, and
a frontier barrier tow ard Spain. The cathe-
BEA
ilral is remarkable for the height of the nef,
and the delicacy of the pillars which sup-
port it. The military weapon the bayo-
net, bears the name of this city, in which it
was invented. The chocolate of Bayonne
is famous; and it also exports wines, wool-
len cloths, silks, cottons, &c. The chief
trade arises out of its relation with Spain,
and it is a kind of emporium for the mer-
chandise of that country. It is 105 m s by w
Bourdeaux. Lon. 1 29 w,lat. 43 ^9 n.
Bat/poor, a town of Hin(loo^lan, in Ma-
labar, on a river capable of receiving ves-
sels of 400 tons. It is 15 m sby v. Calicut.
Bayrcuth, or Bareith, a city of Franco-
iiia, capital of a principality, with a palace,
a fine castle, and a famous college. Near
it, forming a kind of suburb, is the town of
Georgen, which has a large cattle, a manu-
facture of brown and while porcelain, and
a house of correction, in which the marble
of the country is polished by means of a
machine. In 1783, the archives of the
principality were brought to Bayreuth from
Flassenburg ; see Culmbach. Bayreuth is
32 m E Bamberg. Lon. 11 44 e, lat. 49
55 N.
Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, built
at the foot of a high mountain. The front
of the market-house is supported by nine
iron cannon, which, in 1489, aided in taking
this place from the Moors. It is 21 m ene
Guadix.
Bazaar,VL town of Afghanistan, in Cabul,
near the w bank of the Indus, about 20 m
above Attock, in Hindoostan. Lon. 71 16
E, hit. S3 19 N.
Bazardigkf a town of European Turkey,
in Bulgaria, on the river Marissa, 14 m >nw
Philippopoli, and 56 ese Sofia.
Bazas, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gironde, and lately an episcopal
see; seated on a rock, 32 m sse Bourdeaux.
Beac/'i)/ Head, the highest promontory
on the s coast of England, between Hast-
ings and Seaford, in Sussex. Lon. 0 20 e,
lat. 50 44 N.
J5eaco?jx^e/d, a town in Buckinghamshire,
with a market on Thursday. The poet
Waller lived here, and is interred in the
churchyard. It is seated on a hill, 23 m
WNW London.
Beaminster, a town in Dorsetshire, with
a market on Thursday, and manufactures
of canvas, iron, and copper. Tliis place
suffered greatly by fire in 1781. It is 15
m WNW Dorchester, and 132 w by s London.
Beam, an old province of France, 40 m
long and 30 broad; bounded on the e by
Bigorre, s by Spanish Navarre, and n by
Gascony and Armagnac. The plains are
fertile, especially in pastures, and the hills
are loaded with vines. It now forms, with
Basques, the department of Lower Pyre-
nees.
BEA
Beat, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Garonne, the houses
built of marble, there being no other stone
in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the
Garonne, 12 m sse St. Bertrand.
Beaucaire, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gard, situate on the Rhone,
opposite Tarascon, with which it has a
communication by a bridge of boats. Much
trade is carried on here, and its annual fair,
held for six days, is one of the most famous
in Europe. It is 11 m Ebys Nismes.
Beauce, an old province of France, be-
tween the Isle of France, Blasois, and Or-
leanois. It is so fertile in wheat, that it is
called the granary of Paris. It now forms
the department of Eure and Loir.
Beaufort, a district of S Carolina, which
lies on tho seacoast, between Combahee
and Savanna rivers. The N part has forests
of cypress ; and the lands produce rice,
indigo, &c. Coosawatchie is the capi-
tal.
Beaufort, a seaport of S Carolina, ia
Granville county. The courts formerly held
here are now removed to Coosawatchie.
It has a safe and commodious harbour; and
is situate on the island of Port Royal, 45
ni sw Charleston. London 80 46 vv, lat.
32 30 N.
Bcavfort, a seaport of N Carolina, chief
town oi" Carteret county. It is situate on
the NE side of Core sound, 55 m sse Ne\y-
bern. Lon. 77 10 w, lat. 34 38 n.
Beaufort, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mayenne and Loire, with a
castle, 15 m E Angers.
Beaufort, a town of Savoy, on the river
OroD, 12 m ne Moutier.
Beaugency, a town of France, in the
department of Loiret, famous for its wines ;
seated on the river Loire, 14 m sw Orleans.
Beaujeu, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Rhone, with an ancient castle;
seated on the Ardiere, at the foot of a
mountain, 13 ra knw Villefranche.
Beaujolois an old province of France, 30
m long and 24 broad. It lies n of Lyonois,
and both of them now form the department
of Rhone.
Beau ley, a river of Scotland in Inverness-
shire, formed by the union of the rivulets
Farrar, Cannich, and Glass, on the borders
of Ross-shire. It takes a ne course, and
after forming the fails of Kilmordck, and
other cascades, flows to the town of IBeau-
ley, where it enters the head of Moray
frith.
Beauley, a town of Scotland, in Xnver-
ness-shire, at the mouth of the river Beau-
ley, 12 m Nw Inverness.
Beaulicu, a village in Hampshire , on a
river of jt.s name, 6 m ssw Southantipton.
It has a manufacture of coarse sacking;
iind on the opposite side of the river are
BEC
the remains of its famous abbey, foinulid
by kinc John.
Ecavlieti, a town of France, in tlie de-
partireiit cf Indre and Loire, sitnate on the
Indre, npjiosite Loches.
Bfainiiarc/itz, a town of France, in tlie
department of Gers, 13 m w Mirande.
Bcaumaria, a bcrouiih of Wales, antl the
county-town of Anglesey, noverned by a
mavor, w ith a market on Wednesday and
Saturday. It stands on the strait of AJenai,
■was forti-tied with a castle by Edward i, and
has a g(iod harbour. The population was
1576 in 1801, and 1810 in 1811. It is
59 ni why n Chester, and 251 ^^v London.
Lon. 4 15 w, lat. 53 15 >'.
Beaumont, a to\^n of France, in the
department of Nord, seated between the
Maese and .'Sambre, 10 m e Maubeuge.
Betnitiiont de Lomagne, a town of France,
in the department of Upper Garonne, seat-
ed on the Gimone, 12 m se Lectoure.
Beaumont le Roger, a town of France, in
the department of Lower Seine, 22 m s\v
Kouen.
Beaitmont le Vicomte, a town of France,
in the department of Sarte, 10 ni n Mans.
Beaumont sur Oise, a town of France, in
the department of Seine and Oise, on the
river Oise, 20 m x Paris.
Beaume, a town of France, in the de-
partment ofCoted'Or, famous for its ex-
cellent wine. It is seated on the Bonze-
oize, at the foot of a mountain, 25 m ssw
Dijon.
Beaiivais, a city of France, capital of the
department oi Oise, and lately an episcopal
see. The cathedral is admired for its tii;e
architecture ; and the church ot St. Stephen
is remarkable for its curious windows. In
the vicinity are avast number of vineyards.
The inhabitants carry on a (lood trade in
beautiful tapestry. It is seated on the
Thesin, 42 m N Paris. Lon. 2 5 e, lat.
49 ?6 I.-.
Beuutoir, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vendee, on the bay of Biscay,
32 m NNW Sables d'Olonne.
Eebujigen, a town of W'irtember<£, with
a castle on a hill, 10 m Kw Stutiiavd.
Bee, a town of fraUce, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine, with a noble Bene-
dictnie abbey, 18 m sw Flouen,
Beccles, a corporate town, in Suffolk,
■with a market on Saturday. It has a noble
church, with a lofty steeple ; and a gram-
mar school, endowed with 10 scholarships
tVir I'.manuel college, Cambridsie. It is
seated on the\Vaveney,lQ m sw Yarmouth,
and 109 ne London.
Becerrif, a town of Spain, in Leon, 12 m
xw Palcncia.
BccJiui, a town of Bohemia, capital of a
(•ircle,in which are several medicinal springs
and n:iines of salt. It has an ancient for-
BED
titled castle, and stands on the river Laus-
nitz, 57 m s by w Prague. Lon. 14 23 v,
lat. 49 18 N.
Bcckum, a town of Westphalia, in tiic
principality of IMunster, at the source of
the \'erse, 20 m sn Munster.
Bedale, a town in N Yorkshire, with a
market on Tuesday, 10 m se Richmond,
and 222 Nxw Ixindon.
Bedarieux, a town of France, in the
department of Ileiault, with a manufac-
ture of druggets, and other woollen stuffs;
seated on the Orbie, 16 m n Beziers.
Bcddington, a viliaae in Surrey, 2 m vr
Croydon. Here is Beddington park, one
of the many said to have been the resi-
dence of queen Elisabeth. The church is
a Gotiiic pile, with stalls in the manner of
a cathedral.
Beden, or Bedlng, a village in Sussex,
13 m w Lewes, near a river of its nnme,
which enters the English channel, at New
Shoreham.
Beder, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ille and Yilaine, 10 m wxw
Ilennes.
Bedford, a borough and the county-town
of Bedfordshire, with a market en Tues-
day and Saturday. It is governed by a
mayor, and seated on the Ouse, which
divides it into two parts, united by a bridge
with a gate at each end. It has five
churches ; and formerly had a strong cas-
tle, whose site is now a bowling-green.
The population was 4605 in 1811. The
principal manufacture is thread-lace. It
is 27 m Eby N Buckingham, and 50 x by w
London. Lon. 0 28 w, lat. 52 8 x. '
Bedford, a town of Pennsylvania, capital
of a county. It is seated near one of the
sources of the Juniatta, 186 in w Philadel-
phia, Lon. 78 34 w, lat. 40 Ox,
Bedford, a town of the state of New
York, in W Chester county. So m x by E
New York. — Another, near the w end of
Lon2-isiand, 6 m tSE New York.
Bedford, a town of Massachusets, in
Middlesex county, 13 m xvv Boston.
Bedford, Heu', a town of ]\Iassachusets,
in Bristol county, at the head of navigation
on the Accushnet, 58 m sbyE Boston.
Lon. 70 .32 w, lat. 41 41 x.
Bedford Level, a tract of fenny land,
about' 300,000 acres, in the counties of
Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Iluntrngdon,
Northampton, and Lincoln. After various
unsuccessful attempts to dram these fens,
Vv iiliam earl of Bedford, in 1649, undtr-
to(,^k and completed it ; and a corporation
was established for the government of this
great level. In these fens are several de-
coys, in which innumerable quantities ot
wild fowl are taken during the season.
Bedfordshire, a county of England,
bounded on the xe by Iluntingdousbire,
BEE
E bv Cambridgeshire, se by Hertfordshire,
g\v bv Buckinghamshire, and nw by Nor-
tham'ploiistiire. Its utmost lencth is 35 m,
and its sreatest breadth 22, coutaining
27.5,200 acres. It is divided into 9 hun-
dreds, and 124 parishes; and has 10 market-
towns. The popuiation was 70,213 in 1811.
It send? four members to parhament. Tlie
princijal rivers are the Ouse and thelvel.
Its ciiiet" products are corn, butter, and
fullers earth ; its manufactures, lace, straw
hats and baskets, and toys.
Bednore, a city of Hindoostan, in My-
sore, capital of a district, in the xw ex-
tremity. On the removal of the seat of
government fron^Jkery to this town, it soon
became a city of ijreat magnitude and com-
merce. When taken by Hyder, in 176^,
it was estimated at 8 m in circuit, and he
changed its name to Hycfernagur. It after-
ward declined, being neither the seat of a
court, nor of any public work except the
mint. In 1783, it was taken by the Bri-
tish, and retakeusoon after by Tippoo; but
on his final defeat, in 1790, it was ceded to
the rajah of Mysore, by the British, who
keep a garrison in the fort. The surround-
ing country is hilly and woody, in which
are many fortined defiles and passes, guard-
ed by the rajah's troops. At Tippoo's
death, Bednore contained 1500 houses, be-
side huts, and has since been recovering;
it being a. convenient mart for the products
of the country, which consist chiefly of
betel outs, pepper, sandal wood, and car-
damons, and a variety of articles brought
from distant places. It is 70 m n by e
Mangalore, and 150 sw Seringapatam.
Lon. 75 8 E, lat. 13 48 x.
Bedouins, tribes of wandering Arabs,
who live in tents, and are dispersed all over
Arabia, Egypt, and the N of Africa, govern-
ed by their own chiefs, in the same man-
ner as the patriarchs lived and governed
anciently : the principal employment of
both, the grazing of cattle. The Bedouins
deem the desert their inheritance, which
Alia bestowed on their father Ishmael and
his posterity. They are an ardent, brave,
independent race ; and in the relations
of private life, are liberal^ honorable, and
virtuous; but toward strangers and enemies
they are cruel, implacable, and relentless ;
for in the desert there are no neutralities,
and whosoever is not with them is against
their tribe.
Beduin, Great, a borough in Wiltshire,
which has neither market nor fair. It is
5 m sw Hungerford, and 70 w London.
Beeder, a province of the Deccan of Hin-
doostan, 140 m long and Go broad; bound-
ed on the N by Aurungabad, and Nandere,
X by Ilydrabad, s by the river Kistna, and
w by Bejapoor. The surface is hilly, but
BEH
not mountainous ; and it is intersected by
many small rivers, which fertilize the soil,
and flow into the Beemah, Kistna, and
Godavery.
Beeder, a fortified city, capital of the
above province. It is 6 m in circuit, and
though much decayed, is still celeb.-ated for
the number and magnificence of its pago-
das. It is 76 m Nw Hydrabad. Lon. 77
48 E, lat. 17 47 x.
Beemah, a river of Hindoostan, which
rises in the mountains to the N of Poonah,
and flows se upward of 350 m till it joins
the Kistna, near Firoza^ur.
Beer, or Beerjick ; see Bir.
Beering I'iland, an island in the Pacific
ocean, about 90 m long and 30 wide, 30
leagues e of Kamtschatka. Lon. 166 30 e,
lat. 55 30 X.
Beering Bay, a bay on the w coast of N
America, 270 leagues kxe of Nootka. See
Fort Mulgraxe.
Beering Strait, the narrow sea between
the w coast of N America and the e coast
of Asia. It is 13 leagues wide, in the
narrowest part, between the capes Prince
of Wales and Tchukotskoi.
Beeroo, a country of Nigritia, between
Zaara on the >", and Bambara on the s.
W'alet is the capital.
Bees, St. a village in Cumberland, near
the sea, 5ms Whitehaven. Here is a noted
freeschool; also the remains of a priory,
tlie nave of its church being now used as
the parish church. Two m to the ^\v is a
lofty promontory, called St. Bees Head, on
which is a lighthouse.
Beesko, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Ucker mark, with a cloth manufacture;
seated on the Spree, 40 m se Berlin.
Befort, a fortified town of France, in the
department of Upper Rhine, with manu-
factures of excellent iron. It stands at the
foot of a mountain, 34 m sw Colmar.
Begia, or Beyjah, a town of the country
of Tunis, with a strong castle, and a great
trade, especially in corn. It is situate oa
the side of a hill, 50 m w Tunis.
Beguieres; see Aboukir.
Befiaban, a town of Persia in Farsistan.
the walls are 3 m in circuit, and it is the
residence of a beglerbeg, w hose palace occu-
pies the NE corner of the town. Three m
to the w are the ruins of the ancient city
of Ragian, on the banks of the Jerahi. Be-
haban is situate in an extensive and well-
cultivated plain, 153 m wxw Shiras. Lon.
50 24 E, lat. 30 16 x.
Beltawclpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Mooltan, situate in a sandy country, on the
left bank oftheSetlege, 38 ms by E Mooltan,
Beheruh, a town of Hindoostan, in La-
hore, seated on the Cheluin, 75 m wbvN
Lahore,
BEI
Behkcr, or Bachar, a town of Hindoo-
jtan, capital of a country of the same name,
on the K side of the Indus. It has a strong
fort, and stands in an island, formed by tlie
Indus, 160 m sbyw Mooltan. Lon. 70 '2
E, lat. 27 31 N.
Bchnbur, a town of Hindoostan, in La-
hore, 85 m N by w Lahore.
Bekut; see J/n/lum.
Beja, a city of Portugal, in Alentejo,
and a bishop's see ; seated on an eminence
in an extensive plain, near a lake of its
name, 72 m se Lisb(m. Lon. 7 40 w, lat.
37 58 N.
Bejapoor, or Visiapoor, a province of the
Deccan of Hindoostan, 350 m long and 200
broad ; bounded on the n by Aurungabad,
K by the same and Beeder, s by the Toom-
buddra river and Canara, and w by the
sea. The w part is very mountainous, but
toward the e it is more even, and watered
by many fine rivers, the principal of which
are the Kistna, Beemah, and Toombuddra.
I'our-fifths of this province belong to the
Mahrattas, and the remainder to the
nizam. The chief cities are Poonah and
Bejapoor.
Bejapoor, or Visiapoor, a city of the
above province, of which it was the capital
■when an independent kingdom. It was
then of vast magnitude, but declined after
its capture by Aurengzebe in 1689, and
now exhibits extensive ruins, with many
public edifices much injured by time, and
some corn-fields. The inner fort is above
a mile in circuit, and contains many hand-
some buildings, but appears only as a speck
in the larger one, which, in its turn, is al-
most lost in the extent occupied by the
OHter wall of the city. Some enormous
cannon still remain here; one of them is of
brass, cast by Amengzebe to commemor-
ate his conquest of Bejapoor; its length is
14 feet and an inch, the circumference in
the middle 13 feet 7 inches, and the diame-
ter of the bore 28 inches. The city is but
thinly inhabited, and belongs to the Mah-
rattas. It is 146 m SE Poonah. Lon. 75
42 E, lat. 17 9 N.
Beichlengen, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Thuringia, 17 m n Weimar.
Beilstein, a town of Germany, in the
BEL
tremadura. It produces all the necessaries
of life. Coimfara is the capital.
Bcith, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire,
with manufactures of linen and silk gause;
seated on an eminence, 7 m n Irvine
Beit el Faki, a town of Arabia, in
Yemen, famous as being a great mart for
cotTee. It is 24 m ese Loheida.
Bejwarah, a town of Hindoostan, in La-
hore, in the Scik territories, 110 m ese
Lahore. Lon. 75 35 e, lat. 31 26 n.
Bekes, a town of Hungary, in a county
of the same name, on the river Fekete
Koros, 10m Nw Gyula, and 44 wsw Gross-
wardin.
Beta, a city of Ballogistan, capital of
Lus. It contains above 2000 houses, of
which about 300 belong to Hindoos, who
carry on their mercantile speculations under
the protection of the jam, or governor. It
is situate on the Poorally, near its source,
210msbyEKelat. Lon.6638E,lat.261lN.
Belubre, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre, 25 m sw Chateauroux.
Belbeis, a town of Egypt, with several
mosques, 35 ni nne Cairo.
Belcditro, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, seated on a mountain, 8 m from th«
gulf of Squilace, and 12 svv Severino.
Bekfiite, a town of Spai;i, in Aragon, on
the river Altnnnazir, 20 m s Saragossa.
Belchoe, a town of Ireland, in Ferma-
nagh county, seated on Lough Nilly, 18 m
" SE Ballyshannon.
Belclarc, a town of Ireland, in Sligo
county, 22 m sw Sligo,
Belem, a village of Portugal, in Estrema-
dura, on the N side of the Tajo, 4 m below
Lisbon. Here is a royal monastery, where
the kings and (jueens of Portugal are inter-
red ; a strong fort, which defends the en-
trance to the city; and, to the n, a noble
modern aqueduct.
Belem, a city of Brasil. See Para.
Belestai, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aude, 27 rn sw (llarcassone.
Belfast, a borough and seaport of Ire-
land, in Antrim county, at the mouth of
the Lagan, in Carrickfergus^ay. It is one
of the most commercial towns in Ireland,
and in 1791 contained 18,320 inhabitants.
It sends a member to parliament. Here
territory of Treves ; seated on the Moselle, are manufactures of cotton, cambric, can
22 m sw Coblentz.
Beilstein, a town of Germany, in Wes-
terwald, seated on the Umbach, 12 m wkw
Wetzlar.
Beinghein, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Rhine, seated on the
Sur, near its conflux with the Rhine, 22 m
NKE Strasburg.
Beira, the largest province of Portugal,
bounded on the n by Tra los Montes and
Bntre Douro e Minho, and on the s by Es-
vas, linen, glass, sugar, and earthen ware.
A magnificent bridge extends over the
Lagan ; and by this river and a canal the
harbour is connected with Lough Neagh.
It is 96 m N Dublin. Lon. 5 57 w, lat.
54 36 N.
Belfast, a town of the district of Maine,
in Hancock county, on the w side of the
Penobscot, at its entrance into Penobscot
bay, 40 ne Wiscasset. Lon. 69 10 w,
lat. 44 26 N.
BEL
Belford,atowa in Northumberland, with
a market nn Thursday, 15 msbyEBer-
r,ick, and 32Q k by w London.
Belisard, a town and castle of Further
Poinerania, on tlie river Persante, 18 m SE
Col berg.
Belgern, a town of the duchy of Saxony,
with a good trade in beer; seated on the
Elbe, 8 m SE Torguu.
Belgium, a name frequently given to the
southern part of the Netherlands, which
contains the ten catholic provinces. See
^etherluiiils.
Belgrade, a city of European Turkey,
capital of Servia, and a Greek bishop's
see. The inliabitants are estimated at
U.0,000. It was taken by prmce Eugene
in 1717, and kept till 1739, when it was
ceded to the Tur ,s. It was again taken,
in 1789, and restored at the peace of Rei-
chenbach, in 1790. It is seated on the
Danube, a little below the influx of the
Save, 200 m sst Buda, and 240 w Buclio-
rest. Lon 21 5 e, lat. 44 40 n.
Belgrade, or Beligrad, a town of Euro-
pean Turkev, in Romania, on the strait of
Constantmople, 20 m n Constantinople.
Belgrado, a town of Italy in Friuli, seat-
ed near the Tojamenta, 81 m sbyw Udma.
Belich, or Belike, a town of the duchy of
Westphalia, on the river Mone, 16 m ene
Arensherg.
Beluiu, or Bleeda, a town of Algiers, in
the province of Titeri, at the foot of a ridge
of mountains, 15 m se Algiers.
Belifz, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark, with a manufacture of cloth ;
seated on a river of the same name, 27 m
sw Berlin.
Bell Rock, a rock in the German ocean,
lying opposite- the mouth of the Tay, in
Scotland, and 13 m se of Aberbrothick,
the nearest point ot land. The average
height of this rock above the surface of the
sea, when in its lowest state, is only 4 feet,
and at high- water, it is covered to the depth
of from 10 to 12 feet. Notwithstanding
the disadvantage of being thus so much
covered by the sea, Mr. Stephenson, in
1807, conunenced the erection of a light-
house, which was completed in 1810. The
building is circular, 42 feet in diameter at
the foundation, from which it diminishes as
it rises to the top, where the parapet wall
of the light-room is only 13 feet in diame-
ter. The height of the masonry is 100
feet, and including the light-room, the total
height is 115 feet. Ihe building is solid
to the height of 30 feet, and the remaining
part above is formed into six rooms. Lon.
2 16 w, lat. 56 26 N.
Bellac, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Vienne, seated on the Vin-
son, 20 m N Limoges.
BEL
a town of Hindoostan, in
Bellapoor,
Delhi, and capital of the Caiowr territory,
a very hilly and woody district, lying chiefly
in the province of Lahore. It is situate
on the Setlege, 148 m Ebys Lahore, and
205 Nby w Delhi. Lon. 76 21 e, lat. 31
35 N.
Bclleaire, a town of Maryland, capital
of Hartford county. It is seated on Bush
river, 22 in ne Baltimore, and 86 wsw
Philadelphia.
Belleek, a town of Ireland, in Fermanagh
county, situate on the river Erne, over
which is a strong bridge, 20 m Nw Ennis-
killen.
Bellegcirde, a fortress of France, in the
department of Eastern Pyrenees, and an
important place, on account of its being
a pass to the Pyrenees. It was taken by
the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next
year. It is 15 m s Perpignan.
Bellegarde, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Saone and Loire, on the river
Saone, 15 m xe Chalons.
Belleisle,m\ island of France, lying 9 m S
ofQuibeion,in the department ofMorbihan,
It is 11 m long and 4 broad, diversified with
craggy mountains, salt-works, and fertile
plains. The principal place is Palais, a
fortified town, witli a citadel, on the ne
side. It was taken by the English in 1761,
and restored in 1763. Lon. 3 8 w, lat. 4f
17 N.
Belleisle, a high and barren island, at the
NE end of a channel between Labrador and
Newfoundland,calle(! the Strait of Belleisle,
which leads into the gulf of St. Law-rence.
The island is 20 m in circuit, and has a
harbour for small craft on the N\v side.
Lon. 55 15 w, lat. 51 58 N.
Bellesme, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Orne, with an ancient castle,
24 m ESE Alencon, and 80 sw Paris.
Bellei/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ain, and lately a bishop's see;
seated near the Rhone, 40 m se Bourg.
Lon. 5 44 e, lat. 45 47 N.
Bellingham, a town in Northumberland,
with a market on Tuesday, seated on the
N branch of the Tyne, 15 m nnw Hexham
and 300 London.
Beltinzona, a town of Switzerland, capi-
tal of the canton of Tesin. It is seated on
the Tesino, 5 m above its entrance into the
lake Magiore, and 22 wsw Chiavenna,
Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 46 8 n.
Bellunese, a district of Italy, lying be-
tween Friuli, C^udorino, Feltrino, and 1 yrol.
It has large w^btls^ and iron mines ; and is
fertile in com, ^^e, and fruit. Belluno is
the only place of note.
Belluno, a town of Italy, capital of Bel-
lunese, and a bishop's see. It has 14
churches, and various good buildings; also'
F2
BEN
a profitab e trade in wood and timber. It
is seated among the Alps, on the river
Piave, 13 ra >E Feltri. Lon. 12 9 e, Uit.
48 13 N.
Beloocfiistan', see Ballogistan.
Beloul; see Bailur.
Belpei-, a town in Derbyshire, with a
market on Saturday. Here are several
cotton-mills, a blcaching-mill, and an iron
forge. The population was 5778 in 1811.
It is seated on the Derwent, 8 m n Derby,
and 131 NNw London.
Belpre, a town of the state of Ohio, on
the river Ohio, at the influx of the Ilock-
hocking, 46 m ne Galliopolis.
Belpi/ig, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
with a famous convent, 18 m rxE Lcrida.
Belt, Great, a strait of Denmark, be-
tween tlie islands of Zealand and Funen,
which forms a cominunication between the
Categat and the Baltic. It is not so
conuiiodious, nor so frequented, as the
Sound.
Belt, Little, a strait, w of the Great
Belt, between Funen and N Jutland, it
is one of the passages from the Categat to
the Baltic, though not 3 ra in breadth, and
very crooked.
Belturhet, a borough of Ireland, in Cavan
county, on the river Erne, 9 m SNW Cavan.
Beltz, or Belz, a town of Poland, in Red
Russia, capital of a palatinate. It is 30
m N by w Lemburg. Long. 24 5 E, lat. 50
20 X.
Belvedere, a town of European Turkey,
capital of a fertile province, in Morea. The
raisins, called Belvederes, come from this
place. It Is 17 ra xe Chirenza. Lon. 21
45 E, lal. 38 0 N.
Belvez, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Dordogne, 27 m sse Perigueux.
Belum, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Bremen, near the mouth of the
Oste, 24 m :nvv Stade.
Belur, a town of Usbec Tartary, capital
of a province of the same name, which is
a hilly country, bounded on the k and e by
the Belur Tagler, or Dark mountains,
anciently the Imaus. Belur is 200 m e
Badakshan. Lon. 74 10 e, lat. 36 35 n.
Belzig, a town of the duchy of Saxony,
with a castle seated on the Walse, 25 m
NNW Wittenburg.
Bembci, a country of Africa, to the se of
Congo. It is little known to the Europeans.
Benamenil, a town of France, in the de-
partment of iVIeurthe, 7 m e Luueville.
£e«ares, a large district of Ilindoostan,
in the ne part of the province of Allaha-
bad, between those of Bahar and Oude,
It contains the circars of Benares,Jionpoor,
Chunar, and Gazypoor; and was ceded to
the English in 1775. The manufactures
of this disuict are numerous, and the chief
BEN
articles of produce are barley, wheat, peas,
sugar, salt, indigo, and opium.
Benares, a famous city, capital of the
above district. It is celebrated as the
ancient seat of Brahminical learning,
and built on the left bank of the Ganges.
Its ancient name is Casi [the splendidj
which the Hindoos still retain; and it is so
holy, that many distant rajahs have dele-
gates residing here, who perform for them
the requisite sacrifices and ablutions. Se-
veral Hindoo temples embellish the high
banks of the river; and many other public
and private buildings are niagnificent. The
streets are extremely Jiarrow ; the houses
high, with terraces on the summit, and
some of them inhabited by dift'erent fami-
lies ; but the more wealthy CJentoos live in
detached houses with an open court, sur-
rounded by a wall. 'J he number of stone
and brick houses, from one to six stories,
is upward of 12,000; and the mud houses,
above 16,000. The permanent inhabitants
in 1803 exceeded 582,000 ; and during the
festivals the concourse is beyond all calcu-
lation. Nearly in the centre of the city is
a considerable AJohamcdan mosque, built
by Aurengzebe, who destroyed a magnifi-
cent Hindoo temple to make room for it;
and from the top of the n)inars there is an
extensive view of the town and adjacent
country, and of the numerous Hindoo tem-
ples scattered over the city and the sur-
rounding ))lains. The rajah of Benares re-
sides at Ramnagur, about 5 m from the
city, on the opposite side of the river.
Benares is 136 m v\'bvs Patna, and 380
www Calcutta. Lon. 83 10 e, lat. 25 20 n.
Benavarre, a town of Spain, in Aragon,
capital of the county of Piihagorza. It is
SO m N Lerida, and 70 r by x Saragossa.
Benatentc, a town of Spain, in Leon, on
the river Esla, 85 m ssw Leon.
Benavente, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tego, on the river Soro, near its conflux
with the 'J'ajo, 30 m f.ne Lisbon.
BeJibecula, an island of Scotland, one of
the Hebrides betweertvN and S Uist, from
the last of which it is separated by a nar-
row channel, nearly dry at low water. It
is of a circular form, including the inlets of
the sea, 9 m in diameter. The soil is sandy
and unproductive, but much kelp is niadft
from the sea weed thrown on the coast.
Bencoolen,a town on the sw part of the
island of Sumatra, belonging to the Eng-
lish E India Company, who built Fort
Marlborough. The adjacent country is
mountainous and woody. This place, iu
1763, was formed into an independent pre-
sidency ; but the settlement becoming little
important, it was, in 1801, reduced to a
I'esidency. The chief trade i:> in pepper.
Lon. 102 28 E, lat. 3 48 s.
BEN
Bencowse, a town of Algiers, in the
province of Constantnie, 25 m sse Seteef.
Bender, or Telien, a fortified town of
Russia, capital of Ressarbia. Here Charles
XT r of Sweden resided, after his defeat at
Pultowa. . The popuhuion 11,000. It was
taken by the Russians in 1789, restored in
1790 to the Turks, and by them ceded to
Russia in 1812. It is seated on the Dnies-
ter, 100 m Ebys Jassy. Lon. 29 24 £,
lat. 4G 53 N.
Bene, a town of Piedmont, defended by
a castle, 7ms C'herasco.
Benedetto, a town of Italy, in Hantaan,
near the river Po, 15 m sse Mantua.
Benedict, 7i town of Maryland, in Charles
county, situate on the Patuxent, 16 m vv
Port Tobacco, and 30 se Washington.
Beneschow, a town of Bohemia, famous
for its manufacture of paper, 24 m s
Prague.
Benevente, a town of France in the de-
partment of Creuse, 10 m nnw Eorga-
neuf.
Benevcnto, a city of Naples, and an
archbishop's see, capital of Principato Ul-
tra, and of a small duchy of its name,
belonging; to the pope. The cathedral is a
large edifice in the Gothic or rather Sara-
cenic manner, but of ancient materials.
Benevento has suffered greatly by earth-
quakes, particularly in 1683, when the
archbishop was dug out of the ruins alive.
Except Rome, no city in Italy can boast
of so many ruins of ancient sculpture as
are to be fonud in this place. It is seated
near the conflux of the Sabato and Caloro,
^5 m NE ISlaples. Lon. 14 47 e, lat. 41
8 N.
Benfeld, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Rhine, on the river 111,
12 m ssw Strasburg.
Bengal, a province of Ilindoostan, 350
m long and 300 broad ; bounded on the n-
by Nepaul and Bootan, e by Assam and
Cassay, s by the bay of Bengal, and w by
Orissa and Bahar. It consists of one vast
plam, of the most fertile soil; which, in
common with other parts of llinduosian,
annually renders two, and, in some parts,
even three crops. This province, from its
Kw boundary to the sea, is divided into
two parts, nearly equal, by the Ganges,
and is intersected by many navigable
streams which {low into that river. The
manufactures of silks, muslins; calicos, &c.
are numerous. The principal products are
sugar, silk, cotton, pepper, opium, rice,
tobacco, indigo, corn, saltpetre, lac, and
civet. It is compared to Egypt for ferti-
lity ; the Ganges dividing here into several
streams, and, like the Nile, annually over-
flowing the country. Bengal has been sub-
ject, ever since 1765, to the English E
India Company. Calcutta is the capital.
BEN
Bengafi, a seaport of Barbary, in Baria,
defended by a wall and castle toward the
sea, and surrounded by a luxuriant coun-
try. It stands on the w side of an excel-
lent harbour, 145 m wsw Derna. Lon.
19 20 E, lat. 32 18 N.
Benguela, a kingdom of Congo, bounded
on the N by Angola and Matamba, f. by
Betnba, s by parts unknown, and w by the
Atlantic. The climate is very pernicious
to Europeans. The men wear skins about
their waist, and beads round their neck ;
and are armed with darts headed with iron,
and with bows and arrows. The women
wear a collar of copper round their neck ;
a kind of cloth, made of the bark of a tree,
round their waist ; and copper rings on
their legs.
Benguela, the capital of the above king-
dom, where the Portuguese have a fort. It
stands on the n side of a bay, 350 m s
Loanda. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 10 30 s.
Beni, a river of Peru, which rises in
the province of Sicasica, and flowing xnw
above 650 m, joins the Apurimac. The
united stream then takes the name of
Ucai/ale.
Benicarlo, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
celebrated for its wines ; seated on the
seacoast, between Peniscola and Vina-
roz-
Benin, a kingdom of Guinea, bounded
on the NEby unknown parts, se by Biafra
and Majombo, and s and \v by the gulf of
Guinea and Dahomy. The country exhi-
bits many beautiful landscapes ; but the
air is noxious, near the coast, on account
of the gross vapours from the marshes.
Oranges and lemons grow on the sides of
the roads ; cotton abounds every-where ;
and the pepper produced here is smaller
than that of the Indies. Among the ani-
mals are elephants in great number, tigers,
leopards, stags, wild boars, civet and
raonntaiu cats, horses, hares, and hairy
sheep ; a vast number of serpents and
other reptiles; and the principal birds are
paroquets, pigeons, partridges, storks, and
ostriches. The dress of the natives is neat.
The rich wear white calico or cotton petti-
coats, but the upper part of the body is
commonly naked ; and the women use
great art in dressing their hair. The peo-
ple are skilful in making various sorts of
dies ; and they manufacture and export
cotton cloths. Polygamy is allowed ; and,
though jealous of each other, they ofter
their wives to an European. The religion
is paganism. The king is absolute, and has
a great number of petty princes under him.
Benin, the capital of the above king-
dom. The streets are long and broad, and
contain many shops tilled with European
merchandise, as well as with the commo-
dities of the country. The houses ar«
BEO
built of clay. «"d covered with reeds,
straw, or leaves. The royal palace is of
vast extent, but neith.er elegant nor com-
modious. All male slaves here are foreign-
ers; for the inhabitants cannot be sold for
slaves, only they hear the name of the
king's slaves. Benin is situate on a plain,
surrounded by a deep ditch and the re-
mains of an ancient mud wall, several m
from the rigiit l)ank of tiie river Benin or
I'ormosa. Lon. ti 24 k, hit. C 30 k.
Benimef, a town of Egypt, with manu-
factures of carpets and woollen and linen
stuffs ; seated on the Nile, 60 m s Cairo.
Bcnlazcers, a mountain of Scotlund, in
Perthshire, on the e side of Loch Tay. It
BER
nizam's dominions, and 42 m sby E Aurun-
gabad. Lon. 76 12 f, iat. 10 11 N,
Berar, a province of tiie Deccan of Hin-
doostan, 330 m lung and 120 broad ; bound-
ed on the N by Khundpsh and Malwah,
E by Gnndwani, s by Nandere and Aurun-
gabad, and w by the latter and Khanilesti.
The surface is liilly, and abounds ni sircng
holds; and though well supplied wnh
water, it is, in general, but little culti-
vated, and thinly lu habited. The Berar
bullocks are deenieii (lie best in the Dec-
can. Three fourths of this province, being
the part w of the river Wurda, belongs to
the mzam of the Deccan, and the re-
mainder to the Nagpoor Mahrattas. The
rises in a conical shape to the height of chief towns are Elliclipoor and Nagpoor
4015 feet above the level of the sea.
Benloniond, a mountain of Scotland, in
Dumbartonshire, on the e side of Loch
Lomond, rising to the height of 3262 feet
above the level of the sea. Its sides, par-
ticularly toward the lake, are finely co-
vered with trees, and it produces a num-
ber of rare plants.
Bennevis, a mountain of Scotland, in
Inverness-shire, 6 m ese Fort William. It
is the highest in Great Britain, rising 4370
feet above the level of the sea. On the
»e side it presents a precipice, nearly per-
pendicular, about 1300 feet in height. To-
ward the w, about a quarter of a mile up
the river Nevis, it is easily ascended. It
affords good pasturage for sheep, a great
way up its sides; but the summit is conti-
Hually covered with snow.
Bennington, a village in Hertfordshire,
4 m E Stevenage. Here the Mercian kings
had a palace ; and the castle, in which a
council was held in 850, still remains near
the church.
Bennington, a town of Vermont, capital
of a county. Here, in 1777, colonel Stark
gained two battles, which contributed to
the subsequent surrender of general Bur-
goyne's army. It is situate at the foot of
the Green mountains, near the sw corner
of the state, 30 m ene Albany. Lon. 73
4 w, Iat. 42 32 n.
Bensberg. a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Berg, 7 m e Mulheim.
Benshtim, a town of Germany, in the
circle ot Upper Rhine, at the foot of a
mountain planted with vines, 25 m nnw
Heidelberg.
Benthtim, a town of Westphalia, capi-
tal of a county, vvith a fortilied castle. It
was taken by the French in 1795. It is
seated on the Vecht, 32 in ^w Munster.
Lon. 7 8 E, Iat. 52 23 n.
Bentivoglio, a town of Italy, in Bolog-
nese, 10 lu m: liologna.
Beore, a town of Hindoostan, in Aurun-
gabad, capital of a very hilly district, in
which are many strong holds. It is in the
Berat, a town of European Turkey, in
Albania, the residence ot a pashaw ; situ-
ate on the Kievasta, .'^6 m nne X'alona.
Beraun, a town of Bohenna, capital of
a circle. It has manufactures of fire-arms
and earthen ware, and is seated on the
Misa, 16 m wsw Prague. Lon. 14 17 e,
Iat. 49 57 N.
Berbcra ; see Barbara.
Berbice, a settlement, on a river of the
same name, in Guayana, to the w of Suri-
nam. The land is low and woody, and
produces cofi'ee, sugar, and cotton. It was
taken from the Dutch by the British in
1796, and in 1803 ; and it was ceded to
Britain in 1814. The river enters the At-
lantic in lon. 32 13 w, Iat. 6 25 n.
Berburg, a town of the Netherlands, in
Luxemburg, 12 m ne Luxemburg.
Bercktolsgaden, a town of the duchy of
Salzburg, capital of a county. It serves
all the neighbourhood with salt ; and is
seated on the Achen, 14 m s Salzburg.
Bcrdaa, a town of Persia, in Erivan,
seated in a fertile plain, 16 m ese Gangea.
Berdoa; aee Burgu.
Bere Alston, a borough in Devonshire,
but a poor place, seated between the Ta-
marand the Tave, 10 m Nbyw Plymouth,
and 212 whys London.
Bere Rigis, a town in Dorsetshire, with
a market on Wednesday. On W oodbury-
hill, a little to the ne, is a circular Roman
camp, enclosed witliin three trenches.
The town is seated on the Bere, near its
conflux with the Piddle, 12 m EbyN Dor-
chester, and 112 sw London.
Bereghszasz, a town of Hungary, capi-
tal of Beregh county. It is situate near
the Berzova, 32 m nnw Szathmar, and
68 KE Debretzin. Lon. 22 52 e, Iat. 48
12 N.
Berelos, a lake of Egypt, between Da-
mietta and Rosetta, of an oval form, 32 m
long and 10 broad.
Bereng, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Cashmere, 37 m e Cashmere.
Berezina, a river of Lithuania, which
BER
rises m the palatinate of Wilna, flows s and
E thron':h that of Minsk, and enters the
Dniej-er 30 m below Rohaczow. In this
river and on its banks Bonaparte lost above
half of the 50,000 of his army that escaped
out of Ri'ssia in 1812.
Bereanu, a t.iwn of Lithunia, in the
palatinate ol Minsk, on the river Berezina,
50 in KK Minsk.
Beri', a duchy of Westphalia, lying
along the Rhine, to the s of the duchy of
Cleve, about 60 m long and from 10 to 22
broad, it is lull of woods and mountains,
but fertile on tiie banks C)f the Rhine and
in tbevallies; and has mines of copper,
lead, iron, and coal. Dusseldorf is the
capital.
Berga, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
seated ou the Lobrogat, 18 m ene Sol-
sona.
Bergaviusco, a province of Italy, bound-
ed by Brescia, V'alteline, and Milanese.
Toward the n it is mountainous and rocky,
and has mines of iron ; some of the vallies
produce much wine and oil ; and iu the
vicinity of Bergamo it is very fertile.
Bergtnno, a city of Italy, capital of Ber-
garaasco, with a citadel. It is famous for
its sewing silk ; and its fair on St. Bartho-
lomew's day, is resorted to by merchants
from distant parts. It stands on a hill,
between the rivers Brembo and Serio, 30
m NE Milan. Lon. 9 47 e, lat. 45 46 n.
Bergara, a town of Spain, in Biscay,
with a royal patriotic seminary, 14 m sw
Tolosa.
Bergas, a town of European Turkey, in
Romania, and a Greek archbishop's see.
It stands on the river Larissa, 40 m se
Adrianople. Lon. 27 40 e, lat. 41 14 N.
Bergen, a city and seapoit of Norway,
capital of a government, and a bishop's see,
with a castle. It forms a semicircle round
a small gulf of the sea, and is the most po-
pulous town in Norway, containing 19,000
inhabitants. On the land side it is de-
fended by mountains, and on the other by
several fortifications. All the churches
and many of the houses are of stone, but
most of the latter aie constructed of wood.
The castle and cathedral are remarkable
editices. It carries on a great trade in
skins, fir-wood, tar, and dried tish, and is
198 mwbyN Christiauiu. Lon. 5 14 E,
lat. 60 23 N.
Bergen, a town of the Netherlands, in
N Holland. Two battles were fought here,
in 1799, between the English and Russian
forces opposed by the Dutch and French,
which terminated in favour of the for-
mer. It is situate among woods, 4 m nne
Alcmaer.
Bergen, a town of New Jersey, capital
of a county. The inhabitants are mostly
descendants from the Dutch settlers. It
BER
is surrounded by water, except on the n,
and separated by the river Hudson from
the city of New York, 3 m distant.
Bergen op Zoom, a town of the Nether-
lands, capital of Dutch Brabant. It is a
handsome place, and one of the strongest
in the Netherlands, seated partly on a hill,
and partly on the river Zoom, which com-
municates with the Scheld by a canal. It
has several times been besieged to no pur-
pose ; but was taken by the French in
1747, and in 1794. In 1814, the British
failed in an attempt to storm it, with con-
siderable loss. It is 15 m N Antwerp,
and 22 sw Breda. Len. 4 23 e, lat. 51
30 N.
Bergerac, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Dordogne, seated on the Dor-
dogne, 24 m sby w Perigueux.
Bergoo, a country of Nigritia, to the s
of Bornou, on the borders of Nubia and
Darfoor. It is 400 m long and 300 broad ;
and the inhabitants are zealous Mohame-
dans. Wara is the capital.
Bergues, a fortified town of France, in
the department of Nord, on the river
Colme, at the foot of a mountain, 5 m
sby E Dunkirk.
Bergzabern, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Deux Fonts ; seated on tlie Erl-
hach, 6 ra ssw Landau, and 34 se Deux
Fonts.
Berisa, a town of Nigritia, in Cassina,
seated on the Niger, 120 m w Cassina.
Berkhamsted, a town in Hertfordshire,
with a market on Saturday. Roman coins
have been often dug up here ; and on the
N side are the remains of a castle, the re-
sidence of the kings of Mercia. In 697,
a parliament was held here and Ina's laws
published. Here William i swore to his
nobility, to maintain the laws made by his
predecessors. Henry ii kept his court in
this town, and granted to it many privi-
leges ; and James i, whose children were
nursed here, made it a corporation ; but
this government was dropped in the civil
wars. The church is a handsome Gothic
structure. It is seated on the w branch of
the river Gade, and on the Grand Junction
canal, 26 m NW London.
Berklty, a town in Gloucestershire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Wednesday. It has a trade in timber,
coal, malt," and cheese, which is benefited
by means of a canal from Gloucester,
liere is an ancient castle on a rising ground,
in which Edward ii wasjnurdered. It is
seated on the Little Avon, near its conllux
with the Severn, 15 m sw Gloucester, and
114 w L«mdon.
Berkley, a town of S Carolina, in a
county of the same name, situate near
Cooper river, 15 m nne Charleston.
Berkshire, a county of England, bounded
BER
on the E by Surry, s by Ilampsliiro, w by
Wiltshire, and .n by Oxtbrdsh'ue and Buck-
uighanishire. It is oO in long and from 6
to 25 broadj containini: 47(},1C0 acres; is
divided into 20 hundreds and 15(5 pa-
rislies; has 12 market-towns; and sends
nine members to pavhanient. The popula-
tion uas 118,'J77 in 1811. The principal
rivers are the Tliames, Keniiet, Laniborn,
and Loddon. The E part has much uncul-
tivated land, as Windsor forest and its ap-
pendages ; the w and middle parts produce
grain in great abundance, Keading is the
capital.
Berlamont, a town of France, in the
department of Nord, G m ese Quesnoy.
Berleburg, a town of Germany, in
Westerwald, witli a castle, seated on the
Ccrlebach, near its conflux, witli the Eder,
20 m NW Marburg.
Berlin, a city of Germany, capital of
the marquisate of Brandenburg, and of all
the king of Prussia's German d(uninions.
It is defended partly by walls, partly by
palisades, and has 15 gates. The streets
are straight, wide, and long ; and its
large squares, magnificent palaces, churches,
and other buildings, are scarcely to be
equalled. It is 12 m in circuit; but
within this enclosure are numerous gar-
dens; and many beautiful houses are let
in stories to mechanics. In 1811, the po-
pulation was about 154,000. The royal
palace contains a fine library, a rich ca-
binet of curiosities and medals, and the
supreme colleges of government. Near
the palace stands the magnificent cathe-
dral. Here are also a royal college, se-
veral academies and hospitals, an obser-
vatory, a superb arsenal, a magnificent
opera house, and a royal cloth manufac-
ture. Berlin has a flourishing trade, oc-
casioned by its numerous manufactures of
silk, wool, cotton, camels hair, linen,
Prussian blue, cutlery, and porcelain ;
and by its enamelled, inlaid, and em-
broidered works. It is seated on the
Spree, from which there is a canal to the
Oder on the e, aud another to the Elbe on
the w ; that it lias a communication by
water, both with the Baltic sea and the
German ocean. This city was taken in
1760, by an army of Russians, Austrians,
and Saxons, who were obliged to evacuate
it in a few days. In 1806, soon, after the
battle of Jena, the Trench entered this
city, and Bonaparte held a court in the
palace. It is 100 m n Dresden, and
185 KW Breslau. Lon. 13 22 e, lat. 52
31 j^.
Berlhi, a town of Pennsylvania, in
York county, on the svy side of Conewago
creek, 13 m wbyj;! York, and 41 Ebys
Shippenshurg.
BermeOf a town of Spain, in Biscay, on
BER
the bay of Biscay, near the cape of Ma-
cliicaco, 15 m n Bdboa.
Bermuda Hundred, or Ci/i/ Point, a
port of X'irginia, in Chesterfield county,
situate on the point of a peninsula, ibrmcd
by {\\v. coniluenco of tlie Appamatto.\ with
James river. The exports froni this place
are ciiiefly collected at Richmond, 20 m
above it. City Point, from which it is
named, is on the s bank of James river,
4 m ssw of the town. Lou. 77 31 w, lat.
37 20 N.
Bermudas, or Sowmcrs Isla7ids, four
islands in the Atlantic ocean, 5U0 m e of
Carolina, and surrounded by numerous
rocks and shoals, wliicli render them ddfi-
cult of approach. They were discovered
by Juan Rernnidez, a Spaniard, in 1522;
but not inhabited till 1(309, when sir
George Soniniers was cast away upon
them; and they have belonged to Britain
ever since. They contain above 10,000
inhabitants, who carry on some trade with
America, and the W Indies. They abound
in swine, and with a sort of cedar much
prized for building siuiiU vessels ; they also
produce coffee and cotton. Three of ihem
are small ; and the principal one is called
St. George.
Bern, a canton of Switzerland, and for-
merly the largest. The canton of Argau
was taken from it by the constitution of
1803; but in 1813, at the congress of
Vienna, the greatest part of the late bi-
shopric of Basel was united to this canton.
It contains many large towns and villages,
and is the most fertile country in Switzer-
land; rich in all the necessaries of life,
and abounding in luxuries.
Bern, the capital of the above canton,
and the residence of the landamman of
Switzerland. It is a strong place, in a pe-
ninsula formed by the river Aar, and con-
tains 13,000 inhabitants. Here is a cele-
brated academy, and a rich library. The
houses are built of tVeestone, and pretty
uniform, particularly in the principal
street, which has piazzas on each side,
with a walk raised above the level of the
street. The streets have marble foun-
tains, and the public buildings are mag-
nificent. In the arsenal are preserved the
figure and armour of William Tell, in the
act of taking aim at the apple on his
son's head. Bern was taken in 1798 by
the French. It is 70 m ke Geneva, Lon.
7 29 E, lat. 46 52 n.
Bernard, Grand St. a mountain of the
Pennine Alps, rm the frontiers of Pied-
mont, 15 m NNW Aosta. On the summit
is a Uxrge convent, where the monks en-
tertain all travellers gratis for three days.
'I'he liighest peak, called Mount Velan, is
10,327 feet above the level of the sea.
Bernard Castle, a town in the county
BER
of Durham, with a market on Wednesday,
and 'manufactures of stockincrs and cam-
blets. It takes its name from a castle
built by Bernard Balioi, great ^grandfather
to John Balioi, king of Scotland, who
fiiunded a hospital here. It is seated on
tlie Tees, 24 m sw Durham, and 2it; nnvv
London.
Bernardatoicn, a town of New Jersey,
in Somerset county-
Berriau, a fortified town of Branden-
burg, in the Middle mark. The principal
commerce is in beer, of which large quan-
tities are brewed. It is seated on tlie
Pancho, 1.5 m nne Berlin.
Bernai/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Eure, seated on the Caran-
tonne, 20 ra sw Koueh.
Bertibui'g, a town of Uj^per Saxony,
capital of the principahty of Anhalt. It
is seated on the Saal, 22 m sw Magde-
burg.
Berncastle, a town of Germany, in the
territory of I'rsves, famous for good wine,
and seated on the Moselle, 18 m ke
Treves.
lienigries, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Aichstadt, situate on the
Altmuiil, 17 m ne Aichstadt, and 23 \v
Ralisbon.
Berndadt, a town of Siler.ia, in the
principality of Oels, with a castle, seated
ou the Weida, 20 m e Breslau.
Bcrre, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mouths of the Rhone, for-
merly one of the strongest towns of Pro-
vence. It stands on a lake of the same
name, at the influx of a river, 18 m
wsw Aix.
Berri/, an old province of France,
bounded on the K by Orieanois and Blai-
sois, E by Nivernois and Bourbonnois, s
by Bourbonnois and Marche, and w by
Touraiiie and Poitu. It is fertile in corn,
fruit, hemp, ar.d flax; and there is ex-
cellent v^ine in son»e places. It now
forms the departments of Cher and Indre.
Bersello, a town of Italy, in Mode-
nese, wich a castle; seated on the Po, at
the inihix pf the Linza, 10 m nxs Parma.
Bertlnero, a town of Italy, in Ro-
magna, with a citadel, seated on a hill, 10
m ssE Forli.
Bertruud, St. a town of France, in the
department of Upper Garonne, lately an
episcop.ii see. It is 45 m s Auch. Lon.
0 48 E, lat. 42 5G N.
Bcrvie, or Inverbervie, a borough of
Scothmd, in Kincardineshire, at the mouth
of tl)e Bcrvie, which forms a harbour for
small fishing-boatt, 12 m xe Montrose.
Bcnoick, a b;)rougii on the borders of
England ami Scotland, governed by a
mayor, with a market on Saturday. It
was once a strong fortres?, of great im-
BES
portance when England and Scotland were
hostile nations, to each of which it al-
ternately belonged, or was considered as
a district separate from both countries.
It is now a county of itself, with a dis-
trict 8 m in compass, on the Scotch side
of the Tweed, called Berwick Bounds,
which in 1747 was annexed to England,
as part of the bishopric of Durham. The
town is still fortified, and has good bar-
racks for the garrison ; but the castle is in
rui/is. It has a good trade in wool, eggs,
corn, and salmon; and has manufactures
of sacking, diaper, linen, muslin, cotton,
stockings, carpets, and felts. The popula-
tion was 7746 in 1811. It is seated on
the Tweed, near the sea, 54 m se Edin-
burg, and 337 Nby w Londpn. Lon. 1 58
w, lat. 55 45 N.
Be7'zcick, a town of the district of
Maine, in York county, with an incor-
porated academy; seated, on Salmon-fall
river, 7 m Nw York, and 8li NbyE
Boston,
Bcrzoick, a town of Pennsylvania, in
York county, at the head of Conewago
creek, 13 m w by s York, and 45 ese Ship-
pensburg.
Berioick, Nezc, a town of Pennsylvania,
in Northumberland county, on the E
branch of the Susquehana, opposite Nes-
copech creek, 34 m ne Sun bury.
Berzcick, North, a borough of Scotland,
in Iladingtonshire, on the frith of Forth,
9 m NNE Hadington, and 22 ene Edin-
burg.
Berzoicltshire, a county of Scotland,
sometimes called the Merse, bounded on
the N by Iladingtonshire, e by the German
ocean, s by the English border and Rox-
burgshire, and w by Selkirkshire and
Edinburgshire. It is 34 m long and 19
broad, containing 326,400 acres, and is
divided into 32 parishes. The population
was 30,779 in 1811. The s part is a fer-
tile and pleasant tract ; and being a low
and flat country, is sometimes called the
How [Hollow] of the Merse. The e angle
is occupied by Berwick Bounds ; a dis-
trict governed by English laws. The
principal rivers are the Tweed, Leader,
Whiteadder, and Eye. The capital i$
Greenlaw, but Dunse is the largest town.
Bemlu, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
seated near the Fluvia, 14 m nxw Ge-
rona.
Besangon, a fortified city of France, ca-
pital of the department of Doubs, and an
archiepiscopal see. It has a citadel, on a
high rock, the base of which touches two
sides of the Doubs, which here forms a
peninsula; also a university, an academy
of science, a literary military society, and
a public library in the abbey of St. Vin-
c»nt. The triumphal arch of Aurelian,
BET
and other Roman antiquities, are still to
be seen. Here are manufactures of clocks
and watches, and ili(-;irms of the best
quality. Tlie pcpulalion 30,000. ItiR:)2
ni E Dijon, and 208 sk i'aris. Lon. 6 iJ e,
lat. 47 "l4 N.
Besighcim, a town of Wirtcmherg, with
two old castles, at the conflux of the
Neckar and Ens, J5 m Nby w Stutgard.
Bessarbiu, or Budzac, a territory of
Russia, on the nw coast of the Black sea,
between the mouliis of the Danube and
the Dniester. On the banks of the last
river the Tartar inhabitants rove from place
to place, 'llieir common food is the flesh
of oxen and horses, cheese, and mares
milk. Tliis country belonged to the Turks,
w ho, by the treaty of peace in 1812, ceded
it, with that part of Moldavia k of the river
Pruth, to the Russians. Bender is the ca-
pital.
Bessaj/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Allier, 8ms Moulins.
Besse, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Puy de Dome, 18 m s Clermont.
Bessenai/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Rhone, 12 m w Lyon.
Bestricia, a town of 'I'ransylvania, with
gold mines in its neighbourhooii. It is 85
m N\v Hermansladt. Lon. 20 45 e, lat. 47
SO N.
Betanzos, a town of Spain, in Galicia,
seated on the Mandeo, at its entrance into
a bay of the Atlantic, 38 m >;ne Compos-
tella. Lon. 8 6 w, lat. 43 20 N.
Bethubara, a town of N Carolina, in
the district of Wachovia, noted for being
the first settlement of the Moravians, in
those parts, begun in 1753. It is 6 m n
Salem.
Bethany, a town of N Carolina, in the
district of Wachovia. It is a Moravian
settlement, and 9 m nw Salem.
Betklehem, a town of Syria, in Pales-
tine, famous for the biith of Christ. It is
seated on the ridge of a hill, and now an
inconsideriible place, but much visited by
pilgrims. IJere is a monastery covering
the Cave ot the Nativity ; also the Chapel
of Joseph, and another of the Holy Inno-
cents. It is 6 m s Jerusalem.
Bethkhein, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Northampton county, situate on the Leigh,
a branch of the Delaware. Here is a con-
siderable manufacture of oil, from the seed
of the sunflower, which is used for the
same purposes as olive oil. The town
being partly on an eminence, and partly
on the bank of the Manakes (a fine creek)
has a pleasant and healthy situation, and
is visited in sununer by the gentry from
difterent parts. It is tiie principal settle-
ment in America of the Moravians, who
were fixed here by count Zinzendorf, in
1741. Divine service is pertonned and
BEV
education given, both in the German and
English languages. Ikthlehem is 53 m
KNw Philadelphia. Lon, 75 23 w, lat.
40 37 N.
BclhlelieiVy a town of New York, in
Albany county, noted for excellent butter.
Bcthune, a fortified town of France, in
the department of Pas dc Calais, with a
castle. It was taken by the allies in 1710,
and restored by the treaty of Utrecht. It
is seated on a rock, by the river Brette,
120 m N Paris. Lon. 2 25 v., lat. 60
45 N.
Betlei/, a town in Staffordshire, whose
market is discontinued ; situate on the
borders of Cheshire, 18 m nnw Stafford
and 157 London.
Bedis, a city of Asiatic Turkey, and the
northern capital of Kurdistan. It is the
residence of a bey, who is neither subject
to the Turks nor Persians, and has a nu-
merous army of horsemen and infantry.
It stands on the Kabonr, one of the sources
of the Tigris, in a fruitful valley, and has
a castle on the top of a mountain that
bounds the ])lain on the w. Here are SO
mosques, 8 Armenian churches, and 12,000
inhabitants. The bazars are well supplied
with fruit and provisions ; but doth,
hardware, &c. are very dear. It is 120
m ENE Diarbeker. Lon. 42 30 e, lat. 38
30 N.
Betskerek, a town of Hungary, capital
of Torontal county, which is marshy, but
produces cattle and rice to a great extent.
It is situate on the Bega, 48 m sw Temes-
var, and 65 sbyE Segedin.
Bettiah, a town of Ilindoostan,in Bahar,
capital of a district that produces large
timber trees for ship building, and firs fit
for masts. It is 85 m nnw Patna. Lon.
84 40 E, lat. 26 47 N.
Betuwe, au island of the Netherlands, in
Gelderland, 40 m long and 10 broad,
formed by the bifurcation of the Rhine
above Nimeguen, and by the union of its
streams, under different appellations, near
Worcum. It was the ancient Batavia, and
formerly gave the name of Bataveeren, or
Batavians, to the inhabitants of the Dutch
Netherlands. In this island the ancestors
of the present race first settled, when they
emigrated from Germany. The principal
place is Nimeguen.
Btvecum, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, 10 ms Louvain.
Beveland, North, and South, two islands
of the Netherlands, in Zealand, between the
E and w branches of the Scheld. South
Beveland is the largest of the Zealand
islands, 24 m long and 6 broad. The ca-
pital is Goas.
Beveigwn, a town of Westphalia, in
the principality of Munster, on the idver
Ems, 5 m nw TecLlenburg.
BEZ
"Beverley, a borough in E Yorksliire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Wednesday and Saturday. It has two
churches, beside the minster ; and a large
market-place, adorned with a beautiful
cniss. riie chief trade is in malt, oat-
meal, and tanned leather. It is famous
for being the retirement of John de Be-
verley, archbishop of York, who lived here
four years, built a monastery, and died in
721. In honour of wlutm several kings,
particularly Athelstan, who chose him
guardian saint, endowed the place with
many privileges The population was
6731 in 1811. It is seated near the river
Hull, 28 m V. by s York, and 183 n London.
Lon. 0 15 w, lat. 53 52 n.
Beverlei/, a town of Massachusets, in
Essex county, separated from Salem by a
handsome bridge. A cotton manufacture
has been established here. It is 22 m m:
Boston.
Beverun^en, a town of Westphalia, in
the principality of Paderborn, at the con-
flux of the Bever and Weser, 24 m se Pa-
derborn.
Beverxvyck, a town of the Netherlands,
in N Holland, situate on the Wyckermeer,
which communicates with the VVye, 7 m x
Harlem, and 11 s by w Alcniaer.
Beuthen, a town of Silesia, capital of a
lordship. It stands near a branch of the
Oder, on the frontiers of Poland, 45 m
ENE Raiisbon. Lon. 18 53 e, lat. 50
21 N.
Beuthen, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Carolath, on the river Oder, 13
m NW Glogau.
Bewdley, a borough in Worcestershire,
with a market on Saturday. It has a good
trade in malt, leather, salt, and iron ware ;
and a freeschool founded by James i. It
is seated on the Severn, 14 ra n Worces^er,
and 129 nw London.
Bex, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Bern, noted for its salt rocks and ex-
tensive salt-works. It is 43 m sw Bern.
Bexis, a town of Spain, in Valencia, and
the chief ])lace of a district belonging to
the order of Calatrava. It stands on an
eminence, surrounded by mountains, 22 m
NW Segoibe.
Beyuh, a river of Hindoostan, which has
its source near that of the Setlege. It is
the fourth of the Punjab branches of the
Indus, and after a s and w course of about
350 in joins the Setlege, at Firozpoor.
Be.yhar, a town of Hindoostan, in Ben-
gal, situate on the Toresha, and the fron-
tiers of Bootan, 40 m nne liungpoor.
Beziers, a city of France, in the de-
partment of Herault, lately an episcopal
see. The remains of an amphitheatre and
some inscriptions, bespeak its ancient gran-
deur. It is seated near the Royal canal,
BIA
on a hill, at the foot of which flows the
Orbre, 40 m sw Montpellier. Lon. 3 12
E, lat. 43 20 N.
Bhadrinath, a town and temple of Hin-
doostan, in Serinagur, situate in a narrowr
valley on the right bank of the Alaca-
nanda. The town contains about 30 huts
for the accommodation of the Brahmins
and other attendants on the temple, dur-
ing the six months of pilgrimage. The
temple is a very ancient structure, in the
form of a cone, and visited annually by
about 50,000 pilgrims. It is 30 m nne
Serinagur.
Bhug, a town of Ballogistan, in Cutch
Guiidava, situate on the Naree, 46 m ne
Gundava.
Bluigirathi, a river of Northern Hin-
doostan, which issues from the Himaleh
mountains, at Gangotri, flows sse to De
vaprayaga, where it meets the Alacananda
from the e, and the united stream form?
the Ganges. The Bhagirathi is the Gansa
of the llindoos, and sometimes called the
Ganges ; its source was formerly deemed
far more remote than the place named
Gangotri, and its current is perceptible
beyond that place; but the stream, a iew
miles higher, is very small, and concealed
under heaps of snow that no tiaveller can
surmount.
Bhutgan, a city of Nepaul, inferior in
size to the capital, but its palace and
buildings are of more striking appearance,
and the streets much cleaner. It is 7 ra E
by s Catmandu.
BJiekera, a town of Hindoostan, in
Lahore, and the territory of the Seiks ;
situate on the Bhehera or Bhember river,
98 m w by n Lahore.
Bkuker, a city of Hindoostan, in Sindy,
with a fortress. It stands on an island in
the middle of the Indus, and has the
towns of Sukor and Roliree, as its suburbs
on each bank of the divided stream. The
fortilications are fallen to decay, but it is
yet a place of some note, 140 m kne Hy-
drabad. Lon. 69 37 e, lat. 27 15 N.
Bhuripour, a town of llindoostan, iq
Agra, with a fortress surrounded by a
broad wet ditch. In 1805 the British at-
tempted to take it by assault, and lost a
great number of men ; hut it ultimately
surrendered to the besiegers, and the rajah
entered into a treaty of peace. It is 28
m why N Agra.
Biafra, a country of Guinea, to the se
of Benin, of which little is known ; but
is said to have a capital of the same
name, on the river Jamour, or Caraarons,
which enters the Atlantic by several
mouths, opposite the island of Fer-
nando Po.
Biana, a town of Hindoostan, in Agra.
It was the capital of the province while
BID
Agra was a village ; is still considerable,
and has many remains of buildings. It is
44 m wsw Aijra.
Biiir, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Its
principal riclies consist in honey, celebrated
ttir its whiteness ami solidity. " It is 6 m E
Villena.
Biberacfi, a town of 8uabia, with a ma-
nufacture of fustians, seated in a fertile
valley on the Rcuss, 20 m ssw l>Im.
Bibersbcrg, a town of Hungary, 15 m
y Presburg.
Bib7u/, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, frequented on account of its mi-
neral spring. It is 9 m s Querfurt.
Bicanere, a city of Ilindoostan, in
Ajmeer, capital of a huge district, in the
Sandy desert. It is spacious, well built,
and surrounded by a v;dl. On the sw
side is a strong fort, where the rajah re-
^ides; but the chief security of both the
city and fort, arises from tiie scarcity of
water in the surrounding country. It is
180 m NNW Ajmere. Lou. 73 'Jo e, lat.
28 55 K.
Bicester, a town in Oxfordshire, %vith
a market on Friday, 11 m nne Oxford,
and 54 m w by n London.
Bichow, a town of Litliuania, in the
palatinate of Minsk, situate on the
Dnieper, 20 m kne Rohaczow.
Bidache, a town of France in the de-
partment of Lower Pyrenees, with a
castle, seated on the Bidouse, 12 m e
Bayonne.
Bidassoa, a river of Spain, which rises
in the Pyrenees, and enters the bay of
Biscay, between Andaye and Fontarabia.
This river was long a subject of dispute
between France and Spain ; but it is now
common between the two nations, and the
duties are paid on the landing side by those
who pass over.
Bidburg, a town of the Netherlands,
in the duchy of Luxemburg, CO m kke
Luxemburg.
Biddeford, a seaport of England, in
Devonshire, governed by a mayor, with a
maiket on Tuesday, it has a trade in
coal, culm, timber, and oak bark, also in
the herring and Newfoundland fisheries.
A great quantity of \Vf Ich limestone is
burned here; and there is a large pottery.
Tt is seated on the Toriidge, 1(3 m sby w
Ilfracomb, and 201 vv London. Lon. 4
12 w, lat. 51 4 N.
Biddeford, a seaport of the district of
Maine, in York county. The county courts
are so:netiraes held here. It is situate on
the seacoast, at the mouth of the Saco,
14 m ssw Portland. Lon. 70 35 w, lat. 43
23 -V.
Bidzeegiir, a town of Hindoostan, in
Allahabad, with a i'orton a steep and lofty
bill. The fort was taken bv the British in
BIG
1786, and has ever since been neglected.
It is 50 m sbylj Benares.
Bieez, a town of iViland, in Cracowia,
famous for its mines of vitriol ; seated on
the Wcsfloke, 50 m se Cracow.
Biel, or Bicnnc, a town of Switzerland,
capital of a small territory in the canton
of Jicrn. It stands near a lake of the
same name, on the river Suss, 18 m sSE
i'or'^ntru.
Biela, a town of Piedmont, near the
river Cei-va, 24 m w X'ercelli.
Bii'ljeld, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Pavensberg. The linen made
and bleached here is much esteemed. It
is 18 m N Lipstadr.
Bielgorod, a town of Russia, in the
government of Kursk, and an archbishop's
see. Previously to 1779, it was the ca-
pital of an extensive government, of the
same name. It is seated on the Donetz,
80 m ssw Kursk. Lon. 36 40 E, lat. 50
30 N.
Bielgorod, or Akerman, a strong town
of Bessarbia, on the coast of the Black
sea. The exports are corn, wood, hides,
wine, and wool. It is situate on the es-
tuary of the Dniester, 70 in sse Bender.
Lon'. 30 15 E, lat. 46 8 n.
Bieloi, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Smolensk, 60 m ne Smo-
lensk.
Biclozersk, a town of Russia, in the
government of Novgorod, on the s side of
the lake Bielo, 210 m ne Novgorod. Lon,
27 50 E, lat. 59 40 n.
Biehk, a town of Poland, capital of
Poiacia, seated on the Biala, one of the
sources of the Narew, 130 m eke War-
saw. Lon. 23 39 e, lat. 52 40 N.
Biervlict, a town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, situate on the W Scheld, and
on a small island of its name, 20 m nnw
Ghent.
Biggar, a town of Scotland, in Lanerk-
shire, with a handsome church ; seated on
a hill, 10 m se Cornwath.
BigglesKude, a town in Bedfordshire,
witii a market on Tuesday, seated on the
Ivel, 10 m ese Bedford, and 45 nnw
London.
Bignor, a hamlet in Sussex, 3 ra nkw
Arundel; famous for one of the finest tes-
sclated pavements extant in England, dis-
covered in 1811, and the remains of a bath,
with other Roman antiquities, which have
since been found by excavation.
Bigoi-re, an old province of France,
bounded on the n by Armagnac, e by
Comminges, w by Beam, and s by the
Pyrenees. See Byrenecs, Upper.
Bigvba, a town of Senegambia, capital
of a kingdom of the same name. It is
seated on Rio Grande, 100 m from it#
mouth. Lon. 13 50 w, lat. 11 12 N.
BIL
BihatH, a town of Turkisli Croatia,
seated on an isle formed by the river Una,
50 m w Banjaluka,
Bijanagur, a celebrated city of Hin-
doostan, once the capital of a a;reat em-
pire. In 1564 It was plundered and de-
stroyed by the Deccany princes, and ex-
tensive ruins yet remain. See Annu-
goondi/.
Bijei/sur, a town of Hindoostan, in
Agra, with a fort, which was taken by\he
British in 180:3. It is 45 m nnk Agra.
Bijore, a town of Afghanistan, in C'abul,
capital of a small district. It is seated
near a river of the same name, 12t> m ese.
Cabal. Lon. 70 44 e, lat. 34 3 N. ^
Bilazora, ^ town of European Turkey,
in Macedonia, seated on the Vardar, 20 m
s,sE Scopia.
Bilboa, a seaport of Spain, capital of
Biscay. The upper part is built mostly
of wood, and has narrow streets, which
terminate in a great square ; the lower
part is of freestone and brick, with fine
broad streets-. The houses are rather high
and fully inhabited. The principal ex-
ports are wool, iron, oil, chestnuts, sword-
blades, and other manufactures in iron and
steel. In 1812, the French evacuated
this town, and were effectually resisted by
the Spaniards in two attempts to regain
possession. It is seated in a fertile coun-
try, on the Ibaicabal, which forms a good
harbour near the bay of Biscay, 50 m w
by s St. Sebastian, and 180 N by E Madrid.
Lon. 2 48 w, lat. 43 14 n.
Bildeston, a town in Suffolk, with
a market on Wednesday, seated on
the Breton, 12 ra se Bury, and 63 ne
London.
Biledulgerid, or Biludelgerid, a country
of Barbary, bounded on the N by Algiers
and Tunis, e by Tripoli, s by Zaara, and
w by Tafilet. The air is hot and un-
healthy. The country is mountainous and
sandy, producing little sustenance, except
dates, which are in such great al)undance
t^iat it is frequently called the Country of
Dates ; and this fruit is exchanged with
the neighbouring countries for wheat. It
has also a race of horses, famous for their
swiftness and rapidity of travelling. The
inhabitants are deemed lewd, treacherous,
thievish, and cruel. They are a mixture
of ancient Africans and wild Arabs ; the
former living in towns, and the latter in
tents. The capital is Tuggurt.
Bilin, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Leitmeritz, near a mountain of its
name, 17 m w Leitmeritz.
BilUz, a town of Moravia, with a castle,
and a considerable manufacture of cloth ;
situate on the Biala, and the verge of Po-
land, 18 m EXE Teschen.
Billejica, a town of MassachusetS; ia
BIN
Middlesex county, near the river Concord,
20 m NNW Boston.
Billericu}/, a town in Essex, with a
market on Tuesday, seated on a hill, 9 m
svv Chelmsford, and 23 e London.
Bil/esdon, a town in Leicestershire,
with a market on Friday, 8 m e Leicester,
and 93 n byw London.
Billuni, a town of France, in the (de-
partment of Puy de Dome, seated on an
eminence, 15 m ese Clermont.
Bilmah, a vast arid desert of Africa,
between Fezzan and Bornou, which ca-
ravans are tcu days iu passing over.
Bilsali, a town and fort of Hindoostan,
in Malwah, capital of o. district, noted
for producing excellent tobacco. It is si-
tuate on the Betwah, 130 m EbyN Oojain.
Lon. 77 53 e, lat. 23 33 N.
Bilscn, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege. Near it is Munster
Bilsen, a celebrated temporal foundation
and abbey for noble ladies. It is situate
on the Demer, 17 m nxw Liege.
Biistei/i, a town of the duchy of West-
phalia, situate on a mountain, 24 ra sse
Arcnsbnrg.
Bilston, a town in Staffordshire, which
has a navigable canal that communicates
with the Staffordshire and Worcestershire
canals and several great rivers. Near it
are large mines of coal, ironstone, &c.
also furnaces, forges, and slitting mills ;
and manufactures of japanned and ena-
melled goods- The population was 9G46
in 1811. It is 2 m se Wolverhampton,
and 11 NW Birmingham.
Biinini, one of the Bahama Islands,
near the channel of Bahama, 8 m long,
and nearly as much broad. It has a good
harbour. ' Lon. 79 30 w, lat. 25 0 n.
Bimlipatam, a town of Hindoostan, in
the Circars, district of Cicacole, seated on
the bay of Bengal, 12 m nne Vizaga-.
patam.
Bijiaros, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
seated near the Mediterranean, at the
mouth of a river, which fjrnis a small
harbour, 7 m^'byE Peniscola, and 23 s
Tortosa.
Binbrook, a town in Lincolnshire, with
a market on Wednesday, 30 m ne Lincoln,
and 157 n' London.
Binch, a fortified town of the Nether-
lands, in Hainault, on tiie river Have, 9
m E Mons.
Binclicster, a village in the county of
Durham, on the river Were, near Dur-
ham. By several inscripticms and monu-
ments, it appears to have been the Vino-
vium of the Romans ; and many of their
coins have been dug up here.
Binguzi, a town of Barbary, in Barca,
with a harbour for small vessels, 35 ni svr
Tolometa. <♦
/
BIR
Bingen, a town of Germany, in the
territory ol' Mentz, celebratoil for wine.
It carried on a good trade betwoun Mfiitz
and Cologne, and is seated at tlie rontlux
of the IS'ahe with the Rhine, 15 m w
Mentz.
Bingenheim, a town of Germany, in
the circle of Upper llhine, 16 m nne
Frankfort.
Birigham, a town in Nottinghamshire,
with a market on Thursday, 9 m e Not-
tingham, and 124 N by \v London.
Bing/et/, a town in W Yfukshire, with
a market on Tuesday, seated on the Aire,
14 m sr. Skipton, anfl 202 nnw London.
Bintang, an island lying olV the sv, ex-
tremity of the Malaya peninsula, 35 rn looii;
and 18 broad. The chief town is Rehio,
or Rio, a port of considerable trade. Lon,
104 0 F., lat. 0 45n.
Biobio, the largest river of Chili, which
rises in the Andes, rims through veins of
gold and lields of sarsaparilla, and passing
the city of Conception, enters the Pacific
ocean in lat. 36 56 s. It is the southern
boundary between the Spaniards and their
Indian enemies, which obliges them to
keep strong garrisons on its banks.
Biorneburg, a seaport of Finland
Proper, near the mouth of the Kune, in
the gulf of Bothnia, 75 m n Abo. Lon.
22 5 E, lat. 61 42 N.
Bir, or Beer, a town of Asiatic Tur-
key, in Diarbeck, with a castle. It stands
on tlie Euphrates, near a high mountain,
in a fruitful country, 60 m ke Aleppo.
Birboom, a district of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, containing 3858 square miles, a
great proportion of which is hilly, jungly,
and thinly inhabited. Nagore is the ca-
pital.
. Birkenfcld, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine ; seated near the
»iver Nahe, 25 m ese Treves.
Birmuh, an extensive empire in Asia,
BIR
a state of warfare till his death in 1760 j
and his successors have added the other
countries, which now form the Birman
empire. Tlie climate of Birmah is very
salubrious; the seasons being leuular, and
the extremes of heat and cold .seldom ex-
perienced. 'Ihe soil is remarkably fertile,
producing rice, sugar-canes, tobacco, in-
digo, cotton, and all the tropical fruits in
perfection ; and on the banks of the Irra-
waddy, which runs s through the whole
country, is produced pure amber and the
fincatteak timber in the world. 'I'he king-
dom of Birmah abounds in minerids ; it
has mines of gold, silver, rubies, and sap-
phires; and alfords amethysts, garnets,
chrysolites, jasper, loadstone, and marble :
it has als>i, near Yanangheoum, celebrated
wells of petroleum. 'Ihe general dispo-
sition of the Birmans is strikingly rcui-
trasted with that of the natives of Hin-
doostan, though separated only by a
narrow ridge of mountains, in several
places admitting of an easy intercourse.
The Birmans are a lively inquisitive race,
active, irascible, and impatient; but the
character of their Bengal neighbours is
known to be the reverse. The passion of
jeuknisy, which prompts most eastern na-
tions to immure their womi-n, and surround
them with guards, seems to have little
influence on the minds of the Birmans;
for their wives and daughters have as free
intercourse with the other sex as the rules
of European societyv,admit. The Birmans
are extremely fond both of poetry and
music ; and their language has been highly
cultivated in composition, for they have
numerous works in religion, history, and
science. Their religion is, in fact, that
of the Hindoos, though they are not vo-
taries of Brahma, but sectaries of Budha,
which admits not of the distmction of
casts, or the separation of the people mto
hereditary professions. Their system of
to the E of the bay of Bengal ; containing jurisprudence is distinguished above any
the kingdoms of Birmah, Cassay, Aracan,
and Pegu, and all the w coast of Siam.
The kingdom of Birmah, frequently called
Ava, from the name of its ancient ca-
pital, has Pegu on the s, Assam on the n,
Aracan and Cassay on the w, and China
and Upper Siam on the e. 'Ihis kingdom
other Hindoo commentary for perspicuity
and good sense. The emperor ot Birmah
is a despotic monarch, and like the so-
vereign of China, acknowledges no equal :
the prevailing characteristic of his court
is pride. There are no hereditary dignities
or employments in the government ; tor all
was conquered, in 1752, by the king of honours and otiices, on the demise of the
Pegu, who carried the Birman monarch
prisoner to Pegu, and caused hiin to be
murdered there in 1754. But Alompra,
a Birman of low distinction, who was
continued by the conqueror as chief
at Monchabon, a small place to the N of
Ava, revolted against the Pcguesc, got
possession of Ava, in 1753, and after con-
tinued battles, with various success, be-
same the conqueror of Pegn in 1757.
This deliverer of his country continued in
possessor, revert to the crown. The ca-
pital of the kingdom, and metropolis of the
empire, is Ummerapoor.
Birmingham, a town in Warwickshire,
with a market on Thursday. It is a place
of great antiquity, and stands on the side
of a hill, tbrming nearly a half-moon. The
lower part is tilled with workshops and
warehouses, and consists chiefly of old
buildings. The upper part contains many
new and regular streets, and a handsome
BIS
square. It has two churches; one in the
lower part of the town, which, though
lately cased with brick, is a very ancient
buildins;, with a lofty spire ; the other, a
grand modern structure, having n sejuare
stone tower, with a copula and turret ; it
has also two chapeis, several meeting-
houses, a large school endowed by Ed-
ward VI, an elegant theatre, and the com-
pletest set of baths in the kingdom. The
hardware manufactures of Birmingham have
been noted for a considerable period ; but
of late years, by great additions to its trade
from a vast variety of articles, such as me-
tal buttons, buckles, plated gO')ds, japanned
and paper ware, &c. it has risen greatly in
opulence. The population was 85,753 in
1811. It is plentifully supplied with coal
by means of a canal to Wednesbury ; and
it has a communication with the Grand
Trunk from the Trent to the Severn, by a
branch passing by Wolverhampton. The
Birmingham goods are exported in great
quantities to foreign countries, where, in
point of cheapness and show united, they
are unrivalled. See Solio. Birmingham is
18 m NW Coventry and 109 London. Lon.
1 50 w, lat. 52 30 X.
Bin; or Parsonstozcn, a town of Ire-
land, in King county, with a venerable
castle and an excellent market-house ;
situate on the river Birr, near the borders
of Tipperary, 31 m svv Philiptown.
Birse, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen-
shire, seated on the Dee, 28 m w Aber-
deen.
Birtlcr/, a village in the county of Dur-
ham, 10 m X Durham, noted for a valu-
able salt spring, and an extensive manufac-
ture of salt.
Birviesca, a town of Spain, in Old Cas-
tile, 13 m N Burgos.
Birza, a town of Poland, in Sam9gitia,
42 ra SK JNIittau.
Bisaccia, a town of Naples, in Princi-
pato Ultra, 15 m ne Conza.
Biscara, a town of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Constantirui, and the chief place
of the district of Zaab. It is an ancient
town, 120 m ssw Constantina. Lon. 5
12 w, lat. 33 35 x.
Biscai/, a province of Spain, 70 m long
and 55 broad ; bounded on the x by the
bay of Biscay, e by Upper Navarre, s by
Old Castiie, and w by Asturias. It con-
tains three divisions, Biscay Proper, Gni-
puscoa, and Alava ; and is a kind of re-
public, in the hands of the nobility, under
the protection of the crown. Here are
neither garrisons,, customhouses, stamps,
nor excise ; and of all the royal taxes,
none are known but the donativo, or gra-
tuitous donation. Biscay receives by mere
condescension a corregidor, and a commis-
iJary of marines ; but does not permit any
^ BIS
order of the Spanish government to ba
executed without the sanction of the pro-
vince. It produces apples, oranges, and
citrons ; and has also wood for building
ships, and mines of iron and lead. The
Biscayans are stout, brave, and choleric
to a proverb ; and the lowest labourer
deems himself a gentleman. They speak
the ancient Cantabrian language, which
has no affinity with any other in Europe-
Biiboa is the capital.
Biscai/, Baj/ of, an extensive bay of the
Atlantic, between cape Ortegal, in lon„
7 35 vv, lat 43 48 x, and the isle of
Ushant, in lon. 5 0 \v, lat. 48 30 x.
Bhcuy, Neic, a province of New Spain,
bounded on the x by New Mexico, e by
Cohahuila and New Leon, s by Zucateca j
and Guadalaxara, and w by Culiacan, Ci-
naloa, and Sonora. It is of considerable
extent, but thinly inhabited ; and the
frontiers are infested by warlike and savage
Indians, who live in huts collected together,
anil cultivate maize. The province con-
sists principally of high table-land, and
contains many rich silver mines. Durangci
is the capital.
Bischofsheim, a town of Franconia, in
the duchy of Wurtzburg, seated on the
Tauber, 20 m ssw Wurtzl)urg. — Another,
seated on the Rhoin, 44 m n by e Wurtz-
burg.
Bischqfslack, a town of Germany, in Car-
niola, with a good trade in linen and worst-
ed, 17 m wbyx Laubach.
Blichofsicerda, a town of the kingdom
of Suxony, in Misnia. Here, in 1813, the
Prussians gained a victory over the Frencli
and Sasons. It is seated on the Weiseritz,
18 ra E Dresden.
liischqfhverder, a town of Prussin, in
the province of Oberlaud, on the river Oss^
28 :i5 XE Culm.
BkcIrjf'zcU, a town of Switzerland, i»
Thurgau, v^ith a castle ; seated on the Thur,
at the influ.x of the Sitter, 12 m s Con-
stance.
Bischweiler, a town of France, in th»
department of Lower Rhine, with a fortress^
14 m wbyx Ilaguenau.
Biseglia, a town of Naples, in Terra dt
Bari, on a hill, near the gulf of Venice, 6
in F. Trani.
Bi^erta, a seaport of the kingdom of
Tunis, with a spacious harbour on a bay of
the Mediterranean, defended bv a castl*
and batteries. It stands on the bay at the
entrance of a narrow channel, which is th«
inlet to a circular lake ab(jt«t 20 m in dia-
meter ; and this lake communicates by a
narrow passage with -t second of the same
form, but rather less in size ; both of them
are from 20 to 50 fathoms deep, and sur-
rounded by a country extreniely produc-
tive, The town has a famous fishery, auJ
BLA
is 4'2 m Nby w Tunis. Lon. 9 .")8 k, lat,
37 18 X.
BL^fiop Aucklcmd, and for other places
with the same prefix, see Auckland, &c.
Bis/iops-castlc, a l)(>r(>u2,h in Shropshire,
vith a market on Friday, much frequented
by the Welsli. It is seated near the river
Clun, 8 m e Monti;omcry, and 159 wnw
London.
Bisi^nuno, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Citra, with a castle; seated on a hill,
near the river Boccona, 16 m x Cosenza.
Bis/i]!/, a village in Gloucestershire, 3 m
SE Stroud. It lias a large chinch, standing
on an eminence, and a nuuuifacture of
broad cloth.
Bisnee, a town of Assam, capital of a
district on the borders of Bengal and
Bootan. It is 50 m ene Rangamatty, and
165 WNW Ghergong. Lon. 90 45 r, lat.
26 27 N.
Bissagos, a cluster of islands on the \v
coast of Africa. The largest, called Bis-
sago, is 80 m in circuit, inhabited by Por-
tuguese and Negros, and well cultivated.
Its N end is opposite the mouth of llio
Grande. Lon. 15 10 \v, lat. 10 58 N.
Bissolee, a fortified town of Hindoostan,
in Lahore, capital of a hilly district be-
longing to the Seiks. It -commands the
entrance to the northern hills, and stands
on the right bank of the Ravey, 73 m ese
Lahore. Lon. 74 52 a:, lat. 32 22 x.
Bissolie, a town of Hindoostan, in Delhi,
formerly a flourishing place, but now much
reduced. It is 30 m w Bareiiy.
Bissunpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, capital of a populous and fertile
district. It is 37 m vvsw Burdvvan, and
76 wxw Calcutta.
Bistan, or Sbarout, a town of Persia, in
Irak, the capital of Bistan, a fruitful dis-
trict N of the Great Salt desert and on the
borders of Chorasan. It is 50 m sse As-
terabad, and 210 e Teheran. Lon. 54 45
E, lat. ^b 45 N,
Bistricz, a town of Transylvania, on tbe
river Bistricz, 142 m ne Coloswar. Lon.
25 3 e, lat. 47 33 N.
Bitche, a fortified town of France, in the
department of Moselle, with a castle on a
rock. It is seated at the fool of a moun-
tain, near the river Schwelb, SO m >by w
Strasburg. Lon 7 44 e, lat. 49 5 n.
Bitttto, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, 11 m ssw Bari.
Bitonio, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, 10 m wsw Bari.
Bitschen ; s^e FUschen.
Bitltrfeld, a town of the duchy of
Saxony, seated on the Mulda, 14 m s
Dessau.
Black Forest, a forest of Germany, in
the w part of the circle of Suabia. It is
part of the ancient Hyrcinian forest.
BLA
Black Sea, the ancient Euxine, an inland
sea, or large lake, partly in Europe, and
partly in Asia. Its waters are scarcely
brackish ; for it receives a considerable
portion of the fresh v.'aters of Europe, as
well asof Asia ftlinor; and a constant cur-
rent sets from it through the strait-of (Con-
stantinople into the Mediterranean sea. It
lies between 28 and 42 e lon. and 4 1 and
46 iv lat.
Bluckba)ik, A town of Ireland, in Armagh
county, 7 m s Armagh.
Blackburn, a town in Lancashire, with
a market on Monday. Here are two
oiiurches, several meeting-house?, a gram-
mar school founded by queen Elisabeth,
and a vast trade in cotton, calicos, &c.
The population was 15,083 in 1811. It is
seated on a rivulet, and near the Leeds and
Liverpool canal, 12 m e l^'reston, and 203
Nxw London.
Blacklieatli, a village in Kent, on the s
side of Greenwich, at the xw point of a
lofty plain of the same name. On the heath
and its borders are many beautiful villas ;
also Morden college, founded by sir John
Mordeii, for decayed merchants. In the
side of the hill, on the ascent from London
to this village, is a cavern consisting of
seven large rooms, which cr)mmunicatc by
arched avenues, cut in the chalky rock. It
penetrates more than 150 feet into the hill,
at 170 feet below the surface, and has a
well of clear water, 27 feet deep.
Blackmorc, a village in Essex, on the
river Can, 5 m x Brentwood. Near tho
church, at a spot called Jericho, formerly
stood a priory, afterward converted by
Henry viii into a house for occasional re-
tirement ; and here his natural son John
Henry Fitzroy was born. It is now au
elegant house.
Blackness-castle, a fort of Scotland, in
Linlithgowshire, built on a kind of penin-
sula on the frith of Forth, 9 m xe Linlith-
gow. It consists of four bastions, and is
one of the forts which, by the articles of
union, are to be kept in repair.
Blackpool, a village on the coast of Lan-
cashire, 3 m w' Poulton. It has a fine
beach, and is much resorted to for sea-
bathing.
Bluckzcater, a river of Ireland, which
flows E through the county of Cork, by
Millstrut, Mallow, and Fermoy, to Lismore
and Cappoquin in the county of Waterford,
from which last its course is s to Youghall
bay. — There are two smaller rivers of
the same name, which form boundary
lines ; one enters Lough Neagh between
Tyrone and Armagh, the other enters
Lough Corril between Mayo and Gahvay.
Blackzoater, a river in Essex, which flows
by Bradfield, Braintree, Coggeshal, Kelve,-
dpn, and Maiden, and then enters th»
BLA
estuary, to which it gives the name of
Blackwater bay
Bladenoch, a river of Scotland, which
rises in the hills in the x part of Wigton-
shire, and after a winding course of 24 m
enters Wigton bay- Several islands are
formed in its bed, which are famous for the
resort of eagles.
Bladensburg, a town of Maryland, in
Fredrick county, on the e side of the e
branch of the Potomac, 9 m from its mouth,
at Washington, and 38 sw Baltimore.
Blain, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Loire, 22 m nnw Nantes.
Blair Alhot, a town of Scotland, in
Perthshire, with a castle, the seat of the
duke of Athoi, 36 m nnw Perth.
Bliiir Cowrie, a town of Scotland, in
Perthshire, with a manor house built in the
form of a castle, 22 m nxe Perth.
Blaisois, an old province of France,
bounded on the x by Beauce, e by Or-
leanois, s by Berry, and w by Touraine.
It now forms the department of Loir and
Cher.
Blaiion, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mayenne and Loire, 8 m se
Angers.
Blamont, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Meurthe, seated on the \'e-
zouze, 12 m e Luneville.
Blanc, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre, with a castle, seated on the
Creuse, 35 m e Poitiers.
Blanca, a small island in the Caribean
sea, to the n of Margarita. Lon. 64 30
w, lat. 11 50 N.
Blanco, a cape of Patagonia, 130 m ne
Port St. Julien. Lon. 64 42 w, lat. 47
20 s.
Blfitico, a cape of Peru, which is the N
extremity of that country, and the s point
of the gulf of Guayaquil. Lon. 83 0 w,
lat. 3 45 s.
Blanco, a cape on the w coast of Africa,
180 m N of the river Senegal. Lon. 17 19
w, lat. 20 55 X.
Blandford, a corporate town in Dorset-
shire, with a market on Saturday. Li 1731,
almost all the town was burnt down ; but
it was soon rebuilt. Here is a neat town-
hall of Portland stone, on columns; and
a considerable manufacture of thread and
shirt buttons. It is seated on the river
Stour, near the downs, 18 m ke Dor-
chester, and 103 whys London.
Blandford, a town of Massachusets, in
Hampshire county, 25 m sw Northampton,
and 116 whys Boston.
Blandford, a town of Virginia, in Prince
George county. It has a trade in tobacco,
and is situate on the e branch of the Ap-
pamattox, 4 m ne Petersburg.
Blunes. a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
BLE
near the mouth of the Tordera, 20 m s
Gironne.
Blankenberg, a town and fort of the
Netherlands, in Flanders, situate on the
German ocean, 8 ra ne Ostend.
Blankenburg, a town of Westphalia, ia
the duchy of Berg, on the river Sieg, 12 m
e Bonn.
Blankenburg, atosvn of Lower Saxonv,
capital of a principality. The castle stands
on a craggy mountain, and is one of the
finest buildings of the kind in Germany It
is 30 m se Wolfenbuttle. Lon. 11 10 s,
lat. 51 51 N.
Blaregnies ; see Malplaquet.
Blarney, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, with the remains of a castle on a
rock. Here are papermills and other ma-
nufactures. It is situate on a river of the
same name, 6 m w Cork.
Bias, St. a seaport of New Spain, in
Guadalaxara, and the chief marine depot
iu all the country, having dockyards, ma-
gazines, &:c. for the building and equipment
of ships. It is sevited on an island at the
mouth of the St. Jajo, 170 m wbyN Gua-
dalaxa'ra. Lon. 105 16 w, lat. 21 40 n.
Blaubcuren, a town of V/irtemberg, with
a castle on a hill. Great quantities of
fustian and linen cloth are made here. It
is seated at the conflux of the Ach with
the Blau, 11 m \v Ulin.
Blaye, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gironde, with a citadel. It stands
on the right bank of the Gironde, which
is here above 2 m broad, and on the op-
posite bank is a fort. Vessels are built
here for the cod-lishery, and its trade con-
sists in the wines of the adjacent country.
It is 20 ra N by w Bourdeaux.
Blekingen, a province of Sweden, in
Gothland, on the coast of the Baltic. It
is 90 m long and 21 broad; and, though
mountainous, is one of the most agreeable
countries in the kingdom. The principal
trade is in potash, pitch, tar, tallow, hides,
and timber. The chief town is Carlscrona.
Blenheim, a village of Suabia, seated on
the Danube, 3 m ne Hochstat. It is me-
morable for the signal victory gained over
the French and Bavarians, in 1704, by the
duke of Marlborough.
Blere, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre and Loire, on the river Cher,
18 m Ebys Tours.
Blesle, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Loire, situate on the Alaig-
non, 12 m w Brioude, and 33 s Clermont.
Blessington, a borough of Ireland, iu
Wicklow county, seated on arising ground,
near the river LifTey, 17 m sw Dublin.
Bletihingly, a borough in Surry, which
has no market; seated on a hill, 4 m e
Rvegate, aad 21s London,
G
BOB
Bhck Island, an island of the state of
Rhode Island, lying 'i\ m ssw of Newport,
ai.d in Newport connty. It is 40 m long
and 38 where luoadeht, and lanious for
cattle, sheep, bntter, and cheese. The s
part of it is in lat. 41 8 n.
Blockzyl, a town of the Netherlands, ni
Overyssci, with a fort ; seated at the nuaith
of the old Aa, on the Zuydcr zee, where
there is a i);ood Inirbonr, 18 m knw ZwoU.
Blois, a city of France, capital of the
department of' Loir and Cher, and lately
an episcopal see. The cathedral is a lari^c
structure, on an eminence at one extrenuty
of the city, and on an eminence at the
other end is a ina;i;nificerit castle. In this
castle was born the good Louis xn ; and
here, in 1588, Henry in caused the duke
of Guise, and his brother the cardinal, to
be assassinated. The city has some tine
fountains, supplied by an aqueduct, sup-
posed to have been erected by the Romans.
The population 13,100. The principal
commerce is in wine and brandy ; and the
chief manufactures are serges and ticken.
Ten m to the e, buried in woods, is the
magnificent castle of Chambord, built by
Franc-.s i ; and in which the famous mar-
sha- Sase lived in great state. Blois is
seated on the Loire, over which is an
elegant bridge, 100 m ssw Paris. Lou. 1
20 K, lat. 47^35 N. . ,. .
Bloniez, a town of Poland, in Masovia,
20 m w Warsaw.
Blore, a village in StafTord^hire, 10 m
K Utoxeter. Its heath is famous for a
battle between the houses of York and
Lancaster, in which Nevil earl of Salis-
bury, for York, with 500 men only, defeat-
ed lord Audlev with 10,000. The latter
was killed, and on the spot is erected a
stone cross to his memory.
B/ueAi//, a town of the district of Maine,
in Hancock county, on Union river, 13 m
E Casline.
Blyth, a town in Nottmghamslure, witti
a market on Thursday. Here are some
remains of a castle and priory. It is
23 m NNW Newark, and 151 icbyw
London. , , ,
Bli/th, a village in Northumberland, at
the mouth of the Blyth, 14 m nne New-
castle. It has a quay, and exports much
coal and salt. _ .
Boad, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa,
seated in a hilly country, on the rixer
Mahauuddy, 65 ra sse Sumbhulpoor.
Bobbio^ a town of Italy,. in Milanese, on
the river Trebia, '25 m se Pavia.
Bobenhausen, a town of Germany, in
Wetteravia, with a castle, seated on the
Gersbrentz, 3 m se Frankfort.
Bober, a river of Germany, which rises
in Silesia, on the borders of Bohemia, flows
BOG
N by Lowenburg, Buntxlau, and Sagan,
and joins tiic Oder below Crosseu.
Bobc7:iberg, a town of Brandenburg, in
the New mark, seated on the side of a hill,
by thi^ river Bober, 5 m s Crossen.
lU>biouisk, or Bobrui/sl:, a strong town of
Lithuania, in the paiaunate of Minsk,
situate on the I'cnziiia, 8G ni sr. JMiust'.
Borhttta, a chain of mountains, in the
ducliy of (leuoa, over vvhirh is the road
into I>oinbardy. On the highest mountain
is a strong |)ass that will hardly admit
three men to g(v abreast; and this is, pro-
perly, the Borlietta. It is the key of
Genoa, and was forced by the French in
17f)G, and by the Austrians in 1800.
Boc/iniu, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Cracow, with large salt mines,
20 m FSE Cracow.
lioc/iolt, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Munster, on the river Aa,
42 m w Munster.
Bockcnlitim, a town of Lower SaxonV;
in the principality of Ilildesheiin, on the
river Nette, 13 m ssi. Ilildesheim.
Bockinfi, a large village in Essex, ad-
joining to Braintree. It has a spacious
church, and a great manufacture of bays.
Bockum, a town of Westphalia, in the
countv of Mark, 26 m sr Wesel.
Boden See ; see Constance, Lake of.
Bodm'm, a borough in Cornwall, govern-
ed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday,
1 he summer assizes are held here and at
Truro alternately. It has some manufac-
ture of serge, and a trade in wool and yarn.
The church is the largest in the county, and
the remains of an episcopal palace and a
priory are still to be seen. It is 32 m Ni:
Falmouth, and 235 whys London. Lon. 4
40 w, lat. 50 32 n.
Bodon, a fortified town of European
Turkey, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's
see ; seated on the Danube, 26 m w Wiii-
din. Lon. 23 54 e, lat. 14 10 n.
Bodrun, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, on the n side of the gulf of Sca-
lanova, 18 in s Smyrna. — Another, on the
site of the ancient Halicariiassns, on the
N side of the gulf of Stanchiq, 45 m w by s
Melassa.
Boeschot, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, on the river Nethes, 12 m ne
Mechlin.
Bog, a river that rises in Poland, on the
s border of Volhynia, flows through Podo-
lia and Btidzac Tartary,-and enters the
estuary of the Dnieper a little above Ocza-
kow.
Bogdoi, a country of Tartary, lying to
the N of China. It is of great extent and
populous, and subject to tiie Chinese.
Boggak, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, ,
on the river Gundack. Excellent ship
BOI
timber is hence floated down the Gunduck
and Ganges to Calcutta. It is 34 m NW
liettiah, and 120 nnw Patna.
Boglio, or Beiiil, a town of Savoy,
situate on the Tinea, 21 m nxw Nice.
Boglipoor, u town of Ilindoostan, in
Bahar, capital of a district now compre-
hended in that of Monghir, to which it
sometimes gives its name. It has manu-
factures of mixed goods, composed of silk
and cotton, and is seated near the Ganges,
75 m E Bahar. Lon. 86 50 e, lat. 25 11 N.
Bognor, a vilhiije on the coast of Sussex,
7 m SE Chichester. It is an improving
place, and nmch frequented in the summer
for sea-bathing.
Bogota, a city and the capital of New
Granada. See St. Fe.
Bogwaiipoor, a town of Hlndoostan, in
Bengal, and a great mart for corn ; seated
on a branch of the Ganges, 8 m ene Moor-
shedabad.
Bohemia, a kingdom in Germany, 200 m
long and 150 broad ; bounded on the n by
JMisnia and Lnsatia, e by Silesia and Mo-
ravia, s by Austria, and w by Bavaria.
It is fertile in corn, saffron, hops, and pas-
ture. The chief rivers are the Muldau,
Elbe, and Oder. In the mountains are
mines of gold, silver, copper, tin, iron, lead,
and quicksilver ; above 100 towns and
places might be named where mine-works
have been established. All kinds of mar-
ble are likewise dug in Bohemia. Almost
every kind of precious stones are found
here, but, in general, deficient in hard-
ness ; the silver, and, in part, milk-white
pearls, gathered in many places, are ex-
tremely beautiful. The Roman catholic
religion is the principal ; but there are
many protestants. The language is Sclavo-
nian, with a mixture of German. It is
divided into 16 circles, and subject to the
house of Austria. Tiie capital is Prague.
Bohntisc/t, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Leutmeritz, 22 m ene Leutmeritz.
Bohmisch Aiche, a town of Bohemia, in
the circle of Buntzlau, 20 m n Jung
Buntzlau.
Bohmisch Brod, a town of Bohemia, in
the circle of Kaurzim, 14 m ese Prague.
Bohol, one of the Philippine islands, to
the N of Mindanao. Lon. 121 5 e, lat.
10 0 X.
Bajador, a cape on the \v coast of Africa,
doubled by the Portuguese in 1433. Lon.
14 27 w, lat. 26 12 n.
Boiano, a town of Naples, in the county
of Molise, at the foot of the Apennines,
near the river Tilerno. In 1803 it suffered
greatly by an earthquake, and most of the
inhabitants were destroyed. It is 45 m
>'NE Naples. Lon. 14 25 e, lat. 41 30 N.
Bois le Due, a fortified city of the Ne-
BOL
therlands, in Dutch Brabant. It has a
castle named Papen-briel ; and a little to
the s are two forts, called Isabella and St.
Antony. It was taken by the French in
1794. It is situate among morasses, on
the river Dommel, where it receives the
Aa, 'J2 m EbyN Breda, and 45 sse Am-
sterdam. Lon. 5 24 E, lat. 51 45 \.
Boiscommun, a town of France, in the
department of Loiret, 25 m ne Orleans.
Boitza, a town of Transylvania, famous
for its minerals, situate among mountains,
12 m SR llermandstadt.
Boitze.mhurg, a town of Lower Saxony,
in Mecklenburg, at the conflux of the Boitz«
with the Elbe, 30 m sw Schwerin.
Boitzenbu7-g, a town of Brandenburgj in
the Ucker mark, 10 m w Prenslow.
Bokhara, a city of Usbec" Tartary, in
Bokharia. It stands on a rising ground,
surrounded by a slender wall of earth, and
a dry ditch, on the s side of the river Sodg,
The houses are low, and mostly built of
mud; but the caravansaries and mosques,
which are numerous, are all of brick. The
bazars have been stately buildings, but the
greatest part of them are now in ruins.
Here is also a stately building for the edu-
cation of the priests. Great numbers of
Jews and Arabians frequent this place;
and the trade with Russia and Persia is
considerable. It is 138m whys Samar-
cand. Lon. 62 56 e, lat. 39 4 n.
Bokharia, or Bucharia, a country of
Usbec Tartary, bounded on the n by Tur-
kestan, e byCashgur, s by Ilindoostan and
Persia, and w by Chorasan and Charasih.
It is fertile in corn and fruit, and the best
cultivated of any part of Tartary. The in-
habitants are in general tawny, with black
hair, but some are white and well made.
They are cleanly in their food, which often
consists of minced meat ; aa'd tea is the
general drink. They are not warlike, but
use the bow, lance, and sabre. Samar-
cand is the capital.
Bokharia, Little; see Cashgur.
BoLabola, one of the Society islands, in
the Pacific ocean, four leagues nw of
Otaha. On the sw side is a spacious har-
bour called Oteavanooa. Lon. 151 43 w,
lat. 16 18 s.
Bolcheresk, a town of Kamtskatka on
the river Bolchoireka, 22 m from its mouth,
in the sea of Okotsk. Lon. 156 37 f,
lat. 52 54 N.
Boti, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na-
tolia, capital of a sangiacate. It is sur-
rounded by an open palisade, has numer-
ous streets and bazars, and is well peopled.
To the w of it is a large forest, which sup-
plies an unceasing source of timber to the-
arsenals at Constantinople. It stands on
an emiuence, at the end of a plain tbiit is.
G2
BOL
quite a garden, 110 m ne Kiutajii, and
145 r. bys Constantinople. Lon. 31 (3 £,
lat. 40 4'2 N.
Boliniihroke, a town in I.incoIn!^lu^p, with
a market on Tuesday. It is ilie l>iiiliplace
of Henry iv, and lias a mannfactnru of
earthen wi\rc. It stands at liie source of
a river which flows to the Wit hum, '29 m
E Lincohi, and 133 Nby e London.
Bolkowilz, a town of Silesia, 12 m s
Gloi;au.
Bologna, a city of Italy, capital of Bo-
lognese, and an archt/ishop's see. The
university is one of the most ancient and
celebrated in Europe ; and the Institutio
di Bolotrna is amagniticent building, where
tlie various arts and sciences have their re-
spective halls. Tiie church of St. I'etro-
nius is the largest in Bologna; and on the
pavement of this, Cassini drew his meri-
dian line. There are above 1(30 other
churches, most of them full of paintings by
celebrated artists, and particularly Albano.
The school of painting is immortalized by
the number of great masters it has pro-
duced ; and the public theatre is one of
the largest and most beautiful in Italy.
Many of the palaces of the nobility are
furnished in a magnificent taste. Most of
the public streets are acccommodated with
covered walks ; but the buildings in gene-
ral are not celebrated for beauty. The in-
habitants, about 70,000, carry on a consi-
derable trade in rich silks and velvets.
The surrounding comitry produces immense
quantities of oil, wine, flax, and hemp, and
furnishes all Europe with confectionary,
distdled waters, and essences. The river
Rheno, which runs near the city, turns 400
mills for the silk works ; and there is a
canal hence to the Po. The celebrated
church of la Madonna di St. Luca stands
on a high hill, about 5 m from tlie city ;
and for the acconmiodation of its numer-
ous visitors, a noble portico extends from
the gate of the city to the entrance of this
sanctuary. Bologna is seated at the toot
of the Apennines, 22 m se Modena, and
175 Nw Rome. Lon. 11 21 k, lat. 44 30 n.
Bolognese, a province of Italy, bounded
on the N by Ferrarese, w by Modena, s
by Tuscany, and e by Romagna. It is
watered by many small rivers, and produces
all sorts of grain and fruit, particularly
rich muscadine grapes. Some miles be-
fore the entrance into Bologna, the country
seems one continued garden. The vine-
yards are divided by rosvsof elms and mul-
berry-trees ; the vines hangiisi; in festoons,
from one tree to anotlier. There .ue also
mines of alum and iron. This province
belongs to the Ecclesiastical State. Bolog-
na is the capital.
Botsena, a town of Italy, in the patri-
BOM
mony of St. Peter, on a lake of its name,
18 m NNW Vitcrbo.
Hi)!si)ver, a town in Derbyshire, with a
market on Friday. It has a spacious cas-
tle, on the brow of a hill ; and is noted for
the manufacture of tobacco pipes. It is
6 m r. Chesterfield, and 115 knw London.
Bohroucrt, a town of the Netherhmds, in
Friesland, near the Zuyder zee, 10 in N
Sluten.
Holton, a town in Lancashire, with a
market on Monday. It has a canal to Man-
chester, and manufactures of fustians,
conntorpanes, dimities, calicos, and mus-
lins. The population was 17,070 in 1811,
Two m to the n is Little Bolton, which
contained 7079 inhabitants in 1811. Bol- '
ton is 11 m nw Manchester, and 197 nnnt
London.
Bolton, a town of Massachusets, in
Worcester county, noted tor line limestone,
18 in NE Worcester, and 34 w Boston.
Bolzano ; see Botze?i.
Bomal, a town of the Netherlands, in Lux-
emburg, on the river Ourt, 20 m s Liege.
Bombay, an island of liindoostan, on
the coast of Aurungabad, 10 m long and
3 broad. It came to the English by the
marriage of Charles ii with Catharine of
Portugal. The surface is in general barren,
and good water scarce ; but it has abun-
dance of cocoa nuts. This little island
may be said to have lost its pretensions to
an insular name ; for, in 1805, a causeway
was completed across the narrow arm of
the sea, which separated it from the con-
tiguous island of Salsette, an operation of
great service to the farmers and gardeners
who supply the Bombay market.
Bombay, a city at the se end of the above
island, and one of the three presidencies of
the English E India Company, by which
theirorieiital territories are governed. Ithas
a strong and capacious fortress, a dockyard,
and marine arsenal. Here the finest mer-
chant ships are built, and all of teak sup-
plied from the neighbouring countries. The
inhabitants are of several nations, and verj^
numerous. This city commands the entire
trade of the nw coast of India, and that of
the gulf of Persia. It is 156 in s Surat.
Lon. 72 52 e, lat. 18 57 n.
Bombi, a town of the kingdom of Congo,
on the river Loze, 140 in ssw St. Salvador.
Bomcne, a seaport of the Netherlands, in
Zealand, on the N shore of the island of
Schowen, 3 m e Browershaven.
Bommcl, a town of the Netherlands, in S
Hoiland ; situate in the isle of Overtlackc,
7 m w W'iiliatnstadt.
Bommel, a strong town of the Nether-
lands, in Gelderland ; situate in the island
of Bonnnelwert, on the river Waal, 21 ni
sbyE Utrecht. Lon. 5 13 e, lat, 51 iO >'i
BON
'Bommehert, an island of the Nether-
lands, formed by the junctions of the ^^ aal
and Meuse. It lies in the province of
Gelderland, except a small district of the
w end, which belongs to Holland. It is 15 in
in length, from Lovvestein to Fort St. An-
drew, and is not more than 4 in the broad-
est part. It was taken by the French in
lt)72, and again in 1794.
Bona, a seaport of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Constantina, with a strong castle,
and other defences. Near it are the ruins
of the ancient Hippo Regius. It has a
trade in corn, oil, hides, wax, and wool ;
and SE of the town excellent ship timber
grows in abundance. Here, in 1816, was
connnitted one of the most sanguinary
acts on record ; above 200 coral fishermen,
natives of Sicily, &c. being inhumanly
butchered when at prayers, by the Alge-
rines. Bona is seated on a spacious bay, at
the mouth of the Seibouse, 90 m ne Con-
stantina. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 36 52 N.
Bonaire, an island in the Caribean sea,
to the E of Curacao. It is CO m in circuit,
abounds in cattle and salt mines, and has
a good harbour and road on the sw side.
Lon. 68 19 w, lat. 12 13 n.
Bonaventura, a seaport of New Gra-
nada, in the province of Popayan, with a
fort. It is the staple port of the province,
situate near the mouth of the river Bona-
ventura and the bay of Choco, 40 m nw
Cali. Lon. 76 46 w, lat. 3 50 n,
Bonavista, one of the Cape Verd islands,
so called from its beautiful appearance to
the first discoverers, in 1450 ; but it is now
become barren, through the extreme idle-
ness of the inhabitants. Lon. 22 47 w, lat.
16 6 N.
Bonavida, a cape and bay on the e side
of the island of Newfoundland. The cape
is in lon. 52 22 w, lat. 48 52 n.
Bondoif, a town of Suabia, capital of a
county that joins the Brisgau. It is 28 m
>"j;w Zuricii.
Boyiess ; see Borrowstonness.
Bonifacio, a fortified seaport of Corsica,
with a good harbour, and a coral fishery.
It stands on a small peninsula, at the s ex-
tremity of the island, 40 ni sse Ajaccio.
Lon. 8 56 E, lat. 41 25 N.
Bonila, a town of European Turkey, in
Albania, chiefly inhabited by Bulgarians
taken in the expedition against Paswan
Oglou. Here is a school of artillery; and
to the E of the town are a palace and
gardens belonging to the pashaw, and a
rivulet that flows n into the lake Acherusia.
It is 6 m sbyE Janina.
Bonn, a city of Germany, in the terri-
tory of Cologne. It was formerly the re-
sidence of the elector, and his palace had
a rich cabinet of natural curiosities. Here
are a flourishing university, four parish
BOO
churches, and several religious foundations.
The population 10,000. It has considec-
able maimfactures of cotton and silk; and
in the vicinity, at Poppelsdorf, is a porce-
lain manufacture. Bonn was taken by
the duke of Marlborough in 1703, and by
the French in 1794. It is seated on the
Ilhine, 14 m sbyE Cologne. Lon. 7 9 e,
lat. 50 10 N.
Bonnetuhle, a town of France, in the
department of Sarte, 15 m ke Mans.
Bonneval, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Eure and Loire, seated on the
Loire, 8 m iv Chateaudun.
Bonneville, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Geneva, and chief place of
the district of Faucigny. It is seated on
the Arve, at the foot of a mountain called
the Mole, 20 m se Geneva. Lon. 6 25 e,
lat. 46 4 N.
Bonthain, a seaport of Celebes, on the
ne part of a large bay, where ships may
lie in security during both the monsoons.
The town has a palisadoed fort, and stands
on the s side of a small but deep river.
Lon. 117 28 e, lat 5 11 s.
Bontory, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Braclaw, 22 m e Braclaw.
Bony, a town of Celebes, capital of a
kingdom on the s coast. The people are
called Bonginese, or Burgesses, and ar«
the most powerful nation of the island ;
they are also industrious and skilful in
various manufactures. The principal arti-
cles for trade are gold, rice, sago, cassia,
tortoise-shells, and pearls. The town
stands on the nw side of Bony bay, called
also Buggess bay, which is large, but full of
rocks and shoals. Lon. 120 35 e, lat. 2 50 s.
Boodroom, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, on the site of the ancient Hali-
carnassus. It rises gently from the head
of a deep bay ; and in front of the town
a broad square rock projects into the bay,
on which ife a strong citadel. The palace
of the bey stands on the margin of the
l)arbour. Fragments of inscriptions, co-
lumns, and sculpture are scattered in dif-
ferent parts of the bazar and streets; and
the remains of a theatre, and many other
luins are in the vicinity of the town. It is
98 m s Smyrna. Lon. 27 25 e, lat. 37 2 N.
Boqje, a town of Hindoostan, capital of
the country of Cutch. It is situate 14 m
inland from the gulf of Cutch, and 140 se
Tatta. Lon. 69 45 e, lat. 23 15 n.
Boondee, a town of Hindoostan, in
Ajmeer, at the s foot of a range of hills.
The rajah's palace is a massy building of
stone, about half way up the hill ; and a
kind of fortification extends thence to the
top. It is 21 m NW Kotah, and 90 SB
Ajmeer.
Boontton, a town of New Jersey, in
Sussex county, 12 m ese Newton.
BOR
Boonsborough, a town of Kentucky, in
Maddison county, seated on the Kentucky,
at the inilux of Otter creek, 30 m ese
Lexnigton.
Boor/iunpoor, a city of Ilindoostan, ca-
pital of Khaudcsh, but iniicl) fallen from
its former grandeur. It has a trade in fnie
cotton for veils, &c. and stands in a de-
lightful country, on the river Tuptee, 110
m Nby E Aurungabad. Lou. 7(3 '20 e, lat.
21 Wn.
Booroojerd, a town of Persia, in Irak,
caj)ital of a wealthy district, governed by
a prince. It stands in a circular plain,
covered with cultivation and villages, and
surrounded by mountains, 75 ra se Kir-
mansha.
Boosnah, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, 98 m ne Calcutta.
Bootan, a province of Northern Hin-
doostan, 200 ni long and 90 broad ; bound-
ed on the x by Tibet, e by Assam, s by
the same and Bengal, and w by Nepaul.
It abounds in mountains covered with
verdure, and rich with abundant forest-
trees : there is scarcely a mountain whose
base is not washed by some torrent, and
many of the loftiest bear populous villages,
amid orchards and plantations, on their
sides. The southern ridge of the Bootan
mountains rises near a mile and a half
above the plains of Bengal, in a horizontal
distance of only 15 m; and from the sum-
mit the traveller looks on the plains below
as on an extensive ocean. The Booteas
are much fairer and more robust than their
neighbours the Bengalese, with broader
faces and higher cheek-bones ; their hair
invariably black, and cut short ; their eyes
small and black, with long pointed corners;
and their skins remarkably smooth. The
houses are built on posts, and ascended
by a ladder ; the low er part, closed on all
sides, serves for holding stores, and accom-
modating hogs, cows, and other animals.
The capital is Tassisudon.
Boput, a town of Hindoostan, in Mal-
wah, capital of a small state, tributary to
the iMahrattas. It is surrounded by a
stone wall, and on a rising ground to the
^w is a fort. It stands amid streams
and hills, 13(3 m E Oojain. Lon. 77 27 e,
jat. 23 1(3 N.
Bopjingen, a town of Suabia, on the
river liger, 19 m kw Donawert.
Boppart, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Treves ; seated at tlie foot of
a mountain, near the Rhine, 8ms Cob-
lentz.
Borahs, a town of Sweden, in W Goth-
land, 38 m E Gothenburg.
Borburuto; see Forto Cabtllo.
Borch, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Elbe,
11 ni >E Magdeburii,
BOR
Borchlocn, a tov\n of the Netherlards,
in the territory of Liege, 15 m k\v Liege.
Bordentoxvn, a town of New Jersey, in
Burlington county, on the w sifle of the
Delaware, at the niflux of Crosswick creek,
6in below Trent on, and 23 ne Philadelphia.
Borii, a tjwu of Denmark, the chief
place in the island of Pemern, uith a fort,
on Pemern sound. It had formerly a port,
now Idled up, and is 50 in nne Lubec.
Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 54 35 N.
Borgo, a town of Pinland, in Nyland,
and a bishop's see; seated near the gulf of
Pinland, on a ri\er navigable for small
vessels, 24 m ene llelsingfors.
Borgo St. DoninOf a town of Italy, in
the duchy of Piacenza, seated on the
Stirone, 18 m sw Piacenza,
Borgo di St. Scpolcro, a town of Tus-
cany, in IHorentino, with a fort, seated
near the source of the Tiber, 12 m ke
Arczzo.
Borgqfortc, a town of Italy, in Mantuan,
on the river Po, at the influx of the Oglia,
10 m s Mantua.
Borju, a town of Spain, in Aragon, in a
fruitful spot near Mount Cayo, 42 m vvnw
Saragossa.
Borja, a town of Quito, chief of the dis-
trict of Maynas, whose immense forests
give rise to some of the head waters of the
Amazon. It is 320 m SsE Quito. Lon. 70
25 w, lat. 4 27 s.
Boriquen, an island in W Indies, near
Porto Pico. It is uninhabited, though fer-
tile, and the water good. Here is a great
number of land crabs, whence some call it
Crab Island. Lon. (3(3 0 w, lat. 18 0 N.
Borisozo, a town of Lithuania, in the
palatinateof Minsk, with a bridge over the
Berezina, 36 m ene Minsk.
Borkelo, a strong town of the Nether-
lands, in Gelderland, remarkable for hav-
ing been the subject of two wars; one in
1665, against the bishop of Munster, and
the other with France, in 1672. It is seated
on the river Boikel, 15 m ene Zutphen.
Barken, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Munster, with a collegiate
church, seated on the Aa, 38 m w Munster.
Bormio, a town of Switzerland, capital
of a county, on the confines of Tyrol, lately
subject to the Grisons, but now to Austria.
About a mile from the town are medicinal
baths. It is seated at the foot of the moun-
tains, on the Predolfo, near its conflux with
the Adda, 40 m se Coire. Lon. 10 20 e,
lat. 46 17 X.
Borna, a town of the kingdom of Saxony,
in Misnia, with a manufacture of stuffs;
seated near the Pleysse, 13 m ese Leipzic.^
Borneo, an island in the India ocean, of
an oval figure, 750 m long and 100 broad.
The inland country is mountainous; but
toward the sea low and marshy ; especially
BOR
en the northern side, where it is covered
with forests of hiriie trees, which penetrate
far into the interior. It prodiires mnch
rice, pepper, sago, diamonds, sold, pearls,
canes, wax, camphor, drucon-blood, bird
nests, and sandal wood. The I'ortus^uese
endeavoured to establish thein-eives here ;
but differences arisinii between them and
the natives, they were driven away, or
murdered. 1 he Dutch obtaineil some set-
tlements, and I heir chief factories are at
the mouth of the Banjer and the Pon-
tiana In 181S, the Uritish obtained pos-
session of Sambas. 1 he seacoast is usually
overfluwed half the year, anl uhen the
waters go off, the earth is covered with
mud ; for wiiich reason some of the hcuses
are built on floats, and others on pdlars.
The muddy flats are divided by river*,
which branch into numerous canals, and
are tiie oidy roads into the interior parts.
The countries on the coast are inhabited
by Chinese, Bugese, iNJaiays, and Moors.
Ihe natives of the island are called Biajos;
they are blacks and paiians, and live in
the interior part; but their coiintj-y is little
known. They are of middle stature, and
well made, go almost naked, and are ta-
t(>oed blue. They come down the Banjer
in rude boats to the port of Banjermabsin,
with gold dust and other articles ; the
ZMoois called' Banjareens being the factors.
The chiefs extract one or two of the fore
teeth, substituting others of gold ; and
strings of the tettli of tigers, a real badge
of courage, are worn round the neck. The
coasts of this island are divided into several
kingdoms, the principal of which are Borneo
and Banjerma.>sin.
Borneo, a kingdom on the nw side of
the above island, governed by a sultan,
who lives in great state. The capital, of
the same name, is large and populous,
situate 15 m up the country, on a tine navi-
gable river, 'i he Chinese frequently build
junks here, and send them to China loaded
with the rough produce of the country.
The town resembles \'enice, in having
canals instead of streets ; and the houses
are built on each side the river upon posts,
and are ascended by stairs or ladders. Lon,
112 44 E, lat. 4 55 x.
Bornholni, an island of Denmark, in the
Baltic, of an oval form, about 52 ui in cir-
cuit, and nearly surrounded by rocks. The
soil is stony, but fertile, with excellent
pasture; and there are mnies of coal, and
(juarries of freestone and marble ; also dif-
Icrent kinds of clay, which aie exported to
Copenhagen for the porcelain manufacture.
It lies 10 m se of Schonen, in. Sweden.
The chief town is llonne.
Boiniou, an exten.-^ive empire of Nigritia,
haviiig Cassina on the w, and Nubia on
the E. It consists of a number of oases, or
BOR
fertile spots, interspersed with arid wastes.
The climate is said to be characterized by
excessive, though not by uniform, heat.
Two seasons, one commencing soon after,
tlie middle of April, the other at the same
period in October, divide the year. The
iirst is introduced by violent winds from
the SK and s ; with intense heat, a deluge of
sultry rain, and such tempests of thunder and
liiiht'.ing, as destroy multitudes of the cat-
tle and many of the people. At the com-
mencement of the second season, the
ardent heat subsides ; the air becomes soft
and mlid, and the weather perfectly serene.
Maize, rice, the hursebean of Europe, the
common kidneybean, cotton, hemp, and
indigo, are cultivated ; and there are figs,
grapes, aprico'^s,. pomegranates, lemons,
limes, and melons. Ihe most valuable
tree is called Kec'eynnh, in form and height
like an olive, the leat resembling that of a
lemon, and bearing a nut, the kernel and
shell of which are in great estimation ; the
first as a fruit, the last on account of the
oil it produces. Horses, asses, mules,
dogs, beeves, goats, sheep, and camels (the
flesh of which is much esteemed) are the
common animals. Bees are so numerous
that the wax is often thrown away as an
article of no value. The game consists of
partridges, wild ducks, and ostriches, the
iksh 'f which is prized above every other.
'Ihe other animals are the lion, leopard,
civet caf, woif, fox, elephant, buffalo, ante-
lope, and cameleopardalis ; and there are
many snakes, scorpions, centipedes, and
toads. The complexion of the natives is
black ; but they are not of the Negro cast.
Ihe dress of the areatcr part consists of
shirts of blue cotton manutkctured in the
counlrv, of a red cap brought from Tripoli,
and a white muslin turban from Cairo.
Nose -rings of gold are worn by the prin-
cipal people. But the only covering of the
lower class is a kind of girdle for the waist.
In their manners the people are courteous
and humane : they are passionately fond
of play ; the lower classes of draughts, and
the higher excel in chess. More than 30
different languages are said to be spoken
in Bornou and its dependencies; and the
reigning religion is the Mohamedan. The
monarchy is elective. On the death of the
sovereign, the privilege of choosing a suc-
cessor from among his sons is conferred on
three persons, whose age and character for
wisdom are denoted by the title of elders.
The sultan is said to have 500 ladies in his
seragho; and that his stud likewise con-
tains 500 horses. liis dominions extend
beyond the desert into the fertile country
of Nigritia, of \shich he possesses a large
portion. lie has a vast army, which con-
sists almost entirely of horse ; the sabie,
pike, and bow, are their weapons of olf-
BOS
fence, and a shield of" hides is their ar-
mour.
Bornou, the c;ipital oF tlio above em-
pire, with a palace like a citadel. The
wluile city is surrounded by a liii!,li wall,
ciuonipas,-ed with a ditch ; hut the other
towns of the kingdom are open. The prin-
cipal trade is in gold dust, slaves, horses,
ostrich feathers, salt, and civet. It is
.seated on the (iazel, 750 m kne Cassina.
Lon. 23 5 E, hit. 19 45 N.
Boroduio, a village of Russia, in tlie go-
vernment of Moscow, on the river Kaloyn,
8 m wbyN iMojaisk. Here, in 1812, was
a iircat buttle between the Russians, under
prince Kutusolf, and the French, under
Bi'Uaparte; the former lost upward of
25,000 men, and the French a far greater
number, with above 20,000 horses : both
sides claimed the victory, but the French
retreated from the field.
Boroughbridge, a borouj^h in N York-
shire, with a market on Saturday, and a
trade in hardware. Here Edward ii, in
1322, defeated the rebel eail of Lancaster.
It is seated on the Ure, over which is a
stone bridge, 18 m NW York, and 206
U by vv London.
Borriuno, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
at the mouth of the Millas, 21 m n Valen-
cia.
Borroxodale,, a village in Cumberland, (3
m s Keswick. It stands at the head of a
narrow and crooked valley, and is famous
for m nes of wadd, or black-lead, a sub-
stance almost peculiar to England.
Borrozcstonness, or Boness, a town of
Scotland in Linlithgowshire, with a safe
and commodious harbour on the frith of
Forth. It has a considerable trade in ship-
building and coal, and extensive manufac-
tures of salt and stoneware. It is 5 m N
Lndithgow, and 18 wbyN Edinburg.
Bosa, a town on the w coast of Sardinia,
and a bishop's see, with a castle; situate
at the mouth of a river of the same name,
27 m s Sassari.
Boscazoen Island, an island in the Pacific
ocean, about 10 m in circuit. Lon. 175 10
w, lat. 15 30 s.
Bosco, or Boschi, a town of Italy, in
Milanese, seated on the Orbe, 5 "m e
Alexandria.
Boscohel, a village in Shropshire, 9 m se
Newport, where Charles ii was concealed
in an oak, after the. battle of Worcester.
Bosnia, a province of European Turkey,
120 m l,,ng and 70 broad; bounded on the
Jf by Sclavonia, t by Servia, s by Albania,
and w by Dahnatia and Croatia. It is
jnou/itainous, but fertile, especially near
the rivers. Serai is the capital.
Bui^ru, a town of Syria, where Mohamed
is said t'> hue received much information
from a Mestoriaa monk, toward founding
COS
Ijjs rclij^ions doctrines. It is 100 m s Ua«
mascus. J.tm. 37 10 i;, lat. 32 20 n.
Bof^inii, a borough in Cornwall, that has
now no market ; se.itcd near the ih-istol
channel, 17 m nw Launccston, and 283
whys London. See Tinlagel.
Bost, a town of J'ersia, in Sigcstan, for-
merly strong and populous, but now incon-
siderable. It is seated on the llermund,
140 m wsw Candahar. Lon. 64 15 e, lat.
32 30 N.
Bostini, a town of Asiatic 'Jurkey, in
Roum, which has a great commerce in
wheat; seated on the s branch of the Kizil
Irmak, 85 m s Sivas.
Boston, a borough in Lincolnshire, gc-
verned by a mayor, with a market on Wed-
nesday and Saturday, and a trade in wool.
It is seated on the Witham, 5 m from its
mouth, and vessels of 1 1 tons ascend to the
town. It has a navigation to Lincoln,
partly by the Witham, and partly by a
canal ; and there is another canal to Bourn.
The lofty tower of its large Gothic church
is a seamark. The population was 8180
in 1811. It is 37 m s;e Lincoln, and 113
N London. Lon. 0 5 r, lat. 53 1 n.
Boaton, the capital ofMassachusets, and
of Suffolk county, seated on a peninsula, at
the w end of Massachusets bay, covered
by numerous islands atid rocks, and defend-
ed by a strong castle. The peninsula is
formed by the harbour and the river
Charles, and contains about 700 acres ;
it is connected to the mainland, on the s,
by an isthmus a mile iii length, and about
a quarter where broadest. The city ex-
tends in the form of a crescent about the
harbour; and the country rising gradually
beyond, affords a delightful pvospiect. There
is only one safe channel to approach the
harbour, and that so narrow, that two ships
can scarcely sail abreast. Within the
harbour there is room for 500 ships to an-
chor; and at the Long Pier, which is near
2000 feet in length, ships of the greatest
burden may come close. Most of the pub-
lic buildings are handsome, and some cf
them elegant. Franklin Place is a great
ornament to the town ; it contains a monu-
ment of Dr. Franklin (w ho was born here)
and is encompassed on two sides with
buildings of superior elegance. On the w
side of the town is the Mall, a beautiful
public walk ; and opposite it, on Beacon-
hill, is a magnificent state-house. The
streets are handsome, particularly that ex-
tending from the pier to the townhouse.
Here are 19 edifices for public worship,
belonging to sects of various denomina-
tions ; seven freeschools, supported at the
public expense ; and two elegant bridges,
over Charles river, which have draws for
the admission of vessels. One of them,
called Charles Kiver Bridge, connects the
BOT
city with Charleston; and the other. West
Boston Biidiie, 3483 tcet in lenpth, leads
to Cambridge. The popuhition was 24,937
in 1800, and 33,'250 in 1810. The foreign
and domestic trade is ver^ considerable;
and the principal manufactures consist of
rum, loaf sugar, canvass, cordage, beer, pot
and pearl ash, glass, tobacco, and choco-
late. Fifteen of the islands iu the harbour
afford pasturage and corn, and furnish
agreeable places of resort in summer to
parties of pleasure. In the neighbourhood
of Boston, the lirst hostilities commenced,
in 1775, between the colonists and the
troops of the mother country, who evacu-
ated the town in 1776. It is 252 m ne New
York. Lon. 71 0 w, lat. 42 18 n,
Boszcorth, JMurktt, a town in Leicester-
shire, with a market on Wednesday. In
its vicinity was fought the famous battle
between Richard iir and the earl of
Richmond, afterward Henry vii, in which
the former lost bis crown and life. It is
seated on a hill, 13 m w Leicester, and
lOd NNW London.
Botany Bat/, a bay of New S Wales,
discovered by Cook in 1770, and so called
from the great quantity of herbs found on
the shore. The promontories which form
its entrance are named Cape Banks and
Point Solander. It was originally fixed on
for a colony of convicts from Great Britain,
which, in the sequel, took place at Port
Jackson, 13 m further to the x. Lon. 151
21 E, lat. 34 0 s.
Botany Island, a small island, in the
Pacific ocean, to the se of New Caledonia.
Lon. 167 17 E, iat. 22 27 s.
Botesdalc, a town in Suflblk, w-ith a mar-
ket on Thursday, seated in a valley, 15 m
HE Bury and 86 London.
Bothnia, East, a province of Finland,
on the E coast of the gulf of Bothnia. It
is 250 m in length, and from 90 »o 180 in
breadth. On the seacoast, and toward the
s, the land is low and marshy ; but it is the
most fertile province in Finland. The
principal exports are deals, tallow, dried
tish, pitch, and car. The capital is Ulea-
borg.
Bothnia, West, a province of Sweden,
in Nordland, on the w coast of the gulf of
Bothnia. It is 230 m in length, and from
25 to 50 in breadth, between the seacoast,
and Swedish Lapland. The soil is tolerably
fertile, and it has mines of copper and iron,
and numerous forests. The chief articles
of commerce are tar and timber, and the
skms ot foxes, ermines, bears, wolves, rein-
deer, otters, &c. The capital is Umea.
Bothnia, Gulf of, a sea or large gulf,
bianching n from the Baltic, at the isle of
Aland, between Sweden on the w, and
Finland on the E. The narrowest part,
called the Quarken, is near the middle, and
BOU
boats are here frequently crossing be-
tween Umea and W.uia. On its coasts are
many small islands.
Botley, a viliaije in Hampshire, 6 m E
Southampton, on the river Hamble, noted
for a considerable trade in flour.
Bottesford, a village in Leicestershire,
on the confines of Nottinghamshire and
Lincolnshire, 7 m w by n Grantham. Near
it, on a lofty eminence, is Belvoir castle,
the ancient seat of the dukes of Rutland.
In the clmrch are several monuments of
that noble family ; and many Roman anti-
quities have been found in the neighbour-
hood.
Bolwar, a town of Wirtemberg, en a
river of the same name, 15 sse Hailbron.
Botzen, or Bolzano, a town of Germany,
in Tyrol, capital of the district of Etsch-
land, with a castle. It is celebrated for
its excellent wine, and has four noted an-
nual fairs, frequented by great numbers of
Germans, Swiss, and Italians. It stands
on the Eisack, surrounded by high hills, 2'2
m sw Brixeu. Lon. 11 15 £, lat. 46
32 N.
Bova, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, 20 m se Reggie.
Bouchain, a fortified town of France, in
the department of Nord, divided into two
parts by the Scheld. It was taken by the
allies in 1711, but retaken the year follow-
ing ; and was invested by the Austrians, in
1793, but soon relieved. It is 9 m w
Valenciennes.
Bouchart, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire, situate on au
island in the river Vienne, 15 m ssw
Tours.
Bouchemain, a town of France, in the
department of Mayenne and Loire, 4ms
Angers.
Bouclans, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Doubs, 8 m e Besancon.
Boudry, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Neuchatel, 4 m sw Neuchatel.
Bovelles, a town of IVance, in the de-
partment of Somme, 6 m wsw Amiens.
Botijciah, a seaport of Algiers, which is
very strong, and has a much larger port
than Algiers, though not so secure. It is
situate near the mouth of the Zowah, 90 m
e Algiers. Lon. 4 53 v., lat. 36 44 x.
Bovignes, a town of the Netherlands, in
Namur, on the river Meuse, 10 m s Namur.
Bouillon, a town of the Netherlands, iu
Luxemburg, with a castle, on an almost
inaccessible rock. The French took it in
1676, when Louis xiv gave it to the duke
of Bouillon. In 1794, it was taken by
storm, by general Beaulieu, after defeatiny:
a body of French republicans, and given up
to pillage. It is seated near the Semoy,
6 in NNE Sedan, and 46 why n Luxemburg.
Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 49 45 N.
BOU
Fouill!/. n town ot'Erance, in tlic tlepnrt-
nioiit ot" Aube, 7 in s Tropes.
Bovino, a town o\ Kaptes, in Capitanata,
at the toot of the Apennines, 15 m ne
Heiievcnto.
Houlay, a town oi' France, in the depart-
ment ot' Moselle, 13 ni ne Metz.
Boulogne, a seaport of France, in the
(Icpaitnunt of Pas de Calais, lately an
episcopal see. It is divided into two towns,
the higher and the lower. The harbour has
SLnenil line )>icrs, and is very commodious.
it is seated amid liigh grounds, at the
mouth of the Liannc, 14 m ssw Calais.
Lon. 1 37 1., lat. 50 4-1 N.
Bou7-bon, an island in the Indian ocean,
(10 m long and 45 broad, lying 300 m e
of ^Madagascar. It has not a safe harbour,
but there arc many good roads for shipping.
On the SE is a volcano. It is a fertile
island ; producing, in particular, excellent
tobacco. The French settled here in 1672,
and built some considerable towns ; and
here their India ships used to touch fur
refreshments. It surrendered to the Bri-
tish in 1810, and has since continued in
their possession. The chief town is St.
Denys. Lon. 55 20 e, lat. 20 52 s.
Bourbon, a town of Kentucky, chief of
a county. It stands on a point of land
formed by two of the s branches of the
Licking, 20 m e>e Lexington.
Bourbon Ltma/, a town of France, in the
department of Saone and Loire, celebrated
for its hot mineral waters, and a large
marble pavement, called the Great Bath,
which is a work of the Romans. It is 28
m sw Autun.
Bourbon UArchambaud, a town of France,
in the department of Alher, celebrated for
its hot baths, and for giving name to the
family of the king of France. It is situate
near the river Alier, 15 m w Moulins.
Bourbonne les Bains, a town of France,
in the department of Upper Marne, famous
for its hot baths, 18 m ene Langres.
Bourbonnoh, an old province of France,
bounded on the x by Nivernois and Berry,
\v by Berry and Marche, s by Auvergne,
and E by Burgundy and Forez. It abounds
in corn,Vruit, pasture, wood, game, and wine.
It now forms the department of Allier.
Bourbour^, a town of I' ranee, in the de-
partment of Nord, seated near the river
Aa, and on a canal that communicates
with Calais and Dunkirk, 10 m .sw Dun-
kirk.
Bourdeaux, a city and seaport of France,
capital of the department of Gironde, and
an archiepiscopal see.. It is built in the
form of a bow, of which the river Garonne
is the string ; and the harbour is large, with
grand and extensive quays. It has 12
gates, and is deemed the second city in
France, for magnitude, riches, and popula-
BOU
lion. Tlie population 110,000. The ca
thedral is much admired. Here are a
university, an academy of arts and sciences,
a public library, arid a large hospital, in
which are many manufactures. The castle,
called the Trumj)et, is surrounded by the
river; and near another castle are line
walks. The most remarkable antiquities
are tlie palace of Galieuus, built like an
amphitheatre, and several aqueducts. By
the river Garonne and the canal of Langue-
doc, to the SE, it has an inland navigation
to the IMediterranean sea ; and by the same
river and the Gironde, to the nw, it has :i
communication with the Atlantic ocean.
I'rom these advantages it is a place of great
commerce, and has a very considerable
trade, particularly in claret and brandy.
Here F'.dward the black prince, of England,
resided several years, and his son, after-
ward Ivichard ii, was born. It is 97 m
sbyE Rochelle, and 320 ssw Paris. Lon.
0 34 w, lat. 44 50 N.
Bourdines, a town of the Netheriands,
in Namur, 5 m nw Huy.
Bourg, a city of France, capital of the
department of Ain. Near it is the magni-
ficent church and monastery of the Augus-
tins. The principal commerce is in corn,
horses, cattle, and white leather. It stands
in a marshy but fertile country, on the
river Ressousse, 36 m ne Lyon, and 233
SSE Paris. Lon. 5 19 k, lat 46 11 N.
Bourg, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gironde, with a tide harbour on
the Dordognc, near the point of land form-
ed by the junction of that river with the
Garonne. It has a great trade in wine,
and is 15 m N'byE Bourdeaux.
Bourg, a town of Guayana, in the island
of Cayenne. Lon. 52 50 w, lat. 5 2 n.
Bourg d'Oisans, a town of France, in
the department of Isere, seated on the
Roinanche, 20 m ese Grenoble.
Bourgancuf, a town of France, in the
department of Crense. Here is a lofty
tower, faced with stones cut diuraondwise,
erected by Zisini, brother of Bajazet ii,
emperor of the Turks, when he was obliged
to e\ile himself, after the loss c/a decisive
battle. Bourganeuf is seated on the Tau-
rion, 20 m :;e Limoges.
BourgcH, a city of France, capital of the
department of Clier, and an archiepiscopal
see. It has a university, founded by Louis
XI, the Nero of I'rance, who was born here.
Tn extent it is one of the greatest cities in
France, but the inhabitants hardly exceed
20,000. The principal manufactures are
cloth, woollen stutVs, and stockings; but
the trade is inconsiderable. It is seated
at the conflux of the Auron and Yevre, 25
m NW Nevers, and 123 s Paris. Lon. 2 24
E, lat. 47 5 N.
Bourgct, a town of Savoy, on a lake of
BOW
the same name, near the Illione, 6 m n
Chambery.
Bourgneuf, a seaport of France, in the
department of Lower Loire. The chief
trade is in salt, made from the adjacent
marshes, it stands on a bay to which it
gives name, between the isle of Noirmoii-
tier and the continent, 20 m sw IS antes.
Lon. 2 n w, lat. 47 4 n.
Bourgueil, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Indre and Loire, 22 m \v
Tours.
Bourmont, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Marne, on a steep
mountain, 20 m i byN Chaumont.
Bourn, a town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Saturday. It lias a navigable
canal to Boston, and is seated at the source
of a rivulet that flows to Spalding, 85 m s
Lincoln, and 97 x 1-ondon.
Bo7ir(>, one of the Molucca islands, to
the w of Ceram, 80 m long and 30 broad.
Some mountains in it are very high, and
the sea on one side is uncommonly deep.
It produces nutmegs, cloves, cocoa and
banana trees, and many vegetables intro-
duced by the Dutch. The chief town is
Cajeli, .seated on a bay of the same name.
Lon. 127 4 E, lat. o 24 s.
Buurthes, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, 12 m sr. Bou-
logne.
Bousa, a town of Nigritia. in the country
of Houssa, near the river Niger, where
Mungo Park is reported to have been killed.
It is 55 m wbyN Houssa.
Boussuc, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Creuse, with a castle on a rock,
25 m XE Gueret.
£o«fOK, one of the Molucca Islands, in
the Indian ocean, 85 m long and 20 broad,
its N end lying 10 m E from the sf. point of
Celebes.
Boiizonville, a town of France, in the
department of Moselle, on the river Nied,
27 m NE Metz.
Bow, a to\Mi in Devonshire, with a mar-
ket on Thursday ; seated at the source of a
river, which flows into the Taw, 14 m mw
Exeter, and 188 whys liondon.
Bow, s. village in Middlesex, 2 m ene
London. It has many mills, manutactures,
and distilleries, on the river Lea, over which
is a Itridge, said to be the iirst stone one
built in England, and that from its arches
the village received the name of Bow.
Bo-ic, an island in the Pacilic ocean,
about .'JO m in circuit. Lon. 141 10 w,
lat. 18 C'.'] s.
Bownes, a village in Westmorland, on
the E side of Windermere, 9 m wbyN
Kendal. It is a great mart for tish and
charcoal, and the chief place for trading
and pleasure boats used in navigating the
lake.
BRA
Bozcness, a village in Cumberland, at
the w end of the Picts wall, on Solway
frith, 13 m wbyN Carlisle. It, was a
Roman station, called Blatum Bulgium;
and hence Antoninus began his Itinerary.
Bovberg, ^ town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, with an ancient
castle on an eminence ; seated on the
Tauber, 13 m w Mergentheim.
Boxford, a village in Suffolk, 5 m from
Sudbury. It has a great trade in malt,
and a inanufacrure for dressing sheep and
deer skins in oil.
Boxley, a village in Kent, 4 m n Maid-
stone, famous for an abbey^ founded in
1146, some remains of which still exist.
In this abbey, Edward ii granted the
charter to the city of London, empowering
them to elect a mayor. •
Bo.vtel, a town of tiie Netherlands, in
Brabant, seated on the river Bonunel, and
furnished with sluices. Here the British
and Dutch troops, under the duke of York,
were defeated by the French in 1794. It
is 8 m s Bois le Due.
Buxthude, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Bremen, seated on the Este,
which flows into the Elbe, 12 m sw Ham-
burg.
Boyle, a borough of Ireland, in Roscom-
mon county. Here are the ruins of an
abbey, near the lake Key, and manufactures
of linen and yarn. It is seated on the
Boyle, over which are two bridges, 23 m N
Roscommon.
Bo>;ne, a river of Ireland, which rises in
the K part of Kildare county, crosses that
of Meath, and enters the Irish channel,
below Drogheda. In this river and on its
banks, near Drogheda, James ii was de-
feated by William iir, in 1(390.
Bozolo, a town of Italy, in>,Mantuan,
seated on the Oglio, 15 m sw Mantua.
Br cum, a river of Scotland, in Perthshire,
which descends from the hills e of Ixich
Tay, and flows into the Tay above Dun-
keld. Upon this river is a grand scene, at
a place called the Rumbling-bridge. Un-
der an arch, thrown over a narrow chasm,
between two prtijecting rocks, the river is
precipitated in a fall of near 50 feet.
Brabant, a territory of the Netherlands,
bounded en the n by Holland and Gelder-
land, E by Liege, s by Namur, and w by
Hainault, Flanders, and Zealand. The
principal rivers are the Scheld, Meuse,
Dommel, Netiies, and Dyle. The northern
part belongs :o Holland, under the denomi-
nation of Dutch Brabant, of which Bois le
Due is the- capital. The southern part,
lately denominated Austrian Brabant, has
Brussels for its capital.
Bracamoros ; see Jean de Bracamoros.
Bracciuno, a town of Italy, in the patri-
mony of St. Peter, celebrated lor some
BRA
warm batiis in its vicinity. It is situate
on a lake ot the same name, 1 .' ju n\v
Kiinie.
H7accigli(n7o, a town of Naples;, in I'lin-
cipato Citra, 7 ni knw Salerno.
Brucklei/, a borough in Northauipton-
shire, governed by a mayor, witli a uiarko-t
on ^^'ednes(^av. it contains t\voci)urclieH,
and had formerly a colKiie, now a iVct-
school. It is seated on the Ousc, 18 m ssw
Is'orthamptiu), and (JM n\v London.
Brachnc, a strong town of Poland, capi-
tal of a palatinate, in Podolia. It stands
on the river Bog, 85 m e Knminieck. Lon.
yy ::6 k, lat. 48 bO n.
liradfield, a town in Essex, witli a mar-
ket on Thursday, seated on the river Black-
water, 16 m K Chelmsford, and 44 kne
London.
Bradford, a town in Wiltshire, with a
market on jMcnday. It is the centre of the
greatest fabric of supertine cloths in Eng-
land. If stands on the side of a rocky hill,
on the Avon, 10 m > by w Warminster,
and 100 \v London.
Bradford, a town in W Yorkshire, with
a market onThnrsday. It has two churches,
and a canal, which is a branch from the
Leeds and Liverpool. The manufactures
are tammies, calamancos, woollen cloths,
and leather boxes ; and in the vicinity is a
capital iron foundery. The population was
7767 in 1811. It is 10 m w Leeds, and
19t) NNW London.
Bradford, a town of Massachusets, in
Essex county, where some vessels are built,
and shoes made for exportation. It is
situate on the Merrimac, opposite Haver-
hill, 10 m vv Is ew bury Port.
Brading, a corporate town in Hampshire,
near the e angle of the isle of Wight, at t)ie
head of a large haven, which admits small
vessels to the quay at high water. It is 6
ra E Newport, and 8 s Portsmouth.
Bragu, a city of Portugal, capital of
Entre Douro e Minho, and the see of an
archbishop, who is primate of Portugal. It
contains four i'luirches,beside the cathedral,
and eight convents. Here are some ruins
of an amphitheatre, and an aqueduct. It
is seated in a fertile country, on the Cavado,
180 m N Lisbon. Lon. 8 29, w, lat. 41
42 K.
Braganza, a city of Portugal, in Tralos
Montes. It is divided into the old and
the new town ; the former stands on an
eminence, surrounded by double walls, now
in ruins; and the latter on a plain at the
foot of a moiinttiin, defended by a fovt. it
is seated on the Fervanza, 32 n> wnw Mi-
randa, and 88 ne Oporto. Lon. 6 30 w,
lat. 42 2 N.
Brahmapootra, one of the' largest rivers
of As a. Its sources have not been explor-
ed, but they are in Tibet, and piobably
13 K A
separated from those of the Ganges only
by a narrow range of snow clad peaks.
The Brahmapootra flows v. along the n
side of tiio Ilimalch mountains through
Tibet, where it is called the Sanpoo, orZan-
choo, that is, the ]{i\or, and receives many
tributary streams before it passes Lassa. It
then penetrates the mountains that divide
Tibet from Assam, continues its course e
and by s to within 200 m of China, and
there turning suddenly w, passes through
Assam, where it receives a copious supply
frotn that region of rivers. It enters Bengal,
below ]{angamatty, makes a circuit round
the \v point of the Garrow mountains, and
altering its course to the s is aiterward
joined by the Mejina; which river, though
not a tenth part of the size of the other,
most unaccountHhly absorbs its name, and
communicates its own to the great mass of
waters, until they ijitermix witii (hose of
the Ganges, near the bay t)f Bengal. The
whole known course of the Brahmapootra
may be estimated at 1600 miles.
Braila, a town of European Tinkey,
in Walacia, with a castle, seated on the
Danube, 110 m se Tergovisto.
Brailow, a tow n of Poland, in Podolia,
on the river Bog, 30 m ^w Braclaw.
Braine le Comte, a town of the Nether-
lands, in Hainault, 19 m ssw Brussels.
Braine la Lend, a town of the Nether-
lands, in Brabant, IS m s Brussels.
Braintree, a town in Essex, with a mar-
ket on Wednesday. It has a considerable
manufacture of bays, and is joined on the
N by the extensive village of Booking. It
is seated on the river Blackwater, 11 m
i< by e Chelmsii)rd, and 40 ne London.
Braintree, a town of Massachusets, in
Norfolk county, the birthplace of John
Adams, the first vicepresident, and the
second president of the Lhiited States. It
is seated on a bay, 8 m s by e Boston.
Brakcl, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Paderborn, on the rivulet
Brught, 16 m e Paderborn.
Bralio, a mountain of Switzerland, in
the canton of Grisons, which separates the
valley of Munster from the county of Bor-
mio. It is su})posed to be the same that
Tacitus mentions under the name ol" Juga
Ixhanica.
Bramant, a tow n of Savoy, on the river
Arc, 20 m E St. Jean de Maurienne.
Bramber, a borough in Sussex, w liich is
.Ow without either market or fair; seated
on the Adur, adjoining to the s of Steyn-
iiig, 51 m sbj w London.
Brampton, a town in Cumberland, with
a market on Tuesday. On the top of a
high hill is a fortified trench, called
the Mote. It is seated on the Irth-
ing, 9 m eke Carlisle, and 311 nnw Lon-
don.
BRA
Bramstedt, a town of Lower Saxony, in
flolstein, near which is a medicinal spring.
It is seated on the Riam, 21 m n Hamburg.
Branaw, a town of Bohemia, with a
xnanufacture of coloured cloth, 11 m N\v
Glatz.
B?an.ca!eo}ic, a town of A'aples, in Cala-
bria Ultra, y m se Bova.
BraiKvtster, a village in Norfolk, 4 m
wbyN Burnhain. It was the ancient
Brnnnditnnm, a considerable Ilcmian city,
and has now a great trade in malt.
Brundeis, a town of Bohemia, on the
river Elbe, 10 m ne Prague.
Brandenburg, a marquisate of Germany,
in the circle of Upper Saxony; bounded
on the w by Luneburg, n by Pomerania
and Mecklenburcr, e by Poland, and s by
Silesia, Lnsatia, Saxony Proper, and Mn'^-
deburg. It is divided into five parts ; the
Old mark, the mark of Pregnitz, and the
Middle, Ucker, and New mark ; and their
chief towns are Stendal, Perleberg, Bran-
denburg, Prenzlo, and Custrin. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Elbe, Havel, Spree,
Ucker, Oder, and Warte. The country is
in general sandy, and the soil meagre ; but
it produces some corn, and abounds in
wood, wool, iron, Hax, hemp, iiops, and
tobacco. The greatest part of the inhabi-
tants are Lutherans ; but the papists are
tolerated. Berlin is the capital.
Brandenburg, a city of Lfpper Saxony,
capital of the Middle mark of Branden-
burg. It is divided into the f)ld and new
town, by the river Havel, which separates
the fort from both. Some I'rench refugees
having settled here, introduced their manu-
factures, and rendered it a prosperous
place. It is 32 m whys Berlin. Lon. 12
46 E, lat. 52 2? N.
Brandenburg, a town of Lower Saxony,
in iMecklenburg-Strelitz, surrounded by
walls. The streets are wide and straight,
the church of St. Mary is a large structure,
and the townhouse is worthy of notice. It
is situate on the ToUensee, 72 m n Berlin.
Lon. 13 20 £, lat. 53 34 x.
Brandenburg, a town of E Prussia, with
an ancient castle, at the se end of the
Frisch Half, 13 m sw Konigsberg.
Brandon, a town in Suffolk, with a mar-
ket on Friday. It stands on the little Ouse,
over which is a bridge, and a mile below
is a ferry to and from the isle of Ely. It
lias a great trade in corn, malt, coal, timber,
&c. and in the vicinity are extensive rab-
bit warrens. It is 15 m > by w Bury, and
78 NNE London.
Branford, a town of Connecticut, in
Newhaven county, which has many iron
works in its neighbourhood. It stands on
a river of the same name, which runs into
Long-island sound, 10 m e Newhaven, and
40 sby w Hartford.
BRA
Branslid, a town of Transylvania, on the
river Merish, 35 m s Weissemburg.
Brasil, a kingdom of S America, which
gives the title of prince to the heir apparent
of the crown of Portugal. Its length froin
the mnu!h of the river Para to that of the
river Plata, is upward of 2100 m, and its
breadth is from 90 to 1000. This country
was discovered in 1500, by Alvarez Cabral,
a Portuguese, who was forced upon it by a
tempest ; and it had its name from the
abundance of brasil wood found there. The
Portuguese have not penetrated far into
the interior ; but the coast they have
divided into 15 captainries or governments,
which from Ntos are Para, Maranhan,
Seara, Rio Grande, Paraiba, Tamarica,
Pernambuco, Sergippy, All-Saints Bay,
Ilheos, Porto Seguro, Spiritu Santo, Rio
Janeiro, St. Paul, and Rey. The climate
of Brasil is temperate and mild, when com-
pared with Africa, owing chielly to the
refreshing wind, which blows continually
from the sea. The rivers annually over-
flow their banks, and the soil, in many ,
places, is very rich. More sugar is brought
from this country than from all other parts
of the world. It produces, tobacco, maize,
several sorts of fruit, and medicinal drugs.
Beside the valuable brasil wood, there are,
spacious woods of citron, ebony, mastic,
cotton, and five species of palm-trees.
The mines of gold and diamonds, first
opened in 1G81, yield above five millions
sterling annually, of which sum a fifth be-
longs to the crown. The cattle increase
so prodigiously, that they are killed for
their hides only, 20,000 being sent annu-
ally to Europe ; and there is great plenty
of deer, hares, and other game. In some
of the provinces are found a great variety
of noxious insects and reptiles, as the
liboya, or roebuck snake, which is said to
grow to the length of 30 feet; the rattle-
snake ; the ibibaboka, a serpent said to be
21 feet long, whose bite is almost instant
death. No country produces a greater
number of beautiful birds ; in particular
the colibri, whose body is very small, and
which sings as harmoniously as a nighting-
gale. The natives, who inhabit the inland
parts, are people of difl'erent languages ;
but they all agree in wearing no clothes.
They are of a copper colour, with long,
coarse, black hair on their heads, but with-
out any on the other parts of tlteir bodies,
like the rest of the Americans. They are
strong, lively, and gay, and subject to few
diseases. They love to adorn themselves
with feathers, and are fond of feasts, sit
which they dance inmioderately. They
have no temples, nor any other sign of re-
ligion ; and they make no manner of scruple
to marry their nearest relations. They
have huts made of the branches of trees,
BRA
and covereil with palm leaves. Tlieir fur-
niture consists chiefly in their haniniocks,
and (iislies, or cups, ni;ule nf calil)ashes,
painted without dI a red colour, and black
within. Their knives are made ot" a sort
of stone and split canes ; and they have
baskets of ditVercnt sizes, chieily made of
palm leaves. Their arms are bows, arrows,
and wooden clubs. When they travel,
they fasten their hammocks between two
trees, and sleep all nitrlit therein. Brasil,
in 1808, became the residence of the royal
familv of Portugal ; jxnd in 181 '), the state
of Brasil was raised to the diu;nity of a
kiiiizdom. The capital is 8l. Sebastian.
Bras/aa; a city of Lithuania, in the pa-
latinate of VVilna, on the jj side of a lake
which communicates with the JJwina, 76
m NNK Wilna. Lon. 20 48 r, lat. 55 40 x.
Brassa, one of the Shetland islands, 4
m long and 2 broad. Between this and
the principal island, called Maiuland, is
the noted Brassa Sound, where 1000 sail
may at once find commodious mooring.
See Lerwick.
Brassaw, or Cronstadt, a stronc: town of
Transylvania, on the river Burezel, 50 m
EbyN Hermanstadt. Lon. 25 55 f, lat.
49"v55 N.
Brasstoxcn, a town of Tennessee, si-
tuate near the source of the Hiwasse, about
100 m s Knowilie. T"o ra s of this town
is the Enchanted j\Iountain, much famed
for the curiosities found on its rocks, which
consist of impressions resembling the tracks
of turkies, bears, horses, and human beings,
as perfect as they could be made on snow
or sand.
Brattleborcmgh, a town of Vermont, in
Windham county, on the river Connecticut,
40 m E Bennington, and 90 w>w Boston.
Brava,a seaport on the coast of Ajan,
with a good harbour, 90 m sw ^lagadoxo.
Lon. 43 25 e, lat. 1 SOn.
Bravu, one of the Cape Verd inlands, 12
m wsw of Fuego, and inhabited by the Por-
tuguese. The land is high ai;d .mountain-
ous, but fertile ; and liorses, beeves, asses,
and hogs, are numerous. It has tliree har-
bours, but Porto Ferreo on the s side is the
best for large ships. Lon. 24 39 w, lat.
14 52 N.
Braubach, a town of Germany, in W^es-
terwald, with a castle on a rock where
state prisoners are confined. In the
valley, are mines of silver and copper, and
several foimdaries. It is seated on the
Rhine, 8 m wbys Nassau.
Bi'uwiau, a fortitied town of Bavaria,
formerly the residence of the elector. In
1742, it was taken by the Austrians; and,
in 1779, by the peace of Teschen, the
town and its district were coded to Aus-
tria. In 1805, it was captured by the
French and Bavarians. It is seated on the
BRE
river Inn, 28 ra sw Passau. Lon. 13 0 v.,
lat. 48 14 N.
Braiuifcla, a town of Germany, in Wes-
tcrwald, capital of the county of Solms.
Here is the magnificent seat of the prince
of Solms-Braunfels ; and near it is the de-
cayed castle of Solms. It is seated near
the Lahn, 10 m vv by s Wetziar. Lon. 8
1 8 F,, lat. 50 30 N .
Bruunabur^, u town of W Prussia, in
Ermeland. It has an academy for catho-
lics, established in 1783 ; and is seated on
the I'assarge, near its entrance into the
Frisch liaff, 18 m ne Elbing. Lon. 19 58
E, lat 54 30 N.
Brunnston, a village in Northampton-
shire, 4 m Nw Daventry, on the confines
of Warwickshire. Here commences the
(irand .lunction canal to the Thames,
which, with the Oxford and Coventry ca-
nals, render it the central place of inland
navigation to the four principal seaports of
England.
B7<ii/, a town of Ireland, in Wicklow
county, on the river Bray, near St. George
channel, 12 m sse Dublin.
B7<ii;. a village in Berkshire, a mile s
^Maidenhead. It is famous in song for its
vicar, who was twice a papist and twice u
protestant, in four successive reigns, and
when taxed with being a turncoat, said, he
always kept to his principle, ' to live and
die vicar of Bray.'
Bruzza, an island in the gulf of Venice,
on the coast of Dalmatia, 35 ni long, and 6
broad. The soil is stony, but it produces
much excellent wine, and this article, with
fire-wood and sheep, form the chief trade.
It has a town of the same name. Lon. 16
30 E, lat. 43 25 N.
Brechin, a borough of Scotland, in For-
farshire, anciently a bishop's see and the
county-town. The cathedral is partly
ruinous, but one of its aisles serves for the
parish church. At the ne corner of the
cathedral stands a square tower, 120 feet
high, built at the same time with the church;
and at the sw corner is a curious antique
round tower, 103 feet high, which tapers
from the bottom, and is very slender in
proportion to its height. Here are manii-
factures of canvas, linen, and cotton, and a
considerable brewery. The population
was 5559 in 1811. It is seated on the S
Esk, 8 m w Montrose, and 12 ene Forfar.
Brecknock, or Brecuri, a borough of
Wales, capital of Brecknockshire, with a
market on .Wednesday and Saturday, and
en Friday for cattle. It is an ancient
place, as appears by the Roman coins that
are often dug up; and its once magnificent
castle is now an insignificant ruin. It
contains three churches, one of which is
collegiate; and in that part of the town
called the Watton is a fine arsenal. It
BRE
has a 'good trade in clothintr. The popu-
lation was 3196 in 1811. To the e of the
town is a considerable lake, well stored
with fish, whence runs a rivulet into the
Wye ; and to the s are lofty mountains
cafled the Brecknock Beacons, th6 prin-
cipal of which, denominated Cader Ar-
thur, is the hiijliest mountain in S Wales.
Brecknock is seated on the Hondey, at its
conflux with the Usk, 34 m nw Mon-
mouth, and 171 wbyN London. Lon. 3
22 w, lat. 51 51 x.
Brecknuckshire, a county of Wales,
bounded on the E by Herefordshire and
Monmouthshire, s by Glamorganshire, w
by Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire,
and X by Radnorshire. It is 38 m long
and 28 broad, containing -167,840 acres ;
is divided into six hundreds, and 67 pa-
rishes ; has four market-towns ; and sends
two members to parliament. The popu-
lation was 37,735 in 1811. It is full of
mountains, some of v/hich are exceedingly
high ; but there are large fertile plains and
vallies, which vield plenty of com, and
feed great numbers of cattle. The s part
abounds with coal and iron. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Wye and Usk.
Breda, a fortified city of the Nether-
lands, in Diitch Brabant, surrounded on
all sides by water ana morasses. The
great church is a noble structure, with a
lofty spire. In 1625, the Spaniards, after
a memorable siege of 10 months, reduced
this city ; but, in 1637, the prince of
Orange retook it. In 1793, it surrendered
to the French, after a siege of only three
days, but was retaken soon after. It is
seated on the river Merk, 25 m xne An-
twerp, and 60 s Amsterdam. Lon. 4 50
E, lat. 51 37 X.
Bredon, a village in Leicestershire, 5 m
NNE Ashby de la Zouch ; seated at the
base of a high limestone rock, on the
summit of which the church stands and
commands very ext(insive views.
Bredstcdt, a town of Denmark, in the
duchy of Sleswick, 21m wnw Sleswick.
Breeds Hitl, an eminence on the x side
of Charleston, inMassachusets, celebrated
for the stand made by the Americans
against the British troops, in 1775, at the
commencement of hostilities with the
mother country. This action, from another
hill near it, is often called the battle of
Bunkers Hill.
Breeioood, a town in Staffordshire,
whose market is discontinued, situate on
a branch of the Penk, 10 m s by w Staf-
ford, and 129 xw London.
Bregentz, a town of Germany, in Tyrol,
with a castle on an eminence; seated at
the mouth of a river of its name, on the e
end of the lake of Constance, 6 m se
Lindau.
BRE
Brehar, the most mountainous of the
Scilly islands, 30 m w of the Lands-end.
Lon. 6 47 w, lat 50 2 x.
Brehna, a town of the duchy of Sax-
ony, 8 m X E Halle.
Bremii, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
near the conflux of the Sessia with the Po,
on the frontiers of Montferrat, 28 m w
Pavia.
Bremen, a duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, lying betv^een the
Weser and the Elbe ; the former of which
separates it from Oldenburg, and the other
from Holstein. The country is fertile and
populous, but in winter is subject to in-
undations. It formerly belonged to the
Swedes, but was sold to the elector of
Hano%'er in 1719. Stade is the seat of
regency.
Bremen, a free city, capital of the
above duchy. The Weser divides it into
the old and new town, both of which are
fortified ; the forii:t:- is rhe largest, and in
it stands the cathedral. Fhe population
40,000. It has a harbour, 9 m below the
town, and carries on an extensive trade.
In 1757 it was taken by ttie French, who
were driven out in 17 58 by the Hanove-
rians. In 1810 It became subject to
France. It is 22 m E Oldenburg, and 62
WNW Zell. Lon. 8 40 e, lat. 53 5 x.
Bremenvord, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Bremen, defended by a
castle. The chancery of the duchy is kept
here. It stands near the Oste, 32 m x by
E Bremen.
Bremgarten, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Argau. The inhabitants
deal chiefly in paper. It is seated on the
Reuss, 10 m w Zurich.
Brcno, a town of Italy, in Bresciano,
seated on the Oglio, 36 ra x Brescia.
Brcnta, a river that rises in the pnn-
cipaiitv of Trent, passes by Bassano and
Padua, and enters tlie gulf of Venice, a
little s of Venice.
Brentford, a town in Middlesex, with
a market on Tuesday. It is seated on
the Thames, into which, at the^v end of
the town, enters the rivulet Brent and the
Grand Junction canal. Here the free-
holders of Middlesex elect the knights of
the shire. It is a lone town, divided inti* _
old and new Brenttiu'd, which last con-
tains the church and market-place. It is
7 m w London.
Brentwood, a town in Essex, with a
market on Thursday, seated pn an emi
nence, 11m wsw Chelmsford, and 18 exe
London.
Brescia, a city of Italy, capital of Bres-
ciano, and a bishop's see, with a good ci
tadel. The cathedral and the palace ara
adorned with beautiful paintins;s, and ia
the former is shown the standard of Cun
BRE
stantine. Ilero are several flourisliinc ma-
nufactures, and its fire-arms are particii-
luily relehratod. Tliis city was taken by
tlie French in ]7P6, retaken by tlie Ans-
trians in 179P, and ap:ain possessed by the
fVench in IHOO. It is seated on the
Gai-7a, 42 ni xw Mantua. I.im. 10 5 v,
lat. 45 31 N.
lliesciujio, a province of Italy, bounded
on the s by INIantua and Crcinoncse, why
Bersiamasco, n by the canton of tJrisons,
and F. by the principality of Trent, \'e-
ronese, and Mantuan. It is watered by
Sfvera! small rivers, and fertile in wine,
oil, and maize, with excellent pasturages,
and some mines of copper and iron.
Brescia is the capital.
Bresello, a town of Italy, in Modenese,
on the river l*o, 27 m nw Modena.
Breslauy a beautiful city, capital of Si-
lesia, and a bishop's see, with a university.
It is seated at the conflux of the Ola with
the Oder, the first of which runs through
several of the streets, and forms two
islands. It is surrounded by walls,
strengthened by ramparts and other
works ; has a great trade in linen, leather,
Hungarian wines, &c. and contains (J0,000
inhabitants. The public squares are spa-
cious, the streets tolerably wide, and the
houses lofty. The two principal churches
belong to the protestants ; near one of
which is a college. This city became
subject to the king of Prussia in 1741. It
was taken by the Austrians in 1757, but
regained the same year. It was for some
time besieged by the French, and surren-
dered to them in 1787. It is 112 m ne
Prague, and 165 N Vienna. Lon. 17 9 t.,
lat. 51 3 Is.
Brcsle, a river of France, which divides
the department of Lower Seine fiom that
of Somme, and enters the English channel
at Treport.
Br esse, an old province of F'rance,
bounded on the n by Burgundy and
Tranche Comtc, e by Savoy, s by Vien.nois,
and w by Lyonois. It now forms the de-
partment cf Ain.
Bressuire, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Two Sevres, with a college, 35
m NW Poitiers.
Brest, a seaport of France, in the de-
partment of rinisterre, with a castle on
a cragsv rock by the seaside. Ihe har-
bour is the best in the kingdom, with a
narrow entrance, and both sides well for-
tified : the inner part, called Brest Water,
is capable of holding 500 large ships. The
population 27,000. The streets are nar-
row, crooked, and steep. 1 lie quay is
above a miie in length. The arsenal was
built by Louis XIV, whose successor esta-
blished a n.arine academy; and it has
fivery accommodation for the navy. The
BRI
English attempted in vain to take tliis
place in I6O4. U is .30 m sk Morlaix,
and 325 N Paris. Lou. 4 29 w, lat. 48
23 N.
Bretnpjir, or Britany, an old province
of France, 150 ui long and 112 broad. It
is a jieninsiila, united on the r. to Maine,
Anjou, and Poitou. The air is temperate,
and it has large forests. It now forms the
depariments of Finistorre, Cotes du Nord,
llle and N'llaine, Lower Loire, and Mor-
bihan.
Brcfeiiil, a town of France, in the de«
partment of Oisc, seated on the Noye, 14
m XNE Beauvais, and 18 s Amiens.
Breteuil; a town of France, in the de-
partment of Euro, seated on the Iton, 15
m sw Evrcux.
Brclon, Cape, an island of N America,
separated from Nova Scotia by the gut of
Canso. It is 110 m long, and from 20 to
80 broad, but is penetrated by large inlets
of the sea. The country is mountainous,
subj(:ct to fogs throughout the year, and
covered with snow in the winter. In 1745
it was taken from the French by the
English; restored in 1758, and afterward
retaken ; and by the peace of 1763, it was
ceded to Great Britain. There is an ex-
cellent cod fishery on the coast. The ca-
pital is Louisburg.
Bretlen, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the llhine, 20 m s Heidel-
berg.
BrcTord, a strong town of the Nether-
lands, in Gelderland, with a castle, situate
in a morass, 24 m se Zutphen.
Brewers, a town of the district oF
Maine, in Washington county ; seated at
the mouth of the Scoodick, in Passama-
quoddy bay, 25 m ni^e Machias Lon.
67 35 w, lat. 44 53 N.
Brcuington, Fort, in the state of New
York, at the w end of Lake Oneida, 24
m sr. Fort Oswego, and 45 w Fort
Stanwix.
Brc^, a town of the Metherlands, in the
territory of Liege, on the river Neer, 14
111 N Maestricht.
Bricntgon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Alps, with a rattle on
a cratisy rock, and other fortifications. In
its neighbourhood manna is gathered from
a sort of pine tree. It has a handsome
church, and a noble bridge over the Du-
rance, 20 m N Embrun. Lon. 6 32 e, lat.
44 52 N.
Briangonnet, a fortress of Savoy, near
the town of J\Ioustiers, situate on a rock
inaccessible every way, except by the side
of a river, where it is ascended by above
200 steps. The common passage from
Savoy to Itflly is by this fortress.
Briansk, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Orel, seated on tlie Desna,
BRI
which here becomes navisahle, 70 m w by
K Orel, and 1'20 se Smolensk.
Briare, a town of France in the de-
partment of Loiret, seated on the Loire,
and has a canal between that river and
the Loin'j, near iVIontargis. It is 46 m
XSE Orleans.
Briclf, St. a village of ^Vales, in Pem-
brokeshire, 7 m AVNW Milford. It stands
on the s side of a fine bav, to ^vhich it
gives name, and had formerly a great trade
in herrings.
Bridgend, a town of Wales, in Glamor-
ganshire, with a market on Saturday, and
a woollen manufacture. T«o m to the n
is Coitv castle. It is seated on the Og-
wore, 7 m wnw Cowbridge, and 181 w
London.
Bridgenorth, a borough in Shropshire,
with a market on Satiuday. It has two
churches, and a freescliDol that sends and
maintains 18 scholars at the university of
Oxford. It was formerly fortified with
walls, and had a castle, now in ruins.
Here are manufactures of cloth, stockings,
and iron tools; and the trade both by
land and water is considerable. It is
seated on the Severn, 23 m se Shrews-
bury, and 139 Nw London. Lon. 2 28 w,
lat. 52 36 N.
Bridgetown, the capital of the island of
Barbados, situate in the inmost part of
Carlisle bay, which is large enough to con-
tain 500 ships, but the bottom is foul,
and apt to cut the cables. This city was
burnt down in 1688 ; and suffered also
greatly by fires in 1?56, 1766, and 176?.
Belbre these fires it contained 1500 houses ;
and it has since been rebuilt. The streets
are broad, the houses high, the wharfs and
quays, convenient, and the forts strong.
The church is as large as some cathedrals.
Here also is a freeschool, a hospital, and
a college; the latter erected by the society
for propagating the gospel, pursuant to
the will of colonel Codrington, who en-
dowed it with 2000/. a year. The town
had scarcely risen from the calamities al-
ready mentioned, when it was torn from
its foundations by a hurricane in 1780, in
which many of the inhabitants perished.
It was soon restored. Lon. 59 48 w, lat. 13
10 X.
Bridgetoun, a town of New Jersey,
chief of Cumberland county. It is situate
on Cohanzy creek, 36 m ssE Philadelphia.
Lon. 75 5 w, lat. 39 32 N.
Bridgetown, a town of Maryland, in
Queen Ann county, on the w side of
Tuckahoe creek, 8 m e Centreville, and
63 ssw Philadelphia.
Bridgeuater, a town of Massachusets,
in Plymouth county. In and near it
large quantities of hardware, nails, 8ic. are
BRI
manufactured. It is 5 m nne Raynham?
and 30 sbyE Boston.
Bridgezcater, a borough in Somerset-
shire, governed bv a mayor, with a market
on Thursday and Saturday. It is seated
on the Parret, over which is a stone
bridiie, and near it vessels of 100 tons
burden may ride. It has a large church,
and carries on a considerable coasting-
trade. '1 he summer assizes are held here
and at Wells alternatelv. In the wars
between Charles i and the parliament, the
forces of the latter reduced great part of
the town to ashes ; and the castle was then
so far demohbheH, that few vestiues of it
are now observable. It is 8 m s of the
Bristol channel, 31 ssw Bristol, and 13S
whys London. Lon. 3 0 w, Lit. 51 8 N.
Bridlington, a ^c.lport in E Yorkshire,
with a miiiket on Saturday. The harbour,
called Bridliiiijton Quay, is a mile from the
town, formed by two piers, and very com-
modious. Its mineral waters, and accom-
modations for sea-bathin2, draw much
company in summer ; and its trade is con-
siderabie. It is seated on a fine bav 40
m ENE York, and 206 n London. Lon. 0
10 w, lat. 54 8 N.
Bridport, a borough in Dorsetshire,
with a market on Saturday. It is seated
between the rivers Brit and Bride, and has
a harbour that will contain about 40
small vessels. Tlie market is remarkable
for hemp; and here are large maiuifactuies
of canvass, small cordage, and nets. It
is 12 m w Dorchester, and 135 whys
London.
Brieg, a fortified town of Silesia, capital
of a principality, with a Lutheran cathe-
dral, and several other churches for pro-
testants and catholics. Here is a manu-
facture of cloth. It was taken by the
Prussians in 1741, and its ancient castle
burned down during the siege. It is
seated on the Oder, 25 m se Breslau.
Lon. 17 37 e, lat. 50 49 x.
Briel, or Brill, a fortified seaport of
the Netherlands, in S Holland, capital of
the island of Voorn. The Dutch took it
from the Spaniards in 1572, wliich was
the foundation of their republic. It is
seated at the principal mouth of the
Meuse, 20 in \vsw Rotterdam. Lon. 4 1
E, lat. 51 48 X.
Briens-bridge, a town of Ireland, in
Clare county, with an excellent sulphure-
ous spiing ; seated on the Shannon, 10 in
NXE Limerick.
Brientz, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, famous for the cheese
made in its neighbourhood It is seated
on a lake of the s^ame name {9 ui long and
3 broad) 42 m SE Bern.
Brietzen ; see Wriezen,
H
BRI
Brieuc, St. a town of France, capital of
the department of Cotes du Noid, and a
bishop's see, with a small harbonr. It is
seated amon£; hills, nenr the mouth of the
river Goy, 50 m Nw Rennes. Lon. 2 43
w, lat, 48 31 N.
Bi'iei/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Moselle, near the river Manse,
12 m N\v Metz.
Brigg, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Valais, with a castle. Here
begins the famous road over the Simplon
into Italy. The town is neatly built, and
situate near the Rhone, 30 m Eby N Sion.
Brigg; seeGlanfo7(lbridge.
Brightkehnston, or Brighton, a town
on the coast of Sussex, with a market on
Thursday. At the w part of the town is
a battery, but it has no harbour, and only
small vessels can approach the shore. It
was formerly inhabited chiefly by fisher-
men ; but having become a place of re-
sort for sea-bathing, it has been greatly
enlarged by many handsome houses, with
public rooms, hot and cold baths, a the-
atre, &c. and is now the largest town in
the county. The prince of Wales has here
an elegant pavilion and superb stables; and
adjoining is a chapel royal. The church
stands on a hill above the town; and to
the w of it is a chalybeate spring much
frequented. There are also a chapel, se-
veral meeting-houses, a Romish chapel,
and a synagogue. The number of resident
inhabitants was 1(J,01'2 in 1811. Here
Charles ii embarked for France in 1651,
after the battle of Worcester. It is 8 m
sw Lewes, and 50 s London. Lon. 0 (5 w,
lat. 50 50 N.
Brignolles, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vaf, famous for its prunes ;
seated among the mountains, in a pleasant
country, 20 m nne Toulon.
Brihuega, a town of Spain, in New
Castile, with a manufacture of cloth, and
a trade in wool. Here general Stanhope
and an English army were taken prisoners,
in 1710. It is seated on theTajuna, 43
m NE Madrid.
Brilon, a town of the duchy of West-
phalia, on the river Mone, 27 m Ebys
Arensberg.
Brindisi, a city of Naples, in Otranto,
and an archbishop's see, with a fortress.
The trade is trifling, and the air unhealthy;
but both are improving by cleansing the
harbour and draining the marshy places.
It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 32 m
INE Tarento. Lon. 18 15 e, lat. 40 45 n.
Bri7in; see Brunn.
Brioude, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Loire. Near it is a
smviU town called Church Brioude, on ac-
coimt of a famous chapter. Brioude stands
BRI
on the AUier, over which is a bridge of
one arch, 173 feet in diameter. It is 32
m NW Puy, and 34 sbyE Clermont.
Brisuch, Old, a town of Suahia, once
the capital of Brisgau. in 1741 the for-
tifications were demolished, and the ar-
tillery removed to Friburg. It stands on
the E side of the Rhine, 8 m w by s Fri-
burg.
Brisach, Nero, a fortified town of
France, in the department of Upper
Rhine, seated about a mile w of the
Rhine, opposite Old Brisach, and 8 m e
Colmar.
Brisago, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
on the Lake Magiore, 5 m s Locarno.
Brisgau, a territory of Suabia, on the
E side of the Rhine, which separates it
from France. The chief part belonged to
the house of Austria ; but by the treaty
of Presburg, in 1 805, it was ceded to the
elector of Baden, who was formerly pos-
sessed of a few places. The chief town is
Friburg.
Bristino, a town of Naples, in Capi-
tanata, 11m ssw Manfredonia.
Brissac, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mayenne and Loire, seated on
the Aubence, 13 m s Angers.
Bristol, a city and seaport in Glou-
cestershire, with a market on Wednesday
and Saturday. For wealth, trade, and po-
pulation, it has long been reckoned the
second in the kingdom ; tliough now sur-
passed in all these respects by Liverpool,
Manchester, and Birmingham. It is seated
on the Avon, at the influx of the Frome,
10 m from the entrance of the Avon into
the Bristol channel; and at its mouth are
several dockyards, and a very extensive
floating dock. The inconvenience of ves-
sels lying aground when the tide was out,
first caused .a basin to be constructed for
40 ships ; but the Avon is now completely
dammed across, and its bed converted
into a vast basin above 2 m long, which is
entered by gates, and capable of contain-
ing 1000 vessels always afloat. A nevr
channel has been cut for the river, and
over it an iron bridge is thrown, of a single
arch, under which the largest ships pass.
The city has 18 churches, beside the ca-
thedral, which was formerly the church
of St. Augustin's monastery. Here is a
guildhall, a customhouse, an exchange,
and several other public buildings ; beside
hospitals, schools, and various charitable
foundations. The population was 76,433
in 1811. Bristol is a county of itself, go-
verned by a mayor, and has the assizes
Jield here in the spring. Here are many
glasshouses; and the sugar refinery is one
of its principal manufactures. The Hot
Well, about a mile below the city, on the
, BRI
side of the Avon, is of great purity, and
has obtained a high reputation in con-
sumptive cases. In St. Vincent Rock,
above this well, are found those native
crystals, so well known under the name of
Bristol stones. The numerous buildings
on the top of this rock, have the name of
Clifton, and is the chief resort of the
gentry, on account of the salubrity of its
air. The city walls have been demolished
long ago ; and there is only one gate now
standing. Bristol is 13 ra wnw Bath, 34
ssw Gloucester, and 114 w London. Lon.
2 36 w, lat. 51 27 n.
Bristol, a seaport of Rhode Island, ca-
pital of a county. It has a commodious
and safe harbour ; and is seated on a rich
soil, noted for garden-stuft", on the e side
of Bristol bay, 13 m n Newport, and 24
SSE Providence. Lon. 71 14 w, lat. 41
40 N.
Bristol, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Bucks county, seated on the Delaware, 21
m SSE Newtown, and 20 ne Philadelphia.
Bristol Bill/, a large bay on the nw
coast of America, explored by Cook in
1779. It open-: between Cape Newenham
on the N, and the peninsula of Alaska on
the s ; and a river of the same name enters
at the E extremity, in lon. 157 50, w, lat.
58 20 N.
Britain, a. general appellation given, in
1801, to the islands of Great Britain and
Ireland as a United Kingdom. England
was united into one entire monarchy, under
Egbert, in 829 ; as was Scotland, under
Keneth ii, in 842; and Ireland was made
a kingdom, under Henry virr, in 1541.
England and Scotland were united by a
treaty in 1707, under Anne, queen of
Great Britain ; and Ireland was united to
them in 1801, under George iii, king of
Britain.
Britain, Great, the most considerable
of all the European islands, extending 550
m from n to s, and 290 from e to w. It
lies to the N of France, from which it is
separated by the English channel. The
general division of the island is into Scot-
land, England, and Wales.
Britain, Nezo, a country of N America,
comprehending ail the tract n of Canada,
commonly called the Esquimaux country,
including labrador, and New N and S
Wales. It is subject to Britain ; and lies
between 50 and 70 n lat. and 50 and 100
w lon. There are innumerable lakes and
morasses, which are covered with ice and
snow a great part of the year. The prin-
cipal settlements belong to the English
Hudson Bay Company. See Esquimaux,
Hudson Bay, and Labrador.
Britain, New, an island in the S Pacific
ocean, to the e of New Guinea, explored
BRO
by Dampier, who sailed through the strait
that separates it from New Guinea; and
captain Carteret, in 1767, sailed through a
channel, which divides it on the ne from
a long island, called New Ireland. New
Britain lies in lon. 152 20 e, and lat. 4 0
s. The shores of both islands are rocky,
the inland parts high and mountainous,
but covered with trees of various kinds,
among which are the nutmeg, the cocoa-
nut, and different kinds of palm. The in-
habitants are black, and woolly-headed,
like Negros, but have not their flat noses
and chick lips.
Britani) ; see Brefagne.
Brive, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Correze, with manufactures of
silk handkerchiefs, muslins, gauzes, &c.
It is seated on the Correze, opposite the
influx of the Vezere, in a delightful valley,
12 m sw Tulle.
Brixen, a principality of Germany,
lately a bishopric, in the e part of Tyrol.
It is extremely mountainous, but produces
excellent wine.
Brixen, the capital of the above prin-
cipality. Beside the cathedral, there are
one parochial and six other churches. It
was taken by the French in 1796, and
again in 1797. It is seated on the Eysach,
at the influx of the Rientz, 38 ra s by e In-
spruc. Lon. 11 48 e, lat. 46 41 N.
Brixham, a small seaport in Devonshire,
on the wr side of Torbay, celebrated for its
fishery. A quay has been built for the
purpose of supplying ships with water.
The prince of Orange, afterward William
III, landed here in 1688. It is 4 ra ne
Dartmouth, and 201 whys London.
Brizen, or Britzen, a town of Bran-
denburg, in the Middle mark, on the river
Adah, 18 m ne Wittenberg.
Broach, or Baroach, a town and fort of
Hindoostan, in Gujrat, capital of a fertile
and populous district, with considerable
manufactures of cotton goods. In the vi-
cinity are cornelian mines. It was taken
by the British in 1803, and stands on the
right bank of the Nerbuddah, near its
mouth, 34 ra NbyE Surat. Lon. 73 6 e,
lat. 21 41 N.
Broadstairs, a village in Kent, on the
seashore, 2 m N Ramsgate. It has a
small pier, with a harbour for light vessels;
and is a fashionable resort for sea-bathing,
more retired than Ramsgate.
Brod, a strong town of Sclavonia, on
the river Save, 42 m sw Essek. Lon. 18
30 E, lat. 45 10 N.
Brod, a town of Moravia, on the fron-
tiers of Hungary, 10 m ese Hradisch.
Brod, Bohmisch ; see Bohmisck.
Brod, Teutsch, a town of Bohemia, on
the river Sazawa, 20 m sbvE Czazlau.
H 2
BRO
Brodrah, or Brodera, a town and for-
tress of Hindoostan, in Gujrat, celebrated
for its linens, indigo, and lace. It is 6'1 m
SSE Amedabad. Lon. 73 24 v., lat. '2'2
13 X.
Brody, a town of Poland, in Galicia,
and a place of great trade ; situate on the
frontiers of Russian rolaiid, 45 m kne
Lemberg.
Brodziac, a town of Lithsania, in the
palatinate of Minsk, on the river Bere-
zina, 58 in Ebys Minsk.
Broek, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Berg, capital of a county. It is
seated on the Roer, 11 in n Dusseldorp.
Broek, a village of Holland, 6 m from
Amsterdam. It is one of the most sin-
gular and pictoresque places in the world.
The streets are paved in mosaic work with
variegated bricks ; and no carriages ever
enter them. The houses are painted on
the outside, and each has a terrace and
garden to the street, enclosed by a low
railing ; the garden adonied with china
vases and shell-work, with borders com-
posed of minute particles of glass, of dif-
ferent colours. Behind the houses are
meadows, full of cattle, in which the in-
habitants carry on a great trade.
Broken Bay, a bay of New S Wales,
18 m N of Port Jackson. It is formed by
the mouth of a great river, called the
Hawkesbury, and is a good harbour. Lon.
151 27 E, lat. 33 34 s.
Bromley, a town in Kent, with a market
on Thursday. Here is a college, erected
by bishop Warner, for clergymen's wi-
dows ; and near the town is a palace of the
bishops of Rochester, where there is a
chalybeate spring. Bromley is seated on
the Ravensbourn, 10 m sbyE Lundon.
Bromley, a town in Staftbrdshire, with
a market on Tuesday. It was formerly
called Abbots-Bromley, and afterward
Paget-Bromley, being given to lord Paget
at the dissolution of the abbies. It is 7
m E Stafford, and 129 nw Ltmdon.
Brampton, a village in Kent, situate on
an easy ascent from Chatham, and con-
taining fuie barracks for the military of
that garrison.
Bromngrove, a corporate town in Wor-
cestershire, with a market on Tuesday.
Here are manufactures of sheeting, nails,
and needles ; and a grammar-school
founded by Edward vi. It is seated on
the Salwarp, 15 m nne Worcester, and
116 NW London.
Bromyard, a town in Herefordshire,
witli a market on Tuesday, seated near the
J'romo, amid line orchards, 13 in ne Here-
ford, and 125 wnw London.
Bronno, or Broni, a town of Italy, in
Milanese, where- the French defeated
BRO
the Austrians in 1800. It is 10 ra se
Pavia.
Bronti, a town of Sicily, in Val di De-
niona, 28 m w Taormina.
Brookfield, a town of Massachusets, in
Worcester county. Here are iron ore, and
large quantities of stone which yield cop-
peras. It is seated on tlie (^uaboag, 17 n»
whys Worcester.
Brookhaven, a town of New York, in
Suffolk county, Long-island, 60 m e New
York.
Brooklyn, a town of New York, in
King county, at the w end of Long-island,
near East river, which separates it from
the city of New York.
Brooklyn, a town of Massachusets, in
Norfolk county, separated from Boston on
the E by a narrow bay. Large quantities
of fruits and vegetables are produced here
for the Boston market.
Broom, Loch, a great salt lake, or arm
of the sea, on the w coast of Scotland, in
Rosshire. It fcontains several good har-
bours, has long been noted for excellent
herrings, and is esteemed one of the best
fishing stations on the coa t. In the ne
part is Isle Martin, a small island that ha*
a harbour and a customhouse. Lon. 5 16
w, lat. 57 56 n.
Brora, a river of Scotland, in Suther-
landshire, which issues from a lake of the
same name, and forms several cascades in
its course to the town of Brora, where it
enters the sea.
Brora, a town of Scotland, on the se
coast of Sutherlaiidshire, with a small
harliour at the mouth of the Brora^ 14 m
NE Dornoch.
Broseley, a town in Shropshire, with a
market on Wednesday. Here are many
coal and iron mines, considerable iron-
works, and manufactures of earthenware
and tobacco pipes. It is seated near the
Severn, 6 m nnw Bridgenorth, and 146
NW London.
Brotherton, a village in W Yorkshire, a
mile N of Ferrybridge, where Thomas de
Brotherton, son of Edward i, was born. It
has a trade in lime.
Brouage, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Charente, with consi-
derable salt-works ; seated near a bay of
the sea, 17 m s Rochelle.
Brauca, a town of Sicily, in \'al di De-
mona, on the gulf of Catania, 15 m s
Catania.
Brough, a town in Westmorland, with
a market on Thursday. Near it is a cot-
ton spinning manufacture, at the foot of a
mountain. It is 8 m ese Appleby, and
261 Nxw London.
Brow, a village of Scotland, on the
coast of^olway frith, 7 m sbyE Dumfries.
BRU
It is much resorted to in summer for its
chalybeate spring, and for sea-bathing.
Br ower shaven, a seaport of the Nether-
lands, in Zealand. It is situate on the N
side of the island of Schowen, and at the
southern mouth of the Meuse, 9 m sw
Helvoetsiuys. Lon. 3 50 e, lat. 51 38 N.
Brownsville, a town of Pennsylvania,
in Fayette county. The trade to Ken-
tucky renders it a flourishing place; and
many boats are built here. The vicinity
abounds with monuments of Indian anti-
quity. It is seated on the Monongahela,
at the influx of Redstone creek, 30 m ssE
Pittsburg. Lon. 79 55 w, lat. 40 2 N.
Brsesc; see Brzesc.
Bruchsul, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Spire, with a castle. It has a
large saltwork, and is seated on the river
Satz, 5 m SE Philipsburg.
Bruck, a town of the duchy of Saxony,
25.m Nbyw Wittenberg.
Brack, a town of Austria, on the river
Leyta, 20 m ese \'ienna.
Bruck, or Broug, a town of Switzerland,
in the canton of Argau, the birthplace of
the celebrated Zimraermann ; seated on
the Aar, 22 ui se Basel.
Bruck, or Pruck, a tow-nof Bavaria, on
the river Amner, 12 m w Munich. —
Another, in the Palatinate, 22 m nne
Ratisbon.
Bruck, or Truck, a town of Germany,
in Stiria, capital of a circle. It stands on
the river Muehr, 24 m nnw Gratz, and 82
sw Vienna. Lon. 15 8 e, lat. 47 27 n.
Brue, a river in Somersetshire, which
rises in Selwood forest, on the borders of
Wiltshire, and flows through the county,
by Bruion and Glastonbury, into Bridge-
water bay.
Brug, a town of Switzerland, in \^alais,
seated on the Rhone, 39 m e Sion.
Bruges, a city of the Netherlands, in
Flanders, and lately an episcopal see. It
was once a great trading tuwn ; but, in the
16th century, the civil wars drove the
trade first to Antwerp, and then to Am-
sterdam. The inhabitants are estimated
at 20,000, but it is not populous in pro-
portion to its extent. The chief manu-
factures are linen, lace, and woollen stuft's.
Its situation still commands some trade,
for it has canals to Ghent, Osteiid, Sluys,
Kieuport, F'urnes, Ypres, and Dunkirk.
Bruges has been often taken; the last
time by the French, in 1794. It is 14 m
E Ostend, Lon. 3 10 e, lat. 51 12 N.
Brugge, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the principality of Hildesheim, on the
river Leyne, 12 m sw Hildeslieim.
Bruggen, a town of VVestpliaiia, in the
duchy of Juliers, seated on the Schwalm,
2.0 m NNw Juliers.
Briigncto, a town of the duciiy of Genoa,
BRU
at the foot of the Apennines, 35 m ese
Genoa.
Brumau, a town of Moravia, in the
circle of Hradisch, on the frontiers of
Hungary, 26 m e Hradisch.
Brmm, or Brinn, a city of Moravia,
capital of a circle, and a bishop's see, with
a fortress, called Spilberg, on an adjoining
eminence. It has manufactures of fine
cloth, kerseymeres, velvet, and plush ; and
is surrounded with springs of excellent
water, which supply its numerous diers.
The Prussians besieged itin 1742 ; but were
obliged to raise the siege. It is seated at
the conflux of the Zwittau and Schwartz, 33
m sw Olmutz. Lon. 16 38 e, lat. 49 13 N.
Brunnen, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Schweitz. Here the cantons of
Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden Ibrmed
the alliance which was the foundation of
the republic of Switzerland. It is seated
on the Waldstaedter see, 2 m sw Schweitz.
Brunsbuttle, a town of Germany, in
Holstein, on the estuary of the Elbe, 13 m
Nw Gluckstadt.
Brunswick, a duchy of Germany, in
the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on
the N by Luneburg, w by Westphalia, s
by Hesse, and e by Anhalt, Halberstadt,
and Magdeburg. It contains many mines,
several medicinal springs, large forests, and
plenty of all the necessaries of life. The
principal rivers are the Weser, Ocker, and
Leyne. It is divided into four duchies
and two counties. The duchies of Bruns-
wick Proper and Brunswick- Wolfenbuttle,
with the counties of Rheinstein and Blan-
kenburg, belong to the duke of Brunswick-
Wolfenbuttle ; and the king of Hanover
has the duchies of Brunswick-Grubenha-
gen and Brunswick-Calenburg, which in-
cludes the district of Gottingen.
Brunswick, a fortified city, and the
chief town in the above duchy, with a ci-
tadel. It has 10 Lutheran ch inches, a
rich monastery of St. Blaise, and about
22,000 inhabitants. This town is famous
for a kind of strong beer, called Mum,
which is exported even to Asia, It is
seated on the Ocker, 7 m N by e Wolfen-
buttle, and 68 s Luneburg. Lon. 10 47 e,
lat. 52 16 N.
Brunswick, a seaport of the state of
Georgia, chief town of Glynn county,
with a safe harbour, capable of containing
a numerous fleet of men of war. It is
seated in a fertile country, at the mouth
of Turtle river, in St. Simon sound, 60 m
bsw Savanna. Lon. 81 0 \v, lat. 31 10 N.
Brunswick, a city of New Jersey, in
Middlesex county. Its situation is low,
but many houses are built on a pleasant
hill, which rises w of the town. It has a
considerable inland trade, and, over the
Karitan, one of the most elegant bridges
BRY
ill America. Queens college was in this
city, but is now extinct as a place of in-
struction. Brunswick is 00 m ne Phila-
delphia. Lon. 74 30 w, lat. 40 30 N.
Brunsicick, a town of the district of
Maine, in Cumberland county. Bowdoin
college is established here. It is seated on
the s side of ]\Ierrymeeting bay, at the
influx of the Androscoggin, 30 m ne Port-
land. Lon. 70 0 w, lat. 43 52 n.
Bnmsuick, Netv, a British province in
N America, separated from that of Nova
Scotia, in 1784. It is 200 m long and 170
broad ; boimdcd on the w by New England,
jj by Canada, e by the gulf of St. Law-
rence, and s by Nova Scotia and the bay
of Fundy. It has several lakes, and is
well-watered by rivers. At the conclu-
sion of the American war, the emigration
of loyalists to this province was very great.
The river St. John opens a vast extent of
fine countiy, most of which is settled
and under improvement. The upland is
in general well wooded, and the lofty pines
aftbrd a considerable supply of masts for
the royal navy. The chief place is the
city of St. John, but the seat of govern-
ment is at Fredrictown.
Brussels, a fortified city of the Nether-
lands, capital of Brabant, and fomierly the
seat of the governor of the Austrian Low
Countries. It is 7 m in circuit, contains
SOjOOO inhabitants, and has many magni-
ficent squares, public buildings, walks,
and fountains. The townhouse, in the
grand market-place, has a tine turret 364
feet in height, surmounted by a figure of
St. Michael, 17 feet high, which turns
with the wind. Here is a kind of nunnery,
called the Beguinage, which is like a little
town, and surrounded by a wall and a
ditch : the women educated here are al-
lowed to leave it when they choose to
marry. Brussels is celebrated for its fine
lace, camblets, and tapestry ; and has a
communication with the Scheld by a
canal, 20 m long. It was bombarded by
marshal Villeroy in 1695, by which 14
churches and 4000 houses were destroyed.
It has been several times taken since ; the
last time by the French in 1794. It is
.seated partly on an eminence, and partly
on the river Senne, 25 m s Antwerp, and
148 K by E Paris. Lon. 4 18 e, lat. 50 51
N.
Bruton, a town in Somersetshire, with
a market on Saturday. Here are manu-
factures of silk and hosiery ; a freeschool,
founded by Edward vi;"and a stately,
almshouse, consisting of the ruins of a
priory. It is seated on the river Brue, 12
m SE Wells, and 109 w London.
Bruyers,^ a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vosges, 11m ene Epinal.
Bryambridge, a town of Ireland, in
BUG
Clare county, seated on the Shannon, 8 m
N Limerick.
Brzesc, a fortified town of Lithuania,
capital of Polesia, or the palatinate of
Brzesc, with a castle on a rock. Here is
a large synagogue, resorted to by the Jews
from all parts of Europe. It is seated on
the Bug, at the influx of the Moukhavitz,
110 m sby w Grodno. Lon. 24 6 e, lat.
52 4 N.
Ihzcsc, a town of Poland, capital of a
palatinate. It is surrounded by a wall,
and seated in a marshy plain, 95 ni wnw
Warsaw. Lon. 18 30 e, lat 52 40 n.
Brzesnitz, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Saatz, with manufactures of lace,
fire-arms, and hardwaie, 24 m wnw Saatz.
— Another, in the circle of Pracliin, 18 m
wnw Pisek.
Bua, an island in the gulf of Venice, on
the coast of Dalmatia, called likewise
Partridge island, because frequented by
those birds. It is joined by a bridge to
the town of Traon.
Buarcos, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
on the seacoast, at the mouth of the Mon-
dego, 27 m s Aveira.
Buccari, or Buchuri, a seaport of Mor-
lachia, on the ne part of the gulf of \'e-
nice, 12 m E Fiume. Lon. 14 26 e, lat.
45 17 N.
Buchanness, the most eastern promon-
tory of Scotland, 2 m to the s of Peter-
head, in Aberdeenshire, in lon. 1 17 w,
lat. 57 26 N. South of this promontory
are the Builer of Buchan, Bowness, and
other stupendous rocks and precipices,
much admired for their awful grandeur.
Biicharia; see Bokhai-ia.
Buchau, a town of Suabia, with a nun-
nery, seated on a small lake, called Feyder
see, 25 m sw Ulm.
Buchau, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Saatz, 26 m sw Saatz.
Bucharest, a strong city of European
Turkey, capital of Walachia. Tlie me-
tropolitan churcli is large, and adjoining
it is the palace of the archbishop. In a
square, near the centre of the town, is the
great church of St. George, the patron
saint of Walachia. Tlie population
80,000. Hence are sent timber, corn,
wool, honey, wax, and tallow to Con-
stantinople; wine, salt, and salted provi-
sions to Russia; and immense numbers of
horses, horned cattle, and hogs to Ger-
many. In 1812, a treaty. of peace was
signed here between the Turks and Rus-
sians. It is seated in an immense plain
on the Domboriza, 115 m se Hermand-
stadt, and 215Nbyw Adrianople. Lon.
25 50 E, lat. 44 48 N.
Bnchoni, a town of Suabia, seated on
the lake of Constance, 18 n» ene Con-
stance.
BUD
Buckden, a village in Huntingdonshire,
5 m sw Huntingdon. Here is a superb
palace of the bishops of Lincoln, and se-
veral of the prelates have been interred in
the church.
Buckeburg, a town of Westphalia, in
the county of Schauenburg, with a castle,
on the river Aa, 3 m ese Minden.
Buckenham, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Saturday, 12 m EbyN Thetford,
and 93 ke London.
Buckfastleigh, a village in Devonshire,
3 m sbyw Ashburton. Here are some
remains of an abbey ; and many of the
houses are built with materials from its
ruins.
Buckingham, a borough and the capital
of Buckinghamshire, with a market on
Saturday. It is almost surrounded by the
Ouse, over which are three stone bridges.
There was formerly a castle, on a mount,
in the middle of the town. Here are ma-
nufactures of lace, and some paper-mills
on the river. Two m to the NW is Stowe,
the celebrated seat of the marquis of
Buckingham, The town suifered greatly
by fire in 1725. The population was 2987
in loll. It is 25 m ke Oxford, and 55
NW London. Lon. 0 58 w, lat 51 58 n.
Buckinghamshire, a county of England,
bounded on the n by Northamptonshire,
E by Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, and
Middlesex, s by Berkshire, and w by Ox-
fordshire. It is 39 m long and 18 broad,
containing 478,720 acres; is divided into
eight hundreds, and 203 parishes; has 15
market-towns; and sends 14 members to
parliament. The population was 117,650
in 1811. The principal rivers are the
Thames, Coin, Ouse, Lyssel, and Tame.
The soil is rich, being chiefly chalk or
marl ; and the woods of the hil!s, chiefly
beech, form a considerable article of profit,
both as i'uel and timber. The most gene-
ral manufacture is bone-lace and paper.
Buckingham is the county-town, but
Aylesbury is the largest.
Bucklers-hard, a village in Hampsliire,
on Beaulieu river, 9 m ssw Southampton.
The inhabitants are principally employed
in ship-building; and many frigates have
been built here.
Buda, or Offeri, the capital of Lower
Hungary, with a fortress on an eminence,
on the w side of the Danube, over which
is a bridge of boats to Pest. The popula-
tion 30,000. The palace, churches, and
public buildings are handsome. In the
vicinity are vineyards, which produce ex-
cellent wine ; and hot baths that were in
good order, with magniiicent rooms, while
the Turks had possession of this place.
On a rocky hill, a little to the s of the
fortress, a new observatory was completed
in 1814, in which all the instruments are
BUE
placed on marble pillars, firmly fixed into
the rock, and wholly independant of the
building. Buda was taken by the Turks
in 1529, and it was afterward besieged
several times by the Germans to no pur-
pose, till 1686, when it was taken. It is
136 m SE Presburg, and 200 nnw Belgrade.
Lon. 19 12 E, lat. 47 28 N.
Budayoon, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, 30 m sw Bareily.
Buddruck, a town of Hindoostan, in
Orissa, seated on the Cawah, 56 m ne
Cuttack.
Budelich, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Treves, seated on tlie Traen,
12 m ENE Treves.
Buderich, or Burich, a town of West-
phalia, in the duchy of Cleve, seated on
the Rhine, 22 m se Cleve.
Budin, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Rakonitz, with a castle; 9 ra sbyvr
Leutmeritz.
Budingen, a town of Germany, in
Wetteravia, with a castle ; situate on the
Sanibach, 25 m eke Frankfort.
Budissen ; see Bautzen.
Budoa, a strong seaport of Dalmatia,
and a bishop's see. It sustained a siege
by the Turks in 1686, and is 30 m se Ra-
gusa. Lon. 18 58^e, lat. 42 30 n.
Budrio, a town'of Italy, in Bolognese,
8 m p Bologna.
Budweis, a fortified town of Bohemia,
in the circle of Bechin, and lately a
bishop's see. In the environs are mines
of gold and silver. It is seated on the
Muldau, 75 m sbyw Prague. Lon. 14 25
E, lat. 49 2 N.
Budzac; see Bessarbia.
Buen Ayre ; see Bonair.
Buenos Ayres, an extensive kingdom of
S America, bounded on the n by Amazo-
nia, E by tlie territories of the Portuguese
and the Atlantic, s by Patagonia, and w
by Chili and Peru. This vast country was
erected into a viceroy alty in 1776, and in-
cludes several provinces that were taken
from Peru and Chili. It is divided into
five governments, Charcas, Paraquay, Tu-
cuman, Cujo, and Buenos Ayres, and these
are subdivided into provinces and districts.
The whole is governed by a viceroy, whose
title is at present disputed, by the capital
being in possession of an insurgent govern-
ment.
Buenos Ayres, or Plata, a government
in the se part of the above kingdom;
bounded on the N by Brasil, E by other
Portuguese territories and the Atlantic, s
by Patagonia, and w by Cujo, Tucuman,
and Paraquay. Nearly the whole of this
government consists of wide spread plains,
on which immense herds of cattle feed,
and range unowned and unvalued, being
only hunted down occasionally for the sake
BUG
of their hides and tallow; wild horses al'^o
roam in the>e deserts in innumerable quan-
tities. The plains also abound in cas-
sowaries, partridi^ps, geese, du(k^, deer,
and other game ; but thev are nninliabited
by man. On the Portutiue-e frontiers are
mountainous parts, wiiich are little kmnvn,
and inhabiti'd onlv bv tribes of savajje and
■warlike Indians 1 he rivers are manv,
and iienerally lartie ; the chief arc the
Plata, Panama, and Uraquay.
}j?ieno'i Ai/rea, the capital of the above
viceroy airy and government, the seat of
a royal audience, and a bi>hop's see. This
city was fininded by Mendoza in 1585,
but afterward abandoned; and in 1544,
another colony of the Spaniards came
here, who left it also ; but it was rebuilt in
1582, and inhabited by Spaniards and the
native Americans. It is well fortified ;
the streets are straight and paved, and the
houses built of brick or chalk, generally of
two stories, with a tiled roof. It has an
elegant cathedral, a church for the Indians,
two nmnasteries, five convents, a college,
a beautiful square, and abcuit 40,000 in-
habitants. 1 he tiade is carried on with
Chili and Peru by means of covered wa-
gons drawn by oxen, which travel in cara-
vans; that this city is the depot for a
great part of the treasures and merchan-
dise of those countries, which are ex-
ported hence to Spain. 'J he other exports
are wheat, jerked beef, hides, tallow,
supar, tobacco, cotton, wax, and drugs.
Buenos Ayres surrendered to the English
in 1806, but they were obliged to abandon
it soon after Jii 1807 the Knglish made
an unsucce^sful attack on this city. In
1810, a revolution took place, the viceroy
was deposed, and a provisional govern-
ment established, which still remains.
The city stands on a peninsula, on the s
side of the Plata, 220 m from the ocean,
though the river is here 21 m in breadth,
Lou. 58 31 w, lat. 34 35 s.
Biiffulo, a town of New York, situate
on Luke Etrie, at its outlets the river Nia-
gara, and nearly opposite Fort Erie. It
was entirely burnt by the British in 1812,
but is rebuilt, and carries on a good trade
with the western states and the two Cana-
das. It is 26 m sbvE Fort Niagara, Lon.
78 56 w, lat. 42 53 n,
Bug, a river of Poland, which rises in
the palatinate of Lemburg, flows N to
Brzesc, crosses Polachia into Masovia, and
enters the Vistula above Wischgrod.
Bugia, a seaport of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Constantia, at the moiuli ol the
Major, on a bay of the ^ledittrranean.
It has a strong castle, but sir Edward
Spragge destroyed several Algerine men of
war under its walls in 1671. '1 he har-
bour IS safei and more capacious than tiiit
BUN
of Algiei-s, but its entrance is equally
dangerous. The principal trade is in in-
struments of agriculture, made of iron,
obtained from mountains near the town.
It is PO m E Algiers. Lon. 5 28 e, lat.
36 4P N.
Buh/, a town of Swabia, in the duchy
of Haden, situate in a valley that pro-
duces much wine, 10 m sw Baden.
Bitjdlunre, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, seated in the centre of an extensive
plain, rich in vines, olive.s, and corn, 22 la
E Cordova.
Binilh, or BualU, a town of Wales, in
Brecknockshire, with a market on Prionday,
and a manufacture of stockings. Here
was an ancient castle, whose keep, its last
remains, was burnt down in 1690, and the
whole town nearly destroyed. In this
neighbourhood the Welch made their last
stand for independence, and were defeated
by Edward J, in 1283. Builth is seated
on the ^Vye, over which is a bridge into
Radnorshire, 12 m f; Brecknock, and 173
w bv N London.
Bins, a town of France, in the def art-
ment of Drome, 40 m E Orange, and 65
ss£ Valence.
Buitrugo, a fortified town of S])ain, in
New Castile, celebrated for the wool col-
lected 111 its environ;s. It is seated on the
Lozoya, 40 m N Madrid.
Buluc, a town of Egypt, situate on the
Nile, a mile to the w of Cairo, and the
port of that city. On the K side of it is
the Calish; which conveys the waters of
the Nile to Cairo. See Cairo.
Btilam, an island on the coast of Sene-
gambia, at the mouth of the Gambia.
The soil is good; and a settlement of free
blacks was formed here in 1792, by the
English, but the natives of the continent
would not pennit it to continue. Lon. 16
30 w, lat. 13 On.
Bulgaria, a province of European
Turkey, bounded on the N by Walachia
and bcssarbia, e by tlie Black sea, s by
Romania and Macedonia, and v\' by Ser-
yia. It is mountainous, but fertile m the
intervening vallies, and exports provisions
and wood to Constantinople. Soffa is the
capital.
Bu/ness ; see Bowness.
Bumm, a city of Persia, in Kerman,
formerly of immense extent, and yet con-
siderable, with a large tort and other
strong defences. It is situate on an emi-
nence, 26 m KNW Krook, and 130 ese
Kerwan.
Bunuwe, a village of Scotland, in Ar-
g\leshire, on the e side of Loch Etive, at
the influx of the river Awe, 15 m ene
Oban. Here is an inm fouiidery, a valu-
able salmon fishery, and a safe bay for
vessels of small buiden.
BUR
Bundelcund, a district of HIndoostan,
in the provinces of iVIalvvah and Allaha-
bad, comprehended between the Betwah
and Cane rivers. It is hiijh and mountain-
ous, and imperfectly cultivated, but con-
tains the celebrated diamond mines of
Pannah, and some strong fortresses. The
E part has beioiis!ed to the British since
1803, and the chief town is Chatterpoor.
Bangui/, a town in Suffolk, with a mar-
ket on ["iiursday, seated on the Wavenay,
which is naviiiabie hence to Yarmouth. It
has two churches, and the ruins of a nun-
nery aad a castle. It is 36 in k by e Ips-
wich, ami 106 NE I/ondon.
Bungo, a kingdom of Japan, in the
island of Xino. The king of this country
was converted to Christianity, and sent a
solemn embassy to the pope m 1583. The
capital is Fumay. Lon. 132 0 e, lat. 3'2
40 .\.
Bunkers Hill; see Breeds Hill.
Bunpoor, a town of Ballo<:;istan, chief of
the province of Kohistan. It is small and
ill built, and its mud walls and bastions
gone to decay. The chief's house, or
citadel, is on the summit of a lofty mound
of earth. The town is situate on a river,
which flows w, and is lost in the sandy de-
sert. It is 170 m NW Kidge. Lon. GO 10
E, lat 27 50 \.
Buntingford, a town in Hertfordshire,
with a market on Monday, 31m KbyE
London.
Buntwala, a town of Hindoostan, in
Canara, which has a great inland trade ;
situate near the >Jetrawati, 16 m £ Mau-
galore.
Buntzlan, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Jauer. It has a manufacture
of brown pottery with gold and silver
llowers ; and is seated on the Bober, 23 m
w by N Lignitz.
Buntzluu, Alt, a townof Bohemia, seat-
ed on the Elbe, 16 m ssw Jung Buntzlau.
Buntzluu, Jung, a town of Bohemia,
capital of the circle of Buntzlau. It was
a royal town under Rodolphus ii, and is
seated on the Iser, 28 in nke Prague. Lon.
15 0 E, lat. 50 22 is'.
Buragrag, a river of Fez, wliich enters
the Atlantic ocean, at Sallee.
Burdican, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, capital of a district that is the
first ill rank lor agricultural riches in all
India. It is seated near the Duinmooda,
68 m xw Calcutta. Lon. 87 57 e, lat. 23
15 N.
Burello, or Civiia Burella, a town of
Naples, in Abruzzo Citra, 20 m s Lan-
CKlllO.
Buren, a town of the Netherlands, in
Gelderhuid, with a tortitied castle, 22 m w
Isiiueiiuen.
Buren, a town of Westphalia, in the
BUR
principality of Padcrborn, seated on the
j^lme, 10 in s Paderborn.
Buren, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, seated on the Aar, 6 m sw
Soleure.
Burford, a town in Oxfordshire, with a
market on Saturday, and manufactures of
saddles, dussels, and rugs ; seated on the
Windrush, 17 m \ybyN Oxford, and 72 w
London.
Burg, a town of the Netherlands, in
Geldeiland, seated on the Old Yssel, 18 m
E Nimeguen.
Burg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of xMagdeburg, on the river Ihle,
12 m KNE Magdeburg.
Burg, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Berg, with manufactures of gun-
barrels and woollen studs ; seated on the
Wipper, 18 m se Dusseldorf.
Burg, a village in Cumberland, 5 m wnw
Carlisle. Near it is a column, erected to
denote the spot where Edward i died, when
preparing for an expedition against Scot-
laud.
Burgas, a town of European Turkey, in
Romania. It is famous for the mauutac-
ture of the bowls for Turkish pipes; aad
has a trade in wine, flax, and puitery. It
stands on a gulf of the Black sea, 120 m
NNW Constantinople. Lou. 27 30 e, lat.
42 30 N.
Burgau, a town of Suabia, with a castle
that gives name to a marquisate. It is
seated on the Miiidel, 6 m e Guutzburg,
and 22 wxw Aughsburg.
Burgdorf, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, with a castle, seated on an
eminence, by the river Enunen, 8 in ke
Bern.
Burgdorf, a town of Lower Saxony, in
I-unel)urg, with a castle, on the river Awe,
15 m s Zell,
Burghuun, a town of Germany, in the
principality of Fuldu, on the river Flaun,
8 m NNE Fulda.
Burglteud, a town of Scotland, in Elain-
shire, on a bay to which it iiixes name, on
the s side of the Moray frith. It has the
best harbour on this coast; and on the pro-
montory is the Alatra Castra of Ptoleii y,
a Uoman station, which is pretty entire,
and extends over more than 11 acies. In
the vicinity are quarries of freestone and
limestone. It is 9 m w^w Elgin.
BurglengenJ'el, a town oi Baviiria, in
the principality of Neiiburg, 16 m ^w ila-
tisboii.
Burgos, a city of Spain, capital of Old
Castile, and an archbishup's see. it lias
an antique castle, once the abude of ihe
kings ot Castile; and the cathedrul i- one
of the most magniticent Gutiiic tabm.-^ in
Europe. The squares, piibnc buildings,
and tbuntains, are hue ; but its trade a.d
BUR
manufactures are inconsiderable, and the
inhabitants do not exceed 10,000. In 1812,
it was besieged by the allied forces ; but
failing: in an attack on the French in the
castle, the siege was raised. Tn I8I0, the
French blew up the fortifications, and re-
treated to Pamplona. Burgos is seated
partly on a mountain, and partly on the
river Arlanzon, 95 m Ebys Leon, and 117
N Madrid. Lon. 3 30 w, lat. 4'i '28 n.
Bu7-gu, or Berdoci, a territory of Afiica,
in the desert of Lybia, to the s of Augiia
and E of Fezzan. Tlie capital is of the
same name, 250 m ssw Augiia, and 430
EtE Mourzook. Lon. 21 40 Ej'^lat. 20 10 n.
Biugundi/, an old province of France,
112 m long and 75 broad ; bounded on the
E by Franche Comptc, w by Bourbonnois
and Nivernois, s by Lyonois, and n by
Champagne. It is fertile in corn, fruit,
and excellent wine ; and is now formed into
the departments of Cote d'Or, Saone and
Loire, and Yonne.
Bui^hampoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Bengal, on the river Cossimbazar, 8 m
sbyw Moorshedabad.
Buricnw, a town of Tuscany, in Sien-
nese, near the lake Castigleno, 10 m sse
Massa.
Burich; see Buderich.
Burka, a fortified seaport of Arabia, in
the province of Aman, 45 ra wnw Mascat.
Burken, a town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Mentz, 27 m e Heidelberg.
Burkhausen,& town of Bavaria, with an
old fortified castle on a mountain. It is
the seat of a regency, and stands on the
river Salza, near its conflux with the Inn,
27 in NKW Salzburg.
Burlington, a city of New Jersey, ca-
pital of a county. It stands on an island
in the Delaware, which is here a mile
broad, and has a safe and convenient har-
bour. It is 17 m NE Philadelphia. Lon.
75 10 w, lat. 40 14 n.
Burlington, a town of Vermont, chief of
Chittinden county. It stands on Lake
Champlain, and has a lucrative trade with
St. John, in Canada, not 70 m distant by
water. In the vicinity is a richly endowed
college. It is 122 m n Bennington. Lon.
73 10 w, lat. 44 25 n.^
Burnham, a town- }n Norfolk, with a
market on Monday and Saturday. It
stands near the sea, on the river Burn, in
which is a small harbour. Around it are
tive villages of the same name, with an ad-
dition; and that of Buinham Thoip is the
birthplace of the celebrated admiral lord
■ Nelson, whose father was the rector.
Burnham is 29 m Kw Norwich, and 117
KE London.
Burnliam, a town in Fssex, at the mouth
of the river Crouch, which is here called
Burnham Water. The Walfleet and Burn-
BUR
ham oysters are the product of the creeks
and pits of this river. Burnham is 11 ni
SE INlalden.
Burnley, a town in Lancashire, with a
market on Monday, and some woollen and
cotton manufactures. It stands in a woody
vale, almost surrounded by the Leeds and
Liverpool canal, 35 m se Lancaster, and
211 fiKW London.
Burnt Inland, an island near the s coast
of Newfoundland, 15 m ese Cape Kay.
Lon. 58 50 w, lat. 47 30 N.
Burnt Islands, a cluster of islands in the
Indian ocean, wnw from Goa. Lon. 73
30 v., lat. 16 0 N.
Burntisland, a borough of Scotland, in
Fifeshire, on the frith of Forth, with an ex-
cellent harbour, and a trade in ship-build-
ing. It is seated at the foot of lofty hills,
9 ni N Leith.
Burrunipootcr ; see Brahmapootra.
Burrumgaut, a town of Hindoostan, in
Oude, on the right bank of the Gograii,
50 m NW Fyzabad.
Bursa, or Piusa, a city of Asiatic Tur-
key, in Natolia, built by Frusias king of
Bythinia. It was the capital of the Otto-
man empire, until Amurah removed the
seat of government to Adrianople ; and it
now contains 60,000 inhabitants. It stands
upon several little hills, at the bottom of
Mount Olympus, and on the edge of a fine
plain full of fruit-trees. So many springs
proceed from the mount, that every house
has its own fountain ; and at its foot are
splendid hot baths. The castle stands on
a high rock, near the middle of the city.
The mosques are very numerous, some of
them magnificent ; and there are several
elegant caravansaries. The bezestine is a
large structure full of warehouses and shops,
containing all the commodities of the east,
beside their own manufactures in silk.
Here are the best workmen in all Turkey,
who are excellent imitators of the tapestry
of Italy and France. None but Turks are
permitted to dwell in the city; but the
suburbs, which are much finer, and better
peopled, are tilled with Jews, Arminians,
and Greeks, who have here a patriarch.
Bursals 66 m sbyE Constantinople, and
80 Kvv Kiutaja. Lon. 29 12 e, lat, 40 8 N.
Burslem, a town in Staffordshire, with a
market on Slonday, and extensive potteries.
It stands near the Trent and Mersey canal,
2 m ivXE Newcastle, and 151 Ni\w London.
Bursleton, a village in Hampshire, 5 m
ESE Southampton. It stands on the Ham-
ble, 3 m from its mouth, and several ships
have been built here for the navy.
Burton, a town in Westmorland, with a
market on Tuesday ; seated in a valley near
the Lancaster canal, 12 m s Kendal, and
251 KKw London.
Burton upon Utrathcr, a town in Lin-
BUS
colnshire, with a market on Monday ; seat-
ed on a hill, near the Trent, 32 m N Lin-
cohi, and 165 n byw London. ^
Burton upon Trent, a town in Stafford-
shire, with a market on Thursday. It has
the remains of a hirge abbey ; and over the
Trent is a bridge of freestone, which con-
sists of S6 arches. Here are manufactures
of hats, cotton, tammies, spades, and other
articles of iron ; and it is famous for ex-
cellent ale. Jt is 12 m xe Lichiield, and
125 SNW London.
Buruvi, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar,
on the borders of Gundwana, 240 m w by n
Calcutta. Lon. 84 46 e, lat. 23 20 n.
Buri/, a town in Lancashire, with a
market on Thursday. Here are large ma-
nufactures of woollen and cotton ; and
some capital printinsj works near the town.
The population was 8762 in 1811, It is
seated on the Irwell, above the influx of
the Roch, 9 m Nbyw Manchester, and
195 KKW London.
Burv St. Edmund, a borough in Suffolk,
with a market on Wednesday and Satur-
day. It took its name from St. Edmund
the king, who was buried here ; and to his
honour an abbey was founded, of which
some noble ruins remain. Here are two
parish-churches, which stand in one church-
yard : in St. Mary's hes Mary queen of
France, who was married to Charles Bran-
don duke of Suffolk. At this town the
barons met, and entered into a league
- against king John. Henry vi called a par-
liament here in 1446, when Humphry duke
of Gloucester was imprisoned, and he died
here, as supposed, by poison. The as-
sizes for the county are held here ; and it
has a freeschool founded by Edward vi.
The population was 7986 in 1811. It is
seated on the Larke, a branch of the Ouse,
25 m Nw Ipswich, and 71 kke London.
Lon. 0 46 E, lat. 52 22 n.
Biiryens, St. a village in Cornwall, 5 m
wsw Penzance. It was once of great note,
and had a college founded by king Athel-
stan. The church is spacious, and contains
many curious relics of antiquity. In its
neighbourhood are 19 large stones standing
in a circle, 12 feet from each other, and in
the centre is one much larger than the rest.
Busaco, a ridge of mountains in Portugal,
in Beira, extending n from the river Mon-
dego ; noted for a battle, in 1810, in which
the French were defeated by the British
and Portuguese.
Bushier, or Ahuscliahr, the p-.incipal port
of Persia, in Farsistaii, governed by a sheik.
It occupies the point of a peninsula, in the
gulf oT Persia, and forms a triangle, of
which the base on the land side is alone
fortified. At unequal distances along the
walls are 12 towers, two of whicli form the
town-gate. The streets are very narrow,
BUT
and the inhabitants estimated at 12,000.
Here are seven mosques, three hunmiums
or baths, and four caravansaries. The
English East-India Company have a fac-
tory here ; and the trade with Shiras, by
caravans, is considerable. It is situate
near the head of the gulf, 110 m wsw
Shiras. Lon. 50 55 e, lat. 28 59 N.
Bussaruh, or Busra ; see Bassora.
Bustar, a town of Hindoostan, in Gund-
wana, the capital of an independent rajah.
It is 170 m s Ruttunpoor. Lon. 82 38 e,
lat. 19 44 N.
Bute, an island of Scotland, iu the frith
of Clyde, separated on the N from the
peninsula of Cowal in Argyleshire by a
narrow channel. It is 14 m long and 4
broad ; the n part hilly and barren, but the
s fertile and well cultivated. The coast is
rocky, and indented with several safe har-
bours, chiefly appropriated to the herring
fishery. Rothsay is the capital.
Buteshire, a county of Scotland, consist-
ing of the islands of Bute, Arran, Great
and Little Cumbray, and Inchmarnoc,
which lie in the frith of Clyde, between the
counties of Ayr and Argyle. The popula-
tion was 12,033 in 1811. This shire sends
a member to parliament alternately with
Caithness. See Bute, ^-c.
Butrinto, a seaport of European Turkey,
in Albania, and a bisliop's see. It stands
on the site of the ancient Buthrotum, of
which some ruins remain, and has a con-
siderable trade. It is entrenched by the
river Pavla, the lake Pelodi, and the canal
of Corfu, at the entrance of the gul-f of
Venice, 40 m whys Janina. Lon. 20 9 e,
lat. 39 49 K.
Buttermere, a lake in Cumberland, 8 m
sw Keswick. It is 2 m long, and nearly
half a mile broad. On the w side it is
terminated by a mountain, called, from its
ferruginous colour, the Red Pike; a strip
of cultivated ground adorns the e shore ;
at the N end is the village of Buttermere ;
and a group of houses, called Gatesgarth,
is at the s extremity, under an amphi-
theatre of mountainous rocks. Here Ho-
nister Crag is seen rising to a vast height,
flanked by two conical mountains, Fleet-
with on the e, and Scarf on the w. Nu-
merous mountain torrents foam down the
rocks, and form the lake below. This lake
contains abundance of char, and the river
Cocker flows through it to Cromack-water.
Butterworth, a large village in Lanca-
shire, 2 ra E Rochdale, which partakes
in the trade and manufactures of that
town.
Button Bay; see Hudson Bay.
Buttstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, seated on the Loss, 16 ni w
Naumburg.
Butsbach, a town of Germany, in Wet-
BY 11
teravia, seated in a marshy but fertile plain,
10 m s Giessei).
Jhitzoiv, a town of Lower Saxony, in
IMecklenbuiu-Schwerin, seated on the
Warna, 17 m sw Rostock.
Buxiideuar, a strong fort of the country
of Eootan, at the entrance of the moun-
tains from Bengal. It stands on the top
of a rock, 20 ni N Chichacotta.
Bii.vur, a town and fort of Hindoostan,
in Biihar, chief of the fertile and populous
district of Shawabad. It is situate on the
right bank of the Ganges, 80 m w Patua.
Lon. 8'2 38 E, hit. 25 35 N.
Buxtehude, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Bremen, on the river Este,
18 m SE Stade.
Bu.ihm, a village in Derbyshire, at the
entrance of the Peak. It has nine wells
that rise near the source of the river Wye;
and they are deemed one of the seven
wondersof the Peak. Their waters, noted
in the time of the Romans, are hot and
sulphureous; and much company resort
to them in the summer. The building for
the principal bath was erected by George
earl of Shrewsbury ; and here Mary queen
of Scots was for some time. The duke of
Devonshire has erected a beautiful cre-
scent, and under the houses are piazzas and
shops., A mile hence is another of the
wonders, called Pools Hole, at the foot of
a mountain. 1 he entrance is low and nar-
row, but it presently opens to a cave 696
feet lone, of considerable height, with a
roof resembling a Gothic cathedral. It
contains many stalactical concretions, and
several curious representations both of art
and nature, produced by the petrifying
water continually dropping tiom the rock.
Buxton is 32 m isw Derby, and 160 knw
London.
Byaboot, a tosvn of Turkish Armenia,
■with an ancient castle on an insulated hill.
The town is deiended by portable towers
made of logs ot wood, which are musket
proof, and of a triangular shape, with a
turret at each angle. It is situate on the
Tehorah, 50 m KW Erzerum.
Bygoriburry, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, capital of the district of Mymuns-
ing. It stands on the right bank of the
Brahmapiootra, 75 m KbyE Dacca. Lon.
90 10 E, lat. 24 46N.
Byrah^ur, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gundwai\a, with a stone fort. It is a place
of some trathc, and seated on the Ivobragur,
132 m sbyE Ruttunpoor, and 155 >kw
Cicacole. Lon. 83 0 e, lat. 20 25 x.
Byron Inland, an island in the Pacific
ocean, discovered by commodore Byron m
1765. It IS low, full of wood, and very
populous. The natives are tall, v\ell-pro-
portioned, and clean; and their rounteu-
aiice expressive of a burj)rising mixture of
CAB
intrepidity and cheerfulness. Lon. 173 4)'>
r, hit. 1 18 s.
C.
Cauden, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Saatz, on the ri\ er Eger, 9 m sw
Commotan.
Cauna ; see Kene.
Cabeca de Vide, a town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, with a castle, 12m sw Portalegro.
Cahendn, a town of the kingdom of Lo-
augo, subject to Portugal. It stands on .a
river, near its mouth in a fine bay, 100 in
SE Loango. Lon. 12 2 e, lat. 4 5 s.
Cubes, or Guhcs, a town of the kingdom
of Tunis, near a gulf of the same name,
170 m s Tunis. Lon. 10 55 e, lat. 33 40 n.
Cubinpoint, a town of Virginia, in Surry
county, on Upper Chipoak creek, near
James river, 26 m ese Petersburg.
Ctibra, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with six convents, and a college for the
study of philosophy and divinity. It is
situate at the foot of a mountain, near the
source of a river of the same name, 25 m
SE Cordova.
Cabra, a town of the kingdom of Tom-
buctoo. It is a place of great trade, seated
on the Niger, and serves as a port to the
capital. The various products of the
country are brought hither, to barter tor
the European and Barbary manufactures.
It is 12 m s Tombuctoo.
Cabrera, an island in the Mediterranean,
7 m s of Majorca. It has a large harbour,
on the N side, defended by a castle. Lon.
2 55 E, lat. 39 8 n.
Cubiil, a province of Afghanistan, 250 m
long and 150 broad ; bounded on the n by
Kutiore, e by Cashmere and Lahore, s by
Ballogistan and Caiidahar, and w by the
latter and Balk. It was anciently a pro-
vince of Persia, afterward annexed to the
Mogul empire till 173Vi, when it was re-
stored to Persia by Kadir Shah. The
country is highly diversified ; consisting of
mountains covered with snow, hills of mo-
derate height, rich plains, stately forests,
and innumerable streams. It produces
every article necessary for human life, with
the most delicate fruits and flowers. This
province, on account of its mountainous
surface, was anciently called Roh, whence
is derived the term Rohillah ; and it is
sometimes called Zabulistan, from Zabul,
one of the names of Ghizni, which was the
ancient capital of the country.
Cubit/, the capital of the above province,
and of the dominions of the sultan of the
Afghans; seated in a wide plain, near the
1 iv.r Kameh or Attock. It is considered
as t he gate of India toward Tartary ; but the
forliljcatioiis aic b'.nipk', and scarcely any
CAD
ditch. The palace stands on a risinc; ground,
and exhibits little external disunity. The
houses are built of rough stones, unburnt
bricks, and clay, that they have a mean
appearance. It is a place of considerable
trade, and frequented by many Hindoos.
The environs are chiefly occupied by gar-
dens, and watered by several streams, the
largest of which flows throu>ih the town.
In 1739, Nadir Shah took this city by
storm, and plundered it of great treasures.
It is 200 m KNr. Candahar. Lon. (38 34 e,
lat. 34 30 N.
Cacaca, a town of tlie kingdom of Fez,
with a fort upon a rock, 16 m s Melilla.
CaceUa, a town of Portugal, on the se
coast of Algarva, 6 m EbyN Tavira, and 8
wsw Castro Marim.
Caceres, a town of Spain, in Estrema-
dura, seated on the Sabrot, 22 m se Al-
cantara.
Caceres, a town of the island of Luco-
nia, capital of the province of Caniarines,
and a bishop's see. Lon. 124 0 e, lat. 14
33 N.
Cachcin, or Cashan, a city of Persia, in
Irak, which has a considerable trade in
silks, carpets, and copper ware. Here are
many Christians, and Guebres, or worship-
pers of fire. It is seated in a stony plain,
106 m X by w Ispahan. Lon. 51 20 e, lat.
34 On.
Cachai, or Kecho, the capital of the king-
dom of Tonquin. It contains 20,000
liouses, whose walls are of mud, and the
roots covered with thatch ; a few are built
with brick, and roofed with pantiles. The
principal streets are very wide, and paved
with small stones. The king has three
palaces here, sucii as they are ; and near
them are stables for his horses and ele-
phants. The house of the English factory
is the best in the city ; and the factories
purchase silks and lackered ware, as in
China. It is seated on the river lioti, 80
m from the gulf of Tonquin. Lon. 105
11 E, lat. 21 10 N.
Cacheo, a town of the kingdom of Cumbo,
on the river Cacheo, or St. Domingo, 50 m
from its mouth. It is subject to the Por-
tuguese, who have three forts, and carry on
a great trade in wax and slaves. Lon. 14
55 E, lat. 12 6 N.
Cachoeiru, a town of Brasil, in the
government of All-Saints Bay. It is the
mart for the nortliern gold mines, and
stands on a small river, 42 m KW St. Sal-
vador.
Cucongo, a town of the kingdom of Lo-
ango, seated amc>ng mountains, near the
mouth of a river, 48 ui sse Loango.
Cacorla, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
on the rivulet Vega, between two moun-
tains, 40 m ENE Jaen.
CadenaCf a town of France, in the depart-
CAD
ment of Lot, on the river Lot, 27 m ene
Caliors.
Ciidenel, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mouths of the Rhone, 28 m se
Aviiinon.
Glider Idris, a mountain of Wales, in
Merionethshire, to the s of Dolgellv. It
has three peaks, the loftiest t)f which is
2914 feet above the level of the sea. On
the summit are the remains of a fortress ;
and it has several lakes, abounding with
tish.
Ccidiar, a town of Spain, in Granada,
28 m SE Granada.
Cadillac, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gironde, with a castle, seated on
the Garonne, 15 m se Bourdeaiix.
Cadiz, a tbrtitiedcity of Spaui, in Anda-
lusia, and a bishop's see, with a good har-
bour. It is seated at the n extiemity of a
peninsula, which is 10 m long and scarcely
3 broad in any part ; forming a harbour of
more than the same length, between it and
the mainland, from 3 to 5 m in breadth.
The s side of the city is inaccessible by sea,
being edged with craggy rocks ; on the w
side is fort St. Sebastian, and on the e fort
St. Philip. The passage into the harbour
is commanded by two opposite forts, Mata-
gorda on the continent, near Porto Heal,
and St. Lorenzo on the peninsula; which
two forts are also called the Puntals. Ca-
diz was built by the Phenicians; it was
afterward a Roman town, and several anti-
quities still remain. It is closely built;
the streets are in general narrow, but kept
remarkably clean, and the houses are high,
with fiat roofs. The situation prevents its
further extension ; and in 1?99 it contained
75,000 inhabitants, who have every ne-
cessary of life in plenty, except water
for drinking, which tliey are obliged to
obtain from springs on the coast, near St.
Maria. The cathedral is an ancient struc-
ture, with inagnitlceni decorations ; and a
new one was begun to be erected in ir^'-^,
but never completed. Here is aiso a com-
modious observatory, anational theatre, a, id
a large customhouse. This port is the
centre of the Spanish commerce to the \V
Indies and America. 'i'here are linen
manufactures in the neishhourhood, hut
that of salt is the chief l)ranch of industry.
This city was taken by the English m 1596;
but being attempted again in 1^02, they had
not the like success. In 1812, after a bind
blockade of some years by the French,
thev abandoned their works, having pre-
viously set them on hre. Cadiz is 53 m
ssw Seville, and 60 wnw Gibraltar, Lon.
6 18 w, lat. 36 32 n.
Cudoru, a town of Italy, capital of Cado-
rino, and the birthplace of Titian, the
painter. It is seated on thePiave, 15 m N
Belluno. Lon. 12 0 e, Int. 46 28 x.
CAF
Cadorino, a district of Italy, subject to
Venice ; bounded on the e by Friuli, sand
w by Bellunese, and n by tlic principality
ofBrixen. It is a mountainous country,
and the chief town is Cadora.
Cadsand, an island of the Netbcrlands,
on the N coast of Flanders, at t)ie mouth of
the Scheld. 1 he soil is fertile, and the
inhabitants make a large quantity of excel-
lent cheese. It is defended by several
forts. The chief town is Cassandria.
Caen, a city of France, capital of the
department of Calvados, with a celebrated
university, and a castle with four towers,
built by the English. The abbey of St.
Stephen was founded by William i, who
•was buried in it. The river Orne runs
through the city, to which the tide brings
up large vessels. It is 65 m w by s Rouen,
and 125 w Paris. Lon. 0 22 w, iat. 49
11 N.
Caer. For some places that often be-
gin thus, as Caerdiff, see under Car.
Caerhun, a village of Wales, in Carnar-
vonshire, on the river Conway, 5ms
Aberconway. A Roman bypocaust and
other antiquities have been discovered
here ; and it is deemed to be the site of
the ancient Conovium.
Caerleon, a town in Monmouthshire,
■with a market on Thursday. Many Ro-
n;an antiquities have been found here; and
it has the ruins of a castle. It is seated on
the Usk, over which is a curious bridge,
19, m sw Monmouth, and 146 wbyN Lon-
don.
Caerphilly, a town of Wales, in Glamor-
ganshire, with a market on Thursday, and
a woollen manufacture. The ruins of its
celebrated castle more resemble that of
a city than a single edifice. It is seated
between the Taafe and Ilumney, 7 m n
Cardiff", and 160 w London.
Cae7zcent, a village in Monmouthshire,
4 m sw Chepstow. It is the Venta Silu-
runi of the Romans, once crowded with
palaces and temples ; but now the buildings
within its ruined walls, are only a church
and a few scattered houses, the rest of the
area being laid out in fields and orchards,
where a tesselated pavement and other an-
tiquities have been discovered.
Caerwys, a town of Wales, in Flintshire.
It. had a market, which has been disconti-
nued since that at Holywell was establish-
ed ; and the assizes were held here before
their removal to Mold, It is 5 m w Flint,
and 212 isw London.
Caffu, or Theodoaia, the largest town of
Crimea, with an excellent road and har-
bour. It was the Theodosia of the an-
cients; a name that has been restored by
the Russians, who became possessed of it
in 1791. It then contained 20,000 inha-
bitants, was well garrisoned, and a place of
CAF
great commerce j but it has since suffered
great devastation from the Russians, who
have plundered or demolished the mosques,
baths, &c. and laid most of the houses in
ruins. The trade consists in wax, furs,
lamb-skins, leather, horses, and female
slaves, most of the latter brought from
Circassia. Call'a is seated on a bay of the
Black sea, at the foot of some high moun-
tains, 65 m EhyN Sympheropol, and 130
SF, Procop. Lon. 35 20 r,, Iat. 15 0 n.
Caffreriu, a region of Africa, extending
along the Indian ocean, from the mouth of
the Coavo, in Iat. 8 35, to that of the
Great Fish river, in Iat. 30 33 s. The first
river divides it from Zanguebar, the last
from the country of the Hottentots, and ,
the othtr interior boundaries are not as-
certained. On the coast it includes Mos-
ambique, Mocaranga, Sofala,Sabia, Inham-
bane, and Natal, and other countries in
the interior. The universal characteristics
of all the tribes of this great nation consist
in an external form and figure varying ex-
ceedingly from the other nations of Africa.
They are much taller, stronger, and better
proportioned ; their skin is brown, and
their hair black and woolly. They have the
high forehead and prominent nose of the
Europeans, the thick lips of the Negros,
and the high cheek-bones of the Hottentots.
The clothing of both sexes is skins, tanned
with some skill, and as pliant as cloth.
The men wear tails of different animals tied
round their loins and below the knees ;
pieces of brass in their hair, and large ivory
rings on their arms ; they are adorned also
with the hair of lions, and feathers fasten-
ed on their heads, with many other fantas-
tical ornaments. They are fond of dogs ;
and have great pride in their cattle, which
pay the most perfect obedience to their
voice. Their exercise is hunting, wrestling,
or dancing. They are expert in throwing
lances ; and their other arms are spears,
bludgeons, and very large oval shields
made of the hides of oxen. The women
are handsome, and modest in their beha-
viour ; they are covered with clothing, ex-
cept their face, arms, and legs, and of a
slender form, much smaller than the men.
They are employed in the cultivation of
their gardens and com, and in domestic
occupations. They raise several veget-
ables, which are not indigenous to the
country, as tobacco, watermelons, kidney-
beans, and hemp. Their huts are higher
and more commodious than those of the
Hottentots, and their lands more fertile ;
but their oxen, and almost all their animals,
are much smaller. Both men and women co-
lour their bodies red with a sort of earth, or
with iron rust, and then smear it over with
fat : which operation is renewed every third
or fourth dav. Some of them are tattooed on
CAJ
the breast, back, and arms, but not on the
face. The Caffres believe in a Supreme
Beincr, wiio created the world ; but Jie is
not worshipped, neither is he represented
by any kind of image, or souglit in any
thing terrestrial. Polygamy is allowed ;
several acts cause a period of uncleanness,
followed by its purification; and the youths
are circumcised when twelve years old.
They are addicted to the grossest super-
stition, believe in prognostics and omens,
and have a kind of magicians whom they
greatly revere. They have no kind of al-
phabetical characters ; but appear to have
§ome ideas of drawing. The Caffres con-
sist of a great number of tribes, each go-
verned by its own king, which dignity is
hereditary; but examples of usurpers are
not rare. Their internal wars, not only
of one tribe against another, but of rebel-
lious captains against their princes, disturb
their quiet continually, and prevent their
making much progress in civilization.
Caffristan ; see Kuttore.
Cagli, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
Urbiiio, at the foot of the Apennines, 20
m s Urbino.
Cagliari, a fortified city and seaport of
Sardinia, capital of the island, and an
archbishop's see, with a university and a
castle. Here are five churches, beside the
cathedral, three of which are collegiate.
The houses are ill built, and the inhabi-
tants about 25,000. It stands in the s
part of the island, on a gulf of the same
name, which forms a large and secure har-
bour. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 39 20 k.
Cagnete, Canete, or Guai'cv, a town of
Peru, capital of u district that extends
above fO m along the seacoast. It is
situate near the sea, 80 m se Lima, Lon.
76 16 w, lat. 13 10 s.
Cahir, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary
county, with an ancient castle on an island
in the river Suir, 12 m s Cashel.
Cahir, a town of Ireland, in Kerry coun-
ty, on an inlet of Dingle bay, 32 m sw
Tralee.
Cahors, a city of France, capital of the
department of Lot, and a bishop's see, with
a university. It is seated on a peninsula
made by the river Lot, and built partly on
a craggy rock. There are three bridges
over the river. The cathedral is a Gothic
structure, and has a large square steeple.
The town has a manufacture of fine cloths
and ratteens, and furnishes excellent wine.
It was taken by assault in 1580, by Henry
IV, by means of petards, which were first
employed here. In one of the suburbs are
the remains of a Roman amphitheatre.
Cahors is 60 m n Toulouse, and 287 s
Paris. Lon. 1 26 e, lat. 44 27 n.
Cajaneborg, a town of Finland, in E
Bothnia, situate on a lake where the river
CAt
Pytia foi-ms a tremendous cascade. It
contains but few inhabitants, and is 125 m
E Uleaborg. Lon. 47 25 e, lat. 05 13 N.
Cujazzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, situate on a hill, by the river Vol-
tumo, 22 m xe Naples.
Caicos, a cluster of islands in the \Y
Indies, to the n of St. Domingo, which take
their name from the principal one. Lon,
71 30 w, lat. 21 40 N.
Cai-fong, a city of China, capital of the
province of Ho-nan. It is situate on a
plain 6 m from the river Hoan-ho, which is
higher than the plain, and kept in by raised
dikes that extend above 90 m. When the
city was besieged by the rebels, in 1642,
they cut the dikes of the river, which
drowned 300,000 of the inhabitants. .Soma
of the ruins still remain, which show that
its pi'«sent state is far inferior to its foi-mer
magnificence. Its jurisdiction comprehends
four cities of the second class, and thirty of
the third. It is 315 m ssw Peking. Lon.
114 28 E, lat. 34 53 n.
Caifa, a seaport of Syria, in Palestine,
defended by walls and a citadel. It stands
on the s side of the bay of Acre, 8 m sw
Acre.
Caiman, three small islands of the W .
Indies, to the nw of Jamaica, between 81
and 86 w lon. The inhabitants of Jamaica
come hither to catch tortoises.
Cairn, a village of Scotland, in Wigton-
shire, with an excellent harbour, on the e
side of Loch Ryan, 9 mx Stranrawer.
Cairngorm, a mountain of Scotland, be-
tween the counties of Banff and Elgin. It
rises in a conical fonri, 1750 feet above the
level of a small lake near its base, which
is the source of the Avon, and 4050 feet
above the level of the sea ; its sides clothed
with firs, and its top generally covered with
snow. It is famous for beautiful rock-
crystals, much esteemed by lapidaries.
Cairo, a large city, capital of Egypt, and
the residence of the pashaw. It is called
iVIisr, the mother of the world, by the na-
tives. It consists of three towns, about a
mile apart; Old Cairo, New Cairo, and
the port termed Bulac. The population
280,000. Old Cairo is reduced to a small
place,though the harbour for boats that come
from Upper Egypt. Some of the beys have
country houses here, to which they retire
when the country is overflowed by the Nile.
New Cairo is a mile from the river, and 7
m in circuit. The streets are narrow, and
very dusty; they have a gate at each end,
which is shut at eight in the evening, and
every person is required to carry a light
after it is dark. The finest houses are
built round a court, in which they make the
best appearance, having few or no windows
next the street. The citadel stands on a
high and steep rock, and is surrounded by
CAI
thick wall*, on which are stronir towers.
Joseph's Well, made by a siiitan of that
name about tlie year 1 100, is the most cu-
rious part of the citadel ; the moutli is 24
feet by 18, aud it is sunk iu tiie iocl\ '276
feet desp, witli a staircase carried round.
Cairo has mauy canals aud reservoirs for
water; and numerous bazars, where each
trade has its allotted quarter. IJere is
the ciiief uinrt for slaves broup;ht from
Nubia, Abyssinia, Darfoor, and Nigritia;
they are crowded together in small enclo-
sure-^, like sheep, and (he ollensiveness
caused by such coutincment \nay be readily
imauined. In the city are several public
bagnios, very handsome within, and used
as places of refreshment and diversion, es-
pecially for tli8 women, wiio go tiiere twice
a week ; but the wives of great men liave
baths at liome. The women have greater
liberty here than iu any part of the Turkish
empire ; and on Friday a mosque without
the walls is frequented by them as a pil-
grimage of pleasure. The Calish, a canal
that conveys the waters of the Nile into
the city, is 20 feet broad, and has houses
on each side of it. As soon as the water
begins to rise, the mouth of this canal is
closed with earth, aud a mark placed to
show the time when this and all other
canals in the kingdom are to he opened,
which is done with great solemnity. There
are not less than 300 mosc|ues in Cairo, the
lofty minarets of which present a very pic-
turesque appearance. It was a place of
very great trade before the discovery of the
Cape of Good Hope; and is still the centre of
that of eastern Africa. The chief manu-
factures are sugar, sal auunouiac, glass,
lamps, saltpetre, gunpowder, red and yel-
low leather, and linen made of the tine
Kgyptian flax. '1 his city was taken by the
French, under Bonaparte, in 1798. It
stands (>n the right bunk of the Nile, 100
m s of its mouth. Lon. 31 -18 e, lat. 30
o N.
Caiman, a town of the kingdom of Tunis,
and next to the city of Tunis for trade and
population. Its commercial interc(jurse is
carried on with Sfax and Susa; and the
chief commodities are corn, dates, oil,
wool, hides, and skins. It is situate near
a sandy Oesei t, where are found many ves-
tiges of tormer magnificence, 110 m sbyE
Tunis. Lon. 10 ytj E, lat. 35 5 N.
Caistor, a town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Monday. Near it are the re-
mains of a moiiasterv, and manv Roman
vestiges. It is 12 m sw Grimsby, and 156
N London.
Cuitliness, a northern county of Scotland,
35 ill long and 20 bioad ; bounded on the
l^ by PeiitJaiid frith, E and si: l)y the Ger-
man ocean, and w by >iuilierlaii(ishire. 1 he
s angle is occupied by mountains ; and a
CAL
vast ridae of hills forms the sw boundary,
endiiii; iu a promontory called the Ord of
Caithness, which runs out into the sea.
The rest of the country may be deemed an
immense morass interspersed with some
fruitful spots, producing oats and barley, or
affording pasture for sheep and beeves. The
other chief products are butter, cheese,
yarn, skins, feathers, and kelp. The popu-
lation was 23,419 in 1811. It sends a
member to parliament alternately with
Buteshire. English is chiefly spoken on
the coast, but in the Highlands the Gaelic
j)revails. Wick is the capital.
Ciilcet, a town of Persia, near Mount
Caucasus. Its trade consists chiefly in
silk. Lon. 46 15 e, lat. 33 0 N.
Cola ; see Calle.
Caluhar, a town of the kingdom of Be-
nin, capital of a country. The Dutch have
a factory here. It is 140 m SSE Benin.
Lon. 7 i5 E, lat. 3 40 n.
Calabezo, a town of the province of Ca-
racas, on a river of the same name, 120 ra
s Caracas.
Calubrid, a country of Naples, divided
into the provinces of Calabria Citra and
Calabria Ultra. The fust is bounded on
the s by Calabria Ultra, n by Basilicata,
and w and e by tlie Mediterranean. Co-
senza is the capital. Calabria Ultra is
washed by the Mediterranean on the e, &,
and w, and bounded by Calabria Citra on
the N. Cantanzaro is the capital. This
country abounds in excellent fruit, corn,
wine, oil, silk, cotton, and wool. In 1783,
a great part of Calabria Ultra, as well as
of Sicily, was destroyed by one of the most
terrible earthquakes on record ; beside the
destruction of many towns, villages, and
farms, above 40,000 people perished.
Cala/iorra, a city of Spain, in Old Cas-
tile, and a bishop's see ; seared on the side
of a hill, which extends to the Ebro, 70 m
E Burgos. Lon. 2 7 w, lat 42 12 n.
Calais, a strong seaport of France, in the
department of Pas de Calais, with a cita-
del. It was taken by Edward in of Eng-
land, in 1347, after a siege of more than 11
months, which has given rise to some his-
torical as well as dramatic fiction. In 1557,
it was retaken by the duke of Guise. It was
bombarded by the English in 1696, with-
out receiving much injury. The fcrtifica-
tions are good ; but its greatest strength is
its situation among the marshes, which
may be overflowed at the approach of an
enemy. In time of peace there are vessels
passing daily between Dover and Calais. It
is 25 111 EsE Dover, and 152 ^ by w Paris.
Lon. 1 51 F, lat, 50 57 N. '
Culuts, St. a town of F^rance, in the de-
pnituieiit of Sarte, 24 m ese Mans.
Culuviatu, a town of European Turkey,
in Morea, with a great trade in dried ligs ;
CAL
seated on the Spinazza, 16 m wsw Mi-
sitra.
Culamianes, a cluster of islands belong-
ing to tlie Philippines, lying between Min-
doro and Paragoa. They are 17 in num-
ber, and mountainous ; but produce great
quantities of wax, honey, and bird-nests.
The two largest are Buswagon and Calami-
ane, the latter about 23 m long and 5
broad.
Calanore, a tov.-n of Hindoostan, in La-
hore, the capital of a district. It is 70 ra
E Lahore. Lon. 75 1 e, lat. 31 51 x.
Calatdgirone, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Noto, with handsome streets, palaces, and
other public edifices. It is seated on a hill,
40 .\w Noto.
Calataxibetd, a tov/n of Sicily, in Val di
Noto, ^^■itll many fine buildings, and manu-
factures of coarse cloth and muslins. It is
44 m WNW Catania.
Calatai/ucl, a city of Spain, in Aragon,
with a castle on a rock. The chief com-
merce is in hemp, produced in the vicinity ;
and great quantities of soap are sent into
Castile. It stands at the foot of a hill, on
the river Xalon, at t!ie influx of the Xiloca,
44 m sw Saragos=a. Lon. 1 33 \v, lat. 41
28 x.
CulatraTit, a town of Spain, in New
Castile, the chief place of the military or-
der of the knights of Calatrava. It is
seated near the Guadiana, 63 m sse Toledo.
Lon. 3 10 \v, lat. 39 4 x.
Calavrita, a town of European Turkey,
in Morea, celebrated for tlie hard cheeses
and silkworms produced in its vicinity.
It is 25 m whys Corinth, and 30 se
I'atras.
Calbe, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Saal, 16
m sbyE Magdeburg.
Calben, a town of Drandenburg, in the
Old mark, with a castle, 7 m sw Stendel.
Calcar, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Cleve, seated near tl;e Rhine, 8
m se Cleve.
Calc/iagiia, a province of Chili, extend-
ing from the Andes to the ocean, 45 m in
breadth, between the rivers Cachapoal
and Teno. It is fertile in grain, wine, and
fruit, and produces much gold. The capi-
tal is St. I'erdinando.
Culcinato, a tov>n of Italy, in Bresciano,
where a victory was gained over the Aus-
trians, by the i'rench, in 1706. It is 8 m
SE Brescia.
Calcutta, a city of Hindoostan, the em-
porium of Bengal, the seat of the supreme
government of British India, and the see of
a bishop, with a citadel called Port Wil-
liam. It is situate on the left bank of the
Iloogly, or western arm of the Ganges, 100
m from its mouth, and extends from the w
point of fort William along the bank of
CAL
the river, about 6 m; the breadth, in many
parts, inconsiderable. Generally speaking,
the description of one Indian city is a de-
scription of all; being all built on one plan,
with very narrow and crooked streets, in-
terspersed with numerous resenoirs, ponds,
and gardens. A few of the streets are
paved with brick. The houses are vari-
ously built; some with brick, others with
mud, and a greater proportion with bam-
boos and mats : these different kinds of
fabrics, intermixed with each other, form a
motley appearance. Those of the latter
kinds are invariably of one story, and co-
vered with thatch ; those of brick seldom ex-
ceedtwofloors, and have flat terraced roofs;
but these are so thinly scattered, that fires,
which often happen, do not, sometimes, meet
with the obstruction of a brick house th.rough
a whole street. But Calcutta is, in part,
an exception to this rule of building ; for
there, the quarter inhabited by the English
is composed entirely of brick buildings,
many of which have the appearance ol
palaces. The line of buildings that sur-
round two sides of the esplanade of the
fort is magnificent; and it adds greatly to
tlie superb appearance, that the houses are
detached from each other, and insulated in
a great space. The buildings are all on a
large scale, from the necessity of having a
free circulation of air in a climate, the heat
of which is extreme. The general approach
to the houses is by a flight of steps, with
great projecting porticos, or surrounded by
colonades or arcades, which give them the
appearance of Grecian temples. But the
remainder of the city, and by much the
greatest part, is built as before described.
Calcutta has been wonderfully improved
lioth in appearance and in the salubrity of
the air; for the streets have been properly
drained, and the ponds filled up. It is sup-
posed to contain at least 700,000 inhabi-
tants. In this splendid city, the head of
a mighty Christian empire, there are only
two churches of the establishment of the
mother country, one of which makes a very
handsome appearance, but the other is a
plain building. There are also churches
for the Portuguese catholics, a Greek
and an Arminian church, and many
small Hindoo temples and Mohatnedaii
mosques. The government-house is a most
superb edifice; here are also a court of
justice, a townhouse, a customhouse, and
a bank. The mixture of European and
Asiatic manners that may be observed here
is curious : coaches, phaetons, chaises, with
the palankeens and hackeries of the natives,
the passing ceremonies of the Hindoos,
and the difi'ereiit appearances of the fakirs,
form a sight more extraordinary than per-
haps any other city can present. The
Ganges is navigable up to the town for the
I
CAL
largest ships that visit India. The exports
are considerable in salt, su^ar, rice, opium,
silks, muslins, calicos, &c. In 1 7 J)(3, Cal-
cutta was taken by the soubah of Bengal,
who forced the feeble garrison, to the
amount of 146 persons, into a small prison
called the Black Hole, out of which only
23 came alive the next mornins;. It was
retaken the next year ; the victory of Plas-
sey followed ; and the inhuman soubah was
deposed, and put to death by his successor.
Immediately after this victory, the erection
of Fort William commenced, which is su-
perior in streui^th and regularity to any
fortress in India, and capable of containing
15,000 men. Here, in 1801, a noble col-
lei:i;e was founded, in which are professors
of English, Mohamedan, and Hindoo liter-
ature. Fort William stands in Ion. 88 28
u, hit. 2'2 33 X.
Caldas, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
lamous for its hot baths, and seated amid
mountains, almost covered with olives, 15
n N Barcelona.
Caldecot, a village in Monmouthshire,
seated in a plain, 5 m sw Chepstow, and
noted for the massive remains of its
castle.
Colder, a river that rises on the w bor-
ders of Yorkshire, flows by Halifax to
Wakefield, and 8 m below joins the Aire.
It is navigable the greater part of its course.
Caldolzlurg, a town of Franconia, in
the principality of Anspach, with a castle,
18 ra >E Anspach.
C(ihdonia,OT Nero Edinburg, aseaport of
New Granada,on the ne coast of the isthmus
of Panama, founded by some Scotch families
in 1699, but has long been in the hands of
the Spaniards. It is 140 m se Porto Bello.
Lon. 77 40 w, lat. 8 47 k.
Caledonia, Netc, an island in the Pacific
ocean, discovered by Cook, in 1774. It is
260 m long and 70 broad. The inhabit-
ants are strong, active, and well made ;
their hair is black and much frizzled, but
not woolly ; their beards are crisp and
thick ; they besmear their faces with black
pigment ; and their only covering is a
wrapper, made from the bark of a tree, or
of leaves. Their houses are circular like a
bee-hive ; formed of small spars and reeds,
covered with long coarse grass, and the
floor laid with dry grass. They deposit
their dead in the ground, and decorate the
grave of their chiefs with spears, darts,
j)addles, Sec. They are of a pacific dispo-
sition, and their women chaster than those
of the more eastern islands. They culti-
vate the soil with some art and industry,
but subsist chiefly on roots and fish.
Plantains and sugar-canes are not plentiful,
bread-fruit is scarce, and cocoa-nut-trees
are but thinly planted ; but yams and taras
are in great abundance, The cape at the
CAL
s end is called Queen Charlotte Foreland.
Lon. 167 12 E, lat. 22 15 s.
Caleuburg, a principality of Lower Sax-
ony, which constitutes a part of the duchy
of Brunswick. It is divided into two parts,
and the principal towns are Hanover and
Gottingen. It takes its name from an an-
cient castle now in ruins, seated on the
Leine, 17 m s Hanover.
CuUinco, a town on the coast of Chili, in-
habited by Spaniards, Mestees, and Indians,
180 m sValdi via. Lon. 7337 w, lat. 42 40 s.
Call, a city of New Granada, in Po-
payau, where the governor of the province
frequently resides. It is situate on the
Cauca, 70 m nnk Popayan, and 180 wsw
St. Fe. Lon. 76 25 w, "kit. 3 23 n._
Ca/ian, a town of Hiudoostan, in Au-
rungabad, with a trade in cocoa-nuts, oil,
coarse cloths, brass, and earthen ware, 32
m KE Bombay.
Calicut, a city of Hiudoostan, capital of
the province of Malabar, It was the first
Indian port known to the European?, being
visited by the Portuguese, in 1198. Here
is a manufacture of plain cotton goods ;
and much salt is made by the natural eva-
poration of the sea water. The principal
exports are cocoa and betel nuts, black
pepper, rice, ghee, cardamoms, piece goods,
teak, sandal wood, coir cordage, and wax.
It is seated at the mouth of a river, 104 ni
sw Seringapatam, and 120 sse Mangalore.
Lon. 75 51 E, lat. 11 18 n.
California, a peninsula of N America, in
the Pacific ocean ; separated from the w
coast of America by the Vermilion sea,
or gulf of California, and extending nw
from lat. 23 to 33 n. It was discovered
by Cortes, in l.'SSe ; and is said to have
been visited by sir Francis Drake, in
1578. The peninsula is equal to England
in extent of territory, but the population
is very inconsiderable. A chain of moun-
tains'extends its whole length, of which
the most elevated, the Cerro de la Giganta,
is from 4600 to 5000 feet, and appears to
be of volcanic origin. The mountains are
inhabited by a species of goat, culled be-
rendos, which leap, like the ibex, with the
head downward, and, like the chamois,
have the horns curved backward. The soil
is sandy and arid, vegetation is at a stand,
and rain is very untrequent. There are
few springs, some of which issue from
naked rocks; but where springs and earth
happen to be together, the fertility of the
soil is immense. In these points, of which
the number is inconsiderable, the Jesuits,
toward the close of the 17th century, esta-
blished their first missions. Maize vege-
tates vigorously, and the vine yields an ex-
cellent grape, of which the wine resembles
that of the Canary islands ; but the general
nature of the soil will never be able to sup-
CAL
port a great population. The Jesuits in a
very few years built 16 villages in the in-
terior; and in 1750 the Spanish settlements
were very considerable. Since the expul-
sion of the Jesuits, in 1767, the government
of the peninsula has been confided to the
Dominican monks of the city of Mexico,
who have been unsuccessful in their esta-
blishments. The villages of the missions
are now reduced to 16, in which there are
not above 5000 native cultivators ; and the
number of savages, dispersed in other parts,
scarcely amounts to 4000. The pearl
fishery on the coast is valuable; but it has
no mines of a promising appearance. The
principal place is Loreto.
Calif orniu, Nezv; see Albani/, New.
Calix, a town of Sweden, in W Bothnia,
on a river of the same name, near its en-
trance into the gulf of Bothnia, 22 m w
Tornea.
Cnllah, a town of Algiers, in the province
of Mascara, which has a considerable trade,
and the greatest market fur shawls and car-
pets in the country. It is 40 m e Oran.
Callander, a town of Scotland, in Perth-
shire, with a considerable manufacture of
muslin ; seated on both sides of the Teith,
over which is a bridge, 30 m wsw Perth.
Callao, a seaport of Peru, with a good
harbour, and a large and safe road, formed
by the islands Callao and St. Lawrence.
The port is defended by three batteries, and
here every commodity is to be procured
that vessels may be in need of. The town
was totally destroyed by an earthquake, in
1746, but has been rebuilt a little further
from the sea. The chief exports are sugar,
coffee, chocolate, and Peruvian bark. It
is seated on a river of the same name, 5 ra
w Lima, of which it is the port. Lon. 76
54 w, lat. 12 2 s.
Calk, or Cala, a town of Algiers, in the
province of Constantina, surrounded by a
wall that has three gates. Here is a coral
fishery, and a trade in grain, wool, leather,
and wax. In the vicinity are woods of ex-
cellent oak. It stands on a rock, almost
surrounded l)y the sea, 36 m e byx Bona.
Callen, a borough of Ireland, in Kil-
kenny county, situate on the river King,
10 m sw Kilkenny.
Callianpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Canara, seated on the seacoast, 36 m n
by w Mangalore.
Calliany, a town of Hindoostan, in Bee-
der, capital of a small district. It is 34 m
ssw Beeder, and 76 wbyx Hydrabad.
Callinger, a town of Hindoostan, in
Allahabad, capital of a district, with a
strong fortress on a high rock of great ex-
tent. It is 94 m wsw Allahabad. Lon,
80 25 E, lat. 24 53 N.
Callington, a borough in Cornwall, with
CAM
a market on Wednesday, and a manufac-
ture of cloth; situate on the Lynher, 12 m
s Launccston, and 216 whys London.
Calliondroog, a town of Hindoostan, in
Balagaut, situate near the Hoggry, on the
borders of Mysore, 44 m sbyE Balhary,
and 65 x by e Sera.
Calloma, a town of Peru, celebrated for
its silver mines, 70 m NbyE Arequipa, and
170 s Cusco.
Calmar, a seaport of Sweden, in Smo-
land, capital of a district. It is celebrated
as the place where the deputies of Sweden,
Denmark, and Norway were appointed to
assemble for the election of a king, accord-
ing to the Union of Calmar. On an emi-
nence, near the town, is the ancient castle,
now a gunpowder manufacture. The chief
exports are planks, alum, and hemp. It is
seated near the Baltic 40 ra nne Carls-
crona, and 190 ssw Stockholm. Lou. 16
22 e, lat 56 38 n.
Calmina, an island of the Archipelago,
near the coast of Asia, 7 m xw Stanchio.
Lon. 26 46 e, lat. 36 56 n.
Calne, a borough in Wiltshire, with a
market on Tuesday. The chief manufac-
ture is cloth, and in the I'icinity are many
fulling and corn mills. It is seated on a
river of the same name, 25 m e Bristol,
and 88 w London.
Calpee; see Kalpi/.
Calturu, a town on the w coast of Cey-
lon, with a fort, and a harbour for small
vessels. A great quantity of arrack is
made here, and other manufactures carried
on. It stands at the mouth of the Kalloe,
26 m sbyE Columbo. Lon. 79 53 e, lat.
6 34 N.
Calvados, a department of France, in-
cluding part of the old province of Nor-
mandy, It is so called from a ridge of
rocks of the same name extending 12 m,
near the coast of what was heretofore called
Normandy. Caen is the capital.
Calvif a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, formerly a considerable city, of
which many ancient monuments remain.
It is 8 m >■ Capua.
Calvi, a town of Corsica, on a craggy
mountain and gulf of the same name, with
a strong wall and a good harbour for small
craft. It was taken by the English in
1794. It is 38 m wsw Bastia.
Calw, a town of Wirtemberg, with a
porcelain manufacture, and a great trade
in stuffs. It is 20 m sw Stutgard.
Calzada, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
formerly the see of a bishop, united to
Calahorra. It is 45 m w Calahorra.
Cam, a river that rises in Hertfordshire,
flows by Cambridge into the isle of Ely,
and there joins the Ouse, to which river it
is navigable from Cambridge.
13
CAM
Camana, a town of Peru, chief of a
district, in the province of Arequipa. It
is situate on a river of the same name,
near the Pacific ocean, 70 m wnw Are-
quipa.
Camaran, an island of Arabin, in the
Red sea, where there is a fisliery for white
coral and pearl oysters. Lon. 42 22 e,
lat. 15 G N.
Camaret, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Finisterre. In an expedition
against Brest, in 1694, the English landed
here, and lost a great number of men. It
stands on a bay of the same name, 8ms
Brest,
Camargue, an island, or cluster of
islands, of France, in the mouths of the
Rhone, separated by canals, and fortified.
The whole contain 80 square m ; the land
is fertile, but the air is unwholesome.
Cumarina, a town of Spain, in Galicia,
on the N side of a bay of its name, de-
fended by a fortress. It is 38 m nw Com-
postella.
Camhat, the southernmost province of
Abyssinia, inhabited by a people called
Seb-a-adja, who are a mixture of pagans.
Christians, and Mohamedans. It is abun-
dant in fruits.
Camhay, a city of Hindoostan, in the
provinc* of Gujrat. It stands on a gulf
of the same name, and was the Camanes
of Ptolemy. Here are three bazars, and
four public cisterns for supplying the
town with water in times of drought. Its
products and manufactures are considera-
ble; for the country abounds in corn,
cattle, and cotton ; and cornelian and
agate stones are found in its rivers. The
inhabitants are noted for embroidery.
This city is now comprehended in the Bri-
tish territories under the Bombay presi-
dency. It is .50 m sby E Ahmedabad, of
which it is the port, and 240 m x Bombay.
Lon. 72 45 e, lat. 22 23 n.
Camberg, a town of Germany, in the
county of Nassau, situate on a hill, 17 m
xbys Nassau.
Cambodia, or Camboja, a kingdom of
Asia, bounded on the n by Lao, e by
Cochinchina and Cianipa, s by the China
sea, and w by Siam. It is divided from x
to s by the river Mecon, or Cambodia,
which annually overflows the country in
the rainy season, between June and Oc-
tober. Its productions are much the same
with those usually found between the tro-
pics ; and that peculiar substance styled
gamboge, or rather Camboja gum, yielding
a fine yellow tint. Though a country rich
by nature, the inhabitants are few ; and
their religion is idolatry. The men are in
general well made, with long hair, and a
yellow complexion; their dress is a long
CAM
and large robe : the dress of the women is
shorter and closer ; they are handsome,
but immodest. They manufacture very
fine cloth, and their needlework is much
esteemed. This country about the com-
mencement of the present century became
subicct to Cochinchina.
Cambodia, or Lcvck, the capital of the
above kingdom. It is seated on the river
Mecon, or Cambodia, 230 m from its
mouth. Lon. 104 50 e, lat. 13 0 n.
Cambrai/, a furtified city of France, ca-
pital of the department of Nord, with a
citadel and fort. It was lately an archi-
episcopal see, but is now only a bishopric.
The old cathedral, in which the cele-
brated Fenclon was interred, and several
other churches, were destroyed during the
revolution; and of two only now remaining,
the cathedral is tlie smallest. The popu-
lation 15,000. The chief manufactures
are cambric, lace, soap, and leather. It is
seated on the Scheld, 102 m kxe Paris.
Lon. 3 14 E, lat. 50 11 x.
Cainbresis, an old province of France,
25 m in length : bounded on the x and e
by Hainault, s by Picardy, and w by Ar-
tois. It is now included in the depart-
ment of Nord.
Ca)iib7Hdge, the capital of Cambridge-
shire, and seat of a celebrated university.
It is a borough, governed Vjy a mayor, and
has a market on Wednesday and Saturday,
The townhall and shire-house are the only
buildings of note tiiat do not belong to the
university. The county gaol is the gate-
house of an ancient castle, built by Wil-
liam I. In the market place, which con-
sists of two spacious oblong squares,
united together, is Hobson conduit, which
is constantly running. Here are 14 parish
churches, three dissenting meeting-houses,
and a synagogue. The population was
11,108 in 1811. The trade consists
chiefly in oil, iron, and corn. The uni-
versity is supposed to have been founded
during the heptarchy. It contains 13 col-
leges, and four halls that have equal pri-
vileges with the colleges. The colleges
are Peterhouse, Corpus Christi, or Benet,
Gonville and Cains, Kings, Queens, .Tesus,
Christ, St. John, INJagdulen, Trinity, Ema-
nuel, Sidney, Sussex, and Downing. The
halls are Clare, Pembroke, Trinity, and
Catherine. Of the colleges, Peterhouse is
the most ancient, being founded in 1257.
Kings college is the noblest foundation in
Europe, and the chapel one of the finest
pieces of Gothic architecture in the world.
The library, chapel, &c. of Trinity college
justly place it in the first rank. The other
structures belonging to the university are
the senate-house, which, with St. Mary's
church, the sdiools; the university library,
CAM
and other buildings, form a noble square.
Here is also a botanical garden, and a ge-
neral hospital, called Addenbrooke, from
the name of the founder. In a field 2 m
XE of the town, and under the jurisdiction
of the university, is held an annual fair,
called Stourbridge or Sturbich Fair, which
commences on the 7th of September, and
continues a fortnight. Cambridge sends
four members to parliament, two for the
university, and two for the borough. It is
seated on the river Cam, IT m s Ely, and
51 Nby E London. Lon.O 4 e, lat. 52 12 K.
Cambridge, a town of Massachusets, in
Middlesex county, with a handsome court-
house, and a seminary, called Harvard
University, one of the first literary insti-
tutions in America. It stands on Charles
river, over which is a bridge to the s; and
4 m to the w is another, by which it is
connected with Boston.
Cambridge, a fortified town of S Caro-
lina, capital of the district of Ninety-six,
with a court-house and a college. Near
this place, then called Ninety-six, the Bri-
tish troops were defeated by the Ameri-
cans in 1781. It was 60 m vvbyN Co-
lumbia, and 140 NW Charleston. Lon. 81
50 w, lat. 34 9 x.
Cambridge, a town of Maryland, chief
of Dorchester county, situate on the
Ciioptank, 13 m from its mouth in Chesa-
peak bay, and 65 s Elkton. Lon. 76 20
w, lat. 3"8 48 x.
Cambridgeshire, a county of England,
bounded on the xw by Lincolnshire, ne by
Norfolk, E by Suffolk, s by Essex and
Hertfordshire, and w by the counties of
Huntingdon, Bedford, and Northampton.
It is 50 m long anrl 25 broad, contains
43P,040 acres ; is divided into 15 hun-
dreds, and 161 parishes; has a city, a
university, and 8 market-towns ; and sends
six members to parliament. The population
was 101,109 m 1811. The principal
rivers are the Ouse, Nen, and Cam. The
southern and eastern parts are pleasant
and healthy; but the northern part, called
the Isle of Ely, is low and fenny, from the
confluence of many rivers. All the waters
of the middle part of England, which do
not flow into the Thames or the Trent,
run into these fens; and in the latter part
of the year, they are sometimes overflowed
by water, or appear covered with fogs. See
Bedford Level.
Cambrillu, or Cambrilles, a town of
Spain, in Catalonia, surrounded by a wall,
and seated near the sea, 14 ni w by s Tar-
ragona.
Camden, a district of S Carolina, com-
prehending the counties of Fairfield, Rich-
land, Clarendon, Claremont, Kershaw,
Salem, and Lancaster. It produces corn,
tobacco, and cotton.
CAM
Camden, tlie capital of th« above dis-
trict, in Kershaw county. It was the scene
of two battles between the British and the
Americans, in 1780 and 1781. It stands
on the river Wateree, or Catawba, 35 ra
XE Columbia. Lon. 80 54 w, lat. 34.
12 X.
Camden, a town of the district of
Maine, in Lincoln county, on the w side of
Penobscot bay, 36 ra ene Wiscasset. Lon.
69 20 w, lat. 44 10 X.
Camel, a river in Cornwall, which rises
2 m N of Caraelford, flows s almost to
Bodmin, and then nw to Padstow, where
it enters the Bristol channel. Its banks
were the scene of some bloody battles be-
tween the Britons and Saxons.
Camelford, a borough in Cornwall, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Friday. A great quantity of yarn is spun
in this place and its neighbourhood. It is
seated on the Camel, 14 m w Launceston,
and 228 whys London.
Camerino, a town of Italy, in the mar-
quisate of Ancona, and an archbishop's
see. It is seated on a mountain, near the
river Chiento, 37 m sw Ancona. Lon, 13
0 E, lat. 43 15 X.
Camin, a seaport of Further Pomerania,
and once a bishop's see, which was secu-
larized ; but it still has a fine cathedral and
a chapter. Its commerce is very extensive,
and it has a great trade in beer. It stands
on the Divvenow, or e mouth of the Oder,
opposite the isle of Wollin, 25 m x Stettin,
Lon. 14 52 E, lat. 53 54 N.
Caminha, a town of Portugal, in Entre
Douro e Minho, with a fort ; seated at the
mouth of the Minho, 12 m x Viana.
Campagna, or Campania, a town of
Naples, in Principato Citra, 40 m SE
Naples.
Campagna di Roma, anciently Latiura,
a province of Italy, in the Ecclesiastical
State, extending 60 m se along the Me-
diterranean to the frontiers of Naples,
Formerly the best peopled and best culti-
vated spot in the world, few villages, little
cultivation, and scarcely any inhabitants
(except in the capital and its neighbour-
hood) are now to be seen; nothing, in
short, but the scattered ruins of temples
and tombs, %vhich present the idea of a
country depopulated by pestilence. Rome
is the capital.
Campbeltown, a borough and seaport of
Scotland, in Argyleshire, situate on a bay
toward the s extremity of the peninsula of
Cantyre. It has a considerable trade in
coal and whiskey, beside being the general
rendezvous of the fishing vessels that an-
nually visit the w coast. The population
was 7807 in 1811. It is 65 m ssw Inve-
rary. Lon. 5 32 w, lat. 55 26 x.
Campden, a corporate town in Glou«
CAN
cestershire, with a market on Wednesday,
22 m NE Gloucester, nnil 90 %vnw
Ijondon.
Canipeac/iyy a town of New Spain, in
Jucatan, on the w coast of the bay of
Cainpeachy, defended by strong forts.
The port is large, but sliaUow ; and the
chief exports are logwood, cotton cloth,
and wax. It was taken by the English in
1659, by tlie buccaneers in 1678, and by
the freebooters of St. Domingo in 1685.
It is 98 m sw Merida. Lon. 90 31 w, lat.
19 51 N.
Campen, a town of the Netherlands, in
Overyssel, with a citadel, and a port almost
choked up. The river Yssel is here crossed
by a wooden bridge 723 feet long. It is
seated on the Yssel, 2 m from its mouth in
the Zuiderzee, and 8 wnw Zwoll.
Camperdon, a town of Spain, in Cata-
lonia, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and on
the river Ter, 45 m N Barcelona. Lon. 2
16 w, lat. 44 0 N.
Cumpo Basso, a town of Naples, in the
county of Molise. In 1805 it suffered
greatly by an earthquake, and most of the
inhabitants were destroyed. It has a con-
siderable trade in articles of cutlery, and
is 12 m s Molise.
Campo Formio, a town of Italy, in
Friuli, where a treaty of peace was con-
cluded between the Austrians and Trench
in 1797. It is 2 m sw Udina.
Campo Mayor, a fortified town of Por-
tugal, in Alentejo. It surrendered to the
FrencJi in 1811, II is 14 m NbyE
Elvas.
Campo St. Pcitro, a town and castle of
Italy, in Paduano, on the river Menson, 12
m :v Padua.
Campoli, a town of Naples, in Aliruzzo
Ultra, 23 m NbyE Aquila.
Cainpsie, a village of Scotland, on the s
conHnes of Stirlingshire, 9 m n Glasgow.
It has some extensive print-fields, and
other manufactures.
Canaan, a town of Connecticut, in Lich-
field county, situate on the Housatonic, 30
m Nw Hartford.
Canaan, a town of the district of Maine,
in Lincoln county, situate on the Kenne-
beck, 60 m n Wiscasset.
Canada, a large country of N America,
bounded on the x by New Britain, e bv
Labrador and the gulf of St. Lawrence, "s
by New Brunswick and the United States,
and w by unknown lands. It was disco-
vered by John and Sebastian Cabot, of
Bristol, in 1497 ; and was settled by the
French in 1608. The summer here is
very hot, and winter continues fi)r six
months very severe; but the sudden tran-
sitions from heat to cold, so common in
the United States, are not known in Ca-
nada, and the seasons are more regular.
CAN
The micultivatcd parts are a continued
wood, in which are many kinds of trees
unknown in Europe ; but the land that is
cleared is icrtile, and the ))rogress of ve-
getation so rapid, that wheat sowed in
May is reaped in August. Of all the ani-
mals, the beaver is the most useful and
curious. Canada turpentine is greatly es-
teemed for its balsamic qualities. This
country abounds with coal, and near
Quebec is a fine lead mine. The diiVcrent
tribes of Indians, or original natives, in
Canada, are almost innumerable ; but
they have been observed to decrease in
population where the Europeans are most
numerous, owing chiefly to their immo-
derate use of spirituous liquors. Canada
was conquered by the English in 175g,
and contirmed to them by the French at
the peace of 1763. In 1791, this country
was divided into two provinces, Upper and
Lower Canada, which have since made
great progress in population and agricul-
ture. Upper Canada is deemed the garden
of America, and not subject to tlie ex-
treme heat or cold of the lower province.
The chief products for exportation are
flour, wheat, potash, oak and pine timber,
masts, staves, planks, and firewood. The
principal inconveniences to which this pro-
vince is subject are the falls and rapids of
the St. Lawrence, which impede the navi-
gation between Kingston and Myntreal.
Lower Canada is free from such impedi-
ments ; and to the export articles above
enumerated may be added peas, barley,
malt, cured fish, and firs. York in the
upper province, and Quebec in the lower,
are the chief towns.
Canajohary, a town of New York, in
Montgomery county. Its vicinity abounds
with apple-trees, planted by the Mohawk
Indians, from which is made cider of an
excellent quality. It stands on a creek of
the same name, on Mohawk river, 25 m
XL Cooperstown, and 56 wxw Albany.
Canal, Duke of Bridgewater, in Eng-
land, the first grand work of the kind in
the kingdom, begun in 1758. It com-
menced at Worsley. 7 m from iManchester,
where, at the foot of a mountain composed
of coal, a basin is cut, which serves as a
reservoir to the navigatitm. The canal
runs under a hill fiom this basin, about
1300 yards, to the coal works. At Barton
bridge, 3 m from the basin, is an aqueduct,
whicli, tor upward of 200 yards, conveys
the canal across a valley and the river
Irwell; it has three arches over the river,
and the middle one will admit the largest
barges to pass with masts and sails stand-
ing. At Longford bridge, the canal turns
to the right, and crossing the Mersey,
passes near Altringham, Dunham, Gra-
penhall, Kaulton, into the tide way of the
CAN
Mersey, at Runcorn Gap, where barges
can come into the canal from Liverpool, at
low water. This navigation is more than
29 m in length ; and it is now extended 7
m further, from Worsley to Leigh.
Canal, Caledonian, in Scotland, a work
not yet finished, that is to form a junction
between Loch Linne and the Moray frith.
The length is 06 m from Loch Eil near
Fort William to the tide water of the
Moray frith, a little above Inverness ; but
as its almost direct line includes the loches
Lochy, Oich, and Ness, the channels to
cut will be only about 28 m. These chan-
nels are 160 feet wide at top, 50 at bottom,
and 20 deep ; and they require 23 locks.
The two seas being thus joined, vessels
from Ireland and the w coast of England
goins; to Norway and Russia will avoid the
tedious and dangerous navigation round
the N of Scotland.
Canal, Grand, or Imperial, in China,
a stupendous work, which extends from
N to s upward of 400 m from the river
Eu-ho, a little n of Tong-tchang, inChang-
tong, to Hanch-tchou, in Tche-kiang. In
this course it cuts at right angles several
rivers from the w, the smaller streams of
which terminating in it, afford a constant
supply of water; and the three great
rivers, the Eu-ho to the north, the Hohan-
ho about the middle, and the Kian-ku to-
ward the south, intersecting the canal,
carry the superfluous water to the sea. In
accommodating the general level of the
canal to the several levels of the feeding
streams, it was necessary, in many places,
to cut to the depth of 60 or 70 feet below
the surface ; and in others, to raise mounds
of earth upon lakes, swamps, and marshy
grounds, of great length and magnitude.
These gigantic embankments are carried
through lakes of several miles in diameter,
between which the water is kept to a
height considerably above that of the
lake; and in such situations this enormous
aqueduct sometimes glides along at the
rate of two miles an hour. Few parts of
it are level : in some places it has little or
no current ', in others it sets to the n and
s alternately at the rate of one or two
miles an hour. The balancing of the level
is effected by flood-gates thrown across at
certain distances to elevate or depress the
height of the water a few inches, as ap-
pears necessary, and by sluices on the
hides of the embankments, through which
the superfluous water is let out into the
lakes and swanips. The flood-gales arc
simply planks sliding in grooves that are
cut into the sides of two stone piers,
which in these places contract the canal to
the width of about 30 feet ; and at each is
a guard-house, with soldiers to draw up
and let down the planks as occasion rc-
CAN
quires. From the Ilohan-ho to the Kian-
ku the country abounds in lakes and
marshy ground, and the canal is carried in
some parts 20 feet above the level of the
country, 200 i'eet in width. There is not
a lock, nor, except the flood-gates, a sin-
gle interruption to the whole navigation.
Canal, Grand Junction, in England, a
work that joins several other canals in
the centre of the country, which thence
form a communication between the rivers
Thames, Severn, Mersey, and Trent, and,
consequently, an inland navigation to the
four principal seaports, London, Bristol,
Liverpool, and Hull. This canal com-
mences at Braunston, on the w borders of
Northamptonshire, passes by Daventry to
Stony Stratford in Buckinghamshire,
thence on the confines of Bedfordshire, w
of Leighton Buzzard, to Tring, Berkhara-
sted, and Rickmansworth, in Hertfordshire,
and through Middlesex by Uxbridge to
Brentford, where it enters the Thames, 12
m by that river above London. It is up-
ward of 90 m in length.
Canal, Grand Trunk, in England, a
work that forms a comnmnication between
the rivers Mersey and Trent, and, in course,
between the Irish sea and the German
ocean. Its length is 92 m from the duke
of Bridgewater canal, at Preston on the
Hill, in Cheshire, to VVildon, in Derby-
shire, where it communicates with the
Trent. The canal is carried over the river
Dove, in an aqueduct of 23 arches, and
over the Trent by an aqueduct of six
arches. At Preston on the Hill, it passes
under ground 1241 yards; at Barton and
in the neiizhbourhood it has two subterra-
neous passages ; and at Harecastle-hill, in
Staflbrdshire, it is conveyed under ground
2880 yards. From the neighbourhood of
Stafford, a branch is made from this canal,
to run near Wolverhampton, and to join
the Severn near Bewdley : from this again
other branches cross Warwickshire to
Braunston, where commences the Grand
Junction canal to the Thames at Brentford.
Canal, Great, in Scotland, a work that
forms a junction between the Forth and
Clyde, its length is 35 m, from the influx
of the Carron, at Crangemouth, to the
junction with the Clyde, 6 m above Dum-
barton. In the course of this navigation,
the vessels are raised to the height of 141
feet above the level of the sea, and passing
afterward upon the summit of the country,
for 18 m, they then descend into the river
Clyde, and thence have free access to the
Atlantic ocean. This canal is carried over
"M rivers and rivulets, ;ind two great roads,
by 38 aqueducts of hewn stone. In some
places it passes through mossy ground,
and in others through solid rock. The
road from Ediuburg to Glasgow passe-
CAN
under it near FalUirk, and over it, by
means of a drawbridge, 6 m from Glas-
i^ow. In tlie course of this iniand naviga-
tion are many striking scenes ; iiarticuhirly
tbe romantic sitnation of the stupendous
aqueduct vi' four aribes over tbe Kelvin,
near Glasgow, 4'20 feet in length, carrying
a great artificial river over a natural one,
Mbere vessels of 90 tons sail at tbe height
of 65 feet above the bed of the river
below. This comnuniication between the
German and Atlantic oceans, in tbe com-
merce of Great Britain and Ireland, to
Norway, Sweden, and the Baltic, shortens
the nautical distance in some instances
800, and in others 1000 miles.
Canal Hoyul, or Canal of Langnedoc,
in France, a work that etVects an inland
communication between tbe i\Jediterranean
and Atlantic. From the port of Cette, in
tbe JMediterranean, it crosses tlie lake of
Thau ; and, below Toulouse, is conveyed
by three sluices into tbe Garonne. At St.
Ferreol, near Hevel, between two rocky
liills, is a grand basin, above 1000 feet in
iliameter, into which the rivulet Laudot is
icceived ; and hence three large cocks of
cast brass open and disciiarge the water,
which then goes under tbe name of the
liver Laudot, and continues its course to
the canal called lligole de la Plaine.
Thence it is conveyed to another reservoir
uearNaurouse, out of which it is conveyed
by sluices, both to tbe Mediterranean and
Atlantic, as tbe canal requires it; this
being tbe highest point between the two
seas. Near Beziers ai'e eight sluices,
which form a regular and grand cascade,
936 feet long and 66 feet high, by which
vessels cross the river Orbe, and continue
their voyage on the canal. Above it, be-
tween Beziers and Capestan, is tbe Mal-
Pas, where tbe canal is conveyed, for the
length of 7^0 feet, under a mountain. At
Agde is a round sluice, with three open-
ings, three different depths of tbe water
meeting here. Tbe canal has 37 aque-
ducts, and its length from Toulouse to
Cette is 160 m.
Canandaqua, a town of New York,
chief of Ontario county, situate on the
N end of a lake of the same name, at its
outlet into Canandaqua creek, which runs
£ into Seneca river. The lake is '20 \n
long and 3 broad. The town stands on a
pleasant rise from the lake, 90 m ese Nia-
gara, and 130 why K Cooperstown.
Canaiiore, a town of Hindoostan, m
Malabar, defended by a fortress, v.ith
other works after the European fashion.
]t is the head-quarters of tbe province, has
several very good houses and a flourishing
trade. It stands on a small bay, one of
liie best on the coast, 50 m ^kw Calicut.
Ion. 75 27 r, lat. 11 52- is'.
CAN
Canaru, a prorvince on the w coast of
Hindoostan, 1130 m long, and from 30 to
80 broad, lying between Concan and Ma-
labar. Tiie soil is fertile ; and it pro-
duces abundance of rice, betel and cocoa
nuts, cardamoms, coir, pepper, ginger,
nutmegs, ghee, tobacco, tea, sandal wood,
and iron. No horses, sheep, goats, nor
asses are bred ; buftalos and oxen are yoked
to the plough, and few carts are used.
This province was ceded to tiie British in
1799. The principal port is Mangalore.
Canaria, or Grand Canarj/, the princi-
pal of tbe Canary islands, which gives
name to the whole, and is tbe seat of go-
vernment. It is 10 m long and 20 broad ;
the middle part so mountainous that one
side is sometimes stormy, while tbe other
is quite calm. The air is temperate, the
water plentiful and good, and it has abun-
dance of herbs and delicious iVuits. Here
are two wheat harvests, in February and
May ; and the corn makes bread as white
as snow. A great quantity of sugar is
made here; also of tbe wine called Sack,
which is hence often termed Canary.
There are great plenty of horned cattle,
poultry, pigeons, and partridges ; and Ca-
nary birds, with some others of tbe same
size, seldom visit any of the Canaries,
except this island aud Ferro, which are the
most southerly. The chief town is Ca-
nary.
Canaries, or Canarji Islands, anciently
called the Fortunate Islands, are thirteen
in number, lying in tbe N Atlantic ocean,
near tbe continent of Africa. vSeven of
them are considerable, namely. Palma,
Ferro, Gomera, TenerifF, Canaria, Forte-
ventura, and Lancerota ; the other six are
very small, Graciosa, Kocca, Allegranza,
St. Clare, Inferno, and Lobos. They
belong to tbe Spaniards, and produce corn,
silk, tobacco, sugar-canes, and excellent
wine.
Canary, or Palmos, the capital of the
island of Canaria, and a bishop's see, with
a castle on a hill. It is 3 m in circuit,
and tbe residence of tbe governor and so-
vereign coimcil of tbe Canaries. Lon. 15
42 w, lat. 28 l N.
Cancale, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Hie and Vilaine, seated on a
bay of its name, celebrated for oysters.
The English landed here in 1758, and pro-
ceeded by land to burn the ships at St.
Malo. It is 9 m E St. Malo, and 40 XNw
llcnnes.
Candahar, a pro'.ince of Afghanistan,
between the river Indus and Persia ;
bounded on the x by Balk and Cabul, e
by Lahore, s by Ballogistan, and w by
Segistan. Tbe dominions of the sultan of
Afghanistan extend westward to tbe neigh-
bourhood of tbe city of Tershish; include'
CAN
ing Cabul, Peishore, Ghiani, Gaur, Se-
j:istan, and Chorasan ; a tract not less
than 630 m in length, its breadth unknown ;
and, on tlie e side of the Indus, he pos-
sesses some districts x of the city of At-
tock. These countries are all culled by
the general name of the Country of the
Abdalli. Ahmed Abdalla, the founder of
this kingdom, was originally the chief of
an Afghan tribe, named Abdal, who was
stript of his country by Nadir Shah, in
1739. On the death of Nadir, he sud-
denly appeared among his former subjects,
and erected a considerable kingdon^ in the
eastern part of Persia, adding to it most of
the provinces to the w of the Indus, which
had been ceded by the great mogul to
Nadir Shah, together with Cashmere on
the E of that river. This province is very
thinly peopled, and most of the natives
lead a pastoial and migratory life. The
surface throughout is hilly and rocky, and
in many places destitute of fresh water ;
but some of the vallies exhibit verdure and
fertility.
Candahar, a city and the capital of the
above province. It is surrounded by walls
and ditches, about three m in circuit ; and,
standing on the great road that connects
Hindoostan with Persia and Tartary, it
has a considerable trade. While the Per-
sian and Mogul empires were each entire,
it was the frontier fortress toward Persia.
The palace stands on the n side of the
city ; and near it is the tomb of Ahmed
Shah, which is held in high veneration.
It is seated on the Harmend, which di-
vides it in two parts, 200 m ssw Cabul.
Lon. 65 3 1 r, lat, 33 0 x,
Cuiideish ; see Khandeish,
Candes, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire, at the con-
flux of the Vienne with the Loire, 30 m
wsw Tours.
Candia, an island in the Mediterranean,
formerly Crete, lying to the s of the Archi-
pelago. It is 180 m long and .30 broad,
and pervaded by a cliain of mountains.
The soil is fertile; and it abounds in fine
cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, game, corn,
wine, oil, silk, and honey. It was taken
by the Turks, in 1609, after a war of 25
years. It was attempted to be retaken by
the Venetians, in 1692, without effect.
Mount Ida, so famous in history, is in the
middle of this island.
Candia, the capital of the above island,
and the see of a Greek archbishop.
Though ])opulous formerly, little of it re-
mains beside the walls and tlie market-
place ; and the harbour is now fit for
nothing but boats. It is seated on the x
side of the island, 500 m ssw Constantino-
ple. Lon. 25 18 E, lat. 35 19 x.
Candlemas hies, two islands in the
CAN
Southern ocean, near Sandwich Land.
Lon. 27 13 w, lat. 57 10 s.
Cand}/, a kingdom of Ceylon, contain-
ing about a fourth of the island, in the
interior part toward the s. The country
is mountainous ; very woody on the fron-
tiers, and difficult of access from the
great quantity of jungle. The central
part consists of mountains cultivated to
their summits, interspersed with villages,
rivulets, and cattle ; fields of rice and
other grain ; well trodden foot paths in all
directions ; and fruitful vallies, with groves
ofareka, jacca, cocoa-nuts, limes, oranges,
&c. In many parts of the interior, volca-
nos have burst forth at different times;
and the hills seem to possess the principle
of those eruptions. Iron and other ores
are to be met with ; but the Candians, for
years past, have paid no attention to dis-
covering or working any of the veins.
The air is subject to heavy fogs and dews
at night, succeeded by excessively hot and
sultry weather by day ; rain and thunder
are also frequent and violent. The inha-
bitants use fire-arms, and bows and arrows
for weapons of offence. The king was ab-
solute; and he was clothed in all the state
and splendour of other Asiatic princes,
with, the peculiar distinction of a crown.
The tyrannical government of the last
ruler, and his cruelties, were in the ex-
treme, that many of his subjects removed to
the British settlements. His atrocities
continuing to spread, the British in 1815,
took up arms against him solely, promising
security and protection to his subjects.
They entered the capital, which was found
deserted, and stript of all valuable pro-
perty ; but the king's retreat being soon
known, he was surrounded by his own peo-
ple, taken prisoner, bound, reviled, and
plundered. The conquest was bloodless
on the part of the British, who, with the
Candian chiefs, settled a treaty for depo-
sing the king, and establishing his Britan-
nic majesty's govenmient in the Candian
provinces. See Cei/ton.
Candij, the capital of the above king-
dom, it is more regularly built than most
Indian towns. The principal street is
about 2 m long, and very broad ; and
though the houses in general have but one
story, they appear to have two, from the
number of steps running up close to the
side of the house, so that the door is the
height of a story from the street. This
manner of building is to avoid the mis-
chiefs which the elephant-figlits, celebrated
in tills great street, would otherwise do to
the houses. Many lesser streets branch
out on both sides the main street, but of
no great length. The palace terminates
the upper end of the great street; it is a
square of immense extent, built of a kind
CAN
of cement, perfectly white, with stone
gateways. Six m to the s of the city is
Willomb, where there is another jjahice,
and storehouses. Candy was entered by
the British troops in 1803, the kin;;; and
principal inhabitants liaving pre\iously
lied ; bat the expedition terutinatcd in the
massacre or imprisonment of tlie whole
detachment. In 15U5, it was ai;ain en-
tered, and with better success, us noticed
in the precedini^ article. '•'he town is
seate;! near the centre of the island^ in the
midst of lofty and woody hills, and nearly
surrounded by the river Mahaville, (35 m
em: Columbo. Lon. 80 27 E, hit. 7 2G k.
Caiicay a strong town of tne island of
Candia, with a <j;ood harbour. The envi-
rons are adorned with olive trees, vine-
yards, gardens, and brooks, bordered with
myrtle and laurel roses. It was taken by
the Turks, in 1645, after a defence of two
months, in which the victors lost 25,000
men. It is seated on the x coast of the
island, 63 m wby n Candia. Lon. 24 7 e,
lat. 35 27 N.
Canete; aee Ccigneie.
Caneto, a town of Italy, in Matituan,
seated on the Oglio, 20 m w INIantua.
Canga, a town of the kingdom of Congo,
on a branch of the river Zaire, 280 in ne
St. Salvador, Lon. 17 10 e, lat, 2 10 s.
Cangiano, a town of Naples, in Princi-
pato Citra, 40 m Eby s Salerno.
Cangoxima, a strong seaport of Japan,
on the most southern verge of the isle of
Ximo, with a commodious harbour. At
the entrance of the haven'is a lighthouse,
on a lofty rock; and at the foot of the
rock is a convenient road for shipping.
Here are large and sumptuous magazines,
belonging to the emperor, some of which
are proof against fue. Lon. 132 15 e,
lat. 32 10 \".
Caninderago, a narrow lake of New-
York, in Utbcgo county, 9 m long.
It lies 6 m w of Lake Otsego, and a
stream, called Oaks Creek, tlows Irom it
into tlie Siisquehaua.
Caninu, a town of European Turkey, in
Albania, near the entrance of the gulf of
Venice, 8 m x Valona.
Canisclia ; see Kcniisa.
Caniia, one of the Hebrides of Scot-
laud, bvv of the isle of Skye. It is 4 m
long and a mile broad ; the Ingh parts pro-
ducing excellent pasture for cattle, and the
low Is tolerably fertile. Here are many
basaltic colunms ; and Compass hill is re-
maikablc for its eliect on the magnetic
jieccile. On the se side of Cannais Sand
island, separated by a narrow chamiel, and
between theui is a well-frequented harbour.
Lon. G 38 w, lat. 57 13 x.
Cannes, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Var. Here Bonaparte landed
CAN
on his return from Elba, in 1813. It
is seated on the Mediterranean, 15 m ne
Pre jus.
Camiock, a town in StalVordshire, ^^llose
market is discontinued, situate at the sw
extremity of Cannock chase, 9 in sse Staf-
ford, and 123 xw London.
Cano; see Ghana.
Conoh'ui, a town of Italy, in ]\Iilanese,
on the lake Maggiore, 35 in xxw Milan.
Caitogc, a town of Ilindoostan in Agra,
capital of a district. It is said to have
been the capital of all llindoustan, under
the predecessor of Porus, who fought
against Alexander; and that in the Clh
century it contained 30,000 shops, in
\vhich betel-nut was sold. It is now re-
duced to the size of a middling town, sur-
roimded by ruined temples and tombs, and
seated on a canal near the Ganges, 113
m Ebys Agra. Lon. 79 52 e, lat. 27 5 x.
Canonsburg, a town of Pennsylvania,
in Washington county, on the w branch of
Chartier creek, 4 m airove Morganza, and
15 ssw Pittsburg.
Canosa, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, which stands ou part of the site of
the ancient Canusium, one of the njost
magnificent cities of Italy. Between Ca-
nosa and the river Ofauto are still some
traces of the ancient town of Caniup, in
the plain of which was fought the celebra-
ted battle between Hannibal and the Ro-
mans, wherein the latter lost 45,000 men.
Canosa is 4 m w by x Trani.
Cunoul; see Curiioul.
Canuurgue, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lozere, with a trade in cattle
and woollen stuft's ; seated near the Lot,
13 m sw Mende.
Canso, an island at the se extremity of
Nova Scotia, with a cape, town, and pot t
of the same name. The port is tliree
leagues in length, formed by many other
small islands and the mainland. To the
xw of the island is a narro\v strait, called
the Gut of Canso, which separates Cape
Breton from Nova Scotia. Lon. 60 55 w,
lat. 45 20 X.
Canstudt, a town of Vvirteraberg, with
a manulacture of printed cottons. In the
neighbourhood are some medicinal springs.
It is seated on the Neckar, 3 m xe Stut-
gard.
Cantul, a department of France, in-
cluding part of the old province of Au-
vergne. It is so called from a mountain,
near the centre of the department, whose
summit is always covered with snow. 'Ihe
capital is St. Flour.
Cantuzaro, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Citra, liear the sea, 26 m sw St. Se-
verino,
Canterbury, a city in Kent, capital of
the county, and the see of an archbishop,
CAN
who is primate of all England. It is
the Duiovernum of the Romans, and
founded befoi'e the Christian era. Here
are the remains of many lloman antiqui-
ties, and of a larsre Augustine monastery.
The cathedral, a hxrge structure, was once
famous for tlie shrine of Thomas Becket,
a turbulent priest, who was murdered here
in 1170, and afterward made a saint. In
this cathedral are interred Henry iv and
Edward the black prince. The city has
likewise 14 parish churches ; an ancient
castle with walls and a deep ditch ; and a
grammar-school founded by Henry viii.
It is a county of itself, governed by a
raayor; possesses a share of the woollen,
silk, and cotton manufactures ; and is
noted for excellent brawn. The adjacent
country produces abundance of hops. The
population was 10,200 in 1811. It has a
market on Wednesday and Saturday, and
is seated on the Stour, 55 in ese London.
Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 51 18 x.
Canierburj/, a town of Connecticut, in
Windham county, on the e side of the
Quinabang, 11 m Ebys Windham.
Canth, a town of Silesia, on the river
Weistritz, 15 m sw Breslau.
CuntUlana, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, on the Guadalquiver, 35 m nke
Seville.
Cantin, Cape, a promontory of the At-
lantic ocean, on the coast of Morocco.
Lon. 9 5 w, lat. 32 49 x.
Canton, or Qaani^-tchoo, a city and sea-
port of China, capital of Quang-tong. It
is seated on one of the finest rivers in the
empire, about SO rn from the sea, and is
the only Chinese pori; allowed for Euro-
pean maritime traliic. Within the bocca
or mouth of the river is a small island,
which bearing some resemblance to a tiger
couchant, is called Tiger island ; and the
river is hence named Tigris, but the Chi-
nese call it Taa. The city consists of
three towns, divided by high walls, but so
conjoined as to form almost a regular
square. The streets are narrow, paved
witii small round stones in the middle,
and Hugged at the sides. The houses are
only a ground floor, built of earth, and
covered with tiles. The better class of
people are carried about in cliairs ; but
the common sore walk barefooted and
bareheaded. They have manufactures of
their own, especially of silk stulfs ; and
tlieir goods are carried by porters, for they
have no wagons. At the end of every
street is a barrier, which is shut in the
evening, as well as the gates of the city.
The river is covered with barks, which
have apartments in them for families,
where many thousands reside and have
no other habitation. The number of
inhabitants is supposed to be 1,500,000.
CAP
The immense quantity of goods and money
which foreign vessels bring to this city,
draws hither a crowd of merchants fronn
all the provinces, thcit the factories and
warehouses contain tiie rarest productions
of the soil, and the most valuable of the
Chinese manufactures^ It is 1180 ra
sbyw Peking. Lon. 113 14 e, lat. 23
7x.
Canti/re, a peninsula of Scotland, in
Argyleshire, 35 m long and 7 broad, con-
nected on the N by an isthmus, scarce a
mile broad, to the mountainous district of
Knapdale. To the s it terminates in a
promontory, called the i\lull of Cantyre,
on which is a lighthouse. Lon. 5 42 w^
lat. 55 18 N.
Cany, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine, situate in a country
which produces great (quantities of corn
and flax, 26 m nw Rouen.
Caorlo, a town of Italy, on a small
island of the same name, on the coast of
Eriuli, 34 m ene Venice. Lon. 1^ 30 e,
lat. 45 42 X.
Capaccio, a town of Naples, in Princi-
pato Citra, the residence of the bishop
and canons of Psstum, the majestic ruins
of which city are in the vicinity. It is 20
m se Salerno.
Cape, a territory in the s part of Africa,
colonized by the Dutch, and now belong-
ing to the British. See Capetown, and
Good Hope, Cape of.
Cape Breton ; see Breton, Cape : and
otiier Capes, in like manner, see under
their respective names.
Cape Coast Castle, a fort of Guinea, on
the Gold coast, and the chief establish-
ment of the British in tbcse parts. It is
built on a rock, called Taborough, project-
ing into the sea ; and has extensive maga-
zines. Behind the castle is a large JN egro
village, called Igwa. It is 10 m exe St,
George d'Elmina. Lon. 152 w, lat. 5 G N.
Cape Fear River ; see Fear, Cape.
Capel/e, a town of Erai:ce, in the de-
partment of Aisne, 10 m xe Guiese.
Capestan, a town of France, in the de-
partment o " Herault, near the river A uJe
and the canal of Laagucdoc, ti m w Bc'
ziers.
Capeloicn, the capital of tlie territory of
the CJape, a settlement founded by the
Dutch. It stands on the w side of iable-
buy, and is a tov>'n, rising in the midst of
a desert, surrounded by black and dreary
mountains. The store-houses built by the
Dutch £ India Company are situate next
the water, and the private buildings he
beyond them, on a gentie ascent toward
the mountains. The Castle, or principal
fort, which commands the road, is on tlie
E side ; and Amsterdam Fort is on the w
side. The streets are broad and regular;
CAP
and the houses, in general, are built of stone,
and white-washed. Here are two clunches ;
the great one used jointly bv the English
and the Dutch Calvinists, tiie other by
German Lutherans ; also a hospital for
sailors, situate close to the governor's
gardens, to which there is free access. The
inhabitants, though stout and athletic, have
not all that phlegm about them which is
the characteristic of the Dutch in general.
The ladies are lively, goodnaturcd, familiar,
and gay. Ihe heavy draught-work here is
chiefly performed by oxen, which are
brought to an uncommon degree of docility
and usefulness. The general mode of tra-
velling is in a kind of covered wagon, drawn
by oxen, which better suits the roughness
of the country than more elegant vehicles;
but some of the principal people keep
coaches, which are drawn by horses. The
mountains behind the town are, the Table
Mountain, the Sugar-loaf, the Lions Head,
Charles Mount, and James i\lount, or the
Lions Rump. Trom these mountains de-
scend several rivulets which flow into the
diflerent bays, as Table bay. False bay, &c.
Among these mountains, extending along
the valleys and rivulets, are a great number
of plantations ; and se of the town are
some vineyards, which yield the famous
wine called Constantia. This town (with
its extensive colony) surrendered to the
British in 1795, and was restored in 1802
by the treaty of Amiens ; it again surren-
dered to the British in 180(3, and was con-
firmed to them in 1814. Capetown is 34
m ivbyw from the Cape. Lon. 18 18 e,
lat. 33 54 s.
Capistano, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, 20 m NE Squillace.
Capitanata, a jirovince of Naples, bound-
ed on the N by the gulf of Venice, e by
Terra di Bari, s by Basilicata and Princi-
pato Ultra, and w by jNIolise and Abruzzo.
It is a level country, without trees ; has a
sandy soil, and a hot air ; but the land near
the rivers is fertile in pastures. Lucerais
the capital.
Capo Fino, a barren rock on the coast
of the duchy of Genoa, with a castle on
its eastern peak. Near it is a port of the
same name, 13 m ese Genoa. Lon. 8 56 e,
lat. 44 20 N.
Capo d' Istria.^ a town of Italy, capital of
Isti'ia, and a bishop's see. It stands on a
small island in the gulf of Triest, connect-
ed with the continent by a causeway, which
is defended by a castle. The principal re-
venue consists in wine and salt. It is 8 m
s Triest. Lon. 14 0 e, lat. 45 40 n.
Cappel, a town of Denmark, in the duchy
of Sleswick, on the e ccast, 16 m ke Sles-
wick.
Cappoguin, a town of Ireland, in Water-
ford county, with the ruin of a castle;
CAR
seated on the Blackwater, 13 m wNwDun-
garvon, and 18 ssw Clonmel.
Capnija, an island in the JMcditerranean,
to the NE. of Corsica, 15 m in circuit. It
has a town of the same name, with a goofi
harbour, defended by a castle. Lon. 0
56 r, lat. 43 5 n.
Capri, an island in the INIediterranean,
at the entrance of the gulf of Naples nearly
opposite Sorrento. This spot is rendered
famous by the residence of emperor Au-
gustus, and infamous by his successor Ti-
berius, who here spent the last ten years
of liis life in luxurious debauchery. It is
4 in long and 1 broad, with steep shores,
accessible only in two places; and the
greater part is covered with relics of an-
cient buildings.
Capri, the capital of the above island,
and a bishop's see, with a castle. It was
once a delightful place, embellished with
rnagnilicent works, which were demolished
after the death of Tiberius. It is 27 m ssw
Naples. Lon. 14 10 e, lat. 40 32 N.
Capua, a strong city of Naples, in Terra
di Lavoro, and an archbishop's see, with a
citadel. It is 2 m from the ancient Capua,
and was built out of its ruins. No city in
Italy, except Rome, contains a greater
number of ancient inscriptions. In 1803 it
sufl'ered much by an earthquake, and a
number of cavalry were buried under the
ruins of their barracks. It stands at the
foot of a mountain, on the river Volturno,
20 m N Naples. Lon. 14 19 e, lat. 41 7 K.
Cara, a river of Russia, which issues
from the N extremity of the I'ral mountains,
and flows into the gulf of Karskoi, in the
Arctic ocean ; forming the boundary be-
tween Europe and Asia, for the space of
about 140 m.
Carahaya, or St. Juan de Oro, a town of
Charcas, capital of the district of Cara-
baya, which contains gold and silver mines,
and abounds in corn and cattle. It stands
on a river that flows x to the Beni, 200 m
Kxw Paz.
Caracatay, a large country of Asia, ex-
tending from the great wall of China to the
country of the Moguls ; bounded on the
w by the Imaus, and on the e by the sea
and China.
Caracas, or Venezuela, a large country
of S America ; bounded on the N by the
Caribean sea, e by the Atlantic, s by Bri-
tish Guayana and New Granada, and w
by New Granada. It is divided into the
provinces of Cumana, Caracas, Coro, Ma-
racaibo, Varinas, and Guayana ; the last
is that part of the country of Guayana,
which belongs to Spain. This territory is
under the government of a captain-general,
subject to the viceroy of New Granada.
But in loll a spirit of revolt broke out
against Ferdinand vii; the provinces as-
CAR
ssmbled a general congress, styled the
Confederation of Venezuela, and after a
feu sittings declared themselves independ-
ant. The congress soon afterward signed
a Federal Constitution, nearly sinnl^ir to
that of the United States of America, and
constituted a government, which they call-
ed the United Provinces of Venezuela.
The war has been carried on with cruelties
almost unparalleled, whatever its results
may prove in the termination. In 181?,
the provinces of Cumana and Caracas were
visited by a most sudden and violent con-
vulsion of nature : many thousands of
human beings were lost ; rocks and moun-
tains split, and rolled into valleys ; rivers
lost, or their courses changed; some towns
swallowed up, some totally, others nearly
destroyed, and many very much injured.
Caracas, a province of the above country ;
bounded on the n by the Caribean sea, e by
Cumana, s by Guayana and Varinas, and
w by Maracaibo and Coro. The best co-
coa-nuts, next to those of Guatimala, are
produced in the rich plains of this province.
The other products are cotton, cofiee, in-
digo, sugar, and tobacco. The chief rivers
are the Tuy and Guarico.
Caracas, or Leon, a city, capital of the
above province and country, and the see of
an archbishop. It stands on elevated
ground, on the x side of a fertile valley
surrounded by mountains, 12 m from the
sea ; and its port is Guayra. The cathe-
dral is more solid than elegant ; but the
altars are ricii and the ornaments valuable.
The inhabitants, about S0,000, carry on a
considerable trade. This city, by the
great earthquake in 1812, lost 8000 inha-
bitants, 4500 houses, 19 churches and
convents, and other public buildings. It
is 560 m NE St. Fe. Lon. 67 0 \v, "lat. 10
35 N.
Caruhissar, a town of Asiatic Turkey,
in Roum, with a fort on the summit of a
high rock, around which the houses are
built on the declivity. It is a place of great
trade, and the principal manufacture is
carpets. It stands among liills, in a fruit-
ful valley, watered by the Mindra, 95 m
E by N Tocat.
Curaman, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Caramania, with a decayed castle, and a
manufacture of blue cotton cloth, 50 m
SSE Cogni.
Caramania, a province of Asiatic Tur-
key, between iS^atolia on the w, and Roum
on the E, with Syria and the mountainous
coast of the Mediterranean on the s. It
comprehends the ancient Pamphilia, with
a gieat part of Cilicia, Pisidia, and Cap-
padocia. It contains several lakes, which
abound with fish, and furnish great quan-
tities of salt. Cogni is the capital.
CaramantUj a town of IMew Granada,
CAR
in the province of Antioquia; seated ott
the Cauca, 60 m sby w Antioquia.
Carangas, xi town of Caracas, capital of
a district that contains valuable silver
mines, and feeds a great number of cattle.
It is 45 m w Potosi.
Carara, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Massa, celebrated for its quarries of
marble of various colours. Ic is 5 m nne
Massa.
Carasui, a lake of European Turkey, in
Bulgaria, 55 m in circuit, containing seve-
ral islands. It is formed by a branch of the
Danube, not far from its entrance into the
Black sea.
Caravaca, a town of Spain, in Murcia,
seated among mountains, 46 m wnw
jMurcia.
Caravat/a, a town of Peru, capital of a
jurisdiction. It is 160 m se Cusco. Lon.
69 36 \Y, lat. 14 40 s.
Carcassone, a city of France, capital of
the department of Aude, and a bishop's
see. The Canal Royal passes on the n
side, and it is divided into the upper and
lower town by the river Aude, over which
is a stone bridge. In the upper town called
the city, are a strong castle and the cathe-
dral. The lower town is square, regularly
built, and kept very neat by means of an
aqueduct, which brings the water of the
Aude to different fountains. The popula-
tion 15,000. Here are manufactures of all
sorts of cloth. It is 35 m w Narbonne,
and 54 se Toulouse. Lon. 2 15 e, lat. 43
14 N.
Carculla, a town of Ilindoostan, in Ca-
nara, chiefly inhabited by shopkeepers.
Here is an open temple, in which is the
image of a naked man, 33 feet in height by
10 in thickness, made of one piece of gra-
nite. It is seated between two lakes, or
tanks, 26 m NbyE Mangalore.
Cardiff, a borough of Wales, capital of
Glamorganshire, with a market on Wed-
nesday and Saturday. It is seated on the
Taff, and has a considerable trade with
Bristol, for vessels of small burden may
come to the bridge. The castle was an
elegant Gothic structure, but it has under-
gone a motley repair. The town was
formerly encompassed by a wall, and ves-
tiges of its four gates yet remain. The
steward or constable of the castle is the
chief magistrate, who is called mayor. The
population was 2457 ni 1811. Near the
town are some iron-works, and a canal ex-
tending 25 m to the great iron-woiks at
Merthyr Tudfyl. In the castle died Ro-
bert duke of Normandy, eldest son of
William i, after having been blinded, and
confined 28 years, by his brother Henry i.
Cardiff is 42 m s Brecknock, and 160 w
London. Lon. 3 12 w, lat. 51 28 x.
Cardigan^ a borough of Wales, th^
CAR
county-town of Cardigansliire, with a
raarkct on Saturday. The wails and castle
lire gone to ruin. It is <;ov("rncd by a
mayor, has a cnnsidprabh:; trade to Irchind,
and a good sahnon fishery. Tlie jxipnla-
CAR
Carihe Islands, the most eastern islands
of the W Indies, extending in a setnicircle
between Porto IJico and Trinidad. '1 hey
are divi(]ed into Leeward and Windward
ishuuls ; the former commence at St.
tion was 21'JO in 1811. It stands on the Thomas and extend s). to Dominica, and
Tyvy, near a bay to which it gives name, the hitter commence at INIartinico, and ex-
33 m NE St. David, and '240 %vnw London, tend s to Tobago. See Vincent, St.
Lon. 4 38 w, lat. 52 10 N. ^ Curibean Sea, that part of the Atlantic
C«r(//i'«7/i7;i/r,acounty of Wales, bound- ocean lying between the islands of Jamaica,
ed on the n by :Merionethshire and Mont- St. Domingo, and Porto llico, on the n,
gomeryshire, e by Radnorshire and Breck- and the continent of Caracas on the s.
iiockshii-p, s by Carmartlienshire and Pern- Carical, a town of Hindoostan, in the
brokeshire, and w by Cardigan bay. It is Carnatic, where the French had a large
42 m long and 20 broad, containing 464,640 settlement, which was taken by the British
acres; IS divided into five hundreds, and in 17(iO. It stands at the moutli of a
65 parishes; has six market-towns; and branch of the Cavery, 8 m s Tranguehar.
sends two members to parliament. The Carignan, a town of Trance, in the de-
population was ,50,260 in IBll. To the s
and w are plains fruitful in corn ; but the n
and E jiarts are a continued ridge of moun-
tains; yet, in the worst parts, there are
pastures which feed numerous sheep and
cattle. IS ear the rivers are a great number
of otters ; and in the valleys are several
lakes. The mountains abound with veins
of lead and silver ore; and the n^ines have
been worked to great advantaare. The
partment of Ardennes. It was formerly
called Ivoix, and belonged to Luxemburg ;
but was ceded to Louis xiv, who changed
the name. It is seated on the Chiers, 8 m
KSE Sedan.
Carignan, a town of Piedmont, in a dis-
trict of the same name, with a castle, seat-
ed on the river Po, 12 m sby w Turin,
Carimon Java, a cluster of islands to the
N of Java. The principal and central one
principal rivers are the Tyvy, Ilydal, and is 20 m in circuit, and here ships touch for
Istwith. refreshment, in their voyage to Borneo.
Cardona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, Lon. 110 15 e, lat. 5 45 s,
with a castle. Near it is a mountain of Carinacou, the chief of the Granadilla
solid rock salt, of which are made vases, islands, in the W Indies, 10 m nne Gra-
snutf-boxes, and trinkets; and there are nada. It produces much cotton, has a
vineyards that produce excellent wine. It good harbour, and a town called Hills-
is seated on the Cardonero, 36 m nxw
Barcelona.
Carentan, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Manche, with an ancient cas-
tle ; situate on the Taute, 7ra from the
sen, and 21 vv Bayeux
borough. Lon. 61 22 w, lat. 12 28 n.
Curinola, a town of Naples, in Terra di
.Lavoro, seated near Mount Massico, 25 m
Nw Naples.
CarjniAw, a duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Austria ; bounded on the n by
Cares, or Kareix, a town of European Austria, e by Stiria, s by Carniola and
Turkey, in Macedonia, situate on Mount I'riuli, and w by Tyrol and Salzburg. It
Athos, 17 m se Salonica. is mountainous and woody, but yields good
Careic, a village of Wales, 4in Ebyx pasturage, and abounds "in excellent iron
Pembroke, noted for the noble and exten- and lead. Clagenfurt is the capital,
sive remains of its castle, situate on a gentle Cflm6roo/i-, a village in Hampshire, a mile
swell above an arm of Milford haven
Carfagnano; see Castel Nuovo di Car
Jag nana,
Car/tai.T, a town of France, in the de
s Newport, in the isle of Wight, remark-
able for its castle and church, which are
both very ancient. The church had once
a convent of monks annexed, part of which
partment of Finisterre, on the river Yer, is now a farm-house, still retaining the
19 m s Morlaix. name of the priory. The castle stands on
Carharn, a village in Northumberland, an eminence, and was the prison of Charles
5 m E Kelso. Near it was a battle be- i, in 1647, before he v\'as delivered to the
tvveen the English and Danes, in which 11 parliament forces. It is now the seatof the
bishops and two I-'nglish counts were governor of the isle of Wight, and has a
among the slain ; another between the strong garrison.
English and Scots, in 1018, in which the Curisto, or Castk Rosso, a town of
latter were victorious; and in 1370, sir Negropont, at the s extremity of the island,
John Lilburne was defeated near this place, and tlie see of a Greek bishop. Lon. 24 35
and taken prisoner by the Scots. e, lat. 38 4 N.
Cariuti, a town of Naples, in Calabria Caritena, a town of European Turkey,
Citra, near the gulf of Taranto, 25 m Is in Morea, on the side of a mountain, by a
St. Severino, liver of its name; 34 in kw Tripolizza,
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Carlely, Old, a town of Finland, in
Wasa, with a harbour for small vessels in
the gulf of Bothnia, and a loading place
for sinps, near Kalajocki, to the n, where
vessels are built far sale. It has manu-
factures of printed cottons, tobacco, and
leather; and is 75 m xe Wasa.
Carlehi/, Nav, a town of Finland, in
Wasa, with a considerable trade in pitch,
tar, corn, and hops ; seated near the mouth
of a river, in the gulf of Bothnia, 46 m i,e
W^asa.
CarJentini; see Lentini.
Curlingford, a borough and seaport of
Ireland, in Louth county, with the ruin of
a castle, on a rock washed by the sea. It
is noted for excellent oysters, and seated
on Carlingford bay, 21 m n Drogheda.
Lon. 6 0 w, lat. 54 11 x.
Ccirlingwark; see Castle Douglas.
Carlisle, a city and the capital of Cum-
berland, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Wednesday and Saturday. It
is walled round, has a castle at the-KW
angle, by which the Picts wall passes, and
stands above a rich tract of meadows,
bordering the Eden, Petteril, and Caude,
which hei'e unite their streams. T!ie ca-
thedral is a stately structure, formerly very
spacious, but the nave was destroyed in the
civil wars ; beside this there are two other
churches, and se\*eral meeting-houses. The
population was 12,531 in 1811. Carlisle
has considerable manufactures of coarse
linens, cottons, calicos, muslins, whips,
and iishhooks. In 1645 it surrendered,
through famine, to the parliamentary forces,
after a blockade of eight months. It was
taken by the rebels in 1745, but retaken
by the duke of Cumberland. It is 60 m s
Edinburg, and GOl mnw London. Lon. 2
53 w, lat. 54 46 n.
Carlisle, a town of Pennsylvania, capital
of Cumberland county, with a college, and
four edifices for public worship. It is si-
tuate on a fine plain, near the s bank of
Conedogwinct creek, a water of the Susqne-
hana, 120 m wbyN Philadelphia. Lon. 77
30 w, lat. 40 10 N.
Carlopago, a town of Morlachla, at the
foot of a craggy rock, on the channel that
separates the isle of Pago from tlie con-
tinent. The commerce consists chiefly of
wood. It is 72 m ssw Cronstad. Lon. 15
13 E, lat. 44 25 x.
Carlos, St. a town of New Spain, in
Nicaragua, on the river St. Juan, 65 ra
Eby s of the town St. Juan. Lon, 83 45 w,
lat. 11 0 N.
Carlos, St. a town of the province of
Caracas. It was very much injured by the
great earthquake in 1812, and is 85 m sw
Caracas.
GarloSf St. a town on the K side of Cuba,
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and near the w side of the bay of Matanzas,
54 m E Havana.
Carlottu, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
built in 1769 for German and Italian emi-
grants, 15 m s Cordova.
Carlovitz, a town of Sclavonia, where
a peace was concluded between the Turks
and Germans in 1669, It is seated on the
Danube, 5 m sse Petcrwardin.
Curlozo, or Cutherloitgh, a county of
Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 28 m
long and 3 broad ; bounded on the e by
Wicklow and Wexford, w by Queen county
and Kilkenny, and n by Kildare. It is
divided into 49 parislies, contains about
44,000 inhabitants, and sends three mem-
bers to parliament. The rough and moun-
tainous parts are covered with trees, the
champaign portions extremely rich and
fertile, and limestone every where abounds.
The chief rivers are the Barrow and Slaney
Carlow, a borough and tlie capital of the
above county. It sends a member to par-
liament. The castle is a fine ruin, over-
hanging the river, and its ancient name was
Catherlagh. It has a manufacture of
coarse woollens, and a traffic in supplying
the vicinity with Kilkenny coal. It is
seated on the Barrow, 20 m xe Kilkenny,
and 42 ssw Dublin. Lon. 7 14 w, lut. 52
48 x\.
Carlsbad, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Saatz, celebrated for its hot baths,
discovered by emperor Charles iv, as he
was hunting. It is seated on the Topel,
near its confiux with the Egra, 24 rn ene
Egra.
Carlshurg, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Bremen, on the river Geeste,
at the mouth of the Weser, 30 ra xbyw
Bremen. Lon. 8 45 e, lat. 53 32 n.
Carhhurg, a city of Transylvania. See
Weissenhurg.
Carlscrona, or Carlsc7'Oon, a city and
seaport of Sweden, in Blekingen. It was
founded in 1680 by Charles xi, who re-
moved the lleet from Stockholm to this
place, on account of its central situation,
and the superiority of its harbour. The great-
est part of the town is built of wood, and
stands upon a small island, which rises
gently in a bay of the Baltic. The suburbs
extend over two other islands, connected by
long wooden bridges, and along the mole,
close to the basin where the fleet is moored.
On some other islets are strong castles
and works of defence to protect the har-
bour, which is the chief naval depot of
the kingdom. Here are excellent docks
for the repairing and building of ships,
founderies for cannon, and manufactures
of gunpowder, ropes, sails, Jcc. In 1790,
a fire consumed above two thirds of the
town. The population was 11,860 in 1815.
CAR
It is 2S0 m ssw Stockholm. Lon. 15 26
r., lat. 56 7 n.
Carhham, a town of Sweden, in Blekin-
gen, with a woollen manufacture, a foi^e
for copper, and a timber yard. It is built
on a clitV, and lias a small jiort on the lial-
tic, '2'1 m w Carlscrona.
CarlsrJthe, a town of Saabia, in the mar-
gravate of Baden, where tlie prince has a
palace. In 1715 was laid the foundation
of a hunting seat; and the present town
has since srradually risen, which now con-
tains 14,000 inhabitants, and many line
edifices and gardens. It is situate in the
forest of Ilartwald, 20 m une Baden.
Carhtadt, a town of Croatia, with a for-
tress; seated on the Kulpa, at the influx of
the Corona, 33 in sw Agram. Lon. 15 43
F., lat. 45 28 N.
Carhtadt, a town of Sweden, capital of
Wermeland, and a bishop's see. It stands
on the N side of the lake Wcnner, and on
the island of Tingwalla, which is formed
by two branches of the Clara. The houses
are built of wood and painted ; the episco-
pal palace is also of wood, and has an ex-
tensive front. The inluibitants carry on a
trade in copper, iron, and wood across the
lake. It is 17.5 m w Stockholm. Lon. 13
43 E, lat. 59 21 N.
Carhtadt, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Wurtzburg, seated on the
Maine, 13 m ^•by w Wurtzburg.
Carluke, a village of Scotland, near the
river Clyde, 5 m nw Lanerk. It has a
cotton manufacture, and is famous for ap-
ples and pears.
Carmagnola, a fortified town of Pied-
mont, with a citadel, seated on a small
river which runs into the Po, 14 m s Turin.
Carmarthen, a borough of Wales, capi-
tal of Carmarthenshire, with a market on
Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated on
the Towy, 7 m from its entrance into Car-
marthen bay, and small vessels ascend to
the bridge. It was fortified with a wall
and a castle now in ruins ; and what re-
mains of the latter is converted into a
county jail. Close to the n of the town
are the remains of a Roman pretorium ;
and on the e side near the river are the
extensive remains of a monastic building.
Carmarthen is a county of itself, governed
by a mayor. The population was 7275 in
1811. There are iron and tin mines in the
neighbourhood. It is 24 m se Cardigan,
and 220 whys London. Lon. 4 23 w,
lat. 52 12 N. "
Carmarthenshire, a county of Wales,
bounded on the n by Cardiganshire, e by
Brecknockshire and Glamorganshire, s by
the Bristol channel, and w by Pembroke-
shire. It is 35 m long and 20 broad, con-
taining 592,640 acres ; is divided into eight
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hundreds and 39 parishes ; has six market-
towns; and sends two members to parlia-
ment. The population was 77,217 in
1811. It is fruitful in corn and grass, has
plenty of wood, coal, lead, and lime, and
IS not so mountainous as the other coun-
ties of Wales. The principal rivers are the
Towy, Tyvy, and TalV.
Carmel, a mountain of Syria, in Pales-
tine, noted fiir having been the retreat of
the jirophet Elias, and for a monastery of
Carmelites. It is 50 m ^■ by w Jerusalem.
Carmona, a town of Italy, in Friuli, on
a mountain near the river Indri, 7 m kw
Goritz.
Curmona, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with many remains of ancient walls, in-
scriptions, Sec. The gate towards Seville
is one of the most extraordinary pieces of
antiquity in all Spain; and its castle, now
in ruins, was formerly of immense extent.
It is seated on a high hill, 36 m ke Seville.
(Airmulla, a town of Hindoostan, in
Aurungabad, with a strong fort surrounded
by double walls and ditches, 100 m r.
Poonah. Lon. 75 32 e, lat. 18 23 n.
Carnahat, a town of European Turkey,
in Romania, situate in a fertile plain, at
the skirt of Mount liannus, 40 m w Bur-
sas.
Carnarvon, a borough and seaport of
Wales, capital of Carnarvonshire, with a
market on Wednesday and Saturday. It
is seated on a strait of the sea, called
Menai, near its entrance into Carnarvon
bay, and carries on a considerable trade
with London, Bristol, Liverpool, and Ire-
land. Here is the remain of a celebrated
castle, in which Edward ir, the first prince
of^Wales, was born. Carnarvon is govern-
ed by the constable of the castle, who is
always mayor. The population was 4595
in 1811. Here are salt water baths, and
elegant hot and cold baths, which are much
frequented during the season. It i& 7 m
sw Bangor, and 244 kw London. Lon. 4
20 w, lat. 53 8 x.
Carnarvonshire, a county of Wales,
bounded on a small part of the s by Me-
rionethshire, on the E by Denbighshire,
and on all other parts by the sea, being
sep.arated from Anglesea by the strait Me-
nai. It is 50 m long and 13 broad, con-
taining 496,000 acres; is divided into 10
hundreds, and 72 parishes ; has a city and
five market towns ; and sends two mem-
bers to parliament. The population was
49,336 in 1811. The principal rivers are
the Conway and Seint. This county
being the most rugged district of North
Wales, may be trufy called the British
Alps. Its central part is occupied by the
famed Snowdon ; and the prospects around
are rude and savage in the highest degree^
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but not without a mixture of beauty, when
the dimensions of the vales admit the
varieties of wood, water, and meadows.
Cattle, sheep, and goats, are almost its
sole rural riches. These are fed, during
the summer, very high on the mountains,
tended by their owners ; and many rare
vegetables, met with only on the most ele-
vated spots, grow here. Copper mines have
been worked in varions parts of these moun-
tains, as well as lead; blue slates, of a
superior quality, are got in abundance ;
and quantities of stone, excellent for hones,
are dug near Snowdon ; to the dreary re-
gion of which the rich vale of Conway be-
low forms a pleasing contrast. The chief
manufacture is woollen cloth.
Carnatic, or Carnada, a country of
Southern Hindoostan, extending from the
Guntoor Circar, along the whole coast of
Coromandel, to Cape Comorin; including
its appendages, which are Tanjore, Mara-
var, Trichinopoly, Madura, and Tinevelly.
It is 570 m from Ntos, but no where more
than 120, and commonly 75 m wide. It
comprehends the former dominions and
dependencies of the nabob of Arcot, who,
in 1801, transferred to the English E India
Company the whole of his possessions, ex-
cept reserving a small portion as the house-
hold lands of himself and family, and a
clear revenue of from two to three lacks of
pagodas annually. The Carnatic is rich,
fertile, and populous ; and the principal
rivers aie the Pennar, Paliar, and Cavery.
It contains an incredible number of for-
tresses, now, in consequence of the long in-
ternal tranquillity, rapidly going to decay :
public monuments too, the unequivocal
marks of civilization and opulence, are
more common here than in the n parts of
India. The great mass of the population
are Hindoos, the Mohamedans being thinly
scattered over the country, except at the
nabob's court, and a few other places. The
chief articles of trade are blue cloths, sa-
lampores, coarse chintzes, and other piece
goods; also rum, indigo, grain, and numer-
ous smaller commodities. Arcot is the
nominal capital of Carnada, but Madras
is the British metropolis of all Southern
Hindoostan.
Carnaul, a town of Hindoostan, in Del-
hi. Here, in 1739, Kouli Khan gained a
victory over the army of the great mogul ;
and in 1761, the Seiks, under Abdalia, de-
feated the Mahrattas. It is 70 m n by w
Delhi.
Carnexville, a town of the state of
Georgia, chief of Franklin county, 100 m
UW Augusta, and 115 nnw Louisville.
Curniala, a duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Austria ; bounded on the N by
Carinthia and Stiria, e by Croatia, s by
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Morlachia and Istria, and w by Friuli. It
is diversified with mountainous parts, hav-
ing mines of iron and mercury ; and others
fertile and well cultivated, producing corn,
wine, and oil. Laubach is the capital.
Carnoul, a town of Hindoostan, in Bala-
gaut, capital of a district extending along
the right bank of the Toombuddra. It
stands near that river, 10 m above its con-
lluence with the Kistna, and 120 nnw
Cudapah. Lon. 77 58 r., lat. 15 50 x.
Carnwath, a town of Scotland, in La-
nerkshire, 8 ni e Lanerk, and 23 sw Edin-
burg.
Carolal/i, a town of Silesia, capital of a
principality; seated on the Oder, 11 m nw
Glogau.
Carolina, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
the chief of a new colony of the same name,
in the Sierra Morena. It stands on a hill,
towering above the whole settlement, 20 ui
XF, Anduxar.
Carolina, North, one of the United States
of America, 370 m long and from 90 to 1(50
broad; bounded on the n by Virginia, k by
the Atlantic, s by S Carolina, and w by Te-
nessee. It is divided into eight districts ;
namely, Edenton, Newbern, Wilmington,
Fayette, Hillsborough, Halifax, Morgan,
and Salisbury ; and these are subdivided
into 53 counties. The chief rivers are the
Chowan, Roanoake, Tar, Neus, and Cape
Fear. The country, in its whole width,
for 60 m from the sea, is a dead level, of
which a great part lies in forest and is
barren ; but more inland it rises into hills
and mountains. Wheat, rye, barley, oats,
tobacco, and flax grow in the hilly districts ;
maize and pulse of all kinds, in all parts :
cotton and hemp are also cultivated. The
most remarkable of its trees is the pitch
pine ; it aifbrds pitch, tar, turpentine, and
various kinds of lumber, whicli, together,
constitute half the exports of the state.
No country produces finer white and i-ed
oak for staves; and the swampy parts abound
with cypress and bay. Among the medici-
nal herbs and roots, this country abounds
with ginseng, Virginia and Seneca snake-
root, and lionsheart. In 1810 the popula-
tion was 563,516. The largest town is
Newbern, but the capital-is Ralegh.
Carolina, Sojith, one of the United States
of America, 200 m long and 180 broad;
bounded on the n and ne by N Carolina,
SE by the Atlantic, and sw and w by
Georgia. It is divided into nine f.Vistricts •
namely, Charleston, Beaulbrt, Creor^ etown.
Ninety-six, Washington, P'.iickney, Cam-
den, Orangeburg, and C'neraw ; and these
arc subdivided into 3i counties. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Santee, Savanna, Edisto,
and Pedee. This country abounds with
precious ores, and there are likewise found
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pellucid stones of different hues. Beside
maize, wheat, rice, &c. for home consump-
tion, large quantities of tobacco, and some
cotton, indif^o, wheat, and rice arc raised
for exportation. There are also a variety
of medicinal herbs and roots, in 1810 the
population was 415,115. Charleston and
Columbia are the chief towns.
Caroline Islands, a range of islands in
the N Pacific ocean, discovered in 1(386 by
the Spaniards, in the reign of Charles u.
They lie to tiie e of the Phihppines, be-
tween 138 and 154 £ long, and ii and 11 n
lat. They are about 30 in number, and
populous ; the natives reseinhhng those of
the Philippines. The most considerable
ishind is Hogoleu, about 90 m long and 40
broad ; the next is Yap, at the w extre-
mity of this chain, but not above a third
part of that size. They have been little
visited by recent navigators.
Curonia, a town on the n coast of Sicily,
in Val di Demona, with a castle. The
forest of its name is by far the largest in
Sicily, extending 14 m in length, and in
some places 6 in breadth, and produces
large quantities of excellent timber. Ihe
town stands on a lofty hill, '24 m wsw
Patti.
Caroor, a town of Hindoostan, in Coim-
betoor, with a neat fort, in which is a large
temple. Much sugar-cane is raised in the
vicinity. It is seated on the Amarawati,
8 m above its conflux with the Cavery, and
37 EKE Daraporam.
Carpathian J^Lountains, a grand chain
that divides Hungary and Transylvania
from Poland, extending about 500 miles.
Carpentaria, Gulf of, on the x coast of
New S Wales, discovered, in 1618, by a
Dutch captain named Carpenter. It pe-
netrates 450 m into the interior, between
Cape Arnheim in Ion. 137 2 e, lat. 12 28
a, and Cape York in Ion. 142 18 e, lat. 11
0 s, which last is the most northern point
of Terra Australis." The gulf includes se-
veral groups of islands.
Curpeiitras, a town of France, in tiie de-
partment of Vaucluse. It was formerly
the capital of Venaissin, and a bishop's
see. It is seated on the Auson, at the foot
of a mountain, 14 m ne Avignon. Lon. 5
6 E, lat. 44 8 N.
_ Carpi, a town of Italy, in Modenese,
with a fortified castle anda good trade. It
stands on a canal to the Secchia, 3 m x
Modena.
Carpi, a town of Italy, in Veronese,
where a victory was gained by the Austrians
over the French, in 1701. It is seated on
the Adige, 24 ni se ^^erona.
Carrar, a town of Hindoostan, in Beja-
poor, with a fort and two elegant pagodas ;
situate on the Kistna, 60 m i-w iMerritch,
CAR
Carraza, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
on the E side of the harbour of Cadiz.
Here are tiocks for building ships, maga-
zines of naval stores, and a college for the
marines. It is 9 m kse Cadiz.
Carrick on Sliannon, a borough of Ire-
land, ca]jital of Leitrim county. It has
but little trade or manufacture, and is seat-
ed on the Slumncin, 88 m www Dublin.
Lon. 8 32 w, lat. 53 53 n.
Carrick on Suir, a town of Ireland, in
Tipperary county, famous l()r its woollen
cloth, called ratteen. It is sealed on the
Suir, 22 ra sf. Cashel.
Carrickfergus, a seaport of Ireland, a
county of itself, and the capital of Antrim
county, witli a castle. The trade of this
place was formerly very considerable, but
is now chieriy transferred to Belfast. It
sends a member to parliament, and is seat-
ed on a bay of its name in the Irish chan-
nel, 85 m N by e Dublin. Lon. 6 14 w,
lat. 54 48 N.
CarricknnicroHS, a town of Ireland, in
Monaghan county, 19 ra ese Monaghan.
Carrion, a town of Spain, in Leon, with
10 parish churches, 10 convents, and two
hospitals; seated on the river Carrion, 18
m x Palentia, and 40 w Burgos.
Carron, a river of Scotland, in Stirling-
shire, which rises on the s side of the Camp-
sey hills, and flows into the frith of Forth,
below Falkirk. Two m from its source, it
forms a line cascade, called the Fall of Au-
chinlilly ; and near its mouth commences
the Great Canal from the Forth to the
Clyde.
Carron, a village on the above river, 2
m N Falkirk, celebrated for the greatest
iron-works in Europe. These works were
erected in 1701, are carried on by a char-
tered conjpany, and employ about 1600
men. All sorts of iron goods are made
here, from the most trifling article to the
largest cannon ; and the short piece of ord-
nance, called a carronade, hen.ce received
its name. The trade in coke and lime is
also considerable.
Cart, two rivers of Scotland, in Renfrew-
shire, distinguished by the appellations of
Black and White. The Black Cart is-
sues from the lake Lochwinnoch; the
White Cart descends from the ne angle of
the county ; and they both flow into the
Gryfe, a few miles before its conflux, with
the Clyde.
Car'tago, a city of New Spain, capital of
Costa Rica, and a bishop's see. It stands
on a river of the same name, 70 ra from its.
mouth in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 84 10 w,
lat. 10 15 N.
Cartama, a town of Spain, in Granada,
at the foot of a mountain, near the river
Guadala Medina, 8 m kw Malaga.
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C'lrteret Islaiid, an island in the Pacific
ocean, seen by captain Carteret in 1707.
It is 18 m long from e to m\ Long. 159
14 i:, lat. 8 20 s.
Carttrsville, a town of'\'irginia, in Pow-
hatan connty, sealed on James river, 40 m
WNW Ricliniond.
Cavthuge, Cape, a promontory on the k
coast of the kingdom of Tunis, near which
stood the famous city of Carthage, razed by
the Romans, and some extensive ruins are
to be seen on the coast. The f, point is 16
m ENE Tunis. Lon. 10 20 e, lat. 3(j 50 n.
Cu7-thcigenu, a strong city and seaport
of Spain, in Murcia, built by Asdrubal, a
Carthagenian general, and named after the
city of Carthage. It is the see of a bishop,
and a great mart for wool and other mer-
chandise. It has the best harbour in Spain,
being a natural basin surrounded by hills;
also the most considerable docks and ma-
gazines. Ropes and cables are made here
of a species of rush. The principal crops
of barilla are produced in its vicinity; also
a fine red earth, called almagra, used in
polishing mirrors, and preparing snuff.
Carthagena was taken by sir John Leake
in 1706, but retaken by the duke of
Brunswick. It is seated on a gulf of the
same name, 27 m s Murcia. Lon. 1 1 w,
lat. 87 36 N.
Carthagena, a province of New Gra-
nada, bounded on the N by theCaribeansea,
E by St. iMartha, s by Antioquia, and w by
Darien. It is a mountainous and woody coun-
try, but has many well-watered plains and
vallies ; yet, being thinly peopled, it is ill
cultivated. It produces a variety of fruits
and valuable drugs, and some precious
stones, particularly emeralds.
Carthagena, the capital of the above pro-
vince, the see of a bishop, and one of the
most opulent and beautiful cities in S
America. Its harbour is the safest and
best fortified in the Spanish American do-
minions. It was the port where the gal-
leons first begun to trade, on their arrival
from Europe ; and to which they returned
to prepare for their voyage homeward ; but
the change in the Spanish system of trade
with America has reduced its importance.
The city is nearly surrounded by the sea;
on the E it communicates by means of a
■wooden bridge with a large suburb, built
on an island, which commimicates with
the continent by another bridge. The
population 25,000. It was taken by the
English in 1585, and by the Trench in
1697, who found a great booty ; but ad-
miral Vernon, in 1741, though he had
taken the forts, was obliged to abandon
the siege. Lon. 75 24 w, lat. 10 27 n.
Cartmel, a town in Lancashire, with a
market on Monday. It has a spacious old
CAS
church, with a curious tower, being a
square within a square, the upper part set
diagonally within the lower. It is seated
among the hills called Cartmel Fells, not
far from the seJi, 14 m k by w Lancaster,
and 250 n.nw London.
Caruur, a town of Ilindoostan, in Ca-
nara, frequented by the Mahrattas for cut,
or terra japonica, and salt. It is seated
near the mouth of the Aliga, 54 m sse Goa.
Lon. 74 4 e, lat. 14 49 x.
CaryaJ'ort, or Macreddin, a borough of
Ireland, in Wicklow county. Here is a
freeschool founded by Charles i. It is 14
m sw Wicklow, and 34 3 Dublin.
Casac, or Cazac, a country in the domi-
nions of Persia, on the frontiers of Armenia,
governed by princes of its own, nominally
subject to Persia. The inhabitants are
descended from the Cossacs, and repre-
sented as a rude and barbarous people.
Casac, or Lore, is the capital, 55 m nnw
Erivan. Lon. 44 34 e, lat. 40 50 N.
Casagrande, a town of New Spain, in
the N part of Sonora. Here are the ruins
of an Aztec city; in the midst of which is
an immense edifice, supposed to have been
built by the ancient Mexicans for a for-
tress, consisting of three floors, with a
terrace above them ; and the entrance is
at the second floor, that a scaling-IaddcF
was necessary. It is situate in a vast
plain, on the left bank of the Gila, 230 ni
K\v Arispe. Lon. Ill 0 \v, lat. 33 35 N.
Casal, a town of Piedmont, lately the
capital of Montferrat, and a bishop's see.
Its castle, citadel, and all its fortifications
have beeh demolished. It is seated on the
river Po, 37 m ke Turin. Lon. 8 27 E,
lat. 45 18 N.
Casal Maggiore, a town of Italy in Mi-
lanese, on the river Po, 20 m ese Cremona.
Casal Nuova, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Ultra. An earthquake happened here
in 1783, by which upward of 4000 people
lost their lives. It stands near the sea,
11 m N by w Oppido.
Casbin, or Casvin, a city of Persia, in
Irak, where several of the kings of Persia
have resided. Nadir Shah, built a palace
here, enclosed by a wall a mile and a half
in circuit; and the toun is surrounded by
another 4 m in circuit. Although the
greater part of the city is in ruins, it is yet
very populous, and carries on a great trade
with Ghilan. It is seated in a fine plain,
80 m xxw Teheran. Lon. 49 40 e, lat.
'dii VI is.
Cascantc, a town of Spain, in Navarre,
on the borders of Aragon, 6 m n Tarazona,
and 8 s Tudela.
Cascais, a town of Portugal, in Estremadu-
ra, at the mouth of the Tajo, 17 m w Lisbon.
Casco Bui/ J a bay of Massachusets, ia
K2
CAS
the district of Maine, between Cape Elisa-
beth, on the sw, and Capo Small Point on
the NE. Within these points, which are
about 40 m apart, are about 300 small
islands, some of them inhabited, and nearly
all more or less cidtivated. The bay ox-
tends several arms or creek* into the
country, and receives the waters of several
rivers.
Caserta, a town of Naples, iu Terra di
Lavoro. Here is a royal palace, of a quad-
rangular form, which is one of the noblest in
Europe for magnitude, elevation, and regu-
larity ; and it is supplied with water brought
across a valley by a grand aqueduct, which
in length and elevation surpasses all simdar
edifices ef modern construction. Near this
is the royal villa of St. Lucia, where are
manufactures of silks, velvets, gauzes, &c.
Caserta was greatly damaged by an earth-
quake in 1803. It is 15 m n Naples.
Caslian ; see Cachan.
Cashel, a city of Ireland, in Tipperaiy
county, and an archbishop's see. It had
formerly a wall, of which some fragments,
and two gates still remain. The original ca-
thedral is supposed to have been the first
Christian stone edifice built in Ireland j it
has since been successively enlarged to a
stupendous pile, and is situate on a high
rock, majestic in its ruins. Here a synod
was held by Henry i, in 1158, by which
the kingdom of Ireland was confirmed to
him. The modern cathedral, which serves
also for the parish church, is a large and
handsome edifice. This city was the me-
tropolis of the kings of Munster, and in the
cathedral was deposited the Lia Fail [fatal
stone] on which they were crowned. In
513, Fergus, a prince of the royal line,
having obtained the Scotish crown, pro-
cured the use of this stone for his corona-
tion at Dunstaft'nage, where it continued to
the time of Keneth ir, who removed it to
Scone; and hence, in 1296, Edward i of
England had this famous stone conveyed
to Westminster, and placed under the seat
of the coronation chair, where it now re-
mains. Cashel is neatly built, and well
inhabited for its size, but has little trade.
It sends a member to parliament, and is
86 m sw Dublin. Lon. 8 10 w, lat. 52
26 N.
Cashgur, or Little Bokkaria, a country
of Usbec Tartary, which commences on
the N and ne of Cashmere, in Hindoostan
(from which it is separated by the Himaleh
mountains) and extends to 40 n lat. Great
part of it is a sandy desert; the other parts
are populous and fertile. Here are mines
of gold and silver which the natives do not
work, because they are employed wholly
in feeding ■:attle. The musk animals are
found in thij cpuntr^. It likewise produces
CAS
diamonds and several other precious stones.
Ircken is the capital,
Cashgur, a city, formerly the capital of
the above country. It has a good trade
with the neighbouring countries, and stands
at the foot of the Ilimalch mountains, 11
m s Iieken. Lon. 73 25 e, lat. 41 30 n.
Cdshmerc, a province of Northern Hin-
doostan, lately subject to the sultan of the
Afghans ; bounded on the w by the Indus,
N by Mount Himaleh, and Eaiids by La-
hore. It is an elevated valley, 00 m long
and 50 broad, surrounded by steep moun-
tains, which tower above the region of
snow. The periodical rains, which almost
deluge the i"est of India, are shut out of
Cashmere by the height of the mountains,
that only light showers fall here ; but these
are sutfiriently abundant to feed hundreds
of cascades, which are precipitated into the
valley. The soil is the richest that can be
conceived, and its productions those of the
temperate zone. The numerous stream?,
from all quarters of the valley, bring their
tribute to the Jhylum, a large navigable
river, and many small lakes are spread over
the surface. But the country is subject to
earthquakes ; and to guard against the most
terrible effects, all the houses are built
chiefly of wood. Among other curious
manufactures of Cashmere, is that of
shawls; and the delicate wool of which the
finest are made, is the product of a species
of goat of the adjoining country of Tibet.
Here also is made the best writing paper
of the east, which, with its lacquered ware,
cutlery, satfron, and sugar, were formerly
articles of extensive tratTic ; but trade is
now in a languid state. The Cashmereans
are stout and well made, but their features
often coarse and broad ; even the women
are of a deep brown complexion. They
are gay and lively, and fond of parties of
pleasure on their beautiful lakes. They
have a language of their own, said to be
anterior to that of the Sanscrit ; and a re-
ligion too, it is thought, different from that
of the Hindoos. The superstition of the
inhabitants has multiplied the places of wor-
ship of Mahadeo, Breschan, and Brahma :
all Cashmere is holy land, and miraculous
fountains abound. In 1809, the governor
of this province revolted against his Afghan
sovereign, and has ever since maintained
his independence.
Cashmere, a city and the capital of the
above province. Here are many fountains,
reservoirs, and temples. The streets are
narrow and dirty. The houses, many of
them two and three stories high, are slightly
built of brick and mortar, with a large in-
termixture of timber; and on the roof is
laid a covering of earth, which is planted
with flowers. This city is without walls,
CAS
and seated on both sides of the Jhylum,
285 m Ebys Cabul. Lon. 73 11 e, lat.
33 49 N.
Caspe, a town of Spain in Aragon, where
Ferdinand iv was elected king of Aragon.
It stands at the conflux of the Gaudaloupe
and Ebro, 35 m s Balbastro, and 44 S£
Saragossa.
Caspian Sea, a great lake of Asia ; bound-
ed on the N' by the country of the Kahnucs,
E by a tribe of the Turcomans, s by Persia,
and w by Georgia and Circassia. It is
680 ro in length, from Gurief to Medshe-
tisar, and in no part more than 260 in
breadth. It contains several islands, but
none of any note ; and on account of fre-
quent shoals, it is not navigable for vessels
drawing more than 10 feet water, though
in some parts a line of 450 fathoms will
not reach the bottom. It has no tides, but
violent gales cause strong currents ; and
the water is brackish, but not salt. The
fishery is a nursery for sailors. The
Uralian Cossacs enjoy the right of
fishing on the coast 47 ra on each side
of the river Ural; and the inhabitants of
Astracan have an exclusive privilege on
the remaining shores belonging to Russia.
The roes of the sturgeon and beluga supoly
large quantities of caviare ; and the fish,
which are chiefly salted and dried, form a
considerable article of consumption in the
Russian empire. The salmon is remark-
ably fine, and herrings are in great num-
bers.
Cassandria, a town of the Netherlands,
on the sw side of the island of Cadsand, of
which it is the capital. It stands at the
mouth of the Zwin, 3 m n Sluys. Lon. 3
24 E, lat. 51 22 N.
Cassano, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
with a castle. Here, in 1799, the French
were defeated by the Austrians. It is seat-
ed on the Adda, 15 m ke Milan.
Cassano, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citra, 24 m n\v Rossano, and 50 ese Poli-
castro.
Cassat/, or Meckley, a country of Asia,
bounded on the w by Bengal, n by Assam, e
and se by Birmah, and sw by Aracan. The
inhabitants call themselves MoitaY,and by
the Birmans they are called Katthee; which
names have been applied to the country,
and turned into Meckley and Cassay. In
Bengal they have the appellation of Mug-
galoos. The Cassayers much more resem-
ble the natives of Ilindoostan than the Bir-
mans, and have some skill in difterent
branches of handicraft work. The country
is little known to Europeans, and since
1774 has been subject to the Birmans.
Munnipoor is the capital.
Cassel, a city of Germany, capital of
Lower Hesse. It is divided into the old,
CAS
lower, and upper town ; the former two are
chiefly built in the ancient style, but the
last is very regular and handsome, and af-
fords a most extensive view of the surround-
ing country. Tb« population 25,000. Tlje
manufactures are linen, cloth, hats, porce-
lain, &c. Here is a college, founded bv
the landgrave in 1709. The castle, or
palace, the gardens, the arsenal, the foun-
dery, and the cabinet of curiosities are
worthy of notice. It was taken by the
French in 1760, and restored at the peace
in 1763. It is seated on the Fulda, 40 m
SE Paderborn. Lon. 9 25 e, lat 51 19 n.
Cassel, a strong town of Germany, situ-
ate on the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with
which it has a communication by a bridge
of boats. It was taken by the French in
1792, and retaken by the Prussians in
1793.
Cassel, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nord, with a fortified castle ; seat-
ed on a mountain, 10 m ene St. Omer.
Cassina, an extensive empire in Nigritia,
to the w of Bornou. It resembles Bornou
in climate, soil, and natural productions,
and in the colour, genius, religion, and
government of the people. The rains are
indeed less violent ; and its monkies and
parrots (seldom seen in Bornou) are numer-
ous, and of various species. A thousand
towns and villages are said to be included
in this empire.
Cassina, the capital of the above empire.
The chief trade is in sena, gold-dust, slaves,
cotton cloth, goat skins, ox and buffalo
hides, and civet. It is 750 m wsw Bornou.
Lon. 11 35 E, lat. 15 40 n.
Cassis, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mouths of the Rhone, with a small
port on the Mediterranean, 9 m sse Mar-
seilles.
Castagnola, a town of Piedmont, on the
river Po, 8ms Turin.
Castamena, or Kastamouni, a town of
Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, formerly a large
city, but now much reduced in size and
magnificence. It stands in a hollow, and
in the centre is a lofty rock crowned with
a ruined fortress. It is 160 m ene Boli.
Lon. 34 10 E, lat 41 20 N.
Castel Aragonese, a fortified seaport of
Sardinia, and a bishop's see. It was the
first place taken in this island, at the end of
the thirteenth century, by the Aragonese,
whence its name. In 1767, the king order-
ed it to be called Castel Sardo. It standi
on the Nw coast, 20 m he Sassari. Loi^
9 1 E, lat. 40 56 N.
Castel Baldo, a town of Ilaly, in Paduai.
on the river Adige, 40 m sw Padua.
Castel Branco,a strong town of Portugal,
in Beira, with a castle and two churches.
In 1762, it was taken by the Spaniards.
CAS
Tt is 62 m sr. Coimbra. Lon. 7 21 w, hit.
r)9 52 y-
Castct Polit, a town of Spain, in Catii-
lonia, on an eniinoncc near tlm river Fulvia,
15 m w Geronu.
Custel Franco, a town ol' Italy, in Tre-
visano, 12 ni wTrcviso.
Custel Gondolfo, a town of Italy, in
Canipairna di Roma, near the lake Alhano.
Near this place is the villa Barbariiii, where
are the ruins of an immense palace, built
by emperor Domitian, It is lOmsbyE
Ilome.
Castel Jaloux, a tow n of France, in the
department of Lot and Garonne, with a
considerable traflc in wine, honey, and cat-
tle; seated on the Avance, 20 ni Ebys
Bazas, and 32 wbyx Agen.
Castel a Mure, a town on the x coast of
Sicily, in Val di Mazara, seated on a bay
of its name, 33 m whys Palermo.
Custel a Ulare delia Briicca, a^ town of
Naples, in Principato Citra, near the sea-
coast, 18 m w by n Policastro.
Castel a Mare di Stubia, a town of
Naples, in Principato Citra, where the
ships of the royal navy are built. It stands
on part of the site of ancient Stabia, at the
foot of a woody mountain on the bay of
Naples, 15 m sse Naples.
Castel Nuovo, a town of Dalmatia, on
the gulf of Cataro, 12 m Nby w Cataro.
Castel Nuovo, a-town of Sicily, in Val di
Mazara, seated on a hill, 34 m s by e Pa-
lermo.
Castel Nuovo di Carjhgnana, a town of
Italy, in Modenese, with a strong fort;
seated in the valley of Carfagnana, on the
river Serchio, 18 ni n Lucca, and 37 ?sw
Modena.
Castel de la Plana, a town of Spain, in
Valencia, near the seacoast, 46 ra kxe
Valencia.
Castel Rodrigo, a town of Portugal, in
Beira, 11 m n Pinhel.
Castel Posso, or ^Kastelorizo, an island
in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Ca-
ramania, 80 m Ebys Rhodes. It is 4 m
long and 2 broad, and has a very secure
road and liarbour. Lon. 29 36 e, lat. 36
Castel Sarasiri, a town of I'rancc, in the
department of Upper Garonne, 30 m wkw
Toulouse.
Castel Tornese, a town of European
Turkey, in Morea, situate <jn a cape of
the Mediterranean, between the islands
Zante and Cefalonia. The castle stands
on a considerable eminence ; and the Turks
maintain a garrison here. It is 30 ni sw
Patras and QQ nw Tripolizza. Lon. 215
E, lat. 37 58 N.
Castel Vetere, a town of Naples, in Ca-
labria Ultra, 33 ra s Squiilace.
CAS
Casftl Vdrano, a town of Sicily, in Va-
di i\la/.ara. Here is a palace, in which is
a considerable collection of old armour. It
is 8 m EM'. Ma/ara.
Castel dc Vide, a town of Portugal, in
Aloutejo, 8 m ene Portalegre.
Custcluun, a town of Germany, in the
county of Sponhftim, 23 ni ssw Coblentz.
Ctislellane, ti town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Alps. Near it is a salt
sprmg, iiom whicii the water issues in such
abundance, as to turn a mill at the very
source. It is seated on the Vcrdon, in a
hilly country, 20 m se Digne.
Castellanetta, a town of Naples, in
Terra d'Otranto, 19 m wnw Taranto.
Caslellara, a town of Italy in IMantuan,
6 m XE Mantua.
Custellon, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
at the mouth of a river in the gulf of Roses,
8 m whys Roses.
Cuitelnaudury, a town of France, in the
department of Aude, on an eminence, at
the foot of which i5 the grand basin of the
Canal Royal. It is 18 m vvbyN Carcas-
sone.
Custer, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Juliers, on the river Erst, 9 m e
Juliers.
CastigUone, a town of Tuscany, in Sien-
ese, with a fort. It has a trade in salt,
charcoal, and timber; and near it is a lake,
once 30 ra in circuit, now reduced to a
marsh. It is situate near the sea, 12 m
shy E JMassa.
CastigUone, a fortified town of Italy, in
Mantuan, with a castle. It was takesi by
the Austrians in 1701 ; and the French de-
feated them near it in 1706, and again in
1796. It is 20 m nw ]\Iantua. Lon. 10
32 E, lat. 45 23 N.
Castile, the principal and most opulent
of the kingdoms into which Spain was for-
merly divided. It now forms the two pro-
vinces of Old and New Castile; the former
having been recovered from the Moois
some time before the latter.
Cnstile, Old, a province of Spain, 190 m
long and 110 broad; bounded on the s by
New Castile, e by Aragon and Navarre,
N by Biscay and Asturias, and w by Leon.
Burgos is the capital.
Castile, New, or Toledo, a province of
Spain, 200 m long and 180 broad ; bounded
on the N by Old Castile, e by Aragon and
Valencia, s by Murcia and Andalusia, and
w by Estremadura. It is divided iiito
three parts; Argaria to the N, Mancha to
the s, and Sierra to the e. Madrid is the
capital.
Castillon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gironde, seated on the Dor-
dogne, 25 m E Bourdeau.x.
CastinCj a town of the district of Maine,
CAS
chief of Hancock county. It is situate on
Penobscot bay (35 m wsw Machias. Lon.
69 0 \v, lat. 44. 26 N.
Castle Cari/, a town in Somersetshire,
with a market on Tuesday, 12 m se Vv'^ells,
and 113 v/ by s London.
Castle Douglas, a town of Scotland, in
Kiikcudl)rightshire, with a considerable
manufacture of cotton. It was formerly
called Carlinuark, and is seated near the
K comer of a lake of that name, 10 m ne
Kirkcudbrijrht.
Castle Rising, a borough in Norfolk,
governed by a mayor. The market is now
disused, its harbour choked up, and the
castle, whence it has its name, is in ruins.
It is 7 m NE Lynn, and 103 nne London.
Castlcbar, a borough of Ireland, and the
chief town in ]\Iayo county. The assizes
are held here and at Ballinrobe alternately.
It is well built, has a considerable linen
manufacture, and a great inland trade. In
1798 the French took this town, and re-
tained possession a week, and then preci-
pitately retreated. It is situate on a river,
over which are two bridges, 32 ra nw
Tuam. Lon. 9 44 w, lat. 53 46 n.
Castlecorner, a town of Ireland, in Kil-
kenny county, near which are extensive
coal-mines. It is 10 m n Kilkenny.
Castleconnel, a village of Ireland, on the
river Shannon, 6 m ne Limerick. Here is
a celebrated chalybeate spa ; and on a high
rock is the ruin of an ancient castle.
Castlederniot, a town of Leland, in Kil-
dare county, formerly a walled town, and
the residence of the Irish kings who bore
the name of Dermot. It ;s 7 m se Athy.
Castlehaven, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, with a castle, situate on a bay to
which it gives name, 8 m ke Baltimore.
Castleknock, a town of Ireland, in Dublin
county. Here were formerly a strong castle
and an abbey ; the former is in ruins, and
the latter is now the parish church. It is
5 m ^^v Dublin.
Castlclt/oiis, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, with considerable remains of a
monastery ; situate near the river Bride,
20 m xxe Cork.
Castleniaiv, i town of Ireland, in Kerry
county, situate on the river Mang, which
flows into Castleniaiu harbour, being the
head of Dingle bay. It is 6ms Tralee,
and 21 e Dingle.
Castlemurlyr, a borough of Ireland, in
Cork county, 20 m e Cork.
CustlepollarJ, a town of Ireland, in W
I\Ieath county, 11 m n MuUingar.
Castlereugli, a town of Irelandj in Ros-
common county, 17 m NW Roscommon.
Caslleton, a town in Lancashire, consi-
derable for its trade and manufactures.
The population was 6723 in 1811. It is 2
m sby w Rochdale.
CAS
Castleton, a village in the peak of Derby-
shire, 5 m N Tideswell. It is situate at
the foot of a rock above 250 feet high, on
which are the remains of a castle, ascribed
to William Peverel, natural son of William
I. Three of the seven wonders of the
peak are in its neighbourhood ; tiie Devils
Cave, Mam Tor, and Elden Hole. The
first is a cavern in the rock abovementioned,
whose arched entrance is 42 feet high and
120 wide ; the cave becomes narrower as
it proceeds, and the roof descends to within
two feet of the surface of a brook ; this be-
ing passed over, another large cavern suc-
ceeds, with several high openings in the
roof, which descends again to a second
brook ; after which is a third cavern called
Roger Rain's House, because of the perpe-
tual dropping : the length of the whole
cavern is 617 yards. Mam Tor, a mile w
of the village, is a mountain, 1300 feet
above the level of the valley, on the top and
sides of which is a camp, supposed to be
Roman : it overtops the whole Peak
country ; and the vulgar story is that this
hill is continually crumbling, without being
diminished. Klden Hole, a mile s of Mam
Tor, is a deep gulf or chasm in a limestone
rock, the depth of which is unfathomable,
the sides being so very shelving and irregu-
lar ; it has been plumbed fiom 192 to 295
yards, 40 of which seemed to be in water.
Castletow7i, the capital of the isle of
Man, near the s coast. The harbour is
rocky and shallow, which checks its com-
merce and renders it inferior to Douglas
in most respects. In the centre of the
town, on a high rock, is Castle Rushen, a
magnificent pile, built of freestone in 960,
by Guttred, a prince of the Danish line,
who was buried in the edifice. It is occu-
pied by the governor of the island, and on
one side of it are the chancery otHces, and
good barracks. i\'ear the town is a fine
quarry of black marble, whence the steps
in St. Paul's church, in London, were taken.
Lon. 4 38 w, lat. 53 55 n.
Castlelozcn, a town of Scotland, in Rox-
burghshire, seated on the Liddel, at the
influx of the Hermitage, 30 m ssw Jedburg.
Castlezcellan, a town of Ireland, in Down
county, near a small lake, to which it gives
name, 18 m ene Newry.
Custres, a city of France, capital of the
department of Tarn, and lately an episco-
pal see. In the reign of Louis xiii it was
a kind of protestant republic ; but in 1629,
its fortifications were demolished. It is
the birthplace of Rapin Thoyras and M.
DacTer, has a good trade, and contains
100,000 inhabitants. In the vicinity tur-
kois stones have been found. It is seated
in a fine valley, on the Agout, 36 m e
Toulouse, and 73 sse Cahors, Lon. 2 14
e, lat. 43 36 n.
CAT
Castri, a town of European Turkey, on
the SE coast ot'Morea. It stands on part
of the site of the ancient llennione, whose
ruins are found on a long neck, of hnid,
stretching from the town into tlie sea. The
town is entirely modern, and 45 m si^i:
Corinth.
Castries, Bai/ of, a bay on the >e coast
of Chinese Tartary, in the strait of Sagha-
lien, visited by IVrouse. Lon. 14'2 1 r,
lat. 51 29 K.
Castro, i\ town of Italy, in the patrimony
of St. Peter, capital of a duchy. It is 56
m Nw Kome. Lon. 11 54 e, lat. 42 25 n.
Castro, a town of Naj)les, in Terra
d'Otranto, 6 n\ ssw Otranto.
Castro, the capital of the island of
Chiloe, with a castle. The houses are
built of wood ; and the inhabitants, who
are not numerous, usually live upon their
own possessions. The city stands on the
E coast, on an arm of the sea, 220 m s
Valdivia. Lon. 72 20 w, lat. 42 40 s.
Castro, the ancient Mytilene, a seaport
and capital of the island of Metelin, with
two harbours, one of which will admit large
vessels. There are two castles, one an-
cient, the otiier modern, in each of which
is a Turkish governor and commander.
Considerable vestiges still remain of its
former grandeur and niagniiicence. The
chief trade is shipbuilding. It is 30 m sw
Adramiti. Lon. 26 39 e, lat. 39 14 N.
Castro Giavanni, a town of Sicily, in
Val di Demona, with a fortress. It was
the ancient Enna, famous for the worship
of Ceres and Proserpine. It stands on
Mount Enna, in the centre of Sicily, and so
strong by nature and art, that no fortress
in Europe has a greater claim to be deem-
ed impregnable. It is 40 m w Catana.
Castro jilarim, a strong town of Portu-
gal, in Algarve, near the mouth of the Gua-
diana, 15 m ene Tavira, and 62 sby£
Beja. Lon. 7 20 w, lat. 37 12 N.
Castro Verde, a town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, seated on the Corbes, 18 m ssw
Beja.
Castro Viregna, a town of Peru, in the
province of Guamanga, noted for good to-
bacco and fine wool. It is 125 m se Lima.
Lon. 74 45 w, lat. 12 50 s.
Castro de Urdiales, a town of Spain, in
Biscay, with a castle and an arsenal, on
the seacoast, 22 m nw Bilboa.
Castrop, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Mark, 7 m w Dortmund.
Casiropol, a town of Spain, in Asturias,
14 m NE Mondonedo.
Casvin; see Cashin.
Cat Island; see Guanahami.
Catabazc, a town of S Carolina, belong-
ing to the Catabaws, the only Indian nation
in that state. It is seated on the river
Catabaw, or Waterec; on the boundary
CAT
line between N and S Carolina, 18 ni s
Charlotte, and 45 m by w Winsborough.
Catulu/iia, n province of Spain, 140 m
long and 1 10 broad ; bounded on the n
by the Pyrenees, Eands by the Mediter-
ranean, and w by Aragon ai\d \'alencia.
It is full of mountains, covered with forest
and fruit trees; abounds in wine, corn,
and pulse ; has (juarries of marble, and
mines of lead, iron, and coal. Barcelona
is the capital.
Catania, a city of Sicily, in Val di Noto,
and a bishop's see, with a celebrated uni-
versity, and a good liiu'bour. The cathe-
dral is the largest in Sicily; the principal
streets are wide, and well paved with lava ;
and all the public and jirivate edifices have
an air (jf grandeur. Here is a magnificent
convent, and a beautiful museum of natural
history and anti(]ues ; also large remains
of a Roman amphitheatre, and many mo-
numents of ancient splendour. By an
eruption of Etna, in 1609, it was almost
totally destroyed ; and, in 1693, it was en-
tirely swallowed up by an earthquake,
which buried 18,000 people in the ruins.
The present population is above 80,000.
Here are manufactures of silk, and a trade
in corn, sulphur, soda, amber, wine, and
oil. It is seated on a gulf of its name, at
the inilux of tlie Indicellc, 60 m sw Mes-
sina. Lon. 15 17 E, lat. 37 28 x.
Catanzaro, a city of Naples, capital of
Calabria Ultra, and the see of a bishop.
The chief manufacture is silks of various
kinds, and these with corn and oil, are the
principal articles of trade. It is seated on
a mountain, near the gulf of Squillace, 42
m SE Cosenza. Lon. 16 48 e, lat. 39 0 n.
Cataicessy, or Hitg/iesburg, a town of
Pennsylvania, in Northumberland count}",
situate at the mouth of Catawessy creek,
on the E branch of the Susquehana, 23
ra ENE Sunbury, and 100 nw Philadel-
phia.
Catcau; see Chateau Chamhresis.
Categat, a gulf of the German ocean,
between Sweden and Denmark, through
which the Baltic sea is entered by three
straits, called the Sound, the Great Belt,
and the Little Belt.
Catharinburg, a town of Siberia, capital
of a province, in the government of To-
bolsk. The chief gold mines of Siberia
are in its vicinity, and above 100 found-
eries, chiefly for copper and iron. It is
seated near the source of the Iset, 310 m
wsw Tobolsk. Lon. 61 25 e, lat. 56
45 N.
Catharine, St. an island on the coast of
Rey, the most southern government of
Brasil. It is 30 m long, and from 9 to 4
broad ; and affords provisions of all de-
scriptions, with fruit of various kinds, in
abundance. The channel betweeix the
CAT
island and the continent, about 200 fa-
tlioms wide, forms a good harbour, and is
defended by several forts. The chief place
is the town of St. Catharine, on the s\v
coast, at the foot of a considerable hill.
Lon. 47 48 w, lat. 27 35 s.
Catharinenslaf, a government of the
Russian empire, which is divided into two
provinces, Catharinenslaf and Taurida ;
the first includes the late govenunent of
Asoph, and New Russia, or Little Tar-
tar}'; and the other includes Crimea, or
Crim Tartary.
Catharinensluf, the capital of the above
government. It was built by Catharine ii,
and is seated on the right bank of the
Dnieper, near the influx of the Kiltzin and
Samara, 140 m ssw Charkow. Lon. 34 58
F, lat. 48 20 N.
Catharhiograd, a town of Russia, in
the province of Caucasia, of which it was
the capital till the province was erected
into a government. It is the strongest
fortress on the Caucasian line, situate on
the brow of a lofty hill, by the river
Malka, near its conflux with the Terek, 50
m SE Georgiewsk. Lon. 44 30 e, lat. 43
40 N.
C(itherlovu,h ; see Carlozo.
Catmandoo, a city of Ilindoostan, ca-
pital of Nepaul, and its dependent pro-
vinces. It has numerous wooden temples,
and several grand ones constructed of
brick. The streets are very narrow, and
dirty. The houses are of two, three, and
four stories, but of a mean appearance ;
even the rajah's palace claiming no parti-
cular notice. The population 50,000, ex-
clusive of its dependent villages. It stands
on the E side of the Bishennuitty, imme-
diately above its conflux with the Bag-
niutty, 175 m x Patna. Lon. 85 3 e, lat.
28 3 N.
Catoche, Cape, the ke promontory of
.hicatan, where the English adventurers
from Jamaica first attempted to cut log-
wood. Lon. 86 30 w, lat. 22 10 n.
Catrine, a village of Scotland, on the
river Ayr, 14 m e Ayr. Here is a flourish-
ing cotton manufacture.
Cuttack ; see Cuttack.
Cattaio, a town of Italy, in Paduan, 5 m
s Padua.
Cuttaro, a town of Dalmatia, with a
castle seated on a gulf of its name, which
forms three extensive and secure harbours,
capable of receiving the largest fleets. The
town is built at the extremity of the inner
basin, surrounded by rocks, and strongly
fortified. It is 24 m ese Kagusa. Lon.
18 36 E, lat. 42 44 N.
Catteric, a village in N Yorkshire, with
a bridge over the river Swale, 5 m SE Rich-
mond, It was the Cattaractonium of the
CAU
Romans, and has tlie foundations of walls,
and great banks still remaining.
Catwyck, a village of S Holland, on the
German ocean, 6 m wnw Leyden. Be-
tween Leyden and this place the river
Rhine was formerly lost among hills of
sand ; but its small channels are now re-
united by a canal that has three sluices,
the last of which, at this village, is kept
shut by the sea at high tide, and when it
falls, this remnant of the noble Rhine
forces the sluice open, and rushes out into
the sea.
Catzenellenbogen, a town and castle of
Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine,
which gives name to a county. The river
Maine and territory of Mentz divide the
county into Upper and Lower ; the former
has Darmstadt for its capital, and the
latter St. Goar. The town has an iron-
mine near it, and is 10 m ne St. Goar.
Cava, a town of Naples, in Principato
Citra, with manufactures of silk and linen;
seated at the foot of Mount Matelian, 5
m Nw Salerno.
Cavailla, a town of European Turkey,
in Albania, noted as a mart for Albanian
wood ; seated on the Aous, near its en-
trance into the gulf of Venice, 36 m sbyE
Durazzo.
Cavuillon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vaucluse; lately an episcopal
see, and subject to the pope. It is seated
on the Durance, 20 m se Avignon.
Cavaleri, an island in the Archipelago,
between the s\v point of the island of Ne-
gropont and the continent of Greece. Lon.
24 17 E, lat. 38 7 x.
Cavan, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Ulster, 47 m long and 23 broad ;
bounded on the n by Fermanagh and Mo-
naghan, f by the latter county and Louth,
s by Longford, W IMeath, and E Meath,
and w by Leitrim. It sends two members
to parliament, is divided into 30 parishes,
and contains above 81,000 inhabitants.
It abounds in fenny pastures and coarse
grounds, but some parts are fertile. The
chief rivers are the Woodward, Croghan,
and Erne, and it iins many small lakes.
The linen manufacture is carried on here
to a great extent.
Cavan, a borougli and the capital of
the above county. Here is a freeschool
founded by Charles i. It is situate on a
river of the same name, 68 m nw Dublin.
Lon. 7 23 w, lat. 54 52 N.
Caub, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Lower Rhine, with the remains of a
strong castle on a mountain. It has a
trade in wine and slates, and seated on
the Rhine, 2 m xbyE Bacharach.
Caucasia, a government of Asiatic
Russia, divided iato two provinces, As-
CAV
tracan and Caucasia. The province of
Caucasia comprises Cuban Taitary, and
all tliat district to tlie k and s, now in the
posfcssit^n of Ilussia, between tiie rivers
Don and Cuban, and between the Black
sea and the Caspian, extending as iiir as
tiie conlines of Georgia. Tiie capital is
Georsifwsk.
Caucasus, a chain of mountains, in
Asia, extending from the mouth of the
Cuban, in the Black sea, to the mouth of
the Kur, in the Caspian. The Caucasus
apparently forms two parallel chains ; the
lii2,hest c{)vered with snow, and the lower
or northern, wliirh is commonly called the
Black ]Mountains. The loftiest of the
snowy chain is Elbrus, deemed equal in
elevation to IMont Blanc, and from its N
side issues the river Cuban. The lower
parts of these mountains abound in honey,'
gom, corn, wine, fruit, hogs, and horned
cattle. The Caucasian mountains are in-
habited by seven distinct nations, each
speaking a diiferent language ; namely, the
Turcomans, the Abkhas, the Circassians,
the Ossi, the Kisti, the Lesguis, and the
Georgians. See Circassia.
Caudcbec, a town of Trance, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine, surrounded by
valls, at the foot of a mountain, near the
Seine, 18 m kw Rouen.
CmuUndhj, a town of Hindoostan, in
Coimbetore, the fn-st place of any note
above the Gauts, and a principal thorough-
fare between the country below and that
above those mountains. The inhabitants
are chiefly traders. It is 65 m sk Seringa-
patara.
Cavr.ripatnum, a town of Hindoostan,
in liarramahal. situate on the Panaur, 10
HI s Kistnaghery, and (54 se Bangaloor.
Caveripauk, a town of Hindoostan, in
the Carnatic, seated near the Paliar, 10
in E A root.
Cavery, a river of Hindoostan, which
rises aniong the Coorg hills in the western
Gauts, flows by Seriugapatam, Cavery-
porum, Tritchinopoly, and Tanjore, and
enters the bay of Bengal, by various
mouths, which embrace the province of
Tanjore. Opposite Tritchinopoly it sepa-
rates into two branches, and f(jrms an
island 13 m long, called Seringham, on
which are two celebrated pagodas. On
the approach of the two branclies at the e
end of the inland, the x branch is 20 feet
lower than the s one, and their reunion is
prevented l)y an innnense mound. '1 he x
branch, called Colran, pursues its course to
the sea, at Devicotta: and the s one,
which retains the name of Cavery, has its
principal mouth at Caverypatam; but its
stream has been led into a variety of chan-
nels, to irrigate the province of Tanjore.
CAY
Caveri/putam, a town of Hindoostan, in
Tanjore, at the principal mouth of the
Cavery, 7 m n Tranquebnr.
Vurcri/poritvi, a town of Hindoostan, in
Coimbetooi', with a fort, ft is an entrepot
of trade between the countries above and
below tlie Gauts, and situate on the
Cavery, 82 m ne Coimbetoor, and 85 se
Seriugapatam. I.on. 77 53 e, lat. U
49 xT
Cavgmary, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, 30 m nw Dacca, and 14(j h'E
Calcutta.
Ciiviana, an island at the mouth of the
river Amazon, 120 m in compass, and of a
triangular form, with its base to the ocean,
aud the s side under the equinoctial line,
in Ion. 50 20 w.
Ccivite, a seaport on tlie w coast of the
island of Luconia. See Manila.
Caune, a town of France, in tiie depart-
ment of Tarn, 20 m ene Castrcs.
Vuuteres, a village of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Pyrenees, noted for its
mineral water, 18 m sw Bagneres.
Ccncood, a town in W Yorkshire, on the
river Ouse, witli a market on Wednesday.
Here are the ruins of a very ancient castle,
a manufacture of hop-bagging, and a good
ferry over the river. It is 12 m s York,
and 187 n by w London.
Caxamarca, a tov\ n of Peru, in the pro-
vince of Truxillo, capital of a district, rich
in corn, fruit, cattle, and mines of silver.
Here the Spanish general Pizarro, in 1532,
perlidiously .seized the inca, Atahualpa,
and the next year, after a inock trial,
caused him to be strangled. It is 70 m
KE Truxillo. Lon. 78 40 w, lat. 6 52 s.
Caxtoii, a town in Cambridgeshire, with
a market on Tuesday, 10 in whys Cam-
bridge, and 49 N London.
Cat/a/togu, a river of the state of Ohio,
which runs x into Lake Erie, in Ion. 82 20
w, and has a town of the same name on its
banks. It is deep enough to receive large
sloops from the lake; and is navigable for
boats to its source, whence there is a port-
age of a mile only to the Tuscarawa
branch of the Muskingum, which is also
navigable, and runs s into the Ohio, at
INIarietta.
Cciya)iiba, a town of the kingdom of
Quito, SO m XE Quito.
Cciyenne, a rich town and island on the
coast of Guayana, bounded on the w by
the colony of Surinam. The island is
about 50 m in circuit, separated from the
continent by a narrow channel. The sur-
face is low and marshy, and covered with
ibrests. Cayenne pepper, sugar, colfec,
and the singularly elastic gum called Ca-
outchous, are the principal commodities.
The French settled here in 1(325, but left
1
i
CEL
it in 1654, and it was successively in the
possession of the English, Frencli, and
Dutch; but tlie latter were expelled by
the French in 1C77. In 1809, it-surren-
dered to the Portuguese, and was restored
to the I'rench in 181j. Lon. 53 15 w,
lat. 4 56 N.
Caijle^j, a town of Brasil, in the govern-
ment of i'ara, near the mouth of the Ca-
tavpera, 105 m ne Para. Lon. 48 12 w,
lat. 0 56 s.
Cai/uf^ri, a lake of New York, in Onan-
dago county, 35 m long and 2 broad. It
lies 9 m k Seneca lake, and empties, at its
X end, into Seneca river. On its e side is
a town of the same name, with a bridge
over I he head of the lake, near a mile in
length, raised on piles, and level. It is CO
m ssw Osuego. Lon. 76 48 w, lat. 42
M X.
Cazhnir, a town of Little Poland, in
the ])alatinate of Lublin, seated on the
\'istula, SO m E Zarnaw. Lon. 22 3 e, lat.
51 0 N.
Cedar Creek, a wuter of James river,
in \'irginia, in the county of Rock-bridge;
remarkable for its natural bridge, on the
ascent of a hill, which seems to have been
cloven through its length by som_e great
convulsion. The fissure at the bridge is
250 feet deep, 45 wide at the bottom, and
90 at the top! The bridge gives name to
the county, and affords a commodious pas-
sage over a valley, which cannot be
crossed elsewhere for a considerable dis-
tance.
Cedar Point, a seaport of Maryland, in
Charles county. The exports are chiefly
tobacco and maize. It is seated on the
Potomac, 12 m below Port Tobacco, and
40 sbyE Washington.
Cedogna, a town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Ultra, at the foot of the Apennines,
20 m XXE Conza.
Cefalonia, one of the Ionian islands in
the Mediterranean, on the coast of Liva-
dia, opposite the gulf of Lepanto. It is
40 m long and from 10 to 20 broad. Tiie
chief productions are raisins, oranges,
melons, wine, brandy, oil, honey, oats, and
cotton. The capital is Argostoli, on a
gulf that branches deeply into the island,
on tlie sv/ coast, and tbrras one of the best
harbours in tlie Mediterranean.. Lon. 20
56 E, lat. 38 12 x.
Cefuiii, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di
Deniona, and a bishop's see, with a castle,
it is seated on a promontory, and sur-
rounded by a wall, with towers, 10 m
Eby s Palermo. Lon. 14 18 e, hit. 38 5 x.
Celano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ultra, near a lake of the same name,
called also the Fucine Lake, which is 30
m ni compass. It is 15 m s Aquila.
Celbridge, a town of Irelai;d, in the
CEP
county of Kildare, witli an extensive
woollen manufacture, and a stone bridge
over the Litfey, 12 m wsw Dublin."
Celebes, or Macassar, an island in the
Indian ocean, to the e of liemieo. It is
560 m from x to. s, and divided into va-
rious portions by large bays, that the
breadth is commonly not above 60 m. The
e side of tlie island is sometimes called
Celebes, and the w Macassar ; but in ge-
neral the former name is given to the whole
island. It lies under the line; but the
heat is moderated by the n winds, and the
rains, which constantly fall five days before
and after the full moon, and during the two
months . that the sun is nearly vertical.
The products are maize, rice, sago, cocoa-
nuts, pompions, black pepper, caliivances
or beaiis, melons, plantains, mangoes,
oranges, lemons, pines, &c. It is well
stocked with horses, buffalos, deer, sheep,
goats, and hogs. Cotton grows in great
abundance. In the middJe of the island
are mountains, almost inaccessible, in
which arc quarries of excellent stone and
marble, and mines of gold. The inhabi-
tants are Malays, consisting of several
nations or tribes, and tlie best soldiers in
these parts. The most powerful tribe are
called Bugese, and have something free
and dignitied in their manner superior to
other r\Ialays, and are remarkably indus-
trious. They manufacture canibays, a
chequered fabric, resembling taitan ;
paper, which they die of various colours ;
and beautiful silk belts; they also make
lire arms, cast small brass guns, and are
curious in filla£;ree-work, both in gold and
silver. The Dulch have some settlements
on the coasts, of which the chief is Ma-
cassar; but, in 1810, the Ei:glish ob-
tained possession of tiiose of Gorontano
and Manado, -and in 1812, of that of
INIacassar. They were all restored to the
Dutch in 1815.
Cell, or Marten Cellc, a town of Stiria,
with a celebrated abbey, seated on the
Saltza, 17 m nae Bruck.
Cellibar; see Sillabar.
Ceneda, a town of Italy, in Trevisano,
18 m X Treviso.
Cenis, a mountain of the Maritime
Alps, on the borders of Piedmont and
Savoy, which is a noted passage between
the two countries. On its sunnnit, amid
the rigours of eternal winter, is a monas-
tery, where the benumbed, wearied, or
sickly traveller is henevolenliy relieved.
Ccnireville, a town of Maryland, chief
of Queen Ann county. It stands between
the tbrks of Corsica creek, which flows to
Chester river, 14 m s by w Chester, and
95 ssw Philadelphia. Lon, 76 12 w, lat.
39 4 X.
Cepruno^ a town of Italy, in Campagna
CER
di Roma, seated on the Garigiliano, 55 m
ESE Rome.
Ceram, an island, the largest of the
Moluccas, 1<)0 m long and 10 broad. It
is mountainous and woody; and the saeo
tree forms a considerahle article of oxport.
It is subject to thesidtan of Bachian ; but
the interior is little known, beini; occupied
by a cruel and savage race. Along the
coast the Dutch have had influence and
power to destroy the clove-trees. Lon.
128 to 131 K, lat. 3 s.
Ccrdugna, a country on the Pyrenees,
partly in Spain, in the province of Catalo-
nia, and partly in France, in the depart-
ment of Eastern Pyrenees. Puycerda is
the capital of the Spanish part, and Mount
Louis of the French.
Cere, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot, 37 m KE Cahors, and
75 SSE Limoges.
Cerenzu, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Citra, seated on a rock, 10 m Nby w
Severino.
Ceres, a village of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, 6 m sw St. Andrew, which has a con-
siderable trade in silesias or brown linen.
Ceret, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eastern Pyrenees, with a mag-
nificent bridge of one arch over the Tet.
Here the commissioners of F"rance and
Spain met, in 1660, to settle the limits of
the two kingdoms. In 1794, the French
defeated the Spaniards near this town. It
is 14 m wsw Perpignan.
Cerignola, a town of Naples, in Capi-
tanata, celebrated by Horace for its excel-
lent bread. Near this town is the ancient
Salapia, the ruins of which are still called
Salpe. It is 20 m s Manfredonia.
Cerigo, one of the Ionian islands, in the
Mediterranean, to the s of Morea, formerly
known by the name of Cythera. It is 50
m in circuit, and full of mountains ; but
produces much honey, wax, and cheese
from the milk of goats. The chief place is
Kapsali, at the s end of the islands, with
a castle on a sharp rock, and a small
harbour. Lon, 22 44 e, lat. 36 14 n.
Cerillij, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Allier, 7 m w JNIoulins, and
11 s Bourges.
Cerina, atownonthe n coast of Cyprus,
and a Greek bishop's see, with a harbour
for small vessels, defended by a castle.
The chief exports are barley, silk, cotton,
oil, and carob beans. It is 18 ni Nbyw
Nicosia. Lon. 33 38 i:, lat. 35 28 k.
Cerne Ahbei/, a town in Dorsetshire,
with a market on Wednesday. It is sur-
rounded by high chalk hills, and on the
side of one of thern is cut the figure of a
man, 180 feet in height, holding a club in
his right hand, and extending the other.
Here was formerly a stately abbey, and
CEV
])art of its remains is now converted into a
iiouse and barn. It is seated on the river
Cerne, 7 m nnw Dorchester, and 120
whys London.
Ccrrito, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, with a cathedral and collegiate
church, 5 m NNETelesa.
Certosa, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
with a celebrated Carthusian monastery,
H m >! Pavia.
Cervera, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
with a celebrated university, 34 m Nbyw
Tarragona. — Another, on the borders of
I'Vance and the ftlediterranean 8 m n Roses.
Cervia, a town of Italy, in Romagna,
seated near the gulf of Venice, whence
canals are cut to admit sea water, from
wdiich much salt is made. It is 10 m SE
Ravenna.
Cervhiara, a town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Ultra, 12 m sw Benevento.
Cesaria, once a seaport of Syria, and
the capital of Palestine. It was so called
in honour of Augustus Cesar, and in ten
years became, from an obscure fortress,
the inost magnificent city of all Syria,
with a noble harbour made at immense ex-
pense. The city was at first governed by
kings; but it became a Roman colony,
under Vespasian, and chaiiged its name
to F"lavia. Many revolutions succeeded
to the year 1264, when the Christians
ceded it to the Turks ; but from disasters
so frequently renewed, its former splendor
rapidly declined. For ages it has been
without a human inhabitant ; its gorgeous
temples, palaces, theatres, &c. scattered
on the ground ; and the site of its port
not to be distinguished. The remains of
this city have long been resorted to as a
quarry, whenever building materials were
required at Acre. Its extensive ruins are
on the seacoast, 18 m ssw Acre.
Ceaena, a town of Italy, in Romagna,
seated at the foot of a ridge of hills, co-
vered with villas and convents. It has a
romantic castle on an eminence, and an
ancient bridge of three vast arches over
the Savio, 18 m sbyE Ravenna.
Cesenatico, a town of Italy, in Romag-
na. In 1800, the inhabitants having ar-
rested a messenger with dispatches, the
English set fire to the moles of the har-
bour, and destroyed 16 vessels. It is
seated on the gulf of Venice, 16 m se
Ravenna.
Cessieux, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Iserc, 27 m ese Lyon.
Cette, a seaport of In-ance, in the de-
partment of Herault. It stands at the ex-
tremity of a slip of land that penetrates
between the lake of Thau and the Medi-
terranean sea, 16 m ssw Montpellier.
Lon. 3 42 e, lat. 43 24 n.
Ceva, a town of Piedmont, with a fort.
CEY
It was taken by the French in 1796, and
retaken bv the Piedmontese peasants in
1799. It' stands on the Tanaro, 8 ra se
Mondovi.
Cevennes, a recent territory of France,
in the province of Languedoc. It is a
monntainous country, and now forms the
department of Gard.
Ceuta, a fortified seaport of the king-
dom of Fez, and a bishop's see. It be-
longs to Spain, and on the land side is ca-
pable of resisting every attack, unless
aided by some naval force. It stands at
the extremity of a peninsula, on the strait
of Gibraltar, 20 m sse Gibraltar, and 22
NNE Tetuan. Lon. 5 13 w, lat. 33 30 n.
Ceylon, an island in the Indian ocean,
separated from the se point of Hindoos-
tan, by Falk strait and the gulfof Manaar.
It is 270 m long and 140 in its greatest
breadth, nearly resembling a ham in shape,
the narrow part to the n; and hence the
peninsula of Jaffnapatam was called Ham-
sheel by the Dutch. The tlat tracts
around the coast, covered with rich fields
of rice, are bounded by groves of cocoa-
nut trees, and the prospect usually ter-
minated by woods, which cover the sides
of mountains. The e coast is bold and
rocky, and the n part is every where in-
dented by inlets of the sea. A lofty range
of mountains extends from ne to s\v, and
divides the island nearly into two equal
parts. The interior of the x part has no
eminences of importance, and abounds in
immense plains. The interior of the s
part is full of steep and lofty mountains,
covered with thick forests, and almost im-
penetrable jungles; but there are fertile
rallies. The woods and mountains com-
pletely surround the kingdom of Candy,
and form a strong natural barrier. The
climate, on the s and e coasts, is more
temperate than on the continent of Hin-
doostan ; but in the interior of the conn-
try the heat is greater, and often extremely
sultry and unhealthy. The sw coast par-
ticipates of the sw monsoon that blows
from May to August, and it in some de-
gree feels also the ne monsoon, that its
climate is more generally moist than OQ
the continent. The rest of the island being
subject to the xe monsoon only, is exces-
sively dry from February to November.
The most considerable mountain is called
Hamalell, or Adams Peak, and is of a py-
rainidical form, in the s part of the island.
On its top is a large flat stone, with an
impression on it in the shape of a man's
foot, but considerably longer: the Can-
dians have a tradition that Budha, the
great author of their religion, left the
print of his foot on this stone when he as-
cended into heaven. The only consider-
able river in the island is the Mwhaville ;
but there are many other fine ones, yet
few of them are navigable, even for small
boats, higher up than 16 m from the sea.
Beside the rivers, with which the island
abounds, there are many lakes, tanks, and
canals communicating with them. In
some places there are rich mines, v;hence
are procured rubies, sapphires, topazes,
and other stones of less value; also iron,
copper, and black lead. It is remarkable
for abundance of cinnamon; and in the
kingdom of Candy is plenty of large carda-
moms. The pepper here is superior to that
of other places ; and its arreca-nuts are
deemed the best in India. These articles,
with arack, coffee, cocoa-nuts, jagery,
coir, tobacco, fine woods, and timber, are
the principal exports. The chief imports
are rice and other grain, and cotton cloth.
Two species of the bread-fruit tree are
indigenous to this island ; one of which
is used by the natives as bread, and, in
times of scarcity, instead of rice. Of the
animal tribes, this island is famous for its
elephants, which are more esteemed than
any others in Indi-a; and it abounds with
buffalos, goats, hogs, deer, hares, dogs, "
jackals, monkies, tigers, and bears. It has
a great variety of birds, some of which
are not to be met with in other places;
also very dangerous serpents, some of them
said to be of a prodigious size, and ants
which do a great deal of mischief The
inhabitants of Ceylon may be divided into
four distinct nations, all different in origin,
religion, and manners ; the Ceylonese
Proper, the Hindoos, the Moors, and the
\^edah5. The Ceylonese derive their origin
from Siam, their language and religion
(Budhists) being the same as the Siamese;
they form the mass of population in Candy,
and along the s and sw coast. They ap-
pear to be instructed in all the arts of
civil life, nearly in as high a degree as
the nations of the neighbouring continent.
Though they acknowledge a supreme God,
they worship only the inferior deities,
among which they reckon the sun and
moon. In their temples are images, well
executed, though their figures are mon-
strous ; some are of silver, copper, Sec.
The different sorts of gods have various
priests, who have all some privileges.
Their houses are small and low, with walls
made of hurdles, smoothly covered with
clay, and tlie roofs thatched. They have
no chimnies, and their furniture is only a
few earthen vessels, with two copper ba-
sins, and two or three stools. Their food
is generally fice, and their common drink
is water, which they pour into their mouths
out of a vessel like a tea-pot, through the
spout, never touching it with their lips.
There are some inscriptions on the rocks,
w'liich must be ver^ ancient, for tbev are
CHA
not understood by any of the present in-
liubitants. The Hindoos are from the
same stock as tliose on tliu opposite con-
tinent; tliey spread ultmy; the i: coast, and
over the \ end of the ihland. 'i'he Moors
are not fron\ llie Mogul tribe, but tlic de-
scendants of tliose Arabs tliat formerly
conquered many seaports and islands in
India ; tlicy arc dispersed in every part,
but least among the Hindoos. Tlie
Vedahs, by all appearances, are the only
indigenous nation, and are still in the
rudest stage of social life ; they live em-
bosomed in the woods, or in the hollows
of the mountains ; hunting their sole em-
ployment, and providing for the day their
only care. Some of them exchange with
the (.'andians elephant teeth and deer flesh,
tor arrows, cloth, &c. but this practice is
not general, fur two-thirds of them hold
no communication with the Ceylonese, and
have an utter antipathy to strangers. They
worship a particular god ; and their reli-
gious doctrine seems to consist of some
indistinct notions of the fundamental prin-
ciples of the Brahminical faith. In some
places they have erected ten'.ples ; but for
the most part they perform worship at an
altar constructed of bamboos, under the
shade of a banyan-tree. The Portuguese,
in 1505, were the first Europeans who
settled in Ceylon ; but the Dutch drove
them away in 1656, and soon established
themselves on all the principal places along
the coast. In 179ti, the Dutch settle-
ments were conquered by the Eritish, and
finally ceded to them by the peace of
Amiens. In 1802, they were constituted
a royal government, immediately under
the direction of the crown. In 1815, the
kingdom of Candy was subdued, that the
whole island now belongs to Britain. The
principal places are Columbo and Trinco-
raalee. See Candij.
Chahlais, a district of the canton of Ge-
neva, which was formerly a part of the
duchy of Savoy. Thonon is the chief town.
C/iablis, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Yonne, celebrated for its excellent
white wine. It is 12 m EbyN Auxerre.
Clmciio, the only seaport of the island of
Chiloe, from whicli the whole commerce of
this and the adjacent islands is carried on.
The harbour has good anchorage, but the
entrance is very ditticult. It stands on the
K coast, nearly in the middle of the channel
that separates the island from Chili, 170 m
s Valdivia. Lon, 7 2 ':0 w, lat. 42 0 s.
Chucapoijas, a town of Peru, in the pro-
vince of Truxillo, capital of a district on
the E slope of the Andes. It is seated on
a river, IGO m KKETruxiilo. Lon. 77 30
w, lat. G 20 s,
Ckuco, a province of Charcas, lying w
of the river Paraquay, between tlie govern-
CHA
ment of Paraquay and Tucuman. It is of
innnense extent, and inhabited by many
Iiulian nations; but it is lit tic known.
C/iai:<ii)ig, a city of Birniali, with a small
fort. It is the principal emporium i\tv
cotton, which is brought from all parts of
the country, and embarked here for the
China market. In its vicinity is a large
manufacture of marble idols, whence the
whole Birman empire is supplied ; none
being allowed to be made in any other
place. It is situate on a bend of the
Irrawaddy, by which it is separated on the
s from Ava, "the deserted capital, and on
the E from Umnierapoor, the present ca-
pital.
(Jliugrc, a town and fort of New Gra-
nada, in the province of Panama, at the
moulh of a river of its name, to the sw of
Porto Bello. The fort was taken by ad-
miral Vernon in 1740. Lon. 80 17 w', lat.
9 10 N.
Chais Dieu, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Loire, with a cele-
brated Benedictine abbey, 12 m e Brioude.
C/iakgroo; see Amretsir.
t'luilco, a town of New Spain, in tlie
province of Mexico, on the v. bank of a
lake of the same name, 23 m se Mexico.
Chuleur Bay, a vast inlet on the w side
of the gulf of St. Lawrence, penetrating
many leagues between Lower Canada and
New Brunswick. It receives several rivers,
the principal of which is the Risdgouche,
at its head. Along the coasts are
numerous inhabitants, whose occupation
is fishing and ship-building.
Chalford, a village in Gloucestershire,
2 m SE Stroud. It stands on the Stroud
canal, and has a considerable manufacture
of broad cloth.
Challans, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vendee, 21 ra n Sables
d'Olonne.
Chalons sur Marne, a city of France,
capital of the department of Marne, and
lately an episcopal see. It contains 16,000
inhabitants, who carry on a considerable
trade in shalloons and other woollen stutfs.
Here is an academy of the sciences, arts,
and belles-lettres. Chalons is seated on the
rivers Mame, Mau, and Nan, 95 m e
Paris. Lon. 4 21 e, lat. 48 57 N.
C/iahms su?- Sao/ie, a city of France, 'n\
the department of Saone and Loire, with a
citadel, and lately an episcopal see. It is
the staple of iron for Lyon and St. Etienne,
and of the wines for exportation. Here
are various indications of Roman magnifi-
cence, particularly the ruins of an amphi-
theatre. The city contains the old town,
the new town, and the suburb of St. Law-
rence. In the first is the court of justice,
and the cathedral. Chalons is seated on
the Saone; at the entrance of the central
CHA
canal, from the Loire, 83 m Ebys Autun.
Lon. 4 51 E, lat. 46 47 ^.
C/tatus, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Vienne, with a castle.
Richard i of England, while preparing to
besiege this place, received a wound in his
shoulder, by an arrow, which proved mor-
tal. It is 15 ni wsw Limoges.
C/uim, a town of Bavaria, seated on the
river Cham, at its conflux with the Regen,
2f m NE Ratisbon.
Chambah, a town of Hindoostan, in-
Lahore, capital of an extensive mountain-
ous district, intersected by the Ravey, and
l)ounded on the e by the Beyah. It be-
longs to the Seiks, and is 110 m exe La-
hore. Lon. 75 ^33 e, lat. 32 28 N.
CkcDubersburi;, a town of Pennsylvania,
chief of Franklin county, with two presby-
terian churches. It is situate in a rich
country, on Conogocheague creek, a water
of the Potomac, 28 m ssw Carlisle, and
70 >'byw Washington. Lon. 77 40 w,
lat. 39 57 X.
Chambery, the capital of Savoy, with a
castle. It is fortified by walls and ditches,
and watered by many streams, which run
through several of the streets. There are
piazzas under most of the houses, which
are lofty and well built. Here is the re-
main of a ducal palace, which was burnt
in 1745 ; and other objects worthy of notice
are the cathedral, the hotel de ville, and
the public library. It has large and hand-
some suburbs ; and in the neighbourhood
are some baths, much frequented in sum-
mer. The population 12,000. In 1742
the Spaniards made themselves masters
of this capital, but it was restored by the
peace of 1748. It was taken in 1792 by
the French, who were dispossessed of it
in 1799, but regained it in 1800. It is
seated at the cofiux of the Laise and Al-
bano, 32 m ^^'E Grenoble, and 95 wnw
Turin. Lon. 5 55 £, lat. 45 33 A.
Chambly, a fort of Lower Canada, on
the river ChamWy, or Sorel; and a little
higher on the same river is the fort of St.
John. Fort Chambly was taken by the
Americans in 1775, and retaken by the
English in 17 70. It is 18 m ese Montreal.
diamond, St. a town of France, in the
department of Rhone, with a castle on the
river Giez, 17 m s Lyon.
C/tamouni/, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Geneva, seated in a long
and narrow valley (bounded by mountains)
which is the most frequented pass into
Valais. It is 39 ra ese Geneva.
Champagne, an old province of France,
162 m long and 112 broad; bounded on
the K by llainault and Luxemburg, e by
Lorrain and Franche Comte, s by Bur-
gundy, and w by the Isle of France and
Soiswnaois. It uow forms the departmeftts
CHA
of Ardennes, Aube, Marne, and Upper
Mariie.
Champlain, a lake of N America, which
divides the ne part of the state of New
York from that of Vermont. It is 80 m
long, 18 wliere broadest, and the mean
width about 6. It contains many islands ;
the principal one, called North Hero, is
24 m long and from 2 to 4 wide ; but in
one part it is not more than 50 feet wide,
where ferry boats are frequently hauled
over to shorten their passage. This lake
recei\es the waters of Lake George from
the s by South river, and sends its own
waters a n course, through Sorel river, into
the St. Lawrence. To the e of its outlet
a branch extends northward, called ^lis-
sisqui Bay, the greatest part of which lies
in Canada. Both sides of the lake are lined
with woods and mountains, but along its
shores are many well-cultivated farms. In
1777, a naval engagement was fought on
this lake between the British and the Ame-
ricans, in which the latter were defeated.
Champlain, a town of New York, in
Clinton county, situate on Lake Cham-
plain, near its Nw extremity, 70 m n Crown
Point.
^ Champlemt/, a town of France, in the
department of Nievro, near the source of
the Nievre, 25 m nne Nevers.
Chamtoo, a river of the country of the
Hottentots, which flows s, and enters the
ocean 60 m to the xe of Algoa bay. It
was originally tlie sw boundary of Natal,
and still separates two countries very dif-
ferent in respect to climate and fertility.
The stream is broad, and in some parts
fordable at low water.
Chandah, a town of Hindoostan, in
Berar, capital of an extensive district,
which produces rice and cotton, and feeds
numerous herds of sheep and goats. It is
seated on a branch of the Godavery, 78 m
s Nagpoor. Lon. 79 54 e, lat. 20 3 n.
Chunduh, a town of Hindoostan, in
Khandesh, seated on the Poonah, near its
junction with the Tapty, 18 m ssw Boor-
hanpoor.
Chanduhiee, a town of Hindoostan, in
Lahore, capital of a district, belonging to
the Seiks. It is situate on the brow of a
hill, 122 m nne Lahore. Lon, 74 41 e,
lat. 33 24 K.
ChaiLdegliery, a fortified town of Hin-
doostan, in the Carnatic, capital of a dis-
trict, with a citadel on a stupendous rock.
In 1599 it was the capital of a Hindoo
kingdom, called Narsinga, which included
Tanjore and Madura; and in 1640 the
English were permitted by one of these
princes to settle at Madras. It is 72 ra
w.\w Madras. Lon. 79 25 e, lat. 13 33 n.
Chandtrnagoi'e, a town of Hindoostan,
in Beugal. It was the principal French
CHA
settlement in the E Indies, and had a strong
fort, whicli was destroyed by the En<:;lish
in 1757; and in 1703, tlicy again dispos-
sessed the French of this settlement. It
is seated on the right bank of the Hoogly,
18 m N Calcutta.
Chanderi/, a town of Ilindoostan, in
IVIahvaii, on tlie river Betwha, "v'l m sbyw
Chandree.
Chundery, or Chungery, a town of Ilin-
doostan, in Mysore, with a hill fort, 37 m
s\v Chifteldroog.
Chundor, or Chandere, a town of Hin-
doostan, in the Baglana, taken by the
English in 1804. It is 90 m wnw Aurun-
gabad. Lon. 74 36 e, lat. "^O 8 >;.
Chandpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, 72 m ne Delhi.
Chandpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, celebrated for excellent oranges,
and seated on the Megna, 33 m sse Dacca.
Chandragiri, a town of Hindoostan, in
Canara, with a large square fort ; situate on
a river of the same name, which is the s
boundary of Canara, 13 ra sbvE Manga-
lore.
Chandraguti, a town of Hindoostan, in
Mysore, with a fort on a high peaked hill.
The vicinity produces sandal wood of a
good quality. It is seated near the Warda,
on the confines of the country, 42 m x
Bednore.
Chandree, a town of Hindoostan, in
Malwah, capital of a district, and the re-
sidence of a rajah. It is seated on the
Betwha, 170 m s Agra, Lon. 78 43 e,
lat. 24 48 N.
Chang-hoi, a town of China, in Kiang-
iian, containing, with the villages depend-
ent on it, more than C'00,000 weavers of
cotton cloth. It is 18 m se Song-kiang.
Chanmnnning, a city of Tibet, which
has been the residence of the grand lama.
It is 13G m w Lassa. Lon. 89 9 e, lat.
29 22 N.
Chanonry; see Fortrose.
Chan-si, one of the smallest provinces of
China, bordering on the great wall. It is
full of mountains, some of which are un-
inhabited, and have a wild and frightful ap-
pearance ; but the rest are cut into terraces
and cultivated from top to bottom. It
contains five cities of the first class, and
85 of the second and third. The capital
is Tai-yuen.
Chantilly, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Oise. Here is a great pottery ;
also a fine forest and magnificent hunting-
seat, which lately belonged to the great
prince of Conde. It is 17 n\ NbyE Paris.
Chan-tong, a province of China, on the
eastern coast. It contains six cities of the
first class, and 114 of the second and third ;
beside which there are along the coast
several forts and villages ot" consiiderablc
CHA
note for their commerce, and a number of
small islands, the greater part of whidi
have very convenient harbours. This pro-
vince has large manufactures of silk, and a
kind of stuiVs peculiar to this part of China.
It is traversed by the Imperial canal. The
capital is Tsi-nan.
Chao-hing, a city of China, in Tche-
kiang, which has eight cities of the third
rank under its jurisdiction. It is 730 m
sbvE Peking. Lon. 120 38 E, lat. 30
10"n.
Chao-tcheo, a city of China, in Quang-
tong, situate between two navigable rivers,
and celebrated for a monastery of the
bronzes in its neighbourhood. It is 140 m
K Canton. Lon. 113 10 v., lat. 25 0 n.
Chapala, a lake of New Spain, in Gua-
dalaxara, 90 m long and SO broad. It in-
cludes some islands, and its outlet is the
river St. Jago. On the n side is a village
of the same name, 45 m se Guadalaxara.
Chaparung, or Dsaprong, a city of Tibet,
seated on a river, formerly supposed to be
the southern head of the Gauges. It is
160 m NNE Sirinagur. Lon. 79 22 e, lat.
83 ION.
Chapel Hill, a town of N Carolina, in
Orange county, with a university establish-
ed by the state. It is seated on an emi-
nence, by a branch of Newhope creek,
which flows to the KW branch of Cape
Fear river, 12 m sse Hilsborough. Lon.
79 2 w, lat. 35 56 n.
Chapel in le Frith, a town in Derby-
shire, with a m.arket on Thursday ; seated
on the confines of the Peak, 17 ra se Man-
chester, and 167 nkw London.
Charasm, a fertile country of Usbec
Tariary, bounded on the n by Turcomania,
e by Bokharia, s by Chorasan, and vv by
the Caspian sea. It is divided among
several Tartarian princes, of whom one
takes the title of khan, with a degree of
pre-eminence over the rest. Khiva is the
capital, and the usual residence of the khan
in winter, but during the summer he gene-
rally encamps on the banks of the Amu.
Charcas, a government of the viceroyalty
of Buenos Ayres, bounded on the x by
Peru and countries belonging to the wan-
dering tribes, Eby Paraquay, s by Tucuman
and w by Chili and Peru. This immense
country is covered with deserts, forests,
vast plains, and rivers; and is divided into
several provinces, in which are the finest
silver mines in the world. Plata is the
capital.
Chard, a town in Somersetshire, with a
market on Monday. It stands pre-emi-
nent over all the country letween the two
seas ; and has a copious stream, which
might be easily conducted in a direction
opposite that which it now takes. It is
1^ m sss Taunton, and 159 wbys London,
CHA
Charente, a department of France, in-
cluding the old province of Angoiimois.
It is named from a river, which ri^es in
Limosin, and runs by Angouleme and
^iaintcs into the bay of Biscay. Angou-
leme is the capital.
Charente, Lower, a department of
J"rance, consisting of the two old provinces
•of Auuis and Suintonge. Saintes is the
capital.
Charentoii, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Paris, once famous for its pro-
■testant church. It stands on the river
•Seine, 4ms Paris.
Charite, a town of France, in the depart-
anent of Nievre, with manufactures of
•woollen and hardware. Here is a priory
of Benedictine Clunistes, which once, in a
■season of scarcity, subsisted the whole
town by its bounty ; and hence it derives
■its name. It is seated on the Loire, 15 m
jjby w Nevers.
C/iarkozv, a town of Russia, capital of a
government of the same name, with a uni-
■-versity founded by the present emperor
Alexander. It is seated in an extensive
^lain, partly on an eminence between the
'jivers Charkowa and Lopan, 400 m s by w
Moscow. Lon. 35 54 e, lat. 50 10 n.
Ckarlemont, a borough and garrison
itown of Ireland, in Armagh county, on
the river Blackwater, 6 in se Dungan-
iZion, and 8 N Armagh.
Ckarlemont, a fortified town of France,
.in the department of Ardennes, on a craggy
•mountain, by the river Meuse, close to
(Givet, and 20 m ne Rocroy.
Cliarleroy, a town of the Netherlands,
-in Namur. It has been often taken, the
vlast time by the French in 1794. It is
seated on the Sambre, 18 m w Namur.
Charles, Cape, the n cape of Vir<];inia,
.^t the entrance of Chesapeak bay, 14 m
to the NNE of Cape Henry. Lon. 75 50
■mv, lat. 37 12 n.
Charles, Cape, a promontory, forming
.the E extremity of Labrador, and the most
•veastern projection of N America. Lon. 55
SO w, lat. 52 13 \.
Charles, St. a town of the Missouri
:territory, on the river Missouri, 21 m
above its conflux with the Mississippi, and
-34 wbyN St. Louis.
.- Charleston, a. large district of S Carolina,
which lies between Santce and Combahee
..rivers. The city of Charleston is thecapital.
Charleston, a fortified city and seaport
-of S Carolina, deemed the capital of the
state, though the seat of government is
now at Columbia. It is a place of good
iiade ; and has an exchange, a public li-
..brary, an armoury, and 13 edifices for pub-
lic worship. It stands on a tongue of land
between the rivers Ashley and Cooper, the
CHA
former of which is navigable for ships of
burden, 20 m above the town. The popu-
lation was 24,711 in 1810, and 22,944 in
1817. It is 100 m SSE Columbia. Lon.
80 2 w, lat. 32 48 n.
Charleston, a town of Maryland, in Cecil
county, near the head of Chesapeak bay,
(i m Ebys Havre de Grace, and (iO sw
Philadelphia.
Charleston, a town of New Hampshire,
chief of Cheshire county. It is situate on
the Connecticut,84 m www Portsmouth, and
105 Nw Boston. Lon. 72 23 w, lat. 43 IGn.
Charleston,^\.Qwi-\ of Massachusets, chief
of Middlesex county. It is situate under
the celebrated Breeds Hill, on a peninsula
formed by Mystic river on the e, and a
bay setting up from Charles river on the
w, and is connected on the s by Charles
River Bridge, with Boston.
Charleston, a town of Rhode Island, in
Washington county, 19 m nw Newport.
Charleston, a town of Scotland, in Aber-
deenshire, much frequented by invalids for
the benefit of goats whey. It is seated
near the Dee, 28 m whys Aberdeen.
Charleville, a borough of Ireland, in
Cork county, 34 m ubyw Cork, and 39
wsw Cashel.
Charleville, a town of France, in tho
department of Ardennes. Here is a mag-
nificent square, and in the centre a hand-
some fountain. It is seated on the Meuse,
opposite Mezieres, 25 m WNW Sedan.
Charlotte, a town of N Carolina, chief
of Mecklenburg county. It is situate on
Steel creek, 44 m ssw Salisbury. Lon. 80
45 w, lat. 35 12 Ji.
Charlottenburg, a town of Brandenburg,
in the Middle mark, with a royal palace,
and magnificent gardens. It was built by
Sophia Charlotte, the first (jueen of Prus- .
sia, on the river Spree, 4 m w Berlin.
Charlottesville, a town of Virginia, chief
of Albemarle county. It is situate near
the head of the Rivanna, 80 ra wnw Rich-
mond, and 82 wsw Fredricksburg.
Charlottetown, thecapital of Dominica,
formerly called Roseau. In 1806 it was
nearly destroyed by a hurricane. It stands
on a point of land, on the sw side of the
island, which forms two bays ; and is 21 m
SE of Prince Rupert bay. Lon. 61 27 w,
lat. 15 16 N.
Charmes, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vosges, seated on the Moselle„
8 in E Mirecourt.
Charolles, a town of France, in the de-i
partnient of Saone and Loire, with a ruia-
ous castle ; seated on the Recouce, 24 va.
WNW Macon.
Charoit, a town of France, in the de-
partnp.ent of Indre, seated on the Arnon»
6 r.i HE Issoudun.
CHA
Charroux, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vienne, 25 m s Poitiers.
Chartres, a city of Frame, capital of
the department of Euro and Loir, and
lately an episcopal see. Thu catliedral is
one of the finest in France, and its two
steeples are mncli admired. The popula-
tion 13,000 ; and the principal trade con-
sists in corn. It is seated on an eminence
by the river Eure, over which i.s a bridge,
the work of the celebrated Vauban, 48 m
sw Paris. Lon. 1 30 v., lat. 48 '27 x.
C/Kirwah, a town of Hindoostan, in
Khandesh, with a strong fort, 24 m ssw
Hindia, and 70 ne Booranpoor.
Charyhdis, a famed wliiilpool, in the
strait of Messina, on the coast of Sicily,
opposite the celebrated Scylla, in Italy.
Accoi-ding to the theme of ancient poets, it
was very formidable to mariners ; but it is
said to have been entirely removed by the
great earthquake in 1783.
Chutahouchee, a rapid river of the state
of Georgia, which rises in the Apalachian
mountains, and runs s for 300 m to E
riorida, where it is joined by the Flint,
and their united stream takes the name of
Apalachicola.
Ch^itaigneraye, a town of France, in the
department of V^endee, 12 ni n Fontenay le
Compte.
Chateau Briani, a town of France, in
the departmeiit of Lower Loire, with an
old castle, 24 m s Rennes.
Chateau Cambresis, a town of France, in
the department of Nord, with a palace
belonging to the bishop of Cambray. A
treaty was concluded here, in 1559, be-
tween Henry ii of France and Phihp ii of
Spain. It is seated on the Seille, 14 m se
Cambray.
Chateau Chinou, a town of France, in
the department of Nievre, with a consider-
able manufacture of cloth ; seated near the
source of the Yonne, 36 m Eby n Nevers.
Chateau Dauphin, a strong castle of
Piedmont, near the source of the Po, 16 m
wbyN Saluzzo.
Chateau du Loir, a town of France, in
the department of Sarte, famous for a siege
of seven years against the count of Mans.
It is seated on the Loir, 22 m sse Mans.
Chateau Gonlier, a town of France, in
the department of Mayenne, with a castle,
a mineral spring, and a trade in linens ;
seated on the Mayenne, 22 m nw yVngers.
Chatiuu Lunaun, a town ot France, m
the department of Seine and Marne, with
an Angustine abbey, seated on a hill, 30 m
s Melun.
Chateau Meillant, a town of France, in
the department of Cher, with an ancieot
castle, 31ms Bourges
Chateau Portien, a town of France, in
the department of Ardennes, 6 m w Ketbel.
CHA
Chateau Regnaud, atown of France, in
the <lcpartment of Indre and Loire, 16 m
KE Tours.
Chateau Salins, atown of France, in the
department of Meurthe, with extensive
salt works, 16 m m: Nancy.
Chateau Thierry, a town of France, in
the department of Aisne, with a castle on
an eminence. It is the birthplace of the
celebrated Fontaine, and seated on the
river Marne, 57 m ese Paris. Lon. 3 33 e,.
lat. 49 2 N.
Chateau Vilain, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Marne, 16 m w Chau-
mont.
Chateuudun, a town of France, in the
department of Eure and Loir, with a castle
built by the famous count of Dunois ; seat-
ed on an eminence, neai" the Loir, 30 ni N
Blois.
Chateaulin, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Finisterre, with a considerable
trade in slates, seated on the Auson, 12 m
N Quimper.
Chuteauneitf, a town of France, in the
department of Cher, 16 m s Bourges.
Chateuuncuf, a town of France, in the
department of Eure and Loir, 16 m nw
Chartres.
Chuteauneuf, a town of France, in the
department of Mayenne and Loire, seated
on the Sarte, 14 m N Angers.
Chateauroux, a town of France, capital
of the department of Indre, with a castle.
It has a manufacture of cloth, and is seated
in a pleasant plain, on the Indre, 35 m sw
Bourges, and 148 sby w Paris. Lon. 1 51
E, lat 46 46 N.
Chatel, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Vosges, seated on the Moselle, 8
m N Epinal.
Chatel Chalon, a town of France, in the
department of Jura, 25 m ene Lons le
Saunier.
Chatelleruult, a town of France, in the
department of Vieune, noted for its cutlery,
watchmaking, and the cutting of false dia-
monds; seated on the Vienne, 22 ra ne
Poitiers.
Chatenoy, a town of France, in the
department of Vosges, 6 m se Neuf-
chateau.
Chatham, a town in Kent, seated on the
Medway,adjoining the e part of Rochester.
It is one of the principal stations of the
royal navy ; and its large dock-yard, con-
tammg nnmense magazuies mrnisuea with
all sorts of naral stores, is deemed the first
arsenal in the world. Here are also an
ordnance wharf, a victualling-office, and
two hospitals for decayed mariners and
shipwrights. In 1667, the Dutch sailed up
to this town, and burnt several men of war :
but the entrance into the Medway is now
defended by Sheerness fort, and the town
CHA
by Upnor and Gillingham castles.
Chat-
ham iias a market on Saturday, a church,
a chapel of ease, and a ship used as a
church by the sailors. See Rochester.
Chatham, a town of iVIassachusets, in
Barnstaple county, situate on the exterior
extremity of the elb'osv of Cape Cod. It
has about 40 vessels employed in the fish-
ery, and is 70 m se Boston. Lou 70 5
w, lat. 41 44 N.
Chatham, atown of Coimecticut, in Mid-
dlesex county, on the river Connecticut,
opposite INJiddleton.
Chatham, a town of S Carolina, chief of
Chesterfield county. It is situate in a rich
country, at the head of the Pedee, 90 m ne
Columbia, and 110 n by w Georgetown.
Lon. 79 40 w, lat. 34 40 N.
Chatillon les Dombes, a town of France,
in the department of Ain, 12 m w Bourg.
Chatillon sur Indre, a town of France,
in the department of Indre, 12 m sse
Leches.
Chatillon sur Marne, a town of France,
in the department of Marne, 17 m s
Rheims.
Chatillon sur Seine, a town of F'rance,
in the department of Cote d'Or, divided
into two parts by the river Seine. In the
neighbourhood are iron mines and forges.
It is 40 m SE Troyes, and 44 nnw Dijon.
Chatonnay, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Isere, 15 m e Vienne, and 22
SE Lyon.
Ctiatrakal, a fort and district of Mysore.
See Chitteldroog.
Chutre, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre, with a woollen manufacture ;
seated on the Indre, 22 m sse Chateau-
roux.
Chatmorth, a village in the peak of
Derbyshire, near the river Derwent, 6 m w
Chesterfield. Here is a magnificent seat
of the dukes of Devonshire, which, for its
fine situation, park, gardens, fountains, &c.
is justly deemed one of the wonders of the
peak. In its first age it was the prison of
Mary queen of Scots, for 17 years.
Chatterpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Allahabad, chief of the district of Bundel-
cund. It is extensive and well built, but
much decayed from its former flourishing
condition. It is 130 m wsw Allahabad.
Lon. 79 53 e, lat. 24 57 N.
Chatzan, a town of Ballogistan, in the
district of Sewee, 98 m wnw Mooltan, in
Hindoostan. Lon. G9 43 r, lat. 31 8 n.
Chaves, a town of Portugal, in Tra los
Mo)ites, with two suburbs, and two forts.
Between the to«n and the suburb Magda-
lena is a Roman stone bridge. It stands
near the confines of Spain, on the river
Tamega, 26 m w Braganza.
Chaumont, a town of France, capital of
CHE
the department of Upper Marne
Here is
a manufacture of woollen cloth, and a trade
in deer and goat skins. It is seated on a
mountain, near the river Marne, 5(3 m e by
s Troyes. Lon. 5 9 e,- lat. 43 8 n.
Chaumont, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Oise, IG m ssw Beauvais.
Chuunij, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aisne, on the river Oise, 20 m
E Noyon.
Chuux cle Fond, a town of Switzerland,
in the canton of Neuchatel. The inhabi-
tants make numerous watches and clocks ;
and the women are employed in the lace
manufacture. It is seated in a fertile val-
ley, 9 m NNW Neuchatel.
Cheadle, a town in SralTordshire, with a
market on Saturday Here is a large tape
manufacture, and in the \iciiiity are several
copper and brass works. Four m e are the
remains of Alveton castle ; and 4 m se are
the pictoresque ruins of Croxden abbey.
It is seated in the most fertile part of the
mooi-land, near the river Tean, 12 m nne
Stafford, and 146 Nw London.
Chebucto, a bay and harbour on the sse
coast of Nova Scotia. The bay is large
enough to shelter 1000 men of war ; and
near the head, on the w side, stands the
city of Halifax.
Chedabucto, a bay at the e end of Nova
Scotia, between the island and gut of Can-
so. Salmon river enters this bay from the
w, and is remarkable for one of the great-
est fisheries in the world.
Chedder, a village in Somersetshire, seat-
ed under Mendip hills, 2 m se Axbridge.
It is famous for excellent clieese ; and its
cliffs constitute one of the finest pieces of
rock scenery in England.
Cheduba, an island in the bay of Bengal,
on the coast of Birmah, 45 m long and 10
broad. It yields abundance of rice, and
the most western point is in lon. 93 18 e,
lat. 18 58 -N.
Chegoo Muddi, a town of Hindoostan,
in Cutch, at the mouth of the Caggar, 23
m sw Buoje.
Cheitore, a town of Hindoostan, in the
territory of Oudipoor. It was the capital
of the rana, or chief prince, of the Rajpoots,
in the days of his greatness ; and was a for-
tress and city of great extent, situate on a
mountain ; but it has been in ruins since
the time of Aurungzebe, in 1681. It is 46
m NNE Oudipoor, and 83 ssw Ajmeer.
Ciielicut, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigrc,
where the ras of the empire frequently re-
sides. Here, in 1810, a letter and some
presents from the king of England, design-
ed for the emperor, were delivered to tiie
ras; as at that time their safe conduct to
Gondar was deemed impracticable. It is
10 m E Ansalo.
L2
CHE
Chelindreh, a town of Asiatic Turkey,
in C'aranuvuia, with a small port, wlu'iice
the couriers tVoni CtJiKstaiUiiioplc to Cvprus
Mnljivrk. It is o7 m wsw ScKsk.
Chelm, a town of I'oland, in Med Russia,
capital ot'a palatinate, and a bishop's sec.
Ill 1794, tlie I'dles were defeated by the
Prussians, near this town. It is 100 m
xsr. Warsaw. Lon. 23 '29 K, lat. 51 120 n.
Chcliner-, a river in Essex, whicli rises
near Thaxled, and flows by Dunmow and
Chehnsford to Maiden, \vhere it joins the
Blackwaler.
Chcliiiafui'd, the county town of Essex,
with a market on Friday. Here is a stately
church, a ma;j;nificent shire house, an ex-
cellent conduit, and a freeschool founded
by Edward vi. The population was 4694
ill 1811. It is situate at the conflux of the
Can with the Chelmcr, 29 in ke London.
Lon. 0 30 E, lat. 51 44 n.
Chelmsford, a town of Massachusets, in
IVliddlesex county, near the s bank of the
Merriniac, over which is a curious bridge,
at Patucket Falls, which connects tliis
town with Dracut. It is 28 m aaw Bos-
tOQ.
Chelsea, a village in Middlesex, on the
Thames, a mile w Westminster. Here is
a magnificent hospital for the invalids of
the array, begun by Chai'les ii ; a royal
military asylum for orphan boys ; and an
excellent physic garden, given to the com-
pany of apothecaries, in 1721, by sir Hans
Sioane.
Cheltenham, a town in Gloucestershire,
with a market on Thursday. Here are
many springs and wells, celebrated for their
salubrity ; also excellent hot and cold
baths. Hence it is become a place of pub-
lic resort, and in 1788 was honoured with
the residence of the royal family. The
church is in the form of a cross, and has a
lofty spire ; there are also several meeting-
houses, and a Romish chapel. The popu-
lation was 8323 in 1811. It is seated in a
vale, 9 m ne Gloucester, and 94 wbyx
London.
Chelum ; see Jhijlum.
Chely, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lozere, 18 ra k by w Mende,
and 30 sw Puy.
Chemnitz, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in INIisnia, surrounded by walls
and ditches. It has four suburbs, and a
castle about a mile from the town. Great
quantities of cottons and other fine stuft's
are made here ; and the bleaching business
is considerable. It is situate on a river of
the same name, 38 m sw Dresden, Lon.
12 57 E, lat. 50 50 N.
Chenango, atown of New York, inTiogo
coonJy, where the judicial courts are held
iaMaj, It is situate near the river Che-
CHE
nangn, wliich flows into the Susquehana,
'.Vi m NE Union, and (iO sw Cooperstown.
Lon. 7() 0 w, lat. 42 12 N.
Cliencour, or Chcmkon,a. town of Arme-
nia, on the frontiers of Georgia, with a
beautiful castle, grand caravansaries, and
several mosijucs. It is 1(30 m ne Erivan.
Chciidi, a town of the kingdom of Seu-
nar, capital of a district, whose governor
is called Prince of the Jahalcen Arabs. It
is situate on the IS'ile, 210 in n Sennar.
Lon. 33 24 k, lat. 16 38 n.
Chen-si, one of the most extensive pro-
vinces of China, bordering on the great
wall, which terminates here, and is but
rudely constructed of turf or hardened clay.
It is divided into two parts, the eastern
and western, and contains 8 cities of the
first rank, and 160 of the second and third.
It is fertile, commercial, and rich, but
subject to long droughts ; and clouds of
locusts sometimes destroy every thing that
grows in the fields : these insects the inha-
bitants eat boiled. In Chen-si are rich
gold mine?, which are not allowed to he
opened. Sin-gan is the capital,
Chcn-1/ang, or Moug-den, a city of Eas-
tern Tartary, capital of a province of the
same name, otherwise called Leao-tong.
The walls are 10 m in circuit ; and it is or-
namented with several public edifices, and
provided with arsenals and storehouses.
It is 350 m ENE Peking. Lon. 134 5 e,
lat. 41 55 N,
Chepello, an island in tlie bay of Panama,
3 m from the city of Panama, which it
supplies with provisions and fruit.
Chepstow, a town in Monmouthshire,
with a market on Saturday. It is seated
on the side of a hill, on the W^ye, near its
conflux with the Severn, and vessels of 700
tons come up to the bridge, which consists
of five arches of cast iron. It was sur-
rounded by a wall, traces of which are ob-
servable ; and on a perpendicular rock are
the remains of a large castle. Here was
also a priory, part of which is converted
into a church. The tide rises here from
30 to 50 feet. The principal exports are
timber, bark, iron, and cider. It is 18 m
N Bristol, and 135 w London. Lon. 2 36
w, lat, 51 52 N.
Cher, a department of France, including
part of the old pro\ ince of Berry. It re-
ceives its name from a river, \\ hich rises in
Auvergne, and flows into the Loire, 10 ra
below Tours. Bourges is the capital.
Chcrusco, a fortified town of Piedmont,
capital of a fertile ten'itory, with a strong
citadel. It is seated on a mountain, at the
conflux of the Stura with theTanaro, 24 m
SE Turin. Lon. 7 58 e, lat. 44 45 ic.
Cheraw, a district of S Carolina, com-
prehending the counties of Darlington,
CHE
Cliesterfield, and Marlborough. It is well
cultivated, and watered by the Great Pedee
and a number of smaller streams. The
capital is Greenville.
Cherburg, a strong seaport, of France,
in the department of jNIanciie, with an
Augustine aljbey. Here was a seafight
bet\veen the English and French, in 1692,
when the latter were beat, and 15 of their
men of war burnt near Cape la Hogue.
The English landed here in 1758, took the
town, with the ships in the basin, demo-
lished the fortifications, and ruined the
works for improving the harbour. These
works were resumed on a stupendous scale,
by Louis xvi; and though their progress
was interrupted by the revolution, a basin
to contain 10 ships of the line always
afloat was completed in 1813. Cherburg
is 60 m NW Caen. Lon. 1 37 w, lat. 49
39 N.
Ckerihon, a town on the x coast of Java,
capital of a province or kingdom of the
same name. It contains many good houses,
and the chief export^ are rice, sugar, cof-
fee, pepper, and cotton yarn. It stands
on a deep bay, at the foot of a mountain,
126 m ESE Batavia. Lon. 108 37 e, lat.
6 48 s.
Cheroniso, a town of European Turkey,
on the XE coast of the island of Negropont,
S5 m E Negropont.
CIteroii, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Yonne, 10 m w Sens.
Cherry Vallei/, a town of New York, in
Otsego county, at the head of a creek of
its name, on the £ side of Otsego lake, 12
m x'E Cooperstown, and 45 wbyx' Albany.
C/ierao, an island in the gulf of Venice,
between the coasts of Istria and Croatia.
On the s it is separated from Osero by a
very narrow channel, and the two islands
are united by a bridge. Their soil is stony ;
but they abound in cattle, wine, oil, and
honey. Cherso has a town of the same
name, with a good harbour. Lon. 14 45
E, lat. 45 10 X.
Cherson, the capital of New Russia, in
the government, of Catharinenslaf, erected
by Catharine ii, on the n bank of the
Dnieper, 10 m below the influx of the In-
gulec. Here is a dock, from which men of
war and merchant ships have been launch-
ed ; but owing to some sand banks in the
river, the naval establishment was trans-
ferred to Nicholaef. The church and
many of the houses are built of stone ; but
the town is sinking into decay. In 1787,
the empress made a triumphal journey to
this capital, and uas met by emperor
Joseph II. Here, in 1790, the philan-
thropic Howard fell a victim to his indefa-
tigable huuKunty; he was interred near
the adjacent village of Dauphigny, and a
monument erected to his memory by the
CHE
Russian admiral. Cherson is 50 m e
Oczakof. Lon. 31 16 e, lat. 46 37 N.
Cherisey, a town in Surry, with a mar-
ket on VVednesday. Here was fonnerly an
abbey, of which only a part of the walls
now remain ; it was the tirst burial place
of Henry vi, who was afterward removed
to Windsor. It is seated near the Thames,
over which is a handsome bridge, 20 ra w
b}- 5 London.
C/iesapeak, the largest and safest bay in
the United States. Its entrance is 14 m
wide, between cape Charles in Maryland
and cape Henry in Virginia. It extends
270 m to the x,"is frovii 10 to 40 m broad,
and generally nine fathoms deep ; contain-
ing several islands and many commodious
harbours. It receives the Susquehana,
Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, and James
rivers, which are all large and navigable.
Chesham, a tovv'n in Buckinghamshire,
with a market on Wednesday, and manu-
factures of lace and wooden ware; seated
in a vale, 9.1 ra xw London.
Cheshire, a county palatine of Hngland,
bounded on the x by Lancashire, xe by
Yorkshire, e by Derbyshire, se by Statlbrd-
shire, s by Shropshire, w by Denbisi'ishire
and Flintshire, aiW nw by the ^'rish sea,
into which projects a penmsula, i.'im long
and 6 broad, formed by tlie mouths of tUe
jMersey and the Dee. This county e -xtends
33 m from x to s, and 42 from e *» ^»
without including the peninsula just m«i-
tioned on the w, or a narrow tract of i 'ai^d,
which stretches, between Lancashire ^"*^
Derbyshire, to Yorkshire, on the ne. ■'^^-
contains 650,880 acres; is divided in. '*
seven hundreds, and 83 parishes; has a
city and 12 market towns, and sends four
members to parliament. The popuhition
was 227,031 in 131 1. The principal rivers
are the Mersey, Weever, and Dee ; and it
has several small lakes. It is rich in pas-
ture and corn land; but there are several
heaths, among which are the extensive
forests of Macclesfield and Del.imere. The
country is generally level; the highest hills
in it are about Frodsham ; and its extensive
pastures feed a great number of cows,
from whose milk is made excellent cheese,
of which vast quantities are sent to Lon-
don, Scotland, Ireland, &c. This country-
is likewise famous for its salt springs at
Namptwich, Aliddlewich, Northwich^ and
Winsford ; and, at Northwich, there are
vast pits of solid salt rock.
Chester, a city, capital of Cheshire, and
a bishop's see, with a market on Wednes-
day and Saturday. It is governed by a
mayor ; and the walls, nearly 2 m in
circuit, afford a beautiful walk. It has a
strong castle (in which is the shire-hall)
and nine churches, beside the cathedral.
The main streets have a sort of portico
CHE
extending from house to house, which are
called rows, and afford a covered walk for
pasben;iers. '1 he population was 16,110
in 1311. It has ii con>>tant counnunica-
lion with Ireland ; this and Holyhead being
the prnicipal places for taking shipping for
Dublin. Chester has a small share of
foreign trade, a mauufacturc of gloves, a
considerable traliic of shnp goods into N
^Vales, and two annual fai:s, the most
noted in En>:.land for the sale of Irish linen.
It is seated near tlie Dec, over which is a
bridge of 12 arches, 38 ni sw Manchester,
and "l80 kw London. Lon. 3 3 \v, lat. 53
12 N.
Chester, a town of Pennsylvania, capital
of Delaware county. It is the resort of
much company during the summer months,
and seated on the Delaware, 15 m sw
riiiladelphia.
ClitUer, a town of Maryland, capital
of Kent county. Here is Washington
college, v.hicli, with St. John college at
Annapolis constitute one university, called
the University of Maryland. It is seated
on a iiver of the same name, 15 m from
its mouth in Chesapeak bay, and 81 sw
Philadelphia. Lon. 76 It) w, lat. 39
12 N.
Chcder, a town of S Carolina, chief of
Chester county. It is seated on Broad
river, 60 m kw Columbia. ;
Chester, a town of New Ilampslrire, in
Rockingham county, on a lake that sends
its waters ir.to the Meriiinac, 16 m w Ex-
eter, and 34 w by s Portsmouth.
Chequer, a town of Virginia, in Shan-
"nanduah county, on the point of land
formed by the junction of the North and
South river, which form the Sliannandoah,
20 m s by w Winchester, and 70 w Wash-
ington.
Chester, West, a town of Pennsylvania,
chief of Chester county. Much bar-iron
is made in the vicinity. It is 25 m w by s
Philadelphia.
Chester, West, a town of New York,
chief of a county of the same name. It is
seated at the mouth of the Brunx, 15 m
KE New York.
Chester le street, a village in the county
of Durham, on the w side of the river
Wear, 6 m k Durham. 'I he church is
collegiate, and was formerly the see of a
bishop, tillremo\td, with the body of St.
Cuthbert, to Durham. Koman coins are
still f<:und here.
Cbederjiela, a town in Derbyshire, gO'
vemed by a mayor, with a market on Sa-
turday. It has a church with a remark-
able curved spire, and a freeschool fiiunded
by queen Elisabetii. Here are mamifac-
tures of stockings, carpets, and earthen
ware ; also iron f )nnderies, the ore and
coal for the supply of v hicli arc dug in
CHI
the vicmlty. Large quantities of lead
are sent hence, by a canal to the Trent,
which it joins below Gainsborough. Ches-
terfield is seated on a hill, between the
rivulets Ibber and Rother, 2-1 m n Derby,
and 150 knw London. Lon. 1 27 w, lat.
53 18 N.
Chest ei-field, a town of New Hampshire,
in Cheshire county, on the v. bank of the
Connecticut, 25 m s Charleston, and 72
w by s Exeter.
Cheviot Hills, a ridge of mountains in
England, extending from n to s through
Northumberland and Cumberland, and
famous for its free chace, formerly nmch
used by the English and Scots gentry.
These hills are now chiefly wild and open
sheep-walks; goats also are fed among
them, and some fine cattle. Near their
borders many an obstinate battle bus been
fought between the English and Scots,
before the two kingdoms were united ;
among which may be numbered the en-
counter, near ()tterburn, between the
earls Percy and Douglas, celebrated in the
ancient ballad of Chevy Chace.
Chiametlun, a town of New Spain, ca-
pital of a maritime province, which is
fertile, and contains many silver mines.
On the coast are a cluster of small islands.
The town is seated on a river of its name,
150 m NW Guadala.Lara. Lon. 105 45 w,
lat. 22 40 N.
Chiapa, a province of New Spain,
bcmnded on the n by Vera Cruz, e by Ju-
catan and Vera Paz, s by Guatemila and
Sonusco, and w by Guaxaca. It has no
mines of silver nor gold, but abounds in
wood, aromatic gums, baUams, cocoa,
corn, &c. and its horses are in high estima-
tion.
Chiapa, a city, capital of the above pro-
vince, and a bishop'.s see It has several mo-
nasteries and an elegant cathedral. The
chief trade is in cacao, cotton, and cochi-
neal. It is seated on the Grixalva, 200 m
F, Gtiaxaca, and 215 KW Guatemala. Lou.
93 45 w, lat. 16 42 N.
Cliiuramonte, a town of Sicily, in Vai
di Noto, and county of Modica; seated
on the top of a mountain, 13 m n Mo-
dica.
Cliiarenza, a town of European Turkey,
in Morea, on the river Silltis, near the
Mediterranean, 10 m ne Castel Tornese,
and 20 sw Patras.
Chiuii, a town of Italy, in Bresciano,
where the Austrians defeated the French
in 1701. It is 15 m nke Crema.
Chiiivenna, a town of Switzerland, ca-
pital of a county, lately subject to the
Grisons, hut now to Austria. It is a trad-
ing place, especially in wine and fruit,
being the principal comnumication be-
tween Milanese and Germany. The
CHI
churches are magnificent; and the inha-
bitants are Roman catholics. Here are
the ruins of a once celebrated fortress, on
the summit of a rock, and close to the
town is a rock of asbestos. It is seated
between high ridges of mountains, near a
small lake of its name, 38 m s Coire. Lon.
9 27 E, lat.46 15 N.
Chkhacotta, a fortified town of Hin-
doostan, in Bootan, on the s frontier. It
was taken by the British, in the war with
the Booteas, in 1772, and afterward re-
stored. It is 92 m s Tassasudon. Lon.
89 28 E, lat. 26 02 n.
Chicheater, a city and the capital of
Sussex, and a county of itself, governed by
a mayor, with a market on Wednesday
and Saturday. It is a bishop's see, and
has seven churches beside the cathedral.
The city is walled round, and had for-
■ merly four gates. It exports corn, malt,
&c. has some foreign commerce, and a
manufacture of needles. The haven af-
fords fine lobsters. The population was
6425 in 1811. It is seated in a plain, on
the river Lavant, near its entrance into an
arm of the English channel, 61 m sw
London. Lon. 0 48 w, lat. 50 50 N.
Chickfioori/, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bejapoor, with an extensive bazar, and a
manufacture of cloth, 45 m ssw Mer-
ritch.
Chiclana, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, much frequented by the merchants
of Cadiz in the spring months. The hills
in its vicinity abound with mineral springs.
Near this place, on the heights of Bar-
rosa, the English and Portuguese gained
a signal victory over the French in 1811.
It is 16 m SSE Cadiz.
C/iieleJ'a, a town of European Turkey,
in Morea, near the gulf of Coron, 14 m w
Colocythia.
Cfiiemsee, a lake of Bavaria, 35 m in
circuit. In the midst of it are two islands;
on one of them is a convent of Benedic-
tine nuns, and on the other an Augustine
monastery. It lies 22 m wnw Salzburg.
Chienpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Khandesh, 53 m ne Boorhanpoor.
Chieri, a town of Piedmont, surrounded
by an ancient wall, in which are six gates.
It has four gr;ind squares, many churches
and religious houses, and considerable
manufactures of cloth and silk. It is 7 m
E Turin.
Chieti; see Civita di Chieti.
Chigwell, a village in Essex, 10 m ke
London. It is noted for a freeschool,
founded by archbishop Harsnett, who had
been vicar of this place, and Ues buried in
the church.
Chihuahufi, a city of New Spain, in New
Biscay, and the residence of a captain gene-
ral. The population 11,600. The principal
CHI
church is a superb edifice, with aecorations
immensely rich. In the vicinitv are consi-
derable silver mines. It is 310 m n by w
Durango. Lon. 104 30 w, lat. 28 50 n.
C/ii/i, or C/ii/e, a kingdom of S America,
extending on the coast of the Pacific ocean,
from lat. 25 to 45 s, from the desert of
Atacama to the island of Cliiloe inclusive.
Its length is 1400 m, but it varies in breadth
from 140 to 340 to its eastern boundary,
which is the great chain of the Andes.
This country was discovered by Diego
d'Almagro in 1535. The mountainous
part of it is possessed by the Puelches,
Araucanians, and other tribes of its origi-
nal inhabitants, who are still formidable
neighbours to the Spaniards. That part
of Chili, therefore, which may be deemed
a Spanish province, is a narrow district,
extending along the coast, from the 25th
to the 37lh degree of latitude, about 840
m. The Indian country to the s of this,
from the river Biobio to the island of Chi-
loe, is inhabited by three distinct nations,
the Araucanians, the Cunches, and tlie lluil-
liches ; but the Spaniards here possess the
town and district of Valdivia. The Spa-
nish part is divided into 13 provinces,
which, commencing on the side of Peru,
are Copiapo, Coquimbo, Quillota, Acon-
cagua, Melipilla, St. J ago, Rancngua,
Calchagua, Maule, Itata, Chilian, Pucha-
cay, and Huilquilemu ; but they are im-
perfectly designated, anti some of them
six times larger than oihers. It is govern-
ed bv a Spanish officer, who holds the
title of Captain General of the kingdom of
Chili, and is the president of the royal
audience established at St. Jago and Con-
ception. But in 1810, a revolution took
place among the inhabitants of this coun-
try, to separate themselves from the Spa-
nish monarchy; and on Jan. 1, 1818, the
Chili government issued a proclamation,
from the directorial palace at Conception,
declaring ChiU and its adjacent islands to
be an independent state, and for ever se-
parated from the monarchy of Spain.
Chili, though bordering on the torrid zone,
never feels the extremity of heat, being
screened on the e by the Andes, and re-
freshed from the w by cooling sea-breezes.
The fertility of the soil corresponds with
the benignity of the climate, and is won-
derfully accommodated to European pro-
ductions. The most valuable of these,
com, wine, and oil, abound in Chili, as if
they had been native in the country.
Here all the fruits imported from Europe
attain to full maturity; and the animals
not only multiply, but improve. The hom-
ed cattle are of larger size than those of
Spain ; and its horses excel in beauty and
spirit the famous Andalusian race, from
which they sprung. Nature, loo, has en*
CHI
riched Chili with valuable mines of gold,
silver, copper, iron, tin, and lead ; also with
salt springs, and mineral waters. Chili is
not infested by any kind of insect except
the chiguas or pricker, nor by any poison-
ous reptile; in the woods and fields some
snakes are found, but their bite is not dan-
gerous; nor does any savage or ferocious
beast excite terror in the plains. The
chief rivers arc tlie Maule, Biobio, Cauten,
Tolten, \'aldivia, Chaivin, lliobueno, and
Sinfondo, which, with many others, rise in
the Andes and flow w into the ocean. St.
Jago is the capital.
C/iilka, a lake of Ilindoostan, in the
Circars, which bounds ihem on the n. It
lies on the coast of the bay of Bengal, and
seems the elVect of the breach of the sea
over a flat sandy shore, whose elevation
was something above the level of the
country within. It communicates with
the sea by a very narrow but deep opening,
is shallow within, and contains many
inhabited islands. It is 40 m long and l-i
broad, with a sandy slip of ground about
a mile broad between it and the sea. On
the NW it is bounded by a ridge of moun-
tains, a continuation of that which extends
from the ?>Iahanutldy to the Godavery
river, and shuts up the Circars toward the
continent.
Chilian, a city of Chili, capital of an
inland province. The whole district is a
plain, favorable to the raising of sheep,
whose wool is highly esteemed ; grain and
fruit are also produced in abundance. The
city was destroyed by an overflow of the
river in 1751, and the next year transfer-
red to a more convenient site. It is well
peopled, and stands on the river Chilian,
80 m KE Conception. Lon. 71 5 w, lat.
S5 56 s.
Chilleiros, a town of Portugal, in Estra-
inadura, 13 ra kw Lisbon.
Chillicoihc, a town of the state of Ohio,
chief of Ross county. It stands on the
right bank of the Sciota, 30 m s Columbas,
and 80 ene Cincinnati.
Cliillon, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Vaud, near the lake of Geneva.
On a rock in the lake is an ancient castle,
which has lately been used as a state pri-
son. It is 5 m ESE Vevey.
C'hiloe, an island at the s extremity of
Chili, 140 m long and 30 broad. It pro-
duces all necessary refreshments and pro-
visions, except wine ; also much amber-
grise and honey. The animals in greatest
abundance are sheep and hogs, in which
the inhabitants carry on a great trade ;
domestic fowls, as well as wild, are also
produced in great numbers. The only
port is Chacao, and the principal town is
Castro.
Chilpamingo, a town of New Spain, in
CHI
the province of Mexico, seated in a fertile
country, 5.5 m nne Acapulco.
ChUtern, a chain of chalky hills in Eng-
l.ifld, passing from e to w through the mid-
dle of Buckingluunshire, and covered, i;i.
various parts, with woods. This district
belongs to the crown, and for time im-
memorial has had the nominal office of
Steward of the ('hiltern Hundreds, by the
accepcance of which a commoner vacates-
his seat in parliament.
Chinxnj, a town of Erance, in the de-
partment of Nord. Near it are mines of
iron, with founderies and forges. It is-
seated on the Blanclie, 20 m e\e Cavn-
bray.
Chimloruzor a mountain of the kingdom
of Quito, the loftiest of the Andes. The
upper region is continually covered with
snow, and the top terminates in a trunca-
ted cone. Many rivers issue from this
mountain, and the warm streams that flow
from its k side warrant the idea of a vol-
cano w ithin. In 1797 it was visited by
Humboldt, who with his party ascended
the E side till they were stopped by a:
chasm, 500 feet wide. Here they planted
their instruments on a narrow ledge of
porphyritic rock, which projected from a
vast field of unfathomed snow. The air
was reduced to half its usual density, and
intensely cold; respiration was ditticult,
and blood oozed from their eyes, lips, and
gums. They judged themselves to beon th&
highest spot ever trod by man, whicn was
ascertained from barometrical observa-
tions to be 19,300 feet above the level
of the sea. From this extreme station
the top of Chimborazo was found, by
trigonometrical measurement, to be 2140>
feet higher, which makes its whole height
to be 'il,-i40 feet.
Chimera, a town of European Turkey,,
in Albania, with a fort; seated at the foot
of the Chimera mountains, and on a rock,
at the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 24 ni.
SSE \ elona.
China, an extensive country in Asia,t
between 98 and 123 e lon. and 21 and 42
N lat. It is 1330 m from n to s, and 1030
from E to w; bounded on the e by the
Yellow and the China sea, s by the latter
sea and the kingdoms of Tonquin, Lao,,
and Birmah, w by Tibet, and n by Tartary^
from which it is separated by a great wall.
This stupendous wall exceeds every thing
of human art and industry that is read
of in history ; and is said to have been built
about the year 1160, to prevent the fre-
quent incursions of tlie Aloguls. It ex-
tends along a hilly surface 1500 m iu
length ; the br.'adth, in many parts, is
upward of 15 feet at the tcp; and it is
flanked with towers at the distance of 300-
feet : the materials of which the whole is
CHI
composed are so close and solid, that it is
vet almost eiuive. China is divided into
15 provinces, which are Pe-tche-li, Kiang-
nan, Kiang-si, Fo-lden, Tche-kian'j, Ilou-
quans, Ho-iian, Chan-tong, Chau-si, Chen-
si, Se-tchucn, Quang-tong, Quang-si, Yun-
nan, and Koei-tcheou. Thcso provinces
contain 4402 walled cities, divided into
two classes, the civil class containing "2045,
and the military 23o7. Tlie civil class is
again divided into three other classes; the
first are cnWedfou, the second tclieou, and
the third sJiien. From the calculations in
Neuhoft's travels the population of China
is about 230,000,000 ; but tram the state-
ment delivered to lord JMacartney, in 1793,
by a Chinese mandarin, it is not less than
;)33,000,000. The climate and soil are
various, as the diiferent provinces are
nearer to, or remote from, the s; severe
cold being felt at Peking, while the south-
ern provinces are exposed to excessive
heat. Here are several large lakes ; the
principal of them are the Po-yang, in
Kiang-si, 250 m in circuit ; the Tong-ting,
in Hou-quang, above 200 m in circuit;
the Tai, part of which extends into Kiang-
nan; the Ilong-tsc, and the Kao-yeou, in
the province of Kiang-nan. The chief
rivers are the Kiau-ku and the Iloan-ho ;
beside which there are an infinitude of
great and small rivers, and fine canals, one
of which, called the Grand Canal, sur-
passes any thing of the kind in the world.
The manufactures of China embrace almost
every article of industry ; bat th.e most
noted are porcelain, silk, cotton, and
paper. The internal commerce of the
country is immense, but the external tiade
is unimportant; the chief export is that of
tea which is sent to England. In several
of the provinces, the land yields two crops
a year; yet, though the husbandman cul-
tivates it with such care as not to lose
the smallest portion of ground, the country
has been often desolated by famine. One
great cause of the scarcity of grain is the
prodigious consumption oceasioned by the
composition of wines, and of a spirituous
liquor called rack. The numerous moun-
tains of China (which are chiefly in the
N and w parts) contain mines of iron,
tutenag, copper, quicksilver, gold, and sil-
ver : but those of gold and silver are little
worked, that the people may attend to the
more useful labours of agriculture. Quar-
ries of marble, coal, lapis lazuli, jasper,
rock crystals, granite, and a kind of sonor-
ous stones of which musical instruments
are composed, are abundant ; and here is
potters earth of such various and superior
kinds, that the fine porcelain of Cliina is
unrivalled. Beside the fruits peculiar to
the country, it produces the greater part
of those of Europe; but (except the grapes
CHI
and pomegranates) they are much inferior.
Here are oranges, lemons, citrous, the
tse-tse, a kind of fig peculiar to China;
the li-tchi, of the size of a date, its stone
covered ^vith a soft juicy pulp, of an ex-
quisite taste, but dangerous when eaten to
excess ; the long-yen, or dragonseye, its
pulp white, tart, and juicy, not so agreeable
to tfce taste, but more wholesome than the
li-tchi. The Chinese excel in the art of
managing kitchengardens, and have a num-
ber of vegetables unknown to us. They
cultivate even the bottom of their waters ;
the beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivulets,
producing crops unknown to us, particu-
larly the pitsi, or water chestnut, the fruit
of which (tbund in a cover formed by its
root) is exceedingly wholesome, and of a
very delicate taste. Among the trees
peculiar to China is the tallow-tree, the
fruit of which is white, of the size of a
small w-alnut, and the pulp has tiie pro-
perties of tallow ; the wax-tree, producing
a kind of white wax, almost equal to that
made by bees ; the tsi-chu, or varnish-tree,
which produces the admirable Chinese
varnish ; the ti-ly-mou, or iron wood, which
is so hard and heavy, that it sinks in wa-
ter, and the anchors of the Chinese ships
are made of it; the camphire tree ; the
bamboo reeds, which grow to the heiglit
and size of a large tree, are used as pipes
to convey water, and for numberless other
purposes; the tea-plant, &:c. with cotton,
betel, and tobacco. The (lowering shrubs,
flowers, herbs, and medicinal plants, are
too numerous to be recited. In the moun-
tains and forests are wild animals (jf every
species ; but that valuable quadruped, the
muskdeer is peculiar to this country. Of
its birds, the most beautiful is the kin-hi,
or golden fowl. The complexion of the
Chinese is a sort of tawny, and they have
large foreheads, small eyes, short noses^
large ears, long beards, and black hair;
and those are thought to be the most hand-
some who are the most bulky. The wo-
men efi:ect a great deal of modest}', and are
remarkable for their little feet. Their
houses are mean and low, consisting only
of a ground floor. Learning, with the arts.
and sciences in general, is much cultivated
in this country. Their writing is very
particular; for every letter is a word, and
consequently they have as many letters,
or cliaracters, as words in their language,.
Their religion is paganism; and the prin-
cipal pagodas are dedicated to their god
Fo. They allow polygamy, and keep tiieir
wives pretty close. Burials are not "per-
mitted in cities or towns, and their sepul-
chres are commonly on barren hills and
mountains. They pretend to havs a great
veneration for their ancestors : and some
keep images of them in their houses, to
CHI
which tlicy pay a sort ofadoration. They
have laws wliicli regulate the civilities and
cereciKinimis salutations tliey pay to each
other, for which reason they always appear
to he extremely ;j;o()dnaturerl ; and yet they
are as deceitful as any people in the world.
The government is absohitc, and the em-
peror lias the privileiji' oF naming his
successor; hut the chief mandarin has
permission to tell him <^f his faults. He
looks upon his subjects as his children,
and professes to govern them with paternal
aft'ection. The Chinese empire is very
ancient; they pretend that it existed many
thousand years before Noah's flood, but it
is generally allowed to have comntenccd
2500 vears before the birth of Christ. It
now Includes Tibet, the greatest part of
Tartarv, Corea, and numerous islands on
the s and e coasts of China, the principal
of which are Lieou-kieou, For.nosa, and
Hainan. The annual revenues of the
crown, according to sir George Staunton,
are said to be 66,000,0001. sterling; and
the army in the pay of China, including
Tartars, amount to 1,000,000 infantry, and
800,000 cavalry. Pekin is the capital.
Chinabulaharam, or Chica Bultipura, a
town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, noted for
the manufactures of sugarcanHy and clayed
sugar, 36 m N by e Bangaloor.
ClniKiputam, a town of Hindoostan, in
Mysore, near which is a hanrlsome stone
fort. It has manufactures of sugar, glass,
and excellent music wire, and a great trade
in the produce of the palm-gardens in its
vicinity. It is 40 m ene Seringapa-
tam.
Chinuuh, or Cliunauh, a river of Hin-
doostan, one of the Punjab branches of the
Indus. It issues from the eastern hills of
Cashmere, between the sources of the Jhy-
lum and Kavey, (lows sw through the pro-
vince of Lahore into that of Mooltan,
where it receives the Jhylum, near Jehung-
seal, and 10 m below that town receives
the Ravey; it then flows by Mooltan, and
about 60 m below that city receives the
Seilege, which had been joined by the
Begali. The whole then takes the name
of Punjnud (five streams) and about 40 m
below it eaters the Indus, on the nw con-
fines of Sindy. The Chinaub is the Ace-
sines of Alexander.
Chinca, a seaport of Peru, seated on a
river, in a valley of its name, 90 m s Lima.
Lon. 76 15 w, lat. 13 10 s.
Chinchilla, a town of Spain, in Murcia,
seated on an enunence, 37 m w Almanza,
and 67 knw Murcia.
Chinchi; see Quing-no7ig.
Chiiigleput, a town and tort of Hindoo-
stan, in the Carnatic, on the leit bank of
the Palar, 39 m ssw Madras.
Chiniropoorum, or Chinrayapatan, a
CHI
town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with Jt
strong stone fort, 37 m nnw Seringapatam.
ChiiDKichin, a town of Hindoostan, ia
Nepaul, capital of the district of Jemlah.
It is a frontier station toward Tibet, and
the best route for entering the w part of
that country. It stands in a valley, bound-
ed by mountains, and on a river of the same
name, 140 m e Serinagur. Lon. 81 35 e,
lac. 30 29 N.
Chiiion, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre and Loire, with a strong
castle, in which Henry ii of England ex-
pired. Chiuon is the birthplace of Rabe-
lais, and of Quillet. It is seated on the
Vienne, 28 m wsw Tours.
Chinmru, a town of Hindoostan, in Ben-
gal, with a fortress. It was formerly a
Dutch settlement, and stands on the river
Hoogly, 20 m n Calcutta.
Chiny, a town of the Netherlands, in
Luxemburg, on the river Semoy, 40 m why
X Luxemburg.
Chio; see Scio.
Chiorlo, or Tchorlu, a town of European
Turkey, m Romania, the see of a Greek
bishop; seated on a river of the same name,
67 m wbvN Constantinople.
Chiozza, a town and island of Italy, in
the gulf of Venice. Much salt is made
here. The town is built on piles, and has
a harbour defended by a fort, 18 m s
Venice.
Chiplona, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
situate on a rock near the sea, 5 m wsw
St. Lucar de Barameda.
Chippenhuw, a borough in Wiltshire,
with a market on Saturday, and a manu-
facture of fine woollen cloth ; seated on the
Avon, 21 m e Bristol, and 93 w London.
Chiquitos, a province of Charcas, which
includes a vast extent of territory, lying to
the N and e of St. Cruz de la Sierra, and
extending to the frontier of Brasil on the
Paraquay. This country is inhabited by-
Indians, "who have numerous missionary-
settlements.
Chirequi, a town of New Spain, in
Veragua, on a river of the same name, 12
m N of its mouth, in the Pacific ocean, and
130 w St. Jago. Lon. 83 28 w, lat. 8
SON.
Chirk, a village of Wales, in Denbigh-
shire, on the top' of a hill, near Wrexham.
It had formerly two castles ; one is a com-
plete ruin, and the other from its -walls and
towers, seems to have been a magnificent
structure.
Chisme, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in
NatoHa, on the strait that parts the con-
tinent from the isle of Scio. It was an-
ciently called Cysus, and celebrated for
the great victoiy which the Romans gained
over the fleet of Antiochus, in 191 B C.
Here, in 1770, the Turkish fleet was de-
CHM
stroyed by the Russians. It is 40 m w
Smyrna. Lon. 20 10 e, lat. 38 2i N.
C/iiswick, a village in Middlesex, on the
river Thames, 5 m w by s London. Here
is a celebrated villa of the duke of Devon-
shire; and in the churchyard is a monu-
ment to Jlogarth.
Cliitore, a town of Hindnostan, in A\-
meer, capital of a district, with a strong
fort on the top of a high and rugged moun-
tain. It was the ancient capital of the
Rajpoet sovereign, now kp.own by the ap-
pellation of the rana of Odeypoor. Chitore
is 9j m s by w Ajmeer. Lon. 74 31 e,
lat. 25 15 X.
C/iitpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gujrat, belonging to an independent rajah ;
situate in a mountainous and jungly dis-
trict, ItjO m sw Ahmedabad. Lon. 70 47
E, lat. 21 20 N.
Chitro, a town of European Turkey, in
Macedonia, on the bay of Salonichi. Here
the mother, wife, and son of Alexander
were murdered by Cassander. It is 36 m
ssE Edessa.
C/iitteldroog, or Chatrakal, a fort and
town of Hindoostan, capital of the ne dis-
trict of Mysore. The plain of Chittel-
droog is 10 n) long and 4 broad, surrounded
by rocky hills, on one of which stands the
fort. 'Ihe town formerly occupied a great
portion of the phiin, and is still a consider-
able place, but now confined entirely with-
in the walls which are near the foot of the
rock. Hyder, who obtained possession of
this place by treachery, strengtiiened the
walls ; and other works have been since
added as to render it one of the strongest
places in India. It is 126 m N by w Sering-
apatam. Lon. 76 29 e, lat. 14 10 n.
C/iittigong, a district of Hindoostan, in
Beiigal, extending along ti)e e side of the
bay of Bengal to Aracan, and bounded on
the E by Birmah. It is of a hilly and
jungly surface, and only a small part is in
cultivation. Islamabad is the chief town.
Chittoor, a town of Hindoostan, on the w
frontieroftheCarnaiic,80m vv byx Mtidras
Cliittra, atown of Hindoostan, in Bahar,
65 m Nw Uamgur, and 80 ssw Bahar.
Chitwoif, a town of Hindoostan, in Mala-
bar, situate on the seacoast, 07 ni s by e
Calicut.
Cldvas, or Chivazzo, a fortified town of
Piedmont, on the river Po, 12 m kxe
Turin.
Ckiusa, a strong town of Italy, in Vero-
nese, on the river Adige, in a narrow pass,
14 m XNw Verona.
C/iiusi, a town of Tuscany, in Siennese,
on the river Chiano, 35 m se Sienna.
Chmielnik, a town of Poland, in Podo-
lia, on an island formed by the river Bog,
80 m ne Kaminieck. Lon. 27 50 £, lat.
49 44N.
CHO
Cholur; see C/iiirha?-.
C/ioco, a province of New Granada ;
bounded on the n by Darien, e by Antio-
quis, s by Popayan, and w by the Pacific
ocean. The western chain of the Andes
separates it from Antioquia, and the whole
province is a continuous forest, without
trace of cultivation, pasture, or road ; but
the rivers and alluvious grounds are rich in
gold and phitina. It is inhabited chiefly
by Indians, and the village of Noanamas
is situate on a i-i-* er of the same name,
near the coast, 170 m nw Popayan.
C/ioczim, a town of European Turkey,
in Moldavia, surrounded by walls. It was
taken by the; Russians and Austrians in
1788, but restored at tiie subsequent peace.
It is seated on the Dniester, 110 m xxw
Jas^y. Lon. 26 25 w, lat. 48 46 n.
C/ioixeu/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Marne, 12 m ne Langres.
Chollet, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mayenne and Loire, with a castle,
27 m ssw Angers.
Cholm, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Pskov, on the river Lovat, 180 m
s Petersburg. Lon. 31 14 e, lat. 57 5 n.
Cholula, a town of New Spain, in Tlas-
cala. In the time of Cortez it was a large
city, famed for its jewellers and potters,
and the multitude of its temples. Here is
a great pyramid, the sides of whose basa
are 1423 feet each, and exactly in the di-
rection of the meridians and parallels : it
consists of four stages, .nnd the perpendi-
cular elevation is 177 feet; the platform
has a surlace of 43,208 square feet, and in
the midst is a church, surrounded with
cypress, in which mass is said every morn-
ing by an Indian priest, whose habitual
abode is the summit of this exti-aordinary
monument. From a perforation made in
tlie N side, its exterior appears to be con-
structed of alternate strata of brick and
clay. The length of its base far exceeds
tliat of all the edifices of the kind yet
found, and is almost the double of the
greatest pyramid in Egypt. Cholula
contains 16,000 inhabitants, and is seated
amid beautiful plantations of agave, 17 m
w Puebla.
Chopruli, a town of Hindoostan, in
Khandesh, on the river Gool, 8 m above
its junction with the Tuptee, and 68 w by s
Boorhanpoor.
Chorasan, or Ko''asan, a province of
Persia, bounded' on the n by Chiirasm and
the country of the Usbcc Tartars, e by
Bokhaiia and Balk, s by Segestan and
Iverman, and w by Irak, Mezanderan, and
the Caspian sea. It is about 450 m in
length and 420 in breadth. This extensive
territory is little known to the F.uroj^eans;
but it is represented to be a level country,
intersected with sandy deserts and irregular
CHll
r'ulges of mountains; and llie soil, in ge-
neral, excellent, producing wine, fruit,
corn, rice, and silk, in the E;reatest abun-
dance and of tlie best (inality. 'J"be kin<;
of Pcriiia's authority extends only over the
cities of ]Mesclu>d, iS'isajiour, Tershiz, and
Tabas, with their dependencies. The se
parts, including tiie city of Herat, are pos-
sessed by the Afi;hans, and those on the
E and N by the Usbec Tartars and Turco-
mans. The capital is Mesched.
Cfio?'ges, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Alps, 10 m e Gap.
Cliorleii, a town in Lancasiiire, with a
market on Tuesday, and considerable ma-
iiutactures of cotton. In the neighbour-
liood are quarries of ashler, flap:, and mill-
stone; and mines of coal, lead, and alum.
The population was ol82 in 1811. It is
seated near the Liverpool and Leeds and
the Lanca^ter canals, 6 m sse Preston,
and 203 nw London.
Chotzin, the chief town of tlie Russian
part of Moldavia, 20 m sw Kaminieck,
and 100 xxv/ Jassy. Lon. 2G 18 e, lat.
48 46 X.
C/uiul, a town of Ilindoostan, in Beja-
poor, on the coast of Concan, with a har-
bour for small vessels, 25 m s Bombay.
Chowpai-eli, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Lahore, situate on the point formed by the
junction of the Sohaan with the Indus, 175
m wby.v Lahore. Lon. 72 50 e, lat.
32 10 X.
Clirixtburg, a town of Vv Prussia, with
a castle on a hill, situate on the Suri^e, 15
m SE Marienburg.
C/triitchiirc/i, a bcrougli in Hampshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market .on
Monday, and a considerable trade in knit
silk stockings and watch-strings. Here
are the remains of a castle and a priory ;
and the church is a large and interesting
structure. It. is seated on the Avon, oppo-
site the influx of the Stour, 25 m s Salis-
bury, and 100 sw London.
Christiana, a town of Delaware, in New-
castle county. It stands on a navigable
creek of its name, and is the greatest car-
rying place between the navigable waters
of the Delaware and the Chesapeak, which
are here only 13 m asunder. It is 4 m sw
.Newcastle.
Christiana, St. the principal island of
the Marquesas. See Marquesas.
Christianbiirg, » town of Wvginia, chief
of Montgomery county. It is situate on
the w side of the Allegany mountains, near
a branch of the Kannaway, 170 m vvsw
Richmond. Lon. 80 50 w, "lat. 37 5 N.
Christianhirg, a fort of Guinea, on the
Gold coast, and the chief establishment of
the Danes, in those parts. It is G m e by n
Acra. Lon. 0 o w, 5 3G x.
ChriitianfeUI, a town of Denmark, in
CHIl
the duchy of Slcswick, built by a society
of Moravians, under the protection of
Christian vii. .All articles manufactured
here are of excellent quality. It is 8 m
X Hadersleben.
Christiunia, tlie capital of Norway, and
an episcopal sec, in the government of
Aggerhuys. It stands at the extremity of
a fertile valley, forming a semicircular
bend along the shore of the bay of Bior-
iiing, which forms the x extremity of the
gulf o» Christiania. It is divided into the
city, the suburbs of WaterlandtjPeterwigen,
and rierdingcn, the fortress of Aggerhuys,
and the old town of Opsloe. The city w'as
rebuilt in its present situation by Chiistiaii
IV of Denmark, after a plan designed by
himself. The houses are built of stone;
and the streets are carried at right angles
to each other, and uniformly -JO feet broad.
It covers a considerable extent of ground,
but has not more than 10,000 inhabitants.
The castle of Aggerhuys is built on a rocky
eminence on the w side of the bay, at a
small distance from the city. Opsloe was
the site of the old city, burnt in 1624 : it
contains thft episcopal palace. Christiania.
has an excellent harbour, and its principal
exports are deals, tar, soap, iron, copper,
and alum. The manufactures are glass,
coarse woollens, and linens; and a great
number of merchant vessels are built for
sale. It is 30 m from the open sea, and
'290 xbyw Copenhagen. Lon. 10 45 e,
lat. 59 56 X.
C/iristianople, a strong seaport of Swe-
den, in Blekingen, seated on the Baltic,
13 m XE Carlscrona. Lon. 15 47 e, lat.
56 26 X.
Christiansanfl,n seaport of Norway, in
the government of Bergen, and the ca-
pital of a province, which is famous for
iron mines. The harbour is spacious,
and many ships are built here. It is seat-
ed at the mouth of the Torrisdals, opposite
the isle of Fleckeren, 105 m ese Stavan-
ger, and 150 ssw Christiania. Lon. 8 17
E, lat. 58 12 X.
Cliristianstud, a fortified town of Swe-
den, in Scliouen. The chief trade is in
alum, pitch, and tar ; and it bus manufac-
tures of gloves, cluth, and bilken stufts.
It is seated in a marshy plain, on the river
Helgea, which is navigable only for small
craft, 14 m NELuiid. Lon. 14 10 e, lat.
56 25 X.
Christianmnd, a town of Norway, in the
island of Fossen, with a commodious har-
bour and wharf. The chief trade is in
timber. It is 36 m xw Drontheim.
Christineham, a town of Sweden, in \Ver-
meland, at the xe end of the lake Wanner,
20 m ESE Carlstad.
Christ inesiud, a seaport of Finland, in
Wasa, at the mouth of a river, on the
\
CHU
culf of Bothnia, 125 ra xy%v Abo. Lcii.
'21 28 E, lat. 62 30 X.
Christmas Island, an island iiuhe Pacific
ocean, so named by Cook, who landed here
on Christmas-day 1777. It is 45 m in
circuit, uninhabited, and destitute of fresh
water ; but lias abundance of fine turtle.
Lon. 157 30 w, lat. 1 59 x.
Christmas Souiid, a bay on the s coast
of Terra del Fuej^o, so named by Cook,
who here passed Christmas-day 1774.
The country is barren, and the refresh-
ments to be got are chiefly wild fowl.
Lon. 70 3 w, lat. 55 22 s.
Christophe de Laguna, St. the capital of
the island of Tenerift'. Here the courts of
justice are held, and the governor has a
palace, but he commonly resides at St.
Cruz. It stands on an eminence, in an ex-
tensive fertile plain, and has several foun-
tains supplied with water from the neigh-
bouring heights by an aqueduct. The
lake from which it has been supposed to
take its name is now a very inconsiderable
piece of water. Lon. 16 13 w, lat. 28
29 N.
Christopher, St. one of the Caribe is-
lands, in the W Indies, 60 m w Antigua.
It is 19 m long and 6 broad, with high
mountains in the middle, whence rivulets
flow. Between the mountains are dread-
ful rocks, horrid precipices, and thick
woods; and in the sw parts hot sulphurous
springs at the foot of them. The produce
js chiefly sugar, cotton, ginger, indigo, and
the tropical fruits. It was formerly inha-
bited by the French and English, and in
1713 was ceded to the latter; it was
taken by the French in 1782, and restored
the next year. Basseterre is the capital.
Chrudim, a town of Bohemia, cap'tal of
a circle, which is remarkable for a great
number of fishponds, and an excellent
breed of horses. It stands on the river
. Chrudimka, 46 m ese Prague. Lon. 15
42 E, lat. 49 53 x.
■^ Chucuito, a town of Peru, chief of a pro-
, vlnce, in the diocese of Paz. The chief
trade is in cattle, which are fed on its ele-
vated plains. It stands on the w side of
the lake Titicaca, called also the Lake of
Chucuito, 150 m Nw Paz. Lon. 70 26 w,
lat. 16 20 s.
Chudleigh, a town in Devonshire, with
a market on Saturday. The neighbour-
hood is famous for cider, and for a stupen-
dous rock of bluish limestone, called Chud-
• leigh marble, in which is a large cavern.
• This town was almost entirely destroyed
by fire in 1807. It is seated near the
Teign, 9 m sw Exeter, and 185 whys
London.
Chuganserai, a town of Hindoostan, In
Cabul, on a river of the same name, 92 ra
£K£ Cabul. Lon. 70 8 £, lat. 34 b[t K,
CHU
Chukotskija, a pro\ince of Siberia, and
the most easterly of the dominions of
Ptussia. It extends from 156 to 197 e lon.
and from 63 to 73 n lat.
Chumlul, a river of Hindoostan, which
rises in Mulwah, within 15 m of the Ner-
buddah, and flows n and ne 440 m to the
Jumna, which it enters 20 m below Eta-
weh. This river, sometimes called the
Sumbul, receives many tributary streams,
and forms the boundary between the Bri-
tish territories in Hindoostan Proper and
those of the Mahrattas on the south.
Chumlcig/i, a town in Devonshire, with
a market on Thursday, seated on the river
Taw, 21 m NW Exeter, and 194 whys
London.
Chumpaneer, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gujrat, capital of a district, it is surround-
ed by a strong wall, with many towers ;
and the ruins around prove its former
grandeur. The houses of the present town
are merely huts raised on blocks and
pillars of the once magnificent edifices of
the JMoguls. Two m to the e is Powang-
hur, a strong fort on an immense high rock.
Chumpaneer is 55 m e by x Cambay. Lon,
73 37 E, lat. 22 31 N.
Chunar, or Chunargur, a town and for-
tress of Hindoostan, in Allahabad, capital
of the district of Chunar, which is a fertile
country to the x, and mountainous toward
the s. The fort is built on a rock, fortified
all round by a wall and towers. It was
unsuccessfully attempted by the British in
1764; but in 1772 it was ceded to them
by the nabob of Oude. It is seated on the
right bank of the Ganges, 15 m ssw Be-
naijs, and 68 ese Allahabad. Lon. 82
54 E, lat. 25 9 x.
Chunaub; see Chinauh.
Chu7i-te, a city i)f China, in Pe-tche-li,
with nine cities of the third rank under its
jurisdiction. It is 200 m xxw Peking.
Lon, 114 20 e, lat. 37 5 x.
Chupparah, a J own of Hindoostan, in
Gundwana, famous for the manufacture of
iron ; seated on the Baum Ganga, 58 m
s by w Gurrah, and 86 x by e Nagpoor.
Chuprah, a town of Hindoostan, in Ba-
har, capital of the rich district of Sarun.
It stands on the left bank of the Ganges,
32 m wxw Patna. Lon. 84 46 e, lat. 25
46 X.
Chuquisaca; see Plata.
Chur; see Coire.
Churbar, or Chobar, a seaport of Persia,
in Mekran, with a mud fort. It stands on
the E side of a bay of its name, 80 m ssw
Kidge. Lon. 60 25 e, lat. 25 20 x.
Church Stretton, a town in Shropshire,
w ith a market on Thursday, 14 m s Shrews-
bur}', and 158 wxw London.
Churn, a river that rises in Gloucester-
shire, near the village ot CoVPaecieyj 4 m i
CIN
Cheltenham, from a. hill, whence issues
seven springs, in the compass of 30 feet,
called Seven Wells, and Tiianies Head, it
flows s by Ciroiu'cster into Wiltshire, and
there meets the Isis from the w, 2 m above
Cricklade, where their luiitcd stream forms
the river Thames.
C/ntsciTJ, an island on tiie k coast of
China, with a town called Ting-hai, and a
much trefjuented harbour. Lon. 124 0 E,
lat. 30 On.
Chufiistaii; see Knshlan.
Ciianpa, or TsUiwpa, a country of Asia,
bounded on the n by Cochinchina, se by
the China sea, w and nw by Cambodia;
from whicli last it is separated by moun-
tains, inhabited by a sava<ie people. The
surface is more elevated than Cambodia,
but not so fertile; having tracks of sand
intersected with rocks. The productions
are cotton, indigo, and silk ; and the inha-
bitants are nuich employed in fishing. It
is subject to Cochinchina. Feneri is the
capital.
Cicacole, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Circars, and the capital of the largest cir-
car. Here is a mosque of considerable
sanctity. It is situate on the left bank
of a river, 5 m from its mouth, and 1(50
NE Rajamundry. Lon. 83 57 e, lat. 18
21 N.
Ciclut, a frontier town of Dalmatia, on
a rocky hill, on the w bank of the Narenta.
It was taken from the Turks, by the Vene-
tians, in 1694, and is 6 m sw INIarenta.
Lon. 18 22 E, lat. 43 29 N.
alley, a town of Germany, in Stiria,
capital of a circle. It has a considerable
trade in merchandise going to and from
Vienna and Triest ; and is seated on the
Saan, where it receives the Koding and be-
comes navigable, 58 m s by \v Gratz. Lon.
15 19 E, lat. 46 21 N.
Cimhrishum, a town of Ssveden, in Scho-
nen, seated on the Baltic, 36 m ese Lund.
Cina!oa, a province of New Spam,
bounded on the n by Sonora, e by New
Biscay, s by Culiacan, and w by the Gulf
of California. It produces abundance of
maize, legumes, fruits, and cotton, and
abounds in rich mines.
Cinaloa, the capital of the above pro-
vince. The populiition 9500. It stands
on the river Cinaloa, 35 m from its mouth
in the gulf of Calilbrnia, and 100 nw Culi-
acan. Lon. 106 38 w, lat. 25 58 n.
Cincinnati, a town ot Ohio, capital ot
Hamilton county, and of the Miami coun-
try. It stands on the river Ohio ; and 2
m above, opposite the influx of Licking
river, is Fort Washington. Cincinnati
has two edifices for public worship, various
manufactures of cotton, wool, and iron,
and is the emporium of the trade of the
state. In the vicinity many refics ot greac
CIR
antiquity have been found. It is 64 m
NNE Franktbrt, and 105 sw Columbus.
Lon. 84 25 w, lat. 38 42 N.
Civcfi, a town of Sicily, in Val di Ma-
zara, in the neighbourhood of which excel-
lent manna is collected. It is 20 m w
Palermo.
(Jiney, a town of the Netherlands, in the
territory of Liege, 17 m sk Namur, and 37
sw Liege.
Cinque Mars, a town of France, in the
department of Indre and Loire, 10 m Kw
Tours.
Cinque Ports, certain ports on the s
coast of England, opposite France, so call-
ed on account of their being five in num-
ber, when tlieir first charter was granted
by William i, in 1077. These were Dover,
Hastings, llithe, llomney, and Sandwich;
to which were afterward added Winchel-
sea, Seaford, and Hye. That king ap-
pointed a constable of Dovtr castle (who
is now called Lord Warden of the Cinque
Ports) and invested him with the command
of these ports, whose inhabitants had con-
siderable privileges anrl immunities, for
which they were to supply the government
with 57 sliips, at 40 days notice, and to
pay their crews during 15 days. At that
period, the opulent tradersof London were
styled barons ; a privilege that was enjoy-
ed likewise by the merchants of these
ports, whose representatives, to this da}',
are styled Barons of the Cinque Ports.
Cinque Villas, a town of Portugal, in
Beira, 6 m ne Almeida.
Cintra, a town of Portugal, in Estrema-
dura, situate between the mountains of
Cintra, on the n side of the entrance of
the Tajo. Here was a palace built by the
Moors, which was destroyed by an earth-
quake in 1655, and rebuilt by king Joseph.
It is 14 m NW Lisbon.
Cioiat, a seaport of France, in the de-
partment of Mouths of the Rhone, defend-
ed by a strong fort. It is famous for mus-
cadine wine, and seated on the bay of La-
quee, 14 m SE Marseilles. Lon. 5 41 e,
lat. 43 12 N.
Circars, a province of the Deccan of
Hindoostan, on the bay of Bengal, extend-
ing 470 m from Mootapilly to the n end
of the lake Chilka. The n extremity is
bounded by the district of Cuttack in
Orissa, and the s by that of Ongole in the
Carnatic ; the sea bounds it to the e, and
to the w It is separatea by mountains trom
Berar, Hydrabad, and Orissa. It contains
five circars, or districts, formerly denomi-
nated the Northern Circars, from their
position in respect to the Carnatic; they
are named Guntoor, Condapilly, EUore,
Rajamundry, and Cicacole ; the last being
much the largest. In all these districts
the soil is sandy along the coast, improving
cm
gradually toward the interior hills ; and
there ar« many small rivers running to-
ward the sea, which are artificially divided
into canals, and conducted into tanks and
great reservoirs. The Circars are exceed-
ingly productive of rice, wheat, and numer-
ous other kinds of grain ; and also produce
sugar, cotton, bay salt, and excellent to-
bacco. These circars had been ceded to
the French, by the nizam of the Deccan,
in 1753 ; but the capture of Masulipa-
tam, in 1759, by the British, having de-
prived them of all real power, these terri-
tories reverted to the nizam, with the ex-
ception of the town of Masulipatam and
its dependencies. In 1766, the British
obtained four of these circars from the
nizam, by a treaty, which also contingently
stipulated for the other, Guntoor, on the
death of the nizam's brother, and it devolv-
ed to the Company in 1788.
Circassia, one of the seven Caucasian
nations, between the Black sea and the
Caspian; bounded by the government of
Caucasia on the n, and by Georgia and
Mingrelia on the s, being separated from
Russia by the river Cuban. It contains the
districts of Great Kabardah, Little Kabar-
dah, Beslen, Temirgoi, Abasech, Bseduch,
Hatukai, and Bshani. This nation, from
their extraordinary courage and military
genius, might be formidable where they
united under one chief; but as they subsist
by raising cattle, and reside on the banks of
rivers, for the sake of water and pasturage,
they become divided into separate and hos-
tile tribes. From this disunion the Circas-
sians of the Cuban possess so little power as
to be scarcely known even to Russians, but
by the general appellation of Cuban Tar-
tars, in which they are confounded with
the Abkhas and Nogays, their neighbours.
The Kabardian Circassians, called Tscher-
kessi by the Russians, are the most power-
ful people of the n side of Caucasus; and
this superiority has introduced among their
neighbours such a general imitation of
their manners, that from the description of
these an idea may be formed of all the
rest. They are divided into three classes ;
the princes, the usdens or nobles, and the
vassals or peasants. A certain number
of peasants is allotted to each princely
family. In each of these, the eldest indi-
vidual is considered as chief of the family,
and as judge, protector, and father of all
tlie vassais attaclied to it. No prince can
be a landholder ; he has no other property
than his arras, horses, slaves, and the tri-
bute he can extort from the neighbouring
nations; and the greatest honour a prince
can acquire is that of being the first of the
nation to charge the enemy. The princes
are not to be distinguished in time of
peace trora the nobles, or even from the
CIR
peasants; their food and dress are the
same, and their houses little better. The
nobles, chosen by the princes from the in-
ferior class, are the officers of the prince,
and the executors of the laws; and are
employed in the general assemblies of the
nation to gain the assent of the people to
the measures proposed by the princes.
The vassals, as well as the usdens, are pro-
prietors of lands. The Circassians do not
appear to have ever had any written laws,
but are governed by a kind of common
law, or collection of ancient usages. They
have few manufactures; and their agricul-
ture produces barely sufficient for their
own subsistence. Sheep and horses are
the principal articles of their cornme-ce,
particularly the latter, which sell at a high
price ; but the balance of trade would be
considerably against them, were it not for the
slaves which they make in their predatory
excursions. At the birth of a prince, some
usden, or sometimes the prince of another
family is chosen as his preceptor, to whose
care he is committed on the third day, and
the father never sees his son again till his
marriage. The son of an usden remains
under the parental roof till four years old,
and is then consigned to a preceptor, by
whom he is taught to ride, to use arms, and
to steal ; and does not return to his father's
house, until his cunning, address, and
strength, are supposed to be perfect. The
preceptor is recompensed by nine-tenths
of the booty made by his pupil while under
this tuition. This mode of education is
persevered in, with a view to prevent the
bad efl^ects of paternal indulgence, and is
supposed to be peculiar to the Circassians;
but the object of education is the same
among all the mountaineers of Caucasus,
who universally subsist by robbery. Girls
are brought up by the mother; they learn
to embroider, to make their own dress, and
that of their future husbands. The daugh-
ters of slaves receive the same education ;
these are principally Georgians, and are
sold according to their beauty, from 20 to
lOOl. Their ' musical instruments are a
long flute with only three stops, a species
of mandoline, and a tambourin. Their
dances have little gayety or expression ;
the steps difficult, but not graceful. The
habitation of a Circassian is composed of
two huts ; one allotted to the husband, and
to the reception of strangers ; the other to
tiie wife and family : the court wluch sepa-
rates them is surrounded by palisades.
Their food is simple, consisting of a little
meat, some paste made of gom or millety
and a kind of beer, composed of the same
grain fermented. Whatever may have
been the original religion of this people,
they iiave been successively convertea to
Christianity and Mahomedanism, and have
CIT
now 1)0 rells^ion or vvorsliip amoiis tliein.
They brt'iilv, witluuit scruple, siicli outlis
as tliey have taken on the bible and the
koran ; but there arc certain forms of oaths,
and certain places in the nei;j;hbourh()o(i ui
their ruins (supposed to be renuiins of
Christian churches) which insurr their
fidelity. The Circassians have not any
letters of their own; those among them
who write tlieir language make use of
Arabian characters.
Circllu, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citra, near the sea, 12 m se Scala.
Cirencester, a borough in Gloucester-
shire, with a market on Monday and Fri-
day. The ruins of the walls are yet visi-
ble; it had also a castle and an abbey, and
Jiere two Roman roads crossed each other.
It is one of the greatest marts in England
for wool; and has a manufacture of cur-
riers knives, highly valued. It is seated on
the Churm, 18 m se Gloucester, and 89 w
London. Lon. 1 38 w, lat. 51 43 N.
Cirie, a town of Piedmont, seated on
the Doria, near the foot of the Alps, 8 m
KNW Turin.
Cirknitz ; see Czirnitz.
Cismar, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Holstein, seated near the Baltic, 17 m n
Travemnnde.
Citrazo, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citra, near the coast of the Mediterranean
sea, 20 m WW Cosenza.
Citta di Castello, a city of Italy, in the
duchy of Urbino, with a castle; seated on
the Tiber, 27 m sw Urbino. Lon. 12 18
I, lat. 43 28 N.
Citta Nuova^ a town of Italy, in the
marquisate of Ancona, on the gulf of
Venice, 10 m s Loretto.
Citta Ntiova, a seaport of Tstria, and a
bishop's see, seated on an isthmus, at the
mouth of the Queto, which forms a good
harbour, 26 m ssw Capo dlstria. Lon. 13
47 E, lat. 43 32 N.
Citta Vecchia, a fortified city of Malta,
formerly the capital of the island, and still
tiie seat of the bishopric. The most re-
markable edifices are the palace of the
grand master, and the cathedral. Here
are extensive catacombs, about 15 feet be-
low the surface of the rock in which they
ure cut ; they contain streets formed with
such regularity, that the title of Subterra-
neous City has been given to this place.
Near this city is the Grotto of St. Paul,
divided into three parts by iron grates; in
the furthest part is an altar, and statue of
the saint, in white marble. This old city
was considerably larger than at present;
for the new city, Valetta, being more con-
veniently seated, has drawn away the
greater number of its inhabitants. It
stands on a liill, in the iuteriof of the
IslaiiidjCm whys Valetta.
CIV
CittadclUi, a seaport and the capital of
Minorca, surrounded by a wail with bas-
tions. It contains about 3000 inhabitants,
and is the principal residence of the old
nobility of the island. Here are a cathe-
dral, two parish churches, and four con-
vents. The trade is inconsiderable, and its
harbour at the w end of the island is not
good. Lon. 3 34 e, lat. 39 58 N.
Cittctdella, a town of Italy, in Paduan,
on the river Brenta, 20 m nw I'adua.
City Point; see Bermuda Hundred.
Ciudad Real, a town of Spain, in New-
Castile, capital of Majicha. Here are
three churches and seven convents. The
inhabitants are noted for dressing leather
for gloves. It is 2 m from the Guadiana,
and'^98 s Madrid. Lon. 3 57 w, lat. 39 1 iv.
Ciudad liodrigo, a city of Spain, in
Leon, and a bishop's sec, with a strong
fort. In 1812, the British took it by storm
from the French. It stands in an extensive
plain, on the Aguada, 50 m sw Salamanca.
Lon. 6 25 w, lat. 40 53 n.
Civita d' Antina, a town of Naples, in
Abruzzo Ultra, situate on a lofty eminence,
by the river Garigliano, 10 m NNw Sora.
Civila Castellana, a town of Italy, in
the patrimony of St. Peter, with a citadel.^
It stands on a high rock, at the foot of
which is a river that flows into the Tiber,
25 m N Rome.
Civita di Chieti, a city of Naples, capital
of Abruzzo Citra, and an archbishop's see.
It contains four churches and nine con-
vents, and stands on a mountain, near the
river Pescara, 28 m e Aquila, and 96 N
Naples. Lon. 14 22 e, lat. 42 24 N.
Civita Ducale, a town of JNaples, ia
Abruzzo Ultra, on the river Velino, 10 in
vv Aquila.
Civita di Friuli, a town of Italy, in
Friuli, seated on the Natisona, 10 m e
Udina.
Civita Mandonia, a town of Naples, in
Calabria Citra, near which are the ruins
of the famous city of Sibaris. It is seated
on the gulf of Tarento, at the influx of the
Crati, 31 m ivbvE Cosenza.
Civita di Penna, a town of Naples, in
Abruzzo Ultra, near the river Salino, 25 m
KE Aquila.
Civita delta Pieve, a town of Italy, ia
Perugino, 23 m wsw Perugia.
Civita Vecchia, a seaport of Italy, in the
patrimony of St. Peter, with an arsenal.
The chief exports are puzzolana and a
superior kind of alum, prepared at Tolfa.
Here the pope's gallies are stationed. It<.
was taken by the French in 1798, and re-
taken by the Austrians and Russians, in
1799. It is 35 m KW Rome. Lon. 11 46
E, lat. 42 5 N.
Civiiella, a town of Naples, in Otranto,
5 m»Tarauto>
CLA
Civ >•(!!/; see Sltrcti/.
Clackmunan, a borough of Scotland, and
the county-town ofChickmaiiansIiire, with
a harbour formed by the Black Devon, at
its conflux with the Forth. On the top of
a liill is a square tower, all that remains of
the castle of the illustrious Robert Bruce,
whose great sword and casque were pre-
served here to the 19th century. The po-
pulation was 3605 in 1811. It is 29 m
wsvif Ediuburg. Lon. 3 33 w, hit. 56 5 n.
Clachtiiancms/iire, a county of Scotland,
only 10 m long and 8 broad; bounded on
the s\v by the Forth, which divides it from
Stirlingshire, and on all other sides by
Perthshire. It produces good corn and
I^asture, and plenty of coal and salt. The
population was 12,010 in 1811. This
sliire, with Kinross, sends one member to
parliament. C.'lackmanan is the county-
town, but Alloa is the largest.
Clagenfiirt, a town of Germany, capital
of Carinthia. It has a strong wall, six
churches, three convents, and manufac-
tures of cloth and white lead. This town
was taken by the French in 1797. It
stands on the river Glan, 140 ni sw Vien-
na. Lon. 14 7 E, lat. 46 41 n.
Clair, St. a lake of N America, between
the lakes Huron and Erie, 90 m in circuit.
It receives the waters of the lakes Superior,
Michigan, and Huron, and discharges them,
through the strait called Detroit, into the
lake Erie.
Clairuc, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot and Garonne. Coru and
tobacco are cultivated, and a great deal of
wine and brandy made here. It is seated
in a valley, on the river Dort, 13 m xw
Agen.
Clamency, a town of Fi'anc?, in the de-
partment of Nievre. Before the late revo-
lution, the chapel of a hospital iu tlie
suburb w'as the provision for tiie bishop of
Bethlehem, who was fixed here in 1180,
.after the Christians had been driven from
the Holy Land. Clamency is seated at
the conflux of the Buevron with theYonne,
35 ra xxE Nevers. Lon. 3 36 e, lat. 47
28 N.
Clciphum, a village in Surry, 3 m ssw
London, noted for many handsome villas,
which chiefly surround a beautiful com-
mon.
Clara, a town of Ireland, in King coun-
ty, with a flourishing linen manufacture.
Near it is the ruin of Kilcoursey castle.
It is situate on the Erosna, 14 m w Philip-
town.
Clara, St. a small island of Peru, in the
bay of Guayaquil, 70 m sw Guayaquil.
Lon. 82 20 w, lat. 2 20 s.
Clare, a town in Suffolk, with a market
on Tuesday. It is famous for the great
CLA
men who have born the title of earl and
duke of it. Lionel, third son of Edward iii,
becoming possessed of the honour of
Clare, by marriage, was created duke of
Clarence; and that title has ever since
belonged to a branch of the royal family.
Here are the ruins of a castle ; also of a
priory, the house of which is now occupied
I)y a farmer, and the cliapel is a barn.
Clare has a manufacture of bays, and is
seated near the Stour, 15 m s Bury St.
Edmuiid, and 56 ke London.
Clare, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Munster, 55 m long and 38 broad ;
bounded on the w by the Atlantic, n by
Galway, and e and s by the Shannon,
which separates it from Tipperary, Limer-
ick, and Kerry. It is divided into 79
parishes, has about 96,000 inhabitants,
and sends three members to parliament.
It breeds more horses than any other
county in Ireland, beside a great number
of cattle and sheep. The chief rivers are
the Shannon and Fergus, and it has numer-
ous lakes. Ennis is the capital.
Clare, a village in the above county,
seated on the Fergus, near its entrance
into the Shannon, 2 m sse Ennis. It was
once the capital of the county, and has a
castle on an island in the Fergus, over
which is an excellent modern bridge.
Clareinont, a town of New Hampshire,
in Cheshire county, situate on Sugar river,
at its conflux with the Connecticut, 27
m s Hanover, and 90 WNW Portsmouth.
Clarendon, a village in Wiltshire, 3 m e
Salisbury. Here was once a royal [lalace,
in which the parliament was several times
convened ; the first time by Henry ii, in
1164, who enacted the laws called the Con-
stitutions of Clarendon, by which the power '
of the clergy was restrained.
Cluritzu, a town of European Turkey
in Jaiiina, at the mouth of the Penco iu
the gulf of Salonica, 26 m e Larissa.
Clarksburg, a town of Virginia, chief of
Harrison county. It stands on the Monon-
gahela, 40 m sw Morgantown. Lon. 80
40 w, lat. 39 15 N.
ClarkHtown, a town of New York, in
Orange county, 2 m w of the Tappan sea,
and 29 n by w' New York,
Clarksville, a town of Tennessee, chief
of Robertson county. It stands on Cum-
berland river, at the influx of Red river,
45 m NW Nashville, Lon, 87 23 w, lat.
36 25 N.
Claude, St. a town of France, in the
department of Jura, and lately a bishop's
see. It owes its origin to a celebrated
abbey, which was secularized in 1742.
The cathedral is extremely elegant; and
here are many public fountains with large
basins. It is seated between three high
M
CLE
mountains, on the river Lison, 35 m nw
Geneva. Lon. G 18 r., lat. 46 24 N.
Cldvcrac, a town of New York, in Co-
lumbia county, with a Dutch church and
a court-house ; seated in a larjie pkiin, near
a creek ot'its name, 2 m v. Hudson.
Clausen, n {own of Germany, in Tyrol,
with a castle. The adjacent country pro-
duces a line red wine. It stands near tlie
river Eisack, 8 m sw Erixen.
Clitusaihur^, or Coluswar, a town of
Transylvania, where tiie states of the pro-
vince generally assemble. On one of the
gates is an inscription in honour of Trajan.
it stands en the Samos, 60 ra nnw lier-
manstadt. Lon. 23 20 e, lat. 46 55 n.
Cluusthul, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick. Here is a mint
for coining money; and near it are some
rich silver mines. It stands in the Hartz
mountains. 14 m ssw Goslar.
Cluij, a village in Norfolk, seated on an
arm of the sea, 4 m xnw Holt. It has
some large salt-works.
C/c'«r, Cape, the southern promontory
of a little island culled Clare, on the s
coast of L-eland. Lon. 9 50 \v, lat. 51
15 N.
Cleeze, Old, a village in Somersetshire,
2 m sw Watchet. Here are considerable
remains of a monastery, sonae parts of
■which are converted into a granary, stables,
&c. for an adjoining farm-house.
Clcoliirij, a town in Shropshire, with a
market on Thursday ; seated on the river
Rea, 28 m sse Shrewsbury, and 137 Nw^
London,
Clerac, or Clalrac, a town of France, in
the department of Lot and Caroline, on
tlie river Lot, 10 ni nw Agen.
Gierke is/f.«, two islands near the entrance
of Beering strait, between the coasts of
Kamschatka ai d N America. They were
seen by Cook in 1778, and so named in
honour of captain Gierke, his second in
command. Ihey were both inhabited, and
not unknown to the Russians. Lon. 169
30\v, lat. 63 15 N.
Clermont, a city of France, capital of
the department of Puy de Dome, and a
bishop's see. It is seated on an eminence,
and sometimes called Clermont Ferrand,
since the town of IMontferrand, about a
mile distance to the ne, was united under
the name of a suburb. The cathedral,
public squares, and walks are very tine;
but the streets are narrow, and the houses
built of stones of a gloomy liue. In the
neighbourhood are some mineral springs;
and that of the suburb St. AUyre has form-
ed a natural bridge over the brook into
which it falls, so that carnages can pass
over. Clermont is the birthplace of the
celebrated Pascal, and has manufactures
of ratteens, druggets, serges, and leather.
CLO
It is 86 m s Nevers. Lon. 3 5 e, lat. 45
47 N.
Clermont, a town of Fiance, in the de-
partment of Herault, with manufactures of |
cloth and luits ; seated on an eminence
near the Logue, 10 m sse Lodeve, and 24
w Montpeliicr.
Clermont, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mouse, on an eminence by
the river Ayr, 12 m whys Verdun.
Clermont, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Oise, on an eminence, near
the Bresche, 37 m n Paris.
Clermont, a town of New York, in Co-
lumbia county, 15 m s Hudson, and 117 N
New York.
Clery, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Loiret, once famous for the
pilgrimages to our lady of Clery. Here
is the tomb of that monster Louis xi,
who appears in white marble, as the saint
and the patriot king. It is 9 m ssw Or-
leans.
Cleve, a duchy of Westphalia, divided
into two parts by the Rhine. It is a fine
country, variegated with hills, woods, fields,
towns, and villages ; and the chief rivers
are the Rhine, Lippe, and Roer.
Cleve, a city and the capital of the above
duchy. Here is the old castle of Schwa-
nenburg, said to have been founded by
Julius Cesar. The population 6000. It
is seated on the eastern side of a hill, a
mile w of the Rliine, to which it has a
canal, and 70 m xxw Cologne. Lon. 6 12
e, lat. 51 48 N.
Cliff] a town in Northamptonshire, with
a market on Tuesday, 30 m ne Northamp-
ton, and 88 xkw London.
Clissii, a fort of Dalmatia, taken from
the Turks by the Venetians, in 1684. It
is seated on a craggy mountain, 6 m n
Spalatto.
Clisson, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Loire, on the river
Sevre, 12 m s Nantes.
Clilkeroe, a borough in Lancashire, with
a market on Saturday. Here are the re-
mains of an ancient castle, several exten-
sive cotton manufactures, and a trade in
lime. It is seated near Pendil hill and the
river Ribble, 22 m se Lancaster, and 217
XNV,' London.
Clogli, a town of Ireland, in Down
county, near the head of Dundrum bay, 6
ni sw Downpatrick.
Clogher, a town of Ireland, in Tyrone
county, and a bishop's see, but now a
small place. The cathedral is a modern
structure, and serves as the parish church.
It is situate on the Launy, 19 m wsw
Dungannon.
Clonakilty, a borough of Ireland, in Cork
county, on a sandy bay of its name, 28 m
sw Cork.
CLO
Clonard, a town of Ireland, in Meath
county, anciently a bishop's see, and some
portions of the abbey yet. remain. It is
situate on the Boyne, 32 ra w by N
Dublin.
Clonegal, a town of Ireland, in Wex-
ford county, 11 m nnw Ferns.
Clones, a town of Ireland, in Monaghan
couiitv, with a collegiate church, and a
round tower, 12 m wsw Monaghan.
Cloiifert, a town of Ireland, in Galway
county, and a bishop's see united with Kil-
macduagh. The cathedral also serves as
a parisli church. It is situate near the
Shannon, 43 m e Galway. Lon. 8 26 w,
lat. 53 10 N.
Clonmacnois, a village of Ireland, in
W Meath county, seated on the Shannon,
10 m s Athlone. It is celebrated for the
large remains of an abbey, whicii was
amazinoly rich and uncommonly extensive.
Clonmel, a borough of Ireland, capital
of Tipperary county, seated on the river
Suir. The castles and fortifications were
demolished by Cromwell. It has a flourish-
ing woollen manufacture, and a consider-
able inland trade. Over the river is a
bridge of 20 arches, divided into two parts
by a small island, on which houses are
built. Clonmel sends a member to parlia-
ment, and is the birthplace of the celebrat-
ed Lawrence Sterne. It is 15 m sse
Cashel, and 34 sw Kilkenny. Lou. 8 2 w,
lat. 52 15 N,
Clonmines, a borough of Ireland, in
Wexford county, on the river Bannow at
its entrance into the head of Bannow bay,
16 m wsw Wexford.
Cloppenburg, a town of Westphalia, in
the prmcipality of Munster, 32 m ne
Lingen.
Closter Neuburg, a town of Austria,
■with an Augustine convent of regular
canons. It has a yard for ship-building,
and is seated on the Danube, 7 m nnw
Vienna.
Closter Seven, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Bremen, memorable for a
convention entered into between the duke
of Cumberland, and the duke of Richelieu,
commander of the French armies, in 1758,
by which 38,000 Hanoverians laid down
their arms and were dispersed. It is 19 m
s Stade.
Cloud, St. a village of France, in the
department of Seine and Oise, on the river
Seine, 6 m w Paris. Here is a magnificent
palace, celebrated for its beautiful pros-
pect, park, gardens, and cascades; and
near the park, on the bank of the Seine, is
the famed porcelain manufacture of Seve.
Clovelly, a village in Devonshire, 3 m
EXE Ilartland. It is built on the side of a
steep rock, to which the houses seem fixed
COB
like pigeon-huts ; and it has a good pier itt
the Bristol channel.
Cloi/e, or Clois, a town of France, in the
department of Eure and Loir, 5 m s\y
Chateaudun.
Cloyne, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, and a bishop's see. The cathedral
is also the parish cliurch ; and near it is a
round tower 90 feet high. It is 18 ra e
by s Cork.
Clundert, a town and fortress of the
Netherlands, in S Holland, near an arm of
the sea, called Hollands Diep. In 1793
it was taken by the French, who were ob-
liged to evacuate it soon after ; but it sur-
rendered to them in 1795. It is 9 ra SE
Williamstadt.
Cluny, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Saone and Loire, once famous for
its Benedictine abbey, of which little now
remains. Here are manufactures of cloth,
gloves, and basket-work. It is seated on
the Grosne, 12 ra nw Macon.
Cluse, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Geneva, and district of Faucigny,
seated on the Arve, 22 m se Geneva.
Clwi/d, a river of Wales, which has its
whole course through a fertile vale of the
same name. It rises on the s border of
Denbighshire, crosses that county, by Ru-
thin, into Flintshire, and there flows by St.
Asaph to Rhuddlan, where it enters the
Irish sea.
Clyde, a river of Scotland, which rises
in the s part of Lanerkshire, passes by
Lanerk, Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew,
Dunbarton, and Port Glasgow to Green-
ock, where it enters an arm of the sea,
called the Frith of Clyde. This river runs
for several miles between high rocks, and
in its course forms several cataracts. At
Glasgow it becomes navigable, and 6 m.
below that city it is joined by the Great
canal from the Forth.
Cli/thness, a cape of Scotland, on the se
coast of Caithness. Lon. 3 3 w, lat. 58 16 n.
Coanzo, a river of Africa, whose source
is unknown; but from Bemba it passes
into Congo, where it forms that boundary
of the kingdoms of ISIatamba and Angola,
and enters the Atlantic in lat. 9 20 s.
Couvo, a river of Africa, which rises ia
the unknown interior regions, separates
Zanguebar from CaftVeria, and enters the
Indian ocean in lat. 8 35 s.
Coban ; see Vera Paz.
Cubbe, the capital of the kingdom of
Darfoor, containing about 6000 inhabi-
tants. It is 2 ra in length, but very nar-
row, and the houses are separated by large
portions of vacant ground. The principal
inhabitants are foreigners and merchants,
who trade to Egypt, and the sultan himself
is the chief merchant. It stands on a plain,
M2
coc
S50 ra wsw Sennar. Lon. 28 8 r., lat. 14
11 N.
Cob/iinii, n village in Surry, on the river
Mole, 7 m sw Kins^ston. It lias several
hanilsome villas, two medicinal springs,
and a manufacture of iron and copper.
Colli, a desert part of Tartary, called
Chamo by the Chinese ; bounded on the
:n by the country of the Kalkas, r. by the
Moi;uls and Chinese Tartary, s by China,
txnd w by Cahnuc Tartary.
Cohijfi, a town of Charcas, with a good
liarbour for vessels carrying the metal from
the neighbouring mines. It is 250 m s
Arica. Lon. .'54 44 w, lat. 22 20 s.
Cublen'.z, a city ot Gevmany, in the ter-
i-itory of Treves. It was the residence of
the elector, who built a new palace here ;
the old one being on the opposite side of
the Khine, in the vale of Etneubreitstein.
Here are a great number of fine churches
and convents, and acoliege. The population
10,200. It has few manufactures, and the
trade consists principally in tlie transfer-
ring of merchandise brought hither by
the Pdiine and the Moselle. Coblentz
was taken by the French in 1794. It
is seated at the conflux of the Moselle with
the Rhine, 50 m ke Treves. Lon. 7 38 r,
lat. 50 22 N.
Coburg, a town of Upper Saxony, capital
of a principality, with a college, a fort, and-
a castle. Here are manufactures of porce-
lain, and also of petrified wood, with which
the country abounds. It is seated on the
Itch, 22 ra N by e Bamberg. Lon. 11 12 e,
Jat. 50 17 N.
Coca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
with a strong castle for state prisoners ;
seated among mountains, on . the river
Eresma, 28 m ^\v Segovia.
Cochubmnba, or Oropesa, a town of Char-
cas, capital of the province of Cochabarnba.
The chief trade is in corn and fruit, of
■K'hich great quantities are produced in the
I'ailey of Cochabamba. It is 120 m :cxw
Plata. Lon. 07 25 w, lat. 18 10 s.
Cochcim, a town of Germany in the ter-
ritory of Treves ; seated on the Moselle,
Ho m sw Coblentz.
Cochin, a province on the w coast of
Southern Hindoostan, lying between those
of Malabar and Travancor, 80 m long
and 70 broad. It was governed by a rajah,
■who now possesses fome towns, and is
J:ributary to the British.
Cochin, a seaport of the above province,
situ.atG on a lov.- island, formed by a river
whici'i a little below enters into the sea.
Here, ;n 1503, the Portuguese erected a
Jbrt, which was the first possessed by them
in India. Jn 1(363, it was taken by the
Dutch, and taken from them by the Bri-
tish in 1795. The traffic of this place is
considerable, and the .chief exports are
COC
popper, cardamoms, teak, sandal wood,
cocoa nuts, coir cordage, and cassia. It
is 97 m sbyn Calicut. Lun. 7G 8 r., lat.
9 56 N.
Cochinchina, a kingdom of Asia, 500 m
long and 120 broad, bounded on the e by
the China sea, i>j by Tonquin (from which
it is separated by mountains and a strong;
wall) w by Cambodia, and s by Ciampa.
The climate is healthy, the summer liear
being tempered by regular breezes from
the sea. September, October, and No-
vember is the rainy season, when the low-
lands are suddenly overflowed by torrents,
of water from the mountains : the inunda-
tions happen generally once a fortnight,
and continue three or four days. In the.
following three months there are frequent
rains, brought by cold northei-ly winds,,
which distinguish this country with a
winter different from any other in the
east. The inundations render the land
fertile, many parts producing three crops,
of grain in the year; and all the fruits
of India, with many of those of China,
grow in the greatest perfection. Gold is
almost taken pure from the mines, and.
there are rich silver mines. The country
is intersected by rivers, which are well
calculated for promoting inland commerce,
yet not large enough to admit vessels ot*
great burden ; but there are commodious
harbours on the coast, particularly that of
Turon. The aborigines of Cochinchina
are called Moys, and they inhabit tiie
chain of mountains which separate it from,
Cambodia. To these strong holds they
were driven, about tlie beginning of the
15th century, by the present possessors of
the country. They are a savage people,,
very black, and in features resemble the
Caffres. The present inhabitants bear
evident marks of being derived from the
same stock as the Chinese; their religion
being the same, and most of their manners,
and customs. -They are generally coarse
featured, their colour nearly as deep as
that of the Malays, and rather inclined to
indolence. The women are by far the most
active sex, and in towns the merchants
often employ them as their factors and:
brokers. The cities and tovvus have gates
at the end of each street, which are shut
every niglit. The houses are mostly of"
bamboo, covered with rushes or the straw
of rice, and stand in groves of oranges,,
limes, plantains, and cocoa-trees. In
the forests are ebony, cedars, mimosas,
teak, and most other trees that grow in
India. Here is plenty of sugar, pepjjer,
cinnamon, rice, yams, sweet potatoes,
pumpkins, and melons ; also ivory, musk,
indigo, lioney, and silk. Tlie edible bird-
nests, esteemed a luxury in China, are
ciniefiy found here; they are as white as
COG
snow, formed by a specie of small swallow
from gome uiikiiowa viscous substance,
and great numbers are exported. The
king of this country consummated a great
revolution about the year 1792 ; and after-
ward acquired the adjoining kiisgdoms of
Tonqnin, Cambodia, Lao, and Ciampa;
that his dominions, united, now form one
great empire. Tlie govenmient is a despo-
tism, upon the model of that of China.
The capital is Hue.
Cocker, a river that rises in the s of
Cumberland, flows through the lakes of
Ijuttermere, Cromack-wa'.er, and Lowes-
ivater, and joins the Derwcnt, below
Cockermouth.
Cockermouth, a boroujih in Cumberland,
■with a market on JMonday. It stands on
the Cocker, at its conflux with the Derwent,
.and between two hills, (41 one of which
is a handsome church, and on the other
Xhe remains of a stately castle. It has
xnanufactures of shalloons, coarse linen
and woolien cloths, leather, and hats. It
i.s 26 m s\v Carlisle, and 305 Nxw London.
Xon, 3 low, hit. 54 32 x.
Cocker-mouth, a town of New Hampshire,
in Grafton couuty, 12 m ne Hanover, and
£0 Nw Portsmouth.
Coconato, a town of Piedmont, the birth-
place of Columbus, 20 m v. Turin.
Cod, Cape, a cape and peninsula of
Massachusbts. The peninsula extends in
a semicircle, e and x, 70 m in length and
from 3 to 9 in breadth. The cape is the
^extremity, and forms the be point of Mas-
jsachusets bay. Lon. 70 14 w, lat.4'2 4 n.
Codogno, a town of Italy, in Lodesan,
near the conflux of the Adda with the
Po, 12 m SSE Lodi.
Codomudi, a town of Hindoostan, in
Coimbctore, seated near the Cavery, a
little above the influx of the Noyelar, 23
m SSE Bhawanikudal.
Coel; see jllj/g/tur.
Coefj/ield, a town of Westplialia, in the
principality of Munster, near the source of
the Burkel, IS m w JMunster.
Coevordcn, a fortified town of the Ne-
therlands, in Overyssel, and one of the
strongest places in the whole country. It
•stands .in a morass, on the river Aa, 2 m
from the Vetcht, and 31 exe ZwoU. Lon.
« 44 E, lat. 52 42 N.
Coggeshal, a. town In Essex, with a
market on Saturday, aud a luar.ufacture
of bays ; seated on the Black water, 7 m
w Colchester, and 44 e.xe London.
Cognac, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Charente, with a castle, where
Francis i was born. It is celebrated for
excellent brundy, and seated on the Cha-
rente, 17 m w Angouleme.
Cogne, a town of Piedmont, in a valley
and on a river of thf; same name. The
COI
mountains which bound it arc rich in mines
of iron and copper. It is 6 m s Aosta.
Cugni, or Kouia, the ancient Iconium^
a city of Asiatic Turkey, capital of Cara-
mania, and tlie see of a Greek archbishop.
The w.ills have 108 square towers, at 40
paces distant from each other ; and it has
two large suburbs, into one of which the
caravans aud strangers retire. The chief
ornaments of this city are its mosques, of
which there are 12 large and above 100
small ; and the principal one, built in imi-
tation of St. Sophia at Constantinople, is a
magnificent structure. The population
30,000. It is a place of great trade, and
seated near a lake, in au extensive plain,
abounding in corn, fruit, pulse, and cattle,
140 m ESE Kiutaja. Lon. 32 38 e, lat.
37 54 N.
Cohahuila, a province of New Spain ;
bounded on the n by a country unknown,
E by Texas and New Leon, and s and ^v by-
New Biscay. It is little known. Mon-
clova is the capital.
Coimbetore, a province of Southern Hin-
doostan, lyings of Mysore, to which it was
lately subject, but ceded to the British on
the final defeat of Tippoo in 1799. It is
110 m long and 70 broad, and divided by
the river Noyelar into two districts, N"orth
and South; the former is hilly, and thinly-
inhabited ; the other is more level, and
well cultivated.
Coimbetore, the capital of the above
province. It was taken by the English in
1790, and retaken in 1791 by Tippoo, who
soon after destroyed the fort. It contains
2000 houses, an extensive mud palace, and
a tolerable mosque, built by Tippoo, who
sometimes resided here ; but it has no
large temple. The chief manufactures are
muslins and cotton clotlis ; and these, with
cotton wool and thread, tobacco, sugar,
and betel-leaf, are the principal articles of
trade. It is lOo m sbyE Seringapatam.
Lfejii. 77 6 E, lat. 10 55 n.
Coimhra, a city of Portugal, capital of
Beira, and abisiiop's see, with a celebrated
university. The cat lied ral is magnificent,
beside which there are nine churches, and
eight convents. It stands on a mountain,
by the river Mondego, 100 m ne Lisbon.
Lon. C 20 w, lat. 40 25 x,
Coire, or Chur, a town of Switzerland,
capital of the canton of Grisons, and a
bishop's see. It is surrounded by ancient
brick walls, with square and round towers,
and divided into two parts, the least of
which is of the catholic religion, and the
greatest of the protestant. The French
surprised and defeated the Austrian armj
at this place in 1799. It is seated between
two mountains, ou the river Plessur, near
the llhine, 25 m ese Claris. Lon. 9 33 E,
lat. 46 50 N.
COL
Cokenhausen, a strong town of Russia,
in the g,overnment of Livonia, on the river
Dvvina, 50 ni si: Riga.
Co-king, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Yu-nan.' It is 1160 m ssw Pe-
king. Lon. 100 12 r, hit. 26 35 n.
Cokhn/, a town on the ne coast of Cey-
lon, at the moutli of a river of the same
name, whicli ininiecUatcly above expands
into a lake 8 in in length. It is 37 m
3<NW Trincomalee.
Col, one of the Hebrides of Scotland,
lyins; to the wnw of Mull. It is 14 ni long
and above 2 broad. The suri'ace is rocky,
and the greatest part covered with heath ;
but it prodnces some corn and pasture,
and has several small lakes replenished
-with tish. Goats, sheep, horses, and
beeves are fed here. The castle of Col is
a strong square-built structure, and still in
tolerable repair.
Colar, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
capital of a district, with a strong mud
fort, and the remains of a hill fort. It is
the birliiplace of Ilyder, who erected here
a handsome mausoleum for his father, and
near it a mosque and a college of priests.
The chief manufactures are cotton cloths
and muslins. It is 40 m ene Bangaloor,
and 140 w Madras. Lon. 78 19 e, lat.
13 *8 N.
Colbene, a town of Tripoli, on the sw
part of the gulf of Sidra, 90 m SSE Mes-
surata.
Colberg, a fortified seaport of Further
Pomerania, with a collegiate church, good
linen manufactures, and considerable salt-
works. The Russians laid siege to this
town in 1758 and 1760, without success ;
but it surrendered to ihem alter a long
siege in 1761, and was restored at the
subsequent peace. It is seated near the
mouth of the Persant, in the Baltic, 60
m NE Stettin. Lon. 15 36 e, lat. 54 9 n.
Colchagua, a province of Chili, well
•watered by numerous rivers, and contain-
ing several lakes, of which, Taguatagna,
the largest, inchicies several beautiful
islands frequented by abundance of water
fowl. The soil produces plenty of grain,
wine, and fruit, and it has several gold
mines. St. Fernando is the capital.
Colchester, a borough and tlie largest
town in Essex, governed by a mayor, with
a market on Wednesday and Saturday.
It is seated on an eminence by tlie Coin,
which is navigable to a place called Ilithe,
where the custcmhouse is situate. The
town was surrounded by a wall, now de-
molished ; and to the E are the remains of
an old caslie. Here were formerly 16
churches, but now only 12 are used ; and
most of them were damaged in 1648, when
the town surrendered to the army of the
parliament, after a memorable siege. Col-
COL
Chester is famons for oysters and eringo-
roots, and has a large manufacture of baize.
'J'he population was 12,514 in 1811. It
is 18 m sw Ipswich, and 51 me London.
Lon. 0 58 E, lat. 51 53 n.
Colclioitcr, a town of Virginia, in Fair-
fax county, ou Ucipioquam creek, 3 m from
its conflux with the Potcmiac, and 16 sw
Alexandria.
Colchester, a town of Connecticut, in
New London county, 20 m nw New X>on-
don.
Colchester, a town of Vermont, in Chit-
tenden county, on a hay of Lake Champ-
lain, at the influx of the Onion, 14 m n by e
Burlington.
Colding, a town of Denmark, in n Jut-
land, formerly the residence of many Da-
nish kings, who adorned it with several
edifices. The harl)our is choked up, and
its commerce nearly anniliilated. It is
seated on the 'Ihuetlis, at its entrance into
a bay of the Little Belt, 30 m ene Ripen.
Lon."'9 25 e, lat. 55 33 N.
Coldivghum, a town of Scotland, in
Berwickshire, anciently noted for a nun-
nery, built by Edgar, king of Scotland.
Ebba, one of the abbesses, renowned in
tradition for her chastity, gave name to
the neighbouring promontory called St. Abb
Head. It is 9 m nxw Berwick.
Coldifz, a town of the kingdom of Saxony,
in Misnia, with manufactures of linen and
stuffs; seated on the Mulda,22 m SELeipzic.
Coldstream, a town of Scotlaisd, in Ber-
wickshire. Here general Monk first raised
the Coldstream regiment of guards, with
which he marched into England to rsstore
Charles II. It stands on the Tweed, over
whicli is a handsome bridge, 13 m sw
Berwick.
Coleugura, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Coimbetore. It has two large
temples, and is a considerable mart tor the
traders between Seringapatam and the
country below the eastern Gauts. It is 34
in SE Seringapatam.
Colehrook, a town of Connecticut, in
Lichfield county, with iron-works on Still
river, a branch of the Farmington, 26 m
NW Hartford.
Colebrook Dale, a village in Shropshire,
fin the banks of tlie Severn, 2 m n by e
Broseley. It stands in a winding vale, be-
tween two vast liills, which are covered
with hanging woods. Here are many kdns
for burning limestone ; the most consider-
able iron-viorks in England; a bridge, over
the Severn, constructed of cast iron ; a
spring of fossil tar, or petroleum ; and a
work for obtaining a similar kind of tar,
from the condensed smoke of coal.
Colenet, Cape, a cape of the island of
New Caledonia, in the Pacific ocean.
Lon. 164 56 E, lat. 20 30 s.
COL
Colerahi, a borough of Ireland, in Lon-
donderry county. It sends a member to
parlianieiit, and formerly <Tave name to tlie
county. The population 9000. Here is a
good saliron fishery, aud a noted manufac-
ture of linen. It stands on the river Bann,
5 m from the sea, and 28 ene London-
derry.
Colerain, a town of the state of Georgia,
in Camden county. A treaty was conclud-
ed here, in 1796, between the United States
and the Creek Indians. It is seated on
St. Mary river, 35 m wbyN of the port of
St. Mary, and 140 s by e Louisville.
Coles/till, a town in Warwickshire, with
a market on Wednesday, sealed on a hill,
by theri\cr (Jole, 10 m e Birmingham, and
105 Nw London.
Co/ea/n/, a town of Hindoostan, in Tra-
vancor, with a small harbour, 33 m wnw
from Cape Comorin.
Colford, a town in Gloucestershire, with
a market on Tuesday, 5 m ese Monmouth,
and 124 wbyN London.
Colinia, a town of New Spain, in Gua-
dalaxara, seated in a fertile valley, on the
river Nequalapa, 145 m sbyw Guada-
laxhara. Lon. 103 W w, lat. IS 53 n.
Colle, a town of Tuscany, with a con-
siderable manufacture of paper; situate
on a hill, near, the river Elza, 15 m wxw
Sieaa.
CoUeda, a town of L^pper Saxony, in
Thurinjiia, seated on the Unstrut, 19 m
K by w Weimar.
CoUegalpettuh, a town of Hindoostan,
in Coimbetore. It has two large temples,
and is a mart' for the traders betv.een
Seringapatam and the country below the
Gauts, near the Cavery. It stands on the
frontiers of Mysore, 3 1 m ese Seringapatam.
ColUoare, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Eastern Pyrenees, with a
castle. It was taken by the Spaniards in
1793, but retaken the next year. It has a
small port on the Mediterranean, lU m
SSe Perpignan.
CoUon, a town of Ireland, in Lovvth
county, with a manufacture of stockings,
7 m Kvv Drogheda.
CoUumpton, a town in Devonshire, with
a market en Saturday, and a considerable
trade in woollen clot!) ; seated en the rivsr
Ctilm, 12 m KivE Exeter, and 1(30 w Lon-
don.
Cobnar, a town of France, capital of the
department of Upper Rhine. It is sur-
rounded by a wail, flunked with towers,
near the river 111,42 msbyw Strasburg.
Lon. 7 22 e, lat. 43 3 e. "
Coimars, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Lower Alps, 20 m ene
Dio;ne.
Coin, a river that rises near Clare in
Suffolk, passes by Halstead and Colchester
COL
in Essex, and enters the German ocean,
at the E end of Mersey island. In the in-
lets and pools at the mouth of this river
are bred the famous Colchester oysters.
There are several small rivers of the same
name in England.
Colnbroo/c, a town in Buckinghamshire,
on the river Coin, 17 m w London.
Cohie, a town in Lancashire, with a
market on Wednesday, and a trade in shal-
loons, calamancos, tammies, calicos, and
dimities. The population was 5336 in
1811. It is seated on a hill, near the Leeds
canal, 36 m se Lancaster, and 218 nnw
London.
Coluci/tliia, a town of European Turkej',
i.n Morea, on the Nw part of a bay, to
which it gives name, 36 m s Misitra. Lon<
22 24 E,'lat. S6 33 n.
Cologna, a town of Italy, in Paduan, 26
m w Padua.
Cologne, a territory of Germany, lately
an arclibishopric, in the circle of Lower
Riiine; bounded on the n by Cleve and
Gelderland, e by Berg, s by Treves, and w
by Juliers. Some detached parts of this
territory lie on the e side of the Kiiine.
^ Cologne, a fortified city, capital of the
above territory, with a university. It
contains 10 collegiate and 19 parochial
churches, and many other religious founda-
tions; ail of which are famous for their tine
paintings, their treasures, or their relicks.
Cologne is the birthplace of the great
Rubens ; and was once celebrated for its
commerce and manufactures, vviiich last is
now dwindled to a few silk and cotton ar-
ticles, knit stockings, snuiF, and glue. It
owes its decay to persecution ; to the ex^
pulsion of the Jews in 1485, and of the
protestants in 1618. Tv,-o-thirds of this
city have since fallen into ruins, and streets-
and squares are converted into kitchen-
gardens aud vineyards. In tiie present
century commerce began to revive; its
port has been improved, and siiips of con-
siderable size may lie close to the quay.
Tlie population 50,000. It is seated on
the Rhine, 34 m wsw Aix-la-Chapelie.
Lon. 6 55 e, lat. 50 i^5 x.
Colomiers, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Marne, 18 rn se
Meaux, and 40 e Paris.
Colonna, a town of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma, IS in e Rome.
Colonsa, a fertile island in Scotland, to
the w of Jura. It is separated on the s
from Oronsa, by a narrov« channel, which
being dry at low water, they may be con-
sidered as one island, about 12 m long and
2 broad. Rabbits are in abimciance, and
great numbers of beeves are exported.
Coloony, a town of Ireland', in Sligo
county, on a river of the same name, 6 m
s Shgo.
COL
COL
the pulilic offices are retained in Cliarles-
ton. It is situate on an eminence, near
the Congaree, just below the influx of the
Salnda, 110 m nnw Charleston, and 170
sw Ralegh. Lon. SI 5 w, hit. 33 58 K.
Colunibiu, a town of Virginia, in Gooch-
land connty, situate on James river, at the
influx of the llivaima, 45 m above llich-
mond, and 105 sw Wasiiington.
Culmnbia, a town of Pennsylvania, in
La:!caster county, situate on the Susque-
hana, at Wright's Icrry, i'2 m w Lancas-
Colorado, a river of N America, whicli
rises among the mountains on the n border
of New Mexico, and taking a wsw course,
enters the head of the gulf of California.
I'he length of its course is about 1000 ni,
of which 300 arc naviguble for sfjuare-rig-
ged vessels. Tiie whole of its hanks are
entirely destitute oi' timber.
Colorno, a town of Italvj in Parme-
san, seated near the Po, 10 m n Parma.
ColoHuutr ; see C/auseriburg.
Cdonri, or Salami)!, an island of Euro-
pean Turkey, in. the gulf of Engia, sepa- tcr, and 70 why n Philadelphia,
rated from liie province of Livadia, by two Columbia, a tov.n of the district of
narrow channels. It is ^(5 ni in circuit, Maine, in Washington count}', situate on
including a bay that advances far inland. Pleasant river, near the Atlantic, 15 m
Little is visible of the ancient city of Sala- wsw Machias.
mis; and Colouri, the chief town, stands Columbia, a town of the state of Ohio,
on the bay, 18 m whys Athens. in Hamilton county, seated on the Ohio,
Colran, or Coleroon, a river of Hindoo- just below the influx of the Little IMiami,
staj!, which forms the N boundary of Tan- 10 in F.bys Cincinnati.
jore. See Cavei'i, Columbo, the capital of Ceylon. It was
Colsferworth, a village in Lincolnshire, built in 1638 by the Portuguese, who, in
on the Witham, 8 in s Grantham; near 1656, were expelled by the Dutch, and the
■which, on the w, is W^oolthorp, famous for latter surrendered it to the English in 1796.
heing the birthplace of sir Isaac Newton. The fort, upward of a mile in circuit, stands
Columb, St. a town in Cornwall, with on the extremity of a peninsula, and is
a market on Thursday, seated on a hill, 26 strong both by nature and art. The neck
m ^NW Penryn, and i'49 wsw London. of land for near a mile from the fort is
Columbia, a river in the Kw part of N not 600 yards broad, and the middle of this
America, whose source is unknown. Some sjjace is covered by a lake, leaving only a
of its head waters nearly communicate narrow causeway on each side._ The lake
with those of the Misouri ; but the main extends from the glacis of the fort above 3
stream is considerably further to the N. m inland. The city is built more in the
In ia05 it was entered, where 860 yards European style than any other garrison in
wide, by captains Lewis and Clark, who India, and nearly divided into four equal
V)absed down it to the Pacific ocean, which quarters by two principal streets, to which
it enters by a mouth alxive 3 m wide; but smaller ones run parallel, with connectmg
their descent in loaded canoes was niter- lanes between them. The pettali, or black
runted bv two bad rapids, which caused a town, without the walls of the city, is very
nortaoe of 4 m on the right bank. The extensive; and in the street next the sea is
Snaniards call it Entrada de Ceta, after an excellent fish market. On the rivers in
the commander of the vessel, who is said the vicinity of Columbo, there are about
to be the first discoverer, but it was not 300 flat-bottomed boats moored, with entire
entered by him. This river enters the famihes on board, who have no other dwell-
oceau«90m to the ssEofNootka. ings. The inhabitants amount to above
Co/ww&«a,^ district of the United States 50,000. Here is a school tor the propa-
. of America, 10 m square, including both gation ot the Christum religion, and a
sides of the Potomac, and the Eastern botamcal garden. '1 he harbour is nothing
branch. It is surrounded by Virginia and more than an open road, aftordmg safe
Maryland and in part belonged to each of anchorage only troin December to April.
tho4 two '-tates, by whom it was ceded, in Notwithstanding this, Columbo is the chief
179"'' to the United States, who named it place for the staple trade of the island.
CoUanbia, and ordained it to be the site of The articles exported are cinnamon, pep-
the federal city. It also includes Alexun- per, arraclc, and coir-rope; also a number
xlria and Georgetown. The diagonals of of inferior articles, as betel-leat, areka-nnt,
the square respect the four cardiiial points, jagery (a sort of blackish sugar) cocoa nuts
and the s ant;le terminates on the right and oil, wax, honey, cardamums, coral,
■bank of the Potomac, immediately below ivory, fruit, &;c. Columbo is situate m a
Alexandria. The population in 1800 was rich district on tlie w coast, toward the s
14,093; in 1810 it was 24,023; and in part of the island, 65 m wsw Candy. Lon.
1817 it was estimated at 30,000. 79 46 e, hit. 6 55 x.
Columbia, u chy oi' ?< Carolina, capital Columbus, the capital of the state ot
of Rickltaid county, and the seat of govern- Ohio. It is a modern and flourishing
meut of the state; but a branch of each of town, situate on an elevated plain, on the
COM
r. bank of tlie Sciota, 150 ni ne rrankfort,
and 170 wsw Pittsburg. Luii. Gli 5 w,
lat. ?>9 50 N.
Cohanna, a town of Russia, in the
covcrnment of Moscow, and an archbi-
shop's see, 50 m se Moscow. Lon. 33
25 v., hit. 55 5 N.
Coluri ; see Colouri.
Coll/ion, a town in Devonshire, with a
mavkf-t on Tliursday, seated on the Cole,
at its coi;fli;>; with the Ax, 17 ni e Exeter,
and 151 whys London.
. Cow, a town cf Peisia, in Irac, with
several beautiful mosques, and some grand
sepuicin-es. The trade is considerable;
and the chief articles are fruit both i'resh
and dry, the best soap in Persia, excellent
sword-blades, white porcelain, silks, and
velvets. It is seated near the foot of a
mountain, and on a river in a fine plain,
110 rn XNE Ispahan. Lon. 51 20 l, lat.
54 30 N.
Comuc/iio, a town of Italy, in Ferrarese,
on a sea-lake of the same name, lying be-
txveen the two southern mouths of the Po.
The Like is 40 w. in circuit, and famous
for its eels, which are sent to all parts of
Italy. The town lias considerable salt-
works, and is 27 m ese Ferraru.
Conianu; see Cumana.
Comanagotta, a town of Caracas, ii\
the province of Cumana, 10 m w Cumana.
Coiiiai/agua, or VuUudolid, a city of New
Spain, capital of Honduras, and a bishop's
see. It is seated on the Chanialucon, 2oO
m E Guatimala. Lon. 88 20 w, laL. 14
35 X.
Coinh Martin, a town in Devonshire,
x\ith a market on Tuesday ; seated on an
inlet of the Bristol channel, surrounded bv
lodes of iron and lead, the produce from
■wliich is shipped lor Wales and Bristol.
It is 6 m E IliVacomb, and 202 w London.
Combooconam, a town of bliiidoostau, in
Tanjore, situate in a rich country between
the Colran and the Cavery, 23 m j>e
Tanjore.
Coiiihinnpadoo, a town of Hindoost;m, in
Hydrabad, capital of a district. It is sun-
ate on the Pollere, 80 m EbyN Hydra-
bad. Lon. 79 5G e, lat. 17 23 V.
Comercollij, a town cf Ilindoostan, in
Bengal, which is a mart for piece goods,
61 m tsE Muorshedabad.
Cumillah, a town of Ilindoostan, in Ben-
gal, capital of the district of Tiperah. It
is seated on a river that flows w into the
Megna, 50 m ese Dacca. Lon, 91 2 e,
lat. 23 28 N.
Comines, a town of the Netherlands,
in ]■ landers, on the river Lis, 8 m sse
Yyres."
Coj>ii.w, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto,
and county of Pvlodica ; seated on a fruit-
ful plain, 27 m wnw Noto.
COM
Commenda, oi Communi, a kingdom of
Guinea, ou the Gold coast. The natives
arc of a warlike disposition, and so numer-
ous, that the king is said to be able to
raise an army of 20,000 men. The capital
is Grand Conuncnda or Gufib ; 4 m to the
s of uhich, on the seacoast, is Little Com-
menda, where the English and Dutch have
ti)rts. Lon. 0 34 e, lat. 4 54 N.
Commerce/, a town of France, in the de-
paitment of Meuse, with a castle, seated
c;n tlie Meuse, 16 m se Ear le Due.
Coiiimini, a town of Ilindoostan, in Ba-
laghaut, capital of a mountainous district.
It is 73 m K Cudapah. Lon. 78 55 e,
lat. 15 31 K.
CojmnoLaii, a town of Eoliemia, in the
circle of Saatz. Its -alum-pits, and the
great quantities of fruit and vegetables
raised here are the principal part of its
trade. It is 58 m s\v I'rague. Lon. 13 30
E, lat. 50 27 K.
Coma, a town of Italy, in Milanese, and
a bishop's see. It is surrounded by a wail,
backed by a ccnica! eminence, on which
are the ruins of a castle. The cathedral
is a handsome edifice of ANhite marble,
hewn from the neighbouring quarries. The
inhabitants have manufactures of cotton
•and silk, and carry on some trade with the
Grisons. Pliny was born here ; and, in
his Letters, speaks of the delightful sce-
nery of its environs. It stands at the sw
end of the lake of Como, 20 m nkw Milan,
and 90 ke Turin.' Lon. 9 7 e, lat. 45 ■
44 N.
Como, Luhe of, or Lurio, a lake of Italy,
in Milanese, extending 40 m from ^ to s,
but not abo\ e (J wide in any part To-
ward the middle, on the e side, a branch
extends to Lecco ; and at the s extremity-
stands the town of Como. Ti)e river Adda
runs s thrcjugh this lake, by Lecco. The
mountains that border the lake have their
low er regions covered with olives, vines,
orchards, arid some well-cultivated plains;
and higher up are groves of chestnut, pine,
and fir; tliey also contain mines of iron,
lead, and copper, and quarries of beautiful
marble.
Coiiiorin, Cape, the most southern point
of Ilindoostan. Lon. 77 35 e, lat. 7
57 N.
Comoro, Inlands, four islands in the In-
dian ocean, between the coast of Mosam-
bique and the n part of the island of
Madagascar. They are called Comoro,
Mohely, Anjouan, and Mayotla. The lar-
gest is Comoro, 50 m long and 15 broad;
but Anjouan, 28 m long and 15 broad, is
the most known; having a town on the E
coast, called Joanna, where the king re-
sides, and ships frequently touch foe
refreshments. Lon. 44 4i k, lat. 12
10 s.
CON
CoDiplegiie, a town of France, in the
tlepartuicnt ot" Oho. Here is a palace, in
which the kinas of France often resided,
but now nearly destroyed. 'Fhe Maid of
Orleans was taken prisoner here in 1430.
It is seated near an extensive forest, on
the river Oise, 45 n\ ne Paris.
Compost e tidy or St. Jago dc. Compinlella,
a city of Spain, capital of Galicia, and an
archbishop's see, with a university. The
public squares and the churches are ma<>-
nificent ; and it has a great number of
con\ ents for both sexes. It is pretended
that tlie body of St. James, the patron of
Spain, was buried here; and pilarims visit
his wooden image, which stands on the
great altar of the cathedral. From this
city the military order of St. Ja^o had its
origin. It it seated in a beautiful plain
between the rivers Tambra and Ulla, 155
m wbyN Leon. Lon. 8 27 w, lat. 4'2
52 N.
Compostella, a town of New Spain, in
Guadalaxara, capital of the district of
Xalisco. There are several mines of silver
in its neighbourhood. It is 110 m w
Guadalaxara. Lou. 104 3G w, lat. 21
13 N.
Comrie, a town of Scotland, in Perth-
shire, with a trade in linen yarn and whis-
ky ; seated on the Eine, at the inlhix of
Ruchil, 24 m w Perth.
Concern, a low tract of country, on the
w coast of Huidoostan, belonging to the
province of Bejapoor. It is 200 m long
and 40 broad, and noted for producing the
best hemp in India. On the e side of this
tract rises abruptly that stupendous wall
of mountains called tlie Gaiits.
Concarneuu, a town of France, in the
department of Finisterre, with a castle;
seated on a small inlet of the sea, 16 m se
Quimper.
Conception, a seaport of Chili, in the
province of Puchacay, and a bishop's see.
The old city was destroyed by an earth-
quake in 1751, and pai-t of its ruins are
visible, on the se side of ihe bay, near tiie
town of Talcaguana. The new city is 9 m
firom the site of the old one, and 3 from
the sea, in a beautiful plain, called iVlorha,
on the N bank of the Biobio. It contains
15,000 inhabitants ; and has a palace, in
which the president of the royal audience
of St. Jago resides for six months. The
bay of Conception is one of the most com-
modious harbours in the world, and shel-
tered from the ocean by the fertile island
of Quiriquina, which forms two entrances
into the bay. Tlie chief exporrs are hides,
tallow, dried beef, wheat, and flour. Here,
on Jan. 1, 1818, was issued from the
palace, then styled the directorial palace,
the proclamation declaring Chili to be an
independent state. Conception is 210 m
CON
N Valdivia, and 2(J0 ssw St. Jago. Lon.
73 9 w, lat. 3G 47 s.
Conception, a town of Caracas, in Cu-
mana, situate in a fertile country, at the
source of the Pao, 92 m sby w Barcelona.
Lon. 65 JO w, lat. 8 52 n.
Conception, a town of New Spain, in
Veragua ; seated near the Caribean sea,
on the river Veragua, 33 m nnw St. Jago.
Lon. 8 1 40 w, lat" 8 48 x,
Concobetla, a town of Guinea, in An-
ziko, the residence of a prince ; seated on
a branch of the Zaire and borders of Con-
go, 150 m sw iMonsol. Lon. 15 54 e, lat.
2 5 s.
Concord, a town of New Ilamphire, ia
Rockingham county. The legislature fre-
quently hold their sessions here; and it has
much of the trade of the upper country.
It is seated on the Merrimac, over which
is a handsome bridge, 54 m wnw Ports-
mouth, and 58 se Hanover. Lon. 71 31 w,
lat. 43 12 N.
Concord, a town of Massachusets, in
Middlesex county, with a handsome court-
house,and tln-ee bridges over the river Con-
cord. This town was the seat of the provin-
cial congress in 1774, and the spot where the
first opposition was made to the British
troops iu 1775. It is 18 m n>w Boston.
CoHC07'a'2«, a townof Italy, in Modenese,
on the river Sechia, 5 m w .Miiandola.
Concordia, a town of Italy, in Frmli, 28
. m ssw udina.
Condunore, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Golconda, 24 m e Adoni.
Condupilly, a town of iimdoostan, in the
Circars, and the capital of one to which it
gives name. It is 104 in wsw Rajaman-
dry. Lon. 80 23 e, lat. !6 39 N.
Condavir, a town of Ilindoostan, in the
Circars, district of Guntoor, strongly situ-
ate on a mountain, 15 m whys Guntoor.
Condi, a strong town of France, in the
department of Nord, with a fortress. It
snrrendered to the allies, alter enduring
the rigours of famine, in 1793 ; but was
retaken in 1794. it is seated on the
Scheld, at the influx of the Haisne, 7 m
K by E Valenciennes, and 2<3 se Lisle.
Condi., a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Calvados, seated on the Nereau
28 m ssw Caen.
Condecedo, a cape of New Spain, in
Jucatan, 100 m w JMerida. Lon. 91 27 w,
iat. 20 50N.
Condesuyas, a town of Peru, capital of a
district, in which is gathered a species of
wild cochineal that forms a great article of
trade. It is 85 m nnw Arequipa.
Condom, a town of France, in tb.e de-
partment of Gers, lately an episcopal
sec. It is seated on the Blaise, 26 m
^Nw Auch. L(m. 0 24 e, lat 43 57 n.
Condore, a fertile island in the China
CON
sea, near the coast of Cambodia. It is in
the fonn of a crescent, 12 m long and 3
where broadest ; and is surrounded by
several islets. BufFalos, iiogs, vegetables,
and water are to be had here, llie Eng-
lish had a settlement here in 1702 ; but
the factors falling out with the natives,
most of them were murdered, and the rest
driven thence in 1705. It has a spacious
bay on the e side. Lon. 107 20 e, lat. 8
40"n.
Condrieii, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Rhone, celebrated for excel-
lent wine ; seated near the lUione, 18 ms
Lyon.
Conflans, a town of Savoy, near the con-
flux of the Iscre and Doron, 18 m e Cham-
bery.
Cotijlans, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Saone, 12 m n Ve-
soul.
Confolens, a town of France in the de-
partment of Charente, on the river Vienne,
30 m ice Angouleme.
Cong, a village of Ireland, in Mayo
county, 24 m s Castlebar. It was for-
merly the residence of the kings of Con-
naught; and the ruins of several churclies
and religious houses still remain.
Coiigleton, a town in Cheshire, governed
by a mayor, v>i>th a market on Saturday.
It has manufact!U-es of leather and cotton,
and a large silk-mill. It stands on the
river Dean, 7 m s Macclesfield, and 161
K\v London.
Congo, a country on the w coast of
Africa, between 2 and 12 s lat containing
the kingdoms of Loango, Congo, Angola,
Matamba, and Benguela. It is bounded
on the N by Guinea, e by parts unknown,
s by Bemba, and w by the Atlantic; and
is sometimes called Lower Guinea. I'he
Portuguese have many settlements on the
coast, as well as in the inland country.
There are many desert places within land,
in which are elephants, tigers, buffalos,
monkies, and monstrous serpents. Near
the coast the soil is more fertile; cotton
grows wild most luxuriantly, and there are
fruits of many kinds, beside pahr.-trces,
from which wine and oil are made. The
domestic animals are sheep, goats, hogs,
dogs, cats, common fowls, and Muscovy
ducks. The greatest part of the inhabi-
tants go almost naked : they worship the
sun, moon, stars, and animals of different
kinds ; but the Portuguese have made
many converts : they are skilful in weaving
cotton cloth ; and trade in slaves, ivory,
cassia, and tamarinds. The culture of the
ground is entirely the business of slaves
and women, and a hoe is the only instru-
ment. The women are considered little
better than slaves ; and they are transfer-
red to the embraces of strangers by their
CON
fathers and husbands, how and when they
may please.
Congo, a kingdom of the above country;
bounded on the n by Anzico, e bv parts
unknown, s by Matamba and Angola, and
w by the Atlantic and Loango. It extends
only 130 m along the coast, but is 370 in-
land. From April to September is the
winter season, when it seldom rains. The
summer is from October to ^larch, when
it rains almost every day; the first two
months in light showers, the next two very
heavy, attended with great heat, and the
last two are also heavy, accompanied with
violent tornados, and storms of lightning,
fiei-y meteors, and wind. The principal
rivers are the Zaire and Coanza. The,
capital is St. Salvador.
Congou, a town of Persia, in Laristan.
It has a market for pearls, brought from
Eahrin, and an excellent road in the Per-
sian gulf. It is 76 m SE Lar. Lon. 54 30
e, lat. 26 40 K.
Coni, a fortified town of Piedmont, capi-
tal of a territory, with a strong citadel.
The t:-ade here is considerable, it being
the repository for all the merchaiidise from
Turin and Nice, which is intended for
Lombardy, Switzerland, and Germany. It
is so strong by nature and art, that though
frequently besieged by the French, they
never could take it. In 1796 it was de-
livered up to the French, after their victory
at Mondovi, as a hostage for the perfor-
inimce of a treaty ; and it surrendered to
the Austrians in 1799. It is seated on a
rock, at the conflux of the Gresse and
Sture, 35 in s Turin. Lon. 7 44 e, lat. 44
24 N.
Conl\air,^X.o\\'n ofHindoostan, in Gund-
wana, situate on the ?>Iahanuddy, at the
skirt of a high rocky hill, on which is a
fort, 105 m sby w Iluttanpoor.
Conjeveram, a town of Hindoostan, in
the Carnatic. The streets are tolerably
wide; and on eacli side is a row of cocoa-
nut trees. The inhabitants are most of
them Bramins belonging to two large tem-
ples ; there is also a small mosque of very
neat workmanship. It is 20 m ese A root,
and 46 sw Madras.
Coniglione, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Jlazara, 22 m s Palermo.
Conil, a town of Spain in Andalusia, on
a bay to which it gives name. The inha-
bitants are much engaged in iishliig, espe-
cially for tunnies; and beautiful crystal-
lized sulphur is found here. It is 18 m
SSE Cadiz.
Conin, a town of Poland, in the palati-
nate of Kalisch, seated en the Warla, 13
m sbyE Gnesen.
Coningseck, a town of Swabia, capital
of a county. It is 20 m n Constance.
Conington, a village in Huntingdonshire,
CON
near Stilton. It has tlie ruins of a castls ;
iiiid is seated at the head of tiie river which
forins Ugmere, Bricktnerc, and \^'ittlei;cy-
niere.
Conisberg ; see Ko^jgubci-g.
Conlsbroug/i, a viHage in W Yorkshire,
5 m sw I^oncastcr. It was formerly a
place of note, and has large remains of an
ancient castle.
Cormton-natir, a lake in Lancashire, G
m long and nearly one broad. A small
island, covered with shrubs;, rises in the
middle (>f this romantic lake. Its banks
are sprinkled with cottages, backed by rich
enclosures and woods, which form the base
of craggy hills that ascend gradually to an
alpine height, presenting a lofty amphi-
theatre on the right and left. Near the
head of the lake," on the kw side, is the
village of Coniston, 3 m w by s Hawkesheari.
Conncmg/d, a province of Ireland, 130
m long and 84 broad ; bounded on the r, by
Leinster and Munster, s by the latter pro-
A-ince, w and K by the Atlantic, and ne by
Ulster. It contains the counties of Gal-
way, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon, and
Siigo. The chief tov.n is Galway.
Connecticut, one of the United States
of America, 90 m long and 60 broad ;
bounded on the N by JMassachusetf^, e by
Rhode Island, w by New York, and s by
the Sound, which divides it from Long-
island. It contains eight counties; Hart-
ford, Newhaven, New London, Fairfield,
Windham, Lichfield, Middlesex, and Tol-
land. This cor.ntry is the most populous,
in proportion to its extent, of any of the
United States, and produces the necessa-
ries and conveniences of life in abundance.
The chief exports are horses, nmles, oxen,
maize, potash, pearlash, beef, pork, tin\ber,
and lumber. The principal rivers are the
Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames. In
1810 the population was 'iQ>\fi-\1. Hart-
ford and Newhaven are the chief towns.
Convccticiil, a river of New England,
wiiich rises in a swamp on the N confines
cf X'ermont and New Hampshire, and
taking a southerly direction, runs into
Loiig-island sound. Between Walpole and
"Westminster are the great falls, over which
is a bridge. From its source to its mouth
it is upward of 300 m, and is navigable
for large vessels up to Harttord.
Connor, a town of Ireland, in Antrim
county, and, united to Down, a bishop's
see. The cathedral was destroyed in the
rebellion of 1C41, but a part is now used
as the parish church. It is a poor place,
(3 m N Antrim.
Conquet, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Finisterre, with a good har-
bour and road. It is 12 nt \v Brest.
Constudt, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Oels, 23 m n£ Brieg.
CON
Constance, a fortified cityofSuabia, and
lately a bishop's see; seated on the s side
of the Rhine, between the upper and lower
lakes of Constance. Though once flourish-
ing in commerce, and celebrated in his-
tory, it now scarcely contains 4000 inha-
bitants. Constance is famous for u coun-
cil, in 1514, whicli caused John Muss and
Jerome of Prague to be burnt; and like-
wise condemned the doctrine of Wicklif,
and ordered his bones to be burned 40
years after he was dead. In 1787, about
300 emigrants from Geneva were settled
lierc, by emperor Joseph ir, who graiited
them the secularized convent of the Domi-
nicans, for a manufacture of printed linens.
The French took possession of this city in
179G. It is So m ne Zurich. Lon. 9 7 e,
lat. 47 38 N.
Constance, Lul:c of, a considerable lake
of Switzerland, which it separates from
Suabia, that part excepted where the city
of Constance is seated on its s side. It is
divided into three parts. The upper and
largest part is called Boden See; the mid-
dle part is named Bodmer See ; and the
lower part Unter See, Zeller Sec, or the
lake of Zell. The upper lake is 25 m long
and 10 in its greatest breadth. Through
this lake the Rhine flows, and then enters
the Zeller see, which is 14 m long and 5
in its greatest breadth. Like all the lakes
in Switzerland, this is deeper in summer
than in winter ; which is owing to the first
melting of the snow from the adjacent
mountains.
Constantino, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, with a castle on a mountain, 40 m
ne Seville.
Constuntina, the eastern province of the
kingdom of Algiers, and the largest and
richest of the four. It is governed by a
bey, who pays an annual tribute to the
dey of Algiers. The greatest part along
the coast is mountainous. In the moun-
tains dwell free Arabian and Moorish
tribes, of whom the Cabyls are deemed the
most turbulent and cruel. As these free
mountaineers possess a superfluity of oil,
soap, dried figs, and timber; the govern-
ment of Algiers, which stands in need of
these articles, is obliged in many things to
show indulgence to those tribes. See Zuab.
Constuntina, a city and the capital of
the above province. It is seated at the
top of a high hill, and entered toward the
N over a stupendous I'oman bridge, having
three rows of lofty arches. Here are many
Roman antiquities, particularly a triumphal
arch; and in the vicinity are numerous
remains of the ancient Cirta. The popu-
lation 100,000. The chief articles for
trade are corn, wax, hides, fine wool,
camels hair, ostrich feathers, tallow, goat:
and sheep skins, beeves, sheep, horsei>, and
CON
mules. It is seated on the Rummel, 160
m Ebys Algiers. Lon. 6 26 e, lat. 36 28 .v.
Constantinople, one of the largest cities
in Europe, and the metropolis of the Turk-
ish empire. It is of a triangular form;
and seated between the Black sea and the
Jirchipclago, on a neck of land that ad-
vances toward Natolia, from which it is
separated by a strait a mile in breadth.
The sea of Marmora washes its walls on
the s, and agulf of the strait of Constanti-
nople docs the same on the ne. It was
anciently called Byzantium, but the name
was changed by Constantine the great,
who made it the seat of the Roman em-
pire in the east. It was taken, in 1453,
by the Turks, who have kept possession of
it ever since. The grand signior's palace,
called the seraglio, is on the seaside,
surrounded by walls flanked with towers,
and separated from the city by canals. It
stands on the site of ancient Byzantium,
the E point of the present city, and is 3 m
in circuit, consisting of a multitude of
palaces, houses, and gardens. The prin-
cipal entrance of this palace is of marble,
and is called Capi, that is, the Port (or
gate) a name used frequently to express the
court, or the empire. The castle of Seven
Towers is a state prison, and stands near
the sea of Marmora, at the v/ point of the
city from the 'seraglio. The number of
houses in Constantinople is prodigious ;
but, in general, they are mean, and all of
them constructed of wood, and the roofs
covered with hollow tiles. The public edi-
fices alone are built of masonry in a very
solid manner. The streets are narrow,
badly paved, and dirty; and the people
are infested with the plague almost every
year. The inhabitants, estimated a't
520,000, are half Turks, two thirds of the
other half Greeks and Arminians, and the
rest Jews and Franks. Here are a great
number of ancient monuments still re-
maining; particularly the superb temple of
St. Sophia, built in the sixth century, which
is converted into a mosque, and will con-
tain 100,000 persons conveniently. The
mosque of sultan Sulyman may fairly vie
•with the ancient St. Sophia; and that of
sultan Achmet is, without exception, the
firiest building the Turks ever raised. The
Hippodrome, near the latter mosque, is a
great square for public diversions. The
bazars resemble a row of booths in a fair, and
others a street of shops, which are severally
allotted to particular trades and merchan-
dise. The bezesteins are large square build-
ings, covered with domes, supported by ar-
cades, and contain all sorts of goods, which
are tliere exposed to sale. There is amarket
for slaves o.^'both sexes; and the Jews are
the principal merchants, who bring them
here for gale. A great number of gTrls are
CON
brought from Hungary, Greece, Candia,
Circassia, Mingrelia, aiid Georgia, and sold
to tlic Turks. The fountains and public
baths arc numerous. The gulf on the nr
of the city, called the Golden Horn, is the
harbour, w hich runs up from the point of
the seraglio to the village of Aijub, about
4 m in length and half a mile where broad-
est. Aijub may be reckoned one of the
suburbs ; it has an imperial palace, and a
mosque, in which is the tomb of sultan
Othman, the founder of the empire. The
suburbs of Galata and Pera are on the
other side of the harbour. The former ex-
tends along the entrance of the harbour,
and is chietly occupied by merchants; and
adjoining it on the e is an arsenal and can-
non fcundery, called Tophana. Pera stands
behirid these on an eminence, and, havintr
frequently suffered by fire, is now chie.ly
built with stone. It is the place where
the foreign ambassadors reside; and here,
as well as in Galata, are several houses
where European sailors, Greeks, and even
Turks, go to drink and intoxicate them-
selves. No foreigner is now allowed to re-
side in the* city itself^ not even the minister
of a friendly nation ; and it is absolutely
necessary, in visiting the city, to procure
the protection of a janissary, in order to
prevent insult. The circuit of the city is
18 m, and 24 with the suburbs included;
and as they are built on ground that rises
gradually, there is a view of the whole
from the sea. The city is surrounded by
walls of freestone, here and there mixed
with bricks, and flanked by 478 towers ;
it has also 22 gates, six on the landside
and the rest toward the harbour and sea.
The palaces, mosques, bagnios, and cara-
vansaries, are many of them magnificent.
It is 700 m sE Vienna. Lon. 28 55 £, lat.
41 1 N.
Constantinople, Strait of, the ancient
Bosphorus, which forms the communica-
tion between the Propontis or sea of Mar-
mora, and the Euxine or Black sea. It is
20 m long and a mile and a quarter where
broadest ; and forms the separation here
between Europe and Asia. At its entrance
on the w side is situate Constantinople,
and on the other, Scutari. Both its banks
are lined with villages, in which are some
very handsome houses, almost entirely
built of wood and variously painted; those
of white and red belong to the Turks, and
those of a dark brown to the Greeks, Ar-
minians, and Jews, who are not allowed
to employ the colours of the Mooselmins.
At its termination in the Black sea are two
forts, opposite each other, to defend the
passage.
Const antlnoio, a tow n of Poland, in Po-
dolia, on the river Bog, 8 in sw Chmielnik,
and 73 ke Kaminieck. ^
\
coo
Consta7itinozv, a town of Poland, in Vol-
hinia, on the river Selucza, 110 m se
Lucko. Lon. 27 20 e, lat. 49 58 n.
Consucgra, a town of Spain, in New
Castile, 34 ni se Toledo.
Contesxa, a seaport of European Turkey,
in Macedonia, on a gulf of its name, ac the
influx of the Strinion, 60 ni KbyN Salo-
nichi, and 240 w Constantinople. Lon.
24 8 E, lat. 40 52 k.
Coutres, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loir and Cher, 10 m se Blois.
Confi/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Summe, seated on the Seille, 14
m ss\s' Amiens.
Coiiversuno, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Bari, 12 m se Bari.
Conicuy, a river of Wales, which issues
from a lake in Merionethshire, flows
through a fertile vale of the same name,
along the whole eastern border of Car-
narvonshire, and enters the Irish sea at
Aberconway.
Conza, a town of Naples, in Principato
Ultra, and an archbishop's see. It was
so greatly ruined by an earthquake in 1694,
that the place where the cathedral stood
is hardly known. Its principal commerce
is in marble. It is 52 m e Naples. Lon.
15 35 E, lat. 40 50 n.
Cook Inlet, an extensive arm of tlie
sea, on the nw coast of America, disco-
vered, in 1778, by captain Cook, who
traced it 70 leagues northward from its
entrance, in lon. 152 w. It was further
explored, in 1794, by captain Vancouver,
who found its termination to be in lon. 148
43 w, lat. 61 29 n. The Russians have
formed some settlements on tlie w and is
coasts.
Cook Sti'aif, a strait dividing the two
islands of which New Zealand is com-
posed : it is about four leagues broad.
Cookeatown, a town of Ireland, in Ty-
rone county, on a river of the same name,
which flows to Lough Neagh, and parts
this county from Derry. It is 11 m n
Dungannon.
Cooloo, a town of Hindoostan, in La-
hore, capital of a mountainous and woody
district. It is situate near the Beyah, J54
m NE Lahore. Lon. 75 48 e, lat. 33 20 n.
Cooloo, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa,
and a place of considerable trade; situate
on the Mahanuddy, 60 m wsw Cuttack.
Cooperstown, a town of New York, chief
of Otsego county. It is situate ^at the sw
end and the outlet of Lake Otsego, 73 ni
wbyi^ Albany. Lon. 74 58 w, lat. 42
36 N.
Coos, an island in the Archipelago, 56
m to the NW of Rhodes, subject to the
Turks. Lon, 27 44 e, lat. 37 1 n.
Coorg, a district of Hindoostan, lying
amon^ the western Gauts, partly in My-
IJ
».#
COP
sore and partly in Malabar, of which the
chief towns are Periapatam and Mercara.
It produces the best sandal and other va-
luable woods, also many of the best
spices ; and much rice is sent into the in-
terior of Mysore. The river Cavery has
its source in ihis country. It is governed
by a rajah, and the inhabitants are a di-
vision of the Nairs.
Coosuwutcliic, a tov^'u of S Carolina, ca-
pital of Beaufort district. It is seated on
the Coosa, over which is a bridge, 20 m
isw Beaufort, and 60 wsw Charleston.
Lon. 80 30 w, lat. 32 45 N,
Cootehill, a town of Ireland, in Cavan
county. It has an extensive linen manu-
facture, and stands on a river of the same
name, 13 m ne Cavan.
Cootra, a town of Hindoostan, in Al-
lahabad, situate on the Betwah, 62 m nnw
Chatterpoor.
Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark,
with a university. It is the best built city
of the north ; and owes its principal beauty
to a fire in 1728, and another in 1794.
At the latter, the royal palace of Christian-
burg, built by Christian vi, one of the
most commodious and most sumptuously
furnished in Europe, was destroyed. The
new parts of the town, raised by Fredrick
V, consist of an octagon, containing four
uniform palaces, with two pavilions to
each, occupied by the royal family ; and
of four broad streets, leading to it in op-
posite directions : in the middle of the
area is an equestrian statue of that king
in bronze. The new royal market is the
largest square in the city, and almost en-
tirely composed of stately buildings ; as,
the academy of painting and sculpture,
the theatre, the great hotel, the artillery
house, &c. and in the centre is a marble
equestrian statue of Christian v. The
greatest part of the buildings are of brick;
and a few are of freestone. The palaces
of the nobility are in general splendid, and
ornamented in the Italian style of archi-
tecture. Here are manufactures of beau-
tiful porcelain, sugar, silk, cotton, woollen
cloth, canvas, and leather. The haven is
always crowded with ships; and the streets
are intersected by canals, which bring
the merchandise close to the warehouses
that line the quays. Contiguous to the
harbour are several islands, denominated
Holms, upon which are dock-yards, con-
taining every thing necessary for the
building and equipment of ships of war.
The citadel is a regular fortitication, with
five bastions, a double ditch full of water,
and several advanced works. The round
tower, built by Christian iv for an obser-
vatory, is a lofty structure ; and its ascent
is by a spiral brick road, that will admit a
carriage with four horses to the summit.
COR
In tlie N suburbs is a large obelisk of
reddish stone, erected iu 1793 by the city,
to the houour of Christian vii, on his
abolishing vassalage; and around its pe-
destal are four female figures of white
marble. Four m to the nw, on the road
to Roskild, is Fredricsburg, a castle be-
longing to the royal family, with a superb
chapel, in which the kings are crowned.
Copenhagen contains about 100,000 inha-
bitants. In 1807 a British fleet arrived
here, and required the surrender of tb.e
ships of war in its liarbcmr, to prevent the
French getting possession of them ; not
being given up, the city was bombarded
till it surrendered ; and all the vessels and
stores being sent off for England, the city
was abandoned by the British. Copen-
hagen is 5 m in circuit, seated on the e
shore of the isle of Zealand, 340 m sw
Stockholm, and 500 ke London. Lon. 13
34 E, lat. 55 41 n. See Amak.
Copi, a town of Mingrelia, situate on
the Black sea, at the mouth of a river of
the same name, 50 m ssw Ruki.
Copiapo, a seaport of Chili, capital of a
province abounding in mines of gold,
copper, sulphur, and fossile salt. The city
is irregularly built, and stands on a river
of the same name, 30 m from its mouth,
which forms the best port on the coast. It
is 200 m xby E, Cofjuimbo. Lon. 70 15
w, lat. 27 19 s.
Copilowatz, a town of European
Turkey, iu Bulgaria. Lon. 'oQ 35 e, lat.
40 40 x.
Coporia, a town of Russia, in Ingria, at
the mouth of a river of the same name, 50
m w Petersburg.
CoppenbrugCf a town of Westphalia, in
the county of Spigelberg, 10 m EbyN
Hamelin.
Coppet, a town of Switzerland, with a
castle, on the lake of Geneva. 10 m n
Geneva.
Coquet, a river of England, which rises
in the mountains on the borders of Scot-
land, crosses the centre of Northumber-
land, and enters the German ocean, at
Warkworth. Opposite its mouth is a
small island of the same name.
Coquimho, or Serena, a city of Chili,
capital of the province of Coquimbo,
which is rich in corn, wine, and fruit, and
has mines of gold, silver, and copper. The
streets are shaded with fig-trees, palms,
oranges, olives, Sec. always green. It
stands near the mouth of the river Co-
quimbo, which enters a safe bay for ships,
260 m NbyE Valparaiso. Lon. 71 14 w,
lat. 30 1 s.
Corackie; see Crotchci/,
Coram, a town of New York, in Suffolk
county. Long-island, 10 m E Smithtown.
Corbach, a town of Germany, capital of
COR
the county of Waldeck. It is divided into
the old and new town, and near it, on a
mountain, is the castle of Eisenberg. The
Hanoverians were defeated here" by the
French in 1760. It is seated on the Itter,
22 m w Cassel. Lon. 9 1 e, lat. 51 16 n.
Corbeck, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, 3 m s Louvain.
Corbeil, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Oise, seated on the
Seine, at the influx of the Juine, 17 m s
Paris.
Corbio, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Somme, with a celebrated
Benedictine abbey, seated on the Somme,
10 m E Amiens.
Corbiera, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Friburg, 10 m s Friburg.
Corbig?!!/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nievre, near the river Gonne,
30 m NE Nevers.
Corby, a town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Thursday, 13 m N Stamford,
and 102 N by w London.
Corcan ; see Jorjan.
Cordilleras ; see Andes.
C(;r^ot;a, a city of Spain, in Andalusia,
and a bishop's see, known to the Romans
by the name of Corduba. The circuit is
large, but there are many orchards and
gardens v.ithin the walls. The palaces,
churches, and religious houses are superb,
particularly the cathedral, which was a
mosque, when the Moors possessed the
town, and still retains the name of Mez-
quita. The square, called the Plaza Major,
is surrounded by fine houses, under which
are piazzas. The trade consists in wine,
silk, and leather; but it is not so consider-
able as formerly. In the neighbourhood
are a vast number of orange and lemon
trees ; and here are the best horses in Spain.
Cordova is seated on the Guadalquiver,
over which is a fine old bridge, 80 m ne
Seville, and 190 ssw Madrid. Lon. 4 34
w, lat. 37 52 N.
Cordova, a city of New Spain, in Tlas-
cala, and a bishop's see. Here are many
sugar mills, and the vicinity produces
abundance of tobacco. It stands near the
Blanco, which flows to the lake of Alva-
rado, 45 m wsw Vera Cruz, and 73 Ebys
Puebla.
Cordova, a city of Tucuman, and the
capital of a piovince. It is the residence
of the bishop and chapter of Tucuman, and
has many good houses, a large cathedral,
three convents, and two colleges. It has
a great trade in mules to Salta, and sends
cotton and woollen cloth to Potosi. It is
290 m sbvE Tucuman. Lon. 63 15 w,
lat. 31 30 s.
Corea, a peninsula of Asia, extending
between China and Japan; bounded on
the a by Eastern Tartary, e by the sea
COR
and isles of Japan, s hy tlie ocean, avA w
by the Yello^ sea and Leao-tong. 'I'he
principal products are wheat, rice, millet,
ginsen<r, tobacco, iron, salt, castor and
sable skin?, a yellow varuisii almost equal
to gildinsi, and a peculiar kind of paper
made of cotton. Tlie Coror.ns are well
made, ingenious, brave, and tractable; but
suspicious and unsociable toward strangers,
declining any trattic, and n-.akiiig great
objections to their coming on shore. They
are fond of dancing and masic, and show
great aptness for acfjuiring the sciences,
■which lliey apply to with ardour. Men
of learning are distinguished from other
people by two plumes of feathers, which
they wear in their caps. 'I h.ey have bor-
rowed their writing, dress, religion, and the
greater part of their customs, from the
Chinese ; but their language is different,
though the symbolical written characters
are the same ; much in the like manner as
the written symbols 1, 2, 3, Xrc. when
spoken in England, are dilTerent when
spoken in France. Their women are less
confined than those in China, and have
the liberty of appearing in company with
the other sex. In China, parents often
marry tlieir children without their consent;
but in Corea, they choose for themselves.
The kingdom of Corea is comm.only reck-
oned 200 leagues from N to s, and 100
from E to w. The sw coast for near 200
m is studded with an infinite number of
small islands, to the distance of (30 m from
the shore ; and are named the Corean
Archipelago. The king has absolute au-
thority over his subjects, hut is himself
tributary to China. The country is divid-
ed into eight provinces, which contain 33
cities of the tirst rank, .")8 of the second,
and 70 of the third. Kiang-ki-lao is tlie
capital. Lon. 126 42 e, lat. 37 38 x.
Corella, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on
the Alhama, 12 m w Tude'a, and 4-1 s
Pamplona.
CorJ'e Castle, a borough in Dorsetshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Thursday. It is seated in a peninsula
called the Isle of Purbeck, on a river be-
tween two hills, on one of which stands
the castle, where king Edward the martyr
■was stabbed at the instigation of his
mother-in-law. It has a large church,
which is a royal pecilliar, not liable to any
episcopal jurisdiction. Great rjuantities
of tine clay and stone are shipped here.
It is 21 m E Dorchester, and 116 -whys
London. Lon. 2 4 w^ lat. 50 36 n.
Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean,
near the coast of Albania, about 35 m long
and 8 broad. It is the most important of
the Ionian Islands, and the seat of their,
government. The chief products are wine,
oil, tobacco, and salt. The capital is of
COR
the same name, on the e coast, with a
handsome metropolitan church of the
Greeks, a strong castle and fort, and a
good harbour. Long. 19 50 e, hit. 39
26 N.
Co/-i«, a city of Spain, in Estrernadura,
and a bishop's see. In the vicinity are
medicinal spring'",. It is seated on the
AlaL'on, 120 m wsw Madrid. Lon. 6 16
w, lat. 39 56 x.
Coria, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
seated on the Guadalquivcr, 10 m ssw
Seville.
Coringa, a seaport of Hindoostan, in
the Circars, district of Rajamundry. Here
is a wet dock capable of taking in a frigate ;
and many vessels of small burden are
annuallv built at this port. The commerce
here is considerable, and the chief exports
are piece goods and teak wood. It stands
on a small bay of its name, 41 m exe
Rajamundry. Lon. 32 30 e, lat. 16 49 x.
Corinth, or Corantho, a town of Euro-
pean Turkey, in Morea, and a Greek
archbishop's see. It was one of tlie most
important cities in Greece, on account of
its situation on the isthmus into Morea ; its
castle on the top of an almost inaccessible
rock ; its harbours on the gulfs of Lepanto
and Engia : its riches, and its architects,
sculptors, and painters. It once belonged to
the Venetians, but the Turks became mas-
ters of it in 1715. It is now greatly de-
cayed; for the houses are not contiguous,
but intermixed with fields and gardens.
Here are two mosques and an extensive
palace. It is 60 m \v by 5 Athens. Lon.
22 54 E, lat. S3 3 x.
Corinth, Isthmus of, a neck of land
that joins Morea to Livadia, and reaches
from the gulf of Lepanto to that of Engia.
The narrowest part of it is 6 m over. On
a mount here, called Oneius, were formerly
celebrated the Isthmian games : there are
still the ruins of a town upon it, and of
the temples dedicated to the Sun, Pluto,
Diana, Neptune, Ceres, and Bacchus.
Julius Cesar, Caligula, and Nero, in vain
attempted to cut a channel through the
isthmus ; they therefore built a wall across
it, called Hexamilium, because it was 6
m in length. This was demolished by
Amurath if, rebuilt by the Venetians, and
levelled a second time by Moliamed ii.
Corita, a town of Spain, in Leon, 23 m
E Salamanca.
Corh, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Munster, 80 m long and 50 broad ;
bounded on the w by Kerry and the At-
lantic, N by Limerick, e by Waterford, and
s hy St. George channel. It is the largest
county in Ireland, and the surface presents
a great variety : the w part is wild, moun-
tainous, bold, "^and" rocky : the X and e parts
are rich and fertile, with ranges of high
COR
<'roiin(1s runninij; e and w. The coasts
aboiuid with excellent harbours, and it
is abundantly watered by rivers, small
lakes, and springs; the principal rivers are
the Blackwater and Lee. Iron and lead
ores are found in various parts ; and in the
^w quarter there are many coal mints. It
sends eight members to parliament, is di-
vided into 137 parishes, and has 416,000
inhabitnnts.
Cork, a city and the capital of the above
county, and a bishop's see united with
Ross. It stands on an island in the
river Lee, over which are five stone bridges
to the suburbs. Vessels of 120 tons may
come up to the quays, but those of heavier
burden unload 6 m below; and the largest
vessels generally anchor a few miles lower
in a safe and comn)odious harbour called
the Cove, which is defended by a strong
fort. The cathedral was built, between
1725 and 1735, by the produce of a duty
on coal ; and there are six parochial
churches. A spacious barrack stands on
a commanding eminence ne of the city.
It sends two m.embers to parliament.
The population 100,000. Cork surpasses
ail the towns in Ireland for trade, except
Dublin. The exports consist chiefly of
beef, pork, hides, tallow, and butter. Tt
was taken from the forces of James ii by
the earl of jNIarlborough in 1C90. Tt is 14
m from St. George channel, and 150 sw^
Dublin. Lon. 8 28 w, lat. 51 54 N.
Corliii, a town of Furtlier Pomerania,
with a castle, and considerable woollen
manufactures. It was destroyed by fire,
and neatly rebuilt by Fredrick-William r,
whose statue stands in the centre. It is
seated on the Ptrsant, 10 m se Colberg.
Cormantiii, a town of Guinea, Oii the
Gold coast, large and populous. Here the
Dutch have a fort. Lon. 0 1 5 w, lat. 5 30 n.
Cormery, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Indre and Loire, with a Bene-
dictine abbey, seated on the Indre, 8 m se
Tours.
Coma, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Irak, seated at the angle formed by the
junction of the Tigris with the Euphrates.
It has a customhouse for collecting the
duties on the rivers, but is otherwise a poor
village, 35 in wnw Bassora.
Conielo, a town of Italy, in the palri-
mony of St. Peter,, seated on the J\Lirta, 3
m E of the sea, and 10 N Civita Veccliia.
Cornhill, a town of the county of Dur-
ham, in Norhamshire, seated near the
Tweed, over which it has a bridge to Colli-
stream, in Scotland. It is 12 m sw Ber-
wick, and 333 Nxw London.
Cornii^llano, a town of Italy, in Mila-
nese, 15 m E Milan.
Cvrmcallj a county that forms the sw
COR
extremity of England; bounded on the G
by Devonshire, s by the English chatmel,-
and Nw by St. George channel. Its length
from E to w is 80 m ; its breadth ne:a to
Devonshire is 48, but it soon contracts,
and at Falmcuth does not exceed 14 ; it
then spreads a little to the s and sw, and
terminates in two points, one called the
Lizard, and the other the Lands-end. It:
contains 900,430 acres ; is divided into
nine hundreds, and 213 parishes ; has 2>T
market-towns ; and sends 44 members to
parliament. The population was 216,667
in 1811. The vicinity of the sea exempts
it from hard frosts, and snow never lies long-
on the ground. The soil is not very fruit-
ful, especially in the centre on the hilly
parts ; the valleys yield plenty of grass, and
the lands near the sea produce corn. It
has plenty of sea-herbs, and some other
plants peculiar to its insular situation.
Tlie principal rivers are the Tamar and
Camel. The mines of tin and copper are
numerous, and in general very rich in ore;
and there are some of lead. With the-
metalline ores are intermixed large quan-
tities of mundic and arsenic. Many sorts
of stone are also found here, particularly
moorstone, which is used both In buildings
and for millstones : when polished it ap-
pears more beautiful than any of the
marble kind. , In many cavernous parts of'
the rocks are found transparent crystals,
called Cornish diamonds. The king's
eldest son is born duke of Cornwall, and-
derives a revenue, not only from lands ap-
pertaining to tlie duchy, but from the
mines of tin and copper. Launceston is
the county town, but Falmouth is the
largest.
Cornwallis, a town on the w coast of
Xova Scotia, 42 m NW Halifax. Lon. 64!
15 w lat. 45 10 N.
Coro, a province of tlie government of
Caracas ; bounded on the :." by the Cari-
bean sea, i, by Caracas, s by Maracaiba,
and w by the lake and gulf of Maracaibo.
Near the seacoast are high mountains, the
tops of which are barren, but the lower
parts and the valleys are fertile. The in-
habitants raise great numbers of sheep,
manufacture some cotton stuffs, and culti-
vate excellent tobacco, cacao, and sugar.
The chief rivers are the Geeiges and
Tocuyo.
Coro, or Venezuela, a city, capital of the
above province, and a bishop's see. It
was anciently an Indian village, and the
huts built upon piles to raise them above
the water, which covered the plain; that
the Spaniards, when they arrived here in
1449, gave it the name of Venezuela [Little
Venice] : and this name is now frequently
applied to the whole government t)t Cai'a-
N -
COR
cas. The city stands on the isthmus of a
penlnsuUi, on the e side of the s^ulf of I\Ia-
racailjo, 1','0 m ene Maracaibo, Lon. 60
46 \v, hit. 11 '26 N.
Corowandel, Coast of, tlie east coast of
Southern llinduostan, extending between
10 and 16 N hit. Tlicre is not a pprt for
ships on the whole coast, whicli is a h)\v,
sandy sh.ore ; and there is croat difficulty in
landing on account of the surf, except at
places where proper boats are provided.
Madras is the principal town.
Coron, a seaport of European Turkey,
in Morca, on the w side of .i bay of the
same name. In 1770 it was cannonaded
by the Russians, and a great part is still in
ruins. It is 15 m k Mudon. Lon. 2146
E, lat. 36 55 N.
Coronation, Cape, a cape of the island
of New Caledonia, in the Pacific ocean,
Lon. 167 C K, lat. 22 5 s.
Corregio, a town of Italy, in Mode-
iiese, with a castle. The famous painter
Antonio Allegri, better known by the addi-
tion of Corregio, was born here. It is 9 m
]MKE Reggio.
Correze, a department of France, con-
taining the old province of Liraosin. It
takes its name from a river, which Hows
by Tulles and Drives, into the Vezere.
Tulles is the capital.
Corrih, Lough, a beautiful lake of Ire-
land, in the county of Galway, 30 ni long
and in some phtces more than 6 broad. It
is thickly studded with islands, many of
which are inhabited ; its navigation is im-
peded by latent rocks, but tiieir positions
are known by those boatmen who are con-
tinually employed in conveying goods and
provisions to and from Galway. A deli-
cate nsh, called the Gillaroe trout, is found
in this lake; it weighs from 12 to 18
pounds, and is remarkable for having a
gizzard like that of a large fowl. The nar-
rowest part of the lake is its outlet into
Galway bay, at the town of Galway.
Corrientcs, a cape on the E coast of
Africa, to the s of Inhambane. It has a
fort belonging to the Portuguese, and is
their most southern settlement on this
coast. It was taken by the French in
1808, but they were soon compelled to
abandon it. Lon. 35 52 e, lat. 24 5 s.
Corrientea, a city of the government of
Ijuenos Ayres, with a fort. The chief
trade is in sending to the capital line to-
bacco, sugar, yellow wax, Paraguay tea,
cotton, cloth, and tliread. It is seated on
the E side of the Parana, below the infnix
of the Paraguay, 130 m s Assumption,
and 490 n Buenos Ayres. Lon. 59 0 w,
lat. 27 30 s.
Corshum, a town in Wiltshire, with
a market on Wednesday, and a cou-
COll
^iderablc woollen manufiicture. It is
9 m ENE Bath, and 97 w London.
Corsiexi,. an island in the jNlcditerra-
nean, separated from that of Sardinia, on
the s, by the strait of Bonii^icio. It is
150 m from K to s, and from 'jO to 50 in
breadth. It was known to the ancient
Greeks by the names of Callista, and Cyr-
nus, and to the Romans by its present
appellation. On the coast are many ex-
cellent harbours. It is mountainous, but
fruitful valleys are interspersed; and it has
sonic fmelakcs and rivers. From the earliest
times it has been famous for its swarms of
bees, and produces vast quantities of honey,
which is not much esteemed, but the wax is
excellent. The mountains are rich in lead,
iron, copper, and silver ; and there are also
mines of alum and saltpetre. The granite of
Corsica is nearly etjual to the oriental; por-
phyries, jasper, talc, amianthes, emeralds,
and other precious stones, are found scat-
tered in the mountains ; and the s coast
abounds with beautiful coral. This island
was, for some centuries, under the domi-
nion of the Genoese, whose tyranny was
such, that the Corsicans were almost in a
perpetual state of insurrection. In 1736,
a German adventurer, Theodore baron
Newhoif, Vjrought some assistance to them,
and on his assurances of more powerful
aid, they elected him king; but, as he
could not substantiate his promises, he
was obliged to leave the island. The Ge-
noese, tired of the contest, sold the sove-
reignty to France, in 1767; and the cele-
brated Paoli, who had been elected to the
chief command in 1755, was obliged to
abandon the island in 1769. After the
French revolution, in 1789, Corsica was
admitted as an additional department of
France, at the request of a deputation, of
which Paoli was at the head. In conse-
quence of some events that followed the
revolution of 1792, Paoli revolted; the
French, by the assistance of the English,
were expelled the island; and Corsica, in
1794, was declared amiexed to the crown
of Great Britain. In 1796, the viceroy
disagreeing with Paoli, the English found
it expedient to evacuate the island, and
the French immediately took possession.
The population in 1802 was about 166,000.
It is divided into two departments, Golo
and Liamone, ot wliich Bastia and Ajaccio
are the chief towns.
Corsoer, a town of Denmark, in Zealand,
on a peninsula, in the Great Belt, with a
good harbour for light vessels. It is de-
fended by a castle, which serves also as a
magazine for coru; and is 54 m wsw Copen-
hag^en. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 55 12 n.
Corle, a town of Corsica, situate in the
centre of the island, on the side and foot of
COS
a rock, at tlife conflux of the Tavignano and
Reslonica. On the point of a rock, rising
above the rest, is the castle, to which there
is but one winding passage that will ad-
mit only two persons abreast. While the
island was in the possession of the English,
Corte was made the seat of the viceroy ;
and it has been enlarged and fortified by
the French. It is 27 m ne Ajaccio, and
40 sw Basti«. Lon. 8 52 e, lat. 42 6 N.
Cortemiglia, a town of Piedmont, in
Montferrat, situate on the Bermida, 16
m E Cherasco.
Cortona, a city of Tuscany, in Floren-
tino, and a bishop's see, with a famous
academy. It is supposed to be the most
ancient city in Italy, and once the capital
of Etruria, and preserves some remnant of
its walls, the only vestige of its early mag-
nificence. It stands on the side of a moun-
tain, near the frontiers of the Ecclesiastical
State, 32 m e Siena, and 50 se Florence.
Lon. 11 52 w, lat. 43 20 N.
Corvey, a town and small principality
of Westphalia, with a celebrated abbey;
situate on the Weser, 27 m e by n Pader-
born. Lon. 9 34 e, lat. 51 4G n.
Corunna, a seaport of Spain, in Galicia,
■with a large and safe harbour, called the
Groyne, defended by two castles. The
town is of a circular form, with a citadel;
and opposite is an island with a castle.
Here are many commercial houses, and
most of the trading nations have resident
consuls. It is 20 m sw Ferrol, and 35 N
byE Compostella. Lon. 8 19 w, lat. 43
23 N.
Corvo, the smallest and most northerly
island of the Azores, so called from the
abundance of crows found upon it. The
inhabitants cultivate wheat and feed hogs.
Lon. 31 6 w, lat. 39 42 n.
Corwen, a town of Wales, in Merioneth-
shire, with a market on Tuesday; situate
near the river Dee, 9 m ne Bala, and 202
Nw London.
Curi/vrekan, a dangerous whirlpool on
the w coast of Scotland, between the isle
of Scarba and the n point of that of Jura.
It is so named from a young Danish prince,
"who perished in this place. Its vortex ex-
tends above a mile round.
Cos; see Stuncho.
Cosah, a river of Hindoostan that rises
in the Himaleh mountains, takes a sse
direction through the Nepaul territories
into Bengal, and 70 m below Nantpoor
joins the Ganges, The whole course is
estimated at 400 m, and for 20 above and
40 below Nantpoor the stream spreads and
forms several small islands.
Cosier, a town of Egypt, surrounded by
a, mud wall, and defended by a castle. It
stands among hillocks of floating sand, on
COS
the shore of the Red sea, and is the chief
place of trade across that sea, between this
country and Arabia. It is 280 m sbyE
Suez. ' Lon. 33 50 e, lat. 26 8 n.
Conenza, a city of Naples, capital of
Calabria C'itra, and an archbishop's see,
with a strong castle. The environs pro-
duce abundance of corn, fruit, oil, wine,
and silk. It is situate on several small
hills, at the foot of the Apennines and by
the river Crati, 155 m se Naples. Lon. 16
20 e, lat. 39 20 n.
Coslin, a town of Further Pomerania,
with good woollen manufactures, seated on
the Nefebach, 18 m e Colberg.
Cosne, a town of France, in the depart-
ment ofNievre. Anchors for ships are
forged here ; and its cutlery and gloves are
much esteemed. It is seated on the Loire,
at the influx of the Noain, 34 m Nbyw
Nevers, and 100 sbyE Paris.
Cospoor, a town of Cassay, in the district
of Cachar, adjoining that of Silhet, in
Bengal. It is 80 m e Silhet. Lon. 92 57
E, lat. 24 56 N.
Cossacs, a people inhabiting the confines
of Poland, Russia, Tartary, and Turkey.
They are divided into the Kosakki-sa-
Parovi, the Kosakki-Donski, and the
Uralian Cossacs. The men are large, and
well made, have blue eyes, brown hair, and
aqueline noses ; the women are handsome,
well shaped, and complaisant to strangers.
The Urahan Cossacs dwell in villages,
along the banks of the Ural. The Kosak-
ki-sa-Parovi inhabit the Ukraine ; and
their towns are built of wood, after the
manner of the Russians. The Kosakki-
Donski dwell on both sides of the Don, are
under the protection of Russia, and profess
the same religion. See Ukraine, Uralian
Cossacx, and Tscherkask.
Cossimbazar, a river of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, the most western arm of the Gan-
ges, from which it separates 35 m below
Rajemal. It passes by Moorshedabad,
Cossimbazar, &c. to Nuddea, where it is
joined by the Jellinghy, another arm of the
Ganges. Both these rivers have an uncom-
monly winding course, and their united
stream forms the Hoogy. This river is the
Bhagirathi of the Hindoos, and the sacred
branch of the Ganges ; the others not pos-
sessing the same sanctity.
Cossimbazar, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, the residence of the different Eu-
ropean factors, and the centre of their
trade. It is one of the largest inland
trading towns in the province, and has
long been famous for its silk manufactures.
It stands on the river of the same name,
by which it is surrounded, 7ms Moorshe-
dabad, and 105 n Calcutta.
Cossimcoitu, a town o^ Hindoostan, ia
N2
COT
tlie Circars, district of Cicapole, on a river
that flows into the bay ot" Benixal, 7'i ni s\v
Cicacole. Lon. 83 10 e, lat. 17 oO N.
Cossipoo7-, a town and fortress of Uinduo-
Btan, in Delhi, 16 ni se lleker, and 112
INE Delhi.
Cossonat/, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, on the river Venog, 10 m n
Xausanne.
Costa Rica, a province of New Spain,
bounded on the ne hy tlie gulf of Mexico,
t,\v on the I'acitic ocean, nw by Nicaragua,
and SE by N'eragua. It has a pearl tishery
along its coast, and abounds in rich mines
of gold and silver; but in other respects it
is n»ountainous and barren. Cartago is
the capital.
Cuslainitza, a town of Croatia, en the
i-iver Udda, and borders of Bosnia, 57 m
ISE Carlstadt. Lon. 17 8 e, lat. 4.5 20 N.
Cosicick, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
principality of Auhalt, with a castle,
situate on the Elbe, 10 m wbyN Wit-
tenburg.
Cotbua, a town of Lower Lnsatia, capi-
tal of a district, with a castle on an emi-
nence. Here are a great number of French
protestants, wlio have introduced their ma-
nufactures ; and it is noted for excellent
beer, pitch, and flax. It is seated on the
liver Spree, 60 m Ebys Wittenburg. Lon.
14 24 E, lat. 51 46 N.
Cote (T Or, a department of France,
^hich has its name from a mountain, rich
in the produce of its wines, extending to
the sw of Dijon. It contains part of the
old province of Burgundy. Dijon is the
capital.
Cotes du Nord, a department of France,
so named from its northern maritime
position. It contains part of the old
province of Bretagne. St. Brieuc is tlie
capital.
Coteszvold, a long tract: of high ground
in the E part of Gloucestershii'e. It ailbrds
in many places a line short grass for the
feed of sheep ; and others are devoted to
the growth of corn. The sides of this long
range are beautiful as they sink into the
■vale, from the hills of Stinclicomb and
!Nibly in the s to that of Bredon in the n,
which has been celebrated in ancient
xhyrae.
Colhen, a. town of Upper Saxony, capital
of the principality of Anh.ilt-Cothen, with
a castle. It is 12 m sw Dessau. Lou. 12
S,E, lat. 51 48 K.
.Coii gnac, a town of France, in the de-
partme nt of Var, on the river Argens, 3G
on NKE Toulon.
Cotignola, a fortified town of Italy, in
Terrarese, 25 m sse i'"errara.
Colopaxi, a mountain of the kingdom of
4ttuito, one of the highest of the Andes.
cou
It rises 18,890 feet above tlic level of the
Sea, and is the most beautihil and regular
•n form of the colossal heights of the
Andes. It is a perfect cone; the upper
region covered with a perpetual layer of
snow, which shines with dazzling splendor
at the setting of the sun, ami detaches it-
self in the most pictoresque manner from
the azure vault of heaven. At its summit
is a volcano that has at various times
caused terrible devastation. It is 36 m
SE Quito.
Cotrone ; see Croiona.
Cotwj, a town of St. Domingo, seated
in a rich and extensive valley, on the Camu,,
at its conflux with the Yuna, 35 m wsw
Samana.
Couci/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aisne, on the river Oise, 9 m N
Soisons.
Covcntri/, a city in Warwickshire, which,,
united to Lichfield, is a bishop's see. The
market is on Friday. It is a county of it-
self, governed by a mayor, and has three
parish-churches, one of which, St. Michael,,
is said to have the most beautiful steeple
in F^urope. The houses being mostly oU\,
with stories projecting over each other,
make a mean appearance. The population
was 17,923 in 1811. The principal manu-
facture is silk ribands ; but some gauzes,,
camblets, and lasting*, are also made. It
has a comunication with the Staflordshire
Grank Trunk, by a canal to Fradley ; and
by another, which joins the Oxford canal
at Braunston, it has a communication with
the Thames. Coventry is 15 m mm-. War-
wick, and 91 Nw London. Lon. 1 30 w,
lat. 52 24 X.
Corllham, a town of Portugal, in Belra,
with a manufacture of woollen cloth, 18 ni
sw Guarda.
Coulon, a town of llindoostan, in Tra-
vancore, with a good trade, situate on the
seacoast, 42 m >w Tra\ancore. Lon. 76
40 E, lat. 8 49 N.
- Coveloiig, a town of Klndoostan, on the
coast of the Carnutic, 24 m s Madras.
Coulemu, a town of Chili, capital of the
province of Itata. It is celebrated for ex-
cellent wine, and stands near the mouth of
the Itata, 50 m .% Conception.
Covoerden ; see Cotvorden.
Courland, a duchy of Europe, 250 m
long and 10 broad ; boinided on the w and
N by the Baltic, e by Livonia, and s by Po-
land. It is divided into Courland Proper
and Semigaliia. The country swells into
gentle hills, and is fertile in corn, linseed,
hemp, and flax. It is mostly open ; but
in some parts there are forests of pine and
flr, and groves of oak. It was formerly a
feudatory province of Poland, but was an-
nexed to the dominions of Russia, in 1795,
CRA
by an act of the states. Mittau is the
capital.
Courserans, an old province of France,
l-yins along the river Satat. It now forms,
witli Foix, the department of Arriege.
Courtray, a town <if the Netherlands,
ki Flanders, celebrated for its manufac-
tures of table linen and woollen cloths ;
seated on both sides the river Lis, 12 m E
Ypres.
Coiitancat, a town of France, capital of
tlie department of Manche, and a bishop's
see, with a fine cathedral. It is situate on
a hill on the bank of a small river, 6 m
from the sea, and 183 w Paris. Lon. 1 27
I, lat. 49 3 X.
Coutrus, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gironde, at the conflux of the Ille
aiid Dronne, 25 m ne Bourdeaux.
Cmchridge, a corporate town of Wales,
in Glamorganshire, with a market on Tues-
day. It is called by the Welsh, Pont-faen,
-from the st()ne bridge over the river Daw,
■whicii soon after enters the Bristol channel.
Near it are the remains of Lianbithian
■castle, of which a massive gateway is now
converted into a barn ; and about a mile
distant, on a lofty hill, are the rnins of Pen-
line castle. Cowbridge is 12 m w Cardiff
and 173 London.
Cozvei;, a seaport of Hampshire, in the
isle of Wight, on the w side of the mouth
of the Medina or Cowes. On the oppo-
site side is the village of East Cowes, and
at each place is a fort built by Iltnry viii,
for the security of the island and road.
Cowes has an excellent harbour, which is
much frequented by ships to repair da-
mages sustained at sea, and to water ; and
also a good trade in provisions, &c. for the
use of the shipping. During the summer
it is visited for the purpose of sea-bath-
ing; and here are a number of genteel lodg-
ing houses, and an assembly room. A
mail packet sails hence every day at noon
for Southampton. It is 12 m sbyE South-
.ampton, 12 w^w Portsmouth, and 86 sw
London. Lon. 1 17 w, lat. 50 40 N.
Cotcldurga, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Mysore, with a strong hill fort. It is sur-
rounded by thick forests, and stands 12 m
s Bednore.
Coiumcl, an island on the e coast of
Jucatan, where Cortes landed, and refresh-
ed his troops, before he attempted the
-conquest of Mexico. It abounds with fruit,
pulse, cattle, and fowls. The original na-
tives possess this island, and are subject to
Spain. Lon. 87 19 w, lat. 19 40 M.
Crab liland ; see Boriquen.
Cracutoa, the southermost of a cluster
of islands in the entrance of the strait of
Sunda. It consists of elevated land, co-
vered with trees, except a few spots, which
•have been cleared for the purpose of form-
CRA
ing rice fields ; and its coral reefs afford
small turtles in abundance. The inhabit-
ants are not considerable ; and their chief^
like those of the other islands in the strait,
is subject to the king of Bantam. Lon,
105 56 E, lat. 8 6 s.
Critcozo, a free city of Poland, capital
of a palatinate, and a bishop's see, with a
university. It was formerly the capital oC
Poland, where the kings were elected and
crowned, and nearly in the centre of the
Polish dominions ; but, since the partition
of Poland, it is become a frontier town,
and, with its territory, belongs to Austria.
On a rock near the Vistula is the citadel,
surrounded by brick walls and old towers,
which includes the remains of several
public buildings ; but the royal palace has
been demolished by the Austrians, and'
barracks for soldiers erected on the founda-
tions. The cathedral is also within the
walls of the citadel, in which most of the
sovereigns of Poland are interred. Though
the city and suburbs occupy a vast tract
of ground, they scarcely contain 24,000
inhabitants. The great square is spacious
and well built, and many of the streets ar&
broad and handsome ; but almost every
building bears the mark of rained gran-
deur. This devastation was begun by the
Swedes in 1702, when it was taken by
Charles xii ; but it has since experienced
greater calamities, having been taken and
retaken by the Russians and the confede-
rates. On the general insurrection, ia
1794, against the Prussian and Russian
usurpers of the Polish territory, Ko.=;ciusko,.
the chief of the patriotic insurgents, ex-
pelled the Russian garrison from this city;,
but having marched, in the sequel, to the
protection of Warsaw, Cracow surrendered
to the Prussians. It is seated on the Vis-
tula, 130 m ssw Warsaw. Lon. 19 50 E^
lat. 49 59 N.
Crailyix borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire,
with an ancient church, and some remains
of a castle in which David i frequently re-
sided. It is seated on the frith of Forth,
8 ni SE St. Andrew.
Criiihfieim, a town of Franconia, famous
for its china manufacture and mineral
waters ; seated on the Jaxt, 20 m wsvr.
Anspach.
Crainburg, a town of Germany, in Car-
niola, with a castle, on the river Save, 18
m Nw Laubach.
Crumond, a village of Scotland, 5 m WNW
Edinburg, at the mouth of the Amond, in
the frith of Forth. It has a commodious
harbour for small vessels, and considerable
iron-works.
Cranberry, a town of Nevf Jersey, in
Middlesex county, 16 m ssw Brunswick,
and 20 ene Trenton.
Cranhourn, a town in Dorsetshire, with
CRE
a market on Wednesday, seated near a
liue chase, whicli extends almost to
Salisbury, 38 m ne Dorchester, and 9'3 w
Xiondon.
Cranbrook, a town in Kent, with a
market on Saturday. Here was erected
the first woollen manut'acture, by those
rieminjijs who settled tln-ough the encou-
ragement of Edward Jii ; and here is a
free granunar-school, endowed by queen
Elisabeth. It is 13 m s Maidstone, and
49 SK London.
Ci-anenberg, a town of ^V'estphalia, in
the duchy of Cleve, seated on a liill, o m
"w Cleve.
Crariganore, a town and fort of lilndoo-
stan, in Malabar. It was taken from the
Portuguese in 1662 by the Dutch, who sold
it in 178L) to the rajah of Travancor, from
■whom it was taken in 1790 by the Myso-
rean troops, but they were driven out in
1791. It is seated at the s extremity of
the province, near the mouth of a river, 7o
m sbvE Calicut. Lon. 76 3 k, lat. 10
15 N.
Crunsac, a village of France, in the de-
partment of Aveiron, celebrated for its mi-
neral waters, 15 m nw llhodez.
Craon, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mayenne, near the river Ouden,
17 m sby vv Laval.
Cruto, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo,
"with a priory belonging to the order of
Malta, 14 m w Portalegre.
Cruvford, a village in Kent, on the river
Cray, 2 m wbyN Dartfurd. Here are
some calico printing grounds, and a manu-
facture of iron hoops.
Crect/, or Cressij, a village of France,
in the department of Somme, celebrated
for the victory over the French, gained by
lEdward iii, in 1346. It is ^2 m Nw
Amiens.
Crediton, a town in Devonshire, with a
market on Saturday, and a considerable
manufacture of serges. The church is a
noble structure, and was formerly a cathe-
dral. The town was almost all destroyed
by tire in 1769. It is seated between two
hills, 12 m sw Exeter, and 180 wbyx
London.
Crec, a river of Scotland, which rises in
the nurtheru part of the counties of Wig-
ton and Kirkcudbright, forms the boun-
dary between them, and enters the head of
Wigton bay.
Creeiown, or Ferrytowny a small port of
Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire. Here
several sloops are constantly employed in
the coasting trade. It stands on Wigton
bay, near the influx of the Cree, 22 m w
Kirkcudbright.
CregUngen, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Anspacb, seated on the
CRE
Taiiber, 22 m s Wurtzburg, and 20 kw
Anspach.
Creil, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Oise, on the river Oise, 5 m e
Senlis.
Cremu, a fortified town of Italy, capital
of Cremahco, and a bishop's see. It is well
built and populous, and seated on the Serio,
30 m s Bergamo. Lon. 9 50 k, lat. 45
25 X.
Cremasco, a small territory of Italy, in
the s part of Bergamasco, and nearly sur-
rounded by the duchy of Milan. It is fer-
tile in corn, wine, flax, and hemp. Crema
is the capital.
Creiniu, u town of France, in the depart-
ment of Isere, at the foot of a mountain,
near the Rhone, 20 m ne Vienne.
Creiunitz, a town of Hungary, noted for
its gold and silver mines, which are the
oldest in the kingdom. The principal
mine is private property, with an entrance
so connnodious as to admit a carnage :
most of the other mines belong to the
crown. Ail the Hungarian gold and silver
ores are brought here to be separated ;
and the grand laboratory employed for this
purpose, is on a scale superior to any other
country. Here is also a mint, constantly-
employed. Cremnitz is seated amid moun-
tains, and has so lofty a situation, that
the church of St. John is believed to stand
on the highest point of all Hungary. It
is 16 m N Schemnitz, and 100 ene Pres-
burg. Lon. 13 59 e, lat. 43 40 k.
Cronona, a city of Italy, capital of Cre-
monese, and a bishop's see, with a castle
and a university. The streets are broad
and straight, adorned with some small
squares, and many noble edifices. The
cathedral contains several beautiful altars
and fine paintings; and one chapel is set
apart for the relicts of the primitive mar-
tyrs, which are preserved in urns and sar-
cophagi. Here are also 40 parish churches,
and 43 convents of both sexes. It stands
in a delightful plain, watered by the Oalio,
and near the Po, over which is a bridge of
boats, defended by a fort. A canal passes
through the tov.n, and forms a communi-
cation between the two rivers. Cremona
has been several times taken ; the last time
by the French in 1800. It is 30 m nw
Parma. Lon. 9 58 e, lat. 45 8 x.
Cre?nonegc, a territory of Ita]y, in Mila-
nese, bounded on the e bv Mantua, n by
Bresciano, w by Cremasco, and ,s by Par-
ma. It is fertile hi wine and fruits. Cre-
mona is the capital.
Crcmsier, a town of JNIoravia, with a fine
castle and a convent, seated on the river
Marsch, 18 m sse Ohnutz.
Crescentiuo, a fortified town of Pied-
mont, on the river Po, 20 ra ne Turin.
CR[
Crrspt/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Oise, 17 m s Compiegiie.
Cressij ; see Ci-eci/.
Crest, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Drome, on the nver Drome, 16
m ssE Valence.
Crevecoeur, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, seated on the Scheie!,
5ms Carabray.
Crevccoeur, a toun and fort of the Ne-
tlierlands, in S Holland, at the conflux of
the Dommel with the Meuse, 4 m nw Bois
le Due.
Crevelt, a town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Cologne. Near this place the
French were defeated by the Hanoverians
in 1758. It is '32 m knw Co!osi,ne.
Creiise, a department of France, so
named from a river, which crosses it and
flows into tlie \'ienae. It contains the old
province of JMarche. Gueret is the capital.
Creiisen, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Rnyreuth, 7 m e Bayrenth.
Cieusot, a village cf France, in the de-
partment of Saone and Loire, 13 m why x
Chalons. Here is a famous cannon- foun-
dry, and the finest manufacture of crystals
in France.
Creutz, a town of Croatia, and a bislKip's
see, with a castle, 33 ra xe i\grani. Lon.
16 44 r, lat. 45 5o x.
Creutzbu)-g, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Brieg, with a castle. It has
a g'-eat trade in honey, wax, leather, and
flax ; and is seated on the Brinnitz, 35 m
Ebyx Brieg.
Creiitznatch, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine. It has a trade in
wine, salt, porn, wool, and tobacco. On
Dec. 2, 1 795, this town was taken three
times ; first by the French, then uv the
Austrians, and again by the former. It is
seated on the Nahe, 25 m sw Mentz.
Crcakcrne, a town in Somersetshire,
vvltii a market on Saturday, and manufac-
tures of stockings, canvas, and dowlass. It
is seated near a branch of the I'arret, 25
m s Wells, and 132 \vs\v London.
Cricaeth, or Ci-icheUh, a corporate town
of Wales, in Carmarthenshire, with a
market on Wednesday. The ancient castle
is now in ruins. It is situate near St.
George channel, 18 m sse Carmarthen,
and 234 xw London.
Crickhowel, a town of Wales, in Breck-
nockshire, with a market on Thursday.
Near it are the ruins of an ancient cattle
on a high mount. It is seated on the
Usk, 10 m SE Brecknock, and 157 wbyx
London.
Ciicklade, a borough in \Viltshire, with
a market on Saturday ; sealed near the
Thames, 25 m whys Oxford, and 84
w by N London.
Crkjfy a town of Scotland, in Perthshire,
CRI
v/ith manufactures of paper, cotton, and
thin linen ; seated near the Erne, 18 m w
Perth, and 24 xxe Stirling.
Criiii, a town of Crimea, supposed to
be on the site of an ancient city that once
gave the name of CrimTartary, or Crimea,
to the whole peninsula ; after having,
under the name of Cimnierium, been the
capital of a famous people who gave laws
to the greatest part of Europe. The mo-
dern town, called Eiki Krim [Old Crim]
by the Tartars, is now inhabited by Armi-
nians, but tlie Mohamedan ruins are ex-
tensive, and the neighbouring peasants are
Tartars. It is seated at the font of an in-
sulated mountain, 10 m vv Caiia.
Crimea, or Tuurida, the ancient Tau-
rica Chersonesus, a peninsula of Enro])e ;
bounded on the s and w by the Black sea,
X by the province of Catharinenslaf, with
which it communicates by the isthmus of
Prekon, and e by the sea of Asoph rmd the
strait of Taman. Toward the end of the
IJlth century, the Genoese settled in this
country; but they were expelled by the
Crim Tartars in 1474. These. Tartais had
been settled in Criniea above two centuries
before the expulsion of the Genoese. 'Ihey
were subjects of Batu Khan, grandson of
Zingis ; and their so\ereigut_y continued
till the 18th century. The Kiians, however,
were vassals, or tributary to the Turks,
till the year 1774, when their independ-
ence was stipulated in the treaty of Cai-
nargi. In 1783, tiie Russians took posses-
sion of the country with an army ; the fol-
lowing year it was ceded to them by the
Turks; and the peaceable possession of
the whole was secured to them in 1791, by
the cession of the fortress of Oczakof.
Crimea- is divided into two parts by the
river Salgir, which runs from vv to v.. The
X division is flat, poor, and fit for pastur-
ace onlv. It lias neither tree nor hillock;
salt lakes, and flocks of bheep, are its great-
est riches. This district is bleak and cold
in winter, and sultry and scorching in sum-
mer. The s part is mountainous, but the
valleys are astonishingly productive, and
the climate extremely mild, from the ex-
clusion of those violent winds by which
the X division is frequently incommoded.
Tlie lower hills, extending from Cait'a to
the E extremity of the country, are princi-
pallv used in gardening, and produce ex-
cellent fruit. Beside the port of Kertch,
the road of CafVa, and the harbour of Ba-
laclava, there is, near Sebastopol, one of
the finest harbours in the world. The
principal articles of exptnt are corn, salt,
honey, wax, butter, horses, female slaves,
hides, and furs, especially the tauric lamb-
skins, which are in high esteem. Crimea
now forms one of the two provinces of the
government of Catharinenslaf, under the
CRO
name of Taurlcla. Svmpheropol is the
capital.
Crimmiticluiu, a town of tlie kiimch.in of
Saxony, in I\lisnia, wiili manufactures of
stutVs andlincns, seated on the Pleise, 10
m ssw Altenberg,
Crinan, Loch, a small arm of the sea on
the w coast of Scotland, in Aigylt-shire,
which branches out e from the sound of
Jura, nearly opposite the ne end of the
island of Jura. It is connecied with Loch
Fyne hy a canal, called the Crinan Canal,
Criiiia ; see Kl.sfna.
Croulia, a country of Europe, bounded
on the N by Hungary, i: by Sclavonia and
Bosnia, s by Dalniatia, and \v by Carniola
and Stiria. It belongs to the house of
Austria, except a small part k of the ri\ tr
Unna, subject to the Turks. In VM9, tlie
Austrian part s of the river Save was
<:eded to France ; but was restored in
1813. Agram is the capital.
Croja, u town of European Turkev, in
Albania, seated near the gulf of \'euice,
13 m ^E Durazzo.
Croisic, or Croisil, a town of France, in
the department of Lower Loire, seated
between a salt marsh and the sea, 35 m w
Nantes.
Croix, St. a river of N America, which
forms the ne boundary of the United States,
and runs into the bay of Passamaquoddy.
Cioix, St. one of the Virgin islands, 20
.m long and 7 where broadest, lying 40 ni
sbyE of St. Thomas. It produces much
sugar, and belongs to the Danes. The
chief town is Christianstadt, on the n coast,
■with a line harbour, defended by a fortress.
Lon. 65 28 w, lat. 17 45 x.
Cromuck-uater, a lake in Cumberland,
between Buttermere and Lowes-water, re-
ceiving the former at its s end, by the liver
Cocker, and the latter at its n end. It is
4 m long and half a luile over ; with threw
small isles, one of them a rock, and the
- otlier covered with wood. Haifa mde from
the sw end is a waterfall, called Scale force,
rbelween the mountains of Mell)reak and
Blea-cragg. Tliis lake has abundance
of char and red trout. At the ne corner
is a stone bridge over its outlet, the Cocker,
•which flows hence to Cockermouth.
Croviarty, a seaport of Scotland, capital
of Cromartyshire. T he harbour is. one of
the safest in Great Britain, and has a com-
modious quay. Here is a manufacture of
hempen cloth, and a coasting trade in corn,
thread, yarn, fish, and skins of various
sorts. The population was 2413 in 1811.
It stands at tiie mouth of the frith of Cro-
marty, 18 m NE Inverness. Lon. 3 50 w,
lat. 57 38 N.
Cromarty Frith, a bay of Scotland,
one of tlie finest in Great Britain. It is
entered from Morav frith between two
CRO
promontories, called the Sutors of Cro-
marty, which arc 12 furlongs distant ; and
it extends 16 m vv, by 3 in breadth, be-
tween tlie counties of Cromartv and Ross.
Such is its depth and capacity, that almost
tlie whole British na\y might he here in
safety.
Cro/iii/rt!/s/iiri,a county of .Scotland, 16
m long and 6 broad ; bounded on the x
by Cromarty fritli, i; by Moray frith, and s
and w by Kossshire. It is divided into
five parishes, which contained 5 181 inha-
bitants in 1811. The high lands are heathy,
but on the coasts it is fertile and well cul-
tivated. It sciuk a member to parliament,
alternately with Nairnshire.
Cromer, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Saturday. It formerly had two
churches, one of which, with se\ eral houses,
was swallowed up by tlie sea. It is fre-
quented as a cheau bathing-place; and the
best lobsters, on this part of the coast, are
taken here. It stands on the verge of the
German ocean, 22 m n Norwich, and 129
-NE London.
Cromford, a village in Derbyshire, on
the river Derwent, 2 m x Wirksworth.
Here Mr. (aftenvard sir Ilichard) Ark-
wright erected some of the new cotton
mills, a capital improvement of mechanism
due to him ; and here also he built a noble
seat, and a church. There is a canal hence
to Nottingluim.
Cronuc/i, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Bamberg, near which is a
mountain-tbrtress called Rosenberg. It is
seated near tiie river Cronach, 11 m x
Culinbach.
Croiifiorg, a strong fortress of Denmark,
in Zealand, near Elsinore, which guards
the passage of the Sound. It stands on
the point of a peninsular promontory, al-
most opposite lielsingburg in Sweden, little
more than 4 m distant. In 1(358, it was
taken by the king of Sweden, and restored
in 1(360. in this fortress is a palace, where
queen Matilda was confined, till she was
jiermitted to retire to Zell. Half a mile
from tiie castle, on an eminence, is the
palace of Marienlyst,iu'ar w hich is Hamlet
Ciardtn, said to be the spot where the
murder of his father was perpetrated.
Croiieiiberg, or Kronbcrg, a town of
Germany, iu the territory of Mentz, seated
on a mountain, 9 m ^w Frankfort.
Crouatadt, a seaport and fortress of Rus-
sia, on the island of Retufari, in the gulf
of Finland. The harbour is the chief sta-
tion of the Russian fleet. Here are great
magaznies of naval stores, docks and vards
for building ships, a fouiidery for cannon
balls, and an extensive marine hospital.
The Man of War's Mole is enclosed bv a
strong rampart, built of granite, in the
sea. Peter's Canal, lined with masoiiry,
CRO
is 1050 fathoms lone, of whicli 358 stretcli
into the sea; it is GO t'athonis broad at tlie
bottom and 100 at the top, and is 24
fatlioms deep. At the end of tlie canal are
two pyramidal columns, with inscriptions
relative to this great work. The town oc-
cupies the i: part of the island, and the in-
habitants are about 40,000. Four m to
the s, on the Ini^ria coast, is Oranienbaam,
a royal residence, built on an artificial ter-
race 100 feet above the level of the sea.
Cronstadt is 22 m w Petersburg. Lon. 29
}., lat. 50 59 -\.
Crurmtddt, a t«wn of Transylvania. See
Ihassuu.
Crooin, a town of Ireland, in Timerick
county, on the river Maig, 13 m ssw li-
merick.
Cropuni, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, 9 m ene St. Severiiio.
Crosne, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Lemberg, CO m wsw Lemberg.
Crosa Fell, a mountain in Cumberland,
a m ESE Kirkoswold. Its extreme altitude
is 2901 feet. At different elevations there
are two extensive plains; and a third on
thesunnnit contains several hundred acres,
covered with moss and other vegetable
productions. The view from this height
comprehends great part of six comities. A
few yards below tlie summit is a spring
called the Geutlemans Well.
Ciosaen, a town of Brandenburg, in the
New mark, capital of a duchy, with a
strong castle. It is seated on tiie frontiers
of Silesia, near the conllux of the Buber
^vith the Oder, in a country abounding
Mith wine and truit, 23 m se Frankfort.
Lon. 15 15 E, lat. 52 7 x.
Crotcliei/, or Contchie, a town of Ilin-
df)ostan, and the only good seaport in
Sindy. It stands at tlie head of a bay,
which has a narrow and sludhjw entrance,
defended by a large fort ; but vessels of 400
tons may enter tlie harbour at high water.
The population 8000, the majority of
whom are Hindoos. It has a considerable
trade, being visited by the interior cara-
vans; and the ciiief exports are rice, ghee,
hides, saltpetre, potash, asalbetida, Tatta-
cloth, indigo, frankincense, and cuarse
cloths. It is 75 m w Tatta. Lon. 67 Id
>, lat. 24 51 N.
Crote?iai/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Jura, (j m se Poligny.
Crotona, a seaport of Naples, in Cala-
bria Ultra, and a bishop's see, with a cita-
del. It has a trade in grain, clieese, oil,
and silk, and is 15 m se St. Severino. Lon.
17 27 E, lat. 39 9 x.
Crotoy, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Somme, on tlm E side of the mouth
of the Somme, 35 m nw Amiens.
Crouch, a river in f'ssex, which rises
near Horudon, and enters the German
CRU
ocean between Burnham and Foulness
island. The \V;iIfleet and Burnham oysters
are the product of its creeks and pits.
Cruugh Patrick, a mountain of Ireland,
in I\Iayo county, near the s side of Clew-
bay, 4 m sw Westport. It is in the form
of a sugarloaf, 2060 feet above the level of
the sea, and deemed the highest mountain
in the country. It obtained its name from
St. Patrick, who fasted here during Lent ;
and hencg, according to tradition, he drove
all the venomous creatures in tht: kingdom
into the sea.
Crowluiid, a town in Lincolnshire, with
a market tm Saturday. Here was lormerly
an abbey of great note, and some stately
ruins yet remain. The town consists of
four streets, « hich are separated by water-
courses, and connected by a curious trian-
gular bridge for fuot passengers. The
chief trade is in fish and wild ducks, which
are plentiful in the adjacent pools and
marshes. It is 11 m N Peterborough, and
93 N by w London.
Crowie, a town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Monday, seated in the isle of
Axholm, near the river Dun, 18 m n
Gainsborough, and 1G7 xxw London.
Croicn Voiiit, a fort and town of New
York, in Clinton county. The fort was
erected by the I'rench, in 1731, on a point
that runs x into Lake Chi'miplain. It was
reduced by the English in 1759, taken by
the Americmis in 1775, retaken by the
English the year after, and is now in a ruin-
ous state. It is 90 m x Albany. Lon. 7It
21 w, lat. 13 56 x.
Croj/Jon, a town in Surry, with a market
on Saturday. It has a hospital and free-
scliool, founded by archbi>hop Whitgift.
In the church are some monuments of the
archbishops of Canterbury, who had here
an ancient palace, which was alienated
from the see in 1780 : the building, and
adjoining premises, are now occupied by
some cotton manufactures. The popula-
tion was r801 in 18n. The summer as-
sizes are held here and at Guilrilord alter-
nately. Croydon is seated near the source
of the Waudie, 10 m s London. Lon. 0
0 \v, lat. 51 2'1 N.
Crozen, a tf>wn of France, in the depart-
ment of Fiiiisterre, IG m xw Chaleaulin.
Crumlow, or Cruiiiau, a town of Bohe-
mia, in the circle of Bechin, with a castle,
seated on the Muldau, 12 m sbyw Bud-
weis.
Crumlarv, a town of Moravia, in the
circle of Znaim, with a cas'.le, 10 m nnk
Znaim.
Cruz, St. or Agadeer, a seaport of Mo-
rocco, in the kingdom of Sus. The Portu-
guese had a fijrtress here, which was taken
from them by the Moors in 1536; and tlie
emperor caused it to be destroyed in 1773.
CUB
The harbour is safe and commodious. It
is seated on a bay of the Atlantic, 130 m
wsw Morocco, Lon. 9 '60 w, lat. 30 28 x.
Cruz, ^t. a seaport on the sr. side of
Tenerirt", and the general residence of the
governor of tlie island. I'he population
8000. It has a well-built pier and quay,
and is defended by several forts and batte-
ries. Lon. 16 1-i'w, lal. 28 28 x.
Cruz, St. a town on the n side of Cuba,
with a good harbour at the head of the bay
of Matanzas, t)0 m k Havana. Lon. 81 •)
w, lat. 22 11 X.
Cruz dc ]\[ai^o, St. see Guitivis.
Cruz de Sierra, St. a city of Charcas,
capital of a province, and a" bishop's see.
'J he country is woody and mountainous,
alVording large quantities of honey and wax.
The town stands in a fertile valley, near the
river Guapaix, 160 m >.\£ Plata'. Lon. 60
15 w, lat. 17 26 s.
Csanad, Csongrad ; see Tsfinud,kc.
Cuba, the largest island of the \V Indies,
lying s of E Florida and the Bahama
islands. It is 620 m long and 80 broad,
and was discovered by Colurnbus, in 1492.
The Spaniards are entirely masters of it,
having extirpated the natives; but from
their laziness, and the want of hands, only
a very small portion of land is cleared. In
the woods are some valuable trees, particu-
larly cedars of a large size ; and birds in
variety and number, more than in any of
the other islands. The soil is fertile ; 'and
cattle, sheep, and hogs are numerous.
There are many warm springs, and copper
iniires in the mountains, and forests full of
game. The produce is e?<C8l!ent sugar,
ginger, long pe[iper, cassia, wild ciimanion,
mastic, tobacco, and aloes. The bills run
through the middle of the island, its whole
length, from e to w, but near the coast the
iand is generally level ; and many rivulets
flow frojnthe hills to the x and s." Havana
is the capital.
Cuba, a tciwn of Portugal, in Alentejo,
36 m sbyE E\'ora.
Cubagua, a small island of the Caribean
sea, between that of Magai-ita and the
continent. Here the Spaniards, in 1509,
established a fishery of pearl; but the
banks disappeared in 1524. The island is
barren and nitrons. Lon. 64 10 w, lat. 10
56 N.
Cuban, a river that issues from the x
side of the mountain Elbrus, the loftiest of
the Caucasus, (lows xw and w, dividing
Circassia from part of Taurica, and enters,
by several mouths, into the Black sea and
the sea of Asoph. It forms the southern
boundary of the Ptussian empire in this
part; and on its right bank are several of
their redoubts and fortresses.
Cuban, or Cuban Tartar?/, a country of
Asia, in the Russian province of Taurida ;
CUL
bounded on the w by the sea of Asoph, n
by the river Don, which separates it from
Europe, k by the desert of Astracan, and
s by the river Cuban, which divides it from
Circassia.
Cuckfield, a town in Sussex, with a
market on Friday, 13 m x\v Lewes, and
39 sby w London.
Cudalorc, a fortified town of Illndoostan,
on the coast of the Carnatic, 16 m ssw
Pondicherry.
Cudapuh, a town of Ilindoostan, capital
of the eastern portion of Balagaut. lu its
vicinity large quantities of sugar and jagary
are made. It stands on a river that flows
into the Pennar, 137 m xw Madras. Lon.
79 0 E, lat. 14 28 x.
Cudjeva, a town of Ilindoostan, in Alla-
habad, 11 in £SE Korah, and 90 xw Alla-
habad.
Cudrefin, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, 21m w Bern.
Cuenza, a city of Spain, in New Castile,
and a bishop's see ; seated on a high and
craggy hill, near the river Xucar, 90 in
Ebys Madrid. Lon. 2 12 w, lat. 40 10 x.
Cuenza, a city of Quito, capital of a dis-
trict rich in sugar, cotton, grain, and cattle,
and famed for many remains of Peruvian
architecture. The city has three churches,
six convents, a college, and a hospital.
The inhabitants exceed 20,000, and have
manufactures of baize and cottons. It is
situate on a large plain, watered by four
rivers that unite and form a large stream,
170 m sbyw Quito. Lon. 78 50 w, lat. 2
.J 5 s.
Cuernavaca, a town of New Spain, in the
province of Mexico, seated in a fertile
country, 35 m s Mexico.
Cujavia, a province of Poland, on the
left bank of the Vistula, including the pa-
latinates of Wladislaw and Brzeic. Wladis-
law is the capital.
Cujo, a government of the viceroyalty of
Buenos Ayres, which was formerly a pro-,
vince of Chili. It is bounded on the x by
Tucuman, e by Buenos Ayres, s by Pata-
gonia, and w by the Andes, which sepa-
rate it from Chili. The surface consists of
arid plains, fertile valleys, and desert high-
lands. The fruits and grains of Europe
arrive at perfection here nuich sooner than
in Chili, and the vine produces a rich and
delicious wine. The northern parts fur-
nish gold and silver, and the mountairiS
yield lead, sulphur, coal, and gypsum.
Mendoza is the capital.
Cuillj/, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, on the xe side of the lake
of Geneva, 8 m ese Lausanne.
Culenburg, a town of the Netherlands,
in Gelderland, on the river Leek, 12 m sse
Utrecht.
Culiacan, a province of New Spain ;
CUM
bounded on the N by Cinaloa, e by New-
Biscay, s by Gaudalaxara, and w by the
gulf of California. It abound? Avith all
sorts of fruits, has many salt ponds, and
several rich mines.
Culiacan, the capital of the above pro-
vince. The population 10,800. It is
seated on the river Culiacan, o40 m nw
Guadalaxara. Lon. lod 42 w, lat. 24 50 n.
Cullen, a borough of Scotland, in Banfl-
shire at the mouth of the river. C'nlien. It
has manufactures of stockings, linen, and
damask, and a trade in fresh and dried
fish. ISJear it are seen three lofty spiring
rocks, formed of tliuty masses, called the
Three Kings of Cullen. It is 13 m wbyx
BantY, and 22 ene Elgin.
Cullen, a town of Ireland, in Limerick
county, 18 m se Limerick, and 18 w
Cashel.
Cullera, a town of Spain, in Valencia, at
the mouth of the Xucar, 21ms Valencia.
Culm, a city of Poland, capital of a pa-
latinate, and a bishop's see, with a catholic
university. It is seated on the Vistula,
60 m s Dantzic. Lon. 18 30 E, lat. 53 24 K.
Culmbacli, a town of Franconia, formerly
the capital of a niargravate of the same
name. Near it, on a mountain, stands the
fortress of Plassenburg, where the archives
of the principality were preserved, but they
were renuued to Bayreuth in 1783. From
its district the whole niargravate was for-
merly called Brandenburg-Culmbach ; but
in 172n, the government devolved into an-
other line, and since that time it has been
called Brandenburg-Bayreutli. Culmbach
is seated on the Maine, 13 m nnw Bay-
reuth. Lon. 11 36 E, lat. 50 7 x.
Culross, a borough of Scotland, in Perth-
shire, in a district almost detaciied by the
shires of Fife and Clackmannan. Here
was an abbey, founded in 1217, of which
the chancel and tower of the church is all
that remains entire. Near it stands the
abbey house, a large edif'.ce, built in 1590
of the materials of the ancient abbey, but
is now in part demolished. The whole town
is gone very much to decay. It is situate
on the side of a steep hill, by the frith of
Forth, 20m s Perth, and 21 wxw Edinburg.
Cumana, a province in the xe part of
the government of Caracas ; bounded on
the N and e by the sea, s by Guayana, and
w by Caracas. The chief products are
cocoa and tobacco, but it is gifted with
every variety of territorial production. The
interior is crowned by lofty mountains, and
the highest, Tumerequiri, is 5600 feet
above the level of the sea. In this moun-
tain is the cavern of Guacharo, famed
among the Indians; it is immense, and
serves as a retreat to thousands of noctur-
nal birds, whose fat yields the famous oil
of Guacharo. The chief rivers are the
CUM
Unare, Nevery, Manzanares, Guarapiche,
and Orinoco.
Cumana, the capital of the above pro-
vince, with a fortress on an eminence. The
inhabitants, about 30,000, are noted for
commercial activity and enterprise. The
fisheries are plentiful, and salt being con-
venient, great quantities of fish are cured,
and sent to the neighbouring ports and is-
lands, which is the principal branch of
trade. This town was nearly destroyed by
the great earthciuake in 1812. It is situate
on the Manzanares, near the entrance of
thegulfof Cariaco, 190 m e Caracas. Lon.
61 15 \v, lat. 10 23 x.
Cumaiiageta, a town of Caracas, in the
province of Cumana, at the mouth of the
Nevery, 40 m whys Cumana.
Cianbuvii, an island in the Indian ocean,
between Lombock and Flores, 190 m long
and from 10 to 40 broad. The channel
that separates it from Lombock on the w,
is called the Strait of Alias, which is the
best passage through the chain of islands
to the e of Java. The chief products of
the islands are rice, saltpetre, sulphur,
wax, bird-nesls, and tobacco; and many
horses are annually exported. On the n
side, toward the w end, is a town of the
same name ; but the chief town, and the
residence of the sultan, is Beema, situate
on the SE side of a deep bay, toward the e
end. Lon. 118 52 e, lat. 8 30 s.
Cumber, a town of Ireland, in Down
county, at the xw point of Lough Strang-
ford, 16 m n Downpatrick.
C«/n6er/«7i(/, a county of England, bound-
ed on the X by Scotland, e by Northum-
berland, Durham, and Westmorland, s by
Lancashire, and w by the Irish sea and
Soiwav frith. It is 58 m long and 30 broad,
containing 958,080 acres ; is divided into
five wards, and 103 parishes ; has a city
and 10 market-towns ; and sends six mem-
bers to parliament. The population was
133,744 in 1811. The mouiitaius feed
large fiocks of sheep, and the valleys pro-
duce corn, &c. The tracts of level land
are neither numerous nor extensive, being
chietiv confined to the borders of the rivers
and toward the x coast. There are mines
of coal, lead, copper, iron, lapis calami-
naris, and wad, or black-lead ; the latter
are near Borrowdale, and almost peculiar
to this county. The principal manufac-
tures are cotton and canvas, and there are
some iron-works. Sea Fell, Helvellyn,
Skiddaw, Saddleback, and Cross lell, are
the principal mountains. The chief rivers
are the Eden and Derwent ; and its cele-
brateil lakes are Derwent-water, Bassenth-
waite-water, Buttermere, Cromack-water,
Lowes-water, Ulls-water, Wast-water, En-
nerdale-water, and Leathes-water. Car-
lisle is the capital.
CUP
Cumberland, a river of tJie United States,
which issues from the Cumberland moun-
tains, on the borders of Virginia, flows sw
through Kentucky into the state of 'I'en-
Jiessee, wliere it passes by Nashville ; it
then takes a n\v course, re-enters Ken-
tucky, and join* the Ohio al)out l(i m
above the inllux of tlie Tennessee. It is
navigable for l:irii;e vessels to N:ishville,
and its whole length is estimated to be
above 450 m.
Cumber/and, a town and fort of New
Brunswick, in a county of tiie sau)e name,
noted for coal mines. The fort is situate
at the head of the bay of Fundy, on the r.
side of its northern branch. Lon. 64 10
w, lat. 45 43 n.
Cinnbcrlund, a town of Maryland, chief
of Allegany county. It stands on both
.sides of Wilis creek, at its entrance into
the Potomac, 9.0 m wnw Wabhington.
Lon. 78 4(> w, hit. 30 36 n.
•• Cumberland, an island on the coast of
Georgia, the most southern tcrritoritv of
the United States on tiie Atlantic ocean.
It is 15 m long and 'I broad. Opposite its
JS extremity is the island Amelia, and be-
tween them is the entrance of St. Marv
river.
Cumbcilinid, a bay on the se coast of
Cuba, formerly called Guautanamo. In
1741, it was visited by admiral Vernon,
who built a fort, and gave it this name ;
and the river that enters the harbour he
named Augusta. The port is one of the
best in America, and capable of shelter-
\ng any number of vessels. It is 50 m e
St. Jago. Lon. 75 12 w, lat. 20 0 >.
Cvjiibo, a kingdom on the coast of Sene-
gambia, s of the river Gambia. 'I he Por-
tuguese have a settlement at Cacheo.
Cuinbray, Greitt and Little, two islands
of Scotland, at the entrance of the frith
of Clyde, to the se of the isle of Bute.
The tbmier is 6 m in circuit, has excellent
freestone quarries, and the ruins of a ca-
thedral dedicated to St, Columba. The
latter lies a little to the s of the other, and
on it is a lighthouse. Lon. 4 47 w, lat. 53
45 N.
Cumiuna, a town of Piedmont, 12 m sw
Turin.
Cumlif, a fort and town of Ilindoostan,
in Canara, seated between two rivers at
their entrance into a salt water lake, which
is separated from the sea by a spit of sand.
It is 20 m shy E Mangalore.
Cvftdapoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Canara, at the mouth of a river, which
forms a w ide basin with a narrow opening
to the sea. Here is a custondiouse, and
the river affords passage for goods to and
from Bednore. It is 57 m nne Man-
gaiore.
Cupar, a borough of Scotland, capital
cus
of rifeshire, with manufactures of brown
linens and leather. The ])opulation was
4758 in 1811. It is seated in a rich val-
ley, on the N side of the Eden, 8 m whys
St. Andrew, and 30 nne I'.dinburg. Lon.
2 55 w, lat. 56 16 N.
Cupar, a town of Scotland, in Forfar-
shire, with a considerable linen manurac-
ture and a tannery. It is seated on the
Isla, and divided by a rivulet into two
parts; the larger part lying in Perthshire,
it is 11 m Nw Dundee, and 12 nne Perth.
Curasao, an island in the Caribean sea,
45 m from the coast of Caracas. It is 35
m long and 12 broad; produces sugar,
cotke, and cotton ; has numerous ware-
houses, stored with the commodities of
Europe and the east; and carries on a
great trade, whether in peace or in war.
In ISOO, some French having settled on
part of the island, and becoming at vari-
ance with the Dutch, the latter surren-
dered the island to a single British frigate.
It was restored to the Dutcli in 1802,
taken by the British in 1807, and again
restored in 1814. The principal town is
St. Peter, at the ne end of the island,
with a good harbour defended by a fort
and batteries. Ix)n. 69 15 w, lat. V> '22 n.
Curia Maria, an island on the coast
of Arabia Felix, opposite the mouth of
the Prim. Lon. 55 U5 e, lat. 17 0 n.
Carisch Hajf, a lake of Prussia, lying
along the Baltic, 70 m in length. It is
wide toward the s, but narrow to the x,
where it communicates with the Baltic, at
Memel.
Currah, a town of Hindoostan, in Alla-
habad, capital of a district ; situate on
the right bank of the Ganges, 34 m nw
Allahabad.
Currucdeah, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bahar, on the river Adji, 6i> m sbvw
^Ic^nghir.
Currucpoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Bahar, seated in a hilly district, in which
are some hot springs, 16 m sbjE
IVIonghir.
Curupa, a town of Brasil, in the go-
vernment of Para, seated on the estuary
of the Amazon, 250 m v,- Para. Lon. 53
10 \v, lat. 1 50 s.
Cnrzolu, an island in the gulf of Ve-
nice, on the coast of Dalmatia, about 26
m long. It abounds in wood, proper for
building ships, and produces good wine.
At the E end is a fortified town of the
same name, with a good harbour. Lon. 17
10 e, lat. 43 6 \.
Cvseo, a city of Peru, capital of an au-
dience and a province, and a bishop's see.
It was formerly the capital of the incas ;
and the Spaniards, under Pizarro, tootle
possession of it in 1534. On a mountain
contiguous to the n part of the city are
CUT
the ruins of a fort and palace of the incas,
the stones of which are of an enormous
magnitude. Cusco is built in a square
form, in the middle of which is the best
market in all America : four larjje streets
tliat are perfectly straiu;ht, terminate in
the square. It contains nine cluirches,
beside the catiiedral, wiiich is a noble
structure. The population 32,000, of which
three-fourths are original Awiericans, who
manufacture baize, cotton, and leather.
Streams of water run through the town,
which are agreat conveniency in a country
where it seldom rains. It is 350 m e by s
Lima. Lon. 7 1 (j w, lat. 13 4'2s.
Cuahiii, a river of N Carolina, which
runs into Albemarle sound.
Ciisfel, a t(»wn of France, in the de-
partment of AUier, 37 m sbyE Moulins.
Custrin, a fortified town of Branden-
burg, capital of the New mark, with a
castle. In 1760, it was boml)arded and
almost destroyed by the Russians. It is
seated amid morasses, at the conflux of
the Warta with the Oder, 46 m EbvN
Berlin. Lon. 14 52 k, lat. .52 38 .v.
Cidiiin, or Kotatis, the chief town of
Imeritia, surrounded by a thick wall with
strong towers. Here is a palace for the
prince, and the remains of a tine cathe-
dral. In 1770 it was taken by the Rus-
sians. It is seated in a fertile plain, on
the River Rioni, 100 ni wnw Tellis. Lon.
43 5 E, lat. 42 32 N.
Cutay ^lalulawadi, a town of Hiiidoo-
stan, in Mysore, with a large mud fort, 27
m w Seringapatam.
Cutch, or Cutch Bonje, a country of
Uindoostun, governed by a rajah. It lies
on the SE of Sindy, the e branch of the
Indus separating the two countries, extends
idong the n coast of the gulf of Cutch,
and is separat.^d from Gujrat on the k by
the river Puddar. It abounds with lulls,
woods, and sandy wilds; but tiie uuha-
})itants on the coast have been from time
immemorial so addicted to piracy, that it
is little frequented by Europeans, and re-
mains imperfectly explored. The prin-
cipal exports are cotton and iron. Tiie
chief place of trade is >Iuddi, and the
capital Booje.
Cutch Gundava, a province of Ballo-
gistan, 130. m long and 100 broad ; bound-
ed oil the N and. e by Afganistan, s by
riindy, and w by Jalawan and Sarawan. It
is a well-watered and fertile plain, con-
tiuning a few towns and numerous villages.
Many people of Sarawan and Palawan
come down to reside here during the win-
ter cold of those lofty regions, Gundava
ip the capital.
Cuttuck, a district of Hindoostan, in the
jjroviace of Orissa, J50 m long and 60
CYP
broad, extending n from the Circars along
the bay of Bengal. It is well watered,
and has some fertile plains and productive
vallies; but a great extent still remains in
a state of nature. This district was ceded
by the Mahrattas to the British in 1803,
and also the town and territory of Bala-
sore; b(»th of them including above 200 ni
of seacoast between the Circars and
Bengal.
Cutback, the capital of the above dis-
trict. It stands on a neck of land formed
by the ]Mahanuddy and Gunjoory rivers ;
and the country around is so low, that in
the rainy season it is under water for a
circuit of 10 m. About a mile to the Nw
is a strong fort, surrounded by a broad wet
ditch ; it is named Barabutter, and was
taken by storm by the British in 1803. It
is 20G m sw Calcutta. Lon. 86 10 e, lat,
20 31 N.
Cuttcrah, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi. Here, in 1774, was fought a de-
cisive battle, in which the Muhrattas,
aided by the British, defeated the Ro~
hillas, and annihilated them as an inde-
pendant state. It is 26 ni se Bareily.
Cux/uiven, a fortified town of Germany,
in the duchy of Bremen, and the port for
the English jiackets to Hamburg; situate
at the mouth of tlie Elbe, 60 m nw Ham-
burg. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 53 50 x.
Cuijck, a town of the Netherlands iii
Dutch Brabant, 6 m ese Grave.
Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean,
near the coast of Syria. It was taken by
the Turks from the Venetians in 1570. It
is 140 m in length, and 60 at its greatest
breadth; pervaded by a chain of moun-
tains, the highest of vviiich is called Olym-
pus, "^l lie soil is an excellent fertile clay ;
and if the government would give encou-
ragement to the natives to be industrious,
they might make it a paradise ; for the
mountains are covered with hyacinths,
anemonies, and other beautiful ilowers.
The chief products are apricots, oranges,^
silk, cotton, wine, honey, turpentine, salt,
and corn. There is one arclibishop, who
is prince of Cyprus, and three bishops.
The priests are extremely ignorant, and
they submil to the most servile employ-
ment to get money. The costume of the
Cyprian ladies consists of a headdress
modelled after thekind of calathus repre-
sented upon, the Pheuician idols, of the
country. Their hair, died of a fine brown
colour by means of a plant called Kenna,
hangs behind in numerous long straight
braids ; and in some ringlets, disposed
near the face, are fastened blossoms of
the jasmine. Some possess the secret of
giving a brown colour to the whitest locks,
and albo tinge their eyebrows of the same
CZl
hue. The upper robe is of scarlet, crim-
son, or £;repn silk, embroidered with j^old.
Like other Greek women they wear scarlet
pantaloons, fastened round the ankle, and
yellow boo^s, with slippeis of rlie same
colour. About their waists they have a
broad belt or zone, fastened in front by a
large clasp of polished brass or mother-of-
peail. 1 liey exjiose the bosom; and
around the neck, and from the head, are
suspended a prolusion of gold coins,
chains, and other trinkets. Notwithstand-
ing the pains they use in disfigurine; their
natural beauty by ill-selected ornaments,
the women of Cyprus are taller and hand-
somer than those of any other Grecian
island. Hence were possibly derived
those celebrated models of female beautv,
conspicuous in the works of Grecian ar-
tists ; models selected from the throng of
Cyprian virgins, who, as priestesses of
Venus, officiated at the Paphiaii shrine.
Nicosia is the capital.
Cyr,Sl. avillageof France, 2m from Ver-
sailles, celebrated for an abbey founded by
madame de Maintenon, who was the ab-
bess till her death in 1719.
Czaslau, a town of Bohemia, capital of
a circle. The church has the highest
tower in Bohemia. Near this place the
king of Prussia gained a victory over the
Austrians in 1742. It is seated on the
Crudenka, 40 m kse Prague. Lon. 15 24
E, lat. 49 50 N.
Czenstokozv, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Cracow, with a fortified con-
vent on a mountain, by the river Warta,
50 m >; by w Cracow.
Czercassi, a town of Russia, in the
Ukraine, with a castle, seated near tlie
Dnieper, 85 m be Kiof. Lon. 32 5 e, lat.
49 0 N.
Czernetz, a town of European Turkey,
in Walachia, near the Danube, 110 m w
Buchorest. Lon. 29 44 e, lat. 41 23 n.
Czernikou, a town of Russia, capital of
a duchy, with a castle. It is seated on
the Desna, 70 m n bvE Kiof. Lon. 31 53
E, lat. 51 29 N.
Czersk, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Masovia, seated on the \'istula,
30 m sse Warsaw.
Czerveniiz, a town of Hungary, famous
for mines of opal, a noble gem not yet dis-
covered in any other region of the globe.
It is 30 m K by e Kaschau.
Cziinitz, a town of Carniola, remark-
able for its lake, which produces grass and
corn every year. The lake is surrounded
by mountains, and in dry seasons is from
20 to 25 m in compass ; but when full it
is 40 m round, and contains several
islands, on the largest of which is a village.
When the water subsides, buckwheat is
DAG
sown on the dry parts, and becomes ready
for the sickle in six weeks ; and the pas-
turage is not hurt by the water if it does
not stay too long. The town is situate on
the Nw part of the lake, 20 m sby w Lau-
bach.
D.
Daber, a town of Hither Pomerania,
in a circle of its name, 10 m nne Star-
gard.
Dahul, a town of Hindoostan, on the
coast of Concan, with a trade in pepper
and salt ; seated at the mouth of a river,
80 m s Bombay. Lon. 72 55 e, lat. 17
45 N.
Dacca, a city of Hindoostan, in Bengal,
capital of a large district, which is deemed
the granary of the province for rice. It
stands 20 m to the e of the principal
stream of the Ganges, but on a branch
that conjmunicates with the Megna. It
was the capital of Bengal, prior to Moor-
shedabad, and defended by a strong for-
tress, the remains of which appear. The
city and suburbs extend 6 m along the left
bank of the river. The inhabitants are
about 150,000, of whom more than half
are Mohamedans. It has a vast trade in
inushns, and manufactures the most deli-
cate ones, so much sought after in Europe,
from the cotton produced in the province.
The country round Dacca lies low, and is
always covered with verdure during the
dry months. It is 140 m xe Calcutta.
Lon. 90 17 E, lat. 23 42 n.
Dachau, a town of Bavaria, with a pa-
lace; seated on a hill, near the river Am-
ber, 10 m NNw Munich.
Dachshach, a town of Franconia, in
the principality of Bayreuth, 22 m s Bam-
berg.
Dachstein, a town of France, in the
department of Low er Rhine, with a palace
that belonged to the see of Strasburg ; si-
tuate on the Breuch, 8 m w Strasburg.
Dadur, a town of Ballogistan, in Cutch
Gundava, situate on the Kauhee, 68 m n
Gundava, and 130 Ebys Kelat.
Dafar, or Dofar, a seaport of Arabia
Felix, governed by a sheik, who is a sove-
reign prince. It is seated on a bay of the
same name, on the se coast. Lon. 54 10
E, lat. 17 20 N.
Daghestan, a province of Asia, bound-
ed on the N by Caucasia, e by the Cas-
pian sea, s by Schirvan, and w by Geor-
gia. It is almost entirely mountainous,
inhabited chiefly by Tartars, and subject
to Russia. Derbend is the capital.
Dagno, a town of European Turkey, in
DAL
Albania, near the conflux of the Drino
and Nero, 13 m se Scutari.
Dago, or Dagito, an ishmd in the Bal-
tic, on the coast of Livonia, lying n of the
isle of Oesel, from whicli it is separated by
Oesel sound. It is '20 m in circuit, and
has two castles, called Dagerwort and
Paden. Lon. 22 56, e, lat. 5S 44 x.
Dagahorough, a town of Delaware, in
Sussex county, on a branch of Indian
river, which enters the ocean to the s of
Delaware bay. It is 60 m s by e Dover.
Dnhonu/, a kingdom of Guinea, to the
N of Whidah, supposed to reach 180 m
inland, though no European has pene-
trated above half the distance. The coun-
try is fertile, yielding a plentiful supply of
farinaceous a egetables and tropical fruits ;
also indigo, cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco,
palm oil, and a variety of spices. The
religion of Dahomy consists of a jumble
of superstitious ceremonies, of which it is
impossible to convey any satisfactory idea.
The government is perhaps the most per-
fect despotism in the world ; for the prime
minister prostrates himself in the royal
presence with as much abject submission
as the meanest subject. The king main-
tains a considerable standing army, com-
manded by an agaow, or general, and
other oiiicers. On extraordinary occasions,
all the males able to bear arms are obliged
to repair to the general's standard ; every
caboceer marching at the head of his own
people. Sometimes the king takes the
iield at the head of his troops ; and on
very great emergencies at the iiead of his
women. In the dift'erent royal palaces
are immured not less than 3000 women ;
.<^everal hundreds of whom are trained to
arms, under a female general, and other
oiiicers. The general character of the
Dahomans is marked by a mixture of fe-
rocity and politeness ; the former appears
in the treatment of their enemies ; the
latter they possess far above the African
nations with wliom Europeans have hi-
therto had any intercourse. The capital
is Abomy. Lon. 2 5 e, lat. 8 5 N.
Dal, or Dahl, a river of Sweden, which
rises in the Norwegian mountains, flows
through Dalecarlia and on the s confines
of Gestricia, and enters the gulf of Both-
nia, to the SE of Gefle. It is a consider-
able stream, but sometimes expands into
lakes, and in general too much encumbered
by rocks and cataracts for the purposes of
navigation. Near Escarleby, not far
from its mouth, it forms a grand cataract,
little inferior to that of the Rhine at
Lauifen.
Dalaca, or Dahala, the largest island
in the Red sea, near the coast of Abys-
sinia. It is 37 m long and 16 broad, pc"
pulous, and remarkable for a pearl fishery.
DAL
The inhabitants are blacks, and great ene-
mies to the Mohamedans. Lon. 40 10 E,
lat. 15 44 X.
Dalagoa ; see Delagoa.
Dalbeattie, a village of Scotland, 12 m
Ebyx Kirkcudbright. It stands near the
mouth of the Orr, in Solway frith, and
has a convenient harbour for small vessels.
Dalby, a village of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, 7 ra xxw Irvine. It has a cotton
manufacture, and near it are coal mines,
and a sulphurous spring.
Dalchurg, a town of Sweden, capital
of Dalia, situate on the sw side of Lake
Wener, (JO m N by e Gothenburg. Lon. 11
:)9 e, lat. 58 35 x.
Dalecarlia, a province of Sweden, in
the division of Sweden Proper, between
Nordland and the mountains of Norway,
It is 270 m long and from 40 to 120 broad,
and through it flows the river Dal. The
principal productions are corn and hemp ;
and it contains many forests, mountains,
dales, and lakes, with numerous mines of
silvei", copper, and iron, jand some quar-
ries of porphyry. The capital is Fahlun.
Dalem, a town of the Netherlands, in
the duchy of Limburg ; situate on the
Bervine, 15 m xw Limburg.
Dale.ii, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Juliers, 15 m XNW Juliers.
Dalia, a province of Sweden, in Goth-
land, to the w of Wermeland and Lake
Wener. It is 85 ra long and 40 broad.
The X part is full of mountains, forests,
and lakes ; but to the s it produces corn
sufficient for the inhabitants. Cattle, fish,
butter, and cheese are the chief articles.
The capital is Daleburg.
Dalkeith, a town of Scotland, in Edin-
burgshire, with a great market on Thurs-
day, for corn and oatmeal. Here is Dal-
keith-house, the magnificent seat of the
duke of Buccleugh ; and a little to the s
is Newbottle-abbey, an elegant seat of the
marquis of Lothian, erected on the site of
the ancient abbey. Dalkeith is seated on
a strip of land, between the N and S Esk,
(i m SE Edinburg.
Dalmatia, a country of Europe, for-
merly a kingdom; bounded on the xk by
Bosnia and Servia, se by Albania, sw by
the gulf of \'enice, and xw by Croatia.
It is divided into Venetian, Turkish, Ra-
gusan, and Hungarian Dalmatia ; and the
capitals are Spalatro, Herzegovina, Ragusa,
and Segna. See Moj'lachiu.
Dalmow, a town of llindoostan, in
Oude, with a fort and several handsome
pagodas on the banks of the Ganges, 48
m sbyE Lucknow.
Dalston, a village in Cumberland, 6 m
sby w Carlisle. It stands on the Caldew,
and has various branches of the cottoa
manufacture.
DAM
Dallon, a tov.u in Lancashire, with a
market on Saturday, and the reninins ot*
an ancient castle. In the vicinity are many
iron mines, and the nia<;nilicent ruins of
Furness ahl)ey. It is stated in a cliani-
paijin country, not tar fmm the sea, 6 m
t<w Ulverston, and '26'> n.nw London.
Dam, a handsome to\^ n of the Netlier-
lands, in Groningcn, situate on the Dam-
ster, o m from its entrance into tlic estuary
of the Ems, and 15 enk Gronin;fen.
Dcnuanimr, a town of E>^ypt, with a
considerable traffic in cotton, which s^rows
, in the neiirhbourinj; plains. It is situate
near the canal of Alexandria, 32 m f.se
Alexandria.
Da»/a?; a town of Arabia, in Yemen,
with a university, 60 m s by e Sana.
Dar/iascux, or Sham, a city of Syria,
capital of a Turkish pashalic, and the see
of a Greek archbishop. The form is
square, each side a mile and a half; and
is supposed to contain above 200,000 in-
habitants, among whom are great num-
bers of Clu-istians and Jews. It had three
ivalls, now almost entirely mined; and of
the several suburbs which it formerly had,
there remains only one, which is 3 m in
length. Several streams flow across the
fertile plain of Damascus, which water
all the gardens, supply the public foun-
tains, and are carried into every house.
The houses have flat roofs, with llieir fronts
inward, where there is a court ; in the
streets there are only walls to be seen, but
the insides are richly adorned. The most
remarkable buildings are the caravansaries,
xvhich consist of long galleries supported
by marble pillars, surrounding a -large
square court. The castle is like a little
town, having its own streets and houses ;
and the famous Damascus steel was kept
here in a magaziiie. The pashaw's palace
is near the castle, and in the middle of
the city. The mosques and chapels, of
ivhich there are about 200, arc handsome
edifices ; the grand mosque was a Chris-
tian church, in which is a small wooden
house, richly adorned, which encloses the
tomb of John the baptist. One street
runs across the city and suburb in a direct
line, on each side of which are shops,
where all sorts of rich merchandise are
sold. Several manufactures are carried on
here ; that of sabres and knives lias been
most famous, but silk and cotton stulls are
now the principal. The commerce is car-
ried on generally by the caravans ; the
most considerable of v.hich are to Mecca,
Bagdad, and Aleppo. The fertility of the
jearth is constant, and the necessaries of
ife are abundant. It stands in a great
plain, on the river Barada, 140 m nne Je-
rusalem, and 130 shy vv Aleppo, Loii. SO
40 r, lat. 2>'6 30 .\.
DAN
Damauji, a seaport of Ilindoostan, in
tlie country of Baglana, at the entrance of
the gulf of Cambay. The commerce is
much declined, hut ship building is car-
ried on to a great extent. It is subject to
the Portuguese, and 60 m s Surat. Lon.
73 11 t, fat. 20 '2'Z N.
Daniegan, or Daiugan, a town of Per-
sia, in Mazanderan, situate in a spacious
plain, famous for a victory gained by Nadir
Shah over the Afghans, 60 in wsw Aster-
abad, and 90 r. Sari.
Damgartin, a town of Hither Pome-
rania, with a castle, seated on the Reek-
nils, 18 m wStraisund.
Damiuno, St. a town of Piedmont, in
Montfenat, 18 m wbyx Vcrcelli.
Damietta, a town of Egypt, and a
Greek archbishop's see, with a good har-
bour, at the eastern mouth of the Nile. It
has several squares, various grand mosques,
and public baths faced with marble. The
rice mezelaoui, the finest of Egypt, is cul-
tivated in the neighbouring plains. Here
are likewise Indian stufts, silks, sal am-
moniac, wheat, Sec. The Christians of
Aleppo and Damascus carry on the prin-
cipal trade ; the Turks being indolent, and
contenting themselves with occasional ex-
tortions. It is 7 m from the sea, and 90
KKE Cairo. Lon. 31 42 e, lat. 31 26 N,
Damm, a toun of Further Pomerania,
with a considerable trade in steel manu-
factures; seated on the Oder, 8 m e-k
Stettin.
Domme, a town of the Netherlands, in
Flanders, seated on the canal between
Slays and Bruges, 5 m n byE Bruges.
Daimite, a town of the Netherlands, in
Groningen, seated on the Damster, 14 m
NE Groningen,
Dumsong, a town of Ilindoostan, ca-
pital of Kyrant, the most eastern district
of the Nepaul territories. It is situate
near the Teesta and the frontiers of
Bootan, 100 m sw Tassisudon. Lon, 88
9 E, lat. 27 5 s.
Danaetz', see Donctz.
Danhurij, a town of Connecticut, in
Fairfield county, with two churches. It
has a large manufacture of hats, and on
its small streams are iron-works and se-
veral mills. This town, with a large tjuan-
tity of military stores, was burnt by tlie
British in 1777. It is 20 m ^'^w Fairfield,
and 65 xne New York,
Danbury, a .village in Essex, 5 m e
Chelmsford, and 16 w of the sea. It stands
on the highest ground in the county, and
the spire of the church serves as a sea-
mark,
Dancali, a country in the xe part of
Abyssinia, extendiiig 300 miles along the
roast of the Ivod sea. The soil is unpro-
ductive ; and its chief riches con.sist iu
DAN
fossil salt and honey. On its w border,
near the middle, is an extensive salt-plain,
whence the whole of Abyssinia is supplied
with salt, which is sent in bars abont a
ibot in length. The countiy is inhabited
by many wild tribes, and governed by a
prince nominally tributary to the nenuz, or
emperor of Abyssinia. Bailuris the prin-
cipal town.
Dangala ; see Dongola.
Danger, Isles of, three islands in the
-Pacihc ocean, seen by Byron in 17G5, but
bO surrounded by rocks and breakers, that
it was unsafe to attem|)t to land. The
commodore supposed them to be the islands
.seen by Qun-os. in the beginning of the
17th century, and named Solomon Islands.
Lon. 169 28 w, lat. 10 35 s.
Danncn/aka, a town of Hindoostan, in
Coimbetore, wiih a large fort, seated on
the Bhawari, a Uttle above the influx of
the Mayar, 33 in n Coinibetore.
Daniieberg, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Luncburg ; seated on the
Jetze, near the Elbe, GO m Ebys Lune-
burg.
TDantzic, one of the ricliest cities of
lEurope, and the capital of W Prussia. It
is encompassed by a wall, and fortifications
•of great extent. The inhabitants are esti-
mated at 48,000. It has a very good har-
bour, and wants nothing but depth. The
Jhouses are generally of five stories ; and
the granaries have still more, to which
•the ships lie close, and take in their lad-
ing. The cathedral is one of the finest
.churches in Europe. Here are 12 Lu-
theran churches, two for Calvinists, and
seven for Roman catholics ; and a college
provided with very learned professors. It
Jias raanufactures of gold and silver lace,
ivooUens, morocco leather, saltpetre, vitriol,
.steel, potash, brandy, &c. and carries
on a considerable trade, particularly in
jcorn, tallow, wool, timber, and naval
stores. In 1709, upward of 24,000 per-
iions died of the plague. It was a free
hanseatic town, under the protection of
Poland ; but, in 1793, it submitted to the
king of Prussia, who forcibly usurped the
sovereignty, in a second partition of the
Polish dominions. In 1807 it surrendered
to the French, after being bombarded a
month ; and by the treaty of Tilsit, it was
restored to its tbrmer independence. The
Trench again occupied it for five years^i
when, after a long siege by the Russians
and Prussians, they evacuated it early in
1814. It is seated on the w branch of the
Vistula, near its entrance into the Baltic,
85 m wsw Konigsberg, and 170 NW War-
saw. Lon. 18 38 E, lat. 54 21 N.
Danube, the largest river in Europe,
DAR
called Ister by the ancients. It rises fa
the court-yard of the palace at Donaues-
chingen, in Suabia, and tlows ne by Ulrn ;
then E through Bavaria and Austria, by
Ratisbon, Passau, Ens, and \'ienna ; it
then enters Hungary, and runs sk bv i*res-
burg, Buda, and Belgrade ; after which it
divides Bulgaria from Walachia, Moldavia,
and Bessarabia, and then enters by five
mouths into the Black sea. It begins to
be navigable tor boats at Ulm, and be-
tween Buda and Belgrade it has depth for
the largest ships, but is not navigable ti>
the sea, on account of the cataracts. It
abounds in fish, particularly sturgeon.
Prom its source to the sea, it traverses 9.
course of 1600 m.
Danvers, a town of Massachusets, in
Essex county, adjoining Salem on the N\r.
It has many workshops of mechanics,
and manufactures of coarse earthen ware.
Danville, a town of Kentucky, in
Mercer county, situate in a fertile plain,
on Dick river, 35 m ssw Lexington, and
70 SE Louisville.
Dara, a small town of Asiatic Turkey,
in Diarbek, situate amid the massive ruins
of a city of the same name, once the bul-
wark of the east, and the usual residenca
of the famous Belisarius. ItislOrassit
Merdin.
Darahjerd, a town of Persia, in Far-
sistan. It is large, but not populous ; and
has a manufacture of glass. It is sur-
rounded with groves of orange and leraon-
trees, and the vicinity produces immenss
quantities of the finest tobacco. It stands
on an extensive plain, 140 m tSE Shiras.
Lon. 54 56 e, lat. 28 56 N.
Darah, or Dras, a country of Barbary;
bounded on the n by Sus, e by Tafilet, s
by Zaara, and vv by the Atlantic. A river
of the same name flows through it, which
enters the Atlantic on the s confines of
Sus. The prhicipal produce is indigo and
dates. The inhabitants are Arabs and
Mohamedans ; and some of the districts
of the country are dependent on Mo-
rocco.
Daranagur, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, on the left bank of the Ganges, 68
m ne Delhi.
Daraporam, a town of Hindoostan, in
Coimbetore, with a large mud fort, and
straight and wide streets. Much cotton
and tobacco are cultivated in the yicinity,
and the garden and rice grounds are con-
siderable. It is seated on the Amarawati,
36 m ESE Coimbetore, and 104 w Tanjore.
Lon. 77 40 E, lat. 10 45 N.
Darda, a town and fort of Hungary, at
the end of the bridge of Essek, 42 ra SK
Funfki.rchen.
O
DAR
Dardanelles, two castles of Turkey;
the one, called Sestos, seated in Romania;
the other, called Abydos, in Natolia. They
command the middle and iianowest part
of the strait of Gallipoli. At tlie latter,
the cargoes of all ships sailing from Con-
stantinople are searched. Lon. 26 2(i k,
Jat. 40 10 N.
Darfoor, a kingdom of Africa, on the
borders of Nubia and Nigritia, governed
by a chief who calls himself sultan, and
assumes the most extravagant titles. The
wild animals are lions, leopards, jackals,
hya;nas, wolves, and bulValos ; the do-
mestic are camels, goats, sheep, and
beeves. Considerable quantities of grain
of different sorts are raised, and after the
tropical rains the fertility is sudden and
great. The people are very barbarous;
consisting of native tribes, of a deep black
complexion and woolly hair, though with
features different from those of the Negros,
and of Arabs of various tribes. Poly-
gamy is not only established, but the in-
tercourse of the sexes is totally destitute
of decency. The labours of the field are
left to the women ; and the houses, which
are of clay covered with thin boards, are
chiefly built by them. Salt is the general
medium of commerce here, as gold dust
is in many other places of Africa : pay-
ments are also made in slaves and oxen.
Caravans travel between this country and
Egypt. Cobbe is the capital.
Durien, a province in the nw part of
New Granada, bounded on the n by the
Caribean sea, k by Carthagena, s by
Choco, and w by the Pacific ocean. It is
very thinly inhabited, and that almost
wholly by the native tribes, who build
their habitations in the branches of high
I trees, to avoid the reptiles engendered in
the swampy or overflowed valleys, which
extend between lofty mountains and im-
penetrable forests. It has some gold-
mines; and the chief river is the Atrato,
which enters the head of the gulf of Da-
xien. The principal station of the Spa-
niards is Cana, a small fort on the fron-
tiers of Choco, 120 m SE Panama.
Darien, a town of the state of Georgia,
in Liberty county, seated on the n branch
of the Alatamaha, not far from its mouth,
and 47 ra sw Savanna. Lon, 81 37 w, lat.
51 23 N.
Darlington, a town in the county of
Durham, with a market on Monday. Here
aire manufactures of huckabacks, camlets,
small wares of the Manchester kind, and
leather ; also a curious machine for grind-
ing optical glasses, and another for spin-
ning linen yarn, the invention of a native.
The population was 5059 in 1811. It is
DAR
seated on the Skernc, 19 m s Durham,
and 211 Nbyw London. Lon. 1 25 w,
hit. 54 32 N."
Darmapoora/n, a town of Ilindoostan,
in Barraniahal, 25 m s Kisnaghorry, and
103 r.bys Seringapatani.
Darmstadt, a town of Germany, capital
of the upper county of Cat/enellenbogen,
with a castle, where the grand duk« of
Hesse Darmstadt resides, and a good col-
lege. It has handsome and extensive
suburbs, and the population 15,000. It
is seated in a plain a.id on a river of the
same name, 30 m knw Heidelberg. Lon.
8 38 E, lat. 49 53 N.
Darney, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vosges, 21 m wsw Epinal.
Daroca, a town of Spain, in Aragon,
with seven churches, oue of which is col-
legiate. It stands between two hills, oa
the Xiloca, 48 m sw Saragossa.
Darore, a town of Hindoostan, in Dow-
latabad, 80 m nw Beder, and 98 Ebys
Amednagur. Lon. 7(3 43 E, lat. 18 44 N.
Darraway, a town of Hindoostan, in the
country of Tatta, at the mouth of a river
of the same name, a branch of the Indus,
70 m wsw Tatta. Lon. 07 19 e, lat. 24
33 N.
Dart, a river in Devonshire, which rises
at the foot of Dartmoor hills, crosses Dart-
moor to Ashburton and Totness, where it
is navigable for small vessels, and enters
the English channel at Dartmouth,
DuT-tford, a town in Kent, with a market
on Saturday. Here are the remains of a
nunnery founded by Edward iii. At the
dissolution it was converted into a royal
palace ; but it was alienated by James i.
The rebellion of Wat Tyler, in the reign
of Richard ir, began in this town. The
first paper-mill in England was erected
here ; and In the neighbourhood are some
gunpowder-mills. It is seated on the Da-
rent, not far from its entrance into the
Thames, 15 m Ebys London.
Dartmoor, a forest in Devonshire, bound-
ed on the N by bleak hills, and extending
20 m 5 through the centre of the county to
the sea. It contains about 80,000 acres,
and is watered by the river Dart. Many
sheep are bred here, but of a small kind,
and beeves, which thrive well on the coarse
herbage.
Dartmouth, a borough in Devonshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Friday. It stands on the side of a craggy
hill, by the river Dart, near its entrance
into the sea, and has a spacious bay de-
fended by a castle and strong battery. The
town contains three churches, and has a
trade to the s of Europe and to Newfound-
land; as well as a share in the coasting
DAV
traffic. It is 30 m ssw Exeter, and 203
Avbys London. Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 50
Dartmouth, a seaport of Massachiisets,
in Bristol county, situate on the Accushnet,
50 m s Boston. Lon. 70 52 \v, lat. 41
37 N.
Dai-u'ar, a town of Iliudoostan, in Au-
rungabad, capital of a hilly district in the
nizam's territories. The town is called
also Futtcabad, and stands 82 m sse Au-
runfjabad. Lon. 7ti 35 i', lat. 18 41 N.
Duriour, a town and fort of Hindoostan,
in Bejapoor, and chief place in the district
of Gunduck. It was taken from Tippoo
by the British in 1791, and afterward re-
stored to the Mahrattas. It is 45 m wnw
Shanoor. Lon, 75 0 e, lat. 15 36 n.
Dassel, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Brunswick, 15 m nnw Gottingen.
Davanagiii, a town of Hindoostan, in
I\Iysore, with a small I'ort. Here are ma-
nufactures of coarse cotton cloths; also of
cumlies, a kind of blankets resembling
English camblets, which are in high re-
pute. In these goods, and betel nuts and
pepper, it has a considerable trade. It is
35 m WNW Chitteldroog.
Daventry, a town in Northamptonshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Wednesday, and a manufacture of whips.
It stands on the Roman highway called
Watling-street, on the side of a hill, 10 m
w Northampton, and 72 nw London.
David, St. a city of Wales, in Pem-
brokeshire, with a market on Wednesday. It
■was once a considerable place, with a castle
and walls, which are now demolished. The
population in 1811 was only 181G. The
cathedral is only a ruin of its former splen-
dour, and it contains the tomb of the cele-
brated Giraldus Cambrensis. From the
adjacent cape called St. David Head is a
view into Ireland, and the vicinity abounds
with remains of druidical monuments. The
city is seated on the river Hen, 24 m Nw
Pembroke, and 273 wbyN London. Lon.
5 15 w, lat. 51 56 x.
David, St. a village of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, on the frith of Forth, 2 m e Inver-
keithing. It has a spacious harbour, a
considerable manufacture of salt, and ex-
ports an immense quantity of coal.
David, Fort St. a town and fort of Hin-
DEA
Hudson strait and Cape Farewell, and
leads N into Batiin bay. The narrowest
part is about 160 ni, in lat. GO N.
Davos, a towa of Switzerland, in the
canton of Grisons, i\ear which are mines
of copper, lead, and silver. It is 14 m E
Coire.
Davphin, Fort, a fort built by the
French, and tiie principal settlement, on
the E coast of Madagascar. Lon. 46 49
E, lat. 25 1 s.
Daiiphinij, an old province of France,
130 m long and 115 broad; bounded on
the w by the Rhone, n by the Rhone and
Savoy, s by Pro\ence, and e by the Cottian
Alps, which separate it from Piedmont.
From this province, the heir apparent of
the king of France is called the Dauphin.
Two thirds of Dauphiny are intersected
by mountains, which atford good pasturage;
plenty of timber, fir-trees in particular, for
the building of ships ; and very scarce sim-
ples. In these mcjuntains, which are
branches of the Alps, are bears, chamois,
marmots, eagles, hawks, &c. and mines of
iron, copper, and lead. The valleys afford
wheat, and the hills, in the vicinity of the
Rhone, excellent wines, olives, and silk.
The principal rivers are the Rhone, Dur-
ance, Isere, and Drome. It now forms
the departments of Drome, Isere, and
Upper Alps.
Dazclish, a village on the coast of De-
vonshire, 14 m sbyE Exeter. It has a
fine strand, and is rising into consequence
as a bathing-place.
Dax, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Landes, and lately a bishop's see.
Here are some famous hot baths. It is
seated on the Adour, 24 m ne Bayonne.
Dead Sea, a lake or inland sea of Pales-
tine, into which the river Jordan runs. It
is 60 m long and from 10 to 18 broad,
curved like a bow, and enclosed on the e
and w by high mountains. Many fabulous
opinions have for ages been affixed to the
extreme saltness, great density, and other
qualities of its water ; but it is now known
to swarm with fishes, that shells abound
on its shores, and that certain birds make
it their peculiar resort. Mines of fossil
salt are found in the sides of the moun-
tains, which supply the aeighbouring
Arabs, and the city of Jerusalem; also
doostan, on the coast of the Carnatic. fragments of sulphur and bitumen, which
" ... ^j^^ Arabj convert into trifling articles of
commerce. This lake, called also Lake
Asplialtites, from the bitumen that floats
upon its surface, has no outlet; and it
has been demonstrated, that evaporation
is more than sufficient to carry off the water
brought in by the rivers.
Dead.':ians Head, a cape on the s coast
02
The fort was taken and destroyed by the
French in 1758, and has not been restored.
It is 15 m ssw Pondicherry.
Davis Strait, a strait between Green-
land and N America, discovered by cap-
tain Davis, in 1585, when he attempted
to find a Nw passage. It commences from
the Atlantic in 60 of N latitude, between
DEE
of England, in Cornwall, between St . ISlaws
and losvey.
Dtul, a seupovt in Kent, \vilh a market
on Thursday. It is seated between tlie N
and S I'orltand, and is a mt inbor of tlie
cinque port of Sauduich, t;uvcrned by a
mayor. No nKuiulacture is carried on
here, and it chiefly depends on the resort
of sealaring men. It has no harbour, but
the sea between the shore and the Godwin
Sands, called the Downs, is generally a
secure road for ships, where they usually
ride upon their leaving or entering the river
Tiiames. The port is defended by Wahner
castle to the s, and Sandown castle to the
N, and also by several batteries. Deal is
'the birthplace of the celebrated Elisabeth
Carter. It is 7 m sbvE Sandwich, and
74 r.bvs London. Lon. 1 21 e, lat. 51
13 N.
Dean, a forest in Gloucestershire, in-
cluding that part of the county which lies
between the Severn and the shires of JMon-
jnouth and liertl'ord. It contains four
market-towns and 23 parishes ; is fertile
in pasture and tillage, bears very fine oaks,
gncl has rich mines of iron and coal. It
was once reckoned the chief support of the
English navy ; but is now thinned by fre-
quency of felling, and narrowed by increase
of cultivation, tliough a few deer still con-
tinue to run wild in its recesses. The
forest of Dean, and the rich vale of the
same names, abound in orchards, which
produce great plenty of excellent cider.
Debalpoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Mooltan, capital of a district. It is situate
6 m N of the river Setlege, and 140 EbyN
Mooltan. Lon. 73 41 v., lat. SO 43 n.
Deben, a river in buifolk, which rises
near Debenham, and flows to Woodbridge,
where it expands into a long narrow arm^
of the German ocean, a little to the x of
Harwich.
Behenhum, a town in Suflblk, with a
market on Friday, seated on the side of a
Siill, near the source of the Deben, 24 m
£ Bury St. Edmund, and 83 ne London.
Debretzin, a town of Upper Hungary,
capital of a district in Bihar county, with
a CaWinistic college. Though formed al-
snost entirely of cottages, the population
in 1815 was" 38,962 ; and it is a central
point of trafiic between Pest and a great
part of Transylvania. Tlie chief manu-
factures are saltpetre, excellent soap, and
tobacco-pipes, of which above ten millions
are annually made. It stands in a fertile
plain, 38m nnw Grosswardin, and 300 E
Pest. Lon. 21 48 r, lat. 47 30 n.
X)efcc(7i,an extensive tract in Hindoostan,
which, from the signification of its name
[Sooth], has been supposed to include tlie
DEC
whole region s of Ilindoostan Projier. But
in its more accepted sense, it contains only
the countries lying between Ilindoostan
Proper anil Southern Ilindoostan, or be-
tween the river Ncrbudda on the n, and
the river Kistna on the s. All this vast
country was once tlu^ southern province of
the Moguls, who for many centuries did
not pass the Kistna till a short period be-
fore their final expulsion from the Deccan
in 1707. See Hindoostan. The nizam of
the Deccan possesses of this tract, the k
part of Aurungabad, the w part of Berar,
the whole of INandere and Beeder, a small
part of Bejapoor, and nearly the whole of
Ilydrabad. These territories, which are
all united, extend about 380 m from k\t
to SE, by 300 wide. The capital is liy-
drabad.
Dtcize, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nievre, seated in an island at the
conflux of the Airon with the Loire, 16 m
SE Ne'.ers.
Deckcndorf, a town of Lower Bavaria,
seated on the Danube, 27 m ^w Passau.
Decla, a town of Ilindoostan, in Mala-
bar, near which are the ruins of a great
wall. It is situate on the seacoast, and
frontiers of Canara, 44 m nkw Cananore.
Lon. 75 6 e, lat. 12 25 n.
Dectan, a town of Ilindoostan, in Mal-
wah, situate among the Vindaya moun-
tains, 28 m sby w Oojain.
J)eddington,-^\ town in Oxfordshire, witli
a market on Saturday, 16 m N Oxford, and
C9 WKW London.
Dedliam, a town of Massachusets, chief
of Norfolk county. It has a wire manu-
facture for fish-hooks and cards, and is
seated on Charles river, 11 m sw Boston.
Dedham, a town in Essex, with a nuirket
on Tuesday, and a manufacture of baize.
It has an ancient large church, with a
curious steeple, and a free grammar-school
endowed by queen Elisabeth. It is seated
on the Stour, 8 m ^•^:E Colchester, and 58
KE London.
Dee, a river of Wales, held in great
veneration by the ancient Britons, and the
theme of many a poet since. It issues
from Femblemere, in Merionethshire,
whence it flows through a fine vale across
the s part of Denbighshire to the nw part
of Shropshire, visits the w border of Che-
shire, passes on to Chester, and flows
thence to the Irish sea, making a broad
estuary, which separates Cheshire from
Flintshire. The Dee is navigable from
near EUesmere in Shropshire, to Chester,
where the continuity of the navigation is
broken by a ledge of rocks running across
the river; but by embankments made here,
much land has been gained from the title,
DEL
and a narrow channel, fitter for navic;ation,
has been formed fron:i Chester half way to
the sea.
Dee, a river of Scotland, which rises on
the w btirder of Aberdeenshire, amid the
mountains of Mar forest, and flows e
through a wild country till it reaches the
fertile \ale of Brae mar, whence it pro-
ceeds to Aberdeen, below which it enters
the German ocean.
Dee, a river of Scotland, which rises in
the w part of Kirkcudbriahtshire, receives
the Ken, below New Gaiiaway, and Hows
to Kirkcndbriiiht, 5 ra below which it
enters the Irish sea.
Deeg, a fortified town of Ilindoostaii,
in Agra, subject to the Bhurtpoor rajah.
It surrendered to the British, in 1B05,
after a vigorous siege, and was ceded to
them, but subsequently restored. It is
44 in WNW Agra.
Deeping, or Market Deeping, a town in
Lincolnshire, with a market on 'I'hursday ;
seated on the Welland, in a fenny country,
6 m E Stamford, and 90 N Loudon.
Deer, a village of Scotland, in yVber-
deenshire, on a river of its name, 10 m w
Peterhead. It has a trade in fine yarn,
and near it are the remains of the abbey of
Deer.
Deerjield, a town of Massachusets, in
Hampshire county, with an academy ; seat-
ed on the Connecticut, near the inlhix of
tlie river Deerfield, 17 m nni: Northamp-
ton, and 90 wbvN Boston.
Deerhurd, a village in Gloucestershire,
.*? m s Tewkesbury, subject to frequent in-
undations from the Severn. Here was a
celebrated monastery, -which was aftei"-
ward made a cell to Tewkesbury abbey.
Dclir, a town of Nabia, capital of the
country of the Barabras, since the destruc-
tion of >lbrim. The house of the cacheff,
or ch.ief, is built of brick, and consists of
two stories ; the other dwellings are all of
the"i low mud huts. Here is a fine temple,
or grotto, excavated in the solid rock.
Dehr is situate on the side of a mountain,
near the right bank of the Nile, 120 m ssw
Syene. Lon. 32 2-t k, lat. 22 381 n.
Deinse, or Dei/nsr, a town of the Ne-
therlands, in Flanders, seated on the Lis,
8 m sw Ghent.
Djoejocurta ; see Matnrain.
Dtizaliad, a town of Persia, in Irak, 90
m N Isj)ahan.
Delugod, a bay on the e coast of Africa,
at the KE end of the country of Natal. Cat-
tle and poultry may be purchased here for
a trifle ; and it is frequently visited by
vessels employed in the whale fishery. Lon.
33 0 K, lat. ib 30 s.
DcUncar, a town of Virginia, in King
William county, seated on the broad pe-
DEL
niiisula formed by the conflux of the
Pamunky and Mattapony, whose united
stream hence assumes the name of York
Iliver. It is 20 m Nbyw Williamsburg,
and 45 w Richmond.
Delaware, one of the United States o?
America, 92 m long and 24 broad ; bound-
ed on the N by Pennsylvania, e by Dela-
ware river and bay, and s and w by Mary-
land. In many parts it is unhealthy, be-
ing seated in a peninsula, where the land'
is generally low, w hich occasions the waters
to stagnate. It is divided into the coun-
ties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex. The
chief exports are flour, iron, gunpowder,
paper, and lumber; and it has numerous
manufitcturing establishments. In 1810
the population was 72,674. The capital
is Dover, but the largest tov.'n is VVilm--
ington.
Delaware, a river of the United States,
formed by two streams in the state of New
York. In its course it separates Penn-
sylvania from New York and New Jersey;
and, a few miles below Philadelphia, the
state of Delaware from New Jersey, till it
enters the head of Delaware bay, a few
miles below Salem. At Philadelphia it
has a sufticient depth of water for a 74
gun ship ; is navigable thence for sloops
up to the tails at Trenton; and for boats,
that carry eight or ten tons, 40 m higher.
DeUncare Bar/, a bay of the United
States, between the states of Delaware and
New Jersey. It is CO m long, from the.
open sea to the entrance of the river Dela-
ware at Bombay-hook, and from 10 to 30
broad. It opens into the Atlantic, be-
tween Cape Henlopen on the s and Cape
May on the K, whicli are 20 m apart. On
the fiirmer is a lighthouse. Lon. 75 9 w,
lat. 38 48 N.
Delebio, a town of Switzerland, in Val-
teline, on a Small river that runs into the
Adda, 5 m kw Morbegno.
Delfshaven, a town of the Netherlands,
in S llolland, near the river Meuse, at the
commencement of a canal to Delft. It is
between Rotterdam and Schiedam, about
3 m from each.
Delft, a town of the Netherlands, in S
Holland, well built, with canals in the
streets, planted on each side witii trees.
Here are two churches, in orie of which is
the noble monument of William i, prince
of Orange, who was assassinated, it has
a fine arsenal, and is celebrated for its
potteries. Delft is the birthplace of the
renowned Grotins. It is seated on the
Schic, 8 m N\v Rotterdam.
Delfzui/l, a town and fortress of the Ne-
therlands, in Groningen, with a good har-
bour. It is seated on the Damstcr, at its
entrance into the estuary of the Ems, 18
DEL
m ENE Groningcn, Lon. 6 58 r., lat. 53
18 N.
Deli^adu, a cape on the e coast oF Africa,
which is tlie n boundary of the Portuguese
territories on rhis coast. Lou. 41 -t e, hit.
0 4 s.
Delhi, a province of Ilindoostan, 2 tO
m lon<;and 180 broad, bounded on the nw
by Lahore, ne by Seriuagur, se by Oude,
s by Agra, and w by Ajmeer. Having
been the seat of conthuial wars during the
18th century, it is ahnost depopulated ;
and a tract of country that possesses, in
general, every advantage that can be de-
rived from nature, is but little cultivated.
The principal rivers are the Ganges and
Jumna, which enter on the ^E border.
The present occupation of this province is
partitioned in the following manner : All
to the E of the Jumna, with a district round
the city of Delhi, are possessed by the
British; the sw is occupied by the rajah
of Alvar and several native chiefs; '.and
the Nw, by a number of Seik chiefs and
other native princes. The country having
enjoyed a state of tranquillity since J 800,
it may be expected to improve in cultiva-
tion, '&c. From this period the city of
Delhi and its district has, in reality, been
subject to the British government; but
they are nominally under the authority of
the emperor of Ilindoostan, and are now
all that remains to the great Mogul of his
once estensive empire.
Delhi, the capital of the above province.
It is the nominal capital of all Hiudoostan,
and was actually so during the greatest
part of the time since the Mohamedan
conquest. In 1738, when Nadir Shah in-
vaded Ilindoostan, he entered Delhi, and
dreadi'ul were the massacres and famine
that followed. The same calainities were
endured in 1761, on the invasion of Ab-
dalla, king of Caudahar. In 1788, the
emperor Shah A Hum was blinded here
with a dagger by Gholaum Kaudir, the
Roliillah, "who also tortured, starved to
death, and massacred many of the royal
family. A few months afterward he was
DEM
remains of palaces with baths and gardens.
The grand mosque is a magnificent edifice
of marble and red freestone, and there are
40 others of an inferior si'/c. The streets
are in general narrow, except two that
lead from the palace to different gates;
and there are many good houses, mostly of
brick. The bazars are but indifferently
supplied, and the trade is trilling. Cotton
cloths and indigo are manufactured here;
and caravans arrive annually from Cash-
mere and Cabul with shawls, fruit, and
horses. Precious stones of a good quality
are to be had at Delhi. It is 820 m NW
Calcutta. Lon. 77 9 e, lat. 28 42 n.
Deliiz, a town of the kingdom of Saxony,
in Misnia, with a considerable manufacture
of worsted stockings, 15 m k by e Leipzic.
Dellnmcotta, a fortress of Ilindoostan,
in Bootan, which commands the principal
pass from Bengal. It was taken by storm
in 1773, by a detachment under captain
John Jone.s. It is 77 m sw Tassisudon,
and 95 n Dinagepoor. Lon. 88 32 e, lat.
26 59 N.
Detvienhorst, a town of Westphalia, ca-
pital of a district, in the duchy of Olden-
burg. It is seated on the Delm, near the
Weser, 8 m sw Bremen.
Delos, or Dili, an island of the Archi-
pelago, formerly celebrated for the temples
of Diana and Apollo, whose birthplace it
is said to be. It is 6 ra in circumference,
but now little more than a desert rock,
covered with ruins, and uninhabited. Lon.
25 12 e, lat. 37 38 N.
Delphi, a town of European Turkey, in
Livadia, once a city famous for the oracle
of Apollo, and tlie celebration of the Py-
thian games. It is now the most extraor-
dinary place in all Greece for antiquities
and natural curiosities. Its remains cover
an eminence, at the foot of a lofty pre-
cipice of Mount Parnassus, 18 ra wnw
Livadia.
Delsberg, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Basel, on the river Birs, 10 ra
Kw Soleure.
Delta, a part of Lower Egypt, enclosed
india. The city continued subject to the ana the Mediterranean ; so calle
lahrattas till 1803, when they were de- triangular form, resemblmg the G
sated here by general Lake, and the blind of that name. The same teri-n is
put to death with tortures by Madhajee
Sindi
Mahn
feated here by _
emperor was restored to his throne. Delhi
in the time of its splendor covered a space
of 20 m, from the appearance of the ruins.
The present city is built on the left bank
of the Jumna, and is about 7 m in circuit,
surrounded on three sides by a wall of
brick and stone, in which are seven gates.
The palace stands on the bank of the river,
surrounded by a wall of red stone, about
a mile in circuit. Adjoining it is a fortress,
now in ruins, and there are many splendid
between the extreme branches of the jNile
d from its
reek letter
frequently
applied to the mouths of the Ganges, the
Lukis, and other large rivers.
Delvino, a town of European Turkey,
in Albania, with a castle. It is the resi-
dence of a pashaw, under that cf Janina,
and stands on an eminence, surrounded by
advantageous military stations, 24 m wnw
Janina.
Demuuend, a town of Persia, in Mazan-
deran, situate in a small vale, on the banks
of a river, amid trees and curn-fields. It
DEN
is surrounded by mountains, one of which,
called Demasvend, is so lofty, that snow
constantly lies on its conical summit. The
town is much resorted to during the heats
of summer. It is 86 m e Teheran, and
100 wsw Sari.
Dembea, a considerable lake of Abyssi-
nia, in a province of the same name. It is
200 m in circuit, and contains \'2 islands,
one of which is a place of confinement for
state prisoners. It Hes 30 m to the ssw of
Gondar, and the river Nile flows through
the s part of it from w to e.
JDewerura, a settlement in Guayana,
on 3 river of the same name, contiguous to
Issequibo. The river is 2 ir. wide at its
mouth, defended by a fort on the e bank,
and navigable upward of 200 m. The
country produces coffee, SHgar-caues, and
the finest kinds of wood. It was taken
from the Dutch by the British in 1796 and
in 1803 ; and it was ceded to them by the
Dutch in 1814. This settlement and that
of Issequibo form one government, and the
capital IS Starbrock.
Demianskoi, a town of Siberia, in the
government of Tobolsk, seated on the
Irtysh, at the influx of the Demianka, 100
m NNE Tobolsk.
Demmin, a town of Hither Poraerania,
situate among morasses, on the river Peene,
16 m sw Cripswald.
Demona, a town and fort of Piedmont,
on the river Sture, 10 m sw Coni.
Demoticii, or Dimotuc, a town of Euro-
pean Turkey, in Romania, where a Greek
archbishop resides. It was the residence
of Charles xii for some years ; and is
situate near the Maritsch, 12 m s Adria-
nople.
Denain, a village of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, where a victory was
gained over prince Eugene, by marshal
Villars, in 1712. It is seated on the Scheld,
6 m sw Valenciennes.
Denbigh, a borough of Wales, capital of
Denbighshire, with a market on Wednes-
day and Saturday. Its ruined castle, with
its vast enclosure crowning the top of the
hill, forms a striking object. Denbigh has
a considerable manufacture of gloves and
shoes. The population w^as 2714 in 1811.
It is situate on the side of a rocky hill,
above the vale of Clywd, on a branch of
the river of that name, 27 m w Chester,
and 200 nw London. Lon. 3 35 w, lat.
53 11 N.
Denbighshire, a county of Wales, bound-
ed on the N by the Irish sea, xe by Flint-
shire, £ by Shropshire, s by Merionethshire,
and Montgomeryshire, and w by Carnarvon-
shire. It is 48 m long and 20 in its broad-
est part, contains 467,840 acres ; is di-
vided into six hundreds, and 59 parishes j
DEN
has three market-towns; and sends tvro
members to parliament. The population
was 64,240 in 1811. Its principal rivers
are the Clywd, Elwy, Dee, and Conway.
The soil is various ; the vale of Clywd be-
ing extremely fertile, which is not the case
with the E part of the country ; and the vr
is, in a manner, barren. The products are
corn, cheese, cattle, lead, and coal. The
assizes are held at Ruthin, and the largest
town is Wrexham.
Dender, a river of the Netherlands,
which rises in Ilainault, flows by Leuze,
Ath, Lessines, Grammont, Ninove, and
Alost, and joins the Scheld, at Dender-
mond.
Dendera, a town of Egypt, the residence
of an Arabian prince, who takes the title
of Emir. It was anciently called Tentyra,
and from the ruins that are seen appears
to have been a large city. This place sup-
plies most part of Egypt with charcoal.
It is seated near the left bank of the Nile,
260 m sby E Cairo. Lon. 31 58 e, lat. 2ft
15 N.
Dendermond, a fortified town of the Ne-
therlands, in Flanders, with a strong citadel.
It was taken by the allies in 1706, and
the Dutch put a garrison into it as one of
the barrier towns. The French took it ia
1745, and again in 1794. It is surround-
ed by marshes and fine meadows, which
can be covered with water, and seated at
the conflux of the Dender with the Scheld,
16 m w Mechlin. Lon. 4 11 e, lat. 51 3 n.
Denia, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
with a harbour ditficult of access. The
chief trade is in corn, almonds, and raisins.
It stands at the foot of a mountain, 47 m
KE Alicant.
Denmark, a kingdom of Europe; bound-
ed on the E by the Baltic sea, w and n by
the ocean, and s by Germany. The coun-
try is generally flat, and soil sandy. The
air is rendered foggy by the neighbourhood
of the seas and lakes, of which it is full;
but it has no considerable river. Den-
mark, properly so called, consists of Jut-
land and the islands of Zealand and Funen,
with the little isles about them; but the
king of Denmark's dominions contain also
the duchy of liolstein. Iceland, and the
Feroe islands. In the E Indies he pos-
sesses Tranquebar on the coast of Coro-
mandel, and the Nicobar islands; in the
W Indies, the islands of St. Thomas, St-
Croix, and St. John ; Christianburg on the
coast of Guinea; and a small part of
Greenland. Denmark was once a limited
and elective monarchy; but, in 1660, it
was made absolute and hereditary, by a
revolution almost unparalleled in history;
a free people voluntarily resigning their
liberties into the hands of their sovereiga*
DER
Hie inliabltatits ave protestants since the
year 1522, when they cmbiaced tlie con-
fession of Augsburg. The manners and
customs of the superior classes dilVcr little
from those in other parts of Europe; but
the peasantry continue in a state ot vassa-
lage, except those of the crown, and con-
sequently are idle, dirty, and dispirited.
The number of souls in the islands of Den-
inavk and in n Jutland is estimated at
850,000; in the duchy of Sleswick or S
Jutland 250,000; and in tlie duchy of
Holstein 450,000. The revenues, vviiich
arise from the crown and duties, are com-
puted at 3,500,000/. a year. The harbours
of Denmark are well calculated for trade;
and commercial companies are established
to the E Indies, W Indies, and Africa.
The produce of Denmark, beside fir and
other timber, is beeves, horses, butter,
tallow, hides, pitch, tar, fish, oil, and iron.
Copenhagen is the capital.
Denton, a town of Alaryland, cliief of
Caroline county. It is situate on the Chop-
tank, 37 m ssK Chester.
Deni/s, SL a town of France, in the de-
partment of Paris. The abbey of the Be-
nedictines, to which the town owes its rise,
has the appearance of a palace. Here is
;m ancient and magnificent church, in
which were the tombs of many of the
French kings ; but in 1793, after the abo-
lition of royalty, the royal tombs were all
destroyed, and an immense number of re-
liques and curiosities were lost. '1 he few
curiosities that escaped destruction are
deposited in the museum of Paris ; and the
church has been restored to its magnifi-
cence, though not to its riches. The town
has a manufacture of floor-cloth, and is
seated on the river Crould, near the Seine,
.5 m N I^aris.
Depfford, a town in Kent, considerable
for its tine docks, and for the kings-yard and
storehouses. It was anciently called Dept-
ford Stroud, or West Greenwich. It is
now divided into I'pper and Lower Dept-
ford, and has two parish churches, but not
a market. Here is a hospital, incorjiorated
by Henry viii, called Trinity House of
Deptford Stroud. 'Ihe brethren of the
Trinity House hold their corporation by
this hospital, and are obliged, at certain
times, to meet here for business. This
hospital contains '21 houses; and a more
modern structure, and a finer one, called
Trinity Hospital, contains 38. Both those
are for decayed pilots, or masters of ships,
or their widows, who have a handsome
jaonthly allowance. See Greemcich.
Derbend, the capital of Daghestan, with
a fort on the summit of a rock, and a l)aven
on the Caspian sea. It stands on the site
of the^nci^nt Albania, and is surrouuded
DER
by high brick walls. 'I'he inliabitants are
chiefly Russians, Tartars, and Armenians.
This town has, since 179(3, been in posses-
sion of the Russians. It is 1'20 m ?f
Schamachi, and 180 e Tefiis. Lon. 48 20
E, lat. 42 5 N.
Derhi/, a borough and the capital of
Derbyshire, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Eriday. It is seated on the-
Derwent, over which is a stone bridge ;
and a brook runs through the town, under
several slone bridges. Here is also a canal
to the Trent. It has five churches, of
which tlie chief is All Saints, noted for its
beautiful tower. In 1734, a machine was
erected here by sir'ITiomas Lombe for the
manufacturing of silk, the model of which
was brought from Italy ; and it was the
first of the kind in England. Derby pos-
sesses also a considerable manufacture of
cotton, and fine worsted stockings ; and
has a fabric of fine porcelain. .Several
hands are employed in the lapidary and
jewelierv branches ; and Derbyshire mar-
bles, spars, and crystals, are wrought into-
a variety of ornamental articles. The
malting trade is likewise carried on here-
The population was 13,043 in 1811. The
rebels came as far as this town in 1745,
and then returned to Scotland. It is 10 in
w Nottingham, and 126 KNW London,-
Lon. 1 25 \v, lat. 52 58 N.
JDerbi/, a town of Connecticut; in New-
haven county, seated on the Housatonic,-
which is navigable hence to the sea, 14 ni
Kw New haven.
Derby, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Dauphin county. Here is a cave divided
into several apartments, and adovned svith
stalectites. It is situate on the Swatera,
2 in above its conflux with the Susquehana,
and 10 SE Ilurrisburg.
Derbyshire, a county of England,
bounded on the n by Yorksjiire, e by
Nottinghamshire, s by Leicestershire and-
Warwickshire, w by Slalfordshire, and nw
by Cheshire. It extends 59 m from N tO'
s, and 34 where broadest, but in the 9
part it is not above 6. It contains 680,230
acres ; is divided into six hundreds, and
138 parishes; has 11 market towns; and
sends four members to parliament. The
population was 185,487 in 1811. The s
and iTparls are pleasant and fertile, pro-
ducing most kinds of grain, [jarticularly
barley. Even the nw part, called the
Peak, is abundantly rich ; for the moun-
tains abound in minerals, and the inter-
mediate valleys are truitful in grass. The
barytes, or ponderous earth, is here found
in great quantities. The principal rivers
are the Derwent, Dove, Erwash, andTreut.^
See Fetik.
Dereham, a town in Norfolk, with a
DES
market on Fridriy. The cIiuitIi is an an-
cient structure, with four ch'ipeis, and a
curious stone font. It is 16 m w Norwich,
and 101 NNK London.
Derenhurg, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the principality of Halberstadt, 0 in
■\vsv/ Halberstadt.
Dei-kus, a town of European Tnrkey, in
Romania, on the coast of the Black sea,
SO m Nxw Constantinople.
Deriia, a seaport of Barbary, capital
of Barca, and the residence of a sangiac,
with a castle. It is seated in a fertile
country, on the w side of a bay of the
Mediterranean, which aifords u;ood an-
chorage for the largest vessels, but is ex-
posed to the NE winds. Durin;^ the me-
morable campait;n in Esrypt, the British
jleet received supplies from this place.
Lon. !:il 5(j E, lac '32 46 x.
Dernix, or Derninc/i, a town and for-
tress of Dalmaria, on a mountain, near the
river Kerka, 18 m N Sebenico.
Derate, a town of Egypt, with a grand
temple, on an isle formed by t!ie canal
from Cairo to Rosetta, 50 m xnw Cairo.
Derpb ; see Dorpt.
J)erri/ ; see Londonderri/.
Derweiit, a river in Derbysliire, wliicli
rises in the Peak, flows s through the
middle of the county, by Derby, and joins
The Trent, on the borders of Leicester-
shire.
Dencent, a river in Yorkshire, whicli
rises in the n riding, Hows by Malton, and
joins the Ouse, near liowden.
Derwent, a river in Durham, which
forms, for some space, the boundary be-
tween that county and Northumberland,
and joins the Tyne, above Newcastle.
Derivent, a river in Cumberland, which
flows X through the lakes of Derwent-
water and Bassenthwaite-vvater, and then
runs w by Cockerniouthj into the Irish sea,
near Workington.
- Derxvent-wutcr, a lake in Cumberland,
near to Keswick, of an oval form, 3 m
long and a mile and a half wide. It is
surrounded by rocky mountains, broken
into many fantastic shapes. The preci-
pices seldo'.n overhang the water, but are
arra\iged at some distance ; and the shores
swell with woodv eminences, or sink into
iL^i-Qitw pastoral margins. The lake con-
tains tive islands; one of which, near the
centre, is famous for having been the resi-
dence of St. Herbert, the ruins of whose
hermitage are yet remaining. The river
Ijerwent flows through this lake.
Des(tguude7-o, a river; see Juan, St.
JJetaguadera, a town of Chili, seated
on a lake of the same name, 2G0 m i: Val-
divia. Lon. 67 30 w, lat. 40 5 s.
JJeteada, one of tiie Caribe islands, 10
DEV
m long and 5 broad. It is generally the
first land that is made in sailing to the W
Indies. Lon. 61 20 w, lat. 16 40 n.
Dexcada, or Cape Desire, the sw point
cf Patagonia, at the entrance of the strait
of Magellan, from the South sea, Lon. 74
18 w,'lat. 53 4 s.
Desna, a river of Russia, which be-
comes navigable at Briansk, flows thence
by Niznei Novgorod aud Czernikou, and
enters the Dnieper, above Kiof.
Dessau, a strong town of Upper Sax-
ony, capital of the principality ot Auhalt
Dessau. It has manufactures of cloth,
stockings, and hats ; and is seated on the
Mu!da,"at its conllux with the Elbe, 37 m
N Leipzic. Lon. 12 25 e, lat. 51 52 x.
Detmold, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Lippe, with a fortified castle;
seated on the Wehera, 17 in nkw Pader-
born.
Detroit, a town of the United States,
capital of the territory of Michigan, with
a strong fort. Its trade consists in a bar-
ter of coarse European goods with the In-
dians for furs, deer skins, tallow, &c. The
fort surrendered to the British in 1812. It
is situate on the w side of the strait, or
river, that forms the communication be-
tween the lakes St. Clair and Erie, 18 n>
N of the latter. Lon. 82 66 w, lat. 4!?
40 X.
Deltelbitch, a towa of Franconia, in
the principality of Wurtzburg, seated on
the Maine. 8 m e Wurtzburg.
Dtltiiigen, a village of Germany, in
the territory of Hanau, 4 m se Ilanau.
Here George ii gained a victory over the
Trench in 1743.
De-vci, a town of Transylvania, on the
left bank of the Maros, w"ith the remaias
of a Roman citadel on a high rock, 45 m
wbyx Hermandstadt.
Deva, a town of Spain, in Guipuscoa,
on the bay of Biscay, 15 m se Bilboa.
Devap'rai/agii, a' town of Hindoostan,
in Seriuagur, at the confluence of tiie
Bhagirathi and Alacanandra, whose union
f.^rms the Gauges. This junciion is con-
sidered by»all Hindoos as a place pecu-
liarly sacred. The town is inhabited by
Brahmins, who here ofticiate at a very an-
cient temple. It is 16 m w Serinagur.
Deucar, a town of Hindoostan, capital
of a hilly district in the Nepaul territo-
ries, bounded on the s by the province of
Oude. It is 96 m x Onde. Lon. 82 10 e,
lat. 28 9 X.
Develto, or Zugoria, a town of Euro-
pean Turkey, in Bulgaria, the see of a
Greek archbisiiop. It is situate on the
Paniza, near the Black sea, 58 m xe Adii-
anople, and 106 XNw Constantinople.
Lon. 27 22 e, lat. 42 25 Jf.
DEV
Deventer, a city of tlie Netherhmcls,
and the capital of Overyssel, with a col-
lege. It is surrounded by strong walls,
and seated on the Yssel, .")0 ni e Amster-
dam. Lon. 6 10 E, hit. 5'i 17 n.
Deveron, a river of Scotland, which
rises in the nw of Aberdeenshire, flows r.
and X throu>;h fertile plains, and enters the
ocean at Banff. It forms the boundary
between the counties of Aberdeen and
Banff for many miles.
Devicotta, a town and fort of Ilindoo-
stan, in Tanjore, situate at the month of
the Cohan, 43 msbyw Pondichery, and
62 NE Tanjore.
Devizes, a borough in Wiltshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Thursday, and a manufacture of serges
and other woollen stuffs. It has two
churches; and on a hill within the town
are the remains of a castle, originally a
Roman work. It is 24 m nw Salisbury,
and 89 w London.
Devon, a river of Scotland, which rises
in Perthshire, on the N border of Clack-
mananshire, and, after a course of 40 m,
enters the Forth at Cambus, 3 m above
Alloa, and only 8 m s from its source. In
Perthshire it forms some romantic water-
falls, called the Devils-mill, the Rumbling-
bridge, and the Caldron-linn. The Devon
iron works are on the banks of this river,
4 m above its conHux with the Forth.
Devon, Black, a river of Scotland, in
Clackmananshire, which rises in the Sa-
line hills, and enters the Forth at Clack-
manan harbour.
Devonshire, a county of England,
bounded on the :nw and n by the Bristol
channel, e by Somersetshire and Dorset-
shire, SE and s by the English channel,
and w by Cornwall. It is 70 m long and
64 broad, containing 1,592,320 acres ; is
divided into 32 hundreds, and 465 pa-
rishes ; has a city and 35 market towns ;
and sends 26 members to parliament. The
population was 383,308 in 1811. The air
is so mild in the valleys, that the myrtle
grows unsheltered; but it is cold and bleak
on the mountains. The soil is various, for
the lower grounds are naturally fertile, and
the hills are very barren. In the eastern
part there is plenty of good corn, and fine
pasturage for sheep, where the grounds
are dry and chalky. 'ITie southern part is
remarkably fertile; and fruit-trees are
plentiful, especially apples, from which
much cider is made. Oh the coast is
found a jjeculiar rich sand, of singular ser-
vice in husbandry. The middle part is
occupied by the forest of Dartmoor. The
western ])art abounds with game, espe-
cially hares, pheasants, and woodcocks ;
and here is a bird so very small, that it is
DIA
reputed a liunnning-bird, and like that
constructs its nest on the extreme branches
of trees. Devonshire was formerly more
celebrated for its mines than Cornwall ;
and although the latter has nearly mono-
polized the trade, the stannary laws in
some degree remain in force. Here are
veins of loadstone and manganese ; like-
wise ([uarries of good stone and slate,
great quantities of which are exported.
In the sw parts are nnich marble, and in
many places marble rocks are the basis of
the high road. The principal rivers are
the Tamar, Torridge, Taw, Ex, Teign, and
Dart. Exeter is the capital.
Deuprag, a town of Tibet, in the
country of Siniagur, seated at the conflux
of the Allaknandara with the Ganges, 23
m s Sirinagur.
Deutz ; see Duytz.
Deux Fonts, or Ziceyhrucken, a duchy
of Germany, in the palatinate of the
Rhine. The country is mountainous, but
celebrated for mines of quicksilver, and
yields abundance of corn, wood, and wine.
Deux Fonts, the capital of the above
duchy, with a magnificent palace. It is
seated on the Erbach, 49 m nnw Stras-
burg, and 50 sw Mentz. Lon.. 7 28 e,
lat.'49 15 N.
Dezccigur, a town of Hindoostan, in
^lalwah, chief of the district of Cutcli-
wara. It is 104 m >ne Oojain. Lon. 76
21 E, lat. 24 36 N.
Deaaicote, a town of Hindoostan, in
Serinagin-, capital of a district lying be-
tween the .Tunma and Ganges. It is seated
near the Bhagirathi, or Ganges, 80 m nw
Serinagur, Lon. 78 2 e, lat. 30 59 X.
Dewihnurry, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gundwana, situate on the Baum Gunga,
03 m sw Bustar.
Deyrah, a town of Hindoostan, in Se-
rinagur. It is well built, and stands on
the confines of Delhi, 85 m w Serinagur.
Dewshurij,-A town in W Yorkshire, with
a market on Wednesday. The chief manu-
factures are blankets and coarse broad
cloths. It is situate on the side of a hill
and the river Calder, 5 m w by n Wake-
field, and 187 wnw London.
DezJ'oul, a town of Persia, in Kusistan,
on the river Abzal, over w hich is a bridge
of 22 arches, 38 m n by w Toster.
Dlwlpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Agra, with a fort on the bank of the
Churnbul, 34 m s Agra.
Diadin, a town of Turkish Armenia,
with a fort and towers ; seated on the e
branch of the Euphrates, near its source,
25 m w Bayazid, and 155 ese Erzerura.
Diarbek, a province of Asiatic Turkey,
between the Tigris and Euphrates ;
boucded on the n by Armenia, e by Kurd
DIE
istan, s by Irak, and w by Syria and Roum.
It was the ancient Mesopotamia, and is
sometimes called Alszezira. The country
is exceedingly mountainous ; hut is inter-
spersed with fertile vallies, Avhich yield
corn, wine, oil, fruit, and all the necessa-
ries of life in abundance.
Diarbekir, a city, and the capital of
the above province. It is the ancient
Amida, and surrounded by a prodigious
wall of Vjlack stone, built by the Romans.
The castle is also surrounded by a strong
wall, including many handsome buildings,
where the pashaw and his officers reside.
The Turks are more affable here than in
other places, with regard to the Ciirist-
ians, who are above 20,000 in number.
It has manufactures of cotton, silk, cop-
per, and iron, and a great trade in red
Turkey leather. It is seated on the Tigris,
180 m'NE Aleppo. Lon. 39 52 E; lat. 37
56 \.
Die, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Drome, lately an episcopal see.
It is seated on liie river Drome, 24 m se
Valence.
Dieburg, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Mentz, 10 m sw Aschaften-
burg.
Diego, St. a town on the coast of New
Albion, capital of a jurisdiction. The
European olive flourishes in its vicinity,
from which good oil is made. The port
atVords excellent anchorage. Lon. llf 18
w, lat. 32 40 N.
Diekirch, a town of the Netherlands,
in the duchy of Luxemburg, situate on the
Semov, 18 m k Luxemburg.
Dienville, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aube, near the source of the
Orney, 27 m sse Bar le Due.
Diep/ioltz, a town and castle of West-
phalia, capital of a county. It has manu-
factures of coarse woollen and linen cloth,
and stands on the river Hunte, near the
lake Dunmier, 30 m xw Minden. Lon. S
28 E, lat. 52 36 n.
Dieppe, a seaport of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine, with a good
harbour formed by the mouth of the river
Arques, an old castle, and two piers. The
principal trade consists in fish, i\ory, toys,
and laces. It was bombarded by the
English in 1C94, and is not so consider-
able as formerly. It is 30 m n Rouen,
and 132 n\v Paris. Lon. 1 4 e, lat. 41)
56 N.
Dierdoif, a town of Westphalia, ca-
pital of the upper county of Wied, with a
castle. It is situate on the W.edbach, 10
m Nxw Coblentz.
Diernstein, a town of Austria, with aji
Augustine convent, and the ruins of a
castle, in which Richard i of England
DIL
was imprisoned. It is seated on the Da-
nube, 17 m NE St. Polten.
Diesen, a town of Bavaria, on the w side
of the lake Ammersee, 10 ni se Lands^
berg.
Diesenhofen, a town of Switzerland, in
Thurgau, seated on the Rhine, 5ms
Sciiatfhausen.
Diest, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, with considerable manufactures
of cloth, stockings, &c. seated on th©
Demer, 16 m ke Louvain.
Dietz, a town of Germany, in Wester- ■
wald, capital of a county, with a strong
castle. It is seated on the river Lahn,
24 m wsw Wetzlar. Lon. 7 53 e, lat. 50
20 N.
Dieuze, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Meurthe, with wells of water
that produce much salt. It is seated oa
the Seille, 22 m xe Nancy.
Diez, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of V^osges, seated on the Meurthe,
30 m SE Luneville.
Dighton, a town of Massachusets, in
Bristol county, situate near Taunton river,
7 m ssw Taunton.
Dignant, a town of Istria, 3 ra from the
gulf of Venice, and 45 s Trieste.
Digne, a town of France, capital of
the department of Lower Alps, and a
bishop's see. It is tan»ous for its hot
baths, and seated on the Bleone, amid
olive plantations and vineyards, 30 m
sbyw Embrun. Lon. 6 16 E, lat. 44!
lO'x.
Dijon, a city of France, l.itely an
archbishopric, but now a bishopric, and
capital of the department of Cote d'Or.
The public structures, particularly the
churches, are very fine ; and the university
was fornierly one of the most consider-
able in France. In front of the Palace
Royale, is the ancient palace of the dukes
of Burgundy. The population 22,000;
and it has a trade in excellent wine, virith
other commodities of its various manu-
factures. Near the gates of the city is a
chartreuse, once famous for its palaces,
churches, and mausoleums ; but it fell a
sacrifice to revolutionary fury, and the
plough lias passed over a great part of the
monastery. Dijon is seated in a pleasant
plain, between the rivers Ouche andSuzon,
48 m XE Autun. Lon. 5 2 e, lat. 47
19 N.
Dili; see Delos.
Dilla, a mountain of Hindoostan, on
the coast of Teilicherry, 20 m xby w Tel-
licherry.
Dillenhurg, a town of Germany, in
Westerwald, capital of a county, ricli in
mines of copper and iron. It has a for-
tress, on a mountain, and is seated on the
DIS
Dillen, l-J ni nnw Wetzlar. Ltm. 8 17 r,
lat. .")0 IQ N.
Dillciiiicn, a town of Siial)ia, with a
catholic miivoisity, seated on tlie Danuhf,
17 m NW Aiigsbiir;;.
Dimotuc, a town of European Turkey,
in Romania, and a Greek arohbisliop's
see ; seated on a mountain, surrounded by
the Mcriza, .12 ni s\v Adrlanople.
Dinagcpoor, a town of llindoostan, in
Benaal, capital of a district. It is seated
on the Paniabubah, or w branch of the
Teosta, 10'2 ni x by e IMoorshedabad. Lon.
88 :35 v., hit. 2.J 3(3 i\.
Dinunt, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cotes du Nord, seated on a
cragizy uiountai!); by the river Jlauce, 20 in
sSt'.iVIalo.
Dhta/it, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of I.ie,i!;e, with a castle, and
eight cliurches. '1 he cliief trade is in lea-
ther, and in the vicinity are cjuarries of
marble and mines of iron. It is seated
near the Meuse, 15 ni sse Naniur, and 1-1
s\v Liege,
Dinupoor, a town of llindoostan, in
Baliar. Here are excelierd cantonments
for a brljiade of troops. It is seated on
the Ganiies, 12 m w Patna.
Dinasmaulluj, a town of Wales, in
Merionethshire, lioverned by a mayor,
with a market on Saturday. It stands at
the foot of a high precipice, on the ri\er
Dysi, 18 m sbyw Bala, and \96 nw
London.
Dindhi^ul, a town of Southern llindoo-
stan, capital of a district lying se of Co-
imbetore. Tt stands in a plain, and has a
fort on a rock, 40 m n by w Mridura, and
77 EbE Coinibetore. Lon. 78 5 e, l-.it. 10
22 N.
Dbigehin^, a town of Bavaria, seated
on the iser, 20 m ene Landschut.
Dingle, a seaport and borough of Ire-
land, in Kerry county. The chief exports
are butter, beef, corn, and linen. It is
seated at the head of an inlet, on the n
side of Dingle bav, 28 m avsw Tralee.
L^jn. 10 .38 w, lat. 51 58 n.
Din'^uall, a borough of Scotland, in
Rosssliire. Some linen yarn ia nianul'ac-
tured here ; and there is a lintmill in the
iieiij;hbourhood, and a productive salmon
fishery in the river Conan. It is seated
at the head of the frith of Cromarty, 18 m
wsvv Tain, and 18 nvv Inverness. Lon, 4
14 AV, lat. 57 44 N.
Diiilu'hpil, a town of Suabia, \\ith a
foundation of Teutonic knights, and a
trade in cloth and reapiiig-lK'cks ; seated
on the Wernitz, 18 m nkw Ilorliiigen.
Dirschav, a fortified town of ^V Prussia,
seated on the X'istula, 9 in w ]Marienburg.
Discnth, u town of Switzerland, in the
DIX
canton of Gri^ons, with an abbey founded
in the seventh century; situate near the
sources of the Rhine, 10 m ssw Ilantz.
Dish/ci/, a village in Leicestershire, 2 ni
K\v Louglil>orougli, rendered famous by a
native grazier and farmer, liobcrt Bake-
well (wiio died in 1795) from, his success-
ful experiiiieiits and practices in the im-
provement of live stock.
Disko, an island on the e side of Davis
strait, separated from the w coast of Green-
land by a channel, 20 m broad, called the
Waygat Sound. It is of a triangular form,
90 in long and from 10 to 50 broad, and of
great elevation, except at the n extremity
and the se angle. It has several line deej/
harbours, and at Lievely, the svy point,
the Danes have a colonv. Lon. 514 w,
lat. 69 10 K,
Diamai Swamp, a marshy tract of the
United States, on the coast of N Caro-
lina, 50 m long and 30 broad, entirely co-
vered with trees, brushwood, and reeds.
It occupies the whitlc c(uintry between
Albemarle sound and Pamlico sound.
Diss, a town in Norfolk, with a market
on Friday, and manufactures of canvas
and hose ; seated on (he side of a hill, by
the river VVaveney, 19 m s Norwich, and
86 NNE London.
Disseri, or Tisscn, a town of West-
phalia, in the principality of Osnabiirg,
noted for salt-works, 16 m se Osnaburg.
Dixlington, a village in Cumberland,
4 m x'byE Whitehaven. A great quan-
tity of lime is burnt here, and sent to
Harrington and Whitehaven for export-
ation.
Diiteah. a town of IIinci(!Ostan, in Agra,
well built, and surrounded by a wall. The
rajah has a palace on an eminence, without
the town. It is 20 m Ebyx Narwar.
Dili, an island of Hindoostan, 4 m long
and a mile broad, at the s extremity f>f
Chijrat, with a harbour. On it is a fortified
town, wliich contains some fine churches,
erected by the l^ortuguese, about the time
they took possession of the island in 1515.
Ihe trade of the town, once so important,
is almost entirely removed to Surat. It is
135 m whys Surat, Lon. 71 3 e, lat. 20
43 x.
Divan, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre,
built on a conical hill, and divided by a
huge space into the high and low town.
1 he first is inhabited by Moors and the
other by Christians, whose chief trade is
stealing children, and carrying them toMa-
suah, whence they are sent to Arabia, or
India. It is 44 m sbyw Masuah.
Dixumde, a tc.irtified town of the Ne-
therlands, in Flanders, celebrated for its
excellent ciieese and butter. It is seated
on the Yper, 13 m x Ypres.
DOE
Dizier, St. a town of France, in the
flepartment of Upper Marne, seated on
the Marne, 36 m n by w Chaumont.
Dnieper, the ancient Boris^thenes, a
lanfe river of Ilu5^ia, whicli rises in the
govennnent nf Tver, passes l)y Smolensk,
Mohilef, Roiiacvow, Kiof, Krylow, and
Clierson, and enters the Black sea near
Oczakot ; but its sandy estuary will seldom
admit large vessels. Through its whole
■course, of above 800 m, its navigation is
only once interrupted by a series of ca-
taracts, which begin below the influx of
the Samara, and continue for above 40 m ;
but these have been so ranch reduced,
chat they can at all times be passed by
loaded barks, except in seasons of great
drought.
Dniester, a river, the ancient Tyras,
which rises in Galicia, or Austrian Poland,
and flows to Chockzim, dividing Podolia
fiom Moldavia; it then passes by Bender,
separating Bessarbia from the Russian go-
vernment of Catharinenslaf, and enters
the Black sea, at Bielgorod and Ovidopol.
Doab, a fertile tract of Hindoostan, be-
tween the Ganges and Jumna, near the ap-
proximation of those two rivers, and for the
raijst part comprehended in the province of
Agra. It was ceded to the British in 1801
and 1803. There are other places so cailed
in India, the term doab meaning a tract
of country included between two rivers.
Dobeli/i, a town of Courland, 20 m sw
Mittau.
Dobrzin, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Ploczko, seated on a rock, near
the \'istula, 14 m Nw Ploczko.
Z)ocA"i//«, a town of the Netherlands, in
W Friesland, where much salt is made.
It communicates with Groningen by a
canal, and stands on the river Ee, ti m
from its mouth, and 10 ne Lewarden.
Dodbrook, a town in Devonshire, with
a market every third Wednesday^ and
noted as being the tirst place where white
ale was brewed. It stands on a rivulet, by
which it is parted from Kingsbridge, 208
ni wsw London.
Doelf a town of the Netherlands, in
Flanders, on the river Scheld, opposite
Lillo, 7 m NW Antwerp.
Doesburg, a town of the Netherlands,
m Gelderland. It has been often taken;
and the reduction of it, in 1580, was the
tirst exploit of the English forces sent by
queen Elisabeth to the assistance of the
Dutch. It is seated on tlje Yssel, 10 m
ssvv Zutphen.
DoesHuh, a town of Hindoostan, in Ba-
har, capital of the hilly district of Chuta
Nagpoor, which contains the sources of
many streams. It is 144 m sbyw Balmr.
Lon."85 11 £, lat. 23 11 N.
DOM
Dofar ; see Dafar.
Dogado, a province of Italy, in the
duchy of \'enice, in which is I lie capital.
It is bounded on the E by the gulf of
Venice, s by Polesinu, w by Paduaiio, and
N by Trevisano. It comprehends many
small islands near it, called the Lagunes
of' Venice.
Dol, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of llle and \'ihiine, 1 «tely an episco-
pal see ; situate on the Cardeguin, 6 m
from its mouth, and 21 SE St. Malo.
Dolce Aqua, a town of Piedmont, witK
a castle, seated on the Nervia, 5 m N
\'intimiglia.
Dutcigno, a town of European Turkey,
in Albania, and a bishop's see, with a good
harbour and a citadel; seated on the
Drino, 40 m se Scutari. Lon. 19 34 h,
lat. 42 12 N.
Dole, a town of Fiance, in the depart-
ment of Jura, with manulactures of
copper, iron, and glass ; situate on the
Doubs, 25 m wsw Besancon.
Dolgelli/, a town of Wales, the largest
in JNIerionethshire, with a market on Tues-
day and Saturday : and a manufacture of
coarse woollen cloth, undied, called web-
bing. The population was 8064 in 1811.
It is seated on the river Wnion, at the foot
of the mountain Cader Idris, 12 m SE
Harlech, and 212 Nvv London.
Dollurt Bar/, a bay or lake sepai-ating E
Friesland, in Germany, trom Groningen, in
the Netherlands. It was formed by aa
inundation of the sea in 1277, when 33
villages are said to have been destroyed.
Dolores, a town of New Spain, in Mecho-
acan in the middle of the mining district
of Guanaxuato, 20 m kw of that city.
Domuzlize, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Pilsen, on the rivulet Cadbuzz, IT
ni s Pilsen.
Dombaco, a small island near the coast
of Birmah, in the bay of Bengal. Lon.
94 35 E, lat. 17 32 N.
Doinbes, a recent principality of P'rance,
in Burgundy, of which Trevoux was the
capital. It is now part of the department
of Ain.
Dombrowaz, a town of Poland, in tlie
palatinate of Lemberg, 60 m sw Lemberg.
Domfront, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Orne, seated on a craggy rock,
by the river Varenne, 35 m nw Alencon.
Domingo, St. or Hispaniola, one of the
richest islands in the W Indies, 370 ra long
and from GO to 120 broad, except at the w
part where it divides into two peninsulas
about 25 m broad; that to the s being the
longest, and extending lc\0 m. It was dis-
covered by Columbus, in 1492, who called
it Hispaniola; but building a city to which
he gave the name of St, Domiuro, the
DOM
island is now mcire tVequeiitly called by
that name than llispaniola. The natives
call it Ilavti, or hii^hlnnd, tor such it pre-
sents itself, particularly to the n. The
island is surrounded by crag£;y rocks and
dangerous shoals. The heal to the n and
SE woukl be insupportable tor six months
of the year, if not qualified by the easterly
winds "and frequent rains; but the latter
soon spoil the hesh, bread, and truits. It
has mines of szold, talc, and crystal; exten-
sive and rich vallies ; and immense verdant
plains where numerous herds pasture in
common. The chief rivers are tlie Artibo-
nite, St. Jai^o, Neyba, Yuna, Ozama, and
Nisao. The Spaniards had possession of
the whole island for 120 years; in the tirst
fifteen of which they reduced a million of
inhabitants to 60,OUO. They were after
•ward forced to divide the island with the
French, who had the w part, but not equal
to one third ; and the Spaniards retained
the E, which is the most fruitful. This
joint possession continued till 1795, wdien
the Spaniards ceded their part to the
Prench. Since the revolution in France
this island has been subject to great cala-
mities. In 1791 an insurrection began in
the French part, and in a short time not
less than 100,000 blacks were in arms; the
manufactures and plantations appeared as
one general conflagration, and the plains
and mountains were covered with carnage
and blood. An African by birth, named
Toussaint, was afterward invested with
the connnand of the blacks and mulattos.
In 1802 the French sent an additional force,
and after several eucounteis tlie ne>;ro
chief was induced to accept of terms ; but
soon after he was perfidiously seized, and
sent in irons to France, where he perished
in a dungeon. Two other black chiefs,
Dessaline and Christophe, saved them-
selves by flight; and the natives again flew
to arms ; and the French troops fell victims
to the climate, that this part of the island
was, in a manner, abandoned by them.
Dessalines' succeeded to the authority of
Toussaint, and in 1804, caused himself to
be proclaimed emperor of Hayti. In 1806
the chiefs begun to war against each other,
and the black emperor was killed. Chris-
tophe was elected chief in his place ; and
in 1811 was crowned king of Ilayti. He
now styles himself Henry, king of Hayti ;
and the etiquette of his court is copied
from European manners. He is in posses-
sion of the town and harbour of St. Nicho-
las, and has long been in a state of warfare
•with other chiefs, particularly Pethion,
and his successor Boyer, who is possessed
of Port au Prince. In 1809, the Spaniards,
aided by the British, tinally expelled the
French from the e part of this island, and
DOM
in 1814, the whole of it was ceded to
Spain, It lies between Jamaica to the w,
and Porto liico to the e.
Domingo, St. the capital of the above
island, and an archbishop's see. It is of
a (juadraugular Ibrm, above '2 m in cir-
cuit, with the r, side to the river O'zama,
and the s to the sea; and is detended
by forts and batteries. The ramparts
that surround the city, and the walls of
the liouses, are formed of a glutinous
red earth mixed with lime, which ac-
(]uires a harduess equal to stone. The
cathedral forms the s side of the main
square ; and in it is preserved the first
cross Colombus planted In the island. (Jn
the right of the high altar, for many years,
rested the remains of that great man,
brought from Seville in a brass coifin ; but
on the island being ceded to the French,
they were removed to Havana In 179(3. The
convents and nunneries are spacious build-
ings ; and the palace Is a good plain edifice.
Here are barracks for 2000 men, and a fine
arsenal. The houses are built iu a square
form, with flat roofs, and have a court in
the middle. The harbour was formerly
good, but is no'w choked up, that its com-
merce has been long extinct. This city
was the last principal place in the island
retained by the French, who surrendered
it in 1809 to the British and Spanish
forces. The inhabitants are estlnnated at
22,000, but before the late calamities were
far more numerous. Lon. 69 50 w, lat.
13 28 N.
Dominica, one of the Caribe islands,
which lies about half-way between Guada-
loupe and Martinlco, and is 28 m long and
13 broad. The soil is thin, and better
adapted to the rearing of coffee than sugar;
but it is well supplied with rivulets, and
the sides of the hills bear the finest trees
in the W Indies. It was taken by the
British in 1761, and confirmed to them in
1763. The French took it in 1778, but
restored it in 1783 ; and in 1795 they made
an unsuccessful attempt, for all the French-
men that landed were either killed or taken
prisoners. The capital is Charlotte-town.
Dominica, the largest of the islands of
the Pacific ocean, called the Marquesas.
Lon. 139 2 w, lat. 9 41 s.
Domino, St. one of the Tremiti islands,
in the gulf of Venice, 15 m from the coast
of Naples.
Domitz, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, with a fort, seated
at the conflux of the Five and Elbe, 25 m
s Schwerin.
Bommel, a river of the Netherlands,
which rises in the territory of Liege, passes
by Eyndhoven to Bois le Due, where it re-
ceives the Aa, and then flows intotheMeuse.
DON
Dorno d'Ossola, or Ossolu, a town of
Italy, in Milanese, with a castle ; seated
on the Tosa, in the extensive and delight-
ful valley of Ossola, which is from 2 to 7
m wide, and closed at the n end by the
mountain Sempione. The town is much
frequented by INlilanese and Swiss mer-
chants. It is 45 m XNw Novara. Lon,
14 36 E, lat. 45 50 N.
Dompuire, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vosges, 10 m wkw Epinal.
Domreniif, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Meuse, the birthplace of the
celebrated Joan of Arc, the Maid of Or-
leans. It is seated on the Meuse, 5 m n
Neufchateau.
Domvillers, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Meuse, 14 m N Verdun.
Domua, a town of Ilindoostan, in Guj-
rat, at the mouth of the Tuptee, 15 m sw
Surat.
Don, a river of Russia, which separates
the SE part of Europe, from Asia. It
issues from the lake St. John, in the go-
vernment of Tula, and flows into the sea
of Asoph, by several mouths among sands,
forming channels only forboats. Above these
banks, the navigation of its whole course
is only interrupted by one fall, 17 m in
length, below the influx of the Samara;
and this may be passed by loaded boats
in spring, at which season it rises above 16
feet, and iimndates the adjacent plains.
Its whole course is estimated to be 700 m.
Don, a river of Scotland, which rises in
the w part of Aberdeenshire, receives the
river Ury, at Inverury, passes by Kintore,
and enters the German ocean at Old
Aberdeen, 2 m n of the mouth of the
Dee. It abounds with salmon.
Don^ a river in Yorkshire, which rises
on the borders of Cheshire, flows by Penis-
ton, Sheffield, Rotheram, Doncaster, and
Thorn, and joins the Ouse near its termina-
tion in the Ilumber.
Donaghadee, a seaport of Ireland, in
Down county, 20 m wsw Port Patrick, in
Scotland, between which two places are
regular packet-boats. At the entrance of
the harbour is a lighthouse, which with
that at Port Patrick renders the passage
convenient in the darkest night. It is 15
m Eby N Belfast.
Donaueschingen, or Doneschingen, a
town of Suabia, in the principality of I'ur-
stenburg. It is the chief residence of the
prince; in the court-yard of whose palace
are some springs, collected in a reservoir
about 30 feet square, which has the honour
of being called the head of the Danube.
It is 13 m NNw Scaff"hausen.
Donawert a strong town of Bavaria,
seated on the Danube, at the influx of the
Wemitz, 25 m Nby w Augsburg.
DOO
Doncaster, a town in W Yorkshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on Sa-
turday. It had a castle, now in ruins ; and
has manufactures of stockings, \vaistcoats,
and gloves. The houses are well built,
and many genteel families reside here, who
have their assemblies, concerts, Xcc. The
popuation was 6935 in 1811. It is seat-
ed on the river Don, 37 m s York, and 158
Kbyw London. Lon. 1 12 w, lat, 53
33 X.
Doncherry, a town of France, in the
department of Ardemies, seated on the
Meuse, 3 m w Sedan.
Donegal, a county of Ireland, in the
province of Ulster, 68 m long and 44
broad; bounded on the w and n by the
ocean, e by Londonderry and Tyrone, and
s by Fermanagh and Leitrim. It contains
about 140,000 inhabitants, is divided into
42 parishes, and sends two members to
parliament. It is in general a wild coun-
try, but has some good tillage and pas-
ture lands, and extensive linen manufac-
tures. It abounds with harbours ; has
two large inlets, called Lough Foyle and
Lough Swilly ; and its chief rivers are the
Foyle, Fin, and Swilly. Liflbrd is the
capital.
Donegal, a town of the above county,
with a fine old castle. It stands at the
head of a bay, to which it gives name, at
the influx of the Esk, 28 m sw Liiford,
Lon. 8 SO w, lat. 54 41 n.
Doner aile, a borough of Ireland, in Cork
county. Near it are quarries of variegat-
ed marble. It is situate on the Aubeg, 23
m N by w Cork, and 34 s Limerick.
Dondz, or Danaetz, a river of Russia,
which rises near Bielgorod, and flows se
to the Don, which it enters 46 m above
Tscherkask, the capital of the Cossacks.
The Cossacks and Tartars entertain a
notion that it leaves the Don again, and
give the name of Danaetz to the most
northern branch of the Don.
Dongola, ov Dun gala, a city of Nubia,
capital of a kingdom, famous for its breed
of horses. It contains 10,000 houses of
wood, and is seated on both sides of the
Nile, in a large plain, 210 m ssw Dehr,
and 500 nnw Sennar. I-on. 32 5 P., lat.
19 25 X.
Donjon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Allier, 24 m se Moulins.
Donnington, a town in Lincolnshire,
with a market on Saturday. Much hemp
is cultivated in the neighbourhood. It is
8 m wsw Boston, and 106 n London.
Donzy, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nievre, 22 m n Nevers.
Doon, a river of Scotland, which issues
from the nw end of a lake of the same
name in Ayrshire, and after a flexuous
DOR
rour?c of near 20 m, tntei-s the frith of
Cly.le, 2 111 s\v A^r.
Doorygaiit, a town of llindoostaii, in
Allahabad, seated on the Uograh, 46 in
J. by w Gazypoor.
JJoosftak; see Ziinnig.
DoraJx, or Fclahi, a toun of Persia, in
Kusistan, situate on a branch of the Jera-
hi, a few miles below the ruins of the
ancient city of Dorak. It is surrounded
by a mud wall, 2 m in circuit, flanked with
round towers. 1 he palace of the slieik
rovers a large space, but is a miserable
structure; and the majority of the people
jjrefer living in the suburbs, under the
shade of date-trees. It is 50 m sse Toster.
Doran, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on
the side of a mountain, 28 m s Sana.
Doral, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Vienne, seated on the
Abran, near its junction with the Sevre,
25 m ^' Limoges.
Dorchester, a borough and the county-
town of Dorsetshire, governed by a mayor,
with a market on Wednesday and Satur-
day. The ruins of the walls are still to be
seen in some places, and the castle stood
on the spot now occupied by the county
jail. It has three churches ; and a fine
terrace-walk, planted with trees, almost
surrounds the town, which has no manu-
factures, but is famous for excellent ale.
The population was 1*546 in 1811. A
little to the s is Mambury, a Roman am-
phitheatre, constructed of chalk and turf,
supposed to be the most perfect in the
kingdom. A mile to the sw is JNIaiden
castle, a fortification of the Romans, nearly
oval, including an area of 45 acres, and
.-surrounded by three ditches, with ram-
parts; the whole area is 115 acres. Doi-
chester is seated on the river Frome, 53 m
£ Exeter, and 120 whys London. Lon. 2
9.6 w, lat. 50 43 N.
Dorchester, a town in Oxfordshire,
which was a station of the Romans, and
ruined in the wars with the Danes. It
uas a bishop's see, till 1080, when William
J, translated it to Lincoln, and it had five
churches, though now but one, which was
the cathedral. It is seated on the Tame,
10 m SE Oxford, and 19 wnw London.
Dorchester, a town of Massachusets, in
.Norfolk county, with manufactures of
paper, chocolate, snuff, leather, and shoes.
It stands on a bay of Boston harbour, 3 m
s Boston.
Dordonge, a department of France,
which includes the old province of Perigord.
It receives its name from a river, which
rises in the mountains of Auvergne, and
joins the Garonne, near Bourdeaux. The
capital is Periguenx.
DorestjVf sec Silistria,
DOR
Dorking, a town in Surry, with a mar-
ket on Thursday, and a great trade in lime.
Hour, and tine poultry; seatt;d near the
river Mole, 11 m e Guildford, and 23 ssw
London.
Dorii, a village, in a detached part of
Worcestershire, 3 m sr, Camden, in
Gloucestershire. The Roman fossvvay
runs through it, and abundance of coin,
both Roman and British, have been found
here.
Dornhttrg, a town of Upper Saxony, in
the princi[)ality of Weimar, with a castle;
situate on a hill, by the river Saal, 14 m E
Weimar.
Dornoch, a borough of Scotland, capital
of Sutherlandshire, at the entrance of a
frith of the same name, over which it has
a ferry to Tain. It is much decayed, but
was formerly the residence of the bishops
of Caithness, and the w part of tlie cathe-
dral is kept up as the parish church. 1 he
population was 208 1 in 1811. It is 40 m
NNE Inverness. Lon. 3 48 w, lat. 57
52 N.
Dorogobuz, a town of Russia, in the
government of Smolensk, seated on the
Dnieper, 45 m ene Smolensk.
Dorpt, or Dorpat, a town of Russia, in
the government of Riga, with a university.
It is seated on the Ember, between the
lakes Wosero and Pepas, 60 m s Narva.
Lon. 27 52 e, lat. 58 18 N.
Dorsetshire, a county of England,
bounded on the ?. by Somersetshire and
Wiltshire, e by Hampshire, s by the Eng-
lish channel, and w by Devonshire and
Somersetshire. It is 50 m long and 35
broad, containing 722,660 acres; is divided
into nine hundreds, and 465 parishes;
has 24 market-towns ; and sends 20
members to parliament. The population
was 124,693 in 1811. The soil is gener-
ally rich and fertile, though in some parts
very sandy ; the northern part, which is
divided by a range of chalk hills from the
southern, affords good pasturage for cattle ;
while the southern part chiefly consists of
fine downs, and feeds incredible numbers
of sheep. The chalk hills, which run
through every county from the se part of
the kingdom thus far, terminate at the fur-
ther extremity of this; but on the coast,
chalk cliffs extend beyond it into Devon-
shire, 10 m \i Lyme. From the Hamp-
shire border to the neighbourhood of
Blandford a heathy common extends,
which causes an exception to the general
character of fertility which this county
merits ; but the rich vales to the sw make
ample amends. The principal rivers are
the Stour and Frome. Here is plenty of
poultry of all sorts, swans, woodcock.s,
pheasants, partridges, fieldfares, &c. The
DOV
products are corn, wool, lieiniJ, fine storis>
and some mnrljle. This ro'.iiity i-^ distiu-
^iiished for its woollen niiuiutactnres, .'nid
its fine ale and beer. Dorchester is the
county town, but Poole is the largest. See
J'ortlund and Pur heck.
Durstcn, a. fortified town of Westphalia,
in the county of lvccklin<ihauseii, seated
on the Lippe, 15 in e by n Wesel.
Dart, or Dordrecht, a town of the
i>Jetherlaiids, in S [lollaiid, on an island
formed by the Mense. It is famous for a
protestant synod held in 1618, which con-
demned the tenets of Arminius. Here are
several Lutheran and Calvinist churches, a
fine council-house, au excellent academy,
and the mint of S Holland. It has a tiood
harbour, and a c;reat trade in corn, wine,
and timber; of the latter immense rafts are
floated hither from the forests of Germany.
Its natural situation is such, that it has
never been taken by an enemy; but it
surrendered to the French in 1795. It is
10 ra SE Rotterdam. Lon. 4 45 e, lat.
61 51 N.
Dortmund, a strong town of Westpha-
lia, in the county of i\Iarck, seated on the
Emster, 15 m s\v Ham.
Dotekom, a town of the Netherlands, in
Gelderland, with a foundery for bombs and
cannon-balls; seated on the Yssel, 10 m
SE Doesburi^.
Douarnenez, a town of France, in the
department of Finisterre, seated on the
SE part of a bay of the same name, 8 m
Nw Quimper.
Doiiuy, a city of France, capital of the
department of Nord, with a fine arsenal,
a foundery for cannon, a military school,
a citadel, and three famous colleges. It
was taken by the duke of Marlborous^h in
1710, and retaken by the French, in 1712,
after the suspension of arms. It is seated
on the Scarpe, whence there is a canal
to the Deule, 15 m nw Cambray. Lon.
3 5 E, lat. 50 22 x.
Doubs, a department of France, includ-
ing part of the old province of Franche
Comtu. It is so named from a river
which flows into the Saone, below Ver-
dun. Besancon is the capital.
Done, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mayenne and Loire, with a con-
siderable manufacture of druggets and
tammies. Near it is a vast Roman am-
phitheatre, cut out of the solitl rock. It
is 9 m sw Saumur.
Dove, a river in Derbyshire, which rises
in the Peak, near Buxton, parts the county
from htaftbrdsliire, and joins the Trent, 4
m below Burton.
Dover, a seaport in Kent, governed by
.a mayor, with u market on Wednesday
DOU
and Saturday. It is situate between two
Jngli clifts. On the summit of that £
from the town is an aucieiit castle, in which
there are barracks for 3000 men ; and the
other on the w is iiie cliff" so inimitably
described by .Shak?peare, The town is
also defended by several batteries. It was
once walled round, and Inid 10 gate?, but
there iiow remain only three, and those
much out of repair; also seven churches,
which are now reduced to two in the town,
and one in the castle. The population
was 9074 in 1811. It was formerly deem-
ed the key of the island, and is the principal
of the cinque ports. It is the station of
the packet-boats that, in time of peace,
pass between Dover and Calais, from whrch
it is distant only 21 m. The harbour is
made by a gap in the cliffs, which are of
great height; anrl hence, in fine weather,
is a prospect.of the coast of France. Dover
is 15 m SE Canterbury and 72 London.
Lon. 1 13 K, lat. 518 N.
Dover, the capital of the state of Dela-
ware, in Kent county. 'J he chief trade is
in corn and flour. The population was
800 in 1810. It stands on Jones creek,
4 m from its mouth in Delaware bay, and
66 ssw Philadelphia. Lon. 75 34 w, lat.
39 10 N.
Dover, a town of New Hampshire,
chief of Stafford county; situate on the
Cochecho, 4 m above its junction with
Salmon Fall river, which together form
the Piscataqua. It is 14 m nw Ports-
mouth.
Douglas, a town of Scotland, in Lanerk-
shire, on a river of the same name, which
joins the Clyde, above Lanerk. Here is
Douglas castle, a modern building, erected
on the site and in imitation of the ancient
castle. It is 40 m sw Edinburg.
Douglas, a seaport of the isle of Man,
situate on a bay on the e side, with the
best harbour in the island, which renders
it the principal mart of trade. A packet-
boat sails hence weekly to W'hitehaven.
The town rises near the s point of the bay
in a triangular form, and the res-idence of
the English is elderly confined to this spot.
Near the mouth of the harbour is an an- ^
cient fort, and a modern lighthouse. —I^Wt.
4 ^8 W, lat. 54 5 N.
Douglas, Cape, a promontory on the w
coast of America, the w point of the en-
trance of Cook inlet. Its summit forms
two very high mountains. Lon. 153 30 vv,
lat. 58 56 N.
Douk/iovsfzi'ia, a town of Russia, in the
government of Smi:!ensk, 30 m ne Smolensk.
Douluincourt, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Manie, 10 m *>\v
Joinville,
DOW DRE
Doiilens, a town of France, in the de- has now no nmiket, seated on the Avon,
partnient of Soninie, witli two citadels, 6 ni sk Sahshury, and 88 wsw London
Draaburg, a town of Geiinany, in Ca-
rinthia, on the river Drave, 12 ni E Lava-
inund.
Drachenfels, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Cologne, with a citadel, 7 m
KNW Lintz.
Unuut, a town of Massacluisets, in
Middlesex county, on the n bank of the
Merriniac, at I'atucket-falls, 28 m sw
Exeter, and 30 nnw Boston.
Dradate, a town of Nuhia, witii a harj
hour on the Red sea, and wells of good
It is 3(3 m NNW
and manufactures of various sorts ot linen ;
seated on the Authie, lo m n Amiens.
DouiiCf a town of Scotland, in I'erth-
shire, with the ruin of a husze square castle,
whose tower is yet full 80 feet high. Here
is a manulacture of pistols, and an exten-
sive colton-mill. It is seated on the Teith,
8 m Nw StirliiiL', and 3'2 sw Perth.
Dourilan, a town of I'rance, in tiie de-
partment of Seine and Oise, wiih a manu-
facture of sdk and wor-teil stockings ; seat-
ed on the Orge, 25 m sw Paris.
Douro, a river that rises in Spain, in water in the vicinity,
the mountains of Urbion, on the e borders Suakeni.
of Old Castile, and Hows w through that Dragomestra, a town of European Tur-
proviuce and Leon to the NE point of Por- key, in Livadia, on the e bank of the
tugal ; it then turns s, and having separated ancient Achelous, 32 m jjnw Lepanto.
Leon from 'Ira los Montes, again takes a Druguignun, a town of France in the
■w course, crossuig Portugal to Oporto, department of V'ar, 10 m nw Frejus.
where it enters the Atlantic ocean. Dramburg, a town of Brandenburg, in
Doulttabud, a tosvn and strong fortress the New mark, seated on the Drage, 25 m
of Hmdoostan, which lately gave name to EbyN New Stargard.
a province now called Aurungabad. The Dras; see Da7uh.
fort is built on a rock, almost perpendicu- Drave, a river that rises in Germany, at
lar on every side, and rising 420 feet above Linichen in Tyrol, tlows through Carinthia
the plain. It is 8 m n by w Aurungabad. and Stiria, then along the confines of
Down, a county of Ireland, in the pro- Sclavonia and Lower Hungary, passing by
vince of Ulster, 42 m long and 34 broad ; Essek, and a little after joins the Danube,
bounded on the w by Armagh, n by An- Drayton, a town in Shropshn-e, with a
trim, and e and s by the Irish sea and market on Wednesday, seated on the river
Carlingford bay. It is divided into 38 Tern, 17 m 3s;e Shrewsbury, and 151 NW
parishes, sends 4 members to parliament, London.
and contains about 205,000 inhabitants. Drentelburg, a town of Germany, in
It is in general fertile, has numerous bleach- Lower Hesse, 18 m nnw Cassel.
greens, and in the rough parts to tlie Dresden, a city of Germany, and the
s many horses are bred. The chief rivers capital of Saxony. It is divided by the
are the Bann, Lagan, and Newry. Elbe into the old and new town, which are
Down, or Duiciiputrick, a borough, ca- united by a grand bridge, and surrounded
pital of the above county, and a bishop's by strong fortifications. It has a castle,
see united with Connor. The cathedral an academy of painting and sculpture,and a
is a modern edifice. It sends a member to magnificent church for the Roman catholics,
parliament, and stands on the sw branch The houses are built of free-stone, almost
of Lough Strangford, 74m^byE Dublin, all of the same height; and though the
Lon. 5 42 w, hit. 54 29 N. palaces are few, it is deemed the hand-
Doiunhum, a town in Norfolk, with a somest city in Germany. The palaces of
market on Saturday, seated on the side of Holland and Japan are full of curiosities
a hill, by the liverOuse. Every Monday from that country and China; and the pic-
is brought hither, to the river side, a pro- ture gallery may claim precedence over
digious quantity of butter, which is sent every individual gallery in Italy. The
up in boats to Cambridge, and thence con- population 56,000, of which near 6000 are
■veyed in wagons to London, under the catholics and 1000 Jews. Here are manu-
iiame of Cambridge butter. It is 11 m s factures of gold and silver lace, jewelry,
Lynn, and 86 N by E London. porcelain, paper-hangings, and wind in-
Downiiiglun, or Doumings, a town of struments of music. Dresden was taken
Pennsylvania, in Chester county, on the e by the king of Prussia in 1745, but was
side of Brandy wme creek, 33 m wbyN soon restored; again taken by him in
Philadelphia. 1756, but ret^dvcn in 1759 ; and it was
Downs, a famous road for shipping, on bombarded by him, in 1760, for nine days,
the E coast of Kent, between the N and S when he was obliged to raise the siege.
Foreland. See Godwin Sunds. In 1813, it was occupied about five months
JDoit^n/oH, a borough in Wiltshire, which by the French, and the allies made an
DRO
unsuccessful attempt to take it by starm ;
but soon after the battle of Leipzir, it
surrendered to the allies. Dresden is 80
m KNW Prague. Lon. 13 50 e, lat. 51
6 N-.
Dreux, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eure and Loir, with a consider-
able manufacture of cloth for the army.
It is seated on the river Blaise, at the foot
of a mountain, 43 m whys Paris. Lon.
1 21 E, lat, 48 44 N.
Driesen, a town of Brandenbura:, in
the New mark, on the river Warta, 20 m
E Landsberg.
Driffield, a town in E Yorkshire, vvith
a market on Thursday, and a considerable
trade in corn, by a canal, to the river Hull.
It is 28 m Ebyx York, and 196 n Lon-
don.
Drinaward, a town of European Tur-
key, in Servia, on a small island formed
by the Drino, on the confines of Bosnia.
Drino, a river of European Turkey,
which has its source on the e frontiers of
Albania, where it soon forms the lake
Ochrida, and flows thence by Isola to
Alessio, below which it divides into several
branches and enters the bay of Drino, in
the culf of V^enice.
Drissa, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Polotsk, at tiie conflux of the
Drissa with the Dwina, 44 m NW Polotsk.
Dristra ; see Silistria.
Droiihedn, a seaport and borough of
Ireland, in Louth county, but constitutes,
with its liberties, a county of itself. It is
surrounded by a wall vvith four gates, and
divided by the river Boyne into two
parishes, each of which has a church ; that
on tiie s side of the river being in Meath
county. It sends a member to parliament.
Near this place was the celebrated battle
of the Boyne, in which William iii gained
a complete victory over the army of James
11. Drogheda has a good harbour, and
carries on an extensive commerce, particu-
larly in corn and strong sheeting. It is
seated 5 m w of the Irish sea, 22 s Dun-
dalk, and 26 x Dublin. Lon. 6 18 w, lat.
53 43 N.
Droitrcich^a borough in Worcestershire,
■with a market on Friday. Here are famous
salt springs from which is made much fine
white salt. It is seated on the Salwarp, 7
ra NNE Worcester, and 116 wnw London.
Drome, a department of France, includ-
ing part of the old province of Dauphiny.
It is so called from a river which crosses
it, and joins the Rhone below Valence, the
capital of the department.
Dromore, a town of Ireland, in Down
county, and the see of a bishop. The
cathedral is small, but the palace is hand-
DUB
some and convenient. It is seated on the
Lagan, 16 ni ssw Belfast, and 20 njhe
Newry.
Dronero, a town of Piedmont, at the
foot of the Alps, on the river Macra, 14 ra
ssw Saliizzo.
Dronjield, a town in Derbyshire, which
had a market on Thursday, but from its
vicinity to Chesterfield and Shetiield is
now disused. Two m from it are the ruins
of Beauchief abbey. It is 6 m N Chester-
field, and 156 nnw London.
DroTit/ieiiii, or Troni/em, a city of
Norway, capital of a government, and a
bishop's see, with a castle and a good
harbour. It was the residence of the an-
cient kings of Norway. Of its celebrated
marble cathedral, burnt in 1530, the choir
alone remains. The inhabitants, estimat-
ed at 9000, have some commerce in deals,
fish, tallow, and copper. It is situate at
the mouth of the Nid, 270 m ne Bergen.
Lon. 10 85 E, lat. 63 26 n.
Droseiidorf, a town of Austria, with an
ancient castle, seated on the Teya, 10 m N
Horn.
Drossen, a town of Brandenburg, in the
New mark, 14 m se Custrin.
Drusenheim, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Rhine, seated on the
Motter, near the Rhine, 5 m se Hague-
jiuu.
Druses, a people of Syria, on the moun-
tains of Libanus and Antilibanus, and to
the E as far as Baibec. Their language is
the Arabic ; and they appear to have little
religion of any kind, but pray indifferently
in Christian churches or Tuikish mosques.
They are warlike, inured to labour, and
great enemies of the Turks, and have their
particular princes, called Emirs. Bairout
is their capital.
Dubboi, a town of Hindoostan, in Guj-
rat, where are some grand remains of an
ancient Hindoo city. It is 40 m ne
Broach.
Dublin, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Leinster, 27 m long and 17 broad ;
bounded on the i: by the Irish sea, n by E
Meath, w by the same and Kildare, and s
by Wicklow. It is divided into 106
parishes, has one city and four market-
towns, sends five members to parliament,
and contains about 208,000 inhabitants.
The country is in general flat, except to-
ward the s, where it is hilly and rocky.
The principal river is the Litfey.
Dublin, the metropolis of Ireland, in the
above county, and an archbishop's sec,
vvith a university. Its form is that ot a
square, 2 m and a half on each side, and
contains above 172,000 inhabitants. The
ancient streets have been improved in
P2
DUB
reiiurd both tn convenience and cnihellish-
inent ; the modeiu ones are spaoiDUS Jind
regular; and tiiere are several ir.agnifi-
cent squares, tlie lars;est of which is St.
Stephen-sireen, near a mile in circuit. It
has a cathedral anrl a colii'niate church, 18
parish church(-s, cijjit chapels, 16 Hoiuau
catholic chapels, numerous nieetiuo-houses
for dissenters of various dciiominations,
four liMcii^n churches, and a synajiogue.
Amouii the pnnciual public buildiiii^s are
the castle (the residence of the viceroy)
the national bank (formerly the parliament
lioiist) Iriifity colleire, the four courts, the
roval e\chan<!e, the custondiousc, the
roval hospital of Kdmainham fur invalids,
the bnen hall, the royal barracks, and the
toll-ell or toKiihouse; also Carlisle, Essex,
and Sarah bridjies, three of the se\en
bndiies over the Liffey. '! he hospitals
and oi her charitable institutions arenunier-
oi-is; and it has two theatres. 1 he Phenix
park, at the w end of the city, is a royal
enclosure, 7 m in circuit; and, beside the
Hibernian school, is adorned with the villa
of the viceroy, the seat of the principal
secretary, and a few others ; also a salute
battery of '22 pieces of cannon, and the
ainnitiiiition nuijiazine, a strong fortifica-
tion. An observatory is erected on a rocky
hill, about 4 n> ^vv of the city. The civil
govt-rnnieitt vi' Dublin is executed by a
lord mayor, recorder, two sheritfs, 24 al-
dermen, and 96 common council, formed
of repiesentatives from the 25 corporations.
The city sends two members to parlia-
ment, and Trinity college one. Beside
the siik, woollen, and cotton manufactures
carried on in the suburbs, otiier branches
of useful manufacture are establishina in
diifeient parts of the metropolis ; and its
foreign trade is considerable. The har-
bour is incommoded by two banks of sand,
which prevent vessels of large burden from
going over the bar; it has a mole nearly
4 ni in length, with a lighthouse at the
extremity, and another on the promontory
opposite, called the hill of Ilowth. Ihree
m below the city, at a place called
the l^igeon-house, is a commodious dock ;
and here the packe'ts receive and land
their passengers. The Litfey divides the
city almost into two equal parts, and has
spacious anrl noble quays on both sides.
1 wo canals piiss from the Litley, named
the royal and the grand; the former on the
N and the latter on the s sifie of the city :
the grand one extf iids upward of 40 m to
the Barrow navigation, and a branch is
carried in a w direction to the Shannon
below Banagher ; the royal one communi-
cates with that great river above Lanes-
borough, and by a iatteral cut unites with
DUL
the Boync navigation. Dublin is seated
at the head of a spacious bay, 7 m from
the Irish sea, CO w Holyhead, in Wales,
and 300 v.'.nw London. Lon. G 15 w, hit.
53 21 N.
Dub/in, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Philadelphia county, 10 m KE Philadel-
phia.
Uuckeyipuruh, a town of Ilindoostan,
in Cashmere, ca])ital ot a mountainous
district. It stands at the foot of a ridge
of mountains, who^e suumiit is perpetually
covered with snow, 80 m i:ne Cashmere.
Lon 74 58 f,, hit. o4 51 N.
Duck Creek; see Suliabury.
Diideistudt, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the territory of Lichfeld, with a trade in
beer and tobacco ; seated on the Wipper,
18 m !■ Gotiingen.
Dud/ei/, a town in a detached part of
Worcestershire, sarrounded by Stafford-
shire, with a market on Saturday. It has
considerable manufactures of nails and
hardware; and in the vicinity are exten-
sive cnal-niines. At each end of the
longest street is a church ; and the vener-
able remnants of its castle are worthy of
ni^tice. The population was 13,925 in
1811. It is 10 m w by n Birmingham, and
126 N\v London.
Dueren ; see Duren.
Dueri) ; see Douro.
Duerstede, or Wick Duerstede, a forti-
fied town of the Netherlands, in Utrecht,
seated on the Leek, where it branches off
from the Rhine, 12 m se Utrecht.
Duina; see Duina.
Duke uf York Island, an island in the
Pacific ocean, discovered by commodore
Byron in 1765, lying N of the Friendlj
islands. Lon. 172 30 w, lat. 7 56 s.
Duke of York htund, an island in the
Pa( ific ocean, lying between New^ Britain
and New Ireland, so named by captain
Carteret, in 1767. The natives go entirely
naked; are stout, well made, and of a
light copper colour: their hair is woolly,
but they dress it with grease and ponder,
and make it hang straight. Iheir hats are
made chiefly of bamboo, and placed under
the shade of cocoa nut trees, with a fence
before them, within wliich the plantain,
banana, yam, sugar-cane, &c. are cultivat-
ed. The island produces, beside the plants
abovementioned, betle-nuts, mangos, bread-
fruit, and guavas. Here are also dogs,
hogs, poultry, and some spices. The nut-
meg was seen by captain Hunter, who an-
chored in Port Hunter bay, in this island,
in 1791. Lon. 151 20 E,'hit. 47 s.
Dulaa, a village of W ales, in the isle of
Aiiulcscy, 10 m >.w Beaumaris. It stands
on the r.'ver Dulas, which Hows into a baj
DUM
t i) which it ii'ives name, on the Iri^i sea ;
;i:ir| is much fi-eqiiented on account of the
corn and butter trade, and tor fern-ashes
a;id kelp.
l)i(/cigJio, a town of European Turkey,
ill Albania, witli a Kf^od harbour, on the
^alfof \'cnice, IG m ssw Scutari.
Duleek, a borough of Ireland, in IMentli
county, anciently the see of a bi^^hop, but
now a mean place ; situate on the ISanny-
water, 21 m nxw Dublin.
Dulmcn, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Munster, 14 m sw Munster.
Dulvertun, a town in Somersetshire,
■with a market on Saturday, and manufac-
tures of coarse woollen clotiisand blankets.
In the vicinity are mines of excellent lead.
It is seated on the Earle, near its conflux
■with the Ex, '>0 m s Minehead, and 1(35
whys London.
Duhcic/i, a village in Surry, 5ms Lon-
don. It is famous for a coliece, founded
and completed in 1617, by F'dward Alleyn,
a comedian, called the College of God's
Gift. To this institution is annexed, and
was opened in 1815, a capacious gallery,
containing the splendid collection of pic-
tures bequeathed by Sir Francis Bourgeois.
Dumuii7ig, a town of the island of
Borneo, on the e coast. Lon. 117 SO e,
lat. 2 10 N.
T)ia!ibaTto7i, n horough of Scotland, ca-
pital of Dumbartonshire; seated on the
Leven, near its couflux with the Clyde. It
has a commodious quay and harbour ; but
ti)e entrance of the river is much ob-
structed by a ledge of rocks. The princi-
pal manufacture is glass; but many hands
are employed in the wea\ing of cotton
goods, and in the print-fields (ui the banks
of the Leven. The populatism was 3121
in 1811. The castle, whicii is garrisoned,
stands at the junction of the two rivers, on
a vast rock, with two tops of unequal
height, steep on every side. It is 15 m
wxw Glasgow, and 58 w Edinburg. Lon.
4 38 w, lat. 55 59 N.
Dumbartonshire, anciently called hen-
tiox, a county of Scotland, bounded on the
N by Perthshire, ^"E and e by Stirlingshire,
.s by the counties of Lanerk and Renfrew,
and w by Argyleshire. The greatest
length is 50 m, the breadth not above 12.
It is divided into 12 parishe?. The popu-
lation was 24,189 in 1811. The w part
abounds witli great morasses, and a great
part is covered with heathy and woody
hills ; but near the rivers it is fertile in
corn. Sec Lomond, Loch.
IJu>nblctne,a. town of Scotland, in Perth-
shire, formerly the see of a bishop. Part
of the cathedral now serves for a parish
church. Near this place, on a heath
called Sheriff-nuiir. a bloody but undecisive
DUN
battle was fought, between the duke of
Argyle and the rebel earl of Mar, in 1715.
It is seated on the Allan, 6 m x Stirling,
and 23 sw Perth.
Dumbao, a town of Nigritia, in Bornou,
a little to the w of a lake of the same
name, which produces abundance of salt.
It is 170 in NNW Bornou. Lon. 21 30 e,
lat 22 2 N.
Dumfries, a town of Virginia, chief of
Prince William county. It is situate on
the ,\ side of Quantico creek, 4 m above
its entrance into the Potomac, and 20 sw
Alexandria. Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 38 30 N.
Dumfries, a borough of Scotland, capi-
tal of Dumfriesshire, seated on the river
Nith, 8 m from its mouth, in Solway frith.
It is a well-built town ; but has no con-
siderable trade, nor manufactiue, though
almost every branch of commercial and
mechanical industry is practised. The
population was 9262 in 1811. The amuse-
ments of the town, and its healthy situa-
tion, allure many of the gentry from the
neighbouring counties. It is 30 m wxw
Carlisle, and 72 sbyw Edinburg. Lon.
3 29 w, lat. 55 9 N.
Dumfriesshire, a county of Scotland,
bounded on the n by the shires of Lanerk,
Peebles, and Selkirk, e by Roxburgshire,
s by Solway frith, and w by the counties of
Kircudbright and Ayr. It is 50 m long
and 26 broad, and divided into 42 parishes..
The population was 62,960 in 1811. It
contains a large morass, called Locher
Aloss ; and a lofty mountain, called Ilart-
fel, the highest "of the MotVat hills. The
principal rivers are the Esk, Annan, and
Nith. A great part of the county is moun-
tainous and heathy, but the valleys are ,
extremely fertile. It has abundance of
freestone and limestone, and rich mines
of lead and coal.
Dun, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of iVIeuse, on the river Meuse, 15 na
NKW Verdun.
Dun le Roi, a town of France, in the
department of Cher, on the river Auron,
15 m 3 Bourges.
Duna; see Duina.
Dunahurg, a town of Russia, in the
government of Polotsk, with a fortress.
It was taken by the French in 1312. It-
is seated on the Dwina, 90 m k\v Polotsk,
and 110 SE Riga.
Dunamond, a town of Russia, in the
government of Riga. It formerly belonged
to the duchy of Courland, but was taken
by the Swedes in their wars with the Poles.
In 1700 ii; was taken by the Poles, and re-
taken the next year by Charles xii. In
1710 it was taken by Peter the great. It
is situate at the mouth of the Dwina, 15 Kt.
WNW Riga, and 20 k Mittau.
DUN ' DUN
Dunbar, a borough of Scotland, in Had- of linen goods, particularly diapers. The
ingtonslurc, seated on a bayot'tlic Oerman population was 11,(349 in 1811. Here is
ocean, it has a sn)all harbour, of dilticult the ruiu of a royal palace, in which
access, defended by a battery ; also a dry Charles i was born, and the princess Eli-
dock and a rope-work. The principal sabeth, wife to George i. Adi(jining to this
trade is the exportation of corn, and the was a magnificent abbey, part of the re-
importation of kelp for the manufacture of mains of which mow serves for u parish
soap. Here was anciently a castle, now church. In this abbey were buried Mal-
in ruins, which stood on a reef of rocks, colm, and his queen, and seven other Scot-
and was deemed impregnable. In the rock ish inonarchs and five queens. Dunfermlin
are two natural arclies, through which the is 15 ni kw Kdnil)urg, and 22 sbyw Perth,
tide Hows; and between the harbour and Lon. ii 20 w, lat. 56 5 n.
the castle is a stratum of vast basaltic Dun^ula ; see Dougola.
columns. Dunbar is remarkable for the Dungunnon, a borough of Ireland, and
defeat of John Baliol by earl VVarrcnnc, in the chief town in 'J'yroiie county ; but the
129(3; and t'or a victory gained by Crom- assizes are held at Omagh. It sends a mem-
well over the Scots, in lO.iO. It is 28 m ber to parliament, and has a fieeschool
founded by Charles i. In the vicinity are
several coal mines. It is seated on a hill,
14 m N by w Armagh. Lon. 7 12 w, lat.
54 iiO N
Duugurvon, a seaport and borough of
Ireland, in Waterford county, with a castle.
The town is su[),jl)ed with fresh water by
an aqueduct from the river Phmisk. It
sends a member to parliament, and is seat-
ed at the head of a bay of the same name,
27 m s\v Waterford. Lon. 75 6 w, lat. 51
58 IV.
Dnngeness, the s point of Kent, on
EbyN Kdmbuig. Lon. 2 28 w, lat. 56
On.
Dunheath a town of Scotland, on the se
coast of Caithness, at the mouth of a river
of the same name. It has an awcient cas-
tle situate on a narrow neck of land, and
is an excellent tithing station, 20 m sw
Wick, and l>3 kk Dornoch.
Duncannon, a fort and village of Ireland,
in V^'exford county, on the e side of Water-
ford harbour, which it defends. It is 4 in
Av Featiiard, and 15 s New Jioss.
Dundalk, a seaport and borough of Ire-
land, capital of Loiitii county, it sends a which is n foi t and a lighthouse, 8 m s by w
member to parliament, has manufactures New Romney. Lon. 0 59 e, lat. 50 52 n.
of linen and muslin, an excellent harbour, Buiiglsbuy Bead, or Duncunsby Head,
and a c(-nsidcrable tiade. It is situate on a promontory of Scotland, in Caithness,
a river and bav of the san.e name, 22 m x and the ne extremity of Great Britain. It
Drotihcda. Lon. ti 20 w, lat. 54 2 N. is of a circular shape, about 2 m in circuit,
J^K/u/tc, a borough of Scotland, and the and toward the sen, which encompasses
largest town in Forfarshire, with an excel- two- thirds of the head, is one continued
lent harbour. It consists of four prin- precipice. Here is the site of John o'
cipal streets, diverging from the market- Groat's House, famous for its local situa-
piace, which is a spacious oblong square, tion at the northern corner of the kingdom ;
beside several lesser streets. The lofty and on the highest part of the head, near
tower in the middle of the town is part vi' the edge of the precipice, is the foundation
a magnificent consecrated edifice, built in of a building supposed to have been a
the 12th century. Most of the streets are watch-tower. Lon. 2 5'6 w, lat. 58 45 n.
neat, and the houses well built; but the Dun keld, a town oi' t^cothmd, in Perth-
iie\Y streets are spacious and elegant. The shire, situate amid vast rocks, partly naked
population was 29,01(3 in 1811. Here are and partly wooded, tlirongh which tlows
manufacturesof glass, coarse linen, canvas, the river Tay. Its healthy situation, and
cordaue, coloured thread, buckram, and a variety of picturesque beuuty, render this
Teatlier; and also a sugar-house. It is place the resort of much genteel company
seated on the frilh of Tay, 13 m ssw For- in summer. It is tiie chief niaiket-town
far. Lon. 3 3 \v, lat. 56*28 x, of the Highlands, and carries on a maiiu-
Dimdonald, a village of Scotland, in facture of linen and yarn. This place was
Avrehire, 3 m s Irvine." It has an exten- anciently a bishopric, and had a hue cathe-
sive cotton manufacture, and near it is the dral, now much dilapidated; but the choir
iieniain of the royal castle of Dundonald. is still entire, and converted into the
Dundrum, a village of Ireland, in Down parish church, i'he duke of Athol has a
county, with the ruin of a strong castle ; fine seat here, skreened by the Grampian
seated on a bay of the same name^ 7 m sw mountains. Dunkeld is 12 m Nbyw Perth.
Downpatrick. ' Dunkirk, a seaport of France, in the de-
Dunfermlin, a borough of Scotland, and partment of Nord. It was taken from the
"the larsiest town in Fifesiiire. it has a Spaniards by the English and French in
good trade, and a considerable inanufacture 1658, and put into the hands of the Eng-
DUN
lish, but sold to the French by Charles ii,
in 1662. Louis xiv made it one of the
best fortified ports in the kingdom ; but all
the works were demolished, and the basins
filled up, in consequence of the treaty of
Utrecht, in 1713. The French afterward
resumed their works; hut they were or-
dered to be demoiisiied by the peace of
1763. They continued thus till the peace
of 1733, wlien the works were again re-
sumed ; but they have by no means at-
tained their former strength. The English
attempted to besiege this place in 1793,
but were obliged to retire. Dunkirk is
divided into tlie old and new town ; and
the inhabitants, estimated at 22,000, sub-
sist chiefly by smuggling in peace, and
privateering in war. By means of a sluice,
42 feet wide, the basin within the town
will hold 40 ships of the line always float-
ing. It is 22 m sw Ostend. Lon." 2 22 e,
lat. 51 2 N.
Dunleer, a borough of Ireland, in Louth
county, on a rivulet that soon joins the
Dee, 8 m NNwDrogheda.
DutimuniLciij, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, with a flourishing linen manufac-
ture, situate on the Bandon, 32 m wsw
Cork.
Dunmore, a town of Ireland, in Gal-
■way county, 8 ra kxe Tuam, and 25 av
Roscnmmona.
Dutwww, a corporate town in Essex,
■with a market on Saturday, and a manu-
facture of bays, seated on a hill, 13 m knw
Chelmsford, and 38 ke London.
Duntnozc, Little, a village 2 m from
Dunmow. It had once a monastery, and
part of the priory now forms the parish
church. This place is famous for the
tenure of its manor ; namely, that what-
ever married couple will go to the priory,
and swear they have not repented of their
marriage, within a year and a day after
it took place, shall receive a flitch of
bacon.
Dunnet Head, a promontory of Scot-
land, on the Is coast of Caithness. It pre-
sents to the sea a front of broken rocks,
from 100 to 400 feet high, which are fre-
quented by a variety of fowls. Its n ex-
tremity, at the w end of Pentland frith, is
the must northern point of Great Britain,
Lon. 3 18 w, lat. 58 47 N.
Dunnose, a cape in the English channel,
on the sr. side of the isle of Wight. Lon.
1 16 w, lat. 50 34 N.
Dunse, a town of Scotland, the largest
in Berwickshire, with manufactures of
■woollen, linen, and paper. The popula-
tion was 3082 in 1811. Near it is a cele-
brated mineral well, similar to that of Tun-
Widge in England. It is situate at the
foot of a hill, near the river ^Mliteadder,
DUR
14 m w Berwick, and 40 ese Edinburg.
Lon. 2 18 w, lat. 55 47 n.
Dunstable, a town in Bedfordshire, with
a market on Wednesday. It was ruined
by the Danes, and restored by Henry i,
who made it a borough, but no n)embers
were ever sent to parliament. The church
is the remainder of a priory, and opposite
is a farm house, once a royal palace. Dun-
stable has long been famous for hats,
baskets, &c. made of straw. It is seated
on a chalky hill, 17 ra s Bedford, and S3
Nw London.
Dumtaffnage, a castle of Scotland, ia
Argyleshire, one of the first seats of the
Pictish and Scotish monarchs. Here was
long presen-ed the famous stone, used as
the coronation seat of tiie Scotish mo-
narchs, which was removed to Scone, and
thence to Westminster. See Cushel. Some
of the ancient regalia still continue in the
castle; and near it is a small roofless chapel,
of elegant architecture, where several of
the kings of Scotland are said to be in-
terred. It stands on a promontory, almost
insulated, at the entrance of Loch Etive,
24 m Nw Inverarv.
Ditnster, a town in Somersetshire, with
a market on Friday. It has a castle on a
steep knoll ; and at one corner of the ter-
race is a turret, supposed to be part of tha
original castle, built in the time of Wil-
liam I. A priory stood on the nw side of
the castle, part of which now serves for
the parish-church. It stands on the edge of
a vale, near the Bristol channel, 20 m kw
Taunton, and 161 w London.
Dunwich, a borough in Suffolk, which
now has no market, nor place of public
worship. It formerly was a bishop's see,
and had many churches, which have been
destroyed by the sea. The remains of two
churches and a palace are the only marks
left of its former greatness. It is seated at
the top of a loose cliff, 24 m s Yarmouth,
and 100 n London.
Duguclla, a province of Morocco, about
80 m long and 60 broad, exceedingly fer-
tile in corn and pasture.
Durance, n river of France, which is
formed of the rivulets Dure and Ance, near
Briancon, and flows by Einbrun, Tallard,
Sisteron, Monosque, Caivaillon, and Avig-
non, into the Rhone.
Duravgo, a town of Spain, in Biscay,
17 m SE Bilboa.
Durango, a city of Now Spain, capital
of New Biscay, and an archbishop's see.
The population 12,000. It stands in tha
sw part of the province, in a fertile district,
170 m NW Zacatecas. Lon, 103 35 vr,
lat. 24 25 N,
Durazzo, a seaport of European Turkey,
the chief town in the >; part of Albania.
DIJR
and a Greek aidibibhoj/s sec-. It lias a
ruined fortress, and a good liaihonr on the
gulf of Venice, 06 ni sse liagusa. Lon.
19 as K, lat. 41 -10 N.
Durbiingah, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Bahar, chief of the district of Tyrhoot,
which is well cultivated, and famous for
the reiuiu;: of horses. It is situate near
the river Gogary, 55 ra ne Patna. Lon.
85 54 r, lat. 2G 7 N.
Dm bill/, a town of the Netherlands, in
I-uxenibiirg, seated on the Ourthe, 20 ni
sbyw Liege.
Dunn, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchv of Julier^, with manufactures of
cloth, and several brandy distilleries. It
is seated near the river Koer, 12 m s Juliers.
Dia/iaiii, a county of Enszhuid, bounded
on the N by Nortlmmberland, e by the
German ocean, s and sw by Yorkshire,
and w by Westmorland and Cnmberlaiid.
It is usually called the Bishopric of Dur-
ham, iVom the sovereign power formerly
possessed by the bishops, who yet enjoy
great privileges. It is 47 m long and 57
broad, containing (363,000 acres; is di-
vided into six wards, and 74 parishes ; has
one city and nine market-towns ; and sentis
four members to parliament. Two of the
above six divisions, called Norhamshire
and Islandshire, are a detached part, lying
?." of Northumberland, and includes Holy
Island. The town of Berwick and its dis-
trict, on the N side of the Tweed, is also
in the jurisdiction of this county. The
population was 177,625 in 1811, exclusive
of Berwick. The soil is very various ; the
w part being mountainous and barren,
while the e and s consist of beautiful mea-
dows, woods, and corn-fields. Here are
rich mines of coal, lead, and iron, and
quarries of marble, slate, millstone, lire-
stone, grindstone, limestone, and freestone.
The principal rivers are the N\ ear, Tees,
Tyne, and Derwent.
Durhain, a city, capital of the above
county, and a bisliop's see, with a market
on Saturday. It is compactly Iniilt on a
hill, on a bend of the Wear, over which
are three stone bridges, and surrounded by
the remains of its wall. The magmlicent
cathedral and the castle, now the bishop's
palace, stand on the highest part of tiie
hill ; in the former are deposited the re-
mains of St. Cuthburt and the venerable
Bede. The city is governed by a mayor,
awd contains six parish churches. It lias
a manufacture of stuffs and carpets, and
nround it arc grown large fjuantities of the
best mustard. The population was 6763
in 1811. In a deep vale near the river are
the ruins of Finchall abbey; and on the vv
of the city is Nevil Cross, erected in me-
mory of tiie victory obtained by queen
Philippaj in 1346, over David Bruce, king
DUS
of Scotland, w!io was taken prisoner. Dur-
ham is 14 m s Newcastle, and 25'.> N by w
London. Lon. 1 15 w, lat. 54 44 n.
Dnrhani, a town of New Hampshire, in
Stratford county. Near it is a rock, com-
puted to weigh 60 tons, so exactly juiised
on another rock as to be moved with a
finger. It stands on Oyster river, near its
junction with the Piscataqua, 16 m w
Portsmouth.
Durkhe'wi, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine. It has salt works,
and stands on the river Ilardt, 17 ra sw
Worms.
Durklieim, or Tnrkheim, a town of
I-'rance, in the department of Upper Rhine,
where the French gained a victory over
the Austrians in 1675. It is 4 m nw
Col mar.
Dnrhich, a town of Su:d)ia, lately the
capital of Lowtv Baden, v\ith a castle.
Here are manuiactures of porcelain, cloth,
and stuffs. It is seated on the Giessen,
18 m XNE Baden.
Durness, a town of Scotland, on the N
coast of Sutherlandshire, at the head of a
bay and inilux of a river of the same name.
To the N of the bay is a rich peninsula,
wliith terminates on the n in a point called
Tarout Head. Durness is 42 m knw Dor-
noch.
Duroro, a town of Abyssinia, in Dalcali,
and the chief place of Iratlic in the bay of
Amphila. It is 65 m se Arena, and 12(>
^E Antalo.
Durrorr, a town of Ireland, in Kilkenny
county, but insulated, with its district, in
Queen county. Here is a magnificent
seat called Castle Durrow. It is 14 m
sbyw jMaryborongh, and 16 ^>v.- Kil-
kenny.
Diirsley, a corporate town in Glouces-
tershire, with a market on Thursday, and
a considerable tratlic in broad cloth, and
cards for clothieis. Here are the remains
of a castle. It is seated near the Severn,^
13 m sw Gloncester, and 107 vv London.
Diirtal, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of ]\layenue and Loire. The chief
trade is tanning. It is 16 m ne Angers.
Dusk'/ Bai/^ II buy on the sw coast of
New Zealand, in the Pacific ocean. The
country here is steep, and the hills near the
seaside are covered with intricate and im-
penetrable forests. Abundance of excel-
lent refreshments are t"ound here ; and it
contains several coves and harbours. Lon.
166 18 ]:, lat. 45 47 s.
Dunscldcnf, a city of Westphalia, capi-
tal of the duchy of Berg, with a ruined
castle. Near to the palace is a gallery
of paintings, drawings, engravings, and
figures. The chief manufactures are mir-
rors, vinegar, soap, and sugar ; and it has
a considerable trade in merchandise
DYS '
LruUiiht Tiom the interior of the diiciiy.
Diis^eldoif \va5 taken by the French in
1795. It stands on the river Dussel, near
the Rhine, 23 m s VVesei. Lon. (j 40 e,
Jat. 51 12 X.
Duxboroiigft, a town of Massachusefs,
in Plynioutii county, with a harboar for
small vessels, and a lighthouse at the s ex-
tremity of the beach. It is situate s by e
Plymouth, 3 m across Plyniouth bay.
Dui/shtn-f:, a fortified town of Westpha-
lia, in the duchy of Berg, with a Calvinist
uni\ersity. It has u considerable trade
with Ilolhmd, and is seated on the Uuhr,
near the Rhine, 14 ni x Dusseldi-ff.
Dujjlz, or Deutz, a town of Westphalia,
in the duchy of Rfrsr, witii a Benedictine
abbey; seated on the Rhine, opposite Co-
logne, with which it communicates by a
t^yini; bridge.
Duifceland, an island of the Nethex*-
lands, fornung part of the province of Zea-
land. It is separated from Schowen, on
the w, by a narrow channel.
Dwuracu, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Gujrat, with a small harbour. Here is
the most celebrated temple in this (juarter
of India, having been lonsj the residence
of Krishna, the favorite Hindoo deity ;
and It is annually visited by above 1.5,000
pilgrims. The chalk with which the Brah-
mins mark their foreheads is procured at
this place, and carried hence all over
India, it is situate at the sw extremity
of the province, near the entrance of the
gulf^f Cutch. Lou. 69 15 E, lat. 1>2 20 x.
Dccinu, a river of Russia, which runs
from s to N into the White sea, at Arch-
anszel.
Du'ina, or D>nui, a river of Lithuania,
which divides Livonia from Courland, and
runs into the Baltic, beiow Riga, at Duna-
inoiid.
Dijle, a river of the Netherlands, which
rises on the s border of Biabant, Hows n
through the middle of the country, and
joins the Scheld a little above Rupehnonde.
Di/nichurh, a village in Kent, on the e
side of Romney marsh, 5 m sw Hithe.
Here is a strong embarkment against the
sea, called Dymchurch Wall, wliich ex-
tend, 2 m toward Ilithe, and is termi-
nated by a strong fortitication, denomi-
nated, from its form, the Circular Redoubt.
Dynupour, a town aufi fort of Ilindoo-
stan, in Bahar, near which is a diamond
mine. It is seated on the Ganges, 10 m
w Patna.
Di/sart, a borough of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, with a good harbour. It has a con-
siderable trade in coal and salt, a manu-
tacture of checks, and some employ in
ship-building. It is seated on the frith of
Forth, U m > by e Edinburg.
EAS
E.
Eagle.shaiii, a village of Scotland, in
Renfrewshire, 9 m bw Glasgow. It has
bleaching grounds, and a consideiablc
cotton manufacture.
Eaoozce, one of the Friendly Islands, in
the Pacific ocean, discovered by Tasman,
in 1643, and by him named Middlebnrg,
The land gently rises to a considerable-
height, presenting a prospect of extensive
meadows, adorned with tufts of trees, and
intermixed with plantations. Lon. 171 30
w, lat. 21 24 s.
FMihton, a town of Scotland, in Ber-
wickshire, seated on the e side of the
Leader, at the foot of a hill. On the op-
posite bank of the river stands Cowden-
knows, an old building, now somewhat
modernized ; and on the adjacent knolls'
may be seen the remains of its broom, so
renowned in Scotish ditty. Earlston is the
birtliplace of sir Thomas Learmont, com-
monly called Thomas the Rhymer, the
earliest poet of Scotland. It is 29 m se
Edinburg.
Earn ; see Erne.
Eusdale, a small island of Scotland, near
the coast of Argyleshire, to the se of Mull,
celebrated for its slate quarries.
Easini^zcold, a.to\s\\\n N Yorkshire, with
a market on Friday, and a great trade ii>
bacon and butter. It is 13 m XNW York,
and 208 x by w London.
E.ast Cape, the most eastern extremity
of Asia, on the w side of Beering strait,
nearly opposite Prince of Wales cape, on
the continent of America. Lon. 169 30 w,.
lat. 66 0 X.
East Looe. See Looe, East; and so
with other places that have the same name
of position.
Eastbuiirn, a tosvn in Sussex, much, fre-
quented for sea-bathing. Near it is a
chalybeate spring, and on the beach a
strong circular fort. In 1707 a tesselated'
pavement and a Roman bath were disco-
vered here. It is seated at the e extre-
mity of the South Downs, near the Eng-
lish channel, 15 m ese Lewes, and 61 SSE
London.
Eiister Island, an isle in the Pacific
ocean, 40 m in circuit. It has a hiily and
stony surface, is naturally barren, and af-
fords neither safe anchorage, fresh water,
nor wood i'ov fuel. The natives are indus-
trious, and plant paper ipulberries and ba--
nanas, with regular fields of potatoes and
yams. This island was seen by Davis in
1686 ; it was visited by Roggewin in 17 22,
and by Cook in 1774". Lou. 109 47 w,
lat. 27" 6 s.
EBR
Eastham, a town of Massachusets, in
Barnstable county, situate near the sea, 18
m NE Barnstable.
East/iawpton, a town of New York, in
Suftblk county, on the se side of Long-
ishuid. It is a half shire-town ; and con-
tains Clinton academy. It is 12 m ene
Southampton.
Kuston, a town of Pennsylvania, capital
of Northampton county. It stands at the
conflux of the Leii;h with the Delaware,
50 m N Philadelphia. Lon. 75 9 w, lat.
40 41 N.
Euston, a town of Maryland, capital of
Talbot county. It is seated near the forks
of the Treadhaven, 30 ni s Chester. Lon.
76 10 w, lat. 38 4(i n.
Eaaton, a town of Massachusets, in
Bristol county, with manufactures of iron
and steel ; seated near the head of Rayn-
hani river, 10 m kkw Taunton, and ii6 s
Boston.
Edstonness, a cape of England, the most
easterly one on the coast of Suffolk, and
the N point of South wold bay.
Eause, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gers, 17 m sw Condom.
Ebeltdft, a town of Denmark, in Jut-
land, with a harbour, on a bay of the Ca-
tegar, 16 m ne Arlmsen.
E,benezer, a townof the state of Georgia,
capital of Effin;iham county. It is situate
on the river Savanna, in a country rich in
corn, fruit, and cattle, 25 ra nkw Savanna.
Lon. 81 18 w, lat..32 28 x.
Ebenfhrt/i, a town of Austria, on the
river Leyta, 22 in s Vienna.
Eherbach, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Rhine, with a Cistercian
abbey ; seated on the Necker, 11m Eby n
Heideiburg.
Eberberg, a town and castle of Ger-
many, in the palatinate of the Rhine, at
the conllux of the Alsen with the Nahe,
S m sw Creutznach.
Ebernianstudt, a town of Franconia, in
the principality of Bamberg, situate on the
Wiseiit 13 m sse Bamberg,
Ebern, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of VVurtzburg, situate on the
Bannach, 12 m nnw I3aniber>!:.
Eberste'u, a town and castle of Suabia,
8 m SE Baden.
Eberville, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pay de Dome, with a Bene-
dictine abbey, seated on the Scioule, 8 ni
KE Riom.
Ebtier, a town of Persia, in Irak, on a
river of tiie same name, 40 m w Casbin.
Ebi/iiie7i, a town of Wirtemberg, noted
for its cheese, 7 m s HohenZollern.
Eb70,H river of Spain, wbicii rises in the
mouiita ns of Asturias on the confines of
Old Castile, and flows by Calahorra, Tu-
ECH
della, Saragossa, and Tortosa into the Me-
diterranean.
Ebston, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Luneburg, celebrated for its honey, 13 m s
Luneburg.
Eccltsfechan, a town of Scotland, in
Dumfriesshire, noted fur its monthly fair
and weekly market for swine, during the
first four months of the year. It is 6 m
N Annan, and 15 Ebys Dumfries.
Ecclcs/uill, a town in Staffordshire, with
a market on Friday. The bishop of Lich-
lield and Coventry has a castle here. It is
seated on the river Sow, 7 m kw Stafford,
and 148 London.
Ecclesiastical State, or Popedom, a coun-
try of Italy ; bounded on the n by Romagna,
NE by the gulf of Venice, se by the king-
dom of Naples, sw by the Mediterranean,
and w by Tuscany. It is 120 m long, and
from 80 to 100 broad, divided into the
following provinces ; Campagna di Roma,
Patrimony of St. Peter, Sabino, Spoleto,
Ancona, Perugino, and Urbino. All these
provinces are badly cultivated and thinly
inhabited; trade and manufactures are but
little encouraged ; and were it not for dates,
figs, almonds, olives, and other fruits,
which grow spontaneously, the indolence
of the inhabitants is such, that they would
be absolutely starved. The pope, accord-
ing to the ancient canon law, is the su-
preme, universal, and independant head of
the church, and invested with sovereignty
over all Ciuistian sovereigns, communities,
and individuals. He has the title of Holy
leather and Holiness; and is elected, at
every vacancy, from among the cardinals,
each of whom is styled His Eminence.
Beside the Ecclesiastical State, the pope
is possessed of the three legations of Ro-
magna, Bolognese, and Ferrarese, and of
the duchy of Benevento, in the kingdom of
Naples. In 1798 this state was taken
possession of by the French, who erected it
into a republic styled the Roman Re-
public. 1 hey obliged the pope, Pius vi,
to remove into Tuscany, and afterward into
France, where he died at \ alence, in 1799.
A few months after a conclave was per-
mitted to be held at \'eiiice, and in 1800,
cardinal Chiaramonti was elected to the
papal chair, who took the title of Pius vii,
and resumed the sovereignty of the Eccle-
siastical State. This power was held till
1809, when he was deprived by Napoleon
of his temporal sovereignty, and reduced
to the condition of bishop of Rome; but
in 1814, the pope v>'as restored to his
former dignity, and to his territories.
Rome is the capital.
Echternach, a town of tV»e Netherlands,
in Luxemburg, on the river Sour, surround-
ed by mountains, 18 ni >iE Luxemburg.
EDE
Ecija, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with manufactures of leather and shoes,
and a trade in wool and hemp. Fragments
vi' marble pillars, trunks of statues, and
stones with inscriptions, attest its ancient
s[iiendor. It is seated on tiie Xenil, 6.i
m EXE Seville. Lon. 4 57 w, lat. 37 33 k.
11-ckardsberg, a town and castle of Upper
Saxony, in Tliuringia, 10 m wsw Naum-
Eckero, one of the Aland islands, in the
(>altic, lying w of the principal island. It
has a town of the same name, 80 m ne
Slockholni. Lon. 19 20 e, lat. (30 15 n.
EkcrenJ'orde, a seaport of Denmark, in
■^ Jutland, on a bay of the Baltic. The
streets are wide, planted with rows of
trees ; and the iiarbour is spacious and
secure. Near the town is a fiesh-water
lake, which is connected with the bay. It
is 14 m NW Kiel in Holstein. Lon. 10 1
■w, lat. 54 33 N.
Edam, a town of the Netherlands, in N
Holland, famous for its red-rind cheeses ;
seated on the Ey, near the Zuider /ee,
11m XKE Amsterdam.
Eddt/stonc, a rock in the English chan-
nel, lying 14 ra ssw from the middle of
Plymouth sound. On this rock Mr. Win-
staniy built a lighthouse in 1700, which
was destroyed by a storm in 1703, and the
projector perished in it. In 1709, anotiier,
built of wood, was erected by Mr. Rud-
yard, which was consumed by hre in 1755.
\\'ithin fi)ur years after, one was built by
Mr. Smeaton, which also was burnt down
in 1770; and another, of stone, was com-
pleted by him in 1774, which has hitherto
withstood tlie fury of the elements. 'I'iie
building, to the height of 33 feet from the
foundation, is a ."iolid of stones, engrafted
into each other; above this are four rooms,
one over the other, and at the top a gallery
and lantern. It is nearly 80 feet high ;
and its distance from the Ram Head, the
nearest point of land, i*s 12 ra. Lon. 4 24
vv, lat. 50 8 X.
Eden, a river of Scotland, which rises
in Perthshire, on the conhues of Eifeshire,
and Hows through the latter county, by
Coupar, into the German ocean, at St.
Anflrew bay.
Eden, a rivrr that rises in Westmor-
land, on the confines of Yorkshire, runs A,
by Appleby, into Cumberland, and there
flows by Ivirkoswald and Carlisle into
SoUvay frith.
Edenburg, or Sopron, a town of Hun-
gary, capital of a county, on the frontiers
ot Austria, famous for its wines. The po-
pulation in 1815 was 12,422; and the
greater part Germans, whose principal ma-
nufacture is cloth. Many oxen and pigs
are sent hence weekly into Germany. It
EDI
is 33 m sbyE Vienna. Lon. 16 37 e, lat.
47 38 N.
Edenderri/, a town of Ireland, in King
county, and formerly a strong place ; si-
tuate near the river Boyne, 9 m Hbyx
Philiptown.
Edenion, a maritime district of N Ca-
rolina, comprehending the counties of Cho-
wan, Pasquotank, Perquimas, Gates, Hert-
ford, Bertie, and Tyrrel. It abounds with
pine, oak, cypress, and juniper.
Edtnton, a town of N Carolina, in Cho-
wan county, and capital of Edenton dis-
trict. It is situate on Albemarle sound, at
the mouth of the Chowan, 75 m nne New-
beni, and 110 i-byx Ralegh. Lon. 76 52
w, lat. 36 6 x. "
Edessa, a town of European Turkey, in
IMacedonia, once the residence of the Ma-
cedonian kings. It is seated near the'
\'istricza, 44 m wxw Salonica. Lon. 22
3 K, lat. 40 50 X.
Edgarton, a seaport of Massachusets,
chief town of Duke county. It is situate
on the E side of the island of Marthas
\'ineyard, 20 m se Falmouth, on the con-
tinent. Lon. 70 30 w, lat. 41 25 x.
Edghill, a village in Warwickshire, 14
m s ^Varwick, memcirable for the first bat-
tle fought between Charles i and the par-
liament, in 1642.
Edgaure, a town in Middlesex, with a
market on Thursday ; seated on the Roman
road, leading to St. Alban, Gm xw London.
Edguort/ilou-n, a town of Ireland, in
Longtbrd county, 9 m Ebys Longford, and
63 wxw Dublin.
Edinhurg, the metropolis of Scotland, in
the county of its name. It is built on three
hills that run from e to w, in a direction
almost parallel, and above 8 m in circuit.
On the middle ridge, which is narrow and
steep, stands the Old Town; the North
Town is seated on an elevated plain,
gently sloping on every side ; and the
South Town stands also on a similar slop-
ing eminence. The form of the Old Town
resembles that of a turtle; the castle being
the head, the High-street the ridge of the
back, tile narrow lanes (here called closes)
the shelving sides, and Holyrood-house
the tail. On each side of this hdl was
once a lake. The s valley, drained of its
waters, is occupied by Cowgate-street :
the X valley is also drained ; but a morass
remains, called the North Loch. The an-
cient castle stands on a craggy rock, 200
feet high, with a drawbridge on the only
side that is accessible : here is shown the
apartment in wiiich was born James vi of
Scotland, afterward James i of England.
In tiie High-street is the collegiate church
of St. Giles, a line Gothic structure, which
has four places of public worship under
EDI
its roof. Nenr this is the building in
which the Scotch pailianieiit was usually
convened : it is how ticcupicd by the courts
of justice; and has a nia^.-nitlcent lofty
hall. The j)alace of Uolviood-hoiise forms
a grand (luadraiijile, \vith a court in the
centre surrounded by piazzas : the KW
towers were built by James v, and the
■whole was completed in the rei<.'n of
Charles ii. A spacious <;allery here is
Lung with the pictures of 111 monarchs,
from Fergus i to James vi, the greatest
part of them imaginary. In the n\v tower
is shown the room where queen .Mary sat
at supper, when Hizzio v.as dragged from
her side and murdered by Il'uthven, Ad-
joining are the magnificent rnias of an
abbey, founded by David i, and converted
by Charles ii into a royal chapel. The
communication between the x and s parts
of the city is by two noble bridges, the
North bridge and the South bridge. The
North Town has many new squares and
streets, adorned with uniform and elegant
houses. The buildings of the South Town
are likewise elegant and extensive, and
the new college forms a very striking ob-
ject. The university, founded by James
VI in 1581, is celebrated throughout the
world; and its medical school, in j;arti-
cular, is entitled to the first rank. The
high school of Edinburg has also been
long famous for the scholars it has pro-
duced. Of the other buildings a few only
can be noticed : the exchange, the register-
office, the excise-othcc, the custondiouse,
the bank of Scotland, the physicians hall,
Heriot hospital for the education of the poor
and fatherless boys of freemen, Watson
hospital fur the sujipmt of the sons of de-
cayed merchaUiir, the royal infirmary, the
public dispensary, the orphan hospital,
and some other public charities. The
churches, both presbyterian and episcopal,
and other places of wori^hip, of various de-
nominations, are numerous. 'Ihe public
places of amusement are, the assembly
rooms, the concert hall, the hall for the
royal archers, the theatre, and the eques-
trian circus. Edinburg has several valu-
able public libraries, and numerous literary
and scientific institutions. Its manufac-
tures are but few; the principal are fine
linen, silks, sarcenets, and shawls.. The
city has little foreign conmierce, but it lias
a good inland trade. The population was
84,624 in 1811. It is governed by a lord
provost, a dean of guild, a guild council,
and 25 common council. Ilere are 14
incorporated trades, each having a right to
elect a deacon, who becomes a member of
council. On the e side of the city is
Salisbury craig, a rock that presents a steep
front, in the form of an amphitheatre, 550
E(iR
feet high ; being part of the hill called
Arthur-seat. Two m to the s is the re-
main ol'Craiginillar castle, the residence of
James v during his minority, and of queen
Mary after lier return from France in 1502.
Edinburg is 2 m ssw Leiih (which is its
port) and 377 n by w London. Lon. 3 12"
\v, lat. 55 56 N.
F.dinhurfr New ; see Culedonhi.
Juihiburgy.fiir-e, or Aiid Lat/iian,^ county
of Scotland, 27 m long and from 6 to 16
broad ; biumded on the n by the frith of
Forth, F. by the shires of Hadington, Ber-
wick, and l{o\buigh, s by those of Selkirk,
Peebles, and Laneik, and \v by Linlith-
gnwsliire. It is divided into 41 parishes,
and the population was 148,607 in 1811.
The soil is fertile, ai;d produces corn of all
sorts, with plenty of grass ; also coal, iron,
limestone, and black marble. The principal
rivers are theEsk,Leith,Amond,and Gala.
Eff'trdiiig, a town of Austria, with a cas-
tle, seated near the Danube, 12 m av Lintz.
EJf'ui^ham, a village in Surry, 12 m ke
Guildford. It was once a much larger
place ; for wells, and cavities like cellars,
nave been frequently found in the neigh-
bouring fields and w oods ; and in the
church are some ancient stalls and monu-
ments.
Egcln, a town and castle of Germany,
in tt;e duchy of Magdeburg, on the river
B(Kle, 16 m ssw Magdeburg.
Fi^oihurg, a town of Austria, noted for
good wine, 13 m svv Ziialm.
Egcrszck, a town of Hungary, capital
of Szalad county. It is seated on the
Szala, 27 m sse Stein am Anger.
Eii'uKi ; sec Eiigina.
Egiptf.n, a town of the duchy of Cour-
land,' 100 m. se Mittau. Lon 26 40 e, lat.
56 2 K.
Eglirigen, a town of Suabia, capital of
a lordship, 6 m x Dillengen.
Eglisuu, a town and cattle of Switzer-
land, in the canton of Zurich, seated on
the Rhine, 13 m n Zurich.
Eginoiit op den Hue/, a village of the
Netherlands, in N Holland, 3 m w by s
Alcmner. It appears to have been a con-
siderable town, but was destroyed, in 1573,
by the enraged Spaniards, after their failure
before .Alcmaer. It now exhibits exten-
sive and pictorcsque ruins. Near it are
two other villages ; Egmont op Zee, a
mile to the w, on the seacuast ; .and Eg-
mont Biinien, nearly 2 m to the s, where a
bloody and undecisive battle was fought,
in 1709, between the allied British and
Russian army and the French ar.d Dutch.
Egrii, or i\gcr, a fortified town of Bo-
hemia, in the circle of Saatz, with a castle
and a college. It was taken by the French
in 1742, but they were forced to evacuate
EGY
it the next y^ar, throus;li famine. Here
cire manufactures of Icatlier, liats, cloths,
aiui stuffs ; and its mineral waters are
famous. It is ^euterl on the Eiir;i, 90 m w
by N I'ragne. Lon. 12 27 k, lat. 50 5 n.
Enremoitt, a town in Cnmbeiland, with
a market on Saturday. On the \v side is
an artificial nunmt, with the ruins of a
castle; and 3 m to the se, in the wooded
vale of the Calder, are the remains of
Calder alibey. Egremont is seated near
the Irish sea, on the river F.ben, 5 m sse
Whitehaven, and 289 Nv.' London.
Egripo ; see Negropont.
Egj/pt, a country of Africa, 500 m in
length, and 250 where broadest; bounded
on the N by the Mediterranean, e by the
Red sea and the isthmus of Suez, s by
Nubia, and w by the deserts to the e of
Fezzan. The broadest part is from Alex-
andria to Damietta, and thence it gradu-
ally grows narrower, till it approaches
Nubia. 'Jhis country, so famous in his-
tory for its fertility, has not that extent of
cultivation as in ancient times ; many
lakes and canals being now filled up, and,
with the lands they watered, are become
deserts, the sands of which annually accu-
mulate. Egypt is divided into Upper,
Middle, and Lower ; the first is sometimes
called Said, the second extends thence
to Cairo, and the last comprehends
the Delta. Though the air is naturally
hot, and not very wholesome, it enjoys so
many other advantages, that it has been
always extremely populous. The ancient
kings governed Egypt, till (^ambyses be-
came master of it, 525 years B. C. and in
their time all those wonderful structures
v.ere raised, and works perfected, which
we cannot behold without astonishment.
These are the pyramids, the labyrinth, the
immense grottos in Thebaid ; the obe-
lisks, temples, and pompous palaces ; the
lake i\ioeris, and the vast canals, which
served both for trade, and to render the
land fruitful. After this conquest, Cam-
byses demolished the temples, and perse-
cuted the priests. This country continued
mider the Persian yoke, till the time of
Alexander the great, who, having con-
quered Persia, built the city of Alexandria.
He was succeeded by Ptolemy, the son of
Lagos, 32-i years B. C. Ten kings of that
3ian)e succeeded each other, till Cleopatra,
the sister of the last Ptolemy, ascended
the throne; when Egypt became a Koman
province, and continued so till the reign of
Omar, the second califf of the successors of
iNIohamed, who drove out the Romans
after it had been in their hands 700 years.
When the power of ti;e califfs declined,
Saladin set up the empire of the Mani-
louks, winch hecazne so powertui in tunc,
EGY
that they extended their dominions over a
great pari of Atrica, Syria, and Arabia.
Last of all, Selim, a Turkish emperor,
conquered Egypt. The present popidation
of Egypt is con»putcd at 2,500,000, which
is not one half of the number it contained
when subject to the Romans. The inha-
bitants are composed of three dilferent^
races of people ; the Turks, who are now
masters of the country ; the Arabs, who
were conquered by the Turks ; and the
Cophts, who are de;;cended from the first
Egyptians, that became Chi islians. Prior
to 1811 there was a fourth race, called
Mamlouks, who were originally Circassian
or Mingrelian slaves, and for a long time
the only military force in the ccmntry.
Egypt has been, for many years, distracted
by the civil wars between the diiferent con-
tending beys, by which its 24 provmces
were governed. The famous Ilassen AH,
the Turkish admiral, gained several victo-
ries over them in 178(i; but though he re-
pressed, he could not totally subdue them.
The French invaded this country in 1798,
under general Bonaparte, who defeated
the Mandouks in several engagements;
but on the sudden departure of Bonaparte,
in 1799, and a strong British force arriving
to aid the country, the French were ex-
pelled in 1801, The Turks have since
kept an army here. In 1811, the pashaw
having notice of a conspiracy formed bj
the beys, he, under a solemn feat, induced
800 of the chief Mamlouks to join in a pro-
cession to the citadel of Cairo ; where thej
were entrapped between the outward and
inward wall, many of tliem shot, and tJie
rest beheaded. The like number were
afterward killed in the neighbouring towns
and villages, and their massacre was pur-
sued into Nubia ; that the race of Mam-
louks is now extirpated. Egypt carried on
a considerable trade in E India commodi-
ties, till the Portuguese discovered the way
round the Cape of (Jood Hope, llo^vever,
the merchants of Europe visit the harbours
in the Mediterranean, and import and ex-
port several sorts of merchandise ; and
from other parts the natives procure
elephant teeth, ostrich feathers, ebony,
gold-dust, musk, civet, ambergris, coft'ee,
gums, and drugs. The principal commo-
dities which the merchants purchase, aro
cortee", senna, cassia, rhubarb, sal ammo-
niac, myrrli, safiron, saltpetre, aloes, opium,
indigo, sugar, rice, wheat, tlax, sandalwoX)d,
dates, cotton, cloth, &:c. The coniplexiou
oftho Egyptians is of a dusky bro^vn.' The
richer sort do nothing all day but drink,
colfce, smoke tobacco, and sleep ; and they
arc ignorant, proud,haughty, and ridiculous-
ly vain. ThoCoj^hts arc an ingenious ocople,
and have skill m business ; but citizens are
EGY
greatly oppresseJ, and peasants miserably
poor, for the i^overnment and its (itiicers
extort as lara;e a revenue as possible tVoni
their hands, which is a continual check to
industry. From jMarch to November, the
heat, to an European, is almost insupport-
able ; biU tiie other months are more tem-
perate. The s winds, which occur at in-
tervals from February tdl the end of May,
are by the natives called poisonous winds,
or tlie hot winds of the deserts: they are
of such extreme heat and aridity, that no
animated body exposed to it can withstand
its fatal influence ; and for the three days
that it generally lasts, the streets are de-
serted. The sands are so subtile that
they penetrate into the closets, chests, and
cabinets, which, with the hot winds, are
probably the cause of sore eyes beinu; so
very common here. It rains very seldom
in Esiypt ; but that want is fully supplied
by ni2,htly dews and the annual inundation
of the Nile. When the wafer of the river
retires, all the ground is covered with mud ;
then the corn is harrowed into it, and in
the following March there is usually a
plentiful harvest. But some lands are
never fallow, and yield three harvests an-
nually ; particularly in Lower Egypt, where
sowing and reaping are going on inces-
santly, wherever the water of the river can
be obtained. The rice fields are supplied
with water from canals and reservoirs.
There is no place in the world better fur-
nished with corn, flesh, fish, sugar, fruit,
and all sorts of garden-stuff; and in Lower
Egypt oranges, lemons, tigs, dates, almonds,
cassia, and plantains, arc produced in
great plenty. Lentils form a considerable
article of food to the inhabitants of Upper
Egypt, who rarely enjoy the luxury of rice;
and onions, remarkably mild and or the
purest white, continue to be a favorite
diet among all classes. The animals of
Egypt are tigers, hyenas, antelopes, apes,
beeves, fine horses, large asses, crocodiles,
the hippopotamus, the camelion, the ceras-
tes, or horned viper, and a kind of rat
called ichneumon ; eagles, haw ks, pelicans,
waterfowls of all kinds, and the ibis, which
resembles a duck, and was deified by the
ancient Egyptians, on account of its de-
stroying serpents and noxious insects. The
pyramids of Egypt, formerly accounted
one of the seven wonders of the world, are
all built on rocky and sandy plains : the
largest, which is near Gizeh, is 461 feet in
perpendicular height, with a platform on
the top 32 feet square, and the length of
the base is 746 feet; it takes up 11 acres
of ground, and is constructed of such stu-
pendous blocks of stone, that a more mar-
vellous result of human labour has not
been found upon earth. Here are also
EIS
caverns, containing mummies, or embalm-
ed dead bodies, which are found in coffins
ranged in niches of the walls, and have
continued there at least 4000 years. The
principal city is Cairo.
Ehingcn, a town of Sunbia, near which
the Austrians were defeated by the French
in 1H05. It is seated on the Danube, 12
m sw Llm,
Eliingen, a town of Suabia, seated on
the N eckar, opposite llotenberg, (j m w by s
Tubingen.
EhrenbreitHtein, a town of Germany, on
the river Rhine, opposita Coblent?, to
which it is deemed a suburb. On the
bank of the river, at the foot of a stupen-
dous rock, is an old palace, w Inch belonged
to the elector of Treves. On the summit
of the rock lately stood a fortress deemed
to be impregnable, being strong by nature
and art, and plentifully supplied with
water from a well 280 feet deep; but it
surrendered, throusjh famine, to the French
in 1799, after a blockade of above 20
months ; and the demolition of its massive
works commenced soon after the peace of
Luneville.
Elirenfels, a fortress of Bavaria, in the
duchy of Neuburg, which gives name to a
lordship. It is 13 m nw Ratisbou.
Eichfeld, a territory of Lower Saxony,
surrounded by Brunswick, Thuringia, and
Hesse. It produces much flax and tobacco.
Heiligenstadt is the capital.
Eigg, an island of Scotland, one of the
Hebrides, to the s of Skye, 6 m long and
2 broad. It is partly flat, and partly hilly
and rocky, with some basaltic pillars. The
low grounds are tolerably productive ; and
along the coast the rocks are chiefly of an
exceedingly porous lava.
Eil Loch ; see Liitnhe, Loch.
Eilenburg, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, situate on the Mulda,
12 m NE Leipzic.
Eimeo, one of the Society isles, in the
Pacific ocean, lying 12 m w of Otaheite.
The products of the two islands, and the
manners of the people, are much the same.
Eimeo has steep rugged hills, running in
different directions, leaving large valleys
and gentle rising ground about their sides.
The hills, though rocky, are generally
covered with trees almost to the tops. On
its N side is the harbour Taloo. Lon. 150
0 w, lat. 17 30 s.
Einbeck, a fortified town of Lower Sax-
onv, capital of the principality of Gruben-
hagen. It has mamifactures of cloth and
all kinds of stuffs ; and in the mountain near
it are mines of silver, iron, copper, and
lead. It is situate on the lime, 17 m N
Gottingen, Lon. 10 2 w, lat. 51 43 N.
Eisenachf a town of Upper Saxony, in
ELB
Thuringia, capital of a principality, with
a celebrated college. The duke resides in
a castle within the town ; and there is
another on a mountain out of it, called
Wartburg, which, in 1521, was for some
time the asylum of Luther. It is seated
on the Nesse, at its conilu\ with the
Horsel, IG m w Gotha. Lon. 10 21 e,
lat. 51 On.
Eisenartz, or FAsenitz, a town of Ger-
many, in Stiria, famous for its iron mines,
34 m NNW Gratz.
Eisenstcidl, a town of Hungary, with a
magniticent palace and gardens belonging
to jariiice Esterhazy, 13 m xnw Edenburg.
Eidebeu, a town of Upper Saxony, ca-
pital of the county of Mansfeld, with a
decayed castle. The celebrated Luther
was born and died here. In the churches
of St. Andrew and St. Ann are the superb
burial-places of the ancient counts of
Mansfeld. Eisleben contains many brew-
eries, and derives much profit from the
neiglibouring iron mines. It is 28 m nnw
Naumburg. Lon. 11 47 e, lat. 51 32 n.
Ehsfeld, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, with a castle. It has manufac-
tures of indigo and vitriol, and stands on
the VVerra, near its source, 7 ra e Hild-
burghausen.
Eknnas, a town of Finland, in Nyland,
on a bay in the gulf of Finland, 50 m se
Abo.
Ekesio, a town of Sweden, in Smoland,
28 m ESE Jonkoping.
Elba, an island in the Mediterranean,
near the coast of Tuscany, 15 m long and
4 broad. It contains mines of excellent
iron, and quarries of marble, in the hilly
parts ; the valleys and narrow plains yield
excellent grapes, oranges, lemons, and
other fruit ; but the sod is very shallow,
with few places level enough for corn. It
belonged chiefly to the prince of Piombino;
but in 1799 it was seized on and occupied
by the French. In 1814, on the abdica-
of Napoleon, it was made a principality,
and his place of exile. Here he arrived early
in March, and continued to the end of
February foUowing, when he found means
to embark, and escaped to France. In
1815, the duke of Tuscany took possession
of the two ports, and the rest of the island
■was restored to the prince of Piombino.
The two harbours are Porto Ferrajo and
Porto Loiigone.
Elbassuno, a town of European Turkey,
in Albania, 45 m se Durazzo.
Elbe, a river of Germany, which rises
in the Giant mountains between Bohe-
mia and Silesia, flows by Koningsgratz,
Leutmeritz, Dresden, Dessau, Meissen,
VVit|tenberg, Magdeburg, Hamburg, and
Gluckstadt, and enters the German ocean
ELE
at Cuxhaven. It is navigable for ships to
Hamburg, 70 m from the sea, a course of
navigation longer than that of any other
river in Europe; and contains many
islands, all fertile, and several inhabited.
Elherfeld, a town of VVestphalia, in the
duchy of Berg, considerable for its popu-
lation and numerous manufactures; seated
on the Wipper, 17 m ene Dusseldorf.
Elberton, a town of the state of Georgia,
chief of Elbert county. It is seated near
the Tugelo, 73 m nw Augusta. Lon. 82
35 w, lat. 33 55 n.
Elberton, a town of the state of Georgia,
in Effingham county, seated on the Ogee-
chee, 38 m w Ebenezer. Lon. 82 2 w, lat.
32 31 N.
Elbeuf, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine, with a manufacture
of cloth ; sealed on the Seine, 10 m s
Rouen, and 65 nw Paris.
Etbins, a strong town of W Prussia, in
the palatinate of Marienburg, with 18,000
inhabitants, and a great trade in corn,
starch, soap, linseed oil, cordage, canvas,
saltpetre, and potash. It is seated on a
river of the same name, near its entra.ice
into the Frisch Ilaff, 30 m ese Dantzic.
Lon. 19 30 E, lat. 54 18 N.
Elbogen, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Jsaatz, with a citadel ; seated on a
mountain, by the river Egra, 16 m se
Egra.
Elburg, a town of the Netherlands, in
Gelderland, on the e coast of the Zaider
zee, 10 m ne Harderwick.
Etche, a town of Spain, in Valencia, sup-
posed, from the magnificent remains found
in and near it, to be the ancient llici. It
is 10 m sw Alicant.
Elephantu, a small island on the w coast
of Hindoostan, 5 m e from Bombay. It
contains one of the most inexplicable an-
tiquities in the world. A colossal stone
elephant, cracked and decayed, appears
on the landing-place, near the foot of a hill.
From this an easy slope leads to a cave,
excavated out of a rock, 80 feet long and
40 broad, the roof supported by rows of
pillars 18 feet high. '1 he sides are formed
into compartments, which contain a great
variety of carved figures relative to the
Hindoo mythology ; but that at the end of
the cave, opposite the entrance, is the most
remarkable: it includes, with many subor-
dinate figures, a gigantic Triraurti, or
three-formed god ; iBrahma the creator in
front, Vishnu the preserver on one si«>e,
and Siva the destroyer on the other. The
pillars and figures in the cave have been
defaced and mutilated by visitors, and par-
ticularly by the absurd zeal of the Portu-
guese, when this island was in then- pos-
session. In 1814 the head and neck of
ELG
*he elephant dropped oft", and the body
has since sunk and threatens to tall.
Eletz, a town of Russia, in the s;oveiii-
ment of Orel, destoyed by fire in 1745,
and since rebuilt. Here are a number oi"
forges, and a trade in cattle, corn, honey,
and liather. It stands on a lofty and steep
liill, bv the river Eletz, 80 m k.sk Orel.
E/dtsis, a town of European Turkey, in
Livadia, fornierly a lari;e city, renowned
for a great temple of Ceres. The plan of
this temple, and also of a smaller one of
Diana, has been recently discovered by
excavation; and hence the statue of Ceres,
now at Cambridge, was brought. It is
situate on the gulf of Engia, 7 m wNw
Athens.
Eleuthera; sec Alabaster,
Ekutlts, a kingdom of Tartary, lying to
the K\v of Chinese Tartary. It was con-
quered, in 1759, by the emperor of China.
•See Kuhimcs.
E/felci, a town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Mentz, seated on the Rhine, 10
m w Cassel.
ElJ'bburg, a town of Sweden, in W Goth-
land, with a strong castle near the sea, 4
m sw Gothenburg.
ElJ'scurleby, a town of Sweden, in Up-
land, on the river Dald, which a little
above forms a beautiful cataract. It is
48 m N by \v Upsal,
Elj'adul, a town of Sweden, in Dalecar-
lia, noted for curious (juarries of porphyry,
of which tables, vases, mortars, and other
articles are made. It is 70 m nkw Eahlun.
Elgin, a borough of Scotland, capital
of Elginshire. It was formerly called
Moray, and then was the see of a bishop.
Here are many large old buildings erected
over piazzas. The cathedral was one of
the most magnificent structures in Scot-
land ; of w hich its remains are a sufficient
proof. Two m to the ke, on the s bank
of a lake, is the palace of Spynie, formerly
the residence of the bishop, of which some
rooms are still pretty entire; and 6 m to
the sw, on the river Lossie, are the large
remains of Pluscarden priory. Elgin stands
on the Lossie, 5 m tiom its port at Lossie-
mouth, wliere there is a harbour, whence
much corn is exj^orted. The population
was 4tJ02 in 1811. It is 38 m ene Inver-
ness, and lo3 k Edinburg. Lon. 3 20 w,
lat. 57 36 N.
Elginshire, or J\Iorai/s/iire, a county of
Scotkmd, 40 m long and 20 broad ; bound-
ed on the K by the JMora-y frith, i: by Banft-
shire, s by the shires of Aberdeen and In-
verness, and w by the latter and i\airn-
shire. It is divided into 13 parishes, and
the population was 28,108 in 1811. The
s part IS mountauious, and occupied by
ibrests; but the greatest part is rich, and
ELL
[Hoduces wheat, barley, oats, and flax.
'1 he chief rivers are tije Spey, Findhorn,
an_d Lossie.
Elinii, a village in Hampshire, at the
head of Southampton bay, 5 m w South-
amj)ton. Here are docks tor building and
repairing ships, and storehouses tor corn,
in which it carries on a considerable trade.
Elisabeth Islands, small islands near the
coast of Massachusets, bearing nw of
Marthas Vineyard, and belonging to Duke
county. They are about 16 in number;
the chief of wliich are Nashawn, Fasqni,
Nashaweiina, I'inequese, and Chatahunk.
Nashawn, the largest, supports a consider-
able number of cattle and sheep, and is
famous for excellent cheese and wool. It
is 2 m from the continent, and the N^point
6 m Avsw Ealmouth. Lon. 70 38 w, lat.
41 34 K.
EUsabcthlozon, a town of New Jersey,
in Essex county, with a handsome presby-
terian church, an episcopal church, and
two incorporated academies. It is situate
on a creek of Newark bay, 10 m ssw
Newark, and 40 ne Trenton.
Elisubethtown, a town of N Carolina,
chief of Balden county. It stands on the
NW branch of Cape Fear river, 30 m s by \v
Fayetteville, and 48 j;w Wilmington.
Elisabet/itown, or Hagarstoivn, a town of
Maryland, chief of Washington county.
It has a considerable trade with the western
country, and the neighbourhood produces
the finest Orinoco tobacco. It is situate
in a valley, 70 m wkw Baltimore, and
80 Nxw Washington.
Elkridgc, a town of Maryland, in Ann
Arundel county, famous for the bright tO"
bacco called Kites-foot; seated on the
Patapsco, 19 m isvv Annapolis.
Elkton, a town of Maryland, ciiief of
Cecil county, with a considerable trade,
particularly in wheat. It is situate at the
conflux of the head branches of the Elk,
13 m from its mouth in Cbesapeak bay,
and 47 sw Philadelphia. Lon. 75 55 w^
lat, 39 40 N.
Elle/wlm, a town of Sweden, in Blek-
ingen, seated on the Baltic, 10 m w Caa--
lescroon.
Ellesmere, a town in Shropshire, with a
market on Tuesday, and a considerable
trade in malt. It has a canal from Shrews-
bury, which passes hence, by Wrexham
and Chester, to the estuary of the Mersey.
The town is seated on a large mere, 16
m ^NW Shrewsbury, and 178 isw London.
EUichpoor, a town of Hindoostan, ca-
pital of that part of Berar which is sub-
ject to the nizaui of the Deccan. It is
seated on one of the sources of the Poonah,
170 m NE Aurungabad. Lon. 78 6 e, lat.
21 22 K.
ELS
Ellon, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen-
shire, seated on the n side of the Ythan,
which is navic^able here for large boats, and
has a valuable salmon fishery. It is 18 m
H Aberdeen.
Ellore, a town of Ilindoostan, in the
Circars, and the capital of one of them.
It is 50 m wsw Rajamundry. Lon. 81 10
E, lat. 16 44 X.
Elmu, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Archangel, on a river of the same
name, near its conflux with the Petchora,
210 ni E Mezen, Lon. 52 35 e, lat. 65 20 x.
Elmo, Fort St. a fortress of P'lance, in
the department of Eastern Pyrenees. It
was taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but
retaken the next year. It stands on the
river Tet, 5 ra n Colioure.
Elnbogen, a town of Bohemia, capital
of a territory ii> the circle of Saatz, v\ith
a castle on a rock, by the river Egra,
38 m wsw Saatz. Lon. 12 50 e, lat. 5010 n.
Elne, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eastern Pyrenees, formerly the
see of a bishop. It suffered greatly in the
civil wars during the reign of Louis xr,
and is 8 m sby e Perpignan.
Elora, a town of Ilindoostan, in Dowla-
tabad, celebrated for its pagodas, cut out of
the natural rock. It is 15 m n Aurungabad.
Elphin, a town of Ireland, in Roscom-
mon county, and the see of a bishop. The
cathedral is small, and serves as the parish
church ; but the episcopal palace is mag-
nificent. This place gave birth to the
celebrated Oliver Goldsmith. It is 17 m
IJ Roscommon.
Elrich, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, capital of the county of Ilohen-
stein. It stands on the river Zorge, 12 m
NNW Nordhausen. Lon. 10 43 v., lat. 51
38 N.
Elsinburg; see Helsingburg.
Elsinore, a fortified town of Denmark,
in Zealand, seated on the Sound. It is
the most commercial place in Denmark,
next to Copenhagen, being the residence
of a considerable number of foreign mer-
chants, and the consuls of the principal
nations trading to the Baltic. A little to
the N is the fortress of Cronborg, which
guards the Sound. Every vessel, as it
passes, pays a toll at Elsinore, in I'eturn
for which the crown takes the charge of
constructing lighthouses, and erecting sig-
nals to mark the shoals and rocks, between
the Categat and the Baltic. Three m
from the town is a considerable manufac-
ture of arms for the Danish army. Elsi-
nore has no harbour, but a good and safe
road, and is 22 m n Copenhagen. Lon.
12 35 E, lat. 56 0 n. See Cronborg.
Elssteth, a town of Westphalia, at the
EMB
conflux of the Hunt with the Weser, 13 m
EivF. Oldenburg.
Elstevwerda, a town and castle of the
kingdom of Saxony, in Misnia, on the
river Elster, 24 m Nbyw Dresden.
Eltlutm, a town in Kent, with a market
on Monday. Here are the remains of a
palace, in which Edward iir entertained
John of France ; it is now in part con-
verted into a farm-house, and the stately
hall forms the barn. It is 3 m se London.
Elvcts, a strong frontier city of Portugal,
in Alentejo, and a bishop's see, with a
castle. Here is a cistern that will hold
water enough for the town for six months.
The water is brought by a I\Ioorish aque-
duct, 3 m long, which in some places is
supported by several stories of arches.
On the side of it is a forest of olive-trees,
3 m long, among which are walks and fine
fountains. A royal academy for young
gentlemen was founded here in 1733. It
is 38 m ENE Evora, and 118 E Lisbon.
Lon. 6 56 w, lat. 38 49 n.
Eiwangen, a town of Suabia, with a
castle on a mountain; seated on the Jaxt,
14 m NW Nordlingen.
Ell/, a city in Cambridgeshire, and a
bishop's see, with a markst on Satinday.
It is seated on the Ouse (which is navigable
hence to Lynn) in the fenny tract, called
the Isle of Ely. It is a county of itself,
including the territory around it, and has
a distinct civil and criminal juridiction,
of which the bishop is the head. It has
a fine cathedral, but is otherwise a mean
place. The population was 4249 in 1811..
It is 17 m N Cambridge, and 67 NbyE
London. Lon. 0 9 e, lat. 52 24 n.
Ell/, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire
with a good harbour, on the frith of Forth
but the trade is trifling. It is much fre-
quented for seabathing, and is 1 1 m s St.
Andrew.
Elze, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
principality of Hildesheim, seated on the
Leina, 10 m sw Hildesheim. .
Emboly, a town of European Turkey, in
Macedonia, and a Greek archbishop's see.
It is the ancient Amphipolis; and is some-
times called Christopolis. It is seated on
the Stromona, 40 m ne Salonica. Lon.
23 55 E, lat. 40 59 N.
Einbomma, a town of the kingdom of
Loango, with a trade in slaves, palm wine,
salt, and maize ; seated on the Zaire, 120
m SSE Loango.
Enibrun, a city of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Alps, and lately the see of
a bishop. It has a fortress built by Louis
XIV, and is seated on a craggy rock, near
the river Durance, 17 m e Gap. Lon. Q
29 E, lat. 44 34 N.
Q
END
ILimlen, a stroiiji town of \Vest})lialia,
capital ot" K Frieslaiid. It is situate on
the Dollart, near its entrance into tlie
estuary ottlie Ems, where tliere is a good
harbour and a sale road. The trade is
considerable; and it has nianutacturcs of
stockings, soap, leather, and cotton. The
inhabitants, about 10,500, are chielly Cal-
vinists ; but there are some Lutherans,
papists, and Jews, it is 28 ni ene Gron-
ingen, and 17 WKW Oldenburg. Lon. 7 8
i/lat. 5;> 20 i\.
E/nh/, a vilhi'jc of Ireland, 8 m whys
Tipperary. It was anciently a celebrated
city, of which few traces now remain, and
the bishopric was united, in 1568, to the
see of Cashel.
EmmenJingen, a town of Suabia, in
I3ris!iau, and chief town in the marquisate
of Ilochberg ; seated on the river Ens, 10
m N by w Eriburg.
Emmerick, a strong town of Westphalia,
in the duchy of Cleve. It has a consider-
able trade with Iloiland, and is seated on
the Rhine, 'i2 m n\v VVesel,
Emmitshui-g, a town of Maryland, in
Fredrick county, between the w head
waters of the Monococy, 24 m nne Fred-
rick, and 50 kw Baltimore.
Emony, or Hiainen, an island of China,
lying off the coast of Fo-kien. It has a
port so extensive, that it can contain thou-
sands of vasseis ; and so deep, that the
largest ships may lie close to the shore.
It was formerly much frequented by Eu-
ropean vessels ; but now all the trade is
carried on at Canton. This island is par-
ticularly celebrated on account of the mag-
nificence of its principal pagoda, dedicated
to their god Fo. Lon. IIG 27 e, lat. 24 3 e.
Empoli, a town of Tuscany, seated on
the Arno, 17 m sw Florence.
Ems, a river of Westphalia, which rises
in the principality of Paderborn,and flows,
at Emden, into the Dollart, a bay of the
German ocean.
Ems, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, near
which are some baths impregnated with
sulphur. It is 10 m s Bregenz.
Enckhuj/sen, a fortified town of the Ne-
therlands, in N Holland, on the Zuider
zee, with a good harbour. Much salt is
made here. It was taken by the English
in 1799. It is 27 m ne Amsterdam.
Endeavour Strait, a strait that sepa-
rates New Guinea from Terra Australis,
so named by captain Cook, but now called
Torres Strait.
Endian, a town of Persia, in Farsistan,
which has a trade with Bassora and Beha«
ban. It is seated on both sides the Tab, 16
in from its mouth in the Persian gulf, and
140 w by N Shiras. Lon. 50 4 e, lat. 30 18 y.
ENG
EndiDgen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau,
near the Khine, 7 m n.ne Old Brisach.
Enfield, a town in Middlesex, with a
market on Saturday. It was once famous
for an extensive royal chase, disforested in
1779; and had a royal palace, of which
little now remains, the fi'ont having been
taken down, in 1792, and its site occupied
by some houses. It is 10 m n London.
Eiijicld, a town of Connecticut, in Hart-
ford county, on the f. bank of the Connec-
ticut, Itj m A l)y r. Hartford.
Engadinc, or iniluil, a valley of Swit-
zerland, in the canton of Grisous, extend-
ing 50 m along the banks of the river Inn,
from its souice to Tyrol. It is divided
into Upper and Lower ; the chief towns
Siglio and Zernetz.
Engclberg, a valley of Switzerland, in
the canton of Underwalden, 10 m long,
bounded by mountains. It is subject to
the abWot of a Benedictine monastery of
the same name, whose revenues arise prin-
cipally from a commerce in cheeses. The
country contains extensive glaciers, on the
side of fertile mountains ; line black mar-
})le, white veined ; small crystals, called
Swiss diamonds; silver, and vitriol. The
.abbey is 12 m sw Altdort".
Engelholm, a seaport of Sweden, in
Schonen, on a bay of the Categat, with
good anchorfige. In ltJ78, it was taken by
the Danes atter an obstinate deience. It
is 44 m Kbyw Lund. Lon. 12 57 e, lat.
56 22 N.
Engen, a town of Suabia, in the princi-
pality of Furstenburg, 20 m ese Fursten-
burg.
Engers, a town of Germany, in Wester-
wald, capital of a county. It is seated
near the Rhine, 20 m wnw Dietz.
Enghein, a town of the Netherlands, in
Hainault, 15 m sw Brussels.
Engia, or Eginu, an island of European
Turkey, m the gulf of Engia, between
Livadia and Morea. It is of a triangular
form, 36 m in circuit, surrounded by rocks,
and has no harbour. The chief town is of
the same name, 24 m ssw Athens. Lon.
23 59 E, lat. 37 45 n.
England, the southern part of the is-
land of Great Britain, bounded on the N
by Scotland, k by the Gern)an ocean, s
by the English channel, and w by St.
George channel, the principality of VA'ales,
and the Irish sea. Its ancient name vvas
Albion, which, in process of time, gave
way to that of Britain, by which it was
known to Julius Cesar, and continued till
the year 829, when it received the name of
England, and Egbert was crowned the first
king. England is of a triangular form ;
and from the S Foreland in Kent, which
ENG
tnav be termed the e point of the triangle,
to Berwick upon Tweed, wliich is the \,
its length is 345 m ; from that point to
the Lands-end in Cornwall, which is the
w, it is 425 ; and the breadth thence to the
S Foreland is 340. It contains 50,210
square miles, or 32,094,400 acres. The
number of resident inhabitants was
9,538,827 in 1(311; and a thirtieth part
being added, for the army and navy, will
raise the enumeration to 9,85(3,700. The
face of the couiitry aiVords all that beauti-
ful variety which can be found in the most
extensive tracts of the globe ; not, how-
ever, without romantic, and even dreary
scenes, lofty mountains, craggy rocks, and
uncultivated heaths; and yet, few coun-
tries have a smaller proportion of land ab-
solutely sterile and incapable of culture.
The richest parts are, in general, the mid-
land and southern. Toward the N it is
hilly and barren. The e coast is, in many
parts, sandy and marshy. A range of rude
and elevated land, sometimes rising into
lofty mountain?, extends tVom the borders
of Scotland, to the very heart of England,
forming a natural division between the e
and w sides of the kingdom. Cornwall is
also a rough hilly tract; and a similar cha-
racter prevails in part of the adjacent
counties. These mountainous tracts abound
with various mineral treasures. The rivers
are numerous; and the most considerable
are the Thames, Severn, Huiuber, Mersey,
Medway, Trent, Ouse, Tyne, Tees, Eden,
Avon, and Dee. The lakes are neither
numerous nor extensive, and are chiefly
in the »w counties : those of Westmor-
land and Cumberland, in particular, exhi-
bit such varieties of beautiful scenery, as
to become the object of summer excursions
from every part of the country. With re-
spect to climate, England is situate in the
I* part of the temperate zone, so that it
enjoys but a scanty share of the genial in-
fluence of the sun. Its atmosphere is in-
clined to cliilness and moisture, sulyect to
frequent and sudden changes; and is more
favorable to the growth, than to the ripen-
ing of the products of the earth. No
country is clothed with so beautiful and
lasting a verdure ; but the harvests, espe-
cially in the northern parts, frequently
suffer from unseasonable rains. 'J'he
rigours of winter, however, and the heats
of summer, are felt here in a much less de-
gree than in parallel climates on the con-
tinent ; a circumstance common to all is-
lands. The whole c(nmtry, some particu-
lar spots excepted, is sutbciently healthy;
and the longevity of its inhabitants is equal
to that of almost any region. All its most
valuable productions, both animal and
ENG
vegetable, have been imported from foreign
countries. It has now no other wild qua-
drupeds than some of the smaller kinds ;
as the fox, badger, marten, otter, hare, rab-
bit, squirrel, Sec. On the other hand, every
kind of domestic animal, impoited from
abroad, has been reared to the greatest de-
gree of perfection. The horse has been
trained up for ail the various purposes of
strength and swiftness, so as to excel in
those qualities the same animal in every
other country. The horned cattle have
been brought to the largest size and great-
est justness of shape. The dirterent races
of sheep are variously distinguished, either
for uncommon siz*, goodness of flesh, and
plenty or fineness of wool. The deer of
its parks, which are originally a fbreiwa
breed, are superior in beauty of skin and
delicacy of flesh to those of most countries.
Even the several kinds of dogs have been
trained to degrees of courage, strength, and
sagacity, rarely to be met with elsewhere.
The improvement in the vegetable pro-
ducts of this island is not less striking than
in the animal. Nuts, acorns, crabs, and
a few wild berries, were almost all the
variety of vegetable food which its woods
could boast. To other countries, and to
the efforts of culture, it is indebted for
corn, esculent roots, and plants, and all
its garden fruits. The rivers and seas of
England are stocked with a great variety
of fish, which yield a plentiful article of
provision to all ranks of people. The ma-
nufactures and commerce of this country
are vast, extensive, and various: in the
woollen, linen, cotton, and hardware ma-
nufactures in particular, it has long main-
tained a pre-eminence ; nor must the re-
cent one of elegant earthenware be omitted;
and though nature has denied it the rich
fruits of other countries, yet the manufac-
ture, if it may be so called, of home-made
wines, in imitation of all the varieties of
the foreign, has been brought to an uncom-
mon degree of perfection. The govern
ment of England is a limited monarchy;
the legislative power residing in the king,
lords, and commons ; and the executive iir
the king, the great officers of state, the
judges, and the inferior gradations of ma-
gistracy. The civil division of the country
is into six circuits, and 40 counties ; and the
counties are subdivided into wapentakes^
or hundreds, and parishes. In each of the
circuits, for the most part, two of the
judges administer justice, twice a year.
They are, 1. The Home Circuit, %ihich
contains the counties of Hertford, Essex^
Kent, Surry, and Sussex. 2. The Norfolk^
containing Buckingham, Bedford, Hunt
ingdon, Cambridge, Suffolk, and Norfolk,
Q8
ENN
3. Tlie Oxford, containing Oxforti, Berks,
Glouce^liT, Wcrcester, Wonnunilli, Here-
ford, Salop, and StatVord. 4. The iMidland,
containinj; Warwick, Leicester, Derby,
Nottingham, Lincohi, Rutland, and North-
ampton. 5. The Northern, containing
York, Durham, Norilmmberland, Lan-
caster, ^^ estmorland, and Cumberland.
6. The Western, containing; Hants, Wilts,
Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall.
Two other counties, Middlesex and Ciiester,
are not included in any circuit. The esta-
blished relii;ion, as contained in the Arti-
cles of the Church of Eni;land, is Calvin-
ism ; but these articles are interpreted, by
the clergy in general, accordiug to the
more liberal principles of Aiuiinius: and
all other religions are tolerated. The ec-
clesiastical division of England is into two
archbishoprics, called tiie provinces of
Canterbury and York. That of Canterbury
contains the dioceses of London, ^Vin-
chester, Bath and Wells, Bristol, Chi-
chester, Ely, Exeter, Gloucester, Hereford,
Lichfield and Coventry, Lincoln, Norwich,
Oxford, Peterborough, Rochester, Salis-
bury, and Worcester; also the Welsh
bishoprics of St. David, Bangor, LandatV,
and St. Asaph. The province of York
contains the dioceses of Dmhani, Chester,
and Carlisle, and that of Sodor and Man.
Every prelate of the sees enumerated, that
of Sodor and Man excepted, has a seat in
the liouse of lords. London is the capital.
England, Neic, a country of N America,
bounded on the n by Canada, e by New
Brunswick and the Atlantic, s by that
ocean, and w by New York. It is the
most populous part of the United States,
and the inhabitants are mostly descended
from the natives of England. It contains the
states of Vermont, New Hampshire, Mas
sachusets, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
Enkuping, a town of Sweden, in Upland,
situate at the end of a creek of the lake
Maeler, 21 ra sw Upsal.
Ennerdale-zcater, a lake in Cumberland,
7 m E of Whitehaven. It is 2 m and a
half long, and nearly three-quarters of a
mile broad ; surrounded, except at the w
end, with wild and craggy heights, which
are almost impassable. It aftbrds a variety
of mountain, sylvan, and pastoral scenes.
The river Eden runs through this lake.
Ennis, a borough of Ireland, capital of
Clare county. Here are the remains of
the finest abbey in the island ; and one of
its aieles now forms a spacious parochial
church. It sends a member to parliament,
and stands on the Fergus, which is naviga-
ble for large boats from tlie Shannon, 22 m
■WNw Limerick, and 118 vysw Dublin.
Xon. 9 22 w, hit. 52 44 ^^
EPE
Enniscorthy, a borough of Ireland, lu
Wexford county, with a strong castle.
Here is a manuiacture of coarse woollen
cloth and some iron-works. It is situate
on the Slaney, close under Vinegar-hill, 10
m N Wexford, and 27 ne Waterford.
Ennhkilitn, a borough of Ireland, ca-
pital of Fermanagh county. It is seated
on an island in l^ough Erne, where that
lake is contracted for about G m to the
width of an ordinary river, and is only aj)-
])roachable by two bridges, which are com-
manded by an old fort. In 1595, it made
an obstinate defence against the army of
rpieen Elis;ibeth, and again in 1080, against
James ii. It sends a member to parlia-
ment, and is 90 m nw Dublin. Lon. 8 5
vv, lat. 54 25 x.
Eiinistcage ; see Jnistioge.
Eno, or Enos. a town of European
Turkey, in Romania, and a Greek arch-
bishop's see. It stands near a gulf of the
Archipelago, at the influx of the Marissa,
90 m sbyw Adrianople. Lon. 26 15 e,
lat. 40 46 N.
Ens, a town of Austria, on a river of
the same name, at its conflux with the
Danube, 12 ni ese Lintz.
Enseidlin, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Schweitz, with a rich abbey,
whose superior has the title of prince. It
is 10 m ne Schweitz.
Emene, a town of Egypt, on the e side
of the Nile. Here are considerable ruins
of the ancient Antinoe. It is 120 ra s
Cairo. Lon. 30 54 e, lat. 28 5 n.
Enshhebn, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Rhine, on the river 111,
10 m s Colniar.
Enskirke7>, a town of Westphalia, in
the duchy of Juliers, 15 m sw Cologne.
Enslorf, a town of the palatinate of Ba-
varia, 22 m N Ratisbon.
Entlibuch, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Lucern, 14 m wsw Lucern.
Entre Douro e Minlio, a province of
Portugal, lying on the seacoast between the
rivers Douro and Minho, and bounded on.
the E by Tra los Montes. It is very popu--
lous, and distinguished by its well-con'!-
ducted agriculture. Braga is the capital.
Entzersio7-f', a town of Austria, with a
castle surrounded by walls and ditches, on
the left bank of the Danube, 10 m ese
\'ienna.
Eperics, a town of Hungary, capital of
Saros county, celebrated for its opal mines
and numerous mineral springs. Here is
an evangelical college, and a great trade
in linen. I'he population in 1815 was
742G. It is situate on the Tartza, 18 m
>• Kaschau. Lon. 21 27 e, lat. 48 52 N.
Epenia^, a town of Fvauccj in the dfr»
partment of Marne. It was taken by
Henry iv in 1592, when muishal Byron
was killed while the kint^'s hand was on his
shoulder. The wines produced in its neigii-
bourhnod are excellent. It is 17 in nw
Chalons.
Ephesus, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, anciently one of the most splen-
did cities of Asia Minor, and the most
frequented emporium of that continent.
The remains of its former splendour are
heaps of marble, overturned walls, co-
lumns, capitals, and pieces of statues. Tlie
-fortress, which is on an eminence, seems
to have been the work of the Greek em-
perors; and also the aqueduct, part of
which is yet standin^r, supported by pillars
of fine marble. The most remarkable
structure was the temple of Diana, deemed
one of the seven wonders of the world, and
which the primitive Christians converted
into a church; but it is now so entirely
ruined, that it is not easy to find the j^round-
plot. Ephesus is seated near the mouth
of the Cayster, which formerly attbrded a
good harbour for ships, but is now almost
choked with sand. The present inhabit-
ants are Greek peasant?, who live in
wretchedness and insensibility. It is 30 m
SSE Smyrna.
Ephruta, or Tunkerstoxcn, a town of
Pennsylvania, in Lancaster county, and the
principal settlement of a sect called Tunk-
ers [Dippers], who are of German extrac-
tion. It is Vi m NNE Lancaster.
Epiduurus, a village of European Tur-
key, in Morea ; formerly a city, famous for
the precinct of Esculapius; and his sacred
territory is in its vicinity. It is now pro-
nounced Pidavro by the natives, and stands
in a peninsula, on the e coast, 24 m se
Corinth.
Epiez, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loiret, 18 m whys Orleans.
Epila, a town of Spain, in Aragon, on
the Xiloca, 20 m whys Saragossa.
Epinal, a town of France, capital of the
<]epartment of Vosges. It is famous for
.paper-mills, and seated onthe river Moselle,
.near the mountains of the \''osges, 35 m se
Kancy. Lon. (i 31 e, lat. 48 8 x.
Epping, a town in Essex, with a market
on Friday, famous for excellent butter;
seated at the n end of a forest of the same
name, 17 m xne London.
Epphigcn, a town of Germany, in tlie
palatinate of the Rhine, seated on the
Elsats, 20 m ene Philipsburg.
Epsom, a town in Surry, which has, from
the number of opulent people residing in
and near it, a daily market. It is cele-
brated for its mineral waters and salts ;
and on its neighbouring downs are annual
horseraces. It is 15 m ssw London.
ERI
Epworth, a town in Lincolnshire, in th»
isle of Axholm, with a market on Friday,
and a manufacture of sacking. John
Wesley, the founder of the Arminian sect
of methodists, was born here. It is 11 ra.
N Gainsborough, and 160 nnw London.
Erbucli, a town of Franconia, capital of
a county, with a castle. It is 22 m whys
VVertheim, and 35 sse Frankfort.
Erbille, or Erbila; see Arbil.
Erek/i, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia. It is the ancient Hcraclea, and
was then a place of great commerce, but is
now much declined. It stands on a bay of
the Black sea, 130 m e Constantinople.
Lon. 31 19 E, lat. 41 17 N.
Erekli, a town of European Turkey, in
Romania, in which are the ruins of an am-
phitheatre, built bv emperor Severus. It
IS seated on the sea of JNIarmora, 30 m w
Constantinople.
Erfurt, a city of Upper Saxony, com-
monly accounted the capital of Thuringia,
with a university and two strong forts.
The principal magistrate is sometimes a
protestant and sometimes a papist, but the
greatest part of the burghers are protest-
ants. It has three tine libraries, one of
which belongs to the papists, another to
the university, and a third to the protestant
ministers. The population 15,000. In
IfJOfi, it was taken by the French. It is
seated in a fertile ciumtry, on the river
Gera, 58 m ese Leipzic. Lon. 11 9 e, lat.
51 2 N.
Eribol, Loch, in Scotland, an arm of
the sea, on the N coast of Sutherlandshire,
capable of affording a safe retreat to the
largest vessels. It receives several streams,
particularly that which flows from Loch
Hope ; and much kelp is made on its coasts.
Ericeiru, a town of Portugal, in Estre-
madura, on the seacoast, 21 m nnw
Lisbon. '-
Ericht, Loch, a lake of Scotland, lying
in the counties of Inverness and Perth.
It is 24 m long and a mile broad, sur-
rounded by lofty mountains and rugged
cliffs, and its banks covered with heath
and a few straggling birches and alders.
Its outlet, at the s extremity, is the river
Ericht, which flows into Locii Rannock.
Erie, Fort, a strong fortiiicatiou of
Upper Canada, situate near the ne end of
Lake Erie, and on the w bank of the river
Niagara. In 1814 it was taken by the
Americans, who evacuated it some months
afterward, having first blown up the works.
It is 24 m sbyK Fort Niagara. Lon 78
59 w, lat. 42 54 N.
Erie, Luke, in N America, lies between
79 and 84 w lon. and 41 and 43 n lat.
Its length is 280 m, 40 its medium breadth,
and upward of 700 in circuit. It is uavi>
ERN
gable for sliips of any burden, and the coast
on both sides is i;enerally favorable for
batteaux and canot's ; jet in sonve phjcts,
chietlv on the s side, there are rocks tliat
run several m in len'^^th. Some of these,
near the mouth of the Cayahotia, rise 40
or 50 feet above tiie water, and project
over the lake so as to inspire dread into
the boldest breast, when they are approach-
ed: tlie Indians, when they pass this im-
pendinii danger. olVer a sacrifice of tobacco
to the water. The islands and banks to-
ward its vv end are infested with rattle-
snakes ; but on other parts of the coast are
fine meadows, and woods abounding with
tranic. This lake, at its >w' end, receives
liie waters of several large lakes by the
river Detroit, and discharges them by the
river Niagara, at its me end, into Lake
Ontario.
Erhkai/, a small island of the Hebrides
of Scotland, at the s end of S Uist; noted
for being the first place upon which Charles
Stewart landed, in his attempt to obtain
the British crown.
Erith, a village in Kent, seated on the
Tiiames, 5 in V.bys Woolwich. Great
tjuantities of corn and wood are shipped
hence, and here the East India ships, in
their passage up the river, generally dis-
charge a part of their cargoes.
Erivan, the capital of Persian Armenia,
in a province of the same name, and the
seat of an Arminian patriarch. 1 he city
is defended by a fortress, on a high rock,
in which is' the serdar, or governor's
palace, and at the .foot iiows the Zuengui,
which 20 m below joins the Aras. The
Meidan is an open square, 400 paces over,
in which are very fine trees. The baths
and caravansaries have their beauties; but
the churches of the christians are small,
and half underground. In 1808 it sustain-
ed a siege of near six months by the Rus-
sians. It is 180 niNW Tabriz, and 200
E Erzerum. Lon. 45 J2 e, lac. 40 8 N,
Erkcle.ns, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Juliers, seated on the Koer, 10 m
i»w Juliers.
Erlitch, a town of .Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, with a castle, on the lake
«fBiei, 10 ni sw Biel.
Er/uugc7i, a town of Franconia, in the
principahty of Bayreutli, with a university,
and a palace belonging to the prince. It
is divided into the old and new town ; the
iatter one of the handsomest in Germany.
Tlie principal manufactures are hats,
gloves, and stockings. It is seated on
the lieunitz, 12 m k Nurembuig. Lon.
11 2 E, lat. 49 38N.
Erluu ; see A<£riu.
Erne, a river of Scotland, which issues
from the e end of a lake of the same name,
ERZ
at the head of the vale of Stratherne, in
Perthshire, flows by Chrielf, and joins
the Tay, a little below Abernethy.
Erne, a river of Ireland, which issues
from a small lake on the n border of the
county of Longford, flows N through that
of Cavan, and nw through Pcrmanagh
into Donegal bay- In the last county it
forms a beautiful lake, called Lough Erne,
oO m long, containing many fine islands;
and on one in the middle I'art, where the
lake is very narrow, stands the town ot
Enniskillen. Below Belleek the river lias a
cataract, w^liich obstructs the navigation
between the lake and the sea.
Eritee, a town of France, in tlu; depart-
ment of INIayne, on a river of the same
name, 15 in nnw Laval.
Erouii, (u- ErouatI, a town of Ilindoo-
stan, ill Coimbetoor, with a large mud fort..
Much coarse cotton cloth is made here and
in the vicinity. It is seated on a canal
from tiie Bhawani, 57 m ene Coimbetoor.
Errol, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire,
situate on an eminence on the N side of"
the Tay. Here is a linen manufacture, and
a passage-boat goes hence to Newburg,.
on the opposite shore, every tide. It is
9 m E Perth.
Erromaiigo, one of the New Hebrides,,
in the Pacific ocean, 70 m in circuit, with
low shores. On the w side is a promon-
tory that separates two bays, and captain
Cook, from the treacherous behaviour of
the inhabitants, named it Traitor's Head..
Lon. 169 19 e, iat. 18 47 s.
Ervi/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aube, 17 m shy w Troyes.
Erzerum, or Arzroum, the capital of
Turkish Armenia, with Arminian and
Greek episcopal sees, and a castle, in
w hich the pashaw resides. It is surround-
ed by double walls, defended by square
towers, and contains 270,000 inhabitants.
The houses are in general built of stone,,
with rafters of wood, and terraced roofs^
on which grass grows and sheep feed.
There are 20 bazars, 17 baths, and 50^
mosques; but many remains of mosques^
and other ancient structures prove the city-
to have been still more considerable. 'Ih&
Turks are all janisarics ; but most of them
are tradesmen, and receive no pay. Ihe
Arminians have two churches, the Greeks
but one; the latter are mostly brasiers,.
and live in the suburbs. A great trade is
carried on in furs, Persian silks, cottons^
calicos, and drugs. This city is a thorough-
fare, and a resting-place, for the caravans
to Persia and Hindoostan. It is situate
on a rising ground, at the foot of a chain
of mountains, 104 m se Trebisond, and
200 w Erivan. Lon. 40 i>6 e, Iat. 39
57 N.
ESK
Escaloiia, a town of Spain, in Old Cas-
tile, 14 m KNE Segovia.
Esculonu, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, sun-ounded by walls ; situate on an emi-
nence, in a fertile country, near the Aibre-
che, 20 ni Nw Toledo, and 32 sw Madrid.
Hschuegeji, a town and castle of Ger-
many, in tbe langravate of Hesse-Cassel,
seated on the Werra, 25 m ese Cassel.
Esc/uceiler, a town of Westphalia, in
the duchy of Juliers, 10 m ssw Juliers.
■ Escurial, a village of Spain, in New
Castile, seated on tlie Guadara, 15 m nw
Madrid. It takes its name from a noble
structure, founded by Philip ii, in bnemory
of the victory gained over the French, near
St. Quentin,in 1557. This edifice consists
of a royal palace, a church, a monastery,
a college, a librai\vv shops of different
artists, apartments for a great number of
people, beautitul walks, large alleys, an
extensive park, and tine gardens. It is
built of gray stones, found in the neigh-
bourhood, and in t lie form of a gridiron ;
because St. Lawrence, on whose day the
victory was gained, suffered martyrdom
by being broiled on such an instrunieiit.
It is a long square of 740 feet by 580, and
four stories high ; with a tower at each an-
gle 200 feet high; and the palace forms the
handle of this imaginary gridiron. The
most remarkable part is the arched chapel ;
in which is a magnificent sepulchre, called
the Pantheon, being built in imitation of
that edifice at Rome, and is the burying-
place of the kings and queens of Spain.
ILsferain, a town of Persia, in C'h(n-a-
san, 90 m e Astrabad. Lon. 41 23 e,
lat. 30 48 X.
Esguei/ra, or E.igiteri(i, a town of Por-
tugal, in Beira, 8 m s Aveiro.
Es/iref; see Ashruf.
Esk, a river that rises in Scotland, in
the NE part of Dumfriesshire, and flows se
through a dale to which it gives name, to
the edge of the county. It there receives
the Liddel from Koxburgslme, and enters
Cumberland, flowing s by Longtown into
the XE extremity of Solway frith.
Esk, a river of Scotland, in Edinbui'g-
shire, formed by two branches, called North
and Soutii Esk, which have their sources
on the borders of Peeblesshire. The two
streams almost encircle Dalkeith, and unite
a little below the town. The river ilows
by Inveresk and enters the frith of Forth,
at Mussel burg.
Esk, North and Soul/i, two rivers of
Scotland, in Forfarshire, which descend
from the hills called the Braes of Angus.
The former divides the county from Kin-
cardineshire tor several miles, and reaches
the ocean, a little to the > of Montrose ;
the latter, after traversing the whole
ESQ
breadth of the county, enters the bay on
the w of the same town.
Eskilsluna, a town of Sweden, in Suder-
mania, founded by Charles x, and enlarged
by Gustavus iii, whence it is also called
Carl Gustavadst. Here are manufacture*
of swords, sabres, scissors, &:c. It is seated
on the river between the lakes Hiehner and
Maekler, 52 m w Stockholm.
Eskis/ie/if, a town of Asiatic Turkey,
in Natolia, where are hot baths in high
repute. It is seated in a plain, on the river
Poursac, 80 m ese Bursa. Lon. 31 18 e,
lat. 39 48 w.
Es?ie, Asna, or Esnciy, a town of Egypt,
supposed to be the ancient Latopolis.
Here is an ancient temple, with walls on
three sides, and in the front 24 columns,
well preserved: within it are three stories
of hieroglyiihlcs, of men about three feet
higli ; and the ceiling is adorned with ani-
mals, painted in beautiful colours. On
tho N side of the town is another temple,
richly carved with hieroglyphics, croco-
diles, &c. and a mile to the s is the
monastery of St. Helen, which contains
many magnificent tombs. Esne stands on
the Nile," 320 m s Cairo. Lon. 33 10 E,
lat. 25 0 K.
Esopus; see Kingston.
Espalion, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aveiron, on the river Lot, 14
m NXE Rhodez.
Esparuguera, a town of Spain, in Cata-
lonia, seated on the Lobregat, 16 m xw
Barcelona.
Espin/utl, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
21 m se Coimbra.
Esposerida, a seaport of Portugal, in
Entre Douro e JMinho, at the mouth of
the Cavado, 22 m N Oporto. Lon. 8 21
w, lat. 4132 X.
Esqui/iiou.r, a people of N America,
chfefly inhabiting the coas.t of Labrador.
They have no fixed abode, but rove from
place to place, and lia\e an antipathy to
a residence near European settlements.
They differ from the other native Ameri-
cans, in being tiie only tribe that eat their
food in a raw state. 1 hey are of a diminu-
tive stature, generally lusty, and of a brown
colour. Iheir head is large, and their face
round and fiat; they have a wide mouth,
thick lips, a flat nose, small eyes, coarse
hair of a black colour, large shoulders,
and uncommonly small hands and feet.
They are always well clothed, for there is
nothing to be seen but part of their faces
and their hands. They have a sort of shirt,
made of the guts of fish, with a coat of
seal or moose-deer skins, and a cap on
their head; likewise breeches and boots
made of the same sort of skins. The dress
of the women is nearly the same as that of
ESS
the men ; but their complexion is not so
diiskv, and the nose is more prominent;
they have also the chin, cheek-bones, and
forehead tattooed; and thoy wear t^ioves,
made of white feathers. In snninier, they
have nothing; to cover them in the nisiht;
and in winter, they lodge in tents made of
seal skins, or in caves. Their ciiief em-
ployment is lumtinsi and fishing; and they
keep a great number of large and fierce
dogs, which are chietly employed to drag
their sledges in winter. They are savage,
covetous, faithless, and ever disposed to
iTiischief ; and on this account little com-
merce is carried on with them.
Esqiiimmix B(ti/, a bay on the sf. coast
of Labrador, and in the n part ot the gulf
of St. Lawrence. A river of the same
name enters the head of the bay ; and
Esquimaux islands extend across its
mouth. Lon. 57 50 w, lat. 51 30 n.
i'sxe/c, f>r Eszck, a trading town of
Sclavonia, with a strong fortress. The
population in 1815 was 9231. It stands
on the Drave,over which and the marshes is
a wooden britige, 8 m long and 80 feet broad,
with towers at a quarter of a mile distant
from each other. It is a dithcult p;iss, and
several battles have been fought iiere be-
tween the Turks and Germans. It is 100
m WNw Belgrade, and 136 sbyw Buda.
Lon. 18 54 E, lat. 45 33 n.
Essen, a town of Westphalia, in tlie
duchy of Berg. Here are several catholic
churches and convents, but the inhabitants
are chiefly Lutherans. It is 8 m r, Duys-
burg.
Esens, a town of Westphalia, in E
Friesland, near tliQ German ocean, 20 m
jfKE Emden.
Esscquebo; see Isseqiiibo.
Essex, a county of England, bounded on
tlie N by Cambridgeshire and Suffolk, e by
the German ocean, s by the same and the
Thames, which part it from Kent, and w
fcy Middlesex and Hertfordshire. It is 54
m long, and 48 broad, containing 076,000
acres ; is divided into 20 hundreds, and 406
parishes ; has 27 market-tow ns ; and sends
eight members to parliament. The popula-
tion was 252,473 m 1811. It possesses a
variety of soil and face of country. The sw
part is occupied principally by the two
forests of Ejjping and Hainault ; and is
uoted for its butter, which takes the name
of Epping butter. The nw part, from
Saffron-Waldeii to Cambridge, is famous
for the growth of saffron ; and for a kind
of triple crop of coriander, carraway, and
teazle, which are all sown together, but
coma to maturity at different periods. The
middle part is a tine corn country, varied
with gentle inequalities of surface, and
S|)rinkled with woods. The part border-
EST
ing on the Thames and the sea consists
chiefly of marshy grounds, which afford
excellent pasturage. The principal rivers
are the Thames, Blackwater, Coin, Chel-
nier, Stour, Crouch, and Itoding. Beside
vast quantities of corn of all kinds, abun-
dance of calves are sent to the London
market; alsovvild fowls and oysters. The
chief manufacture is baize and stuffs.
Chelmsford is the county-town, but Col-
chester is the largest.
Essivgen, a town of Wirtemberg, which
has several convents, but tlie inhabitants
are chiefly Lutherans. It has th.ree exten-
sive suburbs, and its district yields good
Neckar wine. It is seated on the IS'eckar,
8 m SE Stutgard.
Estdiv, a town of France, in the depart-
iTient of Meuse, 12 m ene Verdun.
E.stakar, a town of Persia, in Earsistan,
capital of a district. Near it are the mag-
nilicent ruins of Persepolis. It is 50 m ne
Shiras. Lon. 53 40 e, lat. 30 5 n.
Estancia del. llet/, a town of Chili, capi-
tal of the province of Huilquilemu. It is
situate near the Biobio, 35mEbys Con-
ception. Lon. 71 50 w, iat. 36 50 s.
Estavfiyer, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Eriburg, with a fine castle; seat-
ed on the lake of Neuchatel, 13 m w
Friburg.
Este, a town of Italy, in Paduan, on
the river Bacchiglione, 15 m s\v Padua.
Estella, a town of Spain, in Navarre,
with a castle and a university; seated on
the Ega, 15 raw Pamplona. Lon. 2 2 w,
lat. 42 33 N.
Estepa, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with an ancient castle on a mountain, 13
m s Ecija, and 58 e Seville.
Estepona, a town of Spain, in Granada,
near the coast, 47 m wsw Malaga.
Estexan de Acoma, St. see Acoma.
Esthoniu, or Revel, a government of the
Russian empire, bounded on the w by the
Baltic, N by the gulf of Finland, e by In-
gria, and s by Livonia. This country was
confirmed to Sweden by the peace of
Olivia in 1660; but it was subdued by
Peter the great in 17 10, and ceded to
Russia in 1721. Revel is the capital.
Estliuaite-rcater, a lake in Lancashire,
2 m and a half long, and half a mile broad,
lying SSE of Hawkshead. A peninsula
from each side projecting into the lake,
almost divides it in two. On the banks
are villages and scattered houses, situate
under woods and hanging grounds clothed
with verdure, all heightened by the strong
background of rocky mountains. No ciiar
is found in this lake, though it is connected
with that of Windermere.
Estremadura, a province of Spain, 175
m long and 100 broad ; bounded on the N
ETI
by Leon, e by Old and New Casti'e, s by
Andalusia, and w by Portugal. It abounds
-with corn, wine, and fruit ; but the air is
bad for forei^rners, on account of excessive
heat. Cattle and fine wool are the chief
articles of trade ; and 2;reut herds of black
swine are fed on the hills, which are cover-
ed with oaks. Badajoz is the capital.
Estremadiira, a province of Portugal,
150 m long and from 25 to 75 broad ;
bounded on the K by Beira, e and s by
Alentejo, and w by the Atlantic ocean. It
abounds with excellent wine, oil, honey,
and oranges. Here the oran.;es were first
planted that were brought from China,
■and which were known by the name of
China orances. Lisbon is the capital.
Estremoz, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, and one of the strongest in the
liingdom, being surrounded by ten bastions.
An earthen ware is made here, greatly
esteemed for its beauty and fine smell ;
and in the vicinity are quarries of beautiful
marble. It is, 18 m w Elvas, and 100 e
Lisbon. Lon. 7 23 w, lat. 38 47 N.
Eszek, or Eszeg ; see Essek.
Etanipes, a town of Prap.ce, in the de-
partment of Seine and Oise, seated on the
Juine, 30 m ssw Paris.
Etaples, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, situate on the
English channel, near the mouth of the
Canche, 13 m s Boulogne.
Etmceh, a town of liindoostan, in Agra,
capital of a district lying between the
Jumna and Ganges. It has tlie remains
of a mud fort; and is situate on tiie left
bank of the Junma, which is here 60 feet
high in the dry season, 70 m se Agra.
Lon. 78 58 e, lat. 26 46 N.
Ethiopia, a name by which a vast region
of Africa has been distinguished by former
geographers, who divided it into Upper
and Lower Ethiopia. The first included
Nubia and part of Guinea; the second the
countries s of the equinoctial line, as
Con20, Monoemugi, &c.
Etienne, St. a town of France, in the
department of Loire. Beside the manu-
factures of arms, hardware, and cutlery
(the most considerable in France) the
weaving of ribands fi)rms a considerable
article of commerce. Coal is found in the
neighbourhood, and also a soft stone fit
for grindstones. It is 20 m se Montbrison,
and 32 sw Lyon. Lon. 4 24 e, lat. 45
25 N.
Etive, Loch, a navigable inlet of the
sea, on the w coast of Scotland, in Argyle-
shire. It is 20 ni in length, but of very
unequal breadth, and its banks are indented
with creeks, which aft'ord safe anchorage.
About 7 m from the entrance it contracts
"'nto a narrow channel, called Counel, where
ETR
a ridge of rocks occasions, at particular
times of the tide, a violent current. About
2 m below is the ancient castle of Dun- ^
staffnage.
Etna, a volcano, of Sicily, and the most
celebrated mountain in Europe. It is 63
m in compass, at the base, and 10,954
feet in height. The Sicilians divide it into
three regions: the lower contains vine-
yards, corn-fields, and pastures, with many
towns, villages, and convents ; the second
is covered with forests of oak, chestnut,
ash, fir, and pine, and an infinite number
of aromatic plants ; the third and most
elevated is entirely destitute of vegetation,
and always covered with ice and snow,
except here and there a thick layer of
black ashes. In many parts on the sides
of this mountain there are prismatic co-
lumns of basalt. The first eruption of
Etna, on record, is that mentioned by
Diodorus Siculus, without fixing the period
when it happened ; but the second, re-
corded by Thucydides, was in the year 734
B. C. From this period to the year 1447,
there were 18 more eruptions. After this
it ceased to emit fire near 90 years, the
next eruption being in 1536 ; other con-
siderable ones followed in 1554, 1567,
1G03, 1669, 1682, and 1693, wliich last
was attended with an earthquake that
overturned the town of Catania. Several
smaller eruptions have happened since.
From the great crater at the top issues
continually a sulphureous smoke ; but erup-
tions hence are very rare, as the lava
generally breaks out on some side before
it rises to that height. Beside the fruits,
which are the finest in the island, and the
wood for fiiel, which Etna affords, the
inhabitants likewise derive a profit from
its snow, which is of greater request thaa
ice, because it atTords a more cooling bever-
age. The sale of this article, in a small
district only, yields a yearly revenue of
23,000 livres to the bishop of Catania.
The mountain is 10 m n of the town of
Catania.
Eton, a town in Buckinghamshire, seat-
ed on the Thames, over which is a bridge
to Windsor. It is famous tor a school and
college, founded by Henry vi ; and Kings
college in Cambridge admits no other
students for fellows but what have been
l;rought up here. It is 22 m w London.
Etonduh, or Hettoicra, a town of Hin-
doostan, in Nepaul, and a place of some
trade; seated cm the Ilapti, 9 m w Moc-
wanpoor, and 40 s Catmandoo.
Eiruria, a name sometimes given to
Tuscany, which includes the greater part
of ancient Etruria, of which the present
Cortona was the capital.
Etruria, a village in Stafford ihire, a
ESS
(lie men; but tlieir complexion is not so
tiiiskv, and the nose is niore prominent ;
they have also the chin, rhcek-bones, and
forehead tattooed; and tlioy wear i!;loves,
made ot" white feathers. In sninmer, tliev
have notliint; to cover them in the nii;ht ;
and in Minter, tlicy lodge in tents made of
seal skins, or in caves. Their chief em-
ployment is himtins:; and tishins^; and they
keep a groat number of iaii^e and tierce
dogs, which are chiefly employed to drag
their sledges in winter. They are savatre,
covetous, faithless, and ever disf)oscd to
jiiischief; and on this account little com-
inercc is carried on with them.
J^aquiintiii.v Bat/, a bay on tiie sf, coast
of Labrador, and in the N part ot ilie gulf
of St. Lawrence. A river ot tiie sanie
name enters the head of the bay ; and
Esquimaux islands extend across its
rnoutii. Lon. 57 60 w, lat. 51 3Q \.
i's.vf/c, or Kszck, a trading town of
Sclavonia, with a strong fortress. The
population in 1815 v.as 9231. It stands
on the Drave,over which and the marshes is
a wooden bridge, 8 m long and 80 feet broad,
with towers at a quarter of a mile distant
from each other. It is a ditiicult pass, and
several battles have been fought iiere be-
tween the Turks and Germans. It is 100
ra WNw Belgrade, and liJG sbyw Buda.
Lon. 18 54 E, lat. 45 33 N.
Essen, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Berg. Here are several catholic
churches and convents, but the inhabitants
are chiefly Lutherans. It is 8 ni r, Duys-
burg.
Esens, a town of Westphalia, in E
Friesland, near thg German ocean, 20 m
i;xE Emden.
Esscquebo; see Issegiiiho.
Essex, a county of England, bounded on
tlie N by Cambridgeshire and Suffolk, e by
the German ocean, s by the same and the
Thames, which part it from Kent, and w
fcy Middlesex and Hertfordshire. It is 54
m long, and 48 broad, containing 976,000
acres ; is divided into 20 hundreds, and 406
parisl>es ; has 27 market-towns ; and sends
eiglit members to parliament. I'he popula-
tion was 252,473 in 1811. It possesses a
variety of soil and tace of country. The sw
part is occupied principally by the two
forests of Epping and Hainault ; and is
uoted for its butter, which taiies the name
of Epping butter. The nw part, from
Saffron-Walden to Cambridge, is famous
for the growth of satfron ; and for a kind
of triple crop of coriander, carraway, and
teazle, which are all sown together, but
come to maturity at dilferent periods. The
middle part is a tine corn country, varied
with gentle inequalities of surface, and
sprinkled with woods. The part border-
EST
ing on the Thames and the sfa consists
chielly of marshy grounds, which aiVord
excellent pasturage. The principal rivers
are the Thames, Black water, C.'olii, Chel-
iner, Stotir, Crouch, and Uoding. Beside
vast (juantities of corn of all kinds, abun-
dance of calves are scut to the London
market; also wild fowls and oysters. The
chief manufacture is baize and stuffs.
Chelmsford is the county-town, but Col-
chester is the largest.
Essiiiiien, a town of W irtemberg, which
hns several convents, but the inhabitants
arc chiefly Lutherans. It lias three exten-
sive suburbs, and its district yields good
Ncckar wine. It is seated on the IS'cckar,
8 m SE Stutgard.
J'^stain, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Meuse, 12 m kne \crdun.
Estiiha?-, a town of Persia, iu Earsistan,
capital of a district. Near it are the mag-
nilicent ruins of Persepolis. It is 50 m ne
Shiras. Lon. 53 40 e, lat. 30 5 N.
Estuncia del licj/, a town of Chili, capi-
tal of the province of Iluilquilemu. It is
situate near the Biobio, 35mEbys Con-
ception. Lon. 71 50 w, lat. 36 50 s.
Estavdyer, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Eriburg, with a fine castle; seat-
ed on the lake of ISeuchatel, 13 m w
Eriburg.
E.ste, a town of Italy, in Paduan, on
the river Bacchiglione, 15 m sw Padua.
Estella, a town of Spain, in Navarre,
vrith a castle and a university ; seated on
the Ega, 15 m w Pamplona. Lon. 2 2 w,
lat. 42 38 N.
Estepa, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with an ancient castle on a mountain, 13
m s Ecija, and 58 e Seville.
Estepona, a town of Spain, in Granada,
near the coast, 47 m wsw Malaga.
Estetan de Avonia, St. see Acoma.
Esthonia, or Revel, a government of the
Russian empire, bounded on the w by the
Baltic, K by the gulf of Finland, e by In-
gria, and s by Livonia. This country was
confirmed to Sweden by the peace of
Olivia in 1660; but it was subdued by
Peter the great in 1710, and ceded to
Russia in 1721. Revel is the capital.
Estliuuiie-Tvater, a lake in Lancashire,
2 m and a half long, and half a mile broad,
lying SSK of Hawkshead. A peninsula
from each side projecting into the lake,
almost divides it in two. On the banks
are villages and scattered houses, situate
under woods and hanging grounds clothed
with verdure, all heightened by the strong
background of rocky mountains. No char
is found in this lake, though it is connected
with that of Windermere.
Estremudura, a province of Spain, 175
m long and 100 broad j bounded on the N
ETI
by Leon, e by Old and New Casti'e, s by
Andalusia, and w by Portugal. It abounds
■with corn, wine, and fruit ; but the air is
bad for forei>j;ners, on account of excessive
heat. Cattle and fine wool are the chief
articles of trade ; and 2;reat herds of bhick
swine are fed on the hills, which are cover-
ed with oaks. Badajoz is the capital.
Estreiiiadii?-a, a province of Portusjal,
150 m long and from 25 to 75 broad ;
bounded on the n by Beira, e and s by
Aleiitejo, and w by the Atlantic ocean. It
abounds with excellent wine, oil, honey,
and orani^es. Here the oran^^es were first
planted that were brought from China,
and which were known by the name of
China oranges. Lisbon is the capital.
Entremoz, a town of Poriugai, in Alen-
tejo, and one of the strongest in the
kingdom, being surrounded by ten bastions.
An earthen ware is made here, greatly
esteemed for its beauty and fine smell ;
■and in the vicinity are quarries of beautiful
marble. It is, 18 m w Elvas, and 100 e
Lisbon. Lon. 7 23 w, lat. 38 47 N.
Eszck, or Eszeg ; see Es:iek.
Etampes, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Oise, seated on the
Juine, 30 m ssw Paris.
Etiiples, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, situate on the
English channel, near the mouth of the
Canche, 13 m s Boulogtie.
Etfiwe/i, a town of Ilindoostan, in Agra,
capital of a district lying between the
Jumna and Ganges. It has the remains
of a mud fort; and is situate on the left
bank of the Jumna, which is here 60 feet
high in the dry season, 70 m se Agra.
Lon. 78 58 e, lat. 26 46 n.
Ethiopia, a name by which a vast region
of Africa has Ueen distinguished by former
geographers, who divided it into Upper
and Lower Ethiopia. The first included
Nubia and part of Guinea; the second the
countries s of the equinoctial line, as
Congo, Monoemugi, &c.
Etienne, St. a town of France, in the
department of Loire. Beside the manu-
factures of arms, hardware, and cutlery
(the most considerable iu France) the
weaving of ribands forms a considerably
article of commerce. Coal is found in the
neighbourhood, and also a soft stone fit
for grindstones. It is 20 m se Montbrison,
and 32 sw Lyon. Lon. 4 24 e, lat. 45
25 N.
Etive, Loch, a navigable inlet of the
■sea, on the w coast of Scotland, in Argyle-
shire. It is 20 ni in length, but of very
unequal breadth, and its banks are indented
with creeks, which aftbrd safe anchorage.
About 7 m from the entrance it contracts
Mito a narrow channel, called Connel, where
ETR
a ridge of rocks occasions, at particular
times of the tide, a violent current. About
2 m below is the ancient castle of Dun- ^
staffnage.
Etna, a volcano, of Sicily, and the most
celebrated mountain in Europe. It is 63
m in compass, at the base, and 10,954
feet in height. The Sicilians divide it into
three regions: the lower contains vine-
yards, corn-fields, and pastures, with many
towns, villages, and convents ; the second
is covered with forests of oak, chestnut,
ash, fir, and pine, and an infinite number
of aromatic plants ; the third and most
elevated is entirely destitute of vegetation,
and always covered with ice and snow,
except here and tliare a thick layer of
black ashes. In many parts on the sides
of this mountain there are prismatic co-
lumns of basalt. The first eruption of
Etna, on record, is that mentioned by
Diodorus Siculus, without fixing the period
when it happened ; but the second, re-
corded by Thucydides, was in the year 724
B. C. From this pei-iod to the year 1447,
there were 18 more eruptions. After this
it ceased to emit fire near 90 years, the
next eruption being in 1536 ; other con-
siderable ones followed in 1554, 1567,
1603, 1669, 1682, and 1693, which last
was attended with an earthquake that
overturned the town of Catania. Several
smaller eruptions have happened since.
From the great crater at the top issues
continually a sulphureous smoke ; but erup-
tions hence are very rare, as the lava
generally breaks out on some side before
it risos to that height. Beside the fruits,
which are the finest in the island, and the
wood fi)r fiiel, which I\tna aftbrds, the
inhabitants likewise derive a profit from
its snow, which is of greater request than
ice, because it atlbrds a morecooimg bever-
age. The sale of this article, in a small
di^trict only, yields a yearly revenue o€
23,000 livres to tlie bishop of Catania.
The mountain is 10 m n of the town of
Catania.
Eton, a town in Buckmghamshire, seat-
ed on the 'i'hames, over which is a bridge
to Windsor. It is famous for a school and
college, founded by Henry vi ; and Kings
college in Cambridge admits no other
students for fellows but what have been
lirought up here. It is 22 m w London.
Etonduh, or Hettoicra, a town of Hin-
doostan, iu Nepaul, and a place of some
trade ; seated on the llapti, 9 in w Moc-
wanpoor, and 40 s Catmandoo.
Etriaia, a name sometimes given to
Tuscany, which includes the gre-ater part
of ancient Etruria, of which the present
Cortona was the capital.
Etruria, a village in StafFordsliire, a
FAL
Medina Siclonia, admiral of the Spanish
armada, was wrecked in 1588.
Fairfield, a town of Onnecticut, capital
of acountj. It was burnt by a party of tories
and British in 1777. It has a considerable
trade to the W Indies, and is situate on
Mill Rum, near its entrance into Long-
island sound, 30 m NE New York. Lou.
73 30 w, hit. 41 12 N.
Fairfield, a village in Lancashire, 4 m e
Manchester. It is a settlement of the
Moravians, who have a large chapel, with
an organ, &c. The men prosecute various
branches of the cotton business, and the
women execute tambour and fine needle-
work.
Fail-ford, a town in Gloucestershire,
with a market on Thursday. The church
was founded in 1493, by John Tame, a
merchant of London, purposely for the re-
ception of some glass, taken by one of his
vessels, in a ship going to Rome : it has
28 windows, beautifully painted with sub-
jects, chiefly scriptural, designed by the
famous Albert Durer. It is seated near
the Coin, 25 m se Gloucester, and 80 w
byN London,
" Fairley, a village of Scotland, on the
coast of Ayrshire, 12 rn nw Irvine. It
has a small harbour; and the strait in the
frith of Clyde, formed by the coast and the
Cumbray isles, is called Fairley Road.
Fuisans, a small island, in the river
Bidassoa, which separates France from
Spain. It is also called the Isle of Con-
ference, because Louis xi^' and Philip iv
here swore to observe the peace of the
Pyrenees, in 1660, after 24 conferences
between their ministers. It is considered
as a neutral island, and lies between An-
daye and Fontarabia.
Fakcnham, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Thursday, situate on a hill, by
the river Yare, 20 m NW Norwich, and
113 >.NE London.
Falaise, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Calvados, with a castle, and one
of the finest towers in France. It is the
birthplace of William i of England, and
has a trade in serges, linen, and lace. It
stands on the river Ante, 20 m se Caen,
and 115 w Paris.
., Fale, a river in Cornwall, which flows
by Granipound and Tregony to Falmouth,
where it forms a fine haven in the English
channel.
Falkenau, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Saatz, with manufactures uf alum,
sulphur, and vitriol; seated on the river
Egra, 12 m n Egra.
I'ulkenbef^; a town of Sweden, in Hal-
Jand, at the mouth of the Athran, on the
C3tegat, 17 m xw Halmstadt.
Fulkoiberg, a to\;'n of J3randsaburg, in
FAL
the New mark, with a castle, seated on
the Drage, 32 m EV)y n New Stargard.
Falktnberg, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Oppeln, with a castle, 14 m
s by E Brieg.
Falkeustein, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, and county of Fal-
kenstein. It stands a little to the n of
Winweiler, and 24 m whys Worms.
Falkirk, a town of Scotland, in Stirling-
shire, famous for its great trysts, or cattle
fairs, held four times a year. Here a
battle was fought under Wallace against
Edward i, in 1298. It is seated on an
eminence, near the Carron and the Great
canal, 12 m sse Stirling, and 24 wbyjr
Edinburg.
Falkland, a corporate town of Scotland,
in Flfeshire, with some linen manufactures.
Here are the ruins of a royal palace, in
which James v died, and some apartments
are still inhabited. It is 24 ra N Edin-
burg.
Falkland Islands, two large islands,
surrounded by a great number of smaller,
lying in the Atlantic ocean, to the e of the
strait of Magellan. The least of the two
large islands lies e of the other, from which
it is separated by a channel called Falk-
land Sound. These islands were probably
seen by Magellan, but Davis is deemed the
discoverer of them, in 1592 ; and they were
visited by sir Richard Hawkins in 1594.
In 1765, commodore Byron made a settle-
ment here ; but in 1770 the Spaniards for-
cibly dispossessed the English. This aftair
was settled by a convention, and the Eng-
lish regained possession ; but in 1774, the
settlement was abandoned, and the islands-
ceded to Spain. See Fort Egmont.
Falkopiiig, a town of Sweden, in W
Gothland, 15 m s by e Skara, and 68 ese
Gothenburg.
Fabnuuth, a seaport and the largest town
in Cornwall, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Thursday. It has a noble and
extensive harbour, communicating with a
number of navigable creeks, and its en-
trance is defended by the castles of St.
Maws and Pendennis. It is a place of
great traffic, much improved by its being
the station of the packets to the s of Eu-
rope, and America. The population was
3933 in 1811. It stands on the Fale, at
its entrance in the English channel, 10 m
s Truro, and 269 wsw London. Lon. 5
2 w, lat. 50 8 N.
Falmouth, a seaport of Massachusets, in
Barnstable county. In 1775, this town
was burned by the British, for denying
them the provisions they demanded. It
is situate on the \v side of a small bay, 28
m wsw Barnstable. Lon. 70 35 w, lat.
41 33 Nr
EYL
Ilockin<;hain countv, with a good harbour,
on Exeter river, a braiicli of the Piscata-
qua. It has several manufactures, and the
saddlery business is carried on to a great
extent. Some vessels are built here, the
river being capable of floating down those
of oOO tons. Here are two congregational
churches, a celebrated academy, and a
capacious court-house. It is 15 m sw
Portsmouth, and ")d n Boston. Lon. 710
w, lat. 42 i}6 N.
Exeter, a town of N Carolina, in New
Hanover county, on the nk branch of Cape
Tear river, 30 m >■ W ihnington.
Exidcml, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Dordogne, 20 m ne Perigueux,
.and '23 s Limoges.
Esillcx, a strong town of Piedmrmt, with
m fortified castle on a mountain, which
guards one of the passes into the country.
It is seated on the Doire, 37 m wnw Turin.
Exmoor, a forest in the nw corner of
'Somersetshire, extending thence into De-
vonshire. It is a black sterile region.
Ex7noiith, a village in Devonshire, on
the E side of the mouth of the Ex (over
which is a ferry) 10 m sse Exeter. It is
much frequented for the benefit of sea-
bathing.
Ei/be7ischitz, a town of Moravia, in the
circle of Znaim, on the river Ollawa, 12 m
sw Brnnn.
F.yder, a river and canal that separates
Germany from Denmark. The river rises
in Holstein, and ilows w by Rensburg,
Fredricstadt, and Tonningen into the
German ocean. The canal passes e from
Rensburg to a bay of the Baltic, a little n
of Kiel. These jointly afibrd a safe inland
navigation across the country, between the
Baltic sea and German ocean.
JEj/e, a borough in Suffolk, with a mar-
ket on Satuiday. Here are tlie ruins of
a castle and a Benedictine abbey. The
■wojiien are employed in making bone-
lace. It is 20 m N Ipswich, and 89 ne
London.
Eye, a river of Scotland, which rises in
the Nw part of Berwickshire, and enters
the ocean at Eyemouth.
Ei/emout/i, a town of Scotland, in Ber-
wickshire, with a harbour for vessels of
small burden, and a trade in corn and
"kelp ; seated at the mouth of the Eye, 7 ni
jiKW Berwick.
Eyldu, Dutch, a town of Prussia, in the
province of Oberland, at the s end of a
lake, 47 m EbyN Culm, and 90 ssw
Konigsberg.
Ei/Utu, F7'ussia7i, a town of Prussia, in
tlie province of Natangen. In 1807, a
most bloody battle was fought here be-
tween the French and Russians, which ter-
FAI
minated in favour of the former. It is 24
m sbyE Konigsberg.
Ey €777 on tic 7- s, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Vienne, with a con-
siderable trade in skins, leather, and rags;
seated on the \'iemie, 20 m n Limoges.
Eynapoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bejapoor, on the river Kistnah, 11 m SSE
Merritch.
Ey7}cili()ve7i, a town of the Netherlands,
in Dutch Brabant, at the conflux of the
l-'vudij with the Dommel, 13 m se Bois Ic
Due.
Eyiccniowitz, a town of Moravia, in the
circle of Olmutz, 23 m S;;\v Ohnutz.
F.
Fanhorg, a town of Denmark, on the
s coast of the island of F'unen, 17 ms
Odensee.
FubriuTio, a town of Italy in the marqui-
sate of Ancona, famous for its excellent
paper. It is 25 m ne Foligno.
Fuenzii, a city of Italy, in Romagna, and
a bishop's see, with an old fortress. The
cathedral stands in the great square, and
has a steeple five stories high, with balus-
trades. In 1796, it was taken by the
F'rench, and afterward retaken by the
troops of the pope; but in 1797 the latter
were defeated ami expelled. I'aenza is
famous for fine earthen ware. It stands
on the Amona, 20 m wsw Raveima.
Fuldim, a town of Sweden, capital of
Dalecarlia. Here are two churches, one
of which is covered with copper. Near it
is a large and rich copper mine, deemed
the oldest in Sweden ; also a manufacture
of green and blue vitriol. It is situate amid
rocks and hills, between the lakes Run and
Warpen, 110 m nw Stockholm. Lon. 15 50
w, lat. tiO 40 N.
Fuifo, a town of Cochinchina, and a
place of great trade ; situate on a river
that Hows into the bay ofTuroii, 30 m SE
Turon.
Fair Head, the ne point of Ireland, in
Antrim county. It is a vast promontory
500 feet above the sea, presenting to view
a mass of rude columnar stones, many of
them exceeding 200 I'eet in length. At
the base of these gigantic columns lies
a wild waste of ruins of an enormous
size.
Fair Isle, an island in the Northern
ocean, between the Shetlawd and Orkneys,
from both which its towering rocks are
visible. It is above 3 m long and nearlj
2 broad, and affords excellent pasturage
for sheep. On the e sidcj the dnke of
FAL
Medina Sidonia, admiral of the Spanish
armada, was wrecked in 1588.
Fairfield, a town of (.onnecticut, capital
of acoiintj. It was burnt by a party of tories
and British in 1777. It has a considerable
trade to the W Indies, and is situate on
Mill Run, near its entrance into Long-
island sound, 50 m NE New York. Lon.
73 30 w, lat. 41 12 n.
Fairfield, a village in Lancashire, 4 m e
Manchester. It is a settlement of the
Moravians, who have a large chapel, with
an organ, &c. The men prosecute various
branches of the cotton business, and the
women execute tambour and hne needle-
work.
Fairford, a town in Gloucestershire,
with a market on Thursday. The church
Avas founded in 1493, by John Tame, a
merchant of London, purposely for the re-
ception of some glass, taken by one of his
vessels, in a ship going to Rome : it has
28 window s, beautifully painted with sub-
jects, chiefly scriptural, designed by the
famous Albert Durer. It is seated near
the Coin, 25 m se Gloucester, and 80 w
byN London.
Fuirley, a village of Scotland, on the
coast of Ayrshire, 12 m >\v Irvine. It
has a small harbour; and the strait in the
frith of Clyde, formed by the coast and the
Cumbray isles, is called Fairley Road.
Fuisaiis, a small island, in the river
Bidassoa, which separates France from
Spain. It is also called the Isle of Con-
ference, because Louis xi^' and Philip iv
here swore to observe the peace of the
Pyrenees, in 1660, after 24 conferences
between their ministers. It is considered
as a neutral island, and lies between An-
daye and Fontarabia.
Fakenham, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Thursday, situate on a hill, by
the river Yare, 20 m kw Norwich, and
113 NXE London.
Falaise, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Calvados, with a castle, and one
of the finest towers in France. It is the
birthplace of William i of England, and
has a trade in serges, linen, and lace. It
stands on the river Ante, 20 m se Caen,
and 115 w Paris.
- Fale, a river in Cornwall, which flows
by Grampound and Tregony to Falmouth,
where it formsa fine haven in the English
channel.
Falkenau, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Saatz, with manufactures of alum,
sulphur, and ritriol; seated on the river
Egra, 12 m x Egra.
Falkenber^, a town of Sweden, in Hal-
Jaiid, at the mouth of the Athran, on the
C'ategat, 17 m nw Ilalmstadt.
Fulkenberg, a to\>'n of Brandenburg, in
FAL
the New mark, with a castle, seated on
the Drage, 32 m EbyN New Stargard.
Falkenbcrg, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Oppeln, with a castle, 14 m
s by E Brieg.
Falkenatein, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, and county of Fal-
kenstein. It stands a little to the n of
Winweiler, and 24 m whys Worms.
Falkirk, a town of Scotland, in Stirling-
shire, famous for its great trysts, or cattle
fairs, held four times a year. Here a
battle was fought under Wallace against
Edward i, in 1 298. It is seated on an
eminence, near the Carron and the Great
canal, 12 m sse Stirling, and 24 wbyM
Edinburg.
Falkland, a corporate town of Scotland,,
in Fifesliire, with some linen manufactures.
Here are the ruins of a royal palace, in
which James v died, and some apartments
are still inhabited. It is 24 m n Edin-
burg.
Falkland Islands, two large islands,
surrounded by a great number of smaller,
lying in the Atlantic ocean, to the e of the
strait of Magellan. The least of the two
large islands lies e of the other, from which
it is separated by a channel called Falk-
land Sound. These islands were probably
seen by Magellan, but Davis is deemed the
discoverer of them, in 1592 ; and they were
visited by sir Richard Hawkins in 1594.
In 1765, commodore Byron made a settle-
ment here ; but in 1770 the Spaniards for-
cibly dispossessed the English. This affair
was settled by a convention, and the Eng-
lish regained possession; but in 1774, the
settlement was abandoned, and the islands-
ceded to Spain. See Fort Egmont.
Falkoping, a town of Sweden, in W
Gothland, 15 m s by e Skara, and 63 ese
Gothenburg.
Falmouth, a seaport and the largest town
in Cornwall, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Thursday. It has a noble and
extensive harbour, communicating with a
number of navigable creeks, and its en-
trance is defended by the castles of St.
Maws and Pendennis. It is a place of
great traffic, much improved by its being
the station of the packets to the s of Eu-
rope, and America. The population was
3933 in 1811. It stands on the Fale, at
its entrance in the English channel, 10 ni
s Truro, and 269 wsw London. Lon. 5
2 w, lat. 50 8 N.
Falmouth, a seaport of Massachusets, in
Barnstable county. In 1775, this town
was burned by the British, for denying
them the provisions they demanded. It
is situate on the w side of a small bay, 28
m wsw Barnstable. Lon. 70 35 w, lat.
41 33 i(.
FAR
Fuhiiouth, a town of Virginia, in Stiif-
ford county, on tlie river Kappalinnnoc,
nearly opposite Fredricsburj;, ami 40 ni
sw y\lexandria.
Fulmouth, a town of Janincia, on tlic
N coast, and on tlie s side of Martha
Brae harbour. Lou. 77 lio av, hit. 18
31 N.
Fulnioitt.h, a town of the ishnui of An-
tigua, on tlie s coast, with atbrtihcd luu-
bour. Lon. G'^l 0 w, lat. l(i o5 N.
Fuhey Cope, a ))roinontory to the r of
that of the Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18
-14 K, lat. T>4 l(i s.
Fahe hat/, a bay between the Cape of
Good Hope and Cape False, frequented
durnig the prevalence of the isw winds in
May.' Lon. 18 33 y., lat. 34 10 s.
Fcthter, an island of Deinnark, in the
Baltic, uf a triangular form, CO ni in cir-
cuit, lying i: of Laland. It exports a great
quantity of corn, and produces al>undance
of fruit. INykoping is the capital.
Fahtciho, a town of Sweden, in Schonen,
chieiiy known for a lighthouse and its hei-
ring fishery, 2'i m ssw Lund. Lon. 12 48
£, lat. 55 li2 N.
Fumagusta, a town of Cyprus, and a
Greek bishop's see, with a fiarbour, de-
fended by two forts. It was taken by the
Turks, in 1570, after a siege of 10 months,
■when they ilayed the Venetian governor
alive, and murdered the inhabitants, though
they surrendered on honorable terms. It
is 18 m K Nicosia. Lon. 34 0 E, lat. 35
12 N.
Fuwars, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord ; near which the French
were defeated by the allies in 1793. It is
S ni s Aalenciennes.
Fanano, a town of Italy, in Modenese,
25 m s Modena.
Farijeaux, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aude, 14 m w Carcassone.
Fano, a fortified town of Italy, in the
<luchy of Urbino, and a bishop's see, with
a small port formed by a branch f>f the
Metro. Here are an ancient triumphal
arch, handsome churches, and fine palaces.
It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 18 m e
Urbino.
Funtin, a kingdom of Guinea, on the
Gold coast, where the English and Dutch
have forts. Its palm-wine is much better
than that on other parts of the coast.
The villages are numerous, and the -capital
is of the same name, about 12 m up the
country. The English fort called Aniie-
mabo is at the mouth of a river. Lon. 0
10 «, lat. 5 5 N.
Faoua ; see Foue.
Faouet, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Morbihan, 21 m n by w Orient.
Fardapoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in
FAR
Berar, with a small fort, 41 m nkw Jal-
najioor.
Fare/iam, a town in Hampshire, with a
market on \V"ednesday. Sloops and smaller
vessels are built here, and it has a con-
siderable trade in coal, corn, canvas, aixd
ropes. It is seated at the nw point of
J'ortsmouth harbour, 5 m nkw Gosport,
and 73 whys London.
]'nrewell, Cape, the most southerly point
of Greenland, and the k point of the en-
trance of Davis strait. Lon. 44 42 w, lat.
59 38 N.
Fiirezvell, Cape, a promontory of the
island of New Zealand. Lon. 172 41 k,
lat. 40 37 S.
Fari^cdv, St. a town of France, in the
department of Yonne, with a castle, 10 m
SE Alixene.
Furim, a country of Senegambia, lying
s of the river Gambia. It has a town of
the same name, on the river St. Domingo.
Lon. 14 30 w, lat. 12 10 n.
Furmingfon, -a town of Connecticut, in
Hartford county, with a large congrega-
tional church ; situate on the river Farm-
ingtoii, which below the town receives the
Cambridge, and then acquires the name of
Windsor river. It is 10 m avsw Hartford,
and 24 f. Lichfield.
Furnhain, a town in Surry, with a market
on Thursday. It has a castle on an emi-
nence, belonging to the bishop of Win-
chester ; and a royal military college^
where young officers are instructed in ma-
thematics, fortification, &c. Farnham is
celebrated for its plantations of hops, and
has a great trade in corn and Welch hose.
It is seated on the Wye, 12 m w Guildford,
and 38 wsw London.
Fcno, an island of Sweden, near that
of Gothland, about 30 m in circuit, popu-
lous and fertile. The principal town lias
the same name, and is situate on the sk
coast. Lon. 19 7 e, lat. 37 50 n.
Faro, a city of Portugal, capital of AI-
garva, and a bishop's see, with a castle.
Jt has the greater part of the trade of the
province, and exports wine, figs, oranges,
sprats, and tunny-fish. It is situate near
the mouth of the Fermosa, in the gulf of
Cadiz, 103 m sby w Evora. Lon. 8 0 w,
lat. 37 4 N.
Faroer Islands; see Feroe. Islands.
Fa70 of Messina, the strait betweea
Italy and Sicily, remarkable for having the
tide ebb and flow every six hours, though
but 7 ni over. It is so named, from th&
faro, or lighthouse, on Cape Faro, and iti
vicinity to Messina.
Farr, n town of Scotland, on the N
coast of Sutherlandshire, at the liead of
a bay of its name, and the mouth of the
rirer Naver, in wh'tl, is a good salmon
FAY
fishery. On the promontory of Farr
Head is the ruin of a fort. It is 32 in K by
w Dornocli.
Farrin<;don, a town in llerkshire, with
a market on Tuesday, seated on an emi-
nence, 15 m w Abingdon, and 68 wbyN
London.
Farsistan, or Fara, a province of Persia,
bounded on the n by Irak, e by Kerman,
s by Laristan, and w by the Persian gult
and Kusistan. It is very fertile in the
centre ; mountainous on the x, where are
a great number of wild swine; and so
sandy on the s as to produce Uttle else than
pahn-trees. In the forests aie trees from
which mastic is gathered ; and emeralds
are common. Shiras is the capital.
Fartack, a town of Arabia Pelix, in
Hadramant, at the foot of a cape of the
same name, 150 m e Shi bam. Lon. 51
50 E, hit. 15 30 N.
Futsii, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Roum, with an old palace, and a large
bazar for merciiants, who trade to Crimea.
It is situate on a fine bay of the Black sea,
110m XNE Tocat.
Faucigiii/, a district of the canton of
Geneva, which was formerly a part of the
duchy of Savoy. The chief town is Bon-
neville.
Favei'iicy, a town of France, in the de-
pcirtment of Upper Saone, 8 m n Vesoul.
Favognana, an island on the w side of
Sicily, 7 m long and 2 broad, abounding
in good water and fresh provisions. Seve-
ral hundred convicts are always kept liere;
and on one part that is extremely high,
there is a strong castle in whicli state pri-
soners are confined. Both sides of the
island ati'ord excellent anchorage, and on
the N side is a town. Lon. 1^ 25 e, lat.
38 16 N.
Fuuquejnont ; see Valkenhurg.
Fayal, one of the Azores, or Western
islands, whici'? suffered greatly by an earth-
quake, in 1764. The chief town is Villa
de Horta.
Fayence, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Var, celebrated for its manu-
facture of earthen ware ; seated near the
Biason, 10 m w Grasse.
Fuyettc, a district of N Carolina, com-
prehending the counties of Moore, Cum-
berland, Sampson, Richmond, llobeson,
and Anson.
Fui/ettcville, a town of N Carolina, in
Cumberland county, capital of the district
of Fayette. Its trade with Wilmington is
considerable, to which it sends tobacco,
wheat, hemp, cotton, lumber, staves, naval
stores, &c. and has returns of European
and Indian goods. It is situate on Cross
creek, which soon enters the nw branch of
Cape Fear river, 60 m s by w Ralegh, and
FE
90 NW Wilmington. Lon. 79 10 w, iat.
i>5 5 N.
Fui/own, or Fium, a town of Egypt, ca-
pital of a province. It has a trade in flax,
linen, mats, raisins, and tigs ; and is seated
on a canal that communicates with the
IXile, 49 m ssw Cairo. Lon. 30 39 k, lat.
29 27 N.
Fe, St. a town of Spain, in Granada,
built by Ferdinand during the siege of
Granada. It sutVered greatly by an earth-
quake in 1809, and stands in a fertile plain,
near the river Xenil, 6 m wbyK Granada.
Fe, St. a cit)' of the govermnent of
Buenos Ayres, surrounded by a wall. It
is of considerable importance, being the
channel tlu'ongh which the Paraquay tea
is sent into Peru. The environs abound
in silk, corn, wine, fruit, game, and cattle.
It is seated on the Parana, at the influx of
the Salado, 240 m x\w Buenos Ayres.
Lon. 61 10 w, lat. 31 30 s.
Fe, St. the capital of New Mexico, and
a bishctp's see, with a fortress. The popula-
tion 4500, exclusive of the garrison. In the
centre is a large square, and on its n side
is the governor's palace, guardhouses, &c.
The housei are generally one story high,
with flat roofs, and have a mean appear-
ance on the outside, but some are richly
furnished. The manufactures in its vici-
nity are leather, cotton, coarse woollen
cloths, blankets, tobacco, pottery, and
copper vessels. It stands on a river, which
27 m below enters the Rio del Norte, and
is 510 m N Chihuahua. Lon. 104 53 w,
lat. 36 12 .\.
Fe, St. or St. Fe de Bogota, a province
of New Granada, bounded on the n by
St. Martha and Merida, e by Llanos, s by
Popayan, and w by Antioquia. It is ex-
ceedingly mountainous, lying on the w of
the eastern chain of the Andes, and on
borh sides of the river Magdalena, which
per\^ades the whole province from s to N.
The western slope of the chain of moun-
tains ,'s broken into numberless elevated
peaks .Hud plains, intersected with cre-
vices o.*'" tremendous appearance, over
which, in several places, nature has formed
very sinirul'ir bridges. The plain of Ba-
gottt, on w.hich the capital stands, pro-
duces two h.irvests annually, and other
plains feed numerous horses and mules,
which are expo.''ted to Peru. The other
products are gold, silver, gems, salt, anA
coal,
Fe, St. or Bogota^ a city, the capitrd of
the above province and of all N-ew Gra-
nada, and an archbish.op's see, w\th a uni-
versity. It is handsomely buih., contain-
ing four great squares, with vr,d& and re-
gular streets. The cathe:dra). is a magni-
ficent structure; and hec^y ure a palace, a
FEJ
royal mint, and other public edifices, ne-
cessary for the ooveniment of the vice-
royalty. Tiie iiiliahilaiits, estimated at
30,000, are chiefly occupied in the internal
trade of the country. The city stands on
a luxuriant |)lain, wliich is elevated 8720
feet above the ocean, and encircled by
lofty mountains. Two rivulets run through
the town, and then join the Funza, or
Pati, which Ikiws to the Ma>;,dalenH. St.
Pe is 470 in m: Quito. Lon. 74 8 w, lat.
4 42 N.
Fear, Cape, a cape of N Carolina, where
there is a dani:;erous shoal, called, from its
form, the Fryinj^ Pan, lying at the entrance
of Cape Fear river. This river is formed
by two branches, called the nw and nk
branches, which unite above Wilminp;ton ;
and it enters the Atlantic below Bruns-
wick. Lon. 73 10 w, lat. 33 51 N.
Feathard, a boroup;h of Ireland, in Wex-
ford county, on the w side of the entrance
of Bannow bay, 22 m sw Wexford.
Fecamp, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine, with a small harbour
on the English channel, and a trade in
linen, serges, lace, leather, and hats. It is
24 m XE Havre de Grace.
Fejees, or Fejee Islands, a cluster of
islands and reefs in the S Pacific ocean,
lying 120 leagues KW of the iM-iendly Is-
lands. The northern part'ofthis numer-
ous group, in lat. 15 33 s, was discovered
by Tasman in 1643, and by him were
named Prince William Islands. Captain
Bligh, in 1789, fell in with the most eastern
of the Fejees in lon. 178 w; and, in 1799,
doubled the southmost isKind in lon. 178
E, lat. 19 15 s. He landed no where, and
the islanders attempted to overtake the
ship with their canoes, apparently with
hostile intentions. Captain Barber, in
1794, discovered the western part of the
group ; and saw six of the islands, the
largest in lon. 175 15 r, lat. 17 30 s. He
anchored in a bay on its w side, and some
natives, who came olF in a canoe, were
reluctant to come aboard, and seemed un-
accustomed to trade. The next day a
number of canoes attacked the ship, wound-
ed two of the crew w ith their arrows, and
attempted to board ; but the savages were
repulsed by the ships swivels and small
arms. The principal island is called Fejee;
this and the other large ones appear to be
fertile, and variegated with hills and vallies.
They seem to be under the government of
dilJerent chiefs, being frequently at war
witii each other. The navigation of this
exteniuve group, on every side, is intricate
and dangerous. The natives are a distinct
race from those of the Friendly islands ;
they speak a diflerent language, and, beside
iifears and ci'ubs, make use of bows HJ'd
FEM
arrows in battle; their stature is superior,
their complexion darker, and their hair
approaches to wool ; they moreover retaiu
the practice of eating the flesh of enemies
whom they have killed, and even massacre
their prisoners for that purpose. The in-
tercourse of Fejee w^ith Tonga is becoming
more frequent. The natives of the latter
regard the Fejceans as superior to them-
selves in military prowess and mechanical
ingenuity ; their wcajions and clothing be-
ing better wrought, and some manufac-
tures, especially that of earthen vessels,
being carried on at Fejee, which are not
attempted at Tonga.
Fcira, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 10
m SE Oporto, and 30 n by e Aveiro.
Felu/ii ; see Dorak.
Feldkirch, a town of Germany, in Tyrol,
capital of a county. It is seated on the
III, near its entrance into the Khine, 19 m
s Bregenz. Lon. 9 43 e, lat. 47 10 n.
Feldsbia-g,a town and castle of Austris,
with a fine palace, seated on the Teya, IS
m E Laab.
Felegi/paza, a town of Lower Hungary,,
capital of Cumania county. The popula-
tion in 1815 was 9105. It is situate in a
marshy plain, 67 m SSE Pest. Lon. 20 3 e,
lat. 46 42 N.
Felicudi, one of the Lipari islands, in the
Mediterranean, 23 m w Lipari. It is
composed of a group of hills, and has a
cavern called the Grotto of the Sea-ox, in
which is a kind of apartment 200 feet long,
120 broad, and 65 high.
Felix, St. an island in the Pacific ocean,
lying KKw of Juan Fernandez. Lon. 86
w, lat. 26 s.
Felletin, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Creuse, with a manufacture
of tapestry, 20 m ssw Evaux, and 21 sse
Gueret.
Fellin, a town of Russia, in Livonia, oa
the river Pernau, 62 ni se Revel.
Fehhcrg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-
Cassel, with an ancient castle on a rock,
12ms Cassel.
Fcltri, a town of Italy, capital of Fel-
trino, and a bishop's see. It is fortified,
and seated on the Asona, 30 m nw Treviso.
Lon. 11 55 e, lat. 46 3 x.
Feltrino, a district of Italy, lying be-
tween Belunese, Trevisano, Vicentino, and
the principality of Trent. It abounds in
mountains, in which are iron mines. Feltri
is the only place of note.
Femern, a low and fertile island of Den-
mark, in the Baltic, 10 ra long and 5 broad,
separated from the coast of Ilolstein, by a
narrow channel, called the Femern Sound,
In the NW part is an elevation called the
Virgins JVJount, where the sanguinary
tyrant Eric caused all the young women of
FER
the island to be assembled and massacred.
Bore; is the chief town.
Fcnestrange, a town of France, in the
department of Meurte, on the river Sarte,
40 m E by n Nancy.
Fenestrelle, a town and fort of Piedmont,
seated on the Cluson, 18 m w Turin.
Ferabcid, a town of Persia, in Mazan-
deran. The environs produce susjar, rice,
and silk. It is seated on a river, near
its mouth in the Caspian sea, 20 m nne
Sari .
Ferah, or Furruh, a walled town of P'er-
sia, in Segistcm, situate in a fertile valley,
on a river of the same name, which flows
into the lake Zereh, 120 ni w.\w Candahar,
and 1(J0 NE Zarang.
Fercala, or Forcula, a town of the king-
dom of Tafilet, and the principal place of
a district. It is 50 m w Sugulmessa. Lon.
4 30 w, lat. 31 40 N.
Fere, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aisne, famous for its powder-mill
and school of artillery. Near it is the
castle of St Gobin, in which is a manufac-
ture of fine plate-glass. Fere is seated at
the conflux of the Serre and Oise, 20 m n
Soissons, and 73 ne Paris.
Ferentino, a town of Italy, in CampaL'na
di Roma, situate on an eminence, 40 m
ESE Rome.
Ferette, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Riiine, on the river 111,
near its source, 40 m s Colmar.
Fermanagh, a county of Irelan.d, in the
province of Ulster, i58 m long and 23
broad ; bounded on the n by Donegal and
Tyrone, e by Tyrone and Monaghan, s by
Cavan and Leitrim, and w by Leitrim.
It contains about 72,000 inhabitants, is
divided into 18 parishes, and sends three
members to parliament. The linen manu-
facture, and the raising of cattle and hemp,
are the chief employ of the inhabitants.
The county is navigable throughout by
means of Lough Erne ; but the uneven
surface, and numerous bogs, render it dit-
ficialt for travelling. Enniskillen is the
capital.
Fermo, a town of Italy, in the marqui-
sate of A neon a, and an archbishop's see,
with a castle and small port, on the gulf of
Venice, 28 m s>e Ancona. Lon. 13 50 e,
lat. 43 7 N.
Fermoi/, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county. Here are very extensive artillery
barracks, and many flourishing manufac-
tures. It is situate on the Blackwater, 20
m KNE Cork.
Fernnn Nunnez, a town of Spain, in
Andalusia, 15 m sse Cordova.
Fernando, St. a town ot Chili, capital
of the provmce of Calchagua. It is situate
FER
in a beautiful country, not far from the
Tinguiririca, 90 m sby w St. Jago. Lon.
71 20 w, lat. 34 40 s.'
Fernando, St. a city of New Granada,
in the province of Llanos. It is strongly
fortified, being the key to the pluins, and
to the large rivers which there flow into
the Orinoco, It stands on the left bank
of the Orinoco, and on the w border of
Spanish Guayana, 400 m e St. Fe de
Bogota. Lon. 68 0 \v, lat. 4 20 x.
Vernando Noronha, an island, 100
leagues from the coast of Brasil, subject to
the Portuguese. Lon. 32 33 w, lat. 3
3Gs.
Fernando Po, an island in the gulf of
Guinea, on the coast of Biafra, lying op-
posite the mouths of the Jamour, or Ca-
merons. It is 30 m long and 20 broad, but;
seldom visited. Lon. 8 50 e, lat. 3 0 N.
Ferns, a town of Ireland, in Wexford
county, and a bishop's see united to Leig-
lin. The cathedral is small, and serves
for the parish church. It is seated on the
Bann, near its conflux with the Slaney, 18
ra N Wexford, and 33 ssw Wicklow.
Ferae Islands, a cluster of 22 small is-
lands in the Northern ocean, between 3
and 8 w lon. and 61 and 63 n lat. subject
to Denmark. Seventeen are habitable,
each divided from the others by rapid cur-
rents. Some of them are deeply indented
with secure harbours, all of them loft)',
and most of them faced with tremendous
precipices. They produce agate, jasper,
and beautiful zeolites. The surface con-
sists of a shallow soil, which yields plenty
of barley and fine grass. No trees above
the size of a juniper, or stunted willow,
will grow here. Sheep are numerous, and
there are some beeves, horses, and hogs ;
also common fowls, and many kinds of
ducks, particularly the eider. Vast quan-
tities of seatbwl frequent the rocks, and
the taking of them furnishes a perilous em-
ployment for the inhabitants. The exports
are salted mutton, tallow, goose quills,
featliers, eider-down, knit woollen waist-
coats, caps, and stockings. To the s of
these islands is a considerable whirlpool.
The chief island is .Stromoe.
Ferozabad, a city of Persia, in Farsistan,
formerly of considerable repute, and yet
contains a number of fine tomb.s, gardens,
and buildings. It is seated in a fertile
country, 60 m sby \v Shiras. Lon. 53 0 E,
lat. 28^50 N.
Ftrara, or Ferrarese, a duchy of Italy,
bounded on the N by Polesino di Rovigno,
w by Mantuan, s by Bolognese and Ro-
nia-:na, and e by the gulf of Venice. It had
Its own dukes' till 1597, when Clement
VIII united it to the apostolic chamber.
11
FER
The air is unwholesome, on account of the
marshes, and the inhabitants are too tew
to drain them.
Ferraru, the capital of the above duchy,
and an arcli bishop's see, with a stron^^
citadel, and a university. Its broad streets,
and number of fine biuldinij;s, evince that
it was formerly a (lonrishinj^ place, but
the present iniiabitaiits are few in propor-
tion to its extent. In the middle of the
city is a palace, surrounded by walls flank-
ed with towers and ditches. The catiie-
dral is remarkable for its antiijuity. Fer-
rara was taken by the Trench in .1790 ; in
1799 it was retaken by the .'\ustrians, but
shortly after surrendered Xo the l-'rench.
It is seated near the Po, 25 m Ni: Bologna.
Lon. 11 36 E, hit. 41 jO n.
FeirendiJia, a town of Naples, in Basi-
licata, near the river Basiauto, 25 m sw
Matera.
Ferro, or lliero, the most westward of
the Canary islands, 18 m in circuit. It is
not fertile, but produces some corn,, sugar,
fruit, and legumes. The inhabitants col-
lect water in cisterns during the rainy sea-
son, for there is no spring in the island.
«'oyagers speak of a fountain tree in the
middle of the i.'-land, and that in the night
much water distils from its leaves. Some
geographers take their first meridian from
the w extremity of this island. Lon. 17 32
w, lat. 27 47 n.
Ferrol, a seaport of Spain, in Galicia,
on a bay of the Atlantic. Its harbour is
one of the best in Europe, and has the
necessary docks and magazines for a large
fleet. The town is surrounded on three
sides by the sea, and strongly fortified on
the other. In 1800, the JLnglish made an
unsuccessful attempt on tiiis place ; and
in 1809 It surrendered to the Trench. It
is 20 m KE Coruniia, and Ga w ilivudes.
Lon. 8 4w, lat. 43 28 \.
Fcrrybi-idge, a town in W Yorkshire,
with a noble bridge over the river Aire,
which is the principal pass from London
into tiie north. It is 21m sbyw York,
and 174 >.byw London.
Ft7 ri/land, a town of Newfoundland,
wuli a safe iiarbour, on the sr, coast. It
was the first settlement in the island of
permanent European iniiabitants, and is
36 m sbyw St. John.
Fentjport, a village of Scotland, in Tife-
shire, on tiie frith of Tay, 4 ni below Dun-
dee, und 9 >NW St. Andrew, it has a
considerable manufacture of brown linens ;
and a ferry over the Tay, well iretpiented
before the bridge at Perth was built.
Ferri/toicn ; see Cratuuii.
Fejte sui- Auhe, a town of France, in tlie
department of Upper Marnc, se:ited on the
FEZ
Aube, 22 m whys Chaumont, and 33 r.SE
Troves.
Ferte Alaisc, a town of Trance, in the de-
partment of Seine und Oise, 23 m s Paris.
Fertt Bcruiird, a town of France, in the
department of Sarte, seated on the lluisne,
23 m NE ^laus.
Festcnberg, a. town of Silesia, in the
principality of (Jels, 14 m NW Wartenburg.
Fetliurd, a borough of Ireland, in Tip-
perary county, 9 m ese Cashel, and 1 1
>\NE (.^lonmel.
Feverslimn, a town in Kent, on a creek
of the JMedway, with a market on Wed-
nesday and Saturday. It is a member of
the port of Dover, governed by a mayor,
and has a noble church in thfe form of a
cross ; a tree grannnar-school iounded by
queen Elisabeth; and the remains of a
stately abbey, built by king Stcpiien, who
was buried in it, with his queen and son.
The chief trade is in corn, hops, wool, and
oysters ; and there aie 5e\ eral gunpowder
mills in its neighbourhood. James u cm-
barked here for France in disguise, after
the success of the prince of Orange; but
he was discovered, and conveyed back to
London. Fevcrsham is 9 m w Canterbury,
and 47 cbys London.
Feurs, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loire, on the river Loire, 13 m
e:."e Montbiison.
Fcifstrilz, a town and castle of Germany,
in Stiria, on a river of the same name, 17
m NNE Cilley.
Fez, a kingdom of Barbary, 12 j m long
and 120 broad; bounded nn tlie w by the
Atlantic, n by the Mediterranean, e by
Algiers, and s bv ISIorocco and Tafilet. It
is divided into nine provinces, and forms
part of the empire of iNlorocco. The
country is full of mountains, particularly
to the w and s, w here is Mount Atlas ; but
it produces citrons, lemons, (M-aiiges, dates,
almonds, ohves, figs, raisins, honey, wax,
cotton, flax, pitch, and corn in abundance.
The inhabitants are numerous, and breed
camels, beeves, sheep, and the finest horses
in Barbary.
i-'e.::, the capital of tiie above kingdom,
and one of the largest cities in Africa. It
is composed of two towns, Old Fez and
New iez, which contain about 380,000
iidiabitants ; the first is the most consider-
able, and ti^e other is principally inhabited
by Jews. The imperial palace is an im-
mense pile of buildings, enclosed by u
strong wall and a deep ditch ; and there are
numerous mosques, one of whicii, called
Caroubin, is one of the finest edifices in
the empire. The houses are built of brick
or stone, with flat roofs, and adorned with
mosaic work : those of brick arc ornament-
FEZ
ed with !;la/in2; and colours like Dutch
tiles, and the wood-work and ceilings are
carved, painted, and dlt. Every house
has a court, in which is a square marble
basin ; and the gardens are full (U'all kinds
of fraijiuit flowers and >hruhs. Here are
two colleges for students, iinely built of
marble and adorned with paintings, 'llie
Jiospitnls and public baths are numerous,
many of which are stately structures. '1 iie
different traders live in a separate part of
the city ; and the exchange, full of all sorts
of rich merchandise, is as large as a small
town. 'I'he Moors of Fez are clothed like
the Turks, and, though more polished
than their countrymen, are vain, supersti-
tious, and intolerant. The saints, whom
they pretend to have been buried in the
.city, serve them for a })retext to forbid its
entrance to Jews and (Christians ; and an
order from the emperor is necessary to i;ain
admission. Arabic is better spoken here
than in other parts of the empire ; and the
rich Moors send their children to the
schools at Fez, where they <:ain more in-
struction than they could do el>ewhere.
Fez is the centre of the trade of this em-
pire ; and hence caravans co to Mecca,
carryins^ ready-made garments, leather, in-
di<io, cochineal, and ostrich feathers ; for
which they bring in return silks, muslins,
and drugs. Caravans also go to Tombuctoo,
and other parts on the river Niger: the
commodities are salt, cowries, wrought
silk, Britisli cloth, and the woollen manu-
factures of Barbary. Fez is seaterl in a
valley watered by the Seboo, and surround-
ed by iiiUs, 240 m NE Morocco. Lon. 4
58 w, hit. 34 6 N.
Feza, a town of Persia, in Farsistan,
where the cultivation of tlie finest tobacco
is carried to a great extent. It is 'M ni se
Shiras.
Fezzau, a kingdom in the interior of
Africa, having Tripoli on the N, and Cas-
sina on the s. It is an extensive plain,
encompassed by mountains, except to the
w ; and to the intluence of these heights
it may be owing, that here, as well as in
Upper Egypt, no rain is erer known.
Tiiough the surface, in general, is a light
sand, and the want of rain, seem to an-
nounce sterility, yet springs are so abund-
ant, that few regions in llie x of Africa
exhibit a riclicr vegetation. The greatest
extent of the cultivated part is about 300
m from n to s, and ^00 from k to w.
F"roni wells of 10 or 15 feet deep, with
•ivhich every garden and field is fmnlj.hed,
the husbandman waters tlie productions of
bis land ; among these are the date, olive,
lime, apricot, pomegranate, lig, maize,
barley, wheat, pompions, carrots, cucuni-
FIA
bers, onions, and garlic. ' Among the tame
animals are the sheep, cow, goat, carnal,
and ass. The wild animals are the os-
trich, and antelopes of various kinds. A
multitude of noxious animals infest the
country ; adders, snakes, scorpions, and
toads swarm in the fields, gardens, and
houses ; the air i.s crowded with mos(jnetos;
and persons of every rank are overrun
with vermin. The heat of the climate in
summer is intense, and the s wind is.
scarcely supportable even by the natives ;
and in winter a penetrating N wind pre-
vails, which drives to the tire even the na-
tives of a northern country. Tempests of
wind are frequent, which ^^ hirl up the sand
and dust so as to give a yellow tinge to the
atmosphere. The towns are cliiefly inha-
bited by husbandmen and shepherds ; for
though they also contain merchants and
artificers, yet agriculture and pasturage
are the princ-pal occupations. The houses
are built of clay, with a ilat roof, composed
of boughs of trees, on which a quantity of
earth is laid. The natives are of a deep
swarthy complexion ; their hair a short
curly black, their lips thick, their noses flat
and broad, and their skin emits a fetid
effluvia ; they are tall, and well-shaped,
but weakly, indolent, and inactive. Their
dress is similar to that of the Moors of
Barbary. In their common intercourse, all
distinctions of rank seem forgotten ; the
shereef [governor] and the lowest plebeian,
the rich and the poor, the master and the
servant, converse familiarly, and eat and
drink together. Generous and hospitable,
let his fare be scanty or abundant, the Fez-
zaner is desirous that others should par-
take of it ; and if 20 persons were unex-
pectedly to visit his dwelling, they must all
participate as far as it will go. When
they settle their money transactions, they
squat upon the ground, and having levelled
a spot with their hands, make dots as they
reckon. Gold dust constitutes the chief
medium of payment ; and value in that
medium is always expressed by weight.
In religion they are rigid, but not intoler-
ant Mohamedans. The government is mo-
narchial ; and its powers are administered
with such a temperate hand, that the people
are ardently attached to their sovereign.
Mourzouk is t!ie capital.
Fiinio, a town of Italy, in the patrimony
of St. Peter, seated on the Tiber, 15 ni N
Konie.
Fiiniouii, a town of Istria, on the s\r
coast, 17 ni N Pola.
Fiiiscone, a town of Italy, in the patri-
mony of St. Peter, noted for Hue muscadine
wine ; se:Ued oii a mountain near Lake
L'olscua, 12 in ^\y Viierbo.
R2
FIN
Ticherulolo, a tbrtified town of Itiily, 'm
"Ferraiese, seated on the Po, 12 in w I'ci-
rara.
Fichfclbtv^, a mountain in IVaconia, one
cf the hijjlicst in (.ionnany. Its ridiio ex-
tends tVoni near ikiutli tu E^cr, in liohe-
mia, about 16 ni, and it is covered with
pines and other trees.
Fielcicier, an ishmd near the w coast of
Iv[or\vay, '2,'i m long and 4 broad, with a
town of tlie same name, 48 wnw Dron-
tlieim. Lon. 10 40 e, lat. G3 44 N.
Jueranziiolo, a town of Italy, in Parme-
san, 10 m si; Piacen/a.
Fiezoli, a town of Tuscany, in Ploren-
tino, formerly a celebrated city. It still
retains its episcopal honours, and stands
on the summit of a hill, .') m xe Florence.
Fifesh'ue, a county of ^'cotiand, 534 m
long and 1(3 in its greatest l.ireadth; hound-
ed on the K by the frith of Tay, e by the
ocean, s by the frith of i'orth, and w by
the counties of Pertli and Kinross. It is
divided into (33 parishes, and the popula-
tion was 101,'i7'J in 1811. It has several
streams, but none deserve the name of rivers
except the Eden and Leven. The soil is
fertile; it abounds in cattle, coal, iron,
lime, and freestone : and has many flourish-
ing manufactures. The number of towns
is almost unparalleled in an equal tract of
coast; for from Culross to Crail, about 50
m, is one continued chain of towns and
villages. Cupar is the county-town, and
Dunfermlin the largest.
Figu7-i, a town of Corsica, at the mouth
of a river of the same name, 22 ni w^^v
Bonifacio.
Figaruolo, an island in the gulf of Ve-
nice, near the coast of Istria.* Lon. 13 47
j£., lat. 45 18 w.
Figeac, a town of Trance, in the depart-
3aaent of Lot, with a Benedictine abbey;
seated on the Sellc, 22 m £ Cahors.
F'ighig, a town of Barbary, in Biledul-
^erid. The inhabitants carry on a great
trade with the merchants of Slorocco and
Tez, and with the Negros. It is 240 m
£SE Mequinez. Lon. 1 5 w, lat. 32 10 s.
Figueras, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
near which, on an eminence, is a stiong
citadel. It surrendered to the French m
1794, without firing a shot. In 1811, the
Trench, by treachery, were driven out of it
by the Spaniards, who, after a rigorous
l)lockade, were obliged to surrender it again
to the French. It is 14 m \v lioses.
Figuero dun Viiihos, a to\Mi of Portugal,
in Estremadura, celebrated for its wine ;
seated among mountains, near the river
Zizere, 22 m n Tomar.
Finale, a seaport of Genoa, with a strong
citadel; two forts, and a castle. It was the
FIN
capital of a marquisate, annexed to the
duchy of jMilan in 1G02, but sold to the
Genoese in 1713. It is 30 m sw Genoa.
Lon. 8 10 E, lat. 44 14 n.
Finale, a town of Italy, in Modenesc, on
an island formed by the river Panaro, 22 m
KE Modena.
Fincastle, a town of Virginia, chief of
Botetourt county. It is situate on Cata-
baw creek, which flows into James river,
36 m sw Lexington, and 140 w Ilichmond.
Findhorn, a rapid river of Scotland,
which rises in Invernesshire, crosses the
Nw part of Elgins.hire, forms a lake near
Forres, and then enters the frith of Moray,
at Findhorn.
Findliorn, a village of Scotland, in Elgin-
shire, at the mouth of a river of the same
name, 4 m J.w I'orres. It is the port of
F"orres, and the harbour has a shiiting bar,
which prevents ships of great burden from
entering.
Finh,t.crre, Cape, the most western point
of Spain. It was thought by the ancients
to have no country beyond it, and there-
fore they gave it a name which signifies the
Lands-end. Lon. 9 17 w, lat. 42 54 n.
Finisterre, a department of France,
which includes part of the old province of
Bretagne. It is the most westerly part of
France, and bounded en three sides by the
sea. Qnimper is the capital.
Finland, a country belonging to Russia,
lately one of the five general divisions of
Sweden ; bounded on the N by Swedish
Lapland, e by VViburg, s by the gulf of
Finland, and w Ijy that of Bothnia. It is
450 m long and 300 broad ; and contains
the provinces of Finland Proper, Wasa,
East Bothnia, Tavastland, Kyland, and
Savolax. In 1808, this country was in-
vaded by Russia ; and the Swedes, after
various battles, were necessitated to give
it up by a convention. In 1809, a treaty of
peace was concluded between the two
powers, and the whole of the country, with
the sea of Aland, and all islands in the
gulf of Bothnia, at an equal distance from
Aland and Finland, were ceded to Russia,
llelsingfors is tiic capital.
Finland Froper, a province in the sw
part of the above country, having the gulf
of Finland on the s, and that of Bothnia
on the w. It is ICO m long and 90 broad,
and the soil fertile, with several fine lakes
and rivers. On part of the coast is a rich
pearl fishery ; and the priiicipal commerce
is in corn, cattle, talc, linen, and yarn
stockings. Abo is the capital.
Finmurh, the w part of Danish Lapland,
in the government of Wnrdhuys.
Finoic, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Ucker mark, with a canal, by which the
FIS
Oder and Havel are united. It is 28 m n\v
Ciiftrin.
Fionda, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, and a bishop's see, on the gulf of
Sataha, 25 m s\v Satalia.
Fiorenzo, St. a seaport of Corsica, de-
fended by walls and a tower. It was taken
by the EiijiHsh and Corsicans, from the
rVench, in 1794. It stands at the head of
a pilf, 7 m w Eastia.
Fhozabuil, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Agra, situate near the left b;uik of tlie
Jumna, 24 m Ebys Agra.
Firozgur, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Beeder, capital of the district of Firoz-
iiiigur. It stands near the Kistnah, a little
below the influx of the Beemah, 110 m s\v
Uydrabad. Lon. 77 22 r, hit. 16 8 K.
Firozpuor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Lahore, seated on the Setlege, opposite
the inliux of the Beyah, 52 ni sbyE
Lahore.
/v'.s/i Ixhc?; Great, a river of the country
of the Hottentots, formed by the juncticu
of several streams that issue from the e
part of the Snow mountains, to tlie ke of
GraaffReynet, and flows se to the Indian
ocean, which it enters in lon. 27 23 e, hit.
.33 33 s. The lower part of its course, for
above 70 m, forms the boundary between
the Cape territory and Caflreria.
Fisherroxc, a town of Scotland, 4 m e
Edinburg, on the w side of the Esk, op-
posite Musselburg, to which it is connected
by a bridge.
Fishers Idunil,\\\ Long-islnnd sound, op-
posite to Stonington harbour in Connecti-
cut. It is 10 m loi>g and 2 broad, with a
fertile soil, and annexed to the township
of Southold, in Long-island.
Fisngiiard, a seaport of Wales, In Pem-
brokeshire, with a market on Thursday.
Here is a small fort and a good pier, with
every convenience for ship-building, and a
trade in herrings, corn, and butter. In
1807, son)e I'rench frigates landed about
1200 men here, but without field-pieces,
and they were all taken prisoners. It is
situate on a steep clifT, on a bay of St.
George channel, at the influx of tlie
Gwayn, 1(3 m ke St. David, and 257
ivby N London.
Fishuusrn, a town of Prussia, with a
royal castle, seated on the Fiisch Hatf, 21
m w Konigsberg.
FishkiU, a town of New York, in Duch-
ess county, on a creek of the same name,
5 m from Hudson river, and 50 K by e New-
York.
Fissuta, a seaport of B.irbary, in the
province of Tripoli, yo m >w Tripoli. Lon.
12 10 E, lat. 33 50 N.
Fistella, a fortified town of Morocco,
*\hich has a great trade in fine garments.
FLA
It is 125 m KE Morocco. Lon. 5 55 e,,
lat. 32 27 N.
Fitc/ihurg, a town of Massachusets, irr
Worcester county, 17 m x Worcester, and
33 Nw Boston.
Fium ; see Fuyomn.
Flume, or 5^ Vito, a seaport of Istria,
with a castle, and many hue churches and
convents. It is noted fi)r wine, good figs,
and other fruits ; and has a sugar refinery,
and a wax manufacture. The harbour is
forined by the river Fiumara, which enters
the head of the gulf of Carnero ; and the
cliief exports are the salted provisions of
Hungary. It it 37 m ese Cajx) d' Istria.
Lon. 14 12 E, lat. 45 13 n.
Fiinnicino, a river of Italy, in Romagna,
formed of the Pisatello, Rugone, and
Borco, which flow between Cesena and Sa-
vignano, and soon after unite ; the Fiumi-
cino then flows ne and enteis the gulf of
Y'enice, 14 m to the ^■w of Rimini. This
river is the ancient Rubicon, which was
the boundary between Cisalpine Gaul and
Italy. Here Julius Cesar passed, on his
return from Gaul, and cast the die that
gave him the command of the Roman em-
pire.
Fladslrand, a seaport of Denmark, in N"
Jutland, with a harbour defended by three
Ibrts. It is 30 m xxe Alburg. Lon. 10 19
E, lat. 57 33 N.
Ftamhorough Head, a lofty promontory
on the coast of Yorkshire, whose white
cliffs are seen far out at sea, and afford
shelter to multitudes of seafovvls. The
lower parts contain vast caverns, and on
the summit is a lighthouse, 5 m exe Brid-
lington. Lon. 0 i 1 E, lat. 54 8 N.
Flanders, a county of the Netherlands,
60 m long and 50 broad ; bounded on the
N by the Scheld, which separates it from
Zealand, e by Brabant, s by Hainault, sav
by France, and NW by the German ocean.
The principal rivers are the Scheld, Lys,
and Dender. It is a level country, fertile
in grain and pasture, and very populous.
The chief manufactures are beautitiil table
linen and fine lace. It was divided into
Dutch, Austrian, and French Flanders;
the latter was comprehended in the depart-
ment of Nord, on the new division of
France in 1791", the other two now liarm-
the province. Ghent is the capital.
Fluthush, a town of New York, chief of
King county, in Long-island. Here is a
Dutch church, a court-house, and Erasmus
hall, the most flourishing academy in the
state. The Americans were defeated near
this place by the British in 1776. It ii
situate amid garden-grounds, 5 m sbyn
New York.
Flattcrr/, Cape, on the w coast of N
America, so named by Cook in 1778, be-
FLr FLO
cause it promised at a distance what it de- wby n Chester, and 190 ^ w London. Lon.
iiied on a nearer approach. Lon. 124 ^!0 3 2 w, hit. 53 16 x.
w, lat. 48 20 N. Fiuit^liire, a county of Wales, '19 nt
Ftavig7>y, a town of France, in tlie de- long and 12 where broadest; bounded on
partment of Cute d'Or, with a Benedictine the N by the Irish sea, m. and k by the
abbey ; seated on a mountain, by the river river Dec, whicli divides it from Cheshire,
Ozerain, 27 m wnw Dijon. and s and sw by Denbiiihshirc. A de-
F/eche, u town of France, in the depart- tached part also extends on the k side of
jnent of Sartc. Here was a noble college, the Dee, about 9 m between Clieshire and
built by Ileniv iv ; the centre is now ton- Shropshire. The county contains 197,7(JO
-verted into a townhouse, and one of the ucres; is divided into five hundreds, and 21
-wings rebuilt as a seminary for youth. It parishes; has a city and three market-
is seated on the Loire, 27 m ssvv Jllans. towns ; and sends two members to parlia-
Fleckeroe, or Fleckeren, an island in the ment. '1 he [lopulation was 4(3,518 in
North sea, near the coast of Norway
Between the island aud the continent is a
most excellent harbonr, defended by a for-
tress. Lon. 8 18 K, lat. 5r> 4 n.
Fleet, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcud-
brightshire, \\hich issues froin a small lake
181 1. A lol'ty range of mountains rises
on the w, and forms \\ bold frontier. The
valleys are fertile, and contain coal and
freestone; the hills are generally barren on
the surface, but abound in lead, calamine,,
and limestone. The detached part is
of the same name, and enters VVigton bay, mostly a level country. The principal
below Gatehouse. On its w side are the trade is mining and smelting. It produces
-vestiges of a camp, a druidical circle, and good butter, cheese, and honey, of which
u vitrified fort. last the natives make a wholesome bever-
Ftcnsbui'f:, a seaport of Denmark, in the age called Metheglin. The principal rivers-
duchy of Sleswick, with a strong citadel, are the Clwyd, Wheeler, Dee, Sevion,
at the head of a bay of the Baltic. It is a Elwy, and Allen. Ihe assizes are held at
place of great commerce, and the most Mold, and the largest town is Holywell,
populous town in the duchy, having 12,000 Flix, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,,
inhabitants. Here are building-yards for strong both by Eature and art. It stands
merchant vessels; manufactures of canvas, on a peninsula formed by the Ebro, and
cordage, paper, and tobacco; and nunier- the side where the river does not pass is
ous distilleries. The exports are brandy, covered by mountains, and defended by a
corn, provisions, hides, &c. It is 15 m castle. It is 23 m x Tortosa.
liNw Sleswick, Lon. 9 47 e, lat. 54 52 k. Floddon, a village in Northumberland,.
Fleurunce, a tow n of France, in the de- 5 m knw Wooler. Near this place a bat-
partment of Gers, on the river Gers, 13 m tie was fought between the English and
N Auch. Scots, in 1513, in which James iv was
Fleurus, a village of the Netherlands, killed, with many of his nobility and
in Namur, G m ke Charleioy. Here, in 10,000 men.
ItiDO, a victory w as gained by the French Florae, a town of France, in the depart-
over the allies;" and in 1794, the Austrians ment of Lozere, 13 m s Mende, and 23 ^^v
-were defeated in a general attack of the Alais.
French posts. " Florence, a city of Italy, capital of
Flie, or VUcland, an island of the Ne- Tuscany, and an archbishop's see, with a
therlands, at the middle of the entrance of citadel, and a university. The circuit is
the Zuider zee, between the islands of about (5 m, surrounded by a wall and a
Texel and Scheliing. ditch, with two or three forts. The popu-
Flint, a river of the state of Georgia, lation 60,000. It is divided into two un-
■which rises in the country of the Creek equal parts by the Arno, over which are
Indians, runs Sw, and joining the Chata- four handsome bridges. The quays, the
houchee, at its entrance into E Florida, buildings on each side, and the bridges,
forms the Apalachicola. render the part through which the river
Flint, a borough of Wales, in Flintshire, runs by far the finest ; but there are several
-which gives name to the county, though squares, and many churches and palaces,
now a small place, and without a market. The cathedral is of great niagnitude, and
It has tlie couiitv-gaoi, but the assizes are adorned with the works of the most emi-
heldatMold. Heie is the remain of a royal nent sculptors and painters; but its prm-
castle, in wliich Kioiiard ii took shelter cipal glory is its dome, built prior to that
on arriving from Ireland ; it stands on a of St. I'eter at Rome, and little inferior to
Tock close to the sea, and is governed by a it in dimensions. 'I liis noble fabric stood
constable, who is also mayor of the town, for some time unequalled, and now claims
The population was 1433 "in 1311. It is the second honours. The other churches
seated on the estuary of the Dee, 13 m contain rich paintings and sculptures ; and
FLO
near that of St. Lorenzo is the Metiicean
chapel, one of the most expensive edifices
that ever was reared for the dead, beint;
incrusted with precious stones, furnislied
with sarcopliat^i of porphyry, and adorned
hy the workmanship of the best modern
sculptors. Some of the I'lorenline mer-
chants, formerly, were men of great w ealth ;
and one of them, in the 15th century, built
that noble fabric, which from t!;e name of
its tbunder, is still called the Palazzo Pitti.
It was afterward purchased by the Medici
family, \\ ho made some enlargements; and
it thence became the residence of the grand
dukes of Tuscany. The Palazzo Vecchio
contains a room 172 feet long and 70
wide, for public entertainments. Th«
beauties and riches of these palaces, in
architecture, literature, painting, and
sculpture, have been often described. In
the ducal gallery is the statue of the cele-
brated \'enus of Medici, the standard of
female beauty ; and this is surrounded by
other fine productions of human genius and
skill. The other rooms are indicated by
their contents ; as the cabinet of arts, of
astronomy, natural history, medals, por-
traits, porcelain, antiquities, Sec. Beside
the Medicean library, begun by Julius de
Medici, and greatly augmented by duke
Cosmo 1, there are severrd other copious
libraries, especially those in the two Bene-
dictine and Carmelite convents. The Flo-
rentine Academy and the Academia della
Crusca were instituted to em-ich the liter-
ature, and improve the language of 'i'us-
cany. The museum of natural history is
(ine of the most complete of the kind; and
annexed to it is a cabinet of anatomical
preparations, deemed the first in Europe.
The manufactures of Florence are chiefly
silks, satins, gold and silver stutis, and
damask tablecloths ; and it has a consider-
able trade in fruits and excellent wines.
The environs are rich in rural beauty, and
very populous. In 17P9, the French troops,
then in possession of this citv, were driven
out by the inhabitants; but they re-entered
it in 1800. It is 45 m s Bolognii, and
125 x.NW Rome. Lon. 11 3 e, lat. 43
46 X.
Florent, St. a town of France, in the
department of Mayenne and Loire, with a
Benedictine abbey ; seated on the Loire,
20 m Avsw .-Angers.
Florentine, St. a town of France, in the
department of Yonne, at the ccmflux of the
Armance and Armaiiron, 15 in >e Aux-
erre, and 30 sf. Paris.
Florentino, a province of Tuscany;
bounded on the w by Lucca and MoJe-
nese, n by the Apennines, E bv Urhino,
and s by Sienese. It is well watered, and
very fertile. Florence is the capital.
FLU
Flares, an island in the Indian ocean,
280 m long and 45 broad, lying to the E of
that of Cumbava. Along the coast is a
fine open country, but the interior is moun-
tainous and woody. On the s side, near
the E end, is a town named Larantuca.
Lon. 121 56 r, lat. 8 20 s.
Flore.o, a fertile island, one of the Azores,
so called from the abundance of flowers
found upon it. Lagens is the most popu-
lous town, but St. Cruz is the capital.
Lon. 31 0 w, lat. 59 43 x.
Floridu, a country of X America, 500
m long and 130 broad ; bounded on the N
by the United States, k by the Atlantic
ocean, s by the gulf of Mexico, and w by
the territory of Alabama. It is divided
into East and West Florida; St. Augustin
the capital of the former, and Pensacola
of the latter. The country about St. Au-
gustin is the most unfruitful ; yet, even
here, two crops of maize are annually pro-
duced : the f»anks of the rivers are of a
superior quality, and well adapted to the
culture of rice and corn. The interior
country, which is hilly, abounds with wood
of almost every kind ; particularly white
and red oak, pine, hiccory, cypress, red
alid white cedar. The intervals between
the hilly parts produce spontaneously the
fruits comm«n to Georgia and the Caro-
linas; and the whole country is valuable,
in a particular manner, for its extensive
ranges for cattle. Florida was discovered
by Sebastian Cabot, in 1497. Having
often changed masters, belonging alternate-
ly to the French and Spaniards, it was
ceded by the latter to the English in 1763 ;
in whose hands it continued till 1781, when
it w as talcen by the Spaniards, and ceded
to them in 1783.
Fiotz, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
principality of Anhalt, 6 m nw Zerbst.
Flutz, a town of VVaiacia, seated on the
Genissa, near its conflux with the Danube.
Flou7:, St. a city of France, capital of
the department of Cantal, and a bishop's
see. Good knives are made liere, and it
has a considerable trade in corn. It is
seated on a mountain, 53 m s Clermont.
Lon. 3 6 E, lat. 45 2 x.
Flushing, a strong seaport of the Ne-
therlands, in the island of VValcheren, on
the N side of the Western Schekl, the en-
trance of which it defends. It has a good
harbour, and a canal runs through the
town, deep enough to admit loaded vessels.
Thi; stadthouse is a superb building, after
the motlel of tliat at Amsterdam. F'lush-
ing surrendered to the F'reuch in 1795;
and in 1809, it was taken by the Eng-
lish, who destroyed the fort. It is 4 ra
ssw Middleburg. Lon. 3 34 e, lat. 51
26 N.
FOL
FlusJiiiig, a town of New York, in
Queen coimty, I.ong-island, situate on
the s side of llell-gate, 7 m KbvN New
York.
Foclidbcrs, a town of .Scotland, beloiig-
ing to Elginshire, tiiongh seated on tiie f.
sideofllie iSpey, over which is a bridge.
Here are luauufactiires of thread, calicos,
and worsted stockini^s, and a valuable
salmon fishery. It is 8 ui EbvN Elgin, and
22 w by s Hail If.
Foc/iiu, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, with a castle. The Venetians
beat the Turkisli lleet near this place, in
1650. It is seated on the gulf of Smyrna,
at tlie inllux of the Ilennus, 28 ni Kw
Smyrna. Lon. 26 39 £, lat. So 4i -V.
T'ogaras, a town and caslle of Tran-
sylvania, on the river Alanta, GO m m;
Hermanstadt.
Foggia, a town of Naples, in Capita-
nata. It is a staple for corn and wool, and
seated near the C'crbero, 20 m sw ^laiifre-
donia.
Fogl'm, a river of Italy, which rises on
the confnies of Tuscany, crosses the duchy
ofUrbino, and ejiters the gulf of Venice,
at I'esaro.
FogUiHO, a town of Piedmont, 5 m ^^v
Chivas, and j3 w Crescentino.
Fogo ; see Fvego.
Folir, or Fora, an island of Denmark,
about 12 m in circuit, near the coast of
Slesvvick. Lon. 8 31 e, iat. 54 44 n.
Foir, an old province of France, adjoiii-
ing the Pyrenees. It now forms, with
Couserans, the department of Arrie^e.
Foix, a town of France, capital of the
department of Arriege. Here is a manu-
facture of coarse Avoollen cloths, and some
copper-mills. It is seated on the Arriege,
42 m sbvE Toulouse. Lon. 135 e, lat.
43 0 N.
Fo-kien, a province of China, bounded
on the N by T che-kiang, w by Kiang-si,
s by Qnang-tong, and e by the China sea.
It conlams nine cities of the first and
(30 of the third class. The climate is
warm ; and yet the air is so pure, that no
contagious diseases ever prevail. It pro-
duces mubk in abundance, precious stones,
quicksilver, iron, and tin; also gold and
silver, but it is forbidden to dig for these.
It has fine plains ; and industry fertilizes
even the mountains, which are cut into
terraces, rising above each other. Its
valleys are watered by springs and rivers
from the mountains, which the husband-
man distributes, with great skill, to reriesh
his rice. Fou-tcheou is the capital.
Foldvar, a town of Hungary, seated on
the Danube, 34 ni kxe Szexard, and 47 s
Buda.
Foligno, a town of Italy, in the duchy
TON
of Spoleto, famous for its sweetmeats,
paper-mills, and silk raanufacliires. It is
seated at the foot of the i\pennines, Jn a
delightful valley watered by the Clitumnus,
ill m NNW Spoleto.
Folkingliam, a tewn in Lincolnshire,
with a market on Thursday. Here are the
ruins of an ancient castle. It is seated on
a rising ground, 18 m wsw Boston, and
lOti N London.
Folk.itone, a town in Kent, governed by
a mayor, with a market on Thursday. It
had live churches, of which four have been
destroyed by the incursions of the sea. It
is a member of the port of Dover, has a
haven enclosed by a pier of stones, and is
defended by a small fort and some bat-
teries. Beside the machines for bathing,
there are hot and cold salt-water baths.
Dr, Harvey, the discoverer of the circula-
tion of the blood, was born here. It is 8
ni sw Dover, and 72 Ebys London.
Fondi, a town of Naples, in Terra dL
Lavoro, seated in a fertile plain, near a
lake of its name, 8 m n Gaeta, and 42
WNw Capua.
Fong-tsia}ig,a city of China, in Chen-si.
Its district contains eight cities of the
second and third class. It is 560 m sw
Peking. Lon. 106 37 e, lat. 34 36 n.
Foiig-yang, a city of China, in Kiang-
nan. It encloses within its wall several
fertile little hills; and its jurisdiction com-
prehends five cities of the second and 13 of
the third class. It is seated on a moun-
tain, which hangs over the Yellow river,
70 m NE Nanking. Lon. 116 38 e, lat.
32 52 N.
Fons, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lot, 5 m Nw Figeao.
Fontainbleau, a town of France, in the
department of Seine and Manic, celebrated
for its fine palace, formerly a huntinc; seat
of the kings of France. In this palace.
Napoleon signed his abdication in 1814.
The town is famous for excellent grapes,
and has a manufacture of porcelain. It
stands in the midst of a forest, 35 m sse
Paris.
Fontaine VFveqiie, a town of the Ne-
therlands, in the territory of Liege, 6 m w
Charleroy.
Foiituneito, a town of Piedmont, 7 m e
Crescentino.
Funtarabia, a city and seaport of Spain,
in Biscay, on the frontiers of France, from
which it is separated by the river Bidassoa,
which forms a harbour at its mouth, in the
bay of Biscay. It stands on a peninsula,
at the foot of the Pyrenean mountains, and
is so strong both by nature and art as to
be accounted the key of Spain on that
side ; but it opened its gates to the French,
in 17 94. It is 22 m sw Bayonne, and
FOR
62 EbvN Bilboa. Lon. 1 56 \v, lat. 43
23 N. "
Fontello, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
6 m XF. Lamego.
Fonfenny le Comte, a town of France,
capital of the department of Vendee. It
lius a woollen manufacture, and its fairs
are famous for cattle. It is seated on the
Vendee, 25 m ^E ilochelle, and 55 whys
Poitiers. Lon. 0 54 w, lat. 46 30 n.
Fontcnoi/, a village of the Netherlands,
in Hainanit, 4 m sk Tournay. It is cele-
brated for a battle between the allies and
the French in 1745, in which the former
were worsted.
Fontcviaitd, a town of France, in the
department of Mayenne and Loire. Here
is a famous abbey, in the church of which
several kings and queens of France lie in-
terred. It is 7 m SK Sanmer.
Fora, an island of Denmark, on the w
coast of S Jutland, between those of Sylt
and Nordstrand. It is of an oval form, 20
m in circuit, and the chief place is Utcrsen.
Lon. 8 SO r., lat. 33 43 N.
Forcalguicj; a town of France, in the
department of Lower Alps, seated on a
hill, by the river Laye, 30 m ne Aix.
Forclieim, a strong town of Franconia,
in the principality of Bamberg, with a tine
arsenal. It surrendered to the French in
1796, but the Austrians compelled them
to abandon it soon afterward. It is seated
at the conflux of the Wisent and llednitz,
IG m SSE Bamberg.
Fordingbridge, a town in Hampshire,
with a market on Saturday, aud a manu-
facture of checks and bed-ticks ; seated on
the Avon, 10 m s Salisbury, and 88 w bys
London.
Fore, borough of Ireland, in W Meath
county, now a poor place, 12 m n Mul-
lengar.
I'^oreUind, North, a promontory of Kent,
the E point of the isle of Thanet. This
cape forms three points, named Foreness,
Whiteness, and Fastness ; and on the latter
is a lighthouse. Lon. 1 29 e, lat. 51
S2 X.
Foreland, South, a promontory of Kent,
forming the SE point of England. It is
a clitfy point, on which are two light-
houses. Tliis and the preceding cape,
bearing n and s of each other, are 13 m
distant ; and between them is the noted
road, called the Downs.
Forest Toirns, four towns of Suabia, in
Brisgau, situate on the Rhine and the
conlines of Switzerland, at the entrance of
the Black Forest. Their names are Wald-
schut, Lutienburg, Seckingen, and Rhein-
felden.
Forcz, an old province of France, bound-
ed on the w by Auvcrgne, s by Velay aud
FOR
Vivarais, E by Lyonos,and n by Burgundy.
It is watered by the Loire, and several
other streams, and has several mines of
coal and iron. It now forms the depart-
ment of Loire.
Forfar, a borough of Scotland, capital
of Forfarshire. It contains many neat
modern houses, and has manufactures of
coarse linens and shoes. The population
was 5052 in 1811. It is situate in an ex-
tensive plain, 14 m kne Dundee. Lon. 2
52 w, lat. 56 37 N.
Forfarshire, or Angusshire, a county of
Scotland, 48 m long and 42 broad ; bound-
ed on the X by Aberdeenshire, ne by Kin-
cardineshire, SE by the German ocean, s
by the frith of lay, and w by Perthshire.
It, contains about 593,900 acres, and is
divided into 53 parishes. The population
was 107,264 in 1811. It has many lakes
and liills, but is fruitful in corn and pas-
ture. Marl is found in most of the lakes,
freestone abounds in many parts, and there
are several limestone quarries. The prin-
cipal rivers are the North and South Esk.
The largest town is Dundee
Forges, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine, celebrated for its
mineral waters, 24 m exe Rouen.
Forli, a town of Italy, in Romagua, with
a castle, 10 churches, and many convents;
seated in a fertile country, near the river
Rones, 11m ssw Ravenna.
Formosa, an island, in the China sea,
lying between 22 and 26 x lat. and sepa-
rated from China by a channel about 80 m
where narrowest. It is 240 m from x to s,
and 70 in its broadest part, but is greatly
contracted at the s extremity. Notwith-
standing its proximity and size, the Chinese
did net know of its existence till the year
1430. A chain of mountains, running its
whole length, divides it into two parts, the
E and w. The inhabitants of the k side
are described as savages, who in features
and complexion resemble the Malays, but
speak a language that has no atbnity to
any other. The Dutch built the fort of
Zealendia, in the w ])art, in 1634. They
were driven thence, in 1661, by a Chinese
pirate, who made himself master of all the
\v part ; and in 1682, it submitted to the
empen)r of China. It contains extensive
and fertile plains, watered by a great num-
ber of rivulets from the mountains; and
jjroduces abundance of corn and rice, most
of the Indian fruits, many of those of Eu-
rope, tobacco, sugar, pepper, camphire,
and cinnamon. The inhabitants rear a
great number of oxen, which they use tor
riding, from a want of horses. In 1782,
this island was almost totally destroyed,
by a furious hurricane and dreadful inun-
dation of the sea. Tai-wan is tiie capital.
FOR
Tornello, a town of Naples, in tlie
county ofMolise, 17 in \v Molise.
Fornovo, n town of Italy, in Parmesan,
near which, in 149J,Cliarles viii ofFraiice
obtained a victory over the princes of
Italy. It is 8 ni wsw Tarnia.
Forres, a borough of Srothmd, in Elgin-
shire, seated on an eininenc<:, near the e
side of the Findhorn. Tiie river here ex-
pands into a lake, and soon after enters
the frith of Moray, at the village of Find-
horn, which is the port of Forres. Here
are mannfactnres of linen and cotton, and
a valuable sahnon fishery. A little w of
the town is a column, called Sweno's Stone,
covered with autifjiic sculpture; said to
have been erected in meuiorv of a victory
obtained over the Danes, in IdOS. Forres
is 10 m F. by.N Nairn, and l(i whys Elgin.
Lon. 30 45 w, hit. 57 34 \.
Forsla, a town of Lusatia, with a castle.
It has maiuifactures of woollen and liiun
cloths and carpets, and stands on a little
island in tlie Neissa, 15 m ssv/ Guben.
Forteau, a port and an extensi\e bay on
the sr. coast of Labrador, at the entrance
of the strait of Belleisle from the gulf of
St. Lawrence. Some English families are
established on the j: side of the bay ; and
Guernsey adventurers occupy the opposite
shore duiing the tishing season. It is
deemed the most considerable British
establishment in the strait of Belleisle.
Lon. 50 55 w, lat. 51 30 x.
Forteventura, one of the Canary islands,
56 m in length and of a very irregular
breadth, consisting of two peninsulas,
joined by an isthmus 12 m in bre:idth. It
produces plenty (^f wheat, barley, beeves,
and goats. The \r point is in lon. 14 31
w, lat. 28 4 X.
Forth, a river of Scotland, which rises
on the N side of the mountain Benlomond,
in Dumbartonshire, flows e in a vci'v sinu-
ous course by Stirling and Alloa, and meets
the German ocean a little below Alloa,
where it forms a noble estuary, called the
I'rith of Forth. The frith possesses many
good bays and harbours, and above Queens-
ferry is a safe road for merchant vessels of
any burden; and the river is here navigable
for vessels of 80 tons, as far as Stirling
bridge. At Grangemouth, there is a com-
munication between the Forth and the
Clyde, by a canal. See Canal, Great.
Fortruse, a borough of Scotland, in Ros-
shire, situate on the iAIoray frith, nearly
opposite Fort George, to which there is a
regular ferry. It is composed of two
towns, llosemarkie and Chanonrv ; the
former u very ancient borough, and the
latter once the residence of a bishop,
■which is now the presbytery seat. Two
small parts of the ancient cathedral ol'
FOU
Roseniarkie remain, one used as a burial-
place, the other as a court-house and prison.
It is •) in sw Cromarty.
Fortnu/al, the capital of Martinico, on
(he \v side of the island, with one of the
best harbours in the W Indies, defended
by a strong citadel. Lon. 61 7 w, lat. 14
34 N.
Fortroi/al, the capital of the island of
Granada. See George, St.
Fossano, a town of Piedmont, with a
citadel, seated on the Sture, 10 m xe
Coni.
Fosse, a town of the Netherlands, in
Namur, situate between the Sambre and
Mense, 7 m sw Namur.
Fosumibrone, a town of Italy, in the
duchy of Urbino, with a castle on a moun-
tain, near the river Metro, 10 m se Urbino.
Fossuin, a town of Norway, in the go-
vernment of Aggerhuys, noted for rich
mines of cobalt, 'io m w Christiunia.
Fothcringaij, a village in Northampton-
shire, near the river Nen, 3 m x Oundle.
Here are the ruins of a castle in which
Richard iit was born, and Mary queen
of Scots beheaded. In the church are in-
terred two dukes of York: Edward, killed
at Aginconrt in France, and Richard, slain
at Wakefield.
Foua, a town of Lower Egypt, seated on
the w branch of the Nile, 25 m se
Rosetta.
jpozi^'^erci, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ille and Vilaine, with an an-?'
cient castle. In 1202, it was taken by
John, king of England. It is seated on
the Coesnom, 25 m ne Rennes, and 150
wby s Paris.
Foula, or Fowlu ; see Fiila.
Fouli, or Fliolei/, a country of Senegam-
bia, extending along the whole of its e bor-
der. It is populous and fertile. The pou-
lahs are, in general, of a tawny complexion,
though many of them are entirely black.
Some lead a wandering life, and roam about
the country with large droves of cows,
sheep, goats, and horses : others are dex-
trous at hunting wild beasts ; the teeth of
elephants, and the skins of lions, leopards,
and tigers, being articles of trade. Their
arms are bows and arrows, lances, swords,
daggers, and occasionally a kind of small
fasee. They are praised by travellers for
their hospitality; nor is their humanity in
other respects less comrnendable: for, it
one of their countrymen have the mistbr-
tnne to fall into slavery, the rest join stock
to redeem him. The king of this country
is called the Siratick ; and though he sel-
dom appears with the badges of majesty,
he has great authority, and is as much
respected as any one on the coast. Tumbo
is the capital.
FOX FRA
Foulness, a small island on the se coast generally eat it raw. The provision intend-
of Essex, separated by a narrow channel ed for keeping is dried without salt, in the
from the w part of the county. It has a
village, with a church, 8 m EbvN Roch-
open air. Their weapons arc bows, ar-
rows, and darts; and, for defence, they use
wooden shields. The most perfect equa-
lity reigns among them : they have neither
chiefs nor superiors, neither laws nor
punishments. They hve together in fami-
lies, and societies of several families
united, which form what they call a race,
who, in case of attack or defence, mutually
aid each other. They have a good share
of plain natural sense, but are rather slow
of understanding; and seem cold and in-
difterent in most of their actions: yet, if
an injury, or even a mere suspicion, rouse
them from this phlegmatic state, they
become furious and revengeful. The
Russians call these islands the Lyssie
Ostrova.
Fo.iford, a town of Ireland, in Mayo
county, on the river Moy, 12 m ne
Castlebar.
J'bj/, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gironde, on the river Dor-
ford .
Foulsham, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Tuesday, 16 m nw Norwich,
and 111 NE London.
Four Cantons, Lake of the ; see Wald-
stadter See.
Fourneaux Island, a small island in the
Pacific ocean. Lon. 143 2 w, lat. 17
lis.
Fou-tche0u, a city of China, capital of
To-kieu, and famous on account of its
trade, the convenience of its rivers and
l>ort, and the number of its literati. It has
under its jurisdiction nine cities of the
third class. It is 360 m ne Canton, and
870 s Peking. Lon. 119 4 e, lat. 26 4 N.
Fou-tcheou, a city of China, in Kiang-
si, formerly one of the most beautiful in
Cliina, but almost ruined by the invasion
of the Tartars. It is 735 m s Peking.
Lon. 115 56 e, lat. 27 55 n.
Fowey, or Faicy, a river in Cornwall, dogne, 38 m e Bordeaux,
which rises 4 m to the se of Camelford, Foyers, or Fyers, a river of Scotland, n\
passes by Lestwithiel, and enters the In\ernesshire, which rises a few m e ot
Ensiish channel, at Fowey. Eort Augustus, and flows into Loch Ness.
Foiceif, a borough and seaport in Corn- About 2 m before its entrance mto the
-wall, governed bv a mayor, with a market lake is the Fall of Foyers, one of the high-
on Saturday, and a considerable trade in est in the world, being 207 feet m one
the piicliard fishery. It is resorted to by unbroken stream.
valetudmarians for the salubrity of the air Foyle, a river of Ireland, formed by the
and water, and the conveniences for bath- junction of the Mourne and the Fin, at
ins. The harbour is defended by St. Liflbrd, in Donegal county. It passes by
Catherine fort, on the summit of a steep St. Johnstown and Londonderry, and at
pile of rocks, and an adjoining battery. Culmore, enters a bay called Lough Foyle,
'1 he streets are so narrow and angular, of an oval form, 14 m long and 8 broad,
that no wheeled carriage can be admitted, which communicates with the ocean by a
It is seated at the nioutii of the Fowey, 32 short and narrow strait.
m sw Launceston, and 239 whys Lon- Foz, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo,
don. Lon. 4 37 w, lat. 50 19 N. ' situate at the conflux of the Zaras with the
Fox Islands, a group of islands in the Tajo, 24 m ne Lisbon.
Northern Archipelago. They are 16 in Foz, a town of France, in the depart-
number, lying near the extremity of the ment of Var, 4 m ke Barjols.
peninsula "of Alaska, on the w "coast of Fraga, a town of Spain, in Aragon,
America, between 52 and 55 N lat. The strong by situation, having the river Cmca
largest island is called Oonamak, and each before it", whose high banks are ditiicult of
has a peculiar name; but this general access, and at its back a hill, which cannot
name is given to the whole group, on ac- easily be approached with cannon.^ Al-
phonso VII, king of Aragon, was killed
here by the Moors, in 1134, when he be-
sieged this town. It is 63 m ese Sara-
gossa. Lon. 0 24 E, lat. 41 28 N.
Fragnino, a town of Naples, in Prlnci-
count of the great number of black, gray,
and red foxes, with which they abound.
The dress of the inhabitants consists of a
cap, and a fur coat that reaches down to
their knees : some wear a cap of party-
coloured bird-skin, upon which is left part pato Ultra, 8 m N Benevento.
of the wings and tail. On the forepart of Fragoas, a town of Portugal, in Estre-
thelr hunting and fishing caps they place a madura, 7 m kw Santaren.
small board, like a screen, adorned with Frumimgham, a town in Suffolk, with a
the jawbones of seabears, and ornamented market on Saturday. It has the remains
with glass beads, which they receive in of a castle. To this place princess Mary
barter from the Russians. They feed upon retired, when lady Jane Grey was pro-
the flesh of all sorts of sea animals, and claimed queen; and here she found that
FRA
powerful support, nliicli soon seated her
on the throne. It is SO m r. lUiiv, unci !J7
jvE London.
Frdncavilla, a town or>.a|ik'f, in 'I'v.wa
dc Utranto, witli a trade in oil, cotton,
btockings, and sniilV, 15 ni kne 'I'arento.
l'ranc<tvilla, a town of Naples-, in lia-
silicata, on the liver bino, 20 ni wsw
Tursi.
France, a country of ]''p.roj")(>, bonncled
on the N by tlie Ent;lisli channel and the
IMetherlands, k by Germany, Switztrland,
und Italy, s by the Mediterranean sea and
Spain, and w by the Atlantic ocean. From
tiic Pyrenees in the s, to Dunkirk in the
N, its extent is d'Zb m; and something
more iVom the most easterly part of Aisace
to the most western point of Brctagne,
which province, it must he observed, ex-
tends above 100 m t'nrthor into the ocean
t'han any other part of tiie country. The
climate is temperate; and the soil produc-
tive of all the necessaries of lite, and,
among its luxuries, of the most excellent
v/ines. The principal rivers are tlic Seine,
Loire, Pthone, and Gironde; and there are
many others, which give name to tlie de-
partments in the new division of tliis
country. "J'he n^ost considerable moim-
tuins are the Alps, Pyrenees, Cevenncs,
and Vosges. France was an absolute
monarchy governed by kings, fioni the
time of Clovis, in -iSCi, to the death of
Louis XVI, in 1753. It was divided into
several military governments or provinces;
namely, Alsace, Anwonmois, Anjou, Ar-
xnagiiac, Artois, Aunis, Auvergne, Uarrois,
Basques, Beam, Berry, Bigorre, Blasois,
Boulonnois, Bourbonnuis, Bresse, Bretagne,
Burgundy, C'ambresis, Champagne, Cou-
serans, Dauphiny, Fore?, Foix, Fianche
Coinpte, French Flanders, Gascony, Ge-
vaudan, Guienne, French Hiilnault, Isle
of France, Languedoc, Limosin, Lorrain,
Lyonois, Marche, Maine, iMarsan, Navarro,
Isivernois, Normandy, (Jrleanois, Perche,
Perigord, Picardy, Poitou, Provence, Quer-
cy, Kouergue, Kousillon, Saintonge, Sois-
sonnois, Touraine, A'elay, and Vermandois.
These varied much from each other in
point of extent and importance, and there
were others of still inferior consideration.
The established religion was the Koman
catholic ; and the ecclesiastical division of
the coun'ry was into 18 archbishoprics
and 113 episcopal sees, exclusive of Avig-
non, Carpentras, Caivaillon, and V'aison,
which belonged to the po])e. But in 1789,
a wondertul revolution took place. The
deraigned state of the tinanccs of the coun-
try, induced Louis xvi to convoke the
states general, which had not been assem-
bled since 1(311. They assembled at
Vcisailles, and assumed the title of the
FRA
National Assembly. On the removal of
tlie popular minister, an insurrection en-
sued in Paris ; the military refused to fire
upon the peojjle; the Bastile was taken by
the citizens, and the governor and some
others were biheaded. The natitjnal as-
sembly now divested monarchv of its
formidable prerogatives; abolished nobi-
-ity, and the whole feudal system ; confis-
cated the possessions of the clergy, and
suppressed all the religious houses. In
consequence of a riot at Versailles, the
royal family and llic national assembly
removed to Paris. The king was now, in
fact, a state prisoner, and he attempted to
escape in 1791, with the cjucen, his sister,
the dauphin, and his daughter ; but they
were anested at \'arenne3, and conducted
back to Paris. In 1792, anotlier.insurrec-
tion ensued ; the I'oyal residence was at-
tackerl, the Swiss guards were massacreti,
an:l the king and royal family took refuge
in the national assembly. That body in-
stantly decreed the suspension of royalty,
and the convocation of a national conven-
tion. The king and his family were con-
veyed to the Temple, and kept in close
confinement. Tlie national convention
met, and instantly decreed the formation
of a repubVc; they afterward tried and
condemned tlie king, who was beheaded in
January i79o. The queen being tried and
condemned by the revolutionary tribunal,
was executed in October ; ana the king's
sister was beheaded in May following.
The dauphin and his sister remained in
confinement ; where the former died in
1795 ; and the princess was taken soon
after to the confines of Germany, where
she was exchanged for some French de-
puties. Various factions successively seiz-
ed the helm of government; the prisons
were crov.ded in every jjart of the repub-
lic ; the scaffolds streamed, almost inces-
santly, with blood ; and many of the most
popular patriots, and of those who had
voted for the death of the king, perished
on the scafi^old, or in exile and misery. At
the close of 1794, this reign of despotism
and teiTor gave place to a more moderate
system: and although, atone period, the
shutting up of churches, and the formation
of a new calendar, indicated open hostility
to the christian religion; the convention
found it necesstry, at last, to permit .ngain
tlie exercise of rehgious worship. With
respect to the war, it may be sutlicient to
state, in general, tiiat after four campnigns>
in which great reverses of fortune were
experienced, the French nation, before the
conclusion of 1795, were in the possessiori
of Savoy and Belgium ; and had made such
progress in Holland, Spain, Italy, and
Germany, as to procure u peace with
FRA
Prussia and Spain, and form an alliance
nith Holland. In 1796, under general
Eonaparte, they subdued the wliole of
Lombard}' ; and, penetrating; throui;li Tyrol,
threatened the city of Vienna, that the
emperor commenced a negociation tor
peace. In the mean time the French turn-
ed their arms a<;ainst Venice, which go-
vernment they revolutionized ; and by the
treaty of peace at Campo Formio in 1797,
they ceded the city and the greater part of
the territory to Austria. In 1798, the
French sent general Bonaparte with a for-
midable army into Egypt; the emperor of
Germany formed an alliance with Russia ;
and the Turks declared against France, on
account of the invasion of Egypt, In
1799, the French entered Germany, but
■were soon compelled to return ; and hos-
tilities were at the same time commenced
in Switzerland, where they gained several
advantages; but they were almost entirely
driven out of Italy. The alFairs of the
republic in Egypt were not prosperous,
and general Bonaparte, having found means
to escape thence, arrived at Paris. He
found the authority of the directory v.as
greatly weakened ; and, aided by the bayo-
nets of a few soldiers, he etlected another
revolution, and three consuls were appoint-
ed to govern the republic. A new consti-
tution was afterward formed, in which
almost all power was vested in the lirst
consul, general Bonaparte. In 1800, the
campaign in Italy commenced, and for the
most part with loss to the Frencli till the
arrival of Bonaparte, who gained a victory
at Marengo, \\hich reinstated them in the
full possession of that country. The war
in Germany was prosecuted with vigour by
the French, who pursued their successes
into the territories of Austria, where they
concluded an armistice with the emperor ;
and a treaty of peace was signed early in
1801, at Luneville. France now endea-
voured to negotiate a peace with Britain,
the preliminaries of which were settled in
London, and the treaty was signed at
Amiens in 1802: but this treaty held little
more than a year, tiie French deeming it
violated by the English refusing to evacu-
ate Malta. Bonaparte was now appointed
consul for life; but his ambition aspired to
the throne, and in 1304, he assumed tlie
title of Emperor of the FrencIi, and was
crowned by the pope. In 1805, the war
in Germany was again renewed, and the
French, headed by the emperor Napoleon,
jTiade such rapid progress, that after the
battle of Austerlitz, the emperor of Ger-
many was necessitated to negotiate for
peace, and a treaty between the two em-
perors; was signed at Presburg. In 18CG,
several of tile German princes entered into
FRA
an alliance with France, and a treaty, called
the Confederation of the Rhine, under the
protection of Napoleon, was signed at
Paris. Soon after the king of Prussia took
the field against France and these princes;
tlie opposing armies met near Jena, and
the allies were victorious. A Russian
army advanced to assist the Prussians,
but "in 1807, their united forces were de>-
feated at Friedland, which battle was de-
cisive, and a treaty of peace was signed at
Tilsit. From 1808 to 1813, France carried
on war in Portugal and Spain with variable
success; but, alter the battle of the Pyre-
nees, the French were driven back into
their own country : they were followed by
the allied forces under lord Wellington,
who, after several successes, in 1814, de-
feated marshal Soult at Tarbes, and after-
ward at Toulouse. For the fatal campaigns
of Napoleon in 1812 and 1813, in Russia
and Germany, those countries may be re-
ferred to. At the commencement of 1814
the armies of Russia, Austria, and Prussia
crossed the Rhine into France, headed by
their sovereigns, who commenced their
approaches toward the capital in ditlerent
dn-ections. They were opposed by Napo-
leon, but after various retreats and ad-
vances the conjoined armies reached Paris,,
where, on March 30, the French army
under Joseph Bonaparte was defeated, and
the citv surrendered by capitulation : this-
was followed by the abdication of Napo-
leon, and the restoration of the Bourbon-
family. Soon afterv>-ard Napoleon was sent
to Elba, the place appointed for his future
residence; but in 1815 he found means to
escape thence, with a few adherents, and
on March 1 landed near Cannes, on the SE
coast of France, where he met with no op-
position. Louis XVIII sent an army to
oppose him, under marshal Ney, who trai-
terously joined Napoleon, that he reached
Paris without firing a musket on the 20th,
and immediately resumed the reins of go-
vernment. The king and princes had left
the city the preceding day for Lisle, aivd
they afterward proceeded to Ghent. The
fortified line of the Netherlands toward
I'rance, which was occupied by strong
garrisons, chiefly in British pay, were now
greatly reinforced under the duke of Wel-
lington ; and a Prussian array, under prince
Bleucher, soon arrived in the vicinity of
Namnr. To oppose this force Napoleon
left Paris on June 12, and gained several
advantages till the 18th, when he was
totally defeated near Waterloo, and fled
back to Paris, where he declared his poli-
tical life to be terminated, and withdrew
himself in privacy. The two conquering
am lies entered France, and advanced on
to Paris, of which tliev became masters on
FRA
July 3, by a military convention signed at
St. Cloud". On tlid 8th, Louis re-entered
his capital, and on the 10th the sovereigns
of Russia, Austria, and I'russia, arrived,
followed by the armies of the two emperors.
Napoleon by some means reached Koche-
fort, where hv. endeavoured to escape by
sea; but fmding it in vain, he surrendered
himself to a Britisli man of war, which
■sailed immediately for Eui;lan(i, and soon
anchored in Torbay ; he there remained on
board till anotlier ship was prepareil for his
reception, which carried him to St. Helena,
the destined place of his perpetual exile.
Treaties of peace were sif^ned at Paris on
November 20, between Louis and each of
the allied powers; the fu>t article declaring
that the frontiers of France should remain
as they were in 1790, with the exception
of a few trifling cessions of territory, it is
now proper to go back and notice other
particulars of this country. The Itoman
<:atholic religion was re-established in
France, by a convention between the pope
and tlie iirst consul, in 1801 ; and the
ecclesiastical division of the country is
into 10 arclibishuprics and ,50 bislioprics.
The protestant religion is also tolerated ;
and the new calendar ceased at the close
of th© year 1805. The political division of
the country is into 83 departments, nearly
-equal in extent, instead of the ancient mi-
litary provinces : their names are Ain, Al-
iier," Alps Upper, Alps Lower, Ardeche,
Ardennes, Arriege, Aube, Aude, Aveiron,
Calvados, Cantal, Charente, Charente
I>ower, Cher, Correze, Cote d'Or, Cotes
du x\ord, Creuse, Dordogne, Doubs,
Drome, Eure, Eure and Loir, Finisterre,
•Gard, Garonne Upper, Gers, Gironde,
Herault, Luh-e, Indre and Loire, Isere,
lUe and Vilaine, Jura, Landes, Loir and
Cher, Loire, Loire Upper, Loire Lower,
Loiret, Lot, Lot and Garonne, Lozere,
Mayenne, JNIayenne and Loire, Manche,
Marne, Marne Upper, Meurte, Meuse,
Morbihan, Moselle, !Nord, Nievre, Oise,
Orne, Pans, Pas de Calais, Puy de Dome,
Pyrenees Upper, Pyrenees Lower, Pyrc-
liees Eastern, ilhine Upper, Kliiiie Lower,
Khone, Rhone (Mouths of the), Saone Up-
per, Saone and Loire, Sarte, Seine and
Oise, Seine Lower, Seine and* Marne,
Sevres O'wo), Somme, Tarn, Var, X'endee,
Vieune, Vienne Upper, Vosges, and Yonne.
All tliese departments are noticed in this
work ; and the account of the old pro-
vinces are still retained. The population
of them is 27,900,000. Paris is ihe me-
tropolis.
France, Isle of, an old province of
France, so called from being bounded by
the rivers Seine, Marne, Oise, Aisne, and
Ourque. It now forms the departments of
IRA
Oise, Seine and Oise, Seine and Marne^
and Paris.
France, Isle of, an island in the Indian
ocean. See Mauritius.
Frunchc Conipte, an old province of
France, bounded on the K by Lorrain, r. by
Alsace and Switzerland, w by Burgundy,.
and s by Bresse. It is J 25 m long and 80
broad, and abounds in corn, wine, cattle,
horses, iron, copper, and lead. It now
forms the departments of Doubs, Jura, and
Upper Saone.
Frnncliemont, a town of the Netherlands,
in the territory of Liege, 12 m SE Liege.
Francis, St. a river of Brasil, which
runs KE and then SE till it enters the At-
lantic in lat. 11 20 s. It has a number of
towns and settlements, chiefly on its head
waters.
Francisco, St. a town on the coast of
New Albion, capital of a jurisdiction, with
a citadel, and a fine harbour. it was
founded in 1776, and is the most northern
settlement belonging to the Spaniards on
this continent, ' Lon, 122 37" w, lat, 37
48 X,
Francois, Cape, a city and seaport, lately
the capital of the w part of Ilispaniola. Be-
fore the dreadful commotions that ensued
after the French revolution, it contained
8000 ir.habitants, whites, people of colour,
and slaves ; but in 1793, the Negroes, sup-
ported by the Mulattos, entered the town
and massacred all the white people. It
stands on the n side of the island, 150 m
>-w St. Domingo. Lon. 72 18 w, lat. 19
46 x.
Frunconia, a circle of Germany, bound-
ed on the N by Upper Saxony, e by Bohe-
mia arid the palatinate of Bavaria, s by
Suabia, and w by the circles of the Rhine-
The middle is fertile in corn, wine, and
fruit; but the borders are full of woods and
barren mountains. This country was over-
run by the French in 1796, and again in
1800." The Franks, who conijuered I'rance,
came from this province, and gave their
name to that country.
Franeher, a townof the Netherlands, in
Friesland, with a castle and a vmivcrsity.
The public buildings and palaces are mag-
nilicent, and it has two navigable canals.
It is 9 m w Lcwarden.
Frankenuu, a town of Germany, in
Upper Hesse, 26 m sw Cassel.
Frankenhurg, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with a considerable
manufacture of wyoUen siufls, 7 m nnu.
Chemnitz.
Frankenhaly n town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, with rich manu-
factures of stuffs, silks, cloths, 5v.c. and a
canal to '.he river Rhine. It >Yas taken l>y
the ri;ench in 1793, and rstaken by tha
FRA
allies in 1794. It is seated 2 m w of tlie
Rhine, and 7 s Worms.
Frankcnhauscri, a town of Upper Sax-
ony, in Thuringia, with some extensive
salt-works; situate on a branch of the
Wipper, 26 m >• Erfurt.
Fra)ikenstein, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, 9 m se Kay-
serslantern.
Frankenstein, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Munsterberg, on the river
Bautze, 12 ni wsw ^Munsterberg.
Frankfurd, a town of Ireland, in King
counry, situate on the Silver-river and the
gram) canal, 20 m wsw Philiptown.
Frankfort, the capital of the state of
Kentucky, and in Franklin county. It is
regularly laid out, and stands on the right
bank of the Kentucky, (30 m from its con-
flux with the Ohio, 82 ssw Cincinnati, and
430 w by s Washington. Lon. 84 43 w,
lat. 37 57 N.
Frankfort, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Philadelphia county, on an arm of the river
Delaware, 4 m ne Philadelphia.
Frankfort on the 2Iuine, a free city of
Germany, in Wetteravia, on the confines
ofFranconia. It is surrounded by a wall,
in which are several gates ; and its bas-
tions, planted with shrubs, form a pleasant
walk. The river Elaine divides it into two
jjarts, which communicate by means of a
stone bridge; the larger part on the > side
is called Frankfort, and the smaller Sach-
senhausen. It contains several palaces
^nd courts belonging to princes and counts.
Here the king of the Romans was formerly
elected and crowned , and it is now the
seat of the diet of the Germanic confedera-
tion. The cathedral is a finegothic edifice,
as is also the townhouse, in which is pre-
served the golden bull, the origin of the
t'undamental laws of the ancient empire ;
but the city is more remarkable for a gene-
ral air of magnificence, than for the ex-
clusive elegance of any particular buildings.
All religions are tolerated at Frankfort,
under certain restrictions; but Lutheran-
ism is the established faith, though the
principal church is in the possession of the
Roman catholics. The population 50,000,
of which above GOOO are Jews, who live in
a part separated from the other citizens by
a high wail. Frankfort is one of the most
counnercial places in Europe, and has two
great fairs every year. It was taken, in
1759, by the French, who evacuated it in
1763 ; and se\eral times taken and retaken
by the French and Austrians, in the late
wars. It is 18 m ene Mentz, and 350 w^w
Vienna. Lon. 8 32 E, lat. 50 7 n.
Frankfort on the Oder, a town of Bran-
denburg, in tli.e liliddle mark, with a noble
FRA
academy. It had once a university, but
the buildings are now converted into' a mi-
litary magazine. It has three great fairs,
and the exclusive right of navigation up the
Oder to Breslau, Here are two suburbs,
calle(^Lebus and Guben, and a bridge over
the Oder. In 1759, it \>as taken by the
Russians and Austrians, and in 1806, it
fell into the hands of the French. It is 45
m E by s Berlin, and 72 s Stettin. Lon. 14
39 E, 'lat. 52 23 x.
Franklin, a town of Virginia, capital of
Pendleton county. It stands on tlie s branch
of the Potomac, 130 in Kw Richmond.
Lon. 79 10 w, lat. 38 40 .v.
Franklin, Fort, a fort of Pennsylvania,
in Allegany county, erected in 1787 on the
river Allegany, opposite the influx of French
creek. Go m > Pittsburg. Lon. 80 4 w,
lat. 41 25 N.
Frankstown, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Huntinodon county, situate on the Franks-
town branch of the Juuiatta, 20 m w by s
Huntingdon.
Franquemont, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Bern, seated on the Doubs,
17 m s by w Porentru.
Franzburg, a town of Hither Poraera-
nia, 14 m ssw Stralsnnd.
Frascati, a town of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma, seated on the side of a woody-
mountain. It is a bishop's see, always
possessed by one of the six eldest cardinals ;
and in its neighbourhood are some of the
most magnificent villas in Italy. The an-
cient city of Tusculum stood on the summit
of the mountain, where its scattered ruins
of white stone are intermingled with shrubs
and bushes. Between these ruins and
Frascati was the Tusculanum of Cicero ;
and St. Nilus, a Greek monk, in the 11th
century, built a convent on the site of his
villa, which is now an abbey of Greek
monks, and called Grotta Ferrata. Fras-
cati is 12 m SE Rome.
Fraserburg, a town of Scotland, in
Aberdeenshire, with a good harbour for
coasting vessels, and a manufacture of linen
yarn. It is seated on the German ocean,
a little s of the point of Kinnaird Head,
and 42 ni N Aberdeen. Lon. 1 47 w, lat.
57 23 X.
Fraucnbrun, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Bern, which takes its name
from a ceiebrated monastery, 7 ni n Bern.
Fraucnhurg, a town of W Prussia, in
the palatinate of Marienburg. In the ca-
thedral is the tomb of Copernicus, who was
one of its canons, and died herein 1543;
the remain of his observatory forms one of
the angles of the wall that surrounds the*
church. It is situate on the Frisch Hafif,
14 m NE Elbing.
FRE
FraueiifchI, a town of Switzerland, ca-
])ital ol'tlie cautou ofThiirgaii, witli a 2;oocl
tastlc. It has two cliuiclies, one catliolic
and tlic otiier protestant. It. is seated on
an eminence, by the river TdniL', 19niNr.
Zuricli. Lon. y 5"2 w, lat. -17 30 n.
Fruuoistcin, u town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in ?ilisnia, on the river Boberiscli,
yo m s>w Dresden.
Fraustad, a town of Poland, in llie duchy
of Poscn, wliich lias a great trade in wool
and oxen. Near tliis town a battle was
j^ained by the Swedes over titc Saxons, in
1700. It stands on the irontiers of Silesia,
20 in NW Glogaij, and 55 ssw i!jijsen.
Fredehurg, a town of the duchy of
Westphalia, on the river Wenne, '2'6 m sse
Arensberg.
Fredrlca, a fortified town of the state of
Georgia, in (Jiynn county, and on tlie w
side of St. Simon island, with a safe and
commodious harbour, 70 m sw Savaima.
Long. 81 34 w, lat. 31 14 n.
Ferdriciu, a fortified town of Denmark,
in N Jutland, on a promontory in the Little
Belt. Merchant vessels passing thi'ough
the Belt pay a toll here. The port is in-
convenient, and it has little trade. It is
50 m ENE Ripen. Lon. 9 53 e, lat. 55 37 n.
Fredricsburg, a town of Further Po-
merania, 23 m n Stargard, and 33 ssw
Colberg.
Fredricsburg, a town of Denmark, in
the isle of Zealand, with a castle and pa-
lace, 15 m xw Copenhagen'.
Fredricsburg, a town of Virginia, ca-
pital of Spotsylvania comity, and a place
of considerable trade. It is situate on the
Itappahannoc, 44 m nne Richmond. Lon.
77 56 w, lat. 3S 22 x.
Fredericsburg, a Danish fort, on the
Gold coast of Guinea, near Cape Three-
points, 62 m wsw Cape Coast Castle.
Lon. 1 5 w, lat. 4 30 N.
Fredricshall, a seaport of Norway, in
the province of Aggerhuys, at the mouth of
the Tiste, in a bay called the Swinesund.
The streets are wide, and the houses of
Avood, painted red. The harboui' is safe
and commodious; but the large quantity
of saw-dust brought down the ri\er from
the difierent saw-mills, occasions an annual
expense to clear it away. On the opposite
side of the river is the hitherto impregnable
fortress of Fredricstein; at the siege of
■which, in 1713, Charles mi of Sweden
was killed by a musquet ball. It is CO ni
SSE Christiania. Lon. 11 25 e, lat. 59
7 N.
F'redrics/ui7/i, a town and fortress of
Russia, in the government of Wiburs;. It
is neatly built, the streets going oil like
radii from a centre, and has a trade in planks
and tallow. Jt is seated near the gulf of
FRE
Finland, (iO in wsw Wibnrg. Long. 28 18
E, lat. (30 3(3 N.
Frcdricstad, a town of Norway, in the
]>ro\ince of Aggerhuys, and the most re-
gular fortress in Norway. It has a consi-
derable trade in deal timber, and is seated
on the (Jllomme, 15 in wnw r'redricshall.
Frcdricslud, a town of Denmark, in S
Jutland, at the conflux of theTren with the
Eyder, 17 m sw Slcswick.
Fredricsvorn, a town of Norway, in the
province of Aggerhuys, on the seacoast,.
5 m s by w Laurvig.
Fredricsztxrk, a town of Denmark, in
Zealand, with a foundery for cannon, and a
mauuf;;.cture of small arms and gunpowder;
situate on the e branch of the gulf of Ise-
fiord, 20 m Nw Copenhagen.
Fredricioion, a town of Maryland, ca-
pital of Fredrick county, with four edifices
for public worship, and an elegant court-
house. It has a considerable trade with
the back country, and is situate near the
Monocacy, 3G m nnw Washington, and
38 w by N Baltimore. Lon. 77 12 w, lat.
39 22 X.
Fredrictozon, the capital of New Bruns-
wick, on the river St. John, which is thus
far navigable for sloops. It is 90 in above
the city of St. John. Lon. (36 30 w, lat.
46 20 N.
Freehold, or Monmouth, a town of New
Jersey, chief of Monmouth county. It is
20 m se Brunswick, and 3D e Trenton.
Freeport, a town of the district of Maine,
in Cumberlandcounty, at the head of Casco
bay, 10 in ne Portland."
Freetown, a seaport of Guinea, capital
of the colony of Sierra Leone. The har-
bour has three wharfs, and is protected by
a battery. It stands on the s side of the
river Sierra Leone, 3 m above its entrance
into the Atlantic ocean. Lon. 12 56 w,
lat. 8 30 N.
Frehe.l, a cape of France, in the depart-
ment of Cotes du Nord, 13 m to the w of
St. Malo. Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 43 41 n.
Frejus, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Var. By the Romans it ^^ as called
Forum Julii; and had then a port on the
Mediterranean, which is now 2 m distant.
It is the birthplace of that great Roman
general and philosopher Agricola ; and.
near it some fine remains of antiquity ar&
still visible. Here Bonaparte landed, in
1799, after his discomfiture in Egypt ; and
here lie embarked, in 1814, on his deporta-
tion to Elba. It is seated near the river
Argens, in a morass, 46 m ne Toulon.
Lon. 6 44 e, lat. 43 26 x.
Frcnuy le Vicomtc, a town of France,
in the department ot Sarte, 9 m ssw
Alencon.
Frcsnillo, a town of New Spain, in the
FRI
province of Zacatecas, 32 in nnw Zaca-
tecas.
Frcudenhcrg, a town of Franconia, on
the river RIaine, 3 m w Wertlieim.
Freuclenburg, a town of Westphalia,
in the county of Hoya, 13 m s by \w Bre-
men.
Freudenstad, a strong town of Suabia,
in the Bh^ck forest, built to defend the pas-
sage into that forest. In 179G, it was taken
by the French. It is 23 ni ssk Baden.
Freudenthal, a, town of Silesia, in the
principality of Troppau, celebrated for its
breed of horses, and manufacture of fine
linen; seated near the Mohra, 24 m w
Troppau.
Fr.eybei'g, a town of the kingflom of
Saxony, in I\Iisnia, with a castle. In the
environs are mines of copper, tin, lead, and
silver. Here is the usual burying-place of
the princes of the house of Saxony. It is
situate on a branch of the Mulda, 15 m sw
Dresden. Long. 13 22 w, lat. 50 56 x.
Frei/herg, a town of Moravia, in the
circle of Olmutz, 16 m sw Teschen, and
48 E Oimutz,
Frei/hurg, a town of Silesia, near the
river Polsnitz, 7 m kw Schweidnitz.
Freyenstein, a town of Brandenburg, in
the mark of Pregnitz, on the frontiers of
Mecklenburg, 22 m xe Perkberg.
Frei/emialde, a town of Brandenburg,
in the Middle mark, near which are mi-
neral springs and extensive alum works. It
is seated on the Oder, 36 in ne Berlin.
Freystngen, a town of Bavaria, capital
of a principality (late bishopric) of the
same name. The cathedral and palace are
beautiful structures. It was taken by the
French in 1796. It is seated on a moun-
tain, near the Iser, 20 rn Xne Munich.
Lon. 11 50 E, lat. 48 21 n.
Freijstadt. a town of German;,-, in the
county of Catzenellenbogen, near the Rhine,
16 m w\w Darmstadt.
Fretjstadt, a town of Hungary, with a
castle, seated on the V/aag, opposite the.
fortress of Leopoldstadt. .
Freydadt, a town of Moravia, in the
principality of Teschen, with a castle, on
tlie river Elsa, 8 m nnw Teschen.
Freystaf, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Glogau, with an ancient castle,
14 m KE Sagan.
Freystut, a town of Austria, which has a
great trade in worsted, 17 m x Ens.
Frias, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
seated on a hill, near the river Ebro, 33 m
ENE Burgos.
Friburg, a canton of Switzerland, bound-
ed on the N, E, and s by Bern, and w by\'aud.
It is fertile in corn, fruit, and pasture ; and
the cboese made in this canton is deemed
FRI
the best in Switzerland. The inbabltanfg-
are papists.
Friburg, the capital of the above canton.
It is seated in a billy district, ori the river
Sanen, \\hich divides it into two parts;
that on the w side standing on plain ground,
and the other among rocks and hills. The
public buildings, especially the cathedral,
are very handsome. Three m from this
town is a celebrated hermitage, cut in a
rock. Friburg was taken by the French in
1798. It is 18 m sw Bern, and 30 ne
Lausanne. Lon. 7 15 E, lat. 46 43 jj".
Friburg, a town of Suabia, capital of
Brisgan. The steeple of its great church
is the finest in Germany ; and here are a
university, a college formerly belonging to
the Jesuits, and several convents. The in-
habitants, about 10,000, are famous for
polishing crystal and precious stones. It
has been often taken ; the last tirtie by the
Frencli, in 1796. It is seated on the Triser,
53 ms by w Baden. Lon. 7 58 e, lat. 48 3 N.
Friburg, a town of L^pper Saxony, in
Tlna'ir,2;ia, with a castle on a mountain,
situate on the Unstrut, 5 m kkw Nuum-
burg.
Fricenti, a town of Naples, in Princi-
pato LHtra, near the river Tripalto, 20 m
SE Benevento.
Fridau, a town of Germany, in Stiria,
en the river Drave, 23 m ese Marchburg.
Fridcck, a town of Moravia, in the circle
of Teschen, on the river Oder, 12 m sby vr
Teschen.
Fridingen, a town of Suabia, on the
Danube, 20 m sw Ulm.
Friedbcrg, a town of Germany, in NVet-
teravia, seated on a mountain, by the river
Usbach, 15 m N by e Frankfort.
Friedberg, a frontier town of Bavaria,
with a castle, situate on the Lechfuld, 6 m
E Auiisburg, and 30 nw Munich.
Friedberg, a town of Silesia, in th.e prin-
cipality of Schweidnitz. A httle n of the
town a battle was gained by the king of
Prussia, over the Austrians, in 1745. Ic
is 7 m NW Schweidnitz.
Friedburg, a town of Germany, in Stiria,
on the river Pink and frontiers of Hungary,
33 m XE Gratz.
Friedburg, a town of Westphalia, in E
Friesland, with a castle, 25 rti e Emdf n.
Friedland, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Oppelcn, on the river Steina,
12 m £ Neisse.
Friedland, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Mecklenbhrg, seated in a swampy country,
on the frontiers of Pomerania, 16 m ssw
Anclam.
Friedland, a town of Bohemia, en the
confines of Lusatia, 7 m ese Zittau.
Friedland, a town of Prussia, where the
S
FRI
French, under Bonaparte, Jinined a com-
plete vintory (tve^i- the Russitins in J807. It
IS seated on the Alia, '28 ni st Koniiibbers;.
Fricridit^ Is/unch, a group of islands in
the S Pacilic cceaii, so named by Cook, in
1773, on account of the frieiuLship that ap-
peared to ssbsist among the inhabitants,
and their courteous behariour to stfanu;ers.
Tasmau, a Dutch navigator, touclied liero
in 16'U>, and gave the names of Amster-
dam, Rotterdam, and Middleburfr, to three
of the })rincipal islands. Cook explored
the whole cluster, which he found to consist
of more than QO islands, the principal of
whicli are Tonga, or Amsterilam ; Eaoowe,
or Middleburg ; Annamooka, or Rotter-
datr. ; liapaee, and Lefooga. The general
appearance of thcKC islands conveys an idea
of the most exuberant fertdity ; tiiey are
almost wholly laid out in plantations, in
which are bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees,
plrntainB, yams, sugar-canen, and u fruit
like a nectarine. The stock of quadrupeds
was scanty ; but they recelred from Cook
some valuable additions, both ti-v the animal
^nd vegetable kingdom. Their domestic
fowls are as large as those of Europe.
Among the birds are parrots and parro-
quets, which fxrnish the red feathers so
much esteemed in the Sodetv isles.. The
numerous reefs and shoals aftbrd shel-
ter for an endless variety of shelltisli.
Agriculture, architecture, boat-building,
and fishing, are the employment of tlie
men; to the women is confined the manu-
facture of cloth. See Tnriga.
Friemck, a town of Crermany, in Carin-
thia, with a strong castle on a nioantain ;
seatedon the Metnitz, 17 m XNtClagenfurt.
Fries/and, a province of the Nether-
lands; bounded on tiie n by the German
ocean, w by the Ziiider zee, s bv the same
and Overyssel, and r. by Overyssel and
Groningen. Tlils country mucii resembles
the province of Holland in its soil, canals,
and dikes. Lcwarden is ihe capital.
Frieslund, Fust, a principality of West-
phalia, so called from its situation with
respect to the Dutcii province of P>ieslaiid.
It. is 45 m long and 4'2 broad ; bounded on
the ji by the German ocean, e by Olden-
burg, s by Muuster, and w by Groningen
and the German ocean. 'i he country,
being level and low, is ol-liged to be secured
against inundations by expensive dykes. The
land is fertile ; and the pastures feed beeves,
liorses, and sheep, of ;ui extraoidinary size.
On the death of prince Cliarles Edward, in
1744, it became subject to the king of
Prussia, who resigned it by the treaty of
Tilsit in 1807, and it was afterward an-
nexed to [Iciiand. In 181o, at the con-
gress of \'ienna, it was ceded to the king of
Hanover. Emden is the capital.
FRO
Friesland, West, that part of the Ne-
therlands more usually called North liol-
land.
Frinpi/buzdr-, a town of Ilindoostan^ in
Bengal, seated on the Dullasery, near its
junctioB with the Megna, 13 m ssi: Dacca.
Frio, Cape, a promontory of Brasil, iu
the province of Rio Janeiro. Lon. 4131 w,
lat. '22 54 s.
J-rish Huff, a fi-esh-water lake of Prus-
sia, from 3 to 9 m broad, and bO in length
along the Baltic sea, with which it com-
municates by a narrov/ passage, at Pillau.
Fritziur, a fortified town of Germany,
in Lower Ilesse, with two colleges and a
convent, seated on the Eder, 20 m s\t
Cassel.
Friuli, a province of Italy, bounded on
the N by Carinthia, k by Carniola and the
gulf of Triest, s by the gulf of \'enice, and
vr by Trevisano and 15ell«nese. It is rich
in timber, cattle, sUk, wine, and fruit.
Udina is the capital.
Friuli, or Citta di Friuli, u town of
Italy, in Friuli, with a collegiate church,
and fire convents. It stands at the foot of
the iwountains which separate Friuli from
Carniola, on the river Natisone, 15 m ne
Udina.
Frodlingltun}, a town in E Yorkshire,
with a market on Thursday, 36 m i: York,
and 194 n London.
Frodsliimi, a town in Cheshire, with a
market on Wednesday. Here is a graving
dcjck and yaid fi)r building and repairing
vessels. It is: seated on the Weever, near
its entrance into the estuary of the Mersey,
11 m NK Chester, and 192 nkvv London.
Fiome, a river in Dorsetshire, which
rises in the nw part, near Evcrshot, flows
by Dorchester and Wareham, and enters
the bay that fitrms the harbour of Poole.
Frame, a town in .Somersetshire, with a
market on Wednesday. It had formerly a
monastery, part of which, converted into
tenements for poor families, may be seen
iu that part of the town called Lower Key-
ford. The population was 9493 in 1811..
Here are considerable manufiictures of
broad cloths and kerseymeres. It is seat-
ed on a riyer of the same name, which
enters the Avon above Bath, 12 m s Bath,
and 130 whys London.
Fronsac, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of (ilrcuide, seated on the Dordogne,
22 m NE IJoo.rdeaux.
Fronteiru, a town of Portugal, in A^len-
tejo, 17 m m: Estremos.
Frontenuc; see Kingston, in Canada.
Frontignun, a town ui France, in the
department of Herault, celebrated for its
muscadine wine, gsnerally called FroAtig-
niao. It is seated on the lake Maguleoi.e,
12 m ssw I\kn;tpeliier.
FUL
Froi/en,Tm island in the North sea, near
the coast of Norway, about 35 m in cir-
cuit. Lon. 9 0 E, lat. 63 45 N.
Fru.finone, a town ot" Italy, in Cam-
pagna di Koma, with a tort, situate on an
«rainence, by the river Cosa, 46 m kse
Rome.
Frutingen, a tovrn of" Switzerland, in the
-canton of Bern, SO m sk Friburg.
Fryabur^, a town of tho district of
Maine, in York county, with a flourishing
academy ; seated near the n branch of the
Ossipee, 60 ni n by w York. Lon. 70 5S
w, lat. 43 57 ?r.
Fuego, one of the Cape V'erd islands, in
the Atlantic ocean, and a volcano, which
burns continually. It is much higher than
any of the rest, and seems to be a single
mountain al sea, but on the sides there are
deep valleys. It has no river, and is al-
most destitute of fresh water; but is fer-
tile in maize, gourds, wild figs, oranges,
and apples, and has a great number of wild
goats. Lon. 94 SO w, lat. 14 54 N.
Fiien-tcheoii, a city of China, in Chan-si.
Here are hot baths, which attract a great
iminber of strangers. Its district contains
one city of the second and seven of the
third class. It is seated on the river Fuen,
280 m sw Peking. Lon. Ill 30 e, lat. 37
20 N.
Fuente Dtiemia, a town of Spain, in
New Castile, seated on the Tajo, 35 m se
Madrid.
Fuente Gifmlda, a town of Spain, in
Estremadura. In 1734 it was taken and
plundered by the Portuguese. It is 16 ra
NW Coria.
Fuente Ovejuna, a town of Spain, in An-
dalusia, near the source of the Guadiato,
34 m NW Cordova.
Fuerte, a town of New Spain, in Cinaloa,
on the river Fuerte, 70 m n by w Cinaloa.
Fuesxcn, a town ef Suabia, in the prin-
cipality of Augsburg, with an ancient cas-
tle, and a Benedictine abbey. It com-
mands the pass into Bavaria and Tyrol,
and is seated on the Lech, 50 m s Augs-
burg. Lon. 10 45 E, lat. 47 34 x.
Fula, or Foula, the most western of the
Shetland islands, 5 m long and half as
much broad. It affjrds excellent pastur-
age for sheep. The only landing-place,
called Ham, is on the e side. Lon. 1 37
w, lat. 60 29 X.
Fuldii, a principality (late bishopric) of
Germany, in the circle of Ujipar Rliine;
bounded on the e by Thuringia and Wurtz-
bnrg, and on the other sides by Wetteravia
and Hesse. It contains 760 square m, and
is very bleak and mountainous.
Futda, the capital of the above princi-
pality. Here are many fine buildings, par-
FUN
ticularly the palace, three churches, a coI»
lege, and a university. It is seated on the
Fulda, 55 m s Cassel. Lon. 9 48 E, lat»
50 34 N.
Fulham, a village in Middlesex, 4 m
whys London, seated on the Thames, over
which is a wooden bridge to Putney. It
has been the demesne of the bishops of
Londftn ever since the conquest : here they
have a palace ; and in the churchyard are
the tombs of several of the prelates.
Ftillan, a country in the interior of
Africa, w of the kingdom of Cassina. The
boundaries have not been ascertained, nor
has the face of the country been described*
The dress of the natives resembles the
plaids of the Scotch highlanders.
Fulnek, a town and castle of Moravia,
on the frontiers of Silesia, 26 m enb
Prerau.
Fnnchttl, the capital of Madeira, situata
round a bay, on the gentle ascent of some
hills. An old castle, which commands the
read, stands on the top of a steep black
rock, called the Loo Rock, surrounded by
the sea at high water ; there are also three
other forts, and several batteries. The
streets are narrow and dirty, though streams
of water run through them. The houses-
are built of freestone, or bricks ; but they
are dark, and only a few of the best are
provided with glass windows ; tlie other»
have a kind of lattice-work in their stead,,
which hangs on hinges. The beama and
roof of the cathedral are of cedar. The
chief curiosity here is a chamber in the
Franciscan convent, which has the walls
and ceiling covered with human skulls and
thigh-bones, said to be the relics of holy
men who have died on the island. The
town contains about 11,000 inhabitants.
Lon, 16 56 e, lat. 32 38 N.
Fundi/, a bay of N America, which ex*
tends about 200 m in a ne direction, be-
tween the district of Maine and New-
Brunswick on the NW, and Nova Scotia
on the SE. At the upper part it is divided
into two arms, by a peninsula of Nora
Scotia, the w point of whicli is called Cape
Chignecto. The tides in this bay rise to
a great height, and are very rapid, but re-
gular. In the basin of Mines, the e arm
of the bay, tiie tides rise 60 feet; and in
Chignecto channel, the ne arm, they rise
70 feet. The latter branch, with Vert bay,
which j)ushes into the land in a sw direc-
tion from Northnmberland strait, form aa
isthnms of only 12 m wide, which unites
Nova Scotia to New Brunswick.
Immcw, an island of Denmark, 150 m iu
circuit ; «oparated from Jutland by a strait,
called the 'little Belt, and from Zealand,
bv th^ Great Belt. The coast is indented
S2
FUll
"by numerous bays ; and witliin are several
lakes and rircrs abounding in fish, fdrcsts
of oak and bcecli, and extensive orchards
«nd hop-i;rounds. It aUo exports cattle,
barley, oats, rye, maize, peas, and honey.
Odcnsee is the capital.
Fuvfkirchcn, or Five Churches, a towiT
of Hungary, capital of Barany county, and
a bishop's see, with a fine cathedral and
palace. The population in 181.') was ^487.
Jhe tobacco of this place is hi<;hly esteem-
ed, and the trade in cattle and swine is
considerable. It is situate on the s side
of a limestone ridge, in a fertile country,
between the Drave and tlie Danube, 135 m
ssw Buda. Lon. 18 22 e, lat. 46 4 N.
Tuorli, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Citra, 21 m ssi: Solmona.
Fumes, a town of the Netherlands, in
Planders. It was one of the barrier towns ;
but, in 1781, emperor Joseph ii expelled
the Dutch garrison. It was taken by the
French in 1793. It is seated near the
German ocean, on tlie canal from Bruges
to Dunkirk, 12 m e Dunkirk.
Furruchuhud, a town of Hindoostan, in
Agra, a capital of district. The streets are
■wide, and the houses and open places
shaded with trees. It has a considerable
trade, and is rendered more flourishing by
th^ Eritish cantonments at Futtenghur,
nearly adjoining to the se. It is seated
near the Ganges, 96 ra e Agra. Lon. 79
S3 w, lat. 27 23 n.
Fustenciu, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Osnaburg, 13 m sw Quaken-
burg.
Fursienherg, a principality of Suabia,
-between the Black forest and the princi-
pality of Constance In this state the
river Danube has its rise.
Furstenherg, a town of the above prin-
cipality, w ith an ancient castle on a moun-
tain, near the Danube, 17 m sby w Roth-
Tvell. Lon. 8 35 e, lat. 47 53 n.
Fur&tenberg, a town of Upper Saxony,
5n Lusatia, on the river Oder, llmsbyE
Trankfort.
Furstenherg, a town of Lower Saxony,
iri Meckienburg-Strelitz, on the river Havel,
KO m s Strelitz.
Fursleiifeld, a town and fortress of
Germany, in S^tiria, on the river Auftnitz.
It is a frontier barrier toward Hungary,
and 32 m w Gratz.
Furstenwald, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Middle mark, seated on the Spree^ 32
m ESE Berlin.
Furstn.'xerder, a town of Brandenburg,
in the Ucker mark, 12 m .wv Prenzlo.
Furth, a town and castle of Lower Ba-
Tsria, on the river Cham, 10 m ke Cham.
fvrf/if a to\v^ of I'rfiucoma^ in the prin-
GAB
cipality of Anspach, seated on the Rednitz,
5 m Nw Nureniburg.
Futtcpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Allahabad, 32 in ese Korah, and 72 N\v
Allahabad.
Futtipooi; a town of Hindoostan, in
Agra, enclosed by a stone wall of great
extent, built by emperor Acbar. The space
within does not a])pear ever to have been
filled with buildings, and the part now in-
habited is inconsiderable. It is 25 ni
whys Agra.
Fushhig, a town of Persia, in Chorasan,
celebrated for the beauty of the cypress-
trees in its vicinity. It is situate on the
Ilerirood, 50 m nw Herat.
J'j/rt/, one of the Azores, or Western
islands. It is well cultivated, and has
abundance of chestnuts, beeclies, myrtles,
and aspens. The cottages of the common
people are built of clay, thatched with
straw; and are small, but cleanly and cool..
The most considerable place is Villa de
Horta. Lon. 28 36 w, lat. 38 32 N.
Fyers; see Foyers.
Fi/iie, Loch, in Scotland, an inle; of the
Atlantic, in Argyleshire, nearly 40 m long.
It receives and returns a tide on each side
of the isle of Arran, which is opposite its
entrance. It is indented with bays ; and
in the herring season is the resort of numer-
ous fishing vessels.
Fi/zabad, a city of Hindoostan, in Oude,
of V. hich it was once the capital. Here
are the remains of a fort, and of a vast
palace. The city is populous; but since
the removal of the court of Oude to Luck--
now, in 1774, it has declined in wealth-
It is seated on the Gogra, nearly adjoining
the ancient city of Oude, 76 m e Lucknow..
Lon. 82 10 E, lat. 26 46 N.
G.
Cabaret, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gers, seated on the Gelisse,
16 m w Condom.
Gabcl, a fortified town of Bohemia,,
w hich commands the pass into Lusatia.. It
is 8 m s Zittau.
Gabes, or Gahs; see Cubes.
Gabian, a village of France, in the de-
partment of Herault, 9 m nw Beziers. It
has a mineral spring; and near it is a rock
from which issues petroleum.
Cabin, a town of Poland, in the palati-
nate of Rava, 50 ra k\v Warsaw. Lon.
19 45 E, lat. 52 26 N.
Gabon, a country of Guinea, bounded
on the N by Majombo, e by Anziko, s bj
LoangO;i and w by the Atlantic, It has a
GAL
river of the same name, which enters the
Atlantic a little n of the equinoctial line,
and is frequented by British vessels to
procure red sandal-wood at some islands
above its mouth. The chief town is Sette.
Gadebusc/i, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Mecklenburg, near which the Swedes de-
feated the Danes and Saxons in 1712. It
• is 16 m NNW Schwerin.
Gademis, or Gadames, a town of Bile-
dulserid, capital of a district. Caravans
travel hence to Bornou and Tombuctoo,
and it is a place of considerable trade. It
is 230 m sw Tripoli, and 330 £Se Tuggurt.
Lon. 10 40 E, hit. 30 40 N.
Gaeta, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, with a fort, a citadel, and a har-
bour. Opposite the great portal of the ca-
thedral is an antique column, marked with
the name of the winds in Greek and Latin.
Near this town was the Formian villa of
Cicero; tradition points out its site, and
the very spot where lie was butchered.
Gaeta was taken by the Austrians in 1707,
"by the Spaniards in 1734, and by the
French in 1806. It is seated at the foot of
a mountain, on the gulf of Gaeta, 30 m
WNW Capua. Lon. 1 3 47 e, lat. 51 30 n.
Gago, a town of Nigritia, capital of a
country that abounds in rice, corn, and
mines of gold. It is 300 m sse Tom-
buctoo. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 11 10 n.
Gaildorf, a town of I'ranconia, in the
lordship of Limburg, with a castle, near
the river Kocher, 13 m w Elwangen.
Gaillac, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Tarn, celebrated for its wine.
It is seated on the Tarn, which is here na-
vigable, 10 m sw Alby.
Gaillon, a town of France in tlie depart-
ment of Eure, with a magniticent palace,
belonging to the archbishop of Kouen. It
is 11 m NE Eureux, and 2'2 sse Rouen.
Gainsborough, a town of Lincolnshire,
with a market on Tuesday, seated on the
Trent, over which is a handsome stone
bridge. It is accessible to vessels of suffi-
cient size to navigate the sea ; and serves
as a place of export and import for the n
part of the county, and for Nottingham-
shire. It is J 7 m NW Lincoln, and 149
T«byw London. Lon. 0 36 e, lat. 53
28 N.
Gau'lorh, a large bay of Scotland, on
the w coast of Rosshire, which gives name
to a tract of land near it. The tishing of
cod, and other white tish, is here Tery con-
siderable.
Galapagos, a number of islands in the
Pacific ocean, discovered by the Spaniards,
and so named from the great abundance of
tortoises found among them. They lie
under the equator, off the coast of Peru,
between lat. 89 and 92 w. There are onU
GAL
nine of them of any considerable size ; but
the whole are barren, and uninhabited.
Galashiels, a town of Scotland, in Sel-
kirkshire, which has long been famous for
the manufacture of woollen cloth. It is
seated on the Gala, near its conflux with
the Tweed, 5 m n Selkirk.
Galaso, a liver of Naples, in Otranto,
which rises near Oria, and runs into the
gulf of Tare n to.
Gulutz, a town of European Turkey,
in ^Moldavia. It is a commercial place,
and ships of considerable size are built
here. lu 1790, it was taken by the Rus-
sians, after a bloody battle. It is seated
on the Danube, above the influx of the
Pruth, 55 m w Ismael, and 120 ss\f"
Bender. Lon. 28 24 r, lat. 45 24 n.
Gulbalh/, a town of Ireland, in Limerick
county. Here are the ruins of a consider-
able monastery. It is 10 ra ssw Tipperary^
and 27 SE Limerick.
Gulicia, a country in the s part of Po-
land, uhich extends 320 m from e to vt,
and 290 in breadth. It comprises tlie w
part of Red Russia, and a slip of Podolia
to the w of the river Bog. This territory
was forcibly seized from Poland in 1772
and 1795, and incorporated into the Aus-
trian dominions, under the appellation,of
the kingdom of Galicia. The mountain-
ous parts produce line pasture ; the plains
are mostly sandy, but abound in forests,
and are fertile in corn. The principal arti-
cles of traffic are cattle, hides, wax, and
honey; and these countries contain mines
of copper, lead, iron, and salt, of whicli
the latter are the most valuable. The ca-
pital is Lemberg.
Galicia, a province of Spain, 120 m long
and 100 broad; boimded on the x and w
by the Atlantic, s by Portugal, and e by
Asturias and Leon. The air is temperate
along the coast, but in other places cold
and moist. It is thin of people. The pro-
duce is wine, flax, citrons, copper, tin, and
lead ; and the forests yield wood for build-
ing ships. Compostella is the capital.
Galicia, New ; see Gundalaxara.
Galipia, a town on the e coast of Tunis^
with a castle that commands the beach, 56
m E Tunis.
Galistio, a town of Spain, in Estrema-
dura, 10 m Nvv Placentia.
Galitsch, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Kostroma, on the s side of a
lake of its name, 56 m ene Kostroma.
Lon. 23 54 e, lat. 57 56 N.
Gall, .S'^. a canton of Switzerland, border-
ing on the lake of Constance, and the can-
ton of Thurgau. It contains the terri-
tories of Toggeuburg and Rheinthal, and
completely environs the canton of Ap-
peuzel.
GAL
Gall, St. or St. Gallcii, the capital of
the above canton. ]t has :i rich iibbey,
■whose abbot i'onnorly possessci tlie so-
vereignty of the town, but his territory is
BOW distinct. The town is entirely pro-
testant; and the subjects of the abbot are
mostly catholics. The town has an exten-
sive trade, arisins; chiefly from its linen
manufactures and bleaching-grounds. It
is seated in a narrow \alley, on two small
streams, 85 ui k Zurich. Lon. 9 18 i:, lat.
47 21 x.
Gullutn, a town of Sencgambia, capital
of a kingdom, on the river Senegal. The
French l)uilt a fort here, which was ceded
to the English in 17tJo. During tlie Ame-
rican war it was taken by the French, but
restored in 1783. Lon. 10 0 w, lat. 14
35 N.
Gallardon, a town of France, in the
department of Eure and Loir, V2 m kk
Chartres.
Gal/e, or Poi7it dc Gcille, a seaport on
the s coast of Ceylon, in a rich and beau-
tiful district, with a strong fort, and a
secure harbour. It is populous, and in
point of trade ranks next to Columbo.
The chief branch of its traffic consists in
the exportation of fish to the continent ;
but a great part of the products of the
island are shipped here for Europe. It is
€8 m sbvE Columbo. Lon. 80 20 e, lat.
6 2 N.
GalUapolis, a town of Ohio, chief of
Gallia county. It is situate on the river
Ohio, nearly opposite the inilux of the
Great Kanhaway, 130 m Ebys Cincinnati,
and 190 sw Pittsburg. Lon. 82 9 w, lat.
SB S3 N.
GallipoU, a strait between European and
Asiatic Turkey, the ancient Hellespont,
"which forms the cc^nmunication between
the Archipelago and the sea of IVIarmora.
It is defended at the sw entrance, which is
2 m over, by two castles ; and 18 m higher,
at a narrower part, by two otlier castles.
See Dardanelles.
Gallipuli, a seaport of European Turkey,
in Romania, the residence of a pashaw,
and the see of a Greek bishop. It contains
about 8000 Turks, 4000 Greeks, and 3000
Jews. It is built on a peninsula that forms
two harbours, which frequently recei^e
the imperial lleets ; and behind the town
are some perpendicular rocks, which are
fortified and surmounted by an old castle.
It stands on the strait of the same name,
at its broad entrance from the sea of Mar-
mora, 100 m sw Constantinople. Lon. 26
59 p, lat, 40 26 n.
GuUipoli, a seaport of Naples, in Terra
d'Otranto, and a bishop's see. 1 his place
is a great mart for olive oil, and has a ma-
nufacture of muslins. It is seated on a
GAL
rocky island, on the e shore of the gulf of
Tarantu, and joined to the mainhuul by a
bridge, protected by a tort, 23 m w Utranto.
Lon. 18 5 E, lat, 40 20 u.
Gullo, an island in the Pacific ocean,
near the coast of Peru ; the first place
possessed by the Spaniards, when they at-
tempted the conquest of Peru. Lon. 80 0
w, lat. 2 30 N.
Gallozciiij, a district of ScotlantI, now
divided into I'.ast and West Galloway, or
Kirkcudbrijshtshire and Wlgtomhire. It
was famous tor a particular breed of small
horses, called galloways.
Gallouo'/, iVfin.', a borough of Scotland,
in Kirkcudbrightshire, neatly built, and
situate in a rich vale, on the river Ken,
14 m N Kirkcudbright.
Galmier, St. a town of France, in the
department of Loire, with a medicinal
spring of a vinous taste, 18 m e Montbrison.
Gahton, a town of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, whose inhabitants are chiefly cm-
ployed in weaving. In the vicinity are
Paties Mill, renowned in song ; and Mol-
mount, remarkable for a complete druidi-
cal circle, 60 feet in diameter, on its sum-
mit. It stands near the Irvine, 15 m ene.
Ayr.
Galwat/, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Connaught, 82 m long and 42
broad ; bounded on the w by the Atlantic^
N by Mayo and Roscommon, e by Ros-
common, King county, and Tipperary,
and s by Clare. It is divided into 116
parishes, contains about 142,000 inhabit-
ants, and sends three members to parlia-
ment. The greater part is fertile in corn
and pasturage; but toward the N and w
the soil is coarse. The river Shannoa
washes the se frontier, and forms the lake
Derg, 20 m in length ; the other principal
rivers are the Clare, Gal way, and Dun-
more.
Gdlu-ay, a borough and seaport, capital
of the above county. It is also a county
of itself, with its liberties- extenditig 4 m
around. It was surrounded on tiiree sides
by a wall, with towers and bastions, but
their site is now ahnost wholly occupied
by more useful edifices. The streets are
large and straight, and the houses are ge-
nerally well built of stone. The harbour
is defended by a fort ; and the foreign
commerce and inland trafhc are consider-
able J the latter being much tacilitated
by means of Lough Corrib. It sends a
member to parliament, has u linen manu-
facture, a great trade in kelp, and a pro-
fitable salmon and herring fishery. It
stands on a spacious bay of the same name,
at the influx of Lough Corrib, 47 m nnw
Limerick, and 120 w DubUn. Lou. 9 30
w, lat. 53 11 K.
GAN
Gambia, a river of Seiiegambia, which
is supposed to rise in the mountains on tlie
KW border of Guinea, and, flowinij; kw
and w, enters the Athuitic ocean at Cape
St. Mary, where its mouth is 8 m wide.
It swarms with crocodiles, and is naviga-
ble for sloops 600 m from its mouth. Some
settlements on its banks were ceded to the
British by the peace of 1783.
Gai/ibaroon ; see Gomltron.
Gana, Ganura ; see Ghana, Ghannra.
Ganatt, a town of the empire of Cas-
sina, '<i80 m k by e Agades. Lon. 14 30
E, lat. '24 40 N. '
Gand ; see G/ietit.
Gandersheim, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttle,
■with a celebrated convent, If m sw Goslar.
Gandia, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
Avith a small university: seated on the
Alcoy, near its entrance into the gulf of
Valencia, 32 ni sbyE Valencia.
Gandiim, a town of Italy, in Bergamasco,
10 m NE Bergamo.
Gai-igea, or Ganja, a town of Persia, in
the province of Erivan, 105 m sbyE Teflis.
Lon. 15 50 E, lat. 41 10 N.
Gangelt, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Juliers, 16 m \w Juliers.
Ganges, a celebrated river of Ilindoo-
stan, which was formerly represented as
flowing within the Himaleh chain of snowy
mountains many hundred miles, from an
imaginary lake, called JMapama, to Gan-
gotri. This course appearing to rest on
very slender foundations, the Bengal go-
vernment, in 1808, caused a survey of its
sources to be made. The Ganges is now
deemed to be formed by the junction of
two rivers, the BhagirathinndJlacananda,
at Devaprayaga, in the mountainous
cou!:trv of Seiinagur. From this place
the Ganges proceeds about 70 m in a sw
direction, then gushes through an opening
in the mountains, and enters Ilindoostau
Proper, at Ilundwar. Hence it flows 1200
m with a smooth navigable stream, through
delightful plains, to the bay of Bengal,
which it enters by a delta of mouths that
extends above 1(30 ra. In its course
through these plains it receives 11 rivers,
some of them larger and none smaller than
the Thames, beside; many of inferior note.
In the annual inundation of this river,
which on an average rises 31 feet, the
country is in some parts overllowed more
than 100 m in width. The Ganges is, in
every respect, one of the most beneficial
rivers in the world; diffusing plenty im-
mediately by means of its living produc-
tions, and secondarily by enriching tiie
lands, affording an easy conveyance for
the production of its Vwrdeis, and giving
employment to many thousand boatmen.
GAR
The Ilmdoos regard tliis river as a kind of
deity, and hold its waters in high venera-
tion ; and it is visited annually by a pro-
digious number of pilgrims from all parts
of Hindoostan. See Hooglj/.
Gungotri, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Serinagur, seated on the Bhagirathi, or
Ganges, where the river issues from the
Himaleh mountains. Here is a small tem-
ple, on the bank of the river, which is a
celebrated place of Hindoo pilgrimage.
Two m hence is the place called the Cow's
Mouth: it is a large stone in the bed
of the river, the water passing it on each
side, and disclosing a small part above the
surface, to which fancy may attach the
idea of a cow. Gangotri is 'Z'ZO m nj{W
Serinagur. Lon. 76 53 e, lat. 33 4 N.
Gangpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gundwana, capital of a barren and moun-
tainous districi. It is situate on the
Borkee, 44 ra nxe Sumbulpoor. Lon. 84
10 e, lat. 22 4 N.
Gaiijuni, a tov/n of Hindoostan, in the
Ciicars, district of Cicacole, with a fort.
It stands at the mouth of a river, which is
rarely na\igable, 114 m ke Cicacole. Lon.
85 19 E, hu. 19 23 x.
Gannat, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Allier, 30 m s Mouiins.
Gap, a town of France, capital of this
department of Upper Alps, and lately a
bishop's see. It has a fort called Puymore,
and stands on the rivulet Bene, at the foot
of a mountain, in which some mineral
waters are found, 47 m sse Grenoble.
Lon. 6 5 E, lat. 44 34 N.
Gapml, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of itevel, on a small gulf of the Baltic^
36 m wsw Revel.
Garak; see liaick.
Gard, a department of France includ-
ing part of the old province of Languedoo.
It has its name li-oia a rapid river, which
rises in the department of Lcjzerre, flows
SE through this department, and enters ^he
Rhone, above Beaucaire. Nismes is the
capital.
Garda, a town of Italy, in Veronese, on
the E shore of a lake of its name, 17 m nv/
Verona.
Garda, Lake of, the largest lake in Italy,
lying between the territories of Verona antl
Brescia. It is 30 m long and 10 svhere
broadest, but not above 4 toward its
northern extremity, which enters the prin-
cipality of Trent.
Gurdtfan, or Guardafui, a cape in the
Indian ocean, the most easterly point of
Africa. Lon. 51 22 e, lat. 11 50 n.
Gurdeleben, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Old mark, with manufactuie-* of cloth,
and a trade in hops and excellent beer ;
seated on the river Beise, 15 m w StenduL
GAS
C<i?iUki, a t(Hvn of European Tuikey,
in Albania, well built on tlie side ol'a Idt'lv
bill, witli a ca>tle. In 1012 it conta'nud
6000 inhabitants, when it wa.s taken by
the vizier, Ali I'asha, \\lu) rau.scd above
750 of the male inhaljitants to be niabsa-
cred and denied- burial, and the otiieis to
be 'Sent into a sm-t of slavery to distant
towns. This deed was in revenue of the
Gaidlkiots havini^ 40 years before attempt-
ed his life, and took his mother and sister
prisoners to Gardiki, where they exposed
them tor GO days to ^•al ions outrages. It
is yet a deserted place, lOmxvv Argiro
Castro.
Garigliano, a ri\er of Naples, whi( h
rises near the lake of Cclaiio, and iiows by
Sera and Aquino into the gult Of Gacta.
G(trlie>:ton, u town of J^cotlancl, in Wig-
tonsliirc, with an excellent haibunr for
coasting vessels ; seated around the head
of a bay to which it gives name, C m s
Wigton.
Ginmouth, a town of Scotland, in Elgin-
shire, at the mouth of the Spcy, with a
good harbour. Great quantities of ship-
timber are floated down tiie river to the
town, and many small vessels are built
here. 'Die salmon fishing is also a means
of increasing the trade. It is 11m eke
Elgin. Lon. 3 9 w, lat. 57 41 x.
Garonne, a river of France, which rises
in the Pyrenees, and flows nw by Toulouse
and Bourdeaux, below which it is joined
by the Dordogne, and their united stream
Ibrms the Gironde.
Garonne, [7);;er, a department of France,
containing part of the old province of
Languedoc. Toulouse is the capital.
Garrison, a town of Ireland, in Ferma-
nagh county, near Lough Melvin, 19 va w
Enniskillen.
Gurais, a town of tlie kingdom of Fez,
surrounded by walls, and t!ie houses built
with black stone. It stands in a fertile
country, on the river Mulu, 56 m se Me-
lilla.
Gantlang, a corporate town in Lanca-
shire, with a market on Thursday. Here
are the ruins of Greenbaugh castle ; and
in the neighbourhood are several cotton-
works. It is seated on the Wyre, 10 m s
Lancaster, and 220 nnvv London.
Gurtz, a townof Hitlier Pomerania, seat-
ed on tlie Oder, 13 m sby w Stettin.
Gasconi/, an old province of France,
bounded on the w by the bay of Biscay, n
by Guienne, u by Languedoc, and s by the
Pyrenees. I'he inhabitants are of a lively
disjiosition, famous for boasting of their
exploits, which has occasioned the naiue
of Gasconade to be given to all bragging
stories. Ihis province, and Armagnac,
now form the department of Gers.
GAU
Gasteiii, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy
of Sal/burg, celebrated for its warm baths,
and mines of lead, iron, and gold. It is
45 m s .^al/.burg.
Giislouna, a town of European Turkey,
in iMorea, governed by a b«y. The vicinity
abounds in corn, silk, cotton, and fruit;
and a considerable quantity of cheese is
made from the milk of ewes. It is 'M m
ssw Pati as, and GO sw Tripoli/za.
Ga(a, Cape, a promontory of Spain, on
the coast of Granada, consisting of an
enormous rock of a singular nature and ao-
pearance, 24 m in circuit. Lon. 2 22 w,
lat. 56 43 X.
Cutchouae, a town of Scotland, in Kirk-
cudbrightshire, near the mouth of the river
Fleet, which forms a good harbour. Here
are several cotton-works, and a good coast-
ing trade. It is 13 m vvbyx Kirkcud-
bright, and 40 wsw Dumfries.
Guiesftcud, a town in the county of Dur-
ham, seated on the Tyne, over which is
a handsome bridge to Newcastle. It is
celebrated for its grindstones, which are
exported to all parts of the svorld; and
near it, on the river Team, is an iron manu-
facture, in repute for good anchors. The
population was 3782 in 1811. It is 13 m
K Durham, and 269 n by w London.
Gatton, a borough in Surrey, which has
neither market nor fair, 2 m ke Ryegate,
and 19 sby w London.
Gaudens, St. a town of France, in the
department of Upper Garonne, seated on
the Garonne, 13 m ene St. Bertrand.
Gaveren, or Wuveren, a town of the
Netherlands, in Flanders, seated on the
Scheld, 8 m sse Ghent.
Gavi, a town and fortress of the duchy
of Genoa, formerly an important frontier
place toward Montferrat and Milanese ;
seated on the Lemo, 20 m xw Genoa.
Gaukarna, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Canara, of great note among the Brahmins,
for a celebrated image of Siva, and many
ancient inscriptions on stone. It enjoys
some commerce, and stands near the mouth
of a river, 72 m nnw Kundapura.
Guur, or Zouf, a city of Usbec Tartary,
in the province of Balk. It is seated on
the Zouf, 160 m ssw Balk. Lon. 63 58 vf,
lat. 34 40 >-.
Guilts, stupendous mountains of Southern
Ilindoostan, extending, at some distance,
along the e and w coasts. The e ridge
commences near the river Cavery, and ex-
tends through nearly 5 degrees of latitude,
to the banks of theKistna, forming, in this
part, the vv boundary of the Carnatic. The
w ridge, called by the natives the moun-
tains of Sukhien, extends through 13 de-
grees of latitude, from cape Comorin to
ntar the river Tuptee, at the distauc» of
GEF
frnm 40 to 70 m from the shore ; except a
break, opposite Paniany, about 16 m in
breadth. From the n side of this opening
a hrancii extends across the Coimbetooe
province to the e chain. These ridges rise
abruptly from the low country, supporting
within them a vast extent of territory,
wiiich is so elevated as to render tiie air
cool and pleasant. Tlie country above the
Gauts is called table land ; but it is nut a
regularly flat surface, being, on the con-
traiy, in many parts very mountainous.
The highest part of the e ridge is about the
latitude of Madras, and estimated at
above 3000 feet; and Bangaloor, situate
within the chain, is by baromrtrical ob-
servations 2901 feet above the level of the
sea. As the rivers that have their sources
in the upper table land universally decline
to the E, it is probable that the Western
Gauts are higher than the Eastern, and
they are by far the most abrupt in their
elevation. Gaut, according to the original
import of the word, signifies a pass through
or over mountains ; and, by an extend-
ed sense, is applied to the mountains them-
selves.
Gaza, a town of Syria, in Palestine, 2 m
from the Mediterranean, with a harbour
and a castle. It contains many mosques,
the largest of which was an ancient Greek
church, of a fine appearance. Here are
manufactures of cotton ; but the principal
commerce is furnished by the caravans be-
tween Egypt and Syria. It stands tn an
eminence, in a fertile plain, 45 m sw Jeru-
salem. Lon. 34 45 i:, lat. 31 28 N.
Gawelgur, a strong fortress of Hindoo-
stan, in Berar, belonging to the Nagpoor
rajah, situate on a high and rocky hill, and
surrounded by three formidable defences.
In 1803, after a siege of two days, the
British took it by storm ; and it was soon
afterward restored by a treaty of peace.
It is 30 m NNw Ellichpoor.
Gazi/poor, a toM'n of Hindoostan, in Al-
lahabad, capital of a very fertile district.
It is situate on the left bank of the Ganges,
41 m jjE Benares. Lon. 83 33 e, lat. 25
35 N.
Gear on, or Jaron, a town of Persia, m
Farsistan, in whose territory the best dates
of Persia are produced. It is 80 m sbyE
Shiras. Lon. 51 17 e, lat. 28 15 x.
Gffle, a seaport of Sweden, capital of
Gestricia, sealed on an ann of the gulf of
Bothnia, which dirides the tovrn, and forms
two islands. The council house is a beafc-
tiful edifice, and many of the houses are
built of a red sandstone. The population
10,000 ; and the exports are principally
bar-iron, timber, pitch, tar, and planks.
It is 56 m Ksw Upsal. Lon. 17 20 e, lat.
CO 40 N.
GEM
Gehol, a town of Chinese Tartary, with
a large palace, and a magnificent temple
of Budlia. Here the emperor of China
received the British embassy in 1793. It
is 136 m N Peking.
Geilenkirchen, a town of Westphalia,
in the duchy of Juliers, on the river Worm,
10 m WNW Juliers.
Gehcnhe'tm, a town of Germany, in the
territory of IMentz, seated near the Rhine,
14 m w Cassel.
Gfis/higen-, a town of Suabia, on the
rivulet Rohrach, 12 m Nw Ulm.
Greismar, a town of Germany, in the
principality of Hesse, 14 m x Cassel.
Ceiss, a town of Germany, in the prin-
cipality of Fnlda, 16 m ne Fulda.
Gelderland, a province of the Nether-
lands, and the largest of them all. It lies
between the Zuider zee, the provinces of
Holland, Utrecht, and Overyssel, the prin-
cipality of Munster, the duchy of Cieve,
anri Dutch Brabant ; and is divided into
three quarters or counties, called Nime-
guen, Arnheim, and Zutphen, from tlie
principal towns. It is fertile in fruit and
corn; and, in many parts, abounds in
WOOfl .
Gelderland, Upper, a territory of the
Netherlands, lying in detached parts, on
both sides the river Meuse; lately divided
into Austrian, Dutch, and Prussian Gel-
derland. The Austrian part included
Ruremonde, and its dependencies ; the
Dutch comprehended the lordships of
Velno and Stevenswert; and the Prussiaa
contained the capital, Gelders, and its dis-
trict, which was reckoned as a part of the
circle of Westphalia. These districts were,
in 1795, annexed to France; but, in 1815,
they were ceded to the king of the Nether-
lands and the king of Prussia,
Gelders, the capital of Prussian Gelder-
land, with a palace, the residence of the
former dukes. It was taken in 1702, by
the king of Prussia, and in 1713, the towa
and its district was ceded by France to tha't
prince, in exchange tor the principality of
Orange. In 1757 it surrendered to the
French, who restored it in 1764, after demo-
lishing the fortifications. It again surren-
dered to them in 1794 ; and was restored,
with its district, in 1815. It is 20 m sse
Cleve. Lon. 6 16 e, lat. 51 31 x.
Gelnhuusen, a town of Germany, in
Wetteravia, with a castle, seated on the
Kintzig, 18 m ne Hanau.
Gemblours, a town of the Netherlands,
in Brabant, with an ancient abbey, seated
on the Orneau, 32 m sr, Brussels.
Gemingen, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, seated on the Sini-
mern, S4 m s Coblentz.
Geminiano, St. a town of Tuscany, ia
GEN
rioientino, seated on a moiiiit:'.in, in wliicli
is a mine of vitriol, '25 m ssw rioivnce.
(iemoiKi, a town of Italy, in riiuli, near
the river 'ladismcnto, '^'0 ni wnw Friiili.
Geiiiund, a town of Suabia, stated on
tlie Renis, iiO in nnw Uini.
Gennind, a town of N\'estphalia, in the
duchy of .luliers, seated on the lloer, 24 ni
sw Cologne.
Geiiiund, a town of Gcrmany> in Carin-
thia, with manufactures of iron and steel,
1(J m Nw \illach.
Gcmuiidcn, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Wurtzburg, on the river
iMaine, 22 m N Wurtzburg.
Gemunden, a town of /\ustria, famous
for its salt-works; seated at the n end of
a lake of the same name, at its outlet, the
river Traun, SO m ssw Lintz.
GeiKip, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, with an ancient castle, seated on
the Dyle, 15 m se Erussels.
Geiicsse, a river that rises on the N bor-
der of Pennsylvania, in the hi[;hest ground
of that state, and luns 100 m >;ke thrriugh
the state of New York into Lake Ontario.
It has three falls, beside rapids, within 7
and 10 m from the lake, which furnish
excellent mill-seats; and on its borders are
the famous Genessee flats, 20 m lv'.>ng and 4
broad, the soil rich and clear of trees.
Geneva, a canton of Switzerland, bound-
ed on the K by the lake of Geneva, e by
Bern and Valais, s by Savoy, r.nd vv by
France. The city and territory of Geneva
was formerly a part of Savoy, and a re-
public; and, in 1584, it concluded an al-
liance with Zurich and Bern, by which it
was an associate of Switzerland. During
the greater part of the 18th century, there
were frequent contests between tiie aris-
tocratic and the popular parties ; and the
years 1768, 1782, 1789, and 1794, were
distinguished by great revolutions. The
last was effected entirely by the influence
cf the French; and not long after^ the ter-
ritory was made a department of France,
under the name of Leman. But in 1813,
the Freneh garrison abandoned the capital
ou the appearance of an Austrian force ;
and, in 1815, the Genevoise territory, with
the districts cf Chablais and Fancigny
ceded from Savoy, were aimexed to Swit-
zerland as a new canton.
Geneva, a fortified city, capital of the
above canton, and the see of a bishop. It
stands partly on a plain, at the w end of a
lake of its name, and partly on a hill, at
the top of which is tiie cathedral. It iuis
a good arsenal, and a university founded
in 13(38. The liouses are lofty, and many
in the trading part of the city have arcades
of wood, which are raised even to the upper
stories. The inhabitants, about 24,000,
GEN
carry on a great trade, and, among other
manufactures, those of clocks and watches
arc particularly flourishing. It is 3 i m sw
Lausanne, and 43 n byE Chambery. Lon.
(3 8 E, lat. 46 12 N.
Geneva, a town of New York, in Onon-
dago county, at the nw corner t)f Seneca
lake, 24 m sse Canandaqua, and 10(3 w
Cooperstown.
Geneva, Lake of, the largest lake of
Switzerland, in a valley, which sef)arates
the Alps from Mount Jura. Its length,
from Villeneuve to the city of Geneva, is
54 m ; and the breadth, in the widest part,
is 12. The water near Geneva is shallow;
in other parts the depth is various ; the
greatest, yet found by sounding, is 160
fathoms. The river Rhone runs through it
from E to w.
Gengcnhiich, a town of Suabia, in Bris-
gau, with a Benedictine abbey ; seated on
a rivulet of the same name, which flows
into the Kintzig, 20 m n Friburg.
Gengoux de Royal, St. a town of France,
in the department of Saone and L<:)ire, ce-
lebrated for its excellent wine ; seated at
the foot of a mountain, 17 m sw Chalons.
Genies, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aveiron, 24 m ke llhodez.
Genlis, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aisne, 12 m s St. Quentin.
Gcnnep, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchv of Cleve, seated on the Niers, 8 m
ssw Cleve.
Genoa, a duchy of Italy, extending 150
m along that part of the Mediterranean
called the gulf of Genoa, but the breadth
is only from 8 to 12. Where the country
is not bounded by the sea, it is bordered
from w to E by Piedmont, Milan, Parma,
and Tuscany. It is populous, \^ell culti-
vated, and fertile near the sea; but the
inner parts are mountainous, and barren in
several places. The corn grown is insut-
ficient for its own consumption ; but there
are abundance of excellent fruits and vege-
tables ; and its mulberry and olive trees
are innumerable. It was a republic, and
the government aristocratic, from 1520 till
1798, when the French form was chosen,
or rather enforced, and the new style as-
sumed of the Ligurian republic. In 1814,
it was occupied by the British, and soon
afterward transferred by them to the king
of Sardinia, who, in 1815, assumed the
title of Duke of Genoa.
Genoa, a city and seaport, capital ot
the above duchy, and an archbishop's see.
It is 6 m in circuit, and full of marble
churches and palaces; whence it has the
name of Genoa the Proud. The palace
has an immense front, both in length and
elevation, and is richly fitted up with de-
corations and furniture. Genoa on the
GEO
land side is defended by a double rampart ;
one encloses the town only, and the other,
extending alonj^ the hills that ctjmmand tiie
city, makes a circuit of 13 ni. The harbour
is protected by two forts, one of which has
its top formed of strong glass, and is illu-
minated at night by great lamps ; and it has
a mole StiO paces in length, 13 in breadth,
and 15 feet above the level of the water.
The population 80,000. It has manufac-
tures of velvets, damasks, gold and silver
tisbues, and paper; and the banking busi-
ness is a very profitable article of com-
merce. Here are the public store-houses,
from which the inhabitants are obliged to
purchase wine, oil, bread, and wood; and
only the principal merchants are allov.ed,
upon paying a sum of money, to procure
these articles al^road. The streets are kept
clean, but most of them are narrow and
uneven. Genoa was taken, in 1746, by
the Austrians, whose oppression of the in-
liabitants was such, that the latter suddenly
rose and expelled their conquerors, who
again besieged the city, the next year, but
without eiVect. In 1798, the French be-
came masters of this city. In 1800, it
sustained a siege by a British fleet and an
Austrian army till literally starved, and
•was evacuated by capitulation; but it was
again delivered up to the French, on their
victory at Marengo. In 1814, it surren-
dered to the combined British and Sicilian
forces. Genoa is 62 m se Turin, and 120
■vvxw Florence. Lon. 8 58 e, lat. 44
25 X.
Gentiah, a town of the kingdom of As-
sam, 370 m E Patna. Lon. 92 10 e, lat.
2o 10 N.
George, a town of the Cape territory,
which gives name to a district, extending
along the s coast. It is seated on the
Zwart, a small stream from the mountains,
UoO m E Capetown. Lon. 22 44 e, lat. 33
53 s.
George, Fort, a fortress of Scotland, in
Invernesshire, which has several handsome
streets of barracks, and is the most regular
fortification in Great Britain. It is seated
on the point of a peninsula, running into
the Moray frith, and completely commands
the entrance into the harbour of Inverness.
It is 10 m NE Inverness.
George, Fort St. see Madras.
George, Lake, in the state of New York,
lies to the sw of Lake Champlain, and its
waters are about 100 feet higher. It is 36
m long, and from 1 to 7 broad, enclosing
more than 200 islands, the greatest part
little better than barren rocks. On each
side it is skirted by mountains, from which
large quantities of red cedar are obtained
for ship timber. The remains of Fort
George are at the s end of the lake, and of
GEO
the fart of Ticonderoga at the n end, at its
outlet into Lake Champlain.
George, St. the capital of the island of
Granada, formerly called Fortroyal, which
name the fort still retains. It is situate on '
the w coast, and has a safe and conmiodious
harbour. Lon. 61 47 w, lat. 12 4 n.
George, St. one of the Azores, which
produces much wheat. In 1S08 a volcano
broke out here, which destroyed the town
of Ursulina, several farm-houses, Sec. The
chief town is Veliag, Lon. 28 0 w, lat. 38
39 N.
George. St. a small island in the gulf of
Venice, to the s of V^enice, which has a
Benedictine monastery, whose church is
one ot the finest in Italy.
George^ St. the largest island of the Ber-
mudas. It is in the form of a hook, about
20 m long, but seldom 2 broad. It has a
town of the same name, containing 500
houses built of freestone and v^ashed with
lime, which is the capital of all the islands.
Lon. 4;4 40 w, lat. 32 12 n.
George, St. an island in the gulf of
Mexico, opposite the mouth of the Appa-
lachicola. Lon. 84 50 w, lat. 29 30 n.
George (fElinina, St. a fort of Guinea, on
the Gold coast, and the principal settle-
ment of the Dutch in those parts, llie
town under it, called by the natives Addi-
na, has the houses built of stone, which in
other places are composed of clay and
wood. It is 10 m wsw Cape Coast Castle.
Lon. 1 58 w, lat. 5 4 n.
George Key, St. a small island in the
bay of Honduras, on the e coast of Jucatan.
It is likewise called Casina, or Cayo Casigo,
By a convention in 1786, the English log-
wood-cutters were permitted, under certain
restrictions, to occupy this island. Lon. 88-
35 w, lat. 17 40 N.
Georgetozon, a town of S Carolina, ca-
pital of a district. The public buildings
are three churches, a court-house, and an
academy. It stands near the junction of a
number of rivers, which here form a basin
called VVinyaw bay ; but a bar at its en-
trance will not admit vessels drawing above
11 feet. Ic is 12 m from the sea, and 55
K by E Charleston. Lon. 79 6 w, lat. 33 27 n.
Georgetown, a town of Delawai'e, chief
of Sussex county. It is 16 m wsw Lewes,
and 103 sbyw Philadelphia.
Georgi'toivn, a town of Maryland, in
Kent county, seated on the Sassafras, 9 m
from its mouth in Chesapeak bay, and 58 §
Elkton.
Georgetown, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Fayette county, where many boats are built
for the trade and emigration to the west
country. It is situate on the Monongaela,
at the influx of George creek, 15 m sw
Union, and 70 w by s Bedford.
GEO
Cc(yrp.ct'}Kn, a town oftlic United St-.ilcs,
in tlie district ot" Columbia, witli a collor^e
for I lie promotion of gfiioral literature,
founded b_v the Roman catholics. It is
situate on the f'otoniac, over which is a
wooden brid<;e, leading s toward Aloxan-
<iria; and on the e it is senarated by
Ivock creek from \\ ashington, 3 ni wxw of
tlie Capitol.
Georgehnt'}), a town of the district of
Maine, in Lincoln couutv. It is the spot
Avhcre tiie ICngli^^h first attempted to coio-
iiize New J^niiiand, in 1(307, and stands
r.ear the mouth oi' the Kennebec, 13 m
s by w Wiscasset.
Georgetown, a town of ihe state of
Georgia, in Oglethorpe county, situate on
the C)geechee, 'H m nkw Louisville.
Georgia, a country of Asia, called by
the Persians Gurgistan, and by tiie Turks
Gurtrhi. It conipreheiuls the ancient Ibe-
ria, and ii bounded on the n by Circassia,
K by Dagbestan and.Scliirvau, s by Persian
Armenia, and w by Imeritia. The last
reigning king ceded this country to Russia
v)n his death, Avhich happened in 1800 ; and
in 1802, it was made a Russian go\ern-
nieiit. The hills of Georgia are covered
Nviih forests of oak, ash, beech, chestnut,
valnut, and elm, encircled with vines,
growing perfectly wild, but producing vast
quantities of grapes, from which much wine
:uid brandy are made. Cotton grows spon-
taneously, as well as the finest European
fruit-trees. Rice, wheat, millet, hemp, and
liax, are raised on the plains, almost with-
out culture. The valleys aflbrd the finest
pasturage, the mountains abound in mine-
rals, and the climate i,s healthy. The rivers
of Georgia, beinu; fed by mountain torrents,
are always either too rapid or too shallow
for the purposes of navigation. The Geor-
gians appear to have received their name
from their attachment to St. George, the
tutelary saint of these countries. Their
dress nearly resend)les that of tiie Cossacs;
but men of rank frequently wettr the liabit
of Persia. They usually die their liair,
l)ear(ls, and nails witli red. The women
employ the same colour to stain the palms
of their hands. On their head they wear
a cap or fillet, unden which their black hair
falls on their forehead ; behind, it is braided
into several tresses : their eyebrows are
painted with black, in such a manner as to
form one entire line, and the face is coated
with white and red. They are celebrated
for their beauty, but their air and manners
are extremely voluptuous.- The Georgians
have great skill in the use of the bow, and
are deemed excellent soldiers : but lh»
men have no virtua, except courage; fa-
thers sell their children, and sometimes
their wives. Both sexes are addicted to
GEO
drunkenness, and arc particularly fond of
brandy. The other inhabitants of (^eorgia
are Tartars, Ossi, Arminians, and Jews.
The Christians of the country in part follow
the rites of the Arminiau, and in part that
of the Greek church ; and they are repre-
sented as the most tractable Christians in
the east. Teflis is the capital.
Georgia, one of the United States of
America, '290 m long and 230 broad ;
bounded on the n by Tennessee, r. by S
Carolina and the Atlantic, s by Florida,
and ^v by the territory of Alabama, it is
divided into 40 counties. The princi|)al
rivers are the Savanna, Ogeechee, Alata-
i»aha, Chatahouchee, Great Sitilla, and
St. Mary. The winters in Georgia are very
mild, and snow is seldom or never seen.
The soil produces rice, cotton, tobacco, in-
digo, sago, maize, potatoes, oranges, figs,
pomegranates, &tc. The whole coast of
Georgia is bordered with islands, the prin-
cipal of which are Skidaway, Wassaw, Os-
saliavv, St. Catherine, Sapelo, St. Simon,
Jekyl, Cumberland, and Amelia. In 1810
the population was 2.52,433. The capital
is Louisville, but the largest town is Sa-
vanna.
Georgia, or South Georgia, an island in
the Pacific ocean, 64 m long and 30 in its
greatest breadth, visited by Cook in 1775.
It seems to abound with bays and har-
bours, which the vast quantities of ice ren-
der inaccessible the greatest part of the
year. Two rocky islands are situate at the
N end : one of them, from the discoverer,
was named Willis Island ; the other re-
ceived the name of Bird Island, from the
innumerable flocks of birds that were seen
near it. Here are perpendicular ice cliffs,
of considerable height, like those in Spitz-
bergen. The valleys were covered with
snow; and the only vegetation observed
was bladed grass, wild burnet, and a plant
like moss, which sprung from the rocks.
Not a stream of fresh water was to be seen
on the whole coast. A promontory ac its
SE end was named Queen Charlotte Cape.
Lon. 3d 11, w, lat. 54 32 s.
Georgia, Gulf of, a gulf of the N Pacific
ocean, between the continent of N America
and Quadra and Vancouver island ; about
120 :n long and from C to 20 broad. It
contains several clusters of islands, and
branches off into a great number of canals,
most of which were examined by Vancouver
and his olticers.
Georgieuvsk, a town of Russia, capital
of the government of Caucasia. It has a
fortress on an eminence, steep on two sides,
and is impregnable against any attack of
the mountaineers. The town is built in a
regular manner, but the houses in general
ara only of slight boarding. It stands oa
GER
the left bank of the Podkumn, 160 m nvw
Teflis, ami 280 se Asopli. Lon. 43 50 e,
lat. 44 15 X.
Gera, a town of the kingdom of Saxony,
in Voigtland. It has a castle, called Us-
terstein, about a mile from the town, on a
mountain in a wood. Here is a considera-
ble manufacture of fine stuffs ; and its great
trade and handsome houses hare procured
it tile name of Little Leinzic. It is seated
on the Elstf.r, 32 m ssw Leipzic. Lon. 12
7 E, lat. 50 55 N.
Gerau, a town of Germany, in Hesse-
Darmstadt, 10 m w>;w Darmstadt.
Gcrher'otj, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Oise, 12 m nw Beauvois.
GerbeviUer, a town of France, in the de
partnient of Meurte, seated on the Agen,
5 in 5 Ltmeviile.
Ge.rbi, an island in the Mediterranean,
on the coast of I'ripoH. It bears much
barley ; and has lar^^e quantities of figs,
olives, and grapes, which., when dried, form
the principal trade. Lon. 11 20 e, lat. 33
56 x.
Gerhstud, a town of tapper Saxony, in
the county of Mansfeld, 7 m ne Jlans-
feld.
Gerdiroen, a town of Prussia, defended
by two castles, and seated on tiie Omet,
near a considerable lake, 50 m se Konigs-
berg.
Gergoiige; see Gliergong.
Germa'ni, St. a borough in Cornwall,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Friday. It was once the largest town in
the county, and a bishop's see, but now
consists chiefly of fishermen's cottages.
What remains of the cathedral is used as
the pawsh church ; and near it is the
priory. It stands near tlie sea, 10 m w
Plymouth, and 228 whys London.
Gei'main, Sc. a town of France, in the
department of Seine and Oise, with a mag-
nificent palace, in which Louis xiv was
born. liere James ii of England found
an asylum, when he lied to France. It is
seated on the Seine, near a fine forest, 10
m WNw Paris.
Germain, St: a town of France, in the
department of Loire, celebrated for its ex-
cellent wine, 18 m s Roanne.
Germanu, St. a town of Pietlmont, on
the river Naviglio, 9 m w Verceili.
Cermano, St. a town of Naples, in Terra
tli Lavora, at the foot of Monte Casino, on
which is a celebrated monastery, 17 m sse
Sora.
Germantown, a town of Pennsylvania,
in Philadelphia county. Stockings of cot-
ton, thread, and worsted, are manufactured
Lere to a groat extent. In 1777, here was
a battle between the British and the
Aaiericans, in which the latter retreated.
GER
but the former sullered severely. It is 7
m x Philadelphia.
Gei-mantozin, a town of N Carolina,,
chief of Stokes county. It is situate near
a branch of the Dan, 70 m wbyx Hills-
borough, and 85 x by w Ralegh.
Germantown, ISiczv, a town of New-
Jersey, in Hunterdon county, 28 m N\r
Bi'unswick.
Germani/, a country of Europe, 600 m
long and 500 broad, bounded on the e by
Hungary and Poland, n by the Baltic sea
and Denmark, w by the Netherlands and
P'rance, and s by Switzerland and Italy.
Ail parts do not enjoy the same mildness
of temperature, nor the same fertility of
soil ; but in general the air is wholesome,
and it produces abundance of all kinds of
grain. The surface is tolerably level, but
it contains some mountains and large
forests ; the white mulberry-tree is very
common, olives grow in se\-eral places, and
chestnuts, oaks, beeches, firs, and fruit-
trees. Flemp, dax, hops, anise, cummiuy
tobacco, madder, woad, saffron, &c. are
cultivated; and the wines of tliis country
are In high esteem. Salt-springs are very
numerous, also medicinal springs and baths,
both hot and cold. The chief rivers are-
the Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Weser, Maine,
and Oder, Germany contains a great
many sovereign princes, who are indepea-
den.t of each other; and lately there was a
number of imperial towns, which were so
many little republics; but the whole of
them formed a great confederacy, governed
by |;olitical laws, at the head of which was
an emperor, whose power in the collective
body, or diet, was not directive, but execu-
tive. The v.estern Roman empire which'
had terminated in the year 475, in the-
person of Augustulus, the last Roman em-
peror, and which was succeeded b}' the
reign of the Huns, the Ostrogoths, and the
Lumbards, was revived by Charlemagne,
king of France, on Christmas day, in the
year 800. This prince being then at Rome,
pope Leo iir crowned him emperor, in St.
Peter's church ; and Nicephoras, who was
then emperor of the east, consented to this
coronation. After the death of Charle-
magne, and of Louis le Debonnaire, his
son and successor, the empire was divided
between the four sons of the latter. Lo-
thario, the first, was emperor; Pepin was
kingof Aquitaine; Louis, king of Germany;,
and Charles le Chauve, king of France.
This partition was the source of incessant
feuds. The French kept the empire under
eight emperors, till the year 912, when
Louis in, the last prince of the line of
Charlemagne, died without issue male.
Conrad, count of Franconia, the son-in-law
of Louis, was then elected emperor. Thus
GER
the empire went to the Gennans, and be-
came elect /re; for it luid been hereditary
under the rrencli emperors. The emperor
■was clioscii liy the princes, tlie lord*, and
the deputies of cities, till tho year l'j:U),
when the number ot'the electors was reduc-
ed to seven ; one more was added in 1649,
and another in 1692: tiiese nine electors
continued to the year 1798, when, in con-
sequence ot' the alterations made in the
constitution of the empire, under the in-
fluence of I'rante and Russia, they became
ten in number; namely, the elector and
archbishop of Katisbon, the elector and
king; of Bohemia (the then emperor) the
elector of Bavaria, the elector of Saxony,
the elector of Brandenburi; (kin^ of Prus-
sia) the elector of Hanover (kin^ of Eng"
land) the elector of Wurtzbtiru; (iluko of
Tuscany) the elector of Wirteinbertr, the
elector of Baden, and the elector of Hesse.
Rodolphus, count of Hapsbur;:, -was elected
emperor in 1273. He is the head of the
house of Austria, which is descended from
the same stock as tho house of Lorrain,
reunited to it in the person of Francis i,
father of the two late emperors, Jcjseph
and Leopold. On the death of Charles vi
of Austria, in 1740, an emperor was chosen
from the house of Bavaria, by the name of
Charles vii. On the death of this prince,
in 1745, the abovementioned Francis, grand
duko of Tuscany, v*'as elected emperor ;
■whose grandson, Francis ii, enjoyed the
dignity of emperor of Germany till 1806,
■wlien he formally resigned that title and
otbce, and styled himself emperor of Aus-
tria. At the close of the Saxon race, in
10i.'4, the prerogatives of the emperor of
Germany were very considerable ; but, in
l4o7, they were reduced to the right of
conferring all dignities and titles, except
the privilege of being a state of the empire;
of granting dispensations with respect to
die age of majority; of erecting cities, and
conferring the privilege ot coining money ;
of calling the meetings of the diet, and
presiding in them. To prevent the cala-
mities of a contested election, a king of the
Romans was often chosen in the lifetime
of the emperor, on whose death he suc-
ceeded to the imperial dignity of course.
The emperor (always elected and crowned
at Frankfort on the Maine) assumed the
title of august, and pretended to be succes-
sor to the emperors of Home. Although
he was chief of the empire, the supreme
authority resided in the diet, which was
composed of three colleges; the college of
electors, the college of princes, and the
college of imperial towns. The diet had
the power of making peace or war, of set-
tling general impositions, and of regulating
all the important affairs of the empire ;
GER
but tlie decisions had not the force of law-
till the emperor gave his consent. When
a war was determined on, every prince
contributed his quota of men and money,
as valued in the matricuh^tion roll ; thouiih
as an elector or prince he might espouse a
dillorcnt side from that of the diet. All
the sovereigns of Germany had an abso-
lute authority in their own dominions, and
could lay taxes, levy troops, and make
alliances, provided they did not prejudice
the empire. Germany is divided into nine
circles ; namely, Austria, Bavaria, Suabia,
Franconia, Up[)er and Lower Rhine, West-
phalia, and Upper and Lower Saxony :
each of these includes several other states;
and Bohemia, I\Ioravia, Lusatia, and Sile-
sia, ure not comprised in the circles. Ger-
many lately contained six archbishoprics
and S8 bishoprics ; but this hierarchy was
thrown into confusion by the secularizations
in 1798, and is imt yet restored to order :
the archbishop of Ratisbon is primate and
metropolitan of all Germany ; the see of
TUentz ha\ing been moved to Ratisbon.
Many other transfers and exchanges of
territories afterward took place, from the
disastrous eonsequences of the war with
F'rance ; the kings of England smd Prussia
were deprived of all their territories in this
countrv, and new kings and princes were
created by Napoleon. In 1801, by the
treaty of Luneville, those parts of the cir-
cles of Upper and Lower Rhine, and West-
phalia, lying on the left bank of the Rhine,
were ceded to I'rance, and formed the de-
partments of Mont Tonnerre, Sarre, Rhme
and Moselle, and Roer. Li 1806, Ger-
many ceased to be united as aPi empire ;
for a treaty, styled the Confederation of the
Rhine, was signed at Paris by France on
one part, and by Bavaria, Wirtemberg^
Baden, &c. on the other, in which the lat-
ter renounced their connexion with the
empire; and, in consequence, Francis ii
published at \'ienna his resignation of the
office of emperor of Germany, which dis-
solved that ancient constitution. In 1312,
the French again entered this country, un-
der Napoleon, who required the confeder-
ates to raise their war quotas ; and he then
proceeded, with an anny of 300,000 men
to the invasion of Russia, Of this mighty
host, not more than 50,000 returned, and
in a miserable state; these their chief soon
after abandoned, and above half of them,
perished. In 1813, the Russians and
Swedes entered Gennany, and were soon
joined by Prussia : these allies were op-
posed by Na'jjoleon and some Gemian
adherents, but with little success. An ar-
nrmistice was agreed upon, and terms of
peace were oflered to the F'rench chiei,
who rejected them; upon which Austria
GER
(who had remained neuter) declared in
favour of the allies. The battles of Leipzic
and Hanau ensued ; from both of wliich
Napoleon fled : he was followed by the
sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia,
who with their armies crossed the Rhine
into France, and there continued a pros-
perous warfare, to the dethronement and
exile of Napoleon, early in 1814. The
restoration of Louis xviii to the throne of
France, soon followed, with whom a treaty
of peace was signed, and the states of Ger-
many regained their former possessions.
The present government of Germany, as
settled at the congress of Vienna in 1815,
is by a perpetual confederation, bearing
the name of the Germanic Confederation ;
the object of which is the maintenance of
the external and internal surety of Ger-
many, the independence and inviolability
of the Confederated Estates. Its affairs
are confided to a Federative Diet, consist-
ing of 17 individual and collective es-
tates, namely : Austria; Prussia; Bavaria ;
Saxony; Hanover; Wirtemberg; Baden;
Ulectoral Ilesse ; Grand Duchy of Hesse;
Denmark, for Holstein ; Netlieriands, for
Luxenaburg ; Grand Ducal and Ducal
Houses of Saxony; Brunswick and Nassau;
Mecklenburg, Schwerin and Streliiz ; Hol-
stein Oldenburg, Anhalt, and Schwarts-
burg; Hohen/oUem, Lichtenstein, Reuss,
Schaumburg Lippe, Lippe, and Waldeck;
and the Free Towns of Lubec, Frankfort,
Bremen, and Hamburg. Th« majority of
these 17 Totes in the diet is the rule. But
when fundamental laws are to be enacted,
or changes made in them, the diet forms
itself into a General Assembly, and then
the votes are 69, calculated according to
the respective extents of the individual
states. In this assembly two thirds or
46 votes are necessary. The diet sits at
Frankfort on the Maine, and Austria has
the presidency. The language of Germany
is a dialect of the Teutonic, which succeed-
ed that called the Celtic. The three prin-
cipal religions are, the Roman catholic,
the Lutheran, and the Calvinist ; but Chris-
tians of all denominations are tolerated,
and there are a multitude of Jews in all
the great towns. Vienna is the principal
city.
Germersheim, a town of Germauv, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, with a for-
tress ; situ.-ita oa the Rhine, 7 m ssw
Spire.
Germs, a town of Austria, 22 m wsTr
Horn.
Gi'rnsheini, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, with a castle ;
seated on the Rhine, iO m s\r Darm-
stadt.
Geroldstein, n iown o{ Gcrmv.ny, in the
GEY
territory of Treves, situate on the Kill, "24
m N Treves.
Gcruiia, a^ city of Spain, in Catalonia,
and a bishop's see. It is built on the side
of iiills, vThich to tha eastward are defend-
6(1 by seme redoubts. The cathedral, one
of the finest monuments of Gothic archi-
tecture, is the only building that stands on
a height. This city was taken by the
French in 1809, after enduring a lonjr and
arduous siege. It is seated on theTer,
20 m from its entrance into the Mediter-
ranean, and o6 ^E Barcelona. Lon. 2 40,
t, lat. 42 5 N.
Gari, a town of the kingdom ofSennar,
seated near the Nile, at the foot of aridge
of red rocks that here crosses the river,
ISO m j; by w Seimar.
Gers, a department of France, which
Includes the old provinces of Gascony and
Armagnac. It has its name from a rivei-
that flows by Auch and Lectoure, and
joins the Garonne, above Agen. Auch is
the capital.
Gersau, a town of Switzerland, on the
lake of Schweitz, at the foot of the Rigi,
12 m 3\v Schweitz.
Gertrudeiiburg, a fortified town of the
Netherlands, in S Holland, with a good
harbour and salmon fishery on a lake form-
ed by the Meuse, called Bies Bosch. It
has been often taken, the last time by the
French in 1795. It is 8 m NbvE Breda,
Lon. 4 52 e, lat. 51 44 x,
Gervrnenha, a town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, with a strong castle; seated on a
hill, near the river Quadiana, 18 ni belovr
Badajoz.
Geaeke, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Westphalia, seated on tha Weyck, 11m
wsw Paderborn.
Geasenuy; see Sanen.
GeUricitt, a province of Sweden, the .s
part of Nordland, between Dalecarlia on
the w and the gulf of Bothnia on the e. It
is 50 m long and 10 broad, diversified by
forests, rocks, hills, dales, lakes, and rivers;
and has numerous mines and forges. Gefle
is the capit.-xl.
Geltr/sburg, a town of Penn5.ylvania, in
York county, at the head of Rock creek,
one of the sources of the Monococy, SO in
why s York.
Gevuudan, an old territory of France,
in Languedoc, bounded <m the x by Au-
vergne, w by Rouergue, s by Cevennes,
and E by \^ivarez. It now forms the de-
partment of Lozere.
Gex, a town of France, in the deparfe-
ment of Ain, noted tor excellent cheese ;
seated at the foot of Mount St. Claude,
and on the borders of Switzerland, 10 ni
Kxv.' G»neva.
Cffj/ss, a town of Germany; in tlie piin*
GHE
cipulity of Fulda, seated on the Ulster, 17
111 M", F 11 Id a.
Gizun, or Ghezan, n. seaport of Arabia
Felix, which lias a considerable trade in
senna and coffee ; seated on the Red sea,
90 111 Nw Ixiheia. Loii. 4'2 16 i:, lat. 16
25 N.
Ceziia, a town of Asiatic Tuikcy, capi-
tal of a pashalic, ill Diarbt'k. The whole
province of Diarbck is also called Al Ge-
zira. It is a lar>ic town, but a great part
is in ruins, and is situate on an island
formed by the Tigris, 100 m NW Mosul.
Loii. 41 55 E, lat. 37 24 n.
(Jezula, a pj'ovince of Morocco, which
is very fertile, and contains mines of iron
and copper. The inhabitants are numer-
ous, and considered as the most ancient
people of Africa : they live in tents, and are
so independent that they are rather the
allies than the subjects of the emperor of
Morocco.
Ghana, or Ccmo, a city of N)p;ritia,
capital of a country, soveriicd by a sultan.
It stands on the s side of a large lake, at
its outlet, which separates the city into
two parts, and soon after joins the river
!Ni<;er, which is here called Neel il Abeed,
or Nile of the Negroes. It is 130 m Ebys
Cassina. Lon. 13 25 e, lat. 10 15 n.
Ghanura, a city of Nigritia, capital of
the country of VVangara, with a royal palace.
It is surrounded by a high .square wall,
v.ilh a gate in each side, enclosing a large
area and a great number of inhabitants.
The articles of trade are gold, ivory, senna,
and slaves. It stands on a branch of
the Niger, 380 m SE Cassina. Lon. 15 40
E, lat. 13 40 N.
Ghent, or Gand, a city of the Nether-
lands, the capital of Flanders, and a bishop's
see. It contains 58,000 inhabitants ; but
is not populous in proportion to its extent,
being above 7 m in circuit. The city is
cut by many canals, which divide it into
2'J isles, and over the canals are 300
bridges. It has also two navigable canals ;
the one to Sas van Ghent, the other to
Bruges and Ostend. Here are cotton,
linen, and woollen manufactures; and it
has a great trade in corn. The cathedral
of St. Buvon, and the abbey of St. Peter,
are magnificent edifices ; in which, as also
in the churches, are some capital paintings.
The townliouse is an extremely large and
Jiandsome building, in the ar.cient style.
Charles v was born her ; but the inhabi-
tants have no reason to respect his memory;
for he repeatedly loaded them with heavy
exactions, and built a citadel to awe them.
Here, in 1576, was concluded the famous
treaty, called the Pacification of Ghent. In
1814, a treaty of peace vvas signed here be-
tv.een I3ritaii) and the United States of
GIB
America. Ghent has been often taken ;
the last time by the French, in 1704. It
is seated on the Scheld, at the influx of tlie
Liss, Lievre, and Moc/e, 26 in kw Brus-
sels. Lon. 3 44 r., lat. 51 3 N.
Ghcrgong, or Gergongc, a city and the
capital of the kingdom of Assam. It is
ienccd with bamboos, and has four gates
constructed of stone and earth. The raja,
or king, has a splendid palace surrounded
by a wet ditch. It is seated on the Degoo,
380 m NE Calcutta. Lon. 93 10 e, lat.
25 35 N,
Gheriah, a town of Ilindoostan, on tlie
coast of Concan, situate on a rocky penin-
sula, which forms a large harbour at the
mouth of a river of the same name. It
was the capital of Angria, a famous pira-
tical prince, whose fort here was taken,
and his whole fleet destroyed, in 1756, by
the English and Mahraltas. It is 168 m
sbyE Bombay. Lon. 73 8 r , lat. 16 45 a.
Gheza; see Gizeh.
Ghilan, a province of Persia, bounded
on the E by the Caspian sea and Mazan-
deran, s by Irak, w and n by Aderbijan.
On the \v side are high mountains, which
are covered with many sorts of trees, and
vines that grow wild. It projluces abun-
dance of fruit, oil, wine, rice, ■ tobacco,
timber, and excellent silk. This province
was ceded to ilussia, in 1734, but not
possessed by Russia till 1780, and was
restored in 1797. Resht is the capital.
Ghilan, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, seated on the Haina,
5 m w Mons.
Ghizni, or Ghuznee, a city of Hindoo-
Stan, in Cabul, capital of a district, and
once the capital of a powerful emr>ire. It is
called the second Medina, from the great
number of illustrious persons who have
been interred here. The splendid build-
ings have long been levelled with the dust,
and there are few remains to be seen of
its former grandeur. It is situate on a hill,
by the river Dilen, 65 m sbyw Cabul.
Lon. 68 2'2 e, lat. 33 36 n.
Ghourbund, a town of Hindoostan, in
Cabul, situate near the Hindoo Kho, 48 ra
Nw Cabul.
Gjat, or Ghjat, a town of Russia, in the
government of Moscow, with numerous
churches, and manufactures of linen
cloth. In 1812, it was entered by the
French, who found the magazines and
bridges burnt. It is situate on a river of
the same name, which is navigable to the
Wolga, 96 m w by s Moscow.
Gibello, a town of Italy, in Parmesan,
on the river Po, 16 ra k\v Parma.
Gihi-uleon, a town of Spain, in Andalu-
sia, with a harbour for small craft, on the
river Odiel, 53 m vv Seville.
GIE
Gibraltar, a town of Spain, in Andalu-
sia, near a rocky mountain of the same
name, formerly called Calpe, which, with
Abyla, on the opposite shore of Africii,
were called the Pillars of Hercules. Ta-
rick, a general of the Moors, built a fortress
here, which he called Gibel-Tarick, that is,
Mount Tarick. Since that time a town has
been built at the foot of this rock, which is
strongly fortified. It can be approached
only by a narrow passage between the
mountain and the sea, across which the
Spaniards have drawn a line, and fortified
it, to prevent the garrison tiom havmgany
communication with the country. The
rock abounds in partridges; and on the
east side, amid the broken precipices, is a
stratum of bones, belonging to various ani-
mals, enchased in a reddish calcareous
stone. Gibraltar was taken from the Moors
in 1462 ; and in 1704 it fell into the hands
of the English. The Spaniards attempted
to retake it the following year; and they
besieged it again, in \727, with as little
success. It sustained a siege from July
1779 to February 1783, when the siege was
finally raised, on advice being received
that the preliminaries of peace were signed ;
but it may be considered as terminated in
September 1782, on the failure of a grand
attack made by the Spaniards, whose
floating batteiies were destroyed by red-
hot shot, from the garrison. The number
and strength of the military works, and the
vast galleries opened in' the calcareous
rock, excite admiration ; and the fortress,
in the opinion of most engineers, is abso-
lutely impregnable. The garrison here is
cooped up in a very narrow compass, and
in a war with Spain has no provisions, but
•what are brought from Barbary and Eng-
land. The strait of Gibraltar is 24 m long
and 15 broad, and a strong upper current
always runs through it from the Atlantic
into the Mediterranean. Gibraltar is <30 m
SE Cadiz. Lon. 5 20 w, lat. 36 6 x.
Gibraltar, a fortified town of Caracas,
in the province of Maracaibo. The air is
unhealthful in the rainy season, that the
merchants and planters generally retire at
that time to Maracaibo. The environs
produce the best cocoa in the province,
and an excellent kind of tobacco. It stands
on the SE coast of the lake Maracaibo, 120
m ssE Maracaibo. Lon. 70 38 w, lat. 9
10 N.
Gitn, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loiret, seated on the Loire, 34 m
SSF. Orleans.
Giengen, a town of Suabia, on the river
Brentz, 18 m nne Ulm.
Gicnzor, a town of Barbary, In Tripoli,
10 m s Tripoli.
GIN
Gierace, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, seated on a mountain, near the sea,
■ 32 m EKE Regio.
Giesaen, a fortified town of Germany, in
Upper Ilesse, with a citadel and a univer-
sity. It belongs to the house of Darm-
stadt, and is the seat of its regency for
Upper Ilesse. In 1759 it was taken by
the French, and it surrendered to them in
1796, but was soon after taken by the
Austrians. It is seated on the Lahn, 16
m wsw Marburg. Lon. 8 43 e, lat. 50
35 N.
Gigu, a small island, one of the He-
brides, lying on the w coast of the penin-
sula of Cantyre, and included in Argyle-
shire. The inhabitants export corn, liieal,
and kelp.
Giglio, a small island on the coast of
Tuscany, with a castle, 15 m wsw Or-
bitello.
Gignac, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Herault, on the river Herault, 14
m w Montpellier.
Gihon ; see Amu.
Gijon, or Gt/on, a town of Spain, ia
Asturias, with a castle, and a good road
and tide haven on the bay of Biscay, 24 m
NE Oviedo. Lon. 5 56 w, lat. 43 34 N.
Gelles, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vendee, on the river Vie, near
its mouth, 16 m nkw Sables d'Olonne.
Gillfo7-d, a town of Ireland, in Down
county, on the river Bann, 15 m Nbyw
Newry.
Gilolo, an island, one of the Moluccas.
It is 2 10 m from x to s, but so intersected by
three large bays, that the greatest breadth of
any one limb does not exceed 30 m. The
shores are in general low, and the interior
rises in high peaks. It does not produce
any fine spices, but has abundance of rice,
sago, and bread-fruit trees ; also numerous
oxen, bufiPalos, goats, deer, and wild hogs.
The sultans of Ternate and Tidore share
this island between them. The natives are
industrious, particularly in weaving. The
town of Ossa, on the s side of a large bay
of that nasne, aftbrds every convenience for
ships touching here for water or other ne-
cessaries. Lon. 128 22 e, lat. 0 45 x.
Gilsland, a village in Cumberland, in
the vale of Irthiug, and near the Picts wall,
IS m EX i: Carlisle. Its beautiful situation,
and a famous sulphurous spring, attract
much company in the autumn.
Gimont, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gers,' with mines of turquoise
stone ; seated on the Ginione, 12 m e
Auch.
Ciiigee, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, capital of a district. The tort
stands on a stupendous rock, and is strong
GIR
hoth by nature and art. In 1750, it was
taken l>y sinpri.se, in a niglit attack, by the
Frencii. It is iJH ni ^w i'undichcny.
Lon. 7i> 34 K, hit. Vi 15 n.
Gingirit, an interior kin<iilom ot" AtVica,
situate to the s ot" Abyssinia, and w ot
JMacliidas.
Gingou, Si. a town of Switzerland, in
Vahiis, on the hike of Geneva, 4 ni w ot
the inlhix of the llhone, and oO wnw
Sioi).
Gioriiicv, a town of European Turkey,
in W:ihu-hin, near which the llussians
gained a ^reat victory over tlie Turks in
1771. It is seated on the D.inul>e, 4(i ni
sw Buchorest.
Giovenuzzo, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Bari, with a castle. It has high houses
and towers, built of polisiied stone, with
flat roots, which i;ive it a sinf!;uUu- appear-
ance. It is seated near the bca, 10 ni kw
Bari.
Gireat, a town of Persia, in Kennan,
with a trade in wiieat and dates, 100 ni
£ by N Gonibron.
Girgeh, a town of Egypt, lately the
capital of Said, or Upper Egypt. It is
about 3 in in circuit, and contaijis several
mosques, bazars, and squares, but no mar-
ble buildings, or remains of ancient strac-
tures. Above this town is the province of
Fairshoot, where t!ie greatest quantity of
sugar is made; and hence the Levant is
chielly supplied with sugar, (ii'-geh stands
near the left bank of tii,e jNile, 70 m sbyE
Siout, the present capital. Lon. 31 52 e,
lat. 26 30 N.
Girgenti, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di
Mazara, and a bishop's see, wiih a castle.
It is part of the ancient Agrigentuin, and
in the vicinity are numerous rtniuins of
temples, &c. Tiie cathedral is a niagniii-
cent pile, and there are 15 convents, and
an ecclesiastical seminary. The harbour,
at the mouth of the river St. Blaise, was
capable of receiving large vessels; but
from negligence there is now only 12 feet
of water on the bar. The chief c-xports
are corn and sulphur; but its trade and
population are greatly decreased. It stands
on a hill, near the river, 62 m s Palermo.
Lon. 13 42 I, lat. 37 20 N.
Giro/ide, a river of France, formed by
the union of the Garonne and Dordogne,
12 m K of Bt^urdeaux, which runs into the
bay of Biscay after a knw course of about
45 m. At its mouth is a famous tower
and liglithouse, called t'ordouau, situate
on a rock in the sea, 00 m knw Bcur-
deaux. Lon. 1 9 \v, lat. 45 30 n.
Gironde, a department of France, which
includes part of the old jn-ovince of Gui-
enne. it lies on butli sides of the Garonne,
GLA
and lias its name from the lower part of
that river, which is called the Gironde.
Bourdt^aux is the (capital.
Giroiiiie, St. a town of France, in the
department of Arriege, on the Satat, 4 ni
s by r. St. Lizier.
Girvun, a town of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, at the nicuth of the river Girvan,
which torms a tolerable hurbonr. The
maiuifactures are cotton and woollen cloths.
Jt is 17 m sby w Ayr.
Gishoroug/i, a town in N Yorkshire,
with a market on Monday. It is celebrated
for being the lirst place where alum was
made, as it was formerly for its fine abbey.
It is 22 m \v\w Whitby, and 247 Nby \t
London.
Gisors, a town of I'Vance, in the depart-
ment of Enre, which has a tine establish-
ment for spinning silk. It is seated on
the Ept, 28 m se Rouen.
Gitacltiiu a town of liohemia, which
sulVered greutly during the long war of the
Swedes in Germany. It is 22 m Nw Ko-
ningsgratz.
Givet, a fortified town of France, in the
department of Avdeiuies, divided by the
Meuse, into two parts, Givet Saint llilaire
and Givet Notre Dame, the former situate
at the foot of a mountain close by Charle-
mont, i:nd the other on the opposite side
of the river. It is 20 ni ne Rocroy.
Giulu Kttdva, a town of Naples, in
Abruzzo L'ltra, near the gulf of Venice, 13
m N Atri.
Giuiuuui, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Mazara, on a craggy rock, 12 m nne
Xacca.
Giurdzgio, u town of European Turkey,
in Walachia, situate on the Danube, op-
posite Rustchuk, 48 m s byw Buchorest.
Giusiandel, a town of Europeairj'urkey,
in Macedonia, and a Greek archbishoj)'s
see ; seated near Lake Ochrida, 60 m
SE Durazzo. Lon. 20 36 e, lat. 41 40 ^•.
Gizeli, or G^icza, a fortilied town of
Egypt, with a palace, several mosques, a
cannon foundery, and a manufacture of
coarse earthen pots and tiles. Six m to
the SE are the largest pyramids in the coun-
try. Gizeh was taken from the French by
the British in 1801. It stands on the lett
bank of t!ie Nile, nearly opposite Cairo.
Gludliuc/i, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Juiiers, with a Benedictine abbey.
It has maiiiiiactures of tine strong linen,
and is seated on theNer, 16 ni x .luliers.
G!adcnbac/i, a town of (iermany, in
Upper liesse, 12 m n Giessen.
Glummis, a town of Scotlaiul, in For-
farshire, with manufactures of yarn and
Jineii clolli. Near it on the bank of the
Dean, is Glamn^is cnst'.c,. a large edillce,
GLA
where Malcolm ii was murdered. It is
5 m sw Forfar.
Glamargans/tire, a county of Wales,
•bounded on the N by Carmarthenshire and
Brecknockshire, r. by Monmouthshire, and
« and w by the Bristol channel. It is 48
m long and 26 broad, containing 526,080
acres ; is divided into 10 hundreds, and
125 parishes ; has one city and five market-
towns ; and sends two members to parlia-
ment. Tfie population was 85,067 in 1811.
The N side is mountainous ; but to the s
it bears lanje crops of com, and very sweet
-grass. Cattle abound in all parts, there
being valleys among the motintains that
Tield liood pasture. The other commo-
dities are lead, coal, iron, and limestone.
The principal rivers are the Rnmney, Taff,
Elwy, Neath, and Tawy. Cardifl' is the
'cnunty-tovvn, and Swansea the largest ;
•but the assizes are held at CowV)ndge.
Glandeliigh, a village of Ireland, on the
liver Ovoca, 11 m w Wexford. It was
forraerly a city, and is now celebrated for
its Seven Churches and other monastic
remains.
Glanfordbridge, or Brig, a town in
Lincolnshire, with a market on Thursday,
and a good trade in corn, coal, and timber.
It is seated on the Ancholm, which is navi-
gable for sloops to the Humber, 23 m N
Lincoln, and 156 x by w London.
Glanwmth, a town of Ireland, in Cork
•county, with the ruins of an abbey and of
a sumptuous castle ; situate on the Fun-
cheon, 23 m n by e Cork.
Gluris, or Glurus, a canton of Switzer-
land, bounded on the n by the river Linth,
E by the canton of Grisons, and s by the
same and the cantons of Uri and Schweitz.
It is a mountainous country ; and the chief
trade is in cattle, cheese, and butter. The
inhabitants, about 20,000, are partly pro-
-testants and partly catholics. Claris is
surrounded by the Alps, except toward the
N ; and there is no other entrance but
through this opening, which lies between
the lake of Wallenstadt and the monn-
•tains separating this canton from that of
Schweitz.
G/iiris, the capital of the above canton.
It has manufiictures of cloth, and a trade
in cattle, horses, cheese, slates, and wooden
"ware. Ln 1799, the Kussians under mar-
shal Suvvarrow advanced as far as this
place, and deft-ated the French. Claris is
surrounded by mountains, and seated on
the river Linth, 32 m se Zurich. Lon. 9
7 E, lat. 46 55 x.
Glasgow, a city of Scotland, in Lanark-
shire, seated on the n side of the Clyde,
over wlilcii are two bridges, rroni its ex-
tent, and the beauty and regularity of its
GLA
buildings, it is deemed the second city in.
Scotland. The four principal streets in-
tersect each other at right angles, and di-
vide the city nearly into four equal parts.
Glasgow was once an archiepiscopal see.
The cathedral, or high churcii, is a magni-
ficent gothic structure, and divided into
two places of worship. There are six
other churches, three chapels of ease, and
many places of worship for different deno-
minations. Here is a celebrated university^
founded in 1450, the single college belong-
ing to which is an elegant building; the
library contains a valuable collection of
books; the observatory is fitted up witU
the most improved instruments; and in
the garden is an elegant building that con-
tains the books, manuscripts, medals, coins,
and anatomical preparations, bequeathed
by tlie late Dr. Wm. Hunter. The acade-
mical institution is a handsome edifice,
where a regular course of inst4'uction is
given to those who do not intend to enter
any university. The tov\'nhouse is an ele-
gant building, with a piazza '.n front; and
opposite is the exchange, a square building,
with an equestrian statue of William iir
in the centre. The toll-booth, the guild-
hall, and the theatre, are also worthy of
notice. There are several charitable esta-
blishments; particularly the Merchant's
hospital and that of the town, and a royal
infirmary. Glasgow has a considerable
foreign trade ; and its numerous manufac-
tures, particularly of muslin, cotton, calico,
coarse woollen cloth, porcelain, glass, the
refining of sugar, and the tanning of lea-
ther, are carried on to a great extent. The
Clyde is na^ igable for vessels of eight feet
water as far as the bridge ; but larger ves-
sels stop at Port Glasgow, or Greenock, to
unload ; it has also the advantage of two
canal*, beside the Great canal that joins
the Clyde to the Forth. The population
was 58,334 in 1811, and with the suburbs
100,749. It is 43 m wbys Edinburg.
Lon. 4 18 w, lat. 55 52 k.
Glastonhurii, a town in Somersetshire,
governed bv a mayor, with a market on
Tuesday, it is seated near a high hill^
called the Tor, and famous for an abbey,
that occupied an area of 60 acres, of which
some considerable ruins still remain. The
George inn was formerly a hospital for the
accommodation of pilgrims who came to
the abbey, and to see the holy thorn, which,
it was pretended, was planted by Joseph
of Arimathea, and blossomed on Christmas
eve. It was also pretended, that the body
of Joseph, of king Arthur, and of Edward
the confessor, were buried here. The last
abbot of tiiis place was haaged on tlie r.o)>
of the Tor, by order of Henry viii, for not
T2
GLO
acknowledging Ills supremacy ; -and on tliis
liill is a tower, which serves as a seamark.
Glastonbury has two churches, and a ma-
jiufacturo ot" worsted stockings. It is
seated on the river Brue, G m s\v W i Us,
and 124 why s London.
Glastonhufi/, a town of Coimecticut, in
Hartford county, on the r. side of Connec-
ticut river, 9 m sbyK Hartford.
Glatz, a county of Germany, lying be-
tween Silesia, Doiieniia, and ^loravia, sur-
Tounded by mountains. It is 40 m long
and '25 broad, has mines of coal, copper,
imd iron, quarries of marble and stone, and
^prings of mineral waters. In 1742, it was
ceded to tlie king of Prussia, by the queen
t)f Hungary, and is now deemed a part of
Silesia.
Clatz, the capital of the above county,
seated on the side of a hill, by the river
I»Ieisie. On the top of tiie hill is an an-
cient castle, and a new cit.idel. 'I he po-
pulation 7000; and the chief manufactures
ure leather and linen. In 1742 the Prus-
sians took the town by capituUitiou ; and
iu 1760 tlie Austrians took it by storm, but
restored it in 1763. It is 4o m ssk Breslau,
and 82 Exr. Prague. Lon. 16 32 e, lat. 50
38 k.
Glauchau, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with considerable ma-
imfactures of stuff's; seated on the Muldau,
9 m X Zwickau.
Gleiicitz, a town of Silesia, noted for
tlie culture of hops and the weaving of
cloth, 34 m SE Oppelen.
Glenarni, a town of Ireland, in Antrim
county, with a castle ; seated near a bay
of its name, 20 m xxw Carrickfergus.
Glenluce, a tov>n of Scotland, in Wig-
tonshire, with a harbour for small % essels.
!Near it is the ruin of an abbey. It is seated
on the river Luce, near its entrance into
luce bay, 16 m w Wigton.
Clogav, a town of Silesia, capital of a
principality, which is \ ery fertile, and ])ro-
duces Avine. The town is well fortilied,
and formerly stood close by the Oder,
■winch has since changed its course, and
norw flows about a mile from it. Beside
the papists, there is a great number of pro-
testants and Jews. It was taken by the
liing of Prussia in 1741. After the peace
in 1742, that king settled the supreme court
of justice here ; it being, next to Breslau,
the most populous place in Silesia. It is
50 m xw Breslau. Lon. 16 14 e, lat. 51
S8 N.
Gloguu, Little, a town of Silesia, with a
collegiate church aad minorite convent,
23 m s Oppelen.
Glommc, a .'•iver of Norway, in the pro-
TJnce of Agi^erliyyp, wJnch ilows into the
J^orth sea, at Fr-.^driwtadt. It receives
GLO
the river Worme, which issues from the
lake Mios, and is not navigable hence, in
any part of its course, owing to frequent
cataracts and shoals, which, in some places,
render it necessary to drag the trees that
are floated down, over the ground. At least
50,000 trees are annually flouted by this
river to I'rcdricstadt.
Gloucester, a city and tiie capital of
Gloucestershire, witli a market on Wednes-
day and Saturday. It is a county of itself,
goveri ed by a mayor, and seated on the E
side o( the Severn, where, by two streams,,
it makes the isle of Alney. it was fortified
with a wall, which Charles ii oidered to be
demolished. The four principal streets
have their junction in the centre of the
town. It once contained 11 churches, but
now has only five, beside the cathedral, in
which are a large cloister, a whispering gal-
lery, and the tombs of Robert duke of
Normandy and Edward ii. It has five
hospitals, two freeschools, and a county
gaol. The population was 8280 in 1811.
Great quantities of pins are made here;
and there are 12 incorporated trading com-
panies. Ships come up the Severn to the
bridge ; but the navigation being circuit-
ous rod difficult, a canal is made hence to
Berkeley, at the head of which is a basin
fit for the reception of 100 vessels. The
city and neighbourhood contain many re-
mains of abbeys ; and that of Lantony ab-
bey, in the s suburb, is converted into out-
houses belonging to adjacent farms. Glou-
cester is 24 m XE Bristol, and 104 wbyN
London. Lon. 2 16 w, lat. 51 50 n.
Gloucester, a seaport of Massachusets,
in Essex county, and on the peninsula of
Cape Ann, which forms the x side of IVIas-
sachusets bay. Tiie harbour is accessible
for large ships, and defended by a batterj
and citadel. It is one of the most consi-
derable fishing towns in the United States,
and 15 m xe Salem. Lon. 70 40 w, lat,
42 So X.
Gloucester, a town of \ irginia, chief of
a fertile county. It stands on a point of
land on the x side of the mouth of York
river, 17 m xe York-town, and 70 Ebys
Richmond.
Gloucester, a town of New Jersey, in the
county of the same name, of which it was-
formerly the capital. It stands on the river
Delaware, 5 m s Philadelphia.
Gloucester, Aew, a town of the district
of Maine, in Cumberland county, 27 m n
Portland.
Gloucestershire, a county of England,
bounded on the w by Herefordshire and
Monmouthshire, x by "Worcestershire, e by
W'ai-wickshire and Oxfordshire, and s by
Wiltshire and Somersetshire. It is 60 in
long and 26 broad, containing 718,080
GOA
acres ; is divided into 28 hundreds, and 338
parishes ; has two cities and 25 market-
Cowns ; and sends eight members to par-
liament. Tlie popuh^tiou was 285,514 in
1811. The air is sharp in the e, or hilly-
part, called the Coteszcold; but very mild
in the rich vale that occupies the centre,
throuiih which the river Severn flows. The
Vf part, which is the smallest district, is
varied by hill and dale, and is chiefly oc-
cupied by tlie forest oi' Dean. The staple
commodities of the county are its woollens
and cheese. The principal rivers are the
Severn, Warwickshire Avon, Lower Avon,
Wye, Thames, Coin, and Lech.
Glousk, a town of Lithuania, in the pa-
latinate oi' Novgrodeck, situate on the
Pezyca, 44 m ese Slousk.
Gluckatadt, a seaport of Germany, ca-
pital of tiie duchy of llolstein, with a strong
•castle. It has a considerable foreign trade,
the principal branch of which is the whale
fishery. Li 1813, the fortress, after six days
heavy bombardment, surrendered to a Bri-
tish and Swedish force. It is seated on the
-estuary of the Elbe, 28 m Nw Hamburg.
Lon. 9 28 E, lat. 53 51 -n.
Glurem, a town of Germany, in the
county of Tyrol, on the river Adige, 24 m
w by N Meran.
Gnesen, or Gnesnu, a town of the duchy
of Warsaw, lately the capital of Great
Poland, and an archbishop's see, whose
prelate was primate of Poland. Tiie ca-
thedral contains a vast treasure of costly
vessels and vestments; and its gales, of
Corinthian brass curiously wrought, be-
longed formerly to a Greek monastery in
Taurica Chersonesus. It was the first town
built in Poland, and formerly more consi-
derable than at present. It is 90 m K by e
Breslau, and 125 wbyN Warsaw. Lon.
17 40 E, lat. 52 28 x.
Goa, a city of Hindoostan, in Concan,
and the capital of the Portuguese settle-
ments in India. It consists of two distinct
cities, situate on the Mandova. The old
city is 8 m up the river, but almost deserted
by the secular Portuguese; being unhealthy,
and the seat of the inquisition. It contains
many magnificent churches, and exhibits
specimens of European architecture supe-
rior to any other ]iart of India, particularly
the cathedral, and the churcit and convent
of tlie Augustines. The new city stands
on the N side of an island, 22 m long and ii
broad, formed by the mouth of ttie river,
which is capable of receiving the largest
ships. The viceroy's palace is a noble
building, at a small distance from the river.
The houses are large, and make a hue ap-
pearance, but are poorly furnished. The
market-place takes up an acre of ground ;
and in the shops about it may be had tlie
GOD
produce of Europe, China, Bengal, and
other countries. The inhabitants live
chiefly on greens, fruits, and roots, with a
little bread, rice, and fish, thougii tliey have
hogs and fowls in plenty. Goa has few
maruifectures or productions, the best trade
being in arrack, which is distilled from the
sap of the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is
defended by several forts and batteries. It
is 250 m sbyE Bombay. Lon. 73 42 e^
lat. 15 30 X.
Godlpara, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, where the British have factors,
who carry on a great trade with the Assa-
mese. It stands on the left bank of the
Brahmapootra, near the frontiers of Assam,
38 m E Rangamatty. Lon. 90 32 e, lat.
26 8 JJ.
Goar, St. a fortified town of Germany,
capital of the lower county of Catzenellen-
bogcn. It is seated on the Rhine, under
the stupendous rock and castle of Ilhein-
fels, with which it surrendered to the
French in 1794. It has a considerable
trade in wines and hides, and is 17 ni sc
Coblentz.
Goarshausen, a town of Germany, in the
lower county of Catzenellenbogen. On a
mountain near it is a strong castle calledt
Catze. It is seated on the Rhine, opposite
St. Goar, 15 m ssw Nassau.
Goavc, Grand, a seaport of St. Domingo,
with a harbour capable of containing many
ships. The environs contain plantations
of sugar, coffee, indigo, and cotton. It isi
10 in ssw Leogane.
Goavc, Petit, a seaport of St. Domingo,
with a good harbour, defended by a castle.
It is 20 m sw Leogane.
Gobhi, St. see Fere.
Gocunk, a town of Hindoostan, in Be-
japoor, with an extensive manufacture of
silk and cotton. Three m to the Nw is a
superb cataract of the Gutpurba, which has>
a perpendicular fall of 174 feet; during
tlie rains, the stream is aboat 168 feet
broad, but in the dry season it is compara-
tively small. Gocauk stands on the side
of a hill, 45 m sby e Merritch.
Goch, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy
of Cleve, seated on the Niers, 8 m s Cleve.
Gochsheim, or Gochaen,. a town of Wir—
tern berg, IG m s Heidelberg.
Gociano, a town of Sardinia^ capital of a.
county, with a castle, seated on the Thurso,,
25 m E Algher.
Godulmin<^, a to%YU in Surrey, with a
market on Saturday, and manufactures of
stockings and coarse woollen cloths ; seated
on the Wev, wh«M-€ it divides into several
streams, 4 m sw Guildford and 34 London.
Godavery^ a river of Hindoostan, which,
has its sources in the western Gaiits, 70 in
to l)-ie NE of Bombay. After crossing Au-
GOG
rungabad and Ilydrabad, from w to e, It
turns to the SE, and forming the s\v boun-
dary of Gundwana and Orissa, enters the
Circars ; here, below Rajamundiy, it th-
vides into two princinal channels, and
these subdividing again, form several tide
harbours at its dilVcrent mouths in the bay
of Bengal. Its course is estimated to be
above 800 ui, nearly crossing the country
from sea to sea.
Coderrille, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine, 9 m n i: Monti-
■villiers.
Coiling, a town of Moravia, with a hue
castle, seated on a branch of the iMarche,
38 m SE Brunn.
Codiiianche.ster, a corporate town in
Huntingdonshire, parted from Huntingdon
by the river Ouse. It is seated in a rich
soil, which yields great plenty of corn.
"When James i came through it from Scot-
land, tiie inhabitants met him with 70
f doughs, drawn by as many teams of
lorses ; for which novel sight he granted
them a charter. Here is a school called
the free grammar-school of queen Elisa-
beth. Itis .39 m Nbyw London.
Godicin Simds, sandbanks off the e coast
•of Kent, in England, between the N and S
Foreland. They run parallel with the coast
for 10 m, at about? m distant, and are dry
in several parts at low water. These sands
occupy part of the space that was formerly
a large tract of ground belonging to God-
■>vin earl of Kent, father of king Harold ;
Avhich tract being afterward given to the
monastery of St. Augustin, at Canterbury,
and the abbot neglecting to keep in repair
the wall that defended it from the sea, the
■whole was drowned in llUO, leaving these
sands. Though ships have occasionally
been lost on these sands, they add much
to the security of the capacious road, be-
tween them and the coast, called the
Downs.
Goes, a strong town of Holland, in Zea-
land, capital of the island of S Beveland.
It has a considerable trade, particularly in
salt and corn. The great ciiurch was burnt
down in 1648, and another was built, which
is a handsouie structure. It is situate on
the N coast, 20 m e Middlehurg. Lou. 5
50 E, lat. 51 33 K.
Gogaid, a town of Sweden, in e Goth-
land, 23 m K^w Linkioping.
Gogo, a town of Hindoostan, in Gujrat,
with a good tide-harbour, at the mouth of
the Sacker, in the gulf of Cambay. \'es-
sels from 50 to 300 tons are built here, and
the chief export is cotton. It i^, tJO ra sw
Cambay. Lon 72 12 e. lat. 21 43 n.
Cograh, or Sarjeic, a river that lias its
source in Tibet, and passing through Mount
Ilimaleh into Hindoostan, flows s througii
GOL
the province of Kemaoon to that of Oude,
where it takes a se direction, and joins tlie
Ganges, opposite Mangee, in the province
of Bahar.
Goliiid, a fortified town of Hindoostan,
in Agra, capital of a district that abounds
with strong positions. It is 63 m sse
Agra. Lon. 78 21 e, lat. 26 22 N.
Goitma, a town of Brasil, one of the
largest and most nourishing in the govern-
ment of Pernainbuco. In the vicinity are
many hne sugar plantations. It is situate
on a river of the same name, 15 m from its
mouth, and 40 nnw Pernambuco.
Goito, a town of Italy, in ISIantuan, oit
the river Mincio, between the lake of Man-
tua and tliat of Garda, 15 m nw Mantua.
Golcondd, a fortress of Hindoostan, ia
the [irovince of Ilydrabad, which f)ccupies
the summit of a conical hill, and is deemed
impregnable. It was once the capital of
an extensive kingdom, and lately gave
name to the province in which it stands..
When Aurengzebe conquered the kingdonv
of Golconda, in 1687, this fortress was
taken possession of by treachery. The
nizam permits the principal inhabitants ot
Ilydrabad to have houses in this fort, to
which they retire with their money on any
alarm. It is 6 m wsw Ilydrabad.
Gold Coast, a maritime country of Gui-
nea, where the Europeans have several
forts and settlements. It is about 220 m
from w to K, between the rivers Ancober
and Volta ; and includes several districts,,
in which are two or three towns or villages
on the seashore. Seven of the districts
are dignified with the title of kingdoms,
thougii they contain but a small extent of
land along the coast. The natives are ge-
nerally very rich, as they carry on a great
trade with the Europeans for gold ; and
many of them are employed in fishing, and
cultivating rice, which grows in incredible
quantities. Most of the inhabitants go
naked ; and those who are best clothed
have only some yards of stuff wrapped
about their middle.
Goldberg, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Lignitz, with manufactures of
woollen and linen; seated at the foot of a
mountain, on the river Kaubacb, 11 m sw
Lignitz.
Golden Island, a small island at the en-
trance of the gulf of Durien, where the
Scots attempted to make a settlement \\\
1698. Lon. 77 10 w, lat. 9 0 x.
Goldiiigen, a town of tlie duchy of
CourlaiuC ^^ith a castle, formerly the resi-
dence of the dukes. It is seated on the
Windau, 56 m wnw Mittau. Lon. 22
21 e, lat. 56 48 x.
Goldsboruugli, a town of the district of
Maine, in Hancock county, on an inlet of
GON
the sea, 47 ni e Castine. Loii, 68 ^0 \v,
lat. 44 28 N.
Goletta, a fortress of Tunis, on a narrow
channel between the lake of Ttniis and the
sea. In 1536, it was taken by Charles v
when he attempted the siese of Tunis, and
kept by the Spaniards till 1574, when it
was taken from them by Selini ii. It is
0.5 m N Tnnis.
Galling, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Salzburg, 14 m ssr. Salzburc;.
Gohnm; a town of Hither Pomerania,
seated on the Una, 11 m nf, Stettin.
Golphi Hilton, a town of the state of
Georgia, chief of Washington county. It
is situate near tlie head of the Ogeechee,
37 m wsw AugUbta, and 50 xnw Louis-
ville.
Oolub, a town of W Prussia, in the
district of Culm, on the river Dribenz,
13 m NT, Thorn.
Goinhron, or Gambornon, a seaport of
Persia, in Laristan, called by the natives
Bunder Abass. The best houses are built
of brick, flat at the top, with a square tur-
ret; but the common people h;ive huts,
made with the boughs of palm-trees, and
covered with leaves. It was formerly
much frefjuented by people of several na-
tions. The adjacent soil is barren, but
provisions brought frcnn other countries are
plentiful. It is fortitied with double walls,
and seated on a bay of the strait of Ormus,
180 m Ebys Lar. Lon. 56 VI e, lat. 27
18 N-.
Gonicru, one of the Canary islands, be-
tween Ferro and 'ieneritf, 20 m long and
10 broad. Here is corn sufticient to sup-
port the inhabitants, a sugar work, and
great plenty of wine and fruit. It has a
town of the same name, with an escellent
harbour, where the Spanish ships often
take in refreshments. Lon. 17 8 w, lat.
28 6 >;.
Gomtncrn, a town of Upper Saxony, with
a castle, situate near the Elbe, 8 m se
Magdeb'.n-g.
Gonior, a town of Hungary, capital of a
countv, which produces the best n-on, and
the oniv magnetic iron stone found in the
kinsrdoin. It is situate on the Sajo. 60 m
ESE'Neus.ohl. Lon. 20 28 e, lat. 48 28 x.
Goms, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Valais, 33 m e Sion.
Gonaires, a seaport of St. Domingo,
with an excellent harbour. Here is a
medicmal spring, with baths and accom-
modations for visiters, it is situate at the
head of a bay of its name, 30 m se St.
Nicholas. Lon. 72 42 e, lat. 19 27 x.
Gonave, an island in the W Indies,
34 m long and 3 broad, lying between the
two peninsulas of St. Domingo. At its
SE corner, separated by a channel 3^ m
GOO
wide, is Little Gonave, an islet about 2 in
each way. The e end of Gonave is 40 m
WNW Port au Prince. Lon. 72 40 w, lat.
18 44 X.
Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia,
situate on a liill of considerable height.
The palace of the neguz, or emperor, is at
the vv end, flanked with square towers.
Tiie houses are chiefly of clay ; the roofs
thatched in the form of cones. The po-
pulation 40,000. They h.ive no shops;
but carry on tiieir trade in a large square,
where they expose tiieir merchandise upon
mats. Gold and fossil salt are the only
monev used : each bar of salt is a foot in
length, and they break ofl'as much as they
agree for in the purchase of small wares.
There are about 100 churches, and the
patriarch depends on that of Alexandria,
it is 180 m SE Sennar. Lon. 37 33 e, lat.
12 37 X.
Gondrecourt, a town of France, in the
deptirtment of Meuse, seated on the Orney,
20 in SSE Bar le Due.
Gondreville, a town of France, in the
department of Meurte, with a castle, and
a magnificent hospital; seated on a hill,
by the river Moselle, 8 m w Nancy.
Gonesxe, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Oise, seated on tha
Crould, 10 m xe Paris.
Gonfooda; see Gmifiida.
Gonga, a town of European Turkey, in
Romania, near the sea of Marmora, 37 m
XE GaUipoli. Lon. 37 31 e, lat. 40
53 X.
Gonjah, an interior kingdom of Africa,
between the coast of Guinea on the s, and
Tomhuctoo on the X. Gonjah, the capital,
is 870 m whys Cassina. Lon. 6 10 w,
lat. 13 20 X. '
Gonie/i, a town of Asiatic Turkey, ca-
pital of Guriel, with a castle. It is sur-
rounded by a wall, in which are two gates,
and was formerly of some distinction, but
is now a poor place, chiefly inhabited by
seamen. It is situate on the right bank of
a river, which flows into the Black sea,
90 m ENE Trebisond. Lon. 41 15 E, lat.
41 25 X.
Good Hope, Cape of, the s extremity of
the w coast of Africa, discovered by the
l^rtuguese in 1493. It had its name froin
the hope entertained of finding beyond it
a passage to India; which hope was ful-
filled bv their doubling it in 1497, and ar-
rivint: at Calicut. The Dutch first visited
it in IGOO, and in 1650 they made a settle-
jnent, which soon encreased to an exten-
sive territory, including a great part of the
country of the Hottentots; and it is fre-
quently called, emphatically, The Cape.
The extremity of the cape is the w point
of the entrance into False bay. Lon. 18
GOR
23 E, lilt. 34 23 s. See Hottentots, Coun-
tri/ of the, and Capctoicn.
Gooiiiti/, a river ot' Iliiuloostaii, wliicli
rises in the Keiniiomi nuumtaiiis, Hows sr.
by Luckncnv iuid Jioii|ioor, and enters the
Ganges, a little below Ijonaros. It is so
named from its extremely winding conrse.
Gooracpoov, a town of Hindoostan, in
Onde, capital of a district, ^vhich was
ceded by the nabob to the British in 1801.
It is sealed on the Borce Rapty, 77 m k
Fyzabad. Lon. 83 22 r, lat. 2() -ib n.
Coos, a town ot"Nid)ia, situate near the
Nile and on the edge of tlie JN'nbian desert,
i'OO ni £SE Dongola. Lon. 34 20 e, lat.
17 57 N.
Cooti/, a town and fortress of Hindoos-
tan, J» Balagaiit, capital of a district on
the N siJe of the Per.nur. It is 55 ni ssw
Canoul. <Lon. 77 35 i:, lat, 15 U x.
Goppi)igC)tf a town of ^^'irtenlberil, with
a castle, a woolleii nianufucturc, and a ce-
lebrated medicinal spring; seated on the
rivulet Vils, 22 m se Stutgard.
Goragmd, a town of IJindoostan, in
Bengal, chief of a small territory, which is
also named Edracpoor. It is Oi ni ne
Moorshedabad. Lon. 89 10 e, lat. 25
13 N.
Gorcah, a city of Northern Hindoostan,
capital of a district, the original country of
the present Nepaul sovereigns. On the
conquest of Nepaul by the Ghoorkhalics,
■in 1708, the seat of government was trans-
ferred to Catmandoo, and this city having
since been neglected, is greatly decayed.
It is situate near the Mursliandy, 46 m
■vvNW Catmandoo. Lon. 84 27 v., lat. 28
23 N.
GoTCum, or Gorichem, a town of the
Netherlands, in S Holland, with a consi-
derable trade in corn, cheese, anrl batter ;
seated on the Linghe, at its junction with
the Meuse, 12 m e Dort, and 38 s Am-
sterdam.
Gore Inland, an island in the PaciGc
• ocean, so named by Cook, who discovered
it in 1778. It is 30 ra long, and appeared
to be barren and uninhabited. The se ex-
tremity is named Cape Upright. Lon. 172
30 W',"lat. 60 30 N.
Goree, an island of S Holland, at the
southern mouth of the Meuse. It has a
town of the same name, with a g(/od port,
12 m ssw Bricl. Lon. 4 20"e, lat. 51
44 N.
Gorce, a small island of Senegandna,
near Cape \"erd, of importance on accf)unt
of its good trade, and defended by two forts.
It was bought by the Dutch in 1G17, and
fell into the hands of the French in 1667.
The French surrendered it to tlie British in
1800; it was retaken, in 1804, by tiie
rrench; who were soon comjielled to sur-
GOS
render it again. Lon. 17 25 w, lat. 14
•10 N.
Gorcji, in Ireland ; see Kcwborough.
Gorgouu, a small island of Italy, 16 m
from tlie coast of Tuscany, near which
large tfuantitics of ancliovies are taken.
Lon. 10 0 E, lat. 43 22 n.
Gorgona,'i\\\ island in the Pacific ocean,
18 m from the coast of I'opayan. It is
high land, very woody, and about 10 m in
circuit. Lon. 77 50 w, lat. 3 6 x.
Goritz, or Goritia, a town of Germany,
in Carniola, capital of a county, with a
castle. Here are considerable manufac-
tures of leather, and tiie environs produce
w ine, iiiiit, corn, and silk. In 1797, it was
taken by the French. It stands on the.
Lisonzo, on the frontiers of Friuli, 12 ra
XE Palma, and 40 vv Laubach, Lon. 13
38 E, lat. 46 5 x.
Ooritz, a town of Brandenburg, in the
New mark, on the river Oder, 8 ni s Ciis-
trin.
Gorlitz, a strong town of Upper Lusa-
tia, witli a celebrated academy. The in-
habitants, about 12,000, carry on a consi-
derable trade in linen and woollen cloth.
It is seated on the Neissa, 58 in Eby.N
Dresden. Lon. 15 11 e, lat. 51 9 N.
Go7't, a town of Ireland, in Galwar
county. Two m to the sw is Kilmacduah,
and its dilapidated cathedral. Gort is
20 m ssr. Galway, and 36 wsw Clonfert.
Gorze, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Moselle, seated on a hill, 8 m svr
Metz.
Gorzke, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Magdeburg, 21 in Ebyx Magde-
burg.
Goschuiz, a town of Silesia, with a castle,
14 in N Oels.
Goshen, a town of New York, chief of
Orange county. It has a church, court-
house, and academy, and is 5(i m n New
York.
Gos/ien, a town of Connecticut, in Lich-
field county, famous for excellent cheese,
7 in KNW Lichfield.
Goslar, a city and territory of Lower
Saxonv, in the kingdom of Hanover. It
derives its principal subsistence from the
neiglihouring iron mines, manufactures of
brass and copper, and brewing. Here the
art of making gunpowder is said to have
been discovered by a monk. It is seated
on the river Gose, at the foot of a moun-
tain, called llammeiberg, 12 m se Hanover.
Lon. 10 31 E, lat. 51 57 x.
Goaport, a fortitied tov\n in Hampshire,
on the w side of the harbour of Portsmouth,
over which is a lerry. It has a market on
Saturday, and a considerable trade, espe-
cially in times of war, from its contiguity
to tlie naval arsenal at Portsmouth. The
GOT
population was 12,212, in 1811. Here
are several breweries, an extensive iron
fountlery, and a royal hospital, called Has-
Jar Hospital, for the sick and wounded of
the royal navy. It is J 5 in SE Sonthanip-
•ton, and 7i5 sw London.
Gossweinstein, or Gossnuinstein, a. town
of Franconia, in the principality of Bam-
berg, on the Putlach, 120 ni kse Bamberg.
Goatijucn, or Gostavin, a town of Poland,
in the pa!:itinate of llava, with a castle on
a rock, 36 m Kt: Kava. Lon. 20 40 v., lat.
.^)1 54 N.
Cotlia, a town of Upper Saxony, capital
of a duchy, in Tliuringia. It is the resi-
dence of the duke of h^axe-Gotha, whose
palace contains a tine library and a rich
cabinet of coins. Near it is the ducal ob-
servatory of Seeberge, the most beautitul
itnd useful in Germany. Gotlia has a
foundery for cannon, a porcelain maiuitac-
ture, and a considerable trade in woollens,
Avood, and beer. It is seated on the Leine,
16 m w by s Erfurt, Lon. 10 43 e, lat. 50
51 V.
Gotha, a river of Sweden, which issues
from the sw extremity of the lake Werier,
flows by Trolhatta (where it forms four
cataracts) to Bahus, and there divides into
two branches that enter the N part of the
Categat, the principal one below Gotiien-
burg. A canal 3 m in length has been cut
through a rock to avoid the cataracts, that
vessels now pass between the lake and the
sea, a distance of 70 ni.
Golhard, ^t. a celebrated mountain of
Switzerland, in the canton of Uri, 22 m
to the sofAltorf. It is 9075 feet above
the sea, and contains a prodigious ninnber
of fossils. Though not the highest moun-
tain, it is deemed the principal summitof the
Helvetian Alps, for in its vicinity rise the
rivers Tesino, lieuss, Rhone, and Rhine,
which flow hence in different directicnis.
Gothenburg, or Gvt/teborg, a city of
Sweden, capital of W Gotliland, and a
bishop's see. It stands at the mouth of the
Gotha, which forms the best harbour for
foreign trade of any in tlie kingdom, as it
lies on the Categat ; and from this port the
Swedish E Lidia Company's ships take
their departure. Here is a considerable her-
ring fishery ; and a great trade in salt, iron,
and flr-planks. The population was 21,788
in 1815. The environs present a unitorm
scene of barren rocks, on tlie sides ot which
part of the suburbs are built; and in the
city are several canr.ls with rows of trees
along their margin. In 1802 nearly a
fourth part of the city was consumed by a
fire. It is 180 m sw Orebro. Lon. 11 56
£, lat. 57 42 N.
Gothland, one of the four general divi-
sions of Sweden ; bounded on the > by
GOT
Sweden Proper, e and s by the Baltic, and
w by the Sound, the German ocean, and
Norwa}'. This country is inhabited by a
nation, celebrated for their excursions aud
invasions of other countries, which had its
origin from the Getaj, or Tartars of Crimea.
The Goths had kings of their own till 1132,
when they were united to Sweden. It in-
cludes nine provinces and the isles of Goth-
land and Oeland.
Gothland, or Gotlland, an island of
Sweden, in the Baltic, 70 in from n to s,
and 25 in its greatest breadth. From it*
form and situation it has obtained the
name of the Eye of the Baltic. The soil
is fertile, and cattle are reared in abund-
ance, particularly an excellent breed of
sheep. Here are fine woods of oak and
pine, quarries of excellent stone, and verj
good limestone. Wisby is the capital,
but Slitciiaum is the best port.
Go'JtIand, East, a province of Sweden,
in the division of Gothland, between the
Baltic on the e, and LakeWetter on the w»
80 m long and 70 broad. The soil pro-
duces abundance of all sorts of grain. It
has fine orchards, pastures, lakes, and
rivers, forests of oak and birch, and quar-
ries of alum, stone, and marble. The chief
town is Nordkoping.
Gothland, West, a province of Sweden,,
in the division of Gothland, between the
lakes Wetter and Wener, 130 m long and
from 25 to 70 broad. The soil and pro-
duce are similar to E Gothland. The chief
town is Gothenburg.
Gotteshurii, a town of Silesia, where
great quantities of worsted stockings are
knit, 16 m s\v Schwednitz.
Gottingen, a city of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick. Here George ir
of Great Britain founded a university,
which has acfiuired a very distinguished
reputation; and it contains one of the
most capital libraries in Europe. There
are also many other literary institutions,
and acommandery of the Teutonic order.
The woollen manufactures are the principal
support of the inhabitants. It is seated
on the Leine, 53 m s Hanover. Lon. 9 5S
r, lat. 51 32 N.
Gottingen, New, a town of the state
of Georgia, in Burke county, on the
w bank of the Savanna, 18 m e Waynes-
borough.
Golileube, a town of the kingdom ot
Saxony, in Misnia, on a river of the same
name, 18 m ssE Dresden.
Gotiorp, a town of Denmark, ni liie
duchy of Sleswick, with an old palace,
formerly th.2 ducal residence. It is seated
at the extremity of an arm of the sea, called
the Sley, 2 m wsw Sleswick, to which it U
joined by a row of trees.
Gil A
Goitschce, a town of Gcnnuu}', in (kir-
niola, with a castle, 17 m nnk Fiunife.
Govan, a town of Scotland, in lientVew-
sliire, near the river Clyde, 5 ni w Glas-
gow, and () i:bys Renfrew.
Itoiahi, or Tcr!;otr, a strong town of the
Netherlands, in S Holland, cclchrated for
its noble church, and painted ^lass win-
dows, supposed to be the iinest in I'iiiropr.
Great (piantities of yarn and tow are made
here, also s;ood ciieese and tobacco-pipes.
It is seated on the Yssel, at the influx of
the Gow, 10 m ne Rotterdam.
Gorenw/o, a town of Italy, in Mantuan,
seated on the Mincio, 12 m se Maritna.
Gouru, or Guru, a town ot Poland, in
the palatinate of Alasovia, situate on the
Vistula, 14 m si". Warsaw.
Gouraincourt, a town of France, in the
department of Meuse, 15 m ne Verdun.
Guurcloii, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot, 25 m N Cahors.
Gouriiuy, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower JSeine, seated on the
Epte, 21 m e Kouen.
Goitrock, a town of Scotland, in Ren-
frewshire, with a small harbour, on a bay
of tlve frith of Clyde, ;i m w Greenock.
Goicran, a borough of L'eland, in Kil-
kenny county, situate on a rivulet that
soon enters the Barrow, 9 m tbys Kil-
kenny,
Gozi, or Gozex, an island in the Mediter-
ranean, the ancient Clauda. It is 24 m
from the sw coast of Candia, and vessels
often put in here tor water and provisions.
Lon. 2o 4(3 E, lat. 34 50 .\.
Gozu, atbrtilied island of the Mediterra-
nean, 5 m to the nw of Malta, and belong-
ing to the knights of that island. It is 8 in
long and 4 broad, has several good har-
bours, and is more equally fertile than
Malta.
Graajf' lieipiet, a town of the Cape ter-
ritory, which gives name to a large interior
district. It is situate on the s skirts of a
group of hills, called the Snow Mountains,
and on the river Zondag, which Hows sse
to Algoa bay, 390 ra ene Capetown. Lun.
24 40 E, hit. 32 17 s.
Gruhorc, a town of Lower Saxonv, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg, with a castle, seat-
ed on the Elda, 24 ni sby e Schwerin.
Gracius a Dios, a town of New Spain,
in the province of Honduras, 100 m whys
Valladolid. Lon. 89 40 w, lat. 14 30 n\
Gruciosii, one ol' the Azores, 10 m long
and 8 broad, fertile in wheat, wine, butter,
and cheese. 1 he principal place is Flata.
Lon. 27 58 w, lat. 39 2 x.
Gradisi-a, a fortitied town of Sclavonia,
on the frontiers of Bosnia and Croatia ;
seated on the Save, 58 m wsw Essek. Lon.
17 52 E, lat. 45 12 k.
GRA
Gradisca, a strong town of Friuli, on the
coniines of Carinthia, cnpital of a county
united uith Goritz, and a bishop's see. It
is seated on the Lisonzo, (i m sw Goritz.
Lon. 13 32 k, lat. 4(5 2 n.
Grudo, a fortified town of Italy, on a
small ishuid of the same name, on the coast
of Friuli, (jO m ine \'enice. Lon. 1.'? 10 e,
lat. 15 4ti N.
Grajlon, a town vf New Hampshire, in
tlie county of its name, IG in se Hanover.
Grain Coast, a country of Guinea, ex-
tending along the Atlantic from Cape Me-
surado to Cape I'ahnas, between the Sierra
l^cone country on the w and the Ivory
coast on the e. The productions are peas,
beans, gourds, lemons, oranges, dates, and
palm wine; but the chief article is the
abundance of Guinea pepper, or grains
of paradise, which draws a great interior
trade. Cows, hogs, sheep, and goats are
numerous. The Europeans have no esta-
blishments on this coast, nor is it much
visited \m- the purposes of trade.
Graitnet/, or Gretna Green, a village of
Scotland, in Dumfriesshire, near the river
Sark,and the head of theSolway frith, and
on the borders of Cumberland, 9 m nnw
Carlisle. It was long famous for the resort
of fugitive minoi's from England to get mar-
ried ; but this improper practice is now
abolished.
Gruitz, or Greifz, a town of the kingdom
of Saxony, in Voigtland, with a castle on
a rocky mountain, and anotherin the town.
It has manufactures of stulf, and is situate
on the Eister, between mountains and
woods, 10 m N PUiuen.
GruuHit, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot, 22 m NNE Cahors.
Grummont, a town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, seated on both sides of the
Dender, 18 m NETournay.
Grampian Hills, a chain of hills in Scot-
land, which extends, in a se direction,
from the sE border of Argyleshire, through
the counties of Dumbarton, Perth, For-
far,- and Kincardine, to Aberdeen ; and
thence in a xw direction, through the
counties of Aberdeen, BantV, and Elgin,
to the borders of Inverness. The Gram-
pians vary in height from 1400 to 3500
leet, but Benlomond and several others
are elevated still higher. 1 hey take their
name from a single hill, the Mons Gram-
pius of I'acitus, where Galgacus waited
the approach of Agricola, and where the
battlfe: was fought so fatal to the brave Ca-
ledoi'.ians.
Gruwpound, a borough in Cornwall, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on Satin-
day, and a manufacture of gloves ; seated
on the Fal, 40 m sw Launceston, and 244
wljys London.
GRA
Gran, a town of Huiiiiary, capital of a
county, and an archbishop's see, with a
citadel on a hijjh rock. It was once the
metropolis of the whole country, contains
some tombs of the Hungarian kings, and
is famous for its warm baths. Tlie popu-
lation in 1815 was 5445. It is situate on
the Danube, nearly opposite the iuHux of
the Gran, HO ni ese Presburg. Lon. 18
52 E, lat. 47 4(i K.
Gruu, a seaport of Arabia, in the pro-
vince of Bahrin, at the Nw end of tlie <;ulf
of Persia, and on the borders of Irak
Arabi, 40 m s Bassora. Lon. 47 45 e, lat.
'29 50 N.
Granada, a province (formerly a king-
dom) of Spain, sometimes called Upper
Andalusia. It is 175 m loni; and 75 bniad;
bounded on the w and n by Andalusia, e
by Murcia and the Mediterranean, and s
by the same sea. Thouij;h a mountainous
country, the soil is good ; and it produces
corn, wine, oil, suiiar, fluv, hemp, excellent
fruit, lioney, wax, and mulberry-trees,
which feed a great number of silkworms.
The forests produce gall-nuts, palm-trees,
and oaks.
Granada, the capital of the above pro-
vince, and an archbishop's see. It is di-
vided into four parts, and was formerly
one of the finest cities in the world. In
one part is the cathedral, containing the
tombs of Ferdinand and Isabella, who
took this place from the Moors in 1492.
In another is a palace built by Charles v,
and an ancient palace of the Moorish kings,
called the Alhambra, which contains so
many rooms that it is like a labyrinth. In
the third is the university; the fourth iias
nothing considerable. All tlie public build-
ings ai'e magnilicent; and the cathedral
and convents contain excellent pictures by
Spanish masters. The walls and gates,
and the aqueducts, are mostly destroyed;
and its trade is feebly carried on, without
encouragement or protection. The popu-
lation 80,000, and half of them are law-
yers, ecclesiastics, and mendicants. It is
seated on both sides of the Darro, at its
contiux with the Xenil, 70 m 4E Cordova.
Lon. 3 38 w, lat. 37 8 k.
Gratiada, one of tlie Caribe islands,
lying SO leagues nw of i'obago. It is 18
in long and 12 broad, hnely wooded, and
the soil suited to produce sugar, tobacco,
and indigo. It was taken from the French
in 1762, confirmed to the English in 1703,
taken by the French in 1779, and restored
to the English in 1783. In 1795, the
French landed some troops, and caused an
insurrection, wliich was not quelled till
1796. St. George is the capital.
Granada, a city of New Spain, in the
province of Nicaragua. It was taken twice
GRA
by the French buccaneers, and pillaged.
The inhabitants carry on a great trade by
means of the lake Nicaragua, on which it
is seated, GO m se Leon. Lon. 86 M w,
12 5 k.
Granada, Neiv, an extensive country in
S America, denominated by the Spaniards
the new kingdom of Granada. It is bound-
ed on the N by the Caribean sea and Ca-
racas, e by Guayana, s by Amazonia,
Peru, and Quito, and w by the Pacific
ocean and New Spain. New Granada,
was conquered by tlie Spaniards in 1536,
and is governed by a viceroy, whose juris-
diction also extends over the captainship-
of Caracas and the kingdom of Quito.
The country is divided into the provinces of
Panama, Darien, Carthagena, St. Martha,
Merida, Choco, Popayan, Antioquia, St,
¥v, and Llanos ; to which, politically, may
be added Veragua, in New Spain. The
surface is so far elevated above the level
of the sea, that, though it approaches al-
most to the equator, the climate is remark-
ably temperate. The valleys and plains
are not inferior in lertiiity to the richest
districts in America; and the higher
grounds yield gold and precious stones of
various kinds. The capital is St. Fe.
Granadillns, or Grunadines, a chain of
islands in the W Indies, dependent on Gra-
nada, and extending n from that island to
St. Vincent. They are 23 in number, most
of them fertile, and capable of producing
cotton, coffee, indigo, and sugar. The
most considerable is Carinacou.
Granurd, a borough of Ireland, in Long-
ford county. Here is a very lofty Danish
mount, on which a fort was erected. It is
10 ra KNE Longford.
Granbi/, a town of S Carolina, seated on
the Congaiee, on the contrary side to Co-
lumbia, about a mile below that city. It is
noted for a curious bridge, whose centi'e
arch is 100 feet wide, to give passage for
large trees that are brought down by the
floods.
Grandcourt, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Bern, near the lake of Neu-
chatel, 7mNW Friburg.
Grundinont, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Upper Vienne. Near it was a
celebrated abbey, suppressed in 1709, after
the death of the then professed members.
It 15 m NXE Limoges.
Grundpre, a town of I'rance, in the de-
partment of yVrdennes, seated on tlie Ayre,
32 111 E Rheiiiis.
Grange, a town of Sweden, in Dalecarlia,
surrounded by great and curious mines, 40
m few Fahlun.
Gruniiemoutli, a town of Scotland, in
Stirliiigshire, at the angle formed by the
junction of the Great canal with the river
GRA
Carnm. Upward of 40,000 tons are an-
nually entered here, belonging either to the
foreign or coastinif trade. It is 4 m m:
Falkirk, and 10 si, Slirrmi:.
Grunsec, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark, 30 m nnw Berhn.
Granson, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of V'aud, with a castle; seated on
the lake of Neuchatel, l(j lu wsw Neu-
chatel.
GrantluDJi, a bnrougii in Lincolnshire,
•with a market on .Saturday. The church
is an cle;zunt structure, with a very lofty
spire. A canal passes hence to the Trent,
.at Nottingham. Gantham is seated on
the Wathani, 20 m sbyw Lincoln, and 110
jcbyw London. Lon.O 30 w, hit. 52 5!)N.
Granton, a towu of Scotland, in Elgin-
shire, with flourisliing manufactures. A
little to the xr, is Castle Grant, tlie elegant
seat of the earl of Seafield. it is seated
on the left bank of the Spey, over which is
a bridge, 18 m sse Forres, and 22 ssw
Elgin.
GnnaiUe, a towu of France, in the de-
partment of Manche, seated partly on a
hill, and partly on a plain, with a tide har-
bour in the English channel, 15 ni sbyw
Coutances.
GrusL'U::, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Saaz, famous for its manufactures
of brass, 15 m nw Elhogen.
Grusnieie, a small lake of Westmorland,
to the AV of Ambleside. Its margin is hol-
lowed into small bays, with bold emi-
nences ; some of rock, some of turf, that
half conceal and vary the figure of the lake.
A low promontory projects far into the
water; and on it stands a white village.
Grason,m\ island iu the gulf of Bothnia,
near the coast of Sweden, 15 m long and
2 broad. Lon. 18 20 r., lat. (iO 12 N.
Grasse, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Var, and lately a bishop's see. It
has a trade in dry fruit, oil, perfumes, and
■tanned leather, and is seated on an emi-
nence, 14 m w^w Antibes, and 21 wbvs
Nice.
Grasse, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aude, on the river Othieii, at the
ibot of a mountain, If! ui se Carcassonne.
Grutz, a fortified town of Germany, ca-
pital of Lower Stiria, and a bishop's see,
Avith a fortress on a rocky en)inence. Here
are many palaces, a university, a fine
arsenal, and several charitable institutions.
Tlie maimfactures are cotton, silk, leather,
and earthen ware; but the most important
are articles of steel and iron. Gratz is
seated on the w side of the ISluer, over
which is a bridge to nn extensive suburb.
The population 33,000. In 1707, it was
taken by the Frencli, and again in 180(i,
when they destroyed the fortress. It is 88
GRE
in ssw \"ienna. Lon. 15 20 l, lat. 47
4 N.
Grnndenz, a town of W Prussia, in the
palatinate of Culm, with a citadel, seated
on the Vistula, 15 m n by r. Culm.
Grave, a town of the Netherlands, in
Dutch Brabant, on the left bank of the
Mense, beyond which there is a fort. It.
has been often taken ; tlie last time by the
French, in 1794. It is 8 m ssw Nimeguen.
Gruvaloiia, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
on the J.W side of the lake of Como, 28 m
N Como.
Gravclinea, a strong town of Franco, in
the department of Nord, with a tide har-
bour, and magazines for cori\ and powder.
It is seated at the mouth of the Aa, de-
fended by Fort Philip, 12 m k Calais.
Gravenau, a town of Bavaria, in the
principality of Passau, on the river Sag, 16
m N Passau.
Gjciveinnachcrcn; see Grevenmacheren.
Gruvemvert, a town of Bavaria, in thw
upper palatinate, 17 m n Aniberg.
Gruvesaiide, a town of the Netherlands,
in S Holland, where the ancient counts of
Holland resided. It is about 4 m from the
sea, and 0 whys Delft.
GravescncI, a town in Kent, with a market
on Wednesday and Saturday. It stands
on the Thames, and is the conmion land-
ing-place for seamen and strangers in their
passage to London ; and here all outward
bound vessels stop to be examined by the
customhouse ofiicers, and to receive their
clearances. A great part of it was burnt
down, with the church, ia 1727 ; the latter
was rebuilt as one of the 50 new churches.
It is called the corporation of Gravesend
and Milton, these two places being united
under the government of a mayor. The
latter place is a mile e of the other, and has.
a blockhouse over against Tilbury fort.
They were incorporated by queen Elisa-
beth; but, long before, Hiciiard ii had
granted them the e.xclusive privilege of con-
veying passengers to London iu boats.
Gravesend is famous for the abundance
and excellence of vegetables, and particu-
larly for asparagus. It 22 m iSE London.
Gravinu, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, 32 m sw Bari.
Gruulet, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Tarn, 12 m nw^ Castres.
Gjui/, a town of Trance, in the depart-
ment of Upper Saone, with a trade in iroaj
seated on the Saone, 25 m ne Dijon.
Gray, a town of the district of Maine,
in Cumberland county, 15 m n by w Port-
land.
Grays Thurroch, a town in Essex, with
a market on Thursday, sealed on the
Thames, '>4m K London,
Grcbcnstcinf a town of Germany, in
GRE
Lower Hesse, on the river Hesse, 10 m
3JNW Cassel.
->i Greece, anciently a celebrated country
in Europe, long finned for the military ex-
ploits, learning, and arts of its inhabitants.
It comprised what is now the sw continent
of Turkey, or the provinces of Albania,
Macedonia, Thessaly, Livadia, and Morea,
also the Ionian islands, the Archipelago,
Candia, and Cyprus. The Greeks j)hinted
numerous colonies, totally peopled the
western coasts of Asia Minor, and made
so many settlements in the eastern parts
of Italy, that the country received from its
Greek inhabitants the name of Magna
Graecia.
Green, a town of the district of Maine,
in Lincoln county, situate on the Andro-
scoggin, 36 m X Portland.
Green, a river of Kentucky, which rises
in Mercer county, and flows w and iv into
the Ohio, where its mouth is 200 yards
■wide. It is navigable 150 m ; and near it
are a number of salt springs, and three
ponds of bitumen. Vast quantities of
nitre are found in the caves on its banks ;
and many of the settlers make gunpowder.
Greencastle, a town of Peinisylvania, in
Franklin county, 11m sbyw Chambers-
burg, and 117 whys Philadelphia.
Greenfield, a town of Massachusets, in
Hampshire county, on the vv bank of the
Connecticut, '^2 m nne Northampton, and
94 WNW Boston.
Greenland, an extensive region toward
the north pole, which, whether continental
or insular, is regarded as belonging to N
America. Tliis country was discovered
in the year 983, by some Norwegians from
Iceland ; and it was named Greenland,
from its superior verdure to Iceland. They
planted a colony on the eastern coast; and
the intercourse between this colony, Ice-
land, and Denmark, was continued till the
beginning of the fifteenth century. In that
century, by the gradual increase of the
arctic ice upon the coast, the colony be-
came completely inaccessible j while on
the w a range of mountains, covered with
perpetual snow, precluded all access. This
settlement contained several churches and
monasteries, and is said to have extended
about 200 m in the se part. In more re-
cent times the western coast was chiefly
explored by Davis,- and other English na-
vigators; but there was no attcm|)t to settle
a colony. In 1721, a Norwegian clergy-
man, named Egede, proceeded to this
dreary country, where he continued till
173o, preaching to the natives ; and his
benevolent example has been since followed
Ly several niissionai-ies. The country is
eaid to be inhabited as far as 7(} n hit. "but
the Moraviiuj settlements are chiefly in the
GRE
sw part. They have some beeves, and a
considerable number of sheej), for whose
winter subsistence they cut the grass in
sunnner, and make it into hay. The short
summer is very warm, but foggy; and the
northern lights diversify the gloom of win-
ter, which is very severe. The Moravian
establishments, and the natives, who have
mostly been converted to Christianity, are
estimated at a population of not less than
20,000. From them we learn, that the
Nw coast of Greenland is separated from
America by a narrow strait ; that the na-
tives of the two countries have some inter-
course ; and that the Esquimaux of Ame-
rica perfectly resemble the Greenlanders in
their aspect, dress, mode of living, and lan-
guage. Cape Farewell, the sw point, is in
Ion. 42 42 w, lat. 59 38 x.
Greenlaw, a town of Scotland, capital
of Berwickshire, though a small place.
The population was 1260 in 1811. Here
are the remains of two religious houses. It
is seated on the Blackadder, 8 m sw Dunse^
and 36 se Edinburg.
Greenock, a seaport of Scotland, in Ren-
frewshire, at the mouth of the Clyde, with
a small fort for the defence of the harbour.
Here are two dry docks, three yards for
ship-building, and four large rope-works ;
and the rigging of ships is much followed.
The manufactures are small, compared
with the size of the town, but it has a great
trade ; and the fisheries, particularly for
herrings, and the Newfoundland fishery,
are carried on to a great extent. The po-
pulation was 19,042, in 1811. It is 24 m
wbyx Glasgow. Lon. 4 45 w, lat. 55
57 N.
Greenshorough, a town of the state of
Geoi'gia, chief of Green county, one of the
most fertile in the state. It is 60 m nnw
Louisville. Lon. 82 35 w, lat. 33 15 x.
Greensburg, a town of Pennsylvania,
chief of Westmorland county. It has a
trade in flour, and is seated on a hill, SO m
Ebvs Pittsburg. Lon. 79 45 w, lat.
40 '8 N.
Greensted, a village in Essex, a mile w
Ongar. It is remarkable for a little churcli
(built prior to the Conquest) the walls of
which are formed of the trunks of trees.
Greenville, a town of S Carolina, in
Darlington county, capital of Cheraw dis-
trict. It is situate on the w side of Great
Pedee river, 85 ra ne Columbia. Lon. 79
55 w, lat. 34 30 n.
Greenville, a town of N Carolina, chief
of Pitt county, with a seminary, called Pitt
Academy. It is seated on the river Tar,
25 m SK Tiu'borough, and 75 Ebys Ralegh.
Greenville, a town of Tennessee, iu
Green county. Five m sbyw of it is
Greenville college. It is seated on the
GRE
KE branch of the Nolachucky, 65 Jn r.
Knoxville.
Greenville, a town and fort of the state
of Oliio. The fort was huik l>v general
Wayne, wlio here coiichided a treaty of
peace with the Indian iiatinns in 171).'). It
is seated on the kw hriuich of tlie Great
lMian)i, 70 in n by w Cincinnati. Lon. 85
5 \v, h^t. 39 58 N.
Crcetniich, a town in Kent, with a
market on Wednesday and Satnrday. It
is famous for a hospital for decayed sea-
men, thought to be the iinest structure of
the kind in the world ; and for an observa-
tory built by Charles ii, on the summit of
a hill, called Flanistead Hill, from tlie great
astronomer of that name, who was here the
first astronomer royal ; and the English
compute the longitude from tiie meridian
of this place. Here was once a royal pa-
lace, in which Edward vr died, and queen
Mary and queen Elisabeth were born : it
has been long \m lie down, and on part of
its site now stands the house belonging to
the raniier of the park. Here is a college,
called the Duke of Norfolk College, for
the maintenance of 20 decayed liouse-
keepers; and another called Queen Eiisa-
betli College ; also a royal naval asylum
for the orphans of sailors and marines.
In 1779, the chapel of the hospital, the
<lining-liail, and eight wards were destroyed
by fire; but the whole was soon rebuilt.
The population, in 1811, including Dept-
ford, which adjoins it on the w, was 3(5,780.
It is seated on the Thames, 5 m ese Lon-
don. Lon. 0, lat. 51 29 n.
Greenunch, a town of llhode Island,
chief of Kent county. It is noted for good
cider, carries on the fisheries to advantage,
and sends some vessels to the W Indies.
It stands on the ^^v part of Narragauset
bay, Id m s Providence, and 22 knw
Newport.
Greenwich, a town of New Jersey, in
■Camberiand county, on the ^w bank of
Cohanzy creek, 3 m from its mouth in
Delaware bay, and 15 m se Salem.
Grei^orio, St. a town of Quito, in the
province of Guayaquil, seated in a fruitful
plain, 80 m >nw Guayaquil.
Greityen, a town of Switzerland, on a
small lake of its name, 9 m ese Zuricli.
Grei(fenljerg, a town of Brandenburg,
in the Ucker mark, on the river Sernitz,
13 m SSE Prenzlo, and 48 KNi: Berlin.
Greiff'enhcrg, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Jauer, with a fortress on a
mountain. It is celebrated for its hnen
manufactures, and seated on the Queis,
28 m \vs\v Lignitz.
Greilfe.'iUrg, a tow:; .'if Fmthcr Pon;n-
rania, on the river ivega, l(j ai E Ctunin.
Greiffenhagoij a town of Further Po
GRI
merania, o« the river Oder, 12 m s Stettin.
Gnit'sxcalde ; see Gripsnald.
Grcin, a town of Austria, on the Da-
nube, 28 m E Lintz.
Greitz ; see Graitz.
Grenade, a town of France, in the tk-
liartnu'nt of Upper Garonne, 17 ra Nw
Toulouse.
Groina, a town of Sweden, in Smoland,
with the remains of a strong castle on the
top of a hill. It stands near the lake Wet-
ter, 18 m KNE Jonkoping.
Grenoble, a fortified city of France, ca-
pital of the department of Isere, and a
bishop's see, with a fort on the snnmiit of
a mountain. The population 22,000 ; and
its commerce is considerable. The leather
and gloves that are made here are highly-
esteemed. It stands on tiie Isere, over
which are two bridges to pass into tliat
part called Perriere, a long street on the
side of the river. Twelve m to the N, en-
vironed by mountains covered with firs, is
the celebrated monastery called the Grand
Chartreuse. Grenoble is 32 m ssw Cham-
be ry, and (32 SE Lyon. Lon. 5 44 E, lat.
45 12 N.
Gresik, a seaport of Java, seated on the
harbour of Surabaya, between the mouths
of the rivers Solo and Kediri. It is the
principal establishmesit of the Arabs in
Java, and the commerce of the place is
chielly in their hands. Here are docks for
ship-building, a foundery for brass guns, a
saltpetre manufacture, and other works.
It is 7 m NW Surabaya.
Gretna ; see Graitnet/.
Grcvenliioic/i, a town of Westphalia, in
the duchy of Juliers, on the river Erst,
10 m ENE Juliers.
Grevenntucheren, a town of the Nether-
lands, in Luxemburg, on the river JVioselle,
in a country producing excellent wine,
14 m ENE Luxemburg.
Grevna, a town of European Turkey, in
Macedonia, and a considerable staple of
interim- trade, (37 m w^sw balonica.
Gieun'ien, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thnringia, on the river Helbe, 15 m N
Erfurt.
Grimaud, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Var, 12 m sw Frejus.
Grinibergen, a town of the Netherlaurls,
in Brabant, with an abbey and a castle,
(i m N Brussels.
Griinmu, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with a trade in wool,
linen, thread, and flannel ; seated on the
Mulda, 14 m se Leipzic.
Grinunen, a town of Hither Pomerania,
14 m s Stialsuud.
Grimpcrg, a town of Germany, ".n the
territory of Treves, 17 mbE Treves.
Grimsbt/, a borough in Lincolushire,
GRI
j^ovemed by a mayor, with a market on
Wednesday. It has a larsje cliurch, like a
cathedral, and a good trade in coal and
salt. The harlKHir, at the raouth of the
Hamber, has been improved. It is 35 m
JJE Lincoln, and 168 x London.
Grinmc, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Glaris, on the river Linth, at its
entrance into t!ie lake of Zurich, 14 ni
Nxw Glaris.
Grindeiuiald, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Bern, seated anions moun-
tains, at the foot of a celebrated glacier,
25 m SE Thun.
Grindon, a village in the detached part
of Durham called Norhamshire, 6 m sw
Berwick. To the s of it, at a place cidled
Grindon ilisg, are four upright stone pil-
lars, funeral monuments of the ciiiefrains
slain in a victory gained here over the
Scots, in 1558, by the earl of Northum-
berland and his brother.
Griimleud, East, a borous^h in Sussex,
with a market on Thursday. Here is Sack-
ville college, founded by the duke of Dor-
set, in ItilO, for 24 aged persons of both
sexes. It is seated on a hill, HO m x
Lewes, and 29 s by e London.
Gripsholiu, a town of Sweden, in Suder-
mania, with an ancient royal castle, in
which are numerous portraits of emperors,
kings, and sovereign princes. Near it is a
considerable brandy distillery, and a can-
non foundery. It is seated near the lake
Maeler, 28 m w bys Stockholm.
Gripswald, a strong town of Hither Po-
merania, with a good harbour, and a uni-
versitv. It is well built, and -eatcd on the
river Riak, which is navigable to the Bal-
tic, 14 m w Wolgast. Lou. 13 38 £, lat.
54 4 X.
Grisons, tlie largest canton of Switzer-
land; bounded on the s by Milan and
\'enice, e and x by Tyrol, and w by the
cantons of (.ilaris, Uri, and Tessin. The
countrv is full of mountains, but has nu-
merous valleys, watered by rivers. It is
divided into three leagues; namely, the
Grey League, the League of God's House,
and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions.
Each of these had formerly a distinct inter-
nal goverimient, and they \vere connected
as one republic by an annual diet held
alternately at tlie towns of Coire, llantz,
and Davos: but in 1803, tiie constitution
was changed by the French, and thecountry
made an additional canton of Switzerland.
The inhabitants, about 7-1,000, are partly
Calvinists, and partly catholics; but the
former are most numerous. The principal
subsistence of the peasantry is by breeding
oxen, most of whicli are sent to Milan.
The Llhins and the Iim have their sources
in this canton. The capital is Coire.
GRO
Grissey, a town on the x' coast of Java,
formerly the capital of a kingdom, in the
E part of the island. It has a wooden mole
300 feet in length, and a small stone fort.
Lon. 112 48 E, lat. 7 5 s.
Grita, a town of Caracas, in the pro-
vince of Varinas, 70 ni w Varinas.
Grodno, the largest town of Lithuania,
next to VVilna. It contains a mixture of
wretched hovels, falling houses, and ruined
palaces, with magnificent gateways, re-
mains of its ancient splendour. A few-
habitations in good repair make the con-
trast more striking. Here is a college and
physic garden. In the new palace, built
by Augustus in, the diets were sometimes
held ; particularly the last, in 1703, which
was compelled, at the point of the bayonet,
to consent to the second partition of Po-
land ; and here, in 1795, Stanislaus iii
formerly resigned his crown. Grodno is
seated partly on a plain, and partly on a
hill, by the river Nieir.en, 125 ra xe War-
saw. Lon. 24 15 E, lat. 53 28 x".
Gro/tnde, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick. Near it is a
monument of stone, erected in memory of
a battle fought here in 1421. It is seated
on the Weser, 9ms Hamelin.
Groll, a strong town of the Netherlands,
in Gelderland. A duty is collected here
on all merchandise passing through it for
Germany. It is seated on the Siinghe,
23 m E bys Zutphen.
Groningen, a province of the Nether-
lands, bounded on the e by E Friesland,
w by Friesland, x by the German ocean,
and s by Overyssel. It is divided into two
parts, called Groningen and Omelands.
The excellency of this country consists in
pasture, which feeds n great number of
large horses.
Gr'oniiigen, the capital of the above pro-
vince, with a citadel and a university. It
is seated on the river Hunes, by which
large vessels ascend from the sea ; and it
has a communication, by a canal, with
Delfznyl on the Ems. Here is a palace,
and other elegant buildings, both public
and [)rivare. The population 20,000. It
is 90 m XE Amsterdam. Lon. tJ 35 e, lat.
53 12 X.
Grosstt, an island in the gulf of ^'^enice,
oiYthe coast of Dalmritia, 25 m long ;ind 2
broad. It is hilly, volcanic, and barren.
Lon. 15 0 E, lat. 44 0 x.
Grossefo, a fortified town of Tuscany, in
Sienesc, situate at the extremity of an ex-
tensive and unhealthy plain, near the river
Ombrone, 30 m sw .Siena.
Grosfhui/n, or Hayn, a town of the
kingdom r^f Saxony, in M'.snia, witii manu-
factures of cotton and woollen cloths, seal-
ed on the Roder, 8 m x Meissen,
GRY
Grossiccniliii, a strong town of Hungary,
capital of Bihar county, tlie largest and
most fruitful in llie kingdom, and a bisliop's
see. Tiie population in lolo was 87t>.') ;
and in the vicinity are hot springs. It is
situate on the i>cl)es Koros, 38 ni sse De-
bretzin, and 142 Esi: Pest. Lon. '2'i 9 e,
lat. 47 3 X.
Grotgau, a town of Silesia, capital ot a
circle. The forests round tliis town are the
joint property of all the inhabitants. It
is 19 m KNE Neisse. Lon. 17 28 e, lat.
50 38 N.
Grolkuu, a town of Servia, where the
Turks defeated the Germans in 1739. It is
15 m s Belgrade.
Grotun, a town of Connecticut, in New
London county, a m w New London city.
On the left bank of the Thames, opposite
the city, is fort Griswald, memorable for
being stormed, in 1781, by I3encdict^\r-
nold, after he had become a traitor to his
country. The town was burnt at the same
time.
Groyne; see Corunna.
Gruben/uigen, a town and castle cf
Lower Saxony, which gives name to a
principality, in the duchy of Brunswick.
The castle is now in ruins. It is 7 ra ssw
Einbeck, the capital of the principality.
Grunherg, a town of Germany, in Upper
Hesse, where the kings of the Merovingian
race and Cliarlemagne held their court. It
is JO m E Giesen.
Grunherg, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Glogau, surrounded with
vineyards. Here is a manufacture of cloth,
and a trade in vinegar and dried fruits. It
is 30 m Nw Glogau.
Grunde, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, seated in the
Hartz mountains, 4 m w Clausthal.
Grunhityn, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with a trade in copper
and lead, IG m s by w Chemnitz.
Gruningcn, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the principality of Ilalberstadt, on the
river Bode, 7 m ene Halberstadt.
Gruningen, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Zurich, with a castle on an
elevated rock, 10 m se Zurich.
Grunstadt, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, 22 m nkw Spire,
and 28 s Mentz.
Gruyercs, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Friburg, with a castle on a hill.
It has a great trade in cheese, and is 15 m
s by w Friburg.
Gryf'e, a river of Scotland, which rises
in the sw angle of Renfrewshire, flows over
several precipices into the lower country,
where it receives the Black Cart and White
Cart, and then enters the Clyde, about a
wile btilow Renfrew.
GUA
Guacara. a town of the province of Ca-
racas, near the lake Tocarigua, 12 m wne
\'aiencia.
Guadalaviar, a river of Spain, which
rises on the confmes of Aragon, crosses
the province of Valencia, and enters the
Mediterranean, below Valencia.
Giiaduhixura, one of the three audiences
of New Spain, and a pro\ince. The pro-
vince is bounded on the n by Culiacan and
New Biscay, e by Zacatecas and Mechoa-
can, and s and w by the Pacific ocean. It
is celebrated for its fertility, and the rich-
ness of its silver mines. The northern
parts are mountainous, and toward the s is
the great lake of Chapala, whose outlet is
the river St. Jago.
Guadalaiaru, a city, capital of the above
province and audience, and an archbishop's
see. It has eight squares, two colleges,
many churches and convents, and 19,500
inhabitants. It stands on the left bank of
the St. Jago, 220 m wnw Mexico. Lon.
103 3 w, lat. 21 9 N.
Guadalaxura, a town of Spain, in New-
Castile, which has a royal manufacture of
superfine cloth and other woollen stuffs.
It is seated on the Henares, 30 m ke
Madrid.
Guadalcanal, a town of Spain, in Estre-
madura, at the foot of the Morena moun-
tains and the borders of Andalusia, 10 ra
.SE Lerena.
Guadalete, a river of Spain, which rises
on the confmes of Granada, crosses An-
dalusia, by Arcot, and enters the bay of
Cadiz by two mouths, one at Port St.
Mary, and the other (called St. Peter river),
a little to the x of Porto Real.
Guuduloupe, a town of Spain, in Estre-
madura, with a celebrated convent ; seated
on a rivulet of the same name, 34 m Eby n
Truxillo.
Guuduloupe, one of the Caribe islands,
between Antigua and Dominica. It is
divided into two parts by a strait, called
the Salt River. At this place the land on
each side is not above 4 m broad, and by
this strait the sea on the xw communicates
with that on the se. The sw part is 40 m
long and 20 broad; and the xe part is
much the same. The soil is exceedingly
good, and well watered near the sea, by
rivulets which fall from the mountains. On
this island is a volcano, called the Moun-
tain of Sulphur; and on its e side are two
mouths, w hich open into a pit of sulphur :
the blacks who sell brimstone fetch it fron»
this pit. The French settled on this island
in 1032. It was taken by the British in
1759, 1794, and 1810; ceded by thena to
Sweden in 1813, but restored to the French
in 1814. Basseterre is the capital.
Cuadalquiver, a river of Spain, which
GUA
rises In Mancha, flows through Andalusia,
by Anrliijar, (!^ordova, and Seville, and
enters the bay of Cadiz,
Giiadarama, a town of Spain, in Old
Castile, with a great trade in cheese ;
seated on the Guadarania, 25 m nw
Bladrid.
Guadiuna, a river that has its source in
Spain, from some lakes in Mancha, to the
K of Alcarez; soon after it is lost in the
earth, and springs up again at several open-
ings, called the eyes of the Guadiana; it
then flows w by Calatrava, Merida, and
Badajoz, into Portugal, where it takes a s
direction, and separating Algarve from
Andalusia, enters the bay of Cadiz.
Guadix, a city of Spain, in Granada,
and a bishop's see. It contains three
parishes and six convents, and is situate
in a rich country, on a river of the same
name, 36 m exe Granada. Lon. 3 0 w,
iat. 37 28 N-.
Guadramiro, a town of Spain, in Leon,
33 m wsw Salamanca.
Gualdo, a town of Italy, in Ancona,
which was almost destroyed by an earth-
quake in 1751. It is 8 m nw Nocera.
GuuUor, a fortress of Hindoostan, in
Agra, situate on a hill nearly 2 m long, but
narrow, and almost level on the top. Tlie
sides are very precipitous, and the highest
part, which is at the n end, is 342 feet
above the surrounding plain. The rampart
conforms to the brow of the hill all round ;
and the area within is full of buildings,
reservoirs of water, wells, and cultivated
land. At the foot of the mountain, on the
E side, is the town, which is large and well
built. This fortress is considered as the
Gibraltar of the east; but, in 1780, the
British took it by an unexpected nocturnal
escalade. It is 64 m sbyE Agra. Lon.
78 14 E, Iat. 26 18 x.
Gnulqui, a town of Chili, capital of the
province of Puchacay. It is situate on
the N bank of the Biobio, 12 m se Con-
ception.
Guam, the chief of the Ladrone islands,
in the Pacific ocean, 100 m in circuit.
The Spaniards ha\e a garrison here; but
the inhabitants are almost all natives of
the country, and skilful in building boats.
It abounds with excellent fruit, and has
several good hai'bours. L^mata is the ca-
pital. Lon. 143 15 E, Iat. 13 10 N.
Guamaiiga, a city of Peru, capital of
a province, and a bishop's see, with a uni-
versity. It is famous for sweetmeats ; and
near it are mines of gold, silver, iron, sul-
phur, and quicksilver. It is 180 m £3e
Lima. Lon. 73 58 w, Iat. 12 57 s.
Guanahami, or Cat Idand, one of the
Bahama islands, the first land of Ani^tica
GUA
discovered by Columbus, in 1491, and
named by him St. Salvador. It is above
50 m long, but very narrow, and has a
harbour at the sw end called Port Howe.
Lon. 75 40 w, Iat. 24 20 k.
Guunaxuuto, a city of New Spain, in
Mechoacan, and the capital of a large dis-
trict, the most fertile and populous in all
the country. The city now ranks next to
Mexico, contains 70,600 inhabitants, and
many sumptuous edifices. In the vicinitj
are many silver mines, some of which are
deemed the richest in the world. It is
180 m xw Mexico. Lon. 100 55 w, lat»
21 0 N.
Guanara, a town of Caracas, in the
province of Coro, wliich has a great trade
in oxen and mules. It stands on -a river
of the same name, 100 m exe Varinas.
Guancavelica, a city of Peru, capital of
a province, famous for mines of quicksilver.
It stands in a breach of the Andes, 36 ni
NW Guamanga, and 160 ese Lima. Lorr.
74 46 w, Iat." 12 45 s.
GuanucO; a city of Peru, in the province
of Tarma. It was formerly a large place,
and had a palace of the iucas and a temple
of the sun, of which some ruins remain.
Several kinds of sweetmeats and jellies are
made here, and sent to other provinces.
It is situate near the lake Lauricoclia, and
its outlet the river Tungnragua, 172 nx
XNE Lima. Lon. 75 25 w, Iat. 9 5.5 s.
Gua7'ri, a town of Peru, near which are
many remains of the edifices of the incas.
It is seated near the mouth of the river
Gnara, 100 m xxw Lima. Lon. 77 0 w,
Iat. 10 58 s.
Guarco ; see Cas^ncte.
Guarda, a city of Portugal, in Beira,
and a bishop's see. It is strong by nature
and art, and has a stately cathedral, 138
m XE Lisbon. Lon. 7 12 w, Iat. 40 32 x^
Guni'dafui; see Gardefun.
Giiurdamar, a town of Spain, in Valen-
cia, at the mouth of the Seguara. The
chief trade consists of salt, which is made
in the vicinity, it is 21 m ssw Alicant.
Lon. 0 38 w, Iat. 38 7 x.
Guardia, a fortified town of Spain, in
Galicia, near the mouth of the Miniio, 15
ni ssw Tuy.
Guardia, a town of Spain„ in Biscay,
16 m SSE Vitoria.
Guardia Alferea, a town of Naples, iix
the county of ISIolise, 22 m xe Moiise.
Guardia Giranda^ a town of Naples, in._
the county of Moiise, 22 m xv/ iSIolise.
Guarmoi/, a town of Peru, with a Ijar-
bour, 170 m xxw Lima. Lon. 77 ^t2 w,
Iat. 10 15 s.
Guaatella, a fortified town of Italy, capi-
tal of a small duchy, included m th- a of
V '
GUA GUE
Parma, with an ancient decayed castle, terrupted rain till June, when parching
It is seated near the river Po, 1-i ni ne
Parma.
Guastica ; see PaJiuco.
Guasto, or Vasto, a town of Naples, in
Abruzzo Citra, on the gulf of Venice, 15
Tn SE Lanciano.
Guatimulu, one of the three audiences
of New Spain, and a province. The pro-
■vinceis bounded on the ne by Chiapa and
heat again takes place till July, which is
nt!;ain followed by incessant rain till Octo-
ber. Dutch and British Guayana is every
where level, and so low, that, during the
rainy seasons, it is usually covered with
water near two feet in hcif;lit, which ren-
ders the soil exceedingly ricli. The interior
parts of the country are inhabited by blacks,
who have ditferent languages and customs ;
A'^era Paz, e by Honduras and Nicaragura, and some of them build their houses on
s and sw by the Pacific ocean, and nw by trees, to be secure from the inundations of
Soconusco. The soil is fertile in the ex- the rivers. See St. Thomas, Cayenne, &c.
treme; and the indigo of this country is Gw^j/a^wi/, a city and seaport of Quito^
^superior in quality to that of any other in capital of a jurisdiction. Itisdefended by
America. three forts, and situate on the river Guay-
Guatimah, a city, capital of the above aquil, near its entrance into the bay of
audience and province, and an archbishop's Guayaquil. This place is famous for a
see, with a university. It stands 20 m s
from the site of St. Jago, the former capi-
tal, which was totally destroyed by an
earthquake in 1775, and most of the inha-
bitants perished. Guatimala is adorned
shellfish, called Turbine, no larger than a
nut, which produces a purple reckoned to
exceed all others in the world ; and m ith it
the threads of cotton, ribands, laces, &c.
are died. The commerce of this city is
ith churches and monasteries, and has a considerable, and the principal article of
population of 19,000. The chief trade is
in chocolate, indigo, pitch, and naptha.
It has a good harbour, at the mouth of Rio
Vaccas, and is GOO m sw Mexico. Lon.
92 22 w, lat. 13 40 N.
Guaiulco, a seaport of New Spain, in
Guaxaca, with a good harbour, at the
mouth of a river, in the Pacific ocean, 100 m
^byE Guaxaca. Lon. 90 56 w, lat. 15 44 n
export IS cacao. The population 10,000^
It is 160 m ssw Quito. Lon. 79 40 w,^
lat. 2 10 s.
• Guaymas, a town of New Spain, in
Sonora, with a small port, at the mouth of
the river Sonora, on the gulf of California,.
260 m sw Arispe. Lon. Ill 44 w, lat. 27
42 N.
Guayra, a fortified town of the province
Guaxaca, or Oa.raca, a province of New of Caracas, and the port of the city of
Spain, bounded on the N by Tlascala and Caracas. The trade is considerable, though
Vera Cruz, e by Chiapa, s by the Pacific the harbour is only a road, secured by a
ocean, and'w by Tlascala. It is mountain- mole. By the great earthquake in 1812
ous, but fertile in maize, fruit, cocoa, cochi- .some neighbouring rocks and mountains
jieal, and cassia ; and contains mines of were split and rolled into the valley, and
gold, silver, and crystal. the town was nearly destroyed. It is 10
Guaxaca, ov Antequera, a city, capital m N by w Caracas. Lon. 67 3 w, lat. 10
of the above province, and a bishop's see. 43 n.
It exports excellent wood, perfumes, and Guben, a town of Lusatia, capital of a
chocolate; and has manufactures of in- circle, which yields great quantities of ex-
digo and cotton. It is well built, chiefly cellent red wine. It is seated on the
of stone, and has a noble cathedral and
many rich convents. The population
24,000. It stands on a hill and along the
left bank of the Rio Verde, 90 m from the
Pacific ocean, and 156ssEPuebla
97 12 w lat. 16 58 x.
Guayana, a country of S America, on
the coast of the Atlantic, between the
rivers Orinoco and Amazon, and to the n
of Amazonia. The Portuguese possess the
part adjoining the river Amazon ; tl
Lubbe, near its conflux with the Neissa,,
24 m NE Cotbus. Lon. 14 32 e, lat. 51
58 N.
Gubi, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
Lon. It is a small dirty place, but has a consi-
derable trade, and one of the greatest
weekly marts in the country. It is 40 m
WNW Bangaloor.
Gubio, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
Urbino, 32 m s Urbino.
Guadarah, or Gundcira, a town of Hin-
Prench, Cayenne ; the Dutch, Surinam ; doostan, in Gujrat, capital of a hilly and
-the British, Berbice, Demerara, and Isse- woody district, tributary to the Mahrattas.
quibo ; and the Spaniards, the part next It is situate near the Mahy, 61 m Ebys
the Orinoco, which is a province of the Ahmedabad. Lon. 73 34 e, lat. 22 53 N,
government of Caracas. The greatest heat Gudensberg, a town of Germany, in
takes place in October, and continues to Lower Hesse, 10 m ssw Cassel.
3|Iarch; this is succeeded by violent unin- Guerande, a town of France; in the
GUI
department of Lower Loire, with a con-
siderable trade in salt. It is ii m from
the Atlantic, and 40 w by n Nantes.
Guerc/ie, a town of France, in the de-
partment of lUe and Vilaine, 20 m ese
Rennes.
Guerct, a town ef France, capital of the
department of Creuse. It is seated on the
Gartampe, 35 m xe Limoges, and 170 s
Paris. Lon. 1 56 e, lat. 46 10 n.
Guergela, a town of Biledulgerid, where
the caravans obtain plenty of fruit and
good water. It is 100 m ssw Tuggurt, and
290 w by N Gademis. Lon. 4 50 E, lat.
31 15 N.
Guernsey, an island off the n coast of
France, subject to England. It is of a
round form, 36 m in circuit, and naturally
strong, being surrounded by high rocks.
The soil is verdant, though hilly ; and is
remarkable for its small breed of cattle.
The population 15,000. The island was
formerly a part of Normandy, and is still
governed by the Normnn laws. Port St.
Pierre is the only town. Lon. 2 47 w,
lat. 49 30 N.
Gueta, or Hueta, a town of Spain, in
New Castile, 52 m Ebys Madrid. Lon.
2 54 w, lat. 40 20 N.
Guevetlan ; see Soconusco.
Guglbigen, a town of Wirtemberg,
situate on the Zaber, 18 m j; Stutgard.
Guienne, an old province of France, 160
m long and 85 broad, on the sw coast, of
which Bordeaux was the capital. It now
forms the departments of Gironde, and Lot
and Garonne.
Gujerat, a town of Hindoostan, in La-
hore, 60 ra Kxw Lahore.
Guilford, a borough in Surry, governed
by a mayor, with a market on Saturday.
It had a castle and a palace, now in ruins;
here is also part of a monastery, which is
still occupied. The summer assizes are
alternately held here and at Croydon ; but
the election of members for the county is
always held here. It has two churches,
and an elegant town-hall. The population
was 2974 in 1811. It is seated on the
side of a hill, by the river Wey, which is
navigable to the Thames ; and the trade in
timber and corn is considerable. It is 23
m wsw Croydon, and 29 sw London. Lon.
0 29 w, lat. 51 15 N.
Guildford, a town of Connecticut, in
Newhaven county, situate on a bay in
Long-island sound, 18 m Ebys Newhaven.
Guillestre, a town and castle of France,
in the department of Upper Alps, 9 m >e
Embrun.
Guimaraens, a town of Portugal, in
Entre Douro e Minho, which has formerly
been the residence of its kings. It is
GUI
divided into the old and new town, the
former situate on an eminence, surrounded
by walls. Here is a manufacture of linen
in high estimation. The public buildings
are magnificent, and the collegiate church
is said to be founded on the ruins of a tem-
ple of Ceres. It is 10 m se Braga. Lo^
8 21 w, lat. 41 35 N.
Guinea, a large region of Africa, littfe
known except the coast, which extends
along the Atlantic upward of 2600 m. It
lies between 10 N and 12 s lat. and is
divided into Upper and Lower Guinea.
The first compreliends Sierra Leone, the
Grain-coast, the Ivory-coast, the Gold-
coast, the Slave-coast, Benin, Biafara,
Majombo, Gabon, and Anziko. Lower
Guinea is commonly called Congo. It is
very unhealthy for Europeans. The n*.
tives in general go almost naked, and there
seems to be little religion or honesty
among them. The commodities purchased
her?, are rice and maize, on the Grain-
coast ; elephant teeth, on the Ivory-coast-;
the greatest plenty of gold, on the Gold^
coast; and all, in general, supply slaves,
a ."trade which commenced in 1517,
but abandoned by the English in 1807,
There are many other states, whose chieft
are often at war with each other, when the
people taken, on both sides, are sold for
slaves ; and it is not uncommon for the
nearest of kin to sell each other. The
British, Dutch, Portuguese, Danes, and
French, have factories upon the coast.
The principal British factory is Cape Coast
Castle.
Guinea, New, or Papua, an islanf' the
S Pacific ocean, to the n of Terra Australis,
from which it is separated by Torres strait-
It is next in size to Terra Australis, extend-
ing SE from the equator to 12 s lat. and from
131 to 153 Elon. a length of more than 1200
ra, by a medial breadth of perhaps 300 ;
but the coasts of the eastern part are tar
from being completely investigated. The
northern part is said to have been dicovei"-
ed by the Spaniards, in 1528, who had
sailed from New Spain to explore the
Spice islands. The coasts are generally
lofty ; and in the interior, mountain rises
above mountain ; but the whole appears
covered with such luxuriance of wood aod
lierbage, as can scarcely be conceived.
The cocoa, sago, bread-fruit, and plantarn
tree, beside most of the trees, shrubs, and
plants, common to the islands in the S
Pacific ocean, are found here in great per-
fection. This island is the chosen resi-
dence of the singular birds of paradise,
which breed here during the wet monsoon,
and in the dry migrate in flocks westwarc^
to the smaller islands, particularly Arroo,
U2
GUI
Here are also elegant parrots; and pigeons
tliat almost equal a tHrkey in size. The
inhabitants of the northern part are railed
]'apoiis; whence the name of the country.
Thev seem to have the Malay complexion
ajid features ; hut are in general of horrible
appearance, and r.reat ferocity. Their
language and habitations resemble those of
Borneo, &:c. on the west. The women
•seem the most industrious in niakinc mats,
and pots of clay, which they afterward
burn with dry grass or brushwood ; and
tliey even wield tlie ax, while the men are
indolent, or engaged in the chace of wild
liogs. In the interior is a race called
Haraforas, who live in trees, wliicli they
ascend bv a notched pole, drawing it after
th.em to prevent surprise. On this exten-
sive territory, so favoured by nature, there
is no European settlement. The chief com-
merce is with the Chinese, from whom they
purchase instruments and utensils. Tiieir
returns are ambergris, tortoise shell, small
pearls, Lirds of paradise, and other birds,
■which the Papous dry with great skill.
Some slaves are also exported, probably
captives taken in intestine wars.
Guingamp, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cortes du Nord, seated on
the Trieu, 13 m s Treguier.
Gvjrut or Guzerat, a province of Hin-
doostan, 320 m long and 180 broad, lying
s of that of Ajmeer. The sw quarter ap-
proaches the shape of a peninsula, formed
by the gulfs of Cutch and Cambay. A
considerable portion of this province, par-
ticularly toward the e boundary, is very
hilly, and much covered with jungle. The
w frontier is a level arid country in some
parts, and in others a low salt swamp,
called the Run, which is sterile and un-
productive. The interior of the peninsula
is hilly, and not productive of grain, but
exhibits abundance of coarse vegetation.
Within these hills, jungles, and swamps,
are many tribes of equestrian thieves, who
prev on each other, and pursue their de-
predations to a great distance ; and the
seacoast from the gulf of Cambay to the
a'iver Indus is occupied V.>y different inde-
pendent chiefs, all greatly addicted to
piracy. The more civilized and cultivated
parts are possessed by the Mahrattas and
the British j the latter occupy a consider-
able tract around the gulf of Cutch, and
include the city of Surat. The capital is
Aiimedabad.
Guise, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aisne, with a castle, seated on the
Oise, 25 m e St. Quinlin, and 03 ne Paris.
Guidam,St. a town of the Netherlands,
in Hainault, seated in marshy land, on the
river Ilaine, 6 m w Mons.
GUN
Guitivis, or St. Cruz de Miiyo, a town
of New Spain, in Sonora, with a small
port, at tiie mouth of tlie Mayo, in the
gidf of California. Between this port and
that of Loreto, on the other side of the
gulf, is the passage of the public courier
between New Spain and Colifornia. It is
00 m NE Loreto, 00 nw Cinaloa, and 270
ssw Arispe. Lon. 110 3-1 w, lat. 20 8 x.
Guj under gur, a town of liindoostan, in
Bejapoor, capital of a district, with a fort.
It is 00 m sby E Bejapoor. Lon. 75 56 k,
lat. 13 45 N. "
Gulpnigan, a town of Persia, in Irak, 90
m Kw Ispahan.
Gumhinnen, a town of Prussia, capital
of the Lithuanian department. It has ma-
nufactures of clotl), and is seated on the
Pissa, 75 m Ebys Konigsberg. Lon. 22
40 E, lat. 54 34 N.
Gundeljbigen, a town of Bavaria, situate
on the Brenz, near the Danube, 17 m vv'SWf ,
Donawert.
Gundura, a city of Ballogistan, capital
of Cutch Gundava. It is not so large as
Kelat, but built with greater regularity,
and surrounded by a high mud wall. The
khan of Kelat has a palace here, in which
he resides during the winter. It is situate
on the Kauhee, 150 m se Kelat. Lon. 63 2
E, iat. 27 58 K.
Gundezama, a river of liindoostan, wliich
rises near Commim, forms the boundary
between the Carnatic and the Circars, and
enters the bay of Bengal at Mootapilly.
Gunduck, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bejapoor, and district of Gunduck, 47 m
E Darwar.
Gundwana, a large province of the Dec-
can of liindoostan, bounded on the n by
Malwah and Allahabad, e by Bahar and
Orissa, s by the latter, and w by Berar
and jNIahvah. The greatest part of this
province is mountainous, poor, ill-watered,
covered with jungle, and thinly inhabited.
The capital is Gurrah.
Gunjuda, or Gonfooda, a seaport of
Arabia, on the Red sea. All vessels carry-
ing coffee to Jidda anchor here, and pay a
duty. It is 180 m sby e jNIecca. Lon. 40
50 E, lat. 19 7 N.
Gungapatiiam, a town of Hindoostan,
in the Carnatic, seated on the Pennar, 94
m xby \v Madras.
Guns; see Koszeg.
Guntoor, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Circars, caj)ital of the one of its name,
which is the most southern, and borders
on the IS part of the Carnatic. It has a
strong fortress, and is 21ms Condapilly.
Lon. 80 20 E, lat. 16 12 n.
Gimtzhurg, a town of Suabia, capital of
the margravate of Burgau, witU a castle.
GUS
It stands on tlie river Guntz, near its con-
Bux with the Danube^ 6 m w Burgau, and
14 E Ulm. Lon. 10 14 E, lat. 48 24 a.
Guntzenhausen, a town of Franconia, in
the principality of Anspach, seated on tlie
Altmul, near a forest, 16 m sse Anspach.
Gurau, a town of Silesia, in the princi-
pality of Glogau, with good cloth manufac-
tures, and a great trade in corn. In 1759
it was reduced to ashes by the Russians.
It stands on an eminence, by the river
Bartch, 19 m e Glogau.
Gurck, a town of Germany, in Carin-
thia, and lately a bishop's see ; seated on
the river Gurck, 20 m n by w Clagenfurt.
Gurckfdd, a town of Germany, in Car-
niola, with a castle on a hill, situate on the
Save, 18 m se Cilley.
Gurgistan ; see Georgia.
Gurltf, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Astracan, with a good harbour;
seated near the Caspian sea, between the
mouths of the Ural, 2 10 m e by x Astracan.
Lon. 51 5G E, lat. 47 37 x.
Guriel, a small kingdom of Asia, bound-
ed on the N by Mingrelia, from which it is
separated by the Rioni, e by Imerethi, se
and s by Turkish Armenia, and w by the
Black sea. It is governed by a prince, who
is dependent on Turkey. Gonieh is the
capital.
Gurietum, a town of llindoostan, in the
Carnatic, with a mud fort. Four m w is
Statghadam, or the seven castles, on a
rocky hill, at the foot of which is the vil-
lage; and near it the nabob has an exten-
sive garden, noted for the best oranges in
the Carnatic. Gurietum is seated on both
sides the Camundala, which flows into the
Paliar, 33 m wbyx Arcot.
Gurrali, a town of Hmdoostan, capital
of Gundwana. Here was formerly a mint,
in which an inferior rupee was coined. It
is seated near the Nerbuddah, 142 ra n by e
Nagpoor. Lon. 80 15 e, lat. 23 9 N.
Gurru ; see Setlege.
Giirrumconda, mown of llindoostan, in
Bundelcund, capital of a very mountainous
district, abounding in strong positions. It
has a strong hill fort, and is 125 ra wkw
Madras. Lon. 78 40 e, lat. 13 45 x.
Gurudwura, a town of Hindoostan, in
Serinagur, with a handsome temple, an-
nually attended at the vernal equinox by
immerous pilgrims from Laiiore and the w
countries. Near this place, in 1803, was
a. decisive battle, in which the rajah of
Serinagur was killed by a musket ball, and
his country rendered tributary to Nepaul.
It is 62 m w Serinagur.
Gustrow, a. city of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Mecklenburg Schwerin, with
a university. The chief courts of judica-
ture for the duchy are held here ; and it
HAD
has an elegant ducal palace. It is situate
on the Nebei, 35 m ene Schwerin. Lon.
12 13 E, lat. 53 47 x.
Giitta, a town of Hungary, seated on the
Danube, 10 m x Comorn.
Gutzkozo, a town of Hither Pomerania,
in a county of the same name, seated on.
the Peene, 9 m ssw Gripswald.
Gjif/ioni, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Luneburg, seated at the junc-
tion of the Iser with the Aller, 18 ni x
Brunswick.
Gi/on; see Gijon.
Gijongyos, a town of Hungary, with ma-
nufactures of leather, blankets, cloth, and
spu-its ; situate on the side of a raounialn,
48 m EXE Pest.
Gi/ula, a strong town of Hungary, ca-
pital of Bekes county, which is rich in
wheat and cattle. It stands on the Feher
Koros, 42 m sw Grosswardin. Lon. 21 29
E, lat. 4G 38 N.
H.
Haag, a town of Bavaria, capital of a
county. It is seated on a hill, 26 m e by ?*t_
Munich. Lon. 12 15 e, lat. 48 7 N.
HabelscJncerd, a town of Silesia, in ilf6
county of Glatz, on the river Neisse, t m
s Glatz.
Hdcha, a city of New Granada, in,nhe
province of St. Martha, at the mouth of
Rio de la H.icha, 84 m ene St. Martim.
Hucheuburg, a town of Germany,, in the.
county of Sayn, with a castle, 13 m N
Coblentz.
Hacketstown, a town of Ireland, in Gar-
low county, 16 m E Carlow.
Hacketstown, a town of New Jersey, In
Sussex county, seated on the Musconecunk,
15 m xbyw Morrlstown.
Hackinsac, a town of New Jersey, chief
of Bergen county, with a Dutch and an
episcopal church. It is situate on a river
of same name, 10 m xw New York.
Hackney, a populous village in Middle-
sex, 2 m XE London, which contains many
elegant villas.
Hadamar, a town of GeiTtiany, in Wet-
teravia, near the river Elss, ^^ »^ ^^
Mentz.
Haddaiii, a town of Connecticut, in Mid-
dlesex county, near the river Connecticut,
10 m s by E Mlddleton, and 18 n by £ Say-
brook.
Haderslehen, a town of Denmark in Sles-
wick, with a citadel, on a small island, in
a narrow bay of the Little Belt, 30 m e by s
Ripen, and 48 xbyw Sleswick.
Hadington, a borough of Scotland, ca-
pital of Hadingtonshire. The four prin-
cipal streets intersect each other at nearly
HAG
right angles, and it has manufactures of
coarse woollen cloth and leather. Part ot
a nionasterv is occupied as a parish church;
and there is also an elegant episcopalian
chapel. In the suburh of GitVord^ate is
shown the house in which the celebrated
John Knox was born ; and in ti)at of Nun-
gate, are the ruins of a nunnery. The po-
pulation was 4370 in 1811. It is seated
o« the Tyne, 16 m r, Edinburg. Lon. 2
48 w, lat'. 55 57 N.
Jludiniitonsliirc, or Emt Lothian, a
county of Scotland, 25 m long and 15
where broadest; bounded on the N by the
frith of Forth, K by the German ocean,
s by Berwickshire, and w by Edinburg-
shire. It is divided into 24 parishes. The
population was 31,164 in 1811. The soil
is, in many places, doubly productive;
rich crops are raised on the surface, and
the mines of coal are inexhaustible. The
southern part is mountainous, compre-
hending the N side of Laminermuir hills ;
but these high grounds feed many sheep.
It is intersected by numerous streams, and
the principal river is the Tyne.
ILidit, or lladice, a town of Syria, seat-
ed on the Euphrates, 130 m w Bagdad.
Iladlcy, a town in Suiiblk, with a market
CTi Monday. Large quantities of yarn are
spun here for the Norwich weavers. It is
seated on the Bret, 20 m sr. Bury, and 64
MK Loudon.
iladleij, a village in Essex, 5 m sw Roch-
ford. Here are some ruins of a castle, on
the brow of a hill, by a chaimel of the
Thames between Canvey island and the
shore.
Hadley, a town of Massachusets, in
Hampshire county, on the e side of the
Connecticut, 78 m wbyN Boston.
Iladi-umaui, a province of Arabia Felix,
on the seacoast, between Yemen on the w
and Oman on the e. Some parts are dry
and desert, others extremely fertile with
well-watered valleys. The chief products
are frankincense, gum-arabic, dragons-
blood, myrrh, and aloes. Shibam is the
capital.
Ilagarstozvn ; see Elisabethtown.
Hui^cn, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Mark, with manufactures of
cloth ; seated on the \'olme, 13 m s Dort-
mund.
IIage7ib(tch, a town of France, in the de-
partment ofLower Rhine, 12 mssE Landau.
Hagenburg, a town of Westphalia, in
the county of Schauenburg, 15 m wbyN
Hanover.
JIagior, a town of Arabia Deserta, 87
m N Medma. Lon. 39 25 k, lat. 25 30 N.
Hague, a town of the Netherlands, in
S Holland, which may compare with the
handsomest cities in Europe, in the mag-
HAJ
nificence of its palaces, the beauty of its
streets, the pleasantness of its situation,
and the politeness of its inhabitants, who
are estimated at above 36,000. It is seated
2 m from the sea, and has a j)avement
across tlic sand hills, wit!) trees on each
side, which leads to Scheveling on tlie sea-
shore. The ancient counts of Holland re-
sided here ; and it is the court, though not
the capital, of the Netherlands. The
French took possession of Hague in 1795,
and retained it till 1813. It is 10 m Nvr
Rotterdam, and 30 sw Amsterdam. Lon.
4 17 k, lat. 52 4 N.
Haguenuu, a fortified town of France, in
the department of Lower Rhine, with a
citadel; seated on the Motter, 15 m if
Strasburg.
Ilailsliuvi, a town in Sussex, with a mar-
ket on Wednesday, 12 m e Lewes, and 59
sbyE London.
Huimhurg, a walled town of Austria,
with a round castle on a wooded hill, near
the Danube, 27 m Ebys Vienna.
Hainan, a town of St. Domingo, on a
bay and river of its name; but the entrance
of the latter is obstructed by a bar of sand.
Here are abundance of land crabs of an
immense size, and on the e side of the bay
is a fort. It is 12 m sw St. Domingo.
Hai-nan, an island in the China sea,
190 m long and 70 broad, lying to the a
of the province of Quang-tong, from which
it is 12 m distant. The soil of the n part
is level ; but in the s and e are mountains,
among which are valleys that produce two
crops of rice every year. There are mines
of gold and lapis lazuli, which last is car-
ried to Canton, to paint the porcelain. It
produces tlie same fruits as China, beside
sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo. The
inhabitants are mostly a wild sort of peo-
ple, short and deformed, and of a copper
colour : they are clothed from the waist
downward only, and paint their faces like
other savages. Kiun-tcheou is the capital.
Huinault, a province of the Netherlands;
bounded on the nw and n by Flanders,
NE by Brabant, se by Liege, and sw by
France. It ^\■as divided into Austrian and
French Hainault ; the latter was included
in the department of Nord, on the new
division of France in 1791 ; the former
now forms the province. Mons is the
capital.
Ilainhurg, a town of the palatinate of
Bavaria, 20 ni wsw Amberg.
Ilaingen, a town of Suabia, on the rivu-
let Lauter, 12 m n Buchau.
Hajypoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Baliar, capital of a fertile district, which
is peculiarly productive of saltpetre. It
stands on the left bank of the Ganges, op-
posite Patna. Lon. 85 17 e, lat. 25 41 N.
HAL
Halberstadt, a town of Lower Saxony,
capital of a principality, which w as formerly
a bishopric. The cathedral is a superb
structure ; and here are three regular ab-
bies, and two nuinieries. The Jews are
tolerated, and carry on a great trade; and
the inhabitants brew excellent beer. It is
seated on the Ilotheini, 32 ni se Bruns-
wick. Lon. 11 17 E, lat. 51 56 n.
Hahlensleben, a town of Lower Saxony,
an the duchy of Magdeburg, on the river
Ohra, 12 m N Magdeburg.
Hahlenstein, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Grisons, seated near the
Rhine, 4 m N Coire.
Haldubary, a town of Hindooslan, in
Bengal, situate on the Mahanuddy, and
the Morung frontier, 55 m ne Purneah.
Halen, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, on the river Geet, 17 m ene
Louvain.
Hales, a village in Gloucestershire, 2 m
KE Winchcomb ; noted for the remains of
its abbey, which formerly was very magni-
ficent, and had great privileges.
Halesowen, a town in Shropshire, en-
•vironed by Worcestershire, with a market
•on Monday, and a manufacture of nails.
The poet Shenstone was born and buried
here ; and near it is the much admired seat
of Leasovves, in the decoration of which
Jiis whole fortune was spent. It is 10 m
^E Kidderminster, and 124 Nw London.
Halesworth, a town in Suffolk, with a
market on Tuesday, and a trade in linen
yarn and canvas. Near the town is raised
a great deal of hemp. It has a canal to
Southvvold, and is seated near the river
Blyth, 28 m ne Ipswich and 101 London.
Halibut, an island in the Pacific ocean,
•so named by Cook on account of the
immber of fish of that name caught here.
It is 22 HI in circuit, and very low and
barren. Lon. 164 15 w, lat. 54 48 n.
Halifax, an inland district of N Caro-
lina, comprehending the counties of North-
ampton, Halifax, Martin, Edgcombe, War-
ren, Franklin, and Nash.
Halifax, the capital of the above dis-
trict and county. It is situate on the
Roanoke, in a ricii country, 70 ni ne Ra-
legh. Lon. 77 38 w, lat. 36 16 N.
Halifax, a town of Virginia, chief of a
county of the same name. It is 25 ra w
Mecklenburg. Lon. 79 17 w, lat. 36 43 n.
Halifax, a city and the capital of Nova
Scotia, settled by the British in 1749. It
stands on the w side of Chebucto bay, on
the lower part of a hill, whose summit is
256 feet above the level of the sea. The
harbour extends Nbyw about 16 m in
length, and terminates in a beautiful sheet
of water called Bedford Basin, which
contains 10 5t|uare m of safe anchorage.
HAL
The town has an entrenchment, and Is
strengthened with forts of timber. The
streets are parallel, and the houses on the
side of the hill, being elevated one above
another, have a pictoresque appearance.
At the N extremity is the king's yard, sup-
plied with stores of every kind for the royal
navy. The population 10,000. It is 780
m ne New York. Lon. &3 31 vv, lat. 44
40 N.
Halifax, a town in W Yorkshire, with a
market on Saturday. Its parish is very-
extensive, including 24 other townships,
and the inhabitants are principally cn>-
ployed in woollen manufactures. Halifax
is the great mart for broad and narrow
cloths, tammies, shalloons, calamancos,
everlastings, Sec. It has a market-house^
called the Piece Hall, and various others
for particular goods. The church is a
venerable building, and contains many an-
cient monuments. The population was
9159 in 1811. It is seated in a hilly-
country, near a branch of the Calder, 40
ra wsw York, and 197 Nbyw London.
Lon. 1 45 w, lat. 53 45 n.
Halitz, a town of Poland, in Galicia,
with a castle ; seated on the Dniester,
60 ra SSE Lemberg. Lon. 25 19 e, lat. 49
20 N.
Halkirk, a town of Scotland, in Caith-
ness, seated near the Thurso, over which
is a bridge, 16 m wnw Wick.
Halkin, a village of Wales, in Flintshire^
4 m SSE Holywell. On the summit of a
hill is a strong British fortress, surrounded
by a great foss and dike.
Ha Hand, a province of Sweden, on the
w coast of Gothland. It is 60 m along
the coast, but not above 12 in breadth j
and is in general mountainous, with con-
siderable woods of oak and birch. Halra-
stadt is the capital.
Hallaton, a town in Leicestershire, with
a market on Thursday, 12 m ese Leicester^
and 91 n byE London.
Halle, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Magdeburg, with a famous uni-
versity. It has large salt-works, and mai-
nufactures of starch, linen, and flannel. It
is seated on the Saal, 18 m nnw Leipzic^
and 46 sse Magdeburg. Lon. 12 13 e, lat-
51 32 N.
Halle, a town of Suabia, noted for its
salt-pits, and the famous protestant league
concluded here in 1610. It is seatedon.
the Kocher, among rocks and mountai»s,
37 m NE Stutgard.
Halle, a town of Germany, in Tyrol^
famous for its salt-mine; seated on the Inn,
6 m ENE Inspruck.
Halle, a town of the Netherlands, in
Hainault, seated on the Senue, Sm saw
Brussels.
HAM
IhUciv, a town of Bavaria, in the flucliy
of Salzburg, seated on ihe JSalza, unuuig
mountain'i that abound in mines of salt,
S ni sby E Sal/burg.
Jftd'icnpriiig, a town of Lower Saxony,
in tlie j)rinci|jality of Culenberg, at the
-sour.ce of tbc Haller, 1-1 ni ssw Hanover.
llalloucll, a town of tlie district of
Ji'Iainc, capital of Lincoln county, with a
•court-house and a vvell-eudowed academy.
It is situate near the head of the tide
Avaters of tlie Kenebcc, 70 m ne Portland.
Lon. (J9 50 w, hit. 44 1(J N.
llal/tis/adt, a seaport of Sweden, capital
of Ilalland. Here are flourishing woollen
manufactures, and a j)rofitable salmon
fishery. It stands at tlie mouth of the
Nissa, on a bay of the Categat, 70 m
ssE Gothenburg. Lon. 12 48 v., lat. 56
59 N.
Hals, a town and fort of Denmark, in
N Jutland, on the n side of the entrance
into the gulf of Lymford. Here vessels of
too great a draft to ascend tlie gulf dis-
charge their cargos. It is 26 m EbyN
Alburg.
Ilahtead, a town in Essex, with a market
on Friday, and a manufacture of bays and
says ; seated on the side of a hill, by the
river Coin, 16 m n Chelmsford, and 46 ke
London.
Halteren, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Munster, seated on the
Lippe, 25 m sw Munster.
Halton, a town in Cheshire, with a
market on Saturday. It had a stately
castle, wliich maintained a large jurisdic-
tion round it, by the name of Halton Fee;
l)ut ail that remains is now a prison. It
i» seated near the Mersey, 13 m ne Ches-
ter, and 195 nnw London.
Hultzthiatle, a tow n in Northumberland,
Tvith a market on Thursday, seated on a
hill by the s branch of the Tyne, 35 m w
^Newcastle, and 283 Nbyw London.
Haha, a town of the kingdom of Fez,
seated on the Cebu, 8 m s Fez.
Ham, a strong town of Westphalin, ca-
pital of the county of Mark. It is a place
of good trade, and has extensive bleaching-
jgrounds. In 1761, the French were de-
feated near this place by the troops of
Brunswick. It is seated on the Lippe,
ao m w Lipstadt. Lon. 7 57 e, lat. 51
40 K.
Ham, a town of France, in the depart-
mont of Somme, with a strong castle;
seated on the Somme, 48 m k Paris. Lon.
S 6 E, lat. 49 45 n.
Homadan, a city of Persia, in Irak.
The walls and the citadel were destroyed
hj order of Aga Moliamed Khan, and
neither has si.'^ice been rebuilt. It is famed
for a iuauufacttire of leather, and is a mart
HAM
of trade between Ispahan, Teheran, and
Bagdad. The Jews have here a synagogue,
in which they show the tomb of Mordecai
and 1-stlier. It is situate; on the edge of a
rich plain, and the skirt of the mountain ot*
Alwend, loO m wsw Teheran. Lon. 48 0
r., lat. 34 53 n.
Hamah, a city of Syria, the residence of
a sclicik, with the title of emir. The best
houses, the mosques, and the castle, are
built of black and white stones. The
bazars are numerous, and abundantly sup-
plied with provisions and merchandise.
The river Aassi, or Orontes, runs close by
the castle, and fills its ditches, which are
cut deep into tlie solid rock. The inha-
bitants, above 80,000, have a trade in linea
and silk stutFs of their own manufacture.
It is seated among hills, 88 m sbyw
Aleppo, and 100 nne Damascus. Lon.
37 4 E, lat 34 55 n.
Haniamet, a town on the r. coast of
Tunis, which has a considerable trade in
corn, wool, and oil. It stands on a gulf
of the same name, 37 m s Tunis. Lon. 10
6 E, lat. 36 13 N.
Hamars, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Calvados, 13 m ssw Caen.
Hamhach, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Juliers ; seated on the river Rur,
5 m SE Juhers.
Hamhledon, a town in Hampshire, with.
a market on Monday, 15 m se Winchester,
and 64 wsw London.
Ha7nburg, a free city of Germany, irt
the duchy of Ilolstein, consisting of the-
old and the new town ; both nearly of aa
equal size. Most of the houses are built
after the manner of the Dutch, and richly
furnished within. The principal streets
have long and broad canals, which are
filled by the tide; the others are narrow
and ill paved. It is seated on the rivers
Elbe and Alster; and the latter, before ic
enters the town by sluices, forms a fine
basin. Hamburg is well fortified, and on
th« ramparts arc handsome walks, planted
with rows of trees. The town, from its
situation, has all possible advantages for
foreign and domestic trade ; particularly
from its communication, by the Elbe, with
some of the principal navigable rivers of
Germany; and hence it is one of the most
commercial places in the world, though,
not conspicuous for manufactures. Here
is a celebrated college, an arsenal, a bank,
an exchange, a German theatre, and a
foundling hospital; also a famous wooden
bridge, which extends nearly 5 m over a
morass and the river Elbe to Harburg.
The population 120,000, of which 12,000
are Jews, who transact much business.
The religion is Lutheran, and none but the
English have the hberty of performing di-
HAM
vine service in a chapel of ttieir own. Other
religions are tolerated at Altona, a large
tomi near the harbour oflluniburg, except
the Jews, who have no synagogue. Beside
the five principul churches, there are 11
smaller ones for particular occasions, some
of which belong to hospitals. The cathe-
dral of Our Lady is a very fine structure ;
and the church of St. Michael is celebrated
for a tower 390 feet high, on which many
astronomical and physical experiments
have been made. Hamburg was occupied
in 1300 by the French, who confiscated all
English jjroperty found here, and laid heavy
contributions on the inhabitants. In 1813,
it was occupied by the Russians, then by
the Danes, who sutfered it to be regained
by the French, under whom it suffered the
extremes of tyranny and spoliation, till
tbeir expulsion by the allied powers in
1814. It is 55 m se of the mouth of the
Elbe in the German ocean, and 55 ne Bre-
men. Lon. 10 1 E, lat. 53 33 N.
Hamburg, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Burke county, on the e side of the Schuyl-
kill, 14 ra Kbyw Reading, and 60 nnw
Philadelphia.
Hamburg, a town of New Jersey, in
Sussex county, 20 m ne Newtown, and 60
uw Newark.
Hamelburg, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Fulda, seated on the Saal,
15 m wxw Schweinfurt.
Hamelin, a strong town of Lower Sax-
ony, at the extremity of the duchy of
Brunswick, of which it is the key. Here
are manufactures of stuff's, silks, and
stockings. The fortress surrendered to
the French in 1806. It is situate at the
conflux of the Hamel with the Weser,
25 m sw Hanover. Lon. 9 23 e, lat. 52
5 N.
Ha-mi, a proTince of Western Tartary,
surrounded by deserts, yet accounted one
of the most delightful countries in the
world. Its rice and fruits, particularly
the melons and dried raisins, are in high
esteem in China. It is tributary to that
country ; and the capital is of the same
name, 1040 m wbyN Peking. Lon. 93
44 e, lat. 42 55 N.
Hamilton, a town and fort of the state of
Ohio, in Hamilton county. It has a good
trade with the settlers of the back country,
and stands on the Great Miami, 25 m a
Cincinnati.
Hamillon, a town of New York, in Al-
bany county, with a noted manufacture of
glass, 10 m WKW Albany.
Hamilton, a town of Scotland, in La-
nerkshire, with a palace belonging to the
duke of Hamilton. The principal manu-
factures are linen, cotton, cabinet work,
and shoej. It is seated on the Avon, near
HAM
its conflux with the Clyde, 10 m se Glas-
gow, and 38 wsw Edinburg,
Ilamma, a town of the kingdom of
Tunis, celebrated for its baths, 12 m w
Cabcs.
Hammam, a town of the kingdom of
Tunis, with a celebrated hot bath, seated
near a mountain rich in lead ore, 16 m
s Tunis.
Hummer, a town of Norway, in the
government of Aggerhuys, 60 m nne Chris-
tiania.
Hammersmitli, a large village in Mid-
dlesex, seated on the Thames, 4 m w
London. Here is a nunnery, established
originally as a boarding-school for young
ladies of the Roman catholic persuasion ;
and toward the river are a number of
handsome seats and viilas.
Hammerstein, a fortress of Germany, ia
the territory ofTreves, seated on theRliine,
opposite Coblentz.
Humont, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, 15 m wbyN Rure-
monde.
HampsJnre, a county of England, bound-
ed on the N by Berkshire, e by Surry and
Sussex, s by the English channel, and w by
Dorsetshire and Wiltshire. It extends,
exclusive of the isle of Wight, 42 m from
N to s, and S3 from e to w. Including the
island, it contains 981,120 acres; is divided
into 10 hundreds, and 311 parishes; has
one city and 20 market towns ; and sends
26 members to parliament. The popula-
tion was 245,080 in 1811. This county
has a great variety of soils, but the prin-
cipal part is chalk. The Dorsetshire bor-
der has large tracts of heath ; and toward
the sea are great quantities of marsh land,
but very fertile ; and all the remainder is
excellent land. On the downs, of which a
ridge runs almost across the county, are
fed plenty of sheep : but the stock is con-
siderably decreased, owing to enclosures.
Beside wheat, barley, and hops, it is fa-
mous for bacon, honey, and tnnber ; the
last in particular, on account of its great
woods, of which the principal are the New
Forest and the forest of Bere. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Avon, Test, Itchen,
and Stour. Southampton is the county-
town, but the assizes are held at Winches-
ter. See New Forest, and Wight.
Hampshire, New, one of the United
States of America, 160 m long and 90
broad ; bounded on the N by Canada, E by
the district of Maine and the Atlantic,
s by Massachusets, and w by the river
Connecticut, which separates it from Ver
mont. It is divided into five counties,
Rockingham, Stafford, Ililsborough, Che-
fchire, and Grafton: the last lies to the x,
and comprehends nearly as much territory
HAN HAN
as all the other four counties. The chief is divided into the old and new town, and
rivers are the Connecticut, Meiriraac, and in tlie former is a magnificent castle. It
Piscataqua; and it has several lakes, the has manufactures of woollen stuffs, stock-
largest of which, called the Winipiscogee, ings, porcelain, and tobacco ; and a trade
is 24 m long and from 3 to i'i broad. The in corn, iron, and timber. Here, in 1813,
land near the sea is generally low, but, ad- Napoleon received his last defeat in Ger-
rancing into the country, it rises into hills, many, and fled during the battle for France.
The best lands are along the borders of the It is seated on the Kintzii:, near its con-
rivers ; but they are better calculated for
pasture than tillage. The hills and moun-
tains are covered with pine, oak, walnut,
cedar, hemlock, fir, beech, and maple.
From the vicinity of some mountains,
whose summits are covered witli snow-
flux with the Maine, 18 m ne Darmstadt.
Lon. 8 58 e, lat. 50 10 n.
Hancock, a town of Maryland, in Wash-
ington county, seated on the Potomac, 70
ra Nw Baltimore.
Hang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
most of the year, this country is intensely class, capital of Tche-kiang. It is 12 m in
cold in winter. In summer the heat is circuit, exclusive of its suburbs, contains
great, but of short duration. In 1810 the more than a million of inhabitants, and is
population was 214,414. The capital is the general emporium for all articles that
Portsmouth. pass between the northern and southern
Hampstead, a town of New York, in provinces. Here are extensive shops and
Queen county. Long-island, situate in a warehouses ; and it has a great trade in
large plain, which feeds numerous cattle, died cottons and nankins, silks, rice, and
23 m E by s New York. other grain. It is seated between a large
Hampstead, a village in Middlesex, 4 m basin that forms the s extremity of the
JJNW London, formerly famous for its me- Grand canal, and a small lake called See-
dicinal waters. It is seated on the side of hou, 700 m sby e Peking, Lon. 120 20 %
a hill, on the top of which is a fine heath lat. 30 20 n.
that commands a delightful prospect; and Hanley, a town in Staffordshire, with a
in the vicinity are many elegant seats and market on Saturday, and several potteries,
villas. It stands on the Grand Trunk canal, 2 m
Hampton, or Mhiching Hampton, a town exe Newcastle, and 149 nnw London,
in Gloucestershire, with a market on Hanover, a kingdom of Germany, in
Tuesday, and extensive cloth manufac- the circles of Lower Saxony and Westpha-
tures ; seated near the Stroud canal, 14 m lia. It was formerly an electorate, and
s Gloucester, and 99 w London. contained the duchies of Zell, Lauenburg,
Hampton, a town of Virginia, capital of Bremen, Luneburg, and the principalities
Elisabeth county. It has a trade in grain, of "\^erden, Grubenhagen, and Overwald.
lumlier, staves, Sec. and stands at the head George i of Great Britain was the first
of a bay, near the mouth of James river, possessor of these states. In 1803, the
80 m ESE Itichmond. Lon. 76 28 w, lat. French obtained possession of all those
37 5 K. territories; but in 1813, his Britannic ma-
Hampton, a town of New Hampshire, jesty's government was re-established. In
in Rockingham county, on a river of its 1815, the duchy of Lauenburg was ceded
name, near the sea. It has a canal to the to Denmark, and some small territories to
Merriraac, at Salisbury; and is 14 m s by w Prussia. The remaining states, with the
Portsmouth. accession of the principalities of Hilde-
Hampton, a village in Middlesex, on the sheiin, E Friesland, and Lower Munster,
river Thames, 11m sw Loudon. It is and the city and territory of Goslar, now
famous for a royal palace, called Hampton constitute the kingdom of Hanover, which
Court, originally and magnificently built is governed by a viceroy,
by caidmal Wolsey, who gave it to Henry Hanover, a fortified city of Lower Sax-
viir. What remains of the old palace are ony, capital of the above kingdom. In its
only some of the domestic offices, the prin- neighbourhood are the palace and elegant
cipal part being taken down in 1690, and gardens of Herenhausen. Hanover is well
the present palace erected by William iii. built, has 15,700 inhabitants, and manu-
The buildings, gaidens, and parks, are 4 m factures of lace, stuff, stockings, ribands,
in compass. and leather. The French took it in 1757,
Hampton, Little, a village on the coast but were soon after expelled. They took
of Sussex, near the mouth ofthe Arun, 4 m it again in 1803, and were again expelled
sbyE Arundel. It is a bathing-place for in 1813. It is seated on both sides of the
family parties, who wish for cheapness and Leine, 38 m wbyN Brmiswick. Lon. 9
retirement. 48 e, lat. 52 22 N.
Hanau, a strong town of Germany, in Hanover, a town of New Hampshire, in
Wetteravia, capital of a fertile county. It Grafton county, on the E bank ofthe Con-
HAR
necticut. Three m s of it, and near the
same river, is Dartmoutli college, one of
the most celebrated seminaries of educa-
tion in the United States. Hanover is 32
ra N Charlston, and 80 wnw Portsmouth.
Lon. 72 5 w, lat. 43 46 n.
Hanover, a town of Pennsylvania, in
York county, 14 ra wsw York, and 94
w by s Philadelphia.
Hanover, a town of Virginia, ip a county
of the same name, with an academy; situate
on the Pamunky, the s branch of York
river, 20 m xne Richmond.
Hanover, Neic, a large island in the S
Pacific ocean, opposite the nw extremity
of New Ireland. It is high, and covered
with trees, among wliich are many beauti-
ful plantations.
Han-saw, see Turon.
Hansbuch, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Leitmeritz, with manufactures of
cotton, thread, and paper, 12 m n Kam-
nitz.
Hansfelden, a town of Germany, in
Stiria, 8 m xxw Judenburg.
Han-tchong, a city of China, of the first
class, in Chen-si, on the river Han, sur-
rounded by mountains and forests. The
chief articles of trade are honey, wax,
musk, and cinnabar. It is 623 m sw
Peking. Lon. 106 35 e, lat. 32 58 N.
Hanuye, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, on the frontiers of Liege and
Namur, 25 m nne Namur.
Han-yang, a city of China, of the first
class, in Hou-quang. It is seated at the
conflux of the Han with the Kian-ku, 585
ui w Peking. Lon. 113 44 e, lat. 30 36 N.
Hapuee, the name of four of the Friendly
islands, in the Pacific ocean. They are of
similar height and appearance, and con-
nected by a reef of coral rocks, dry at low
water. The plantations are numerous and
extensive. These islands extend from n to s
about 19 m.
Hapsal, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Revel, seated on the Baltic, op-
posite the island of Dago, 5 m sw Revel.
Haphburg, an ancient castle of Switzer-
land, on a lofty eminence, near Schintz-
nach. What is left of it is now inhabited
by the family of a peasant. This castle
was the cradle, as it were, of the house of
Austria, whose ancestors may be traced
•back to the beginning of the 13th century,
when Rudolph count of Hapsburg was ele-
vated to the empire of Germany and arch-
duchy t)f Austria.
Harborough, a town in Leicestershire,
with a market on Tuesday, and manufac-
tures of tammies, shalloons, and lasting* ;
seated on the Welland, 15 m s Leicester,
and 83 N by w London.
Harburgf a town of Lower Saxony, in
HAR
the duchy of Luneburg, with a castle and
palace of the duke. It has manufactures
of silk, stockings, wax, and tobacco ; and
a great trade in timber. In 1757 it was
taken by the French, but retaken the same
year by the Hanoverians. It is seated on
the Seeve, at its conflux with the Elbe,
opposite Hamburg, and 37 m kw Lune-
burg. Lon. 10 2 E, lat. 53 28 n.
Harcourt, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Eure, 15 m wkw Evreux.
Harcourt, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Calvados, 12 m s by w Caen.
Hardberg, a town of Germany, in Stiria,
12 m ssw Friedberg.
Hardegsen, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, with a considera-
ble manufacture of leather, 10 m nw Got-
tingen.
Hardenberg, a town of ^Yestphalia, in
the duchy of Berg, 13 m exe Dusseldorp.
Hurdenburg, a town of the Netherlands,
in Overyssel, situate on the Vecht, 10 m
sw Covoerden.
Harderioick, a fortified town of the Ne-
therlands, in Gelderland, with a university.
It has a trade in corn and wood, and is
seated on the Zuider zee, 24 m nne Aru-
heim. Lon. 53 8 e, lat. 52 20 n.
Hardwick, a town of the state of Geor-
gia, seated on the Ogeechee, 16 ra from its
mouth, and 18 w by s Savanna.
Hareioood, a village in W Yorkshire,
on the river Wharf, 8 m N Leeds. Here
are tlie remains of an ancient castle; and
in the church is the monument of sir Wil-
liam Gascoyne, who committed Henry
prince of Wales to prison, for striking him
while he sat administering justice. Near
it is Harewood-house, the seat of the earl
of Harewood.
Hurfieur, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine. Its fortifications
have been long demolished, and its harbour
is now choked up. It stands on a small
river, near the mouth of the Seine, 36 m
NW Rouen.
Harford, a town of Maryland, in a
county of the same name, situate on Bush
river, 25 m ene Baltimore.
HariJwar ; see Hurdwar.
Hariliura, a town of Illndoostan, in
Balagaut, with a fort, in which is a cele-
brated temple. In the vicinity much cot-
ton wool is cleaned, and spun into thread.
It stands on the e side of the Toombuddra,
64 ni XE Nagara.
Harleheck, a town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, on the river Lis, 3 m ne
Courtray.
Harlech, or Harleigh, a town of Wales,
capital of Merionethshire, with a market
on Saturday. It is governed by a mayor,
and has a castle, almost entire, on a rock
HAR
prujerting into Cardigan bay. In the vici-
nity are several lakes and many antique
monutnents. It is a small place, 26 in se
Carnarvon, and '231 nnw London. Lon.
4 6 w, lat. 52 54 N.
Harlem, a fortified city of tlie Nether-
lands, in S Holland. It is memorable for
sustaining a sieae against tlie 8pimiards, in
1573, for ten months, before it capitulated.
It has broad regular streets, and many
canals; and is noted for its velvets, da-
masks, worsted stufi's, and bleaching-
grounds. The inhabitants, about 40,000,
are famous for the raising of hyacinths,
tulips, and most bulbous rooted flowers.
In the great church is one of the grandest
organs in Europe ; it contains 8000 pipes,
■and (j8 stops. Harlem is one of the t« wns
that claim the invention of printing. It is
seated near a lake of the same name, l^m
w Amsterdam. Lon. 4 37 e, lat. 52 22 N.
Harlestoii, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Wednesday, seated on the
Wavenay, IG m s Norwich, and 99 ne
London.
Harling, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Tuesday, 24 m sw Norwich,
and 89 >je London.
Harlingen, a fortified seaport of the
^Netherlands, in Friesland, of which, next
to Lewarden, it is the largest and most
populous. It has flourishing manufactures
of paper and canvas, and is seated on the
Zuiderzee, 15 m w Lewarden. Lon. 5 23
:e, lat. 53 11 N.
Harhrw, a town in Essex, 7 m nw On-
gar. On a conmion, 2 m from the town, is
a famous fair on the 9th of September,
ealled Harlow Bush Fair, much resorted
to by the neighbouring gentry.
Harmony, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Luzerne county, on the N side of Starucca
creek, a water of the f. branch of the Sus-
quehana. Between this place and Stock-
port, on Delaware river, distant 18 m to
the ESE, there is a portage. It is 130 m
IT w New York, and 140 xbyw Philadel-
phia. Lon. 75 50 w, lat. 41 58 N.
Haro, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
seated on the Ebro, 52 m ne Burgos.
Harpersfield, a town of New York, in
Otsego county, 28 m se Cooperstown, and
45 w Hudson.
Harponvlly, a town of Hindoostan, in
Balagaut, capital of a district in which are
«ome strong positions. It stands on the
frontier of Mysore, 45 m N by w Chittel-
droog. Lon. 76 18 e, lat. 14 47 >'.
HarroH, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Dlarbeck, known in scripture as the coun-
try of Laban, and by the Romans called
Charra?. It is situate in a plain, famous
for the defeat of Crassus by the Parthians,
25 m Ebys Orfa.
HAR
Hurri7)gton, a town in Cumberland, on
a creek of the Irish sea, which admits ves-
sels of 120 tons burden up to the houses.
Coal, lime, iron-stone, and fire-clay, are
sent hence to Ireland and Scotland.
It is 6 m N Whitehaven, and 8 wsw
Cockerraouth.
Harriniiton, a town of the district of
Maine, in Jincohi county, on the w side of
the Kennebec, which will here admit ves-
sels of 100 tons. It stands 3 ra above
Ilallowell, of which till 1797 it was a part,
and known by the name of Fort Western.
The judicial courts for the county are held
alternately in this town and at Pownal-
borough. It carries on a brisk trade with
the back country, and is 20 m n Pownal-
borough.
Hurriorpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Orissa, capital of the district of Mohur-
bunge. It is 50 m sw Midnapoor. Lon.
86 52 e, lat. 21 52 n.
Harriorpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Nepaul, on the river Bograutty, 27 m se
Moc wan poor.
Harris; see Lewis.
Harrishurg, a town of Pennsylvania,
capital of Dauphin county. It is situate
on the Susquehana, 86 m wnw Philadel-
phia. Lon. 76 55 w, lat. 40 16 n.
Harristowiif a borough of Ireland, in
Kildare county, 12 m Ebys Kildare.
Harrodsburg, a town of Kentucky, chief
of Mercer county. It stands at the head
of Salt river, 30 m s by e Frankfort.
Harrow, a village in Middlesex, on the
highest hill in the county, 10 m wnw Lon-
don. It has a noted church and a cele-
brated freeschool.
Harrozi'gate, a village in W Y'orkshire,
2 m w Knaresborough. It is famous for
medicinal springs, one of which is the
strongest sulphur-water in Britain. Here
are several large buildings, with a theatre,
Sec. for the accommodation of the numer-
ous visitants in the summer. It is 211 m
K by w London.
Hartcnstein, a town and castle of the
kingdom of Saxony, in Misnia, 6 m se
Zwickau.
Hartford, a city of Connecticut, capital
of a county, and the place where the lialf-
yearly assembly of the state is held in
May. It stands on the w side of the Con-
necticut, 50 m from its mouth ; and tJius
far the tide flows. It has three churches
and an elegant state-house. Here are nu-
merous nuinufactures ; and on the opposite
bank of the river is the town of East Hart-
ford, where are iron and glass works. 1 he
city is divided by a small stream, called
Little River, with high romantic banks,
over which is a bridge ; and the streets
jntergect each other at right angles. It is
HAS
S8 m NE Newhaven, and 80 wsvv Boston.
Lon. 72 36 e, lat. 41 40 n,
Hartford, New, a town of Connecticut,
in Liclitield county, 14 m xe Lichfield.
Hartlund, a town in Devonshire, with a
market on Saturday. Near it is Ilartland
abbey, which includes the site and some
portion of the ancient abbey. It is seated
near the Bristol cliannel, and a promontory
called Hartland-point, 28 m wsw Bai'n-
staple, and 214 whys London.
Hartlepool, a town on the coast of Dur-
ham, governed by a mayor, with a market
on Monday. Its fortifications are in de-
cay, but yet present a perfect idea of the
defences of ancient times. Here is a cha-
lybeate sprint:, and a great resort of com-
pany in the bathing-season. It stands on
a promontory, sheltering a bay on the sw
tliat admits fishing vessels, 16 m ese Dur-
ham, and 258 n by w London.
Hartley, a town in Northumberland, a
little NW of Tyneoiouth. A haven has
been constructed, whence coal is shipped
to London ; and a canal is cut through a
rocii to the harbour. Here are also salt,
copperas, and glass works.
Hartwell, a village in Buckinghamshire,
2 m wsw Aylesbury. It is noted ibr being
some years the residence of Louis xviii,
prior to his bbtaining the throne; and his
consort died here in 1810.
Hartzgcrode, a town of LTpper Saxony,
in the principality of Anhalt-Bernberg,
situate near the Hartz mountains, which
contain mines of silver, copper, lead, and
iron. It has a mine-office and a castle,
and is 23 m sw Bernberg.
Harzcicli, a seaport and borough in Es-
sex, governed by a mayor, with a market
on Tuesday. It has a capacious harbour,
and a convenient dock for the building of
men of war. Much company resort hither
for the purpose of sea-bathing, and it is
the principal place of embarkation for Hol-
land and Germany. The entrance into
the harbour is defended by a battery and
Langiiard Fort, and on a hill opposite the
fort IS a lighthouse. The town is seated
on a tongue of land, opposite the united
mouths of the Stour and Orwell, 42 ra
EbyN Chelmsford, and 71 ene London.
Lon. 1 13 E, lat. 51 56 n.
Hanoich, a town of Massachusets, in
Barnstaple county, on the n side of the
j'.eninsula of Cape Cod. The marine bu-
siness is chiefly in the fishery, and it is 12
Jii AE Barnstaple.
Ham- in gt on, a town of Connecticut, in
Lichfield county, 8 m e Lichfield, and 20
w Hartford.
Haslemere, a borough in Surry, with a
market on Tuesday, 12 m sw Guilford
and 42 London,
HAT
Iladinden, a town in Lancashire, with a
market on Wednesday, and considerable
manufactures of linen, woollen, and cotton.
The population was 5127 in 1811. It is
16 m N by w Manchester, and 204 knw
London.
Hassan Cala, a town of Turkish Arme-
nia, which has several hot springs. It is
situate around a hill, on the summit of
which is an old fortification, 22 m e Er-
zerum.
Hasselt, a fortified town of the Nether-
lands, in Overyssel, seated on the Vecht,
immediately below the influx of the Aa,
6 m N ZwoU.
Hasselt, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, seated on the Demer,
14 m NW Maestricht.
Hasser, a tow n and fortress of Ilindoo-
stan, in Khandesh, of which it was the
capital, when subdued by Acber. It still
gives name to a district, which contains
many strong positions, and is 15 m n by e
Boorhanpoor.
Hasxfurt, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Wurtzburg, on the river
Maine, 8 m e Schweinfort.
Hasslach, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau,
on the river Kintzig, 14 m sse Gengenbach.
Hastenheck, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, near which the
French gained a victory over the duke of
Cumberland, in 1757. It is 5 m se Ha-
ni elin.
Hastings, a borough in Sussex, governed
by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday
and Saturday. It is one of the Cinque
Ports, and had once a large castle, now in
ruins. The harbour, formerly of much
consequence, is now only an indifferent
road for small vessels. The town is com-
manded by a small fort, has two churches,
and is a fashionable bathing-place. The
chief trade is the fishery, and the building
of boats and small coasting vessels. In
1066, a bloody battle was fought near this
place, between Harold ii of England and
William duke of Normandy, in which the
former lost his life and kingdom : William,
hence surnamed the Conqueror, was soon
after crowned king of England, and intro-
duced a memorable epoch in the annals of
the country. Hastings is seated between
a high cliff toward the sea, and a high hill
toward the land side, 24 m e Lewes, and
64 SE London. Lon. 0 41 e, lat. 50 52 n.
Hatfield, a town of Massachusets, in
Hampshire county, on the vv side of the
Connecticut, nearly opposite Hadley, to
which place there is a ferry. It is 5 m ji
Northampton.
Hatfield, a town in Hertfordshire, with
a market on Thursday. It formerly be-
longed to the bishop of Ely, in whose pa-
HAV
lace the princess Elisabeth resided, and
■was thence conducted, on the death of
Mary, to ascend the throne. She pro-
cured the alienation of this manor ; and
James i exchanged it with sir Robert Cecil,
afterward earl of Salisbury, for Theobalds ;
and on the site of the episcopal palace,
tliat nobleman built the magnificent seat
called Hatfield-house. It is seated on the
river Lea, '20 m nnw London.
Hatherley, a corporate town in Devon-
shire, with a market on Friday, and a
woollen manufacture ; seated near the
river Oke, 26 m nw Exeter, and 201 w by s
London.
Hatrcii, a town of Ilindoostan, in Agra,
and the chief mart for the cotton produced
in the province. It is 32 m n by e Agra.
Hattem, a town of the Netherlands, in
Gelderland, seated on the Yssel, 4 m sw
Zwoll.
Hatteras, a cape of N America, which
extends far into the ocean, from the coast
of N Carolina, in lat. 35 15 n.
Hattingen, a town of Westphalia, in
the county of Mark, seated on the Roer,
17 m ENE Dusseldorp.
Hatvan, a town and fort of Upper Hun-
gary, seated on the Zagyva, 23 m ene
Pest.
Hatzfeld, a town and castle of Ger-
many, in Upper Hesse, capital of a county.
It is seated on the Eder, 17 m nnw Mar-
burg.
Havana, a city and seaport on the nw
part of Cuba, 2 ra in circuit, and the ca-
pital of the island, with a university. The
houses are built of stone, and the churches
and monasteries are rich and magnificent.
The population 25,000; and the chief ex-
ports are sugar, coffee, and wax. The har-
bour is capable of containing upward of
1000 vessels; and the entrance, so narrow-
that only one ship can enter at a time, is
defended by two strong forts, called the
Moro and the Puntal ; there are also
many other forts and platforms, well fur-
nished with artillery. Here all the ships
that come from the Spanish settlements
rendezvous on their return to Spain. This
city was taken by the English in 1762, but
restored to the Spaniards in 1763. In
1810, it suffered much damage by a hurri-
cane, followed by an earthquake. It is
seated on the w side of the harbour, and
watered by two branches of the river La-
gida. Lon. 82 23 w, lat. 23 9 N.
Havantf a town in Hampshire, with a
market on Saturday, 7 m ke Portsmouth,
and 66 w by s London.
Havelberg, a town of Brandenburg, in
the mark of Pregnitz, seated on the Havel,
near its conflux with the Elbe. Many
vessels for the navigation of the Elbe are
HAW
built here, and great quantities of w ood
sent hence to Hamburg. It is 37 m nw
Brandenburg.
Havcrfordtcei-t, a borough of Wales, and
the largest town in Pembrokeshire, with a
market on Tuesday and Saturday. It is a
county of itself, governed by a mayor, and
has SI considerable trade. The assizes are
kept here ; and the remain of its castle is
used as the county gaol. The population
was 3093 in 181 i. It is seated on the
Dougledy, which soon after enters a creek
of Milford haven, 15 m ese St. David, and
253 wbyN London. Lon. 5 0 w, lat. 51
SON.
Haverhill, a town of New Hampshire,
chief of Grafton county. It is situate on
the Connecticut, 32 m n Hanover, and 100
NW Portsmouth. Lon. 72 3 w, lat. 44 8 N.
Haverhill, a town |of Massachusets, in
Essex county, with two churches, and a
bridge over the Merrimac. Some vessels
are built here, and several are employed in
the W India trade. It has also a consi-
derable inland trade, and a manufacture of
canvas. It is 12 m w Newbury Port, at
the mouth of the river, and 32 x Boston.
Haverhill, a town in Suffolk, with a
market on Wednesday, and a manufacture
of checks, cottons, and fustians. It is 16 m
sw Bury, and 59 ne London.
Haverstraw, a town of New York, in
Orange county, on the w side of Hudson
river, 38 m n New York.
Havre de Grace, a seaport of France,
in the department of Lower Seine, with a
strong citadel, a good arsenal, and store-
houses for the construction and arming of
ships. It is surrounded by lofty walls, and
large ditches filled with water. The chief
manufactures are tobacco, snuff, and fine
lace. The harbour has particular advan-
tages above all others on the coast; for
the water does not begin to ebb till near
three hours after the full tide. Havre was
bombarded by the English in 1694 and
1759. It is seated at the mouth of the
Seine, 45 m w Rouen, and 112 nw Paris.
Lon. 0 6 E, lat. 49 29 N.
Havre de Grace, a town of Maryland,
in Harford county, on the w side of the
Susquehana, at the head of Chesapeak bay,
37 m NE Baltimore.
Hansen, a town of Suabia, capital of a
lordship, in the principality of Furstenburg;
seated on the Kintzig, 16 m ne Friburg.
Hauterive, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Garonne, seated on the
Arriege, 10 m s Toulouse.
Hautvilliers, a town of France, in the
department of Marne, with a rich abbey,
seated on the Marne, 16 m sbyE Rheims.
Hawarden, a town of Wales, in Flint-
shire, with a market on Saturday, a con-
HEB
siderable manufacture of earthen ware,
and a foundery for cannon. On a conical
eminence between the town and the river
Dee, are the remains of an ancient castle.
It is 10 m SE Flint, and 196 nw London.
Havick, a burgage town of Scotland, in
Roxburgshire, with manufactures of car-
peting, woollen stockings, and leather. It
is situate on both sides the Slitride, at its
entrance into the Tiviot, 21 m ssw Kelso,
and 47 sse Edinburg.
Hawksbury, a town of New S Wales,
with a school and chapel where divine ser-
vice is performed. It stands on a river of
the same name, which annually inundates
the adjacent soil, 30 m wnw Sydney.
Hcuckshead, a town in Lancashire, with
a market on Monday. Here is a neat
townhouse, and an excellent freeschool
founded by archbishop Sandys, a native of
this place. It is 24 m nnw Lancaster and
267 London.
Hazcs-zcater, a lake in Westmorland,
s of Penrith, 3 m long and half a mile over
in some places. It is almost divided in
the middle by a promontory of enclosures,
that it consists of two sheets of water.
Hai/, a town of Wales, in Brecknock-
shire, with a market on Thursday, and a
manufacture of flannel. It had a fine cas-
tle, now demolished ; and about 2 m below
is the ruin of Cliftbrd castle, where fair
Rosamond was born. Hay is seated on
the Wye, 15 m ne Brecknock, and 136
■whys London.
Ilaye, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre and Loire. It is the birth-
place of Descartes, and seated on the
Creuse, 25 m s Tours.
Hayn; see Grosshayn.
liuyti, the native name of the island of
St, Domingo.
Hazebrauch, a town of France, in the
department of Nord, 18 m wbyN Lisle,
and 19 sbyE Dunkirk.
Headjhrd, a town of Ireland, in Galway
county, on the river Blackwater, which
4 m below enters Lough Corrib. About
2 m to the w, on the Mayo side of the
river, is the splendid ruin of Ross abbey.
Headford is 13 ra wsw Tuam.
Hean, a town of Tonquin, on the river
Hoti, 20 m SE Cachao, and 60 y w of the
gulf of Tonquin.
Heap, a town in Lancashire, with con-
siderable manufactures. The population
was 5148 in 1811. It is 2 m se Bury.
Heaton Norris, a town in Lancashire,
noted for its trade and manufactures. The
population was 5232 in 1811. It is seated
on the Mersey, opposite Stockport, and 6
m SSE Manchester.
^ Hebrides, or Western Islands, a name
given to a great number of islands lying
HEC
off the w coast of Scotland, and extending
from the small island of Sanda, in lat. 55
22, to the northern extremity of Lewis, in
lat. 58 34. Among them are several large
islands ; and all of them are allotted to
three shires on the w side of Scotland : of
these the chief are Lewis, and its smaller
islands, which belong to Rossshire, except
the district of Harris, which with N and S
Uist, Benbecula, St. Kilda, Bara, Skye,
Raaza, and Eigg, are attached to Inver-
nesshire; and Canna, Rum, Muck, Coll,
Tirey, Mull, Jura, Isla, and Sanda, belong
to Argyleshire.
Hebrides, New, islands in the Pacific
ocean, lying between 14 29 and 20 4 s lat.
and 166 41 and 170 21 e Ion, They were
discovered by Quiros in 1606, and con-
sidered as part of a southern continent,
under the name of Tierra Australia de
Espiritu Santo. Bougainville visited them
in 1768, and found that the land was not
connected, but composed of islands, which
he called the Great Cyclades. Cook, in
1774, ascertained the extent and situation
of the whole group, and gave them the
name they now bear. The principal islands
are Tierra del Espiritu Santo and Malli-
colio, beside several of less note, some of
which are from 18 to 25 leagues in circuit.
In general they are high and mountainous,
abounding with wood, water, and the usual
productions of the tropical islands. The
inhabitants are of very different appear,
ances at different islands ; but are chieflv
of a slender make and dark colour, anid
most of them have frizzled hair. Their
canoes and houses are small, and poorly
constructed ; and, except their arms, they
have scarcely any manufacture, not even
for clothing. They are, however, hospit-
able and goodnatured, when not prompted
to a contrary conduct by the jealousy
which the unusual appearance of European
visitors may be supposed to excite.
Hebron, a town of Syria, in Palestine,
with a castle. The mosque, formerly a
Greek church, is said to contain the tombs
of Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, &c. which are
visited by many pilgrims. It is 25 m sw
Jerusalem.
Hebron, a town of the district of Maine,
in Cumberland county, situate on the Little
Androscoggin, 35 m Nbyw Portland.
Hechingen, a town and castle of Suabia,
which gives name to a branch of the family
of Hohenzollern, and is the residence of
the prince. It is seated on the Starzel, 4
ra N Hohenzollern.
Hechosoa, a town of New Spain, in So
nora, seated on the Hiaqui, 25 m from its
mouth in the gulf of California, and 44 uw
Guitivis.
Hecla, Mount ; see Iceland.
HEI
nedanora, a town of Sweden, in Dale-
cuilia, with u manufacture of cunpovvder;
seated on the Dahl, SO m ssk r'alikui.
Jlecum, a borougli in E Yorkshire, go-
▼eined by a mayor, with a market on
Thursday; seated on a creek of tlie 1 lum-
ber, C m E Hull, and IC'i k by w London.
Ilecremcen, a town of the Netlierlands,
in Friesland, 17 m sbyr. Lewarden.
Heidelberg, a city of Germany, in the
palatinate of the llhine, with a celebrated
university. It has manufactures of woollen
stuffs, carpets, silk stockings, velvet, and
soap. It was the capital of the palatinate,
and celebrated for a great tun, which held
800 hogsheads. The protestant electoral
liouse becoming extinct in 1693, a bloody
war ensued, in which the castle was ruined,
and the elector removed his residence to
Manheim. It is seated on the Neckar,
over which is a bridge, 12 m se Manheim,
and 52 s Frankfort. Lon. 8 38 e, lat. 49
21 N.
Heidelberg, a town of Pennsylvania,
in Dauphin county, with two German
churches, 33 m EbyN Harrisburg, and 74
%VNW Philadelphia.
Heila, a town of W Prussia, opposite
the mouth of the Vistula, on a headland
that projects, into the Baltic, 26 m n
Dantzic.
Heilbron, a town of Wirtemberg, in a
country yielding good wine. It is a hand-
some place, and derives great advantages
from its baths. It stands on the Neckar,
23 m N Stutgard.
Heilbrunn,a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Anspach, with a medicinal
spring, 10 ra ene Anspach.
Heiligenbeil, a town of Prussia, in the
province of Natangen, famous for fine beer
and white bread ; seated on a small river,
which soon after enters the Frisch Haft", 32
.lu sw Konigsberg.
Heiligenberg, a town of Suabia, in the
principality of Furstenburg, 12 m kne
Constance.
Heiligenkajen, a town of Lower Saxony,
in Holstein, seated on the Baltic, opposite
the island of Femeren, 40 m x Lubec.
HeiUgenstudt, a town of Lower Saxony,
capital of the territory of Eichfeld, with a
castle and a college. It is seated at the
conflux of the Geisland with the Leina, 17
m sEGottingen. Lon. 10 10 e, lat. 51 22 N.
Heihberg, a town of Prussia, in the pro-
vince of Ermeland. In 1703, Charles XII
of Sweden fixed here his head quarters. It
is seated on the Alia, 45 m s Konigsberg.
Lon. 20 30 E, lat. 54 4 N.
Hcirmund, or Helmund, a river that rises
in the mountains of Hazara, kw of Cabul,
fiows sw through that country, then w into
Segestan, where it enters the e extremity
HEL
of the lake Zerch. This river is tlie Ety-
mandcr of tiie awcients.
Jlelder, a town of the Netherlands, in
N Holland, with a strt>ng fort that defends
the entrance of the Texcl. In 1799 tlie
fort was taken by the Englisli, and the
whole of the Dutch fleet lying in the Texel
surrendered to them, for the service of the
prince of Orange ; the English abandoned,
the fort soon afterward. It is situate on
the Nw point of the province, opposite the
w end of Texel island, 24 m n Alcmaer.
Lon. 4 34 E, lat. 53 0 N.
Helen, St. a village in Hampshire, at the
E end of the isle of Wight, 2 m xe Brading.
It has a bay or road of considerable note
as a rendezvous for ships that are outward
bound and kept back by westerly winds.
Helen, St. a village in Lancashire, 3 m
NE Prescot. In and near it are a variety of
manufactures ; particularly an extensive
copper work, and a still larger one, at
llavenhead, for casting plateglass. The
Sankey canal begins at the coal mines here,
and takes a circuitous course by Newtoa
to the Mersey, below Warrington.
Helena, St. a lofty island in the Atlantic
ocean, 27 m in circuit, belonging to the Eng-
lish E India company. It lies between the
continent of Africa and S America, about
1200 m w of the former, and 1800 e of
the latter ; and was discovered by the Por-
tuguese, in 1502, on St. Helena day. After-
ward, the Dutch were in possession of it
till 1600, when they were expelled by the
English. In 1673, the Dutch retook it by
surprise; but it was soon after recovered.
It lias some mountains, particularly one
called Diana Peak, which is covered with
wood to the very top. There are other
hills also, which bear evident marks of a
volcanic origin. The chief inconvenience
to which the island is subject is want of
rain ; but it is far from being barren, the
interior valleys and little hills being co-
vered with verdure, and interspersed with
gardens, orchards, and various plantations.
There are also many pastures, filled with
cattle and sheep ; goats, hogs, and poultry
are hkewise numerous. The population
3000, including 600 soldiers and 1400
blacks, who are supplied with corn and
merchandise by the company's ships, in
return for refreshments. Rupert bay,
Jamestown, and Lemon valley are the land-
ing places ; and they are so strongly de-
fended by nature and art, that it seems
impossible to force a descent. This island,
in 1814, was appointed by the allied
powers of Europe, to be the place of per-
petual exile of Napoleon Bonoparte, who
arrived here the same year. The only
town, called Jamestown, is situate at the
bottom of a bay ou the b side of the island,
HEL
Ijetween two steep mountains. Lon. 5 43
\v, lat. 15 53 s.
Helier, St. the capital of the island of
Jersey, with a tide harbour, and strong
pier, in the bay of St. Aubin. The town
stands at the e extremity of a long and rocky
hill, and is neatly built. It has a commo-
dious market, lately erected ; and at the
top of the old market-place, now the square,
is the statue of George ii. In the church,
where prayers are read alternately in Eng-
lish and French, is a public monument to
the memory of major Pierson, who fell here
in the moment of victory : hf^e Jersey. On
the town hill, the erection of a citadel is
now far advanced. In the bay, a little sw
of the town, is the small isle of St. Helier,
which took its name from a holy man who
Jived here, and was slain by some piratical
jSJormans. His cell, with the stone bed,
is still shown among the rocks ; and in
aiiemory of him a noble abbey was found-
ed. On the site of this abbey now stands
Elisabeth castle, the residence of the go-
vernor and garrison of Jersey. It occupies
the whole island, which is near a mile in
circuit, and is surrounded by the sea at
every half flood ; and hence, at low water,
is a passage to the town, called the Bridge,
Jialf a mile long, formed of sand and stones.
The town of St. Helier contains about 1000
Jiouses, mostly shops, and 6000 inhabitants.
It has manufactures of woUen stockings
and caps, and a considerable trade in the
JSfewfoundiand fishery. Lon. 2 10 w, lat.
-19 11 N.
Heligoland, or Ilelgelnnd, an island in
the German ocean, nearly equidistant 30
m from the mouths of the Eyder, Elbe, and
Weser, belonging to Denmark. It is a
Jong and narrow rock, 9 m in circuit, rising
in the centre to a round elevation. On
the X end is a lighthouse, and on the s a
haven for fishing boats. Pilots are taken
on board here by vessels going up either of
the three rivers. The inhabitants, not less
than 2000, subsist chiefiy on fish and vege-
table food. The houses are built in parallel
streets, the ascent from the lower to the
upper being aftected by wooden steps. In
1807 this island was seized by the British.
Ton. 8 25 E, lat. 54 8 N.
Heliopolis, or Matureu, a village of
Egypt, 5 m EXE Cairo, where the French
gained a decisive victory over the Turks in
luOO. Here is the celebrated fountain of
the Sun, to which, according to tradition,
the Holy Family came on their flight from
Herod. Near this is the renowned pillar
of On, or obelisk of Heliopolis, (3? feet
high and G square at the base, formed of
«,ne entire mass of redish granite ; and
each of its sides exhibits the same hieroolv-
HEL
phics. It stands on a plain, where the
Hebrews had their first settlement, and is
the only great work of antiquity now re-
maining in all the land Goshen. The city
of Heliopolis, once a famous seat of sci-
ence, was in ruins prior to the ch.-istiaii
era, and is one of the most ancient iu
the world of which a vestige can now be
traced .
Helleh, or IJillafi, a town of Asiatic-
Turkey, in Irak, situate on both sides of
the Euphrates, with a bridge of boats that
forms a communication. It contains 11,000
inhabitants, and is said to stand on part
of the site of ancient Babylon, of which
the ruins extend several miles around.
The vicinity is so covered with fruit trees,
particularly palms, that the town appears-
as if seated in a wood. It is 60 m s Bag;-
dad. Lon. 44 22 e, lat. 32 31 n.
Hellgate, a strait near the w end of
Long-island sound, 8 m to the nxe of New
York. It is narrow and crooked, with a
bed of rocks extending quite across, whicit
cause whirlpools and a tremendous roaring
at low water; but, at proper times of the
tide, ships of any burden may be conduct-
ed through this strait by a skilful pilot.
Helmemhuusen, a town of Germany, ia
Lower Hesse, on the river Dierael, 20 m
N Cassel.
Helmont, a town of the Netherlands, ia
Dutch Brabant, with a strong castle, seated
on the Aa, 17 m se Bois le Due.
Helmsdale, a river of Scotland, whicli
issues from several mountain-lakes in
Sutlierlandshire, and rolls over a rocky-
bottom to the Ord of Caithness. At its
mouth in the German ocean is a good sal-
mon fishery.
Helmsley, a town in N Yorkshire, with
a market on Saturday. It has the remains
of a castle, and is seated on the Rye, 2ft
m N York, and 218 xby w London.
Helmstadt, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, with a universityj>
22 m N Brunswick.
Helsingbiirg, a town of Sweden, in.
Schonen, seated on the Sound, nearly op-
posite Elsinore, to which there is a ferry.
Here are manufactures of ribands, hats^j
and boots; and in the vicinity is the onbr
coal mine in Sweden. It is 5 m ne Elsi-
nore, and 32 Nw Lund. Lon. 12 40 e, fat.
56 3 X.
Ilelsingfors, the capital of Finland, and
a seaport, in the province of Nyland. It
has a commodious harbour in th-e gulf of
Finland, and opposite is the immense for-
tress of Sweaborg. It is 110 m ese Abo.
Lon. 25 6 E, lat. 60 10 n.
Hchingia, or Helsingland, a province yf
Sweden, in Nordland, 210 m long, he-
X
HEN
tween Dalecarlla and the sulf of Botlmia,
and from 50 to 80 broad. It has extensive
forests and many iron mines. The chief
articles of trade arc iron, flax, linen, tallow,
butter, tar, deal, and timber. The princi-
pal town is Iludwickswald.
Jlehton, a boroni;h in Cornwall, govern-
ed by a niayi>r,with a market on Monday.
It stands on" the river Loe, near its entrance
into Mount bay, and is one of the towns
appointed for the coina(;;e of tin. It is 11
m sw Falmouth, and '274 whys Loudon.
Xon. 5 15 r., lat. 50 2 n.
Jlelvellj/n, a lare;e mountain in Cumber-
land, to tiie s of Keswick, extending 5 m
in length between the nver Derwent and
Leathes-water ; the latter skirting its e
side, and receiving some of its numerous
torrents. Its perpendicular height above
the level of the sea is 3055 feet.
Helvetia ; see Suntzerland.
Hclvoetsiuys, a strong seaport of the Ne-
therlands, in the island of Voorn. Here
some of the Dutch men of war, are laid
up in ordinary ; and it is the general port
for the English packets from Harwich. It
is 7 m sbyw Briel. Lon. 4 0 e, lat. 51
42 N.
Hemmendorf, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Brunswick, situate on the
Saal, 12 m e Hamelin.
Hempstead, or Hemel Ilemsted, a corpo-
rate town in Hertfordshire, with a market
on Thursday ; seated among liills, on the
river Gade, 18 m w Hertford, and 23 NW
london.
Hems, a city of Syria, surrounded by
-avails 3 m in circuit ; but the present build-
ings only take up about a fourth of the area
ill the NW quarter. To the s of the town is
a large ruined castle, on a high round
mount, faced with stone. It is seated on
a small river, which runs into the Orontes,
95 m s Aleppo. Lon. 37 20 e, lat. S4 25 N.
Heng-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Hou-ciuang. The chief manu-
facture is paper. It is seated on the river
Heng, 840 m ssw Peking. Lon. Ill 40
I, lat. 26 30 K.
Henley, a town in Oxfordshire, governed
"by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday,
Friday, and Saturday. The church is a
large ancient building, but the houses are
modern and the streets spacious. The
principal trade is in corn, tiour, malt, and
beech wood. It is seated on the Thames,
-over which is a stone bridge, 24 m se Ox-
ford, and 35 \v London.
Henley, or Henley in Arden, a town in
"Warwickshire, with a market on Tuesday;
seated on the Alne, 15 m sby e Birming-
bani, and 101 wnw London.
Henneherg, a town of Upper Saxony, in
HER
a county of the same name. Some ruins
of the castle of its ancient counts are yet
to be seen. It is 4 m ssw Meinungen.
Henncbon, a town of Trance, in the de-
partment of Morbiiian, with a great trade
in corn, iron, honey, &c. It is seated on
the Blavet, 22 m Nw Vannes.
Hcnricheuumt, a town of France, in the
department of Cher, seated on the Saudre,
15 m NNE Bourges.
Henry, Cape, the s cape of Virginia, at
the entrance of Chesapeak bay, 14 ni to
the ssw of Cape Charles. Lon. 76 0 w,
lat, 37 1 N.
Heppenhcim, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Rhine, situate on the Eis-
bach, 12 m E Heidelberg.
Herakli; see Erekli.
Herat, a city of Persia, the largest in
Chorasan, of which it was formerly the
capital. It covers an area of 4 square
miles, is encompassed by a lofty mud wall
and wet ditch, and has a strong citadel.
The governor is an Afgan prince, who pays
a tribute to the king of Persia. The city
has little ground unoccupied, and, with the
suburbs, contains 100,000 inhabitants.
The staple commodities are silk, saftron.
and asafoetida, which are sent to Hindoo-
stan ; and it is the emporium of the trade
carried on between Cabul, Bokharia, Hin-
doostan, and Persia. The environs pro-
duce excellent fruit ; and numerous mul-
berry trees are raised solely for the sake of
the silkworm. It is situate on the Heri-
rood, at the s extremity of a rich and ex-
tensive plain, bordered by mountains, 300
m SE Mesched. Lon. 60 50 e, lat. 34
20 N.
Herault, a department of France, so
named from a river which runs into the
gulf of Lyon. It includes part of the old
province of Languedoc ; and the capital is
Montpellier.
Herhemont, a town of the Netherlands,
in Luxemburg, with a castle on a moun-
tain, near the river Semoy, 3 m wnw
Chiny.
Herlorn, a town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Rhine, with a celebrated Cal-
vinist academy, and manufactures of iron ;
seated on the Dille, 8 m sse Dillenburg.
Herculaneum, an ancient city of Naples,
totally overwhelmed by an eruption of Ve-
suvius, in the year 79. In 1689 and 1711,
something of this city was discovered ; and
from 1738 to the present time, researches
being frequently made by digging, a great
number of manuscripts, paintings, statues,
busts, domestic utensils, instruments of
Imsbandry, &c. have been found. The
village of Portici now stands on part of
its site.
HER
Hereford, tho capital of Herefordshire,
and a bishop's see, with a market on Wed-
nesday, Friday, and Saturday. The city
is soverned by a mayor, and its chief ma-
nufacture is 'gloves. The castle, part of
the walls, and three of the six gates are
destroyed. It has four churches beside
the cathedral, several meeting houses for
dissenters, and a freeschool endowed with
some exhibitions at each of the universi-
ties. In 1780, tlie w tower of the cathe-
dral fell down, but it was soon rebuilt.
The population was 730(3 in 1811. It is
seated on the Wye, over which is an an-
cient stone bridge, 24 m wsw Worcester,
and 135 wnw London. Lou, 2 35 w, lat.
52 4 N.
Herefordshire, a county of England,
bounded on the e by Gloucestershire and
Worcestershire, x by Shropshire, w by
Eadnorshire and Brecknockshire, and s by
IMonmouthshire. It is 40 m long and 35
broad, containing 621,440 acres ; is divided
into 1 1 hundreds, and 220 parishes ; has
one city and 7 market-towns ; and sends 8
members to parliament. The population
was 94,073 in 1811. The soil is exceed-
ingly rich, producing excellent com, hops,
and fruit, as is evident from the Leominster
bread, Weobly ale, and Herefordshire cider.
The apples producing the cid-er grow in
great abundance, being plentiful even in
the hedge-rows. The cattle of Hereford-
shire are deemed the superior breed in this
island. The sheep are small, aftbrding a
fine silky wool. The principal rivers are
the Wye, 3Ionnow, and Lug.
Herencia, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, 48 m SE Toledo.
Herenthuls, a town of the Netherlands,
in Brabant, on the river Nethes, 20 m ke
Louvain.
Herfurd, or Herforden, a town of West-
phalia, in the county of Ravensberg, with
a nunnery, belonging to the protestants of
the confession of Augsburg. It has a trade
in ale and linen, and is seated on the
Werra, at the influx of the Aa, 20 m sw
Minden.
Heii, an island in the Indian ocean, 2
m KNw Ternate. It is not more than 2 m
in compass, but very fertile and well in-
habited.
Hericour, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Saone, 11 m se Lure,
and 23 e Vesoul.
Herisau, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Appenzel, with manufactures of
fine linen and muslin, 12 m nw Appenzel.
Heristal, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, with a castle, seated
on the Meuse, 3 m n Liege.
Heriuru, a town of Hindoostan, in My-
HER
sore, seated on the Vedawati, 22 ra wnw
Sera.
Herk, a town of the Netherlands, in the
territory of Liege, on a river of the same
name, near its conflux with the Demer, 2
m \v Maestricht.
Herkemer, a town of New York, capital
of a county. It is situate on the n side of
Mohawk river, 20 m se Whitestown, and
80 wNw Albany.
Hermanstadt, a strong city, capital of
Transylvania, and a bishop's see. It has
a large church, built by Maria Theresa,
with a globe and steeple not easily de-
scribed. In the great square is the liouse
of the governor, in the best German style,
containing many good pictures. The po-
pulation 15,000. It is seated on the Cibin,
230 m ESE Buda. Lon. 24 56 e, lat. 45
43 N.
Hcrmback, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Juliers, 17 m s Juliers.
Hermstadt, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Wolau, on the river Bartch, 10
m NW Trachenberg.
Herngrund, a town of Hungary, seated
among mountains, with rich mines of
copper, 28 m ^" by e Schemnitz.
Hernhuih, a village in Lnsatia, 6 m Nxw
Zittau. It was founded in 1722, by some
persecuted Moravian brethren, in the fields
belonging to count Zinzendorf, who they
considered as their bishop and father ; and
they were for some time called Hern-
huthers, as this place continued their prin-
cipal nursery.
Hernosand, a seaport of Sweden, capital
of Angermania, and a bishops's see. The
principal trade is in linen. It is situate on an
island in the gulf of Bothnia, which is joined
to the continent by a bridge, 240 m n by w
Stockholm. Lon. 17 53 e, lat. 62 38 N.
Heroldsberg, a town of Franconia, in th«
territory of Nuremberg, 7 m nne Nurem-
berg.
Herrieden, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Aichstadt, with a collegiata
church, situate on the Altmuhl, 5 m sw
Anspach.
Hersbruck, a town of Franconia, in the
territory of Nuremberg, noted for excel-
lent hops and strong beer; seated on tlie
Pregnitz, 16 ra e Nuremberg.
Hertford, a town of N Carolina, chief
of Gates county. It stands on the w side
of the Perquimons, a water of Albemarle
sound, 14 m ne Edenton, and 28 ese
Winton.
Hertford, or Hartford, a borough and
the capital of Hertfordshire, with a market
on Saturday. It is seated on the Lea, which
is navigable for barjes, as it was once for
ships. In 879, the Danes erected two
X2
HES
forts here, for the security of their ships;
hut Alfred turned the course ©f the river,
so that their vessels were left on dry <;round.
£d\vard, the eldest son of Alfred, huilt a
castle here, which has heen often a royal
residence. The town is governed hy a
mayor, and had formerly five churches,
but now oidy two. Here is a hospital
belonging to Christ's hospital in London;
also a shire hall, and a large county gaol.
The poi)uiation was 3900 in 1811. About
a mile to the k is a basin of water called
Chadwell, which is the head spring of the
New River. Hertford is 21 m N London.
Lon. 0 1 t, lat. 51 oO N.
Hertfordshire, a county of England,
bounded on the n\v liy Bedfordshire, N by
Cambridgeshire, e by Essex, s by Middle-
sex, and w by Buckinghamshire. It is 3(3
m long and 28 broad, containing 385,280
acres ; is divided into eight hundreds, and
134 parishes; has 19 market-towns; and
sends six members to parliament. The
population was 111,654 in 1811. The N
part is hilly, forming a scattered part of
the chalky ridge that extends across the
kingdom in this direction, and flint stones
are spread in great profusion over the sur-
face; the soil, however, produces excellent
wheat and barley. A number of clear
streams take their rise from this side. The
w part is, in general, a tolerable rich soil,
and under excellent cultivation. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Lea, Stort, and Coin, and
the artificial one called the New River.
Hertzberg, a town of I-ower Saxony, in
the principality of Grubenhagen, with ma-
nufactures of arras and iron tools ; seated
near the Hartz mountain, 17 m ssw Goslar.
Hertzherg, a town of the duchy of Sax-
ony, with a trade in saltpetre, wool, and
cloths; seated on the Elster, 14 m xne
Torgau.
iierve, a town of the Netherlands, in
the duchy of Limburg, 9 m ^v^w Limburg.
Herzgovma, a fortified town of Turkish
Dalmatia, capital of a duchy, and the re-
sidence of a Turkish governor. It is 80 m
ssw Belgrade.
Hesdin, a strong town of France, in the
department of Pas de Calais, seated on the
Canche, 12 m se Mootreuil.
Ilesne, a country of Germany, in the
crtrcle of Upper Rhine ; bounded on the x
by the principality of Padeiborn and duchy
of" Brunswick, e by Thuringia, s by Fulda
and Wetteravia, and w by Westerwald,
the duchy of Westphalia, and county of
Waldeck. It is divided into Upper and
Lower Hesse : the latter, which is the
northern part, lies on the riverg Werra,
JFulda, Schwalm, Diemel, and Weser, and
is subject to llesse-Cassel ; and the former.
HIE
or southern part, lies on the Lahn, and
belongs principally to Hesse-Darmstadt.
These are the two jirincipal brandies of the
house of Hesse; the tbrmer has the title
of landgravi*, and the other of grand duke.
This coiintrv is surrounded by woods and
mountains, in which are mines of iron and
copper. In the middle are fine plains, fer-
tile in corn and pasture ; and there is
plenty of honey and all sorts of fruit. Hops
are likewise cultivated, which serve to
make excellent beer ; and birch-trees are
very common, from the sap of which a deal
of wine is made.
Hettozcra ; see Etondah.
Hcres, a town of Hungary, in a county
of the same name, 24 ni sbyw Agria.
Ileukelum, or Hoekelun, a town of the
Netherlands, in S Holland, seated on the
Linghe, 5 m xe Gorcum.
Heusden, a strong town of the Nether-
lands, in S Holland, seated on the Meuse,
with a castle, 8 m wxw Bois le Due.
Hexham, a town in Northumberland,
with a market on Tuesday, and a trade in
tanned leather, shoes, and gloves. It had
formerly a famous abbey, some parts of
which yet remain. Near this place, in
1403, was a battle between the houses of
York and Lancaster, in which the latter
was defeated. Hexham is seated on the
Tyne, 22 m w Newcastle, and 285 nnw
London.
Heydcnheim, a town of Wirtemberg,
with a castle on the river Brenz, 16 m nne
Ulm.
Heydivgsfeld, a town of Franconia, on
the river Maine, 3 m s Wurtzburg.
HcTjmertsen, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Cologne, situate on the Erft't,
11ms Cologne.
Hejjteshury, a borough in Wiltshire,
which has now no market, seated on the
Willy, 20 m wxw Salisbury, and 92 whys
London.
Hiamen ; see JEmotiy.
Hidehheim, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Treves, with a fortified castle
and convent ; seated on the EitTel, 38 m
N Treves.
Hidjellee, or Injelli/, a fortified town of
Hindoostan, in Bengal. The vicinity is
fertile in grain, and furnishes abundance of
excellent salt. It stands on the \v side
of the mouth of the Hoogly, 55 m ssw
Calcutta. Lon. 88 10 e, lat. 21 50 N.
Hielmer, a lake of Sweden, lying be-
tween the lakes Wener and Maelar. It
is 36 m long, aud 8 broad in the middle,
but in genei-al is much narrower. Its out-
let at the E end flows by Eskilsluna and
Torshalla to the lake Maeler.
Hiercs, a town of France, in tiie depart-
HIL
ment of Var, seated on the s side and skirt
of a mountain. From this eminence a
gradual slope extends nearly S m to the
Mediterranean sea, and all this space is
covered with palm and orange trees. It is
12 m E Toulon.
Hie7-es, a cluster of islands in the Medi-
terranean, on the coast of France, opposite
the town of Ilieres. The four principal
ones are called Forquerolles, Portecros,
Bageau, and Titan, or Levant, which is the
eastern. Between these islands and the
continent is the bay of Hieres, which is so
capacious and excellent that it has afforded
shelter for large squadrons. It is defended
by three forts.
Hiero; see Ferro.
Hiesjiies, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Orne, seated on a barren
mountain, 10 m from Seez, and 90 w
Paris.
Higham Ferrers, a borough in Nor-
thamptonshire, governed by a mayor, with
a market on Saturday. It had formerly
a castle, now in ruins; and is seated on the
side of a hill, by the river Nen, 25 m ese
Coventry, and 65 nnw London.
Highgute, a village in MiddleseXj seated
on a hill, 4mNby\v London. Here lord
chief baron Cholmondeley built a free-
school in 1562, which was enlarged, in
1570, by Sandys, bishop of London, who
also added a chapel.
Highicorth, a town in Wiltshire, govern-
ed by a mayor, with a market on Wednes-
day; seated on a hill, in a rich plain, 36
m N Salisbury, and 77 w London.
Higuey, a town of St. Domingo, with a
handsome and rich church, in which is the
shrine of a miraculous virgin, much visited
in pilgrimage. It is situate near the mouth
of a river of the same name, 90 m EbyN
St. Domingo. Lon. 68 i30 w, lat. 'l8
30 N.
Hilhurghausen, a town of Upper Saxony,
in the principality of Coburg. The duke
of Saxe-IIilburghausen has a palace here.
It is seated on the Werra, 13 ni nnw
Coburg.
Ilildeaheim, a city of Lower Saxony,
capital of a principality. It was lately an
imperial city, and a bishop's see. It is
divided into the old and new town, and
seated on the Irncste, 17 m SSE Hanover.
Lon. 10 3 E, lat. 52 9 n.
Hillah; see Heileh.
Hillsborough, an inland district of N
Carolina, comprehending the counties of
Granville, Pearson, Casvvell,Orange, Wake,
Chatham, and Randolph.
Hihborough, a town of N Carolina, in
Orange county, capital of the district of
its name. It stands on the n side of the
Eno, which unites with the Little and Flat
HIN
rivers, and forms the Neus, 17 m below
the town. It is 35 m nw Kalegli. Lon.
79 15 w, lat. 36 2 n.
Ilihborough, a borough of Ireland, in
Down county, with a manufacture of mus-
lins, situate on a lofty eminence, 21 m
KNE Newry.
Himaleli, or Himalaya, a stupendous
chain of mountains, in Asia, which extends
from Cabul along the n of Hindoostan,
and is the general boundary of Tibet,
through the whole extent from Cabul to
China. This ridge is precisely that de-
signed by the ancients, under the names of
Iniaus and the Indian Caucasus. The
natives call it Hindoo Kho (Indian moun-
tain) as well as Himaleh ; which last is a
Sanscrit word, signifying S7iowy ; its sum-
mit being always covered with snow. The
snowy mountains seen from Rohiicund are
probably the highest ground between the
level plains of Hindoostan and the elevated
regions of Southern Tartary, and through-
out their whole extent rear their heads far
above the line of perpetual snow. On the
side of Hindoostan, the central part of this
ridge rises from a level at once into sharp
and precipitous cliffs, while the Tibet side,
from the best accounts that have been ob-
tained, falls gradually into green hills, and
ends in a sloping plain. The mountains in
this part far exceed in height those of the
Andes. Jumnatra, the source of the
Jumna, is estimated at 25,500 feet above
the level of the sea, and has been ascended
within about 2000 feet of its summit. The
different peaks of this ridge are estimated
to be from 22,000 to 26,800 feet in height.
These mountains run in irregular ridges,
and are undivided by any valley of conse-
quence from the one plain to the other.
Hinchinbrook, an island, one of the New
Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 168
38 E, lat. 17 25 s.
Hinckley, a town in Leicestershire,
g<n'erned by a mayor, with a market on
Monday. It has a large church, with a
lot'ty spire ; and had formerly a castle and
walls, traces of which are still to be seen.
Here is a considerable manufacture of stock-
ings. The population was 5386 in ]8ll.
It is seated on an eminence, 12 m sw Lei->
cester, and 99 XNW London.
Hindclopen, a town of the Netherlands,
in Frieslaud, seated on the Zuiderzee, 21
m ssw Lewarden.
Hindia, a town of Hindoostan, in Khan-
desh, capital of a district. It is situate on
the Nerbudda, 100 m ke Boorhanpoor.
Lon. 77 10 E, lat. 22 31 n.
Hinlopen, Cape, a cape of N America,
on the 5 side of the mouth of the Dela-
ware. Lon. 75 2 w, lat. 38 47 x.
Hindon, a borough in Wiltshire, w\tb
I UN
a market on Thursday, 20 ni \v Sulii-bury,
and 97 whys London.
Hindone, a town of lIindoo&tan,in Agra,
formerly a large city, and still contains
extensive buildings. It is 04 m wsw
Agra.
llutdoo K/io; see IJ'uiialeh.
Iliiuloostaii, or India, a region of Asia,
wliich comprises all tbe countries between
the mountains of Tartary and Tibet on the
N, Assam and Cassay on the v., the Indian
ocean on the s, and the same ocean, Ballo-
gistan, and Afganistan on the w. But tliis
country must be considered under the four
grand divisions of Northern llindoostun,
Hindoostan Proper, the Deccan, and
Southern Hindoostan ; the last is fre-
quently, but improperly, denominated
the Peninsula. Northern Hindoostan
comprehends Cashmere on the vv, and
Bootan on the e, with all the intermediate
hilly provinces that lie between the range
of mountains vn the n frontiers of Delhi,
Oude, Bahar, and Bengal, and the lofty
Himaleh ridge bordering on Tibet ; the
principal of ibem are Serinagur, Kemaoon,
Gorkah, Nepaul, Mocwanpoor, JN'orung,
and Kyraiit. Hindoostan Proper includes
the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and all
tJiose that lie to the north of the river Ner-
budda; the principal of v.liich are'Ajmeer,
Agra, Allahabad, Delhi, Gujrat, Lahore,
MaUvah, Mooltan, Oude, llohilcund, and
Sindy. The Deccan has been extended to
the whole region s of Hindoostan Proper;
but in its most restricted sense, it means
only the countries situate between Hindoo-
stan Pro])er and the river Kistna; these
are Khandesh, Aurungbadad, Berar, Gund-
wana, Orissa, the Circars, Nandere, Bee-
der, and nearly the whole of Bejapoor and
Hydrabad. Southern Hindoostan is the
tract south of these, or the river Kistna, and
has the foim of a triangle; it includes a
small part of Bejapoor and . Hydrabad,
Balagaut, Barramahal, Mysore, Canara,
Coiinbetoor, and Carnada, with Madura,
Travancore, and other small districts; the
w coast being called that of Malabar, and
the E that of Coromandel. Tiie principal
rivers of this extensive region are tlie
Ganges, Brahmapootra, Lidus, Jumna,
Piidda, Nerhudda, Tuptee, Godavery,
Kistna, Pennar, and Cavery. The chief
mountains are those of Himaleh, Vind-
hya, and the Gauts. To give an idea
of the modern revolutions in the empire of
Hindoostan, it is proper to observe, that
from a pure Hindoo government, it became,
at last, a Mohamedan state, and continued
to be so, under various dynasties, till the
beginning of the 18th century. The first
irruption of the Mohamedans was in the
year 1000. Frotp. this period the provinces
HIN
of Hindoostan were held rather as tribu-
tary kingdonts, than as provinces of tlie
same empire ; and the conquest of the
Deccan, in particular, was tor ages an
object of considerable importance to the
emperors. In li)t!9, the INIogul Tartars,
under the conduct ofTimur, or Tamerlane,
imadcd Hindoostan : but the conquest of
the country was r.ot effected till 1525, by
sultan Baber, one of his descendants, who,
from this circumstance, was the founder of
the Mogul dynasty : and hence Hindoc-
stan has been called the Mogul empire, its
chief, the Great JMogul, and its inhabi-
tants, Mongols. The illustrious Acbar,
his son, failed in his attack upon the Dec-
can ; an attempt in which many of his
successors were equally unfortunate, and
which tended, in the sequel, to the decline
and dissolution of the empire. In 1615,
emperor .lehanguir, his si^n, received sir
Thomas Roe, as the first English andjassa-
dor; and the Portuguese had, by this time,
acquired considerable settlements in Ben-
gal and Gujrat. In the reign of his grand-
son Aurengzebe, which lasted from 1G60
to 1707, the empire attained its full extent :
his authority reached from 10 to 35 de-
grees in lat. and nearly as much in Ion.
and his revenue exceeded 32,000;000l.
sterling. But in the course of 50 years
after his death, a succession of weak
princes and wicked ministers reduced this
astonishing empire to very narrow limits,
and deprived it of all its power and splen-
dour. In consequerice of the intrigues of
the nizam of the Deccan, Nadir Shah, the
Persian usurper, invaded Hindoostan in
1738. The weak emperor, Mohamed
Shah, threw himself on the clemency of
the invader, who entered Delhi, and de-
manded thirty millions sterling by way of
ransom. Nadir, afterward, evacuated Delhi
and left the nizam in possession of the
whole remaining power of the empire,
which he sacrificed to his own views in
the Deccan, where he established an in-
dependent kingdom. Mohamed Shah died
in 1747, having seen Caniatia and Bengal
become likewise independent, under their
respective irabcbs; an independent state
too formed by the Rohillas (a tribe Irom
the mountains between India and Persia)
on the E of the Ganges, within 80 m of
Delhi ; and the kingdom of Candahar
erected by Abdalla, one of the generals of
Nadir Shah. Ahmed Shah, the son of
Mohamed, succeeded; in whose reign the
entire division of the empire took place ;
nothing lemaining to the house of Tamer-
lane but the city and small territory of
Delhi. The last imperial army was defeat-
ed by the Piohillas, in 1749. The Jats, a
Hindoo tribe, founded a state in Agra;
HIN
Oude was seized by Moliamed Kooli ; and
tlie Mahrattas, beside their ancient do-
mains in the Deccan, obtained great part
of Malwah, Gujrat, Berar, and Orissa.
The Mogul empire was now become merely
nominal : and the emperors, from this pe-
riod, must be regarded as of no political
consequence, otherwise than as their names
and persons were made use of, by different
parties to promote their own views ; for
the name and person of the emperor re-
tains a considerable degree of veneration
among tlie bulk of the people in Ilindoo-
stan. Ahmed was deposed in 1753, and
his successor was deposed and murdered
in 1760. He was succeeded, however, by
his son Shah Ahlum, who was alternately
dependent on the contending powers, and
more particularly upon the English, who
•obtained from him a. grant of the provinces
of Bengal, Bahar, Orissa, and the C'ircars.
This prince died in 1806, and was succeed-
ed by his son Acber Shah. Hindoostan
now consists of tive principal states, which
hold as tributaries, or feudatories, some
numerous inferior states. These five states
are, the British, the Poonah Mahrattas,
the Berar Mahrattas, the nizam of the
Deccan, and the Seiks : for, whatever ver-
bal distinctions may be made, a compul-
sive alliance is at least a dependent, if not
a tributary, situation. The British posses-
sions are Bengal, Bahar, Benares, Bala-
gaut, the Circars, the Carnatic, Bombay
•and Salsette, a great part of Gujrat and
Bundelcund, the districts of Midnapoor and
Castack in Orissa, and some others in
Mysore. The allies of the British, who
may be considered as dependent upon
them, are the nabob of Oude, and the
rajahs of Alysore, Travancore, and Cochin.
The inhabitants of Hindoostan are com-
puted at about 10,000,000 Jilohamedans,
and 91,000,000 Hindoos. The Mohamed-
ans, orMooselmins, whom the English im-
properly call Moors, are represented to be
of a detestable character. The Hindoos, or
Gentoos, are of a black complexion; their
hair is long, their person straight and ele-
gant, and their countenance open and
pleasant. They differ materially trom all
other nations, by being divided into tribes
or casts. 'Ihe four principal tribes are the
Brahmins, Soldiers, Labourers, and Me-
chanics; and these are subdivided into a
mutiplicity of inferior distinctions. There
are Brahmins of various degrees of excel-
lence, who have the care of religion allotted
to them, and are held sacred by the
rest; some of these acknowledge the errors
that have crept into their religion, own
one Supreme Being, and laugh at the idol-
atry of the multitude, but insist upon the
necessity of working upon the weaknesses
HIN
of the vulgar ; yet the generality of therri
are as ignorant as the laity. Such as ara
not engaged in worldly pursuits are a very
superstitious, innocent people, who pro-
mote charity as much as they can, both to
man and beast ; but those who engage in
the world are generally the worst of all the
Gentoos ; for, persuaded that the waters
of the Ganges will purify them from their
sins, and being exempt from the utmost
rigour of the courts of justice (under the
Gentoo governments) they run into much
greater excesses. The Soldiers are com-
monly called Rajah-poots ; that is, de-
scended from rajahs. They are much
more robust than the rest, have a great
share of courage, and a nice sense of mili-
tary honour, which consists among them,
in fidelity to those they serve. Fighting
is their profession ; they readily enter intt»
the service of any that will pay them, and
will follow wherever he leads; but, should
their leader fall in the battle, their cause ia
at an end, and they run oft' the field, without
arty stain in their reputation. The Eng-
lish E India Company have many batta-
lions of them in their service : they are
called Sepoys, and are clothed and disci-
plined in the European manner. The La-
bourers include farmers, and all who cul-
tivate the land. The Mechanics includa
merchants, bankers, and all who foUovT
any trade : these again are subdivided inta
each profession. Beside these there are
the HuUachores, who cannot be called a
tribe, being rather the refuse of all the tribes.
They are a set of wi-etches, who perform
all the vilest offices of life, bury the dead,
and can-y away every thing that is polluted.
All the "different tribes are kept distinct
from each other by insurmountable bar-
riers : they are forbidden to inteminrry, to-
cohabit, to eat with each other, or even to
drink out of the same vessel with one of
another cast. Every deviation from these
points subjects them to be rejected by their
tribe, renders them polluted for ever, and
obliges them from that instant, to herd with
the Hallachores. Tiie members of each
cast adhere invariably to the profession
of their forefathers : from generation to
generation the same families have fol-
lowed, and still continue to follow, on&
uniform manner of life. To this may be
ascribed that high degree of perfection con-
spicuous in many of the Indian manufac-
tures; and also that striking pecuharity iii
the state of Hindoostan, the permanence
of its institutions, and the immutability in
the manners of the inhabitants. The Hin-
doos vie with the Chinese, in respect to
the antiquity of their nation ; and the
doctrine of transmigration is one of their
distinguishing tenets. Their institutions
HIN
<r>r religion tbim a complete system of
siiperstilion, upheld by every thing which
<:an txcite tlie reverence of the people.
The temples consecrated to their deities
are uiaoniticent ; their reli^^ious cerenuinies
splendid; and llie absolute dominion which
the Brahmins have obtained over the minds
cf the people, is supported by tlie com-
luaiid of the immense revenues, with
^vliich the liberality of princes, and the
zeal of pikrims and devotees, have en-
riched their pagodas. The dominion of
religion extends to a thousand particulars,
-which, in other countries, are governed by
the civil laws, or by taste, custom, and
fashion. Their dress, their food, the com-
mon intercourses of life, their marriages,
and professions are all under the jurisdic-
tion of religion. The food of the Hindoos
is simple, consisting chiefly of rice, ghee
(a kind of imperfect butter) milk, veget-
ables, and oriental spices. The warrior
cast may eat of the flesh of goats, sheep,
and poultry. Other superior casts may
eat poultry and fish ; but the inferior casts
are prohibited from eating flesh of any
kind. Their greatest luxury consists in
the use of the richest spiceries and per-
fumes, of which the great people are very
lavish. They esteem milk the purest of
food, because they think it partakes of
some of the properties of the nectar of
their gods, and because they esteem tiie
cow itself almost as a divinity. Their
manners are gentle; but they are avaricious
and penurious; and where their insatiable
Jesire of gain can meet with its gratifica-
tion, it is not easy to surpass their keen-
ness in the arts of accumulation. Their
, mode of transacting bargains is performed
secretly and by signs ; tlie buyer and seller
seat themselves opposite each other, and,
covering their hands with a cloth, perforin
all the most subtle artifices of chalfering,
Tvithout uttering a word, by means of cer-
tain touches of the lingers that they mutu-
ally understand. Tiie happiness of the
^Hindoos consists in the solaces of domestic
iife ; and they are taught by their religion,
*hat matrimony is an indispensable duty
in every man, who does not entirely sejja-
rate himself from the world, from a prin-
ciple of devotion. Their religion permits
them to have several wives, but they sel-
dom have more than one ; and tlieir wives
are distinguished by a decency of demea-
sour, a solicitude in their families, and a
fidelity to their vows, which might do lio-
aiour to human nature in the most civilized
countries. The custom of women burning
themselves in the fire with the corpse of
their husbands is still practised in Hindoo-
staii. The code of Gentoo laws, witfi
their eacred books, the Veidam and the
HIS
Shastah, are written in the Sanscrit lan-
guage, which is very copious and nervous,
although the style of their best authors is
wonderfully concise. Hindoostan, toward
the K, is pretty temperate, but hot toward
the s ; and it rains almost constantly for
three months in the year. Its products
are diamonds and other precious stones,
silks, spices, aromatics, drugs, maize, rice,
and sugar; and the chief manufactures are
cotton piece goods, muslins, and calicos.
But these and various other particuhuH
will he hnind under the different names ot~^
its provinces, cities, towns, mountains, and
ri\ers, dt^scribed in this work.
Hitig/iam, a town of Massachusets, in
Sullolk county, with two churches, seated
on a small bay, 19 m se Boston.
Hutgham, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Saturday, 12 m s\v Norwich,
and 99 xe London.
Hing-hou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Fo-kien. The vicinity furnishes
abundance of rice, li-chi. and silk. It is
seated on a bay, opposite the n part of the
island of Formosa, 460 in s Nanking.
Lon. 119 30 E, lat. 25 28 n.
Ilinojosa, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
34 m NNW Cordova.
Tlinojesa, a town of Spain, in Leon, 52'
m whys Salamanca.
Hinojosa, a town of Spain, in Estrema-
dura, 32 m s by e Merida.
IlintergersdorfyV. town of Upper Saxony,
in Misnia, 8 m e Freyburg.
Hia, a town of Sweden, in W Gothland,
on the w side of the lake Wetter, 50 m ese
Skara.
Iliorring, a town of Denmark, in N
Jutland, '27 m knw Alburg.
Hirscliberg, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Jauer, famous for its mi-
neral baths. In the neighbourhood are
extensive bleaching-grouuds, and next to
Breslau it is the most considerable trading
town in Silesia. It is seated on the Bober,
20 m sw Jauer. Lon. 15 54 e, lat. JO
48 IT.
Hirschfeld, a town of Germany, in-
Lower Uesse, capital of a principality,
depending on a famous abbey, which was
secularized in favour of the house of Uesse
Cassel. It is seated on the Fulda, 35 ni
s by E Cassel. Lon. 9 42 e, lat. 50 50 N.
liirscliorn, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Bhiiie, with a castle ; seat-
ed on the Neckar, 8 m e Heidelberg.
JHirscfio/ni, a town of Denmark, in the
island of Zealand, with a castle, 12 m N
Copenhagen.
Hifpaniula; see Domingo, SL
HifiSar, a town of Hindoostan, in Delhi,
capital of a district. It is 75 in w Delhi.
Lon. 75 53 t, lat, 28 41 n.
HOC
Hit, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak,
«ear whicli is a spring of naplitha and
bitumen. It stands on a river of the same
name, which soon after joins tlie Eu-
phrates, 110 m w Bagdad.
Hitchhi, a ttnvn in Hertfordshire, with
a market on Tuesday, and a great trade in
malt, 15 m >!n\v Hertford, and y-i ^■w
London.
Hithe, a borough in Kent, witli a mar-
ket on Saturday. It is one of the Cinque
Ports, governed by a mayor, and has a
small fort. Near it are the remains of
Saltwood castle, now turned into a farm-
house, barns, &c. Hithe had formerly four
parishes, but now only one ; and the har-
bour is choked up. Il is 10 m wsw Dover,
and 63 se London.
Hoai-king, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Ho-iian, SW m sw Peking. Lon.
112 34 E, lat. 35 0 x.
Honi-ngan, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Xiaug-nan ; seated in a marsh,
and enclosed by a triple wall. The suburbs
extend to the distance of a league on each
side of a canal, and form, at their extre-
mity, a kind of port on the Hoan-ho. It
is 415 m ssF. Peking. Lon. 118 47 E, kit.
53 30 N.
Hoang-tcheou, a city of China, of the
first rank, in Hou-quang. It is seated on
the Kian-ku, 535 m s Peking. Lon. 114
Sr E, lat. 38 30 N.
II(tun-ho, a large river of Asia, also
called the Yellow liiver, from the quantity
of clay which it devolves. Its sources are
two lakes situate among the mountains of
that part of Tartary known by the name
of Kokonor, in about 35 x lat. It pursues
a XE direction to about 42 n lat. and after
running due e, it suddenly bends s, pene-
trating China to a latitude nearly parallel
to its source, and then pursues an easterly
direction till it enters the Eastern ocean,
100 m to the n of the mouth of the Kian-
ku. Its course is estimated at 2000 m.
At 70 m from the sea, where it is crossed
by the Grand canal, the breadth is little
more than a mile ; but it is so rapid and
shallow as to be scarcely navigable.
Hocltherg, an ancient castle of Suabia,
in Brisgau, whicii gives name to a marqui-
sate. It is situate on a mountain, 2 m xe
Emmendingen, which is the principal town.
Hoc/isf, a town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Mentz, seated on the Nidda, near
its conflux with the Maine, Gm wFrankfort.
Uochstat, a town and castle of Bavaria,
famous for a signal victory gained near it
by the duke of Marlborough, in 1704, and
^hich the English call the battle of Blen-
heim, from a village 3 m sw of this place.
It is seated on the Danube, 17 hi wsw
Donawert,
Hon
Ilochstat, a town and castle of Fran-
conia, in the principality of Bamberg, on
the river Aisch, 23 m ssw Bamberg.
Iloddesdon, a town in Hertfordshire,
with a market on Thursday, seated near
the river Lea, 4 m se Hertford, and 17
Nby E London.
ilodeida, a town of Arabia, in Yenneii,
with a harbour fur small vessels, on tlie
Red sea, 90 m nnw Mocha. Lon. 43 30
E, lat. 14 10 N.
Jloei-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Kiang-nan. It is famous for tea,
varnish, and japanned work ; and is 025 m
s Peking. Lon. 118 5 E, lat. 29 57 N.
Huei-lcheou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Quang-ton. It is 1010 m s Peking^
Lon. 113 58 E, lat. 23 1 N.
Iloekeiun; see Heukclum.
Holf, a town of Franconia, in the prin-
cipality of Bayreuth, with manufactures of
cotton, linen, and fine paper. The adja-
cent country has quarries of excellent mar-
ble. It stands on the Saal, 32 m nne
Bayreuth.
i/o/fj a town of IMoravia, in the circle of
Olmutz, with a great trade in wool, 23 in
NE Olmutz.
Hague, Cape la, the nw point of iS^or-
mandy, near which the British burnt 13
French men of war, in 1092. Lon. 1 52
\v, lat. 49 45 N.
Hohenherg, an ancient castle of Suabia,
in a county of its name, situate near the
source of the Neckar, 10 m se Ilothweil.
Hohenlinden, a town of Bavaria, near
which the French gained a great victory
over the Austrians in 1800. It is 22 m E
Munich.
Hohenlohe, or Holach, a principality of
Franconia, w of the margravate of An-
spach, abounding in wine, corn, wood, and
cattle. The castle of its ancient counts
stood close by the village of Holach, near
Uft'euheim. The chief town is Ohringen.
Hohenmaut, a town of Bohemia, on the
river Meyta, 13 m e Chrudim.
Hohenstein, an ancient castle of Upper
Saxony, in Thtiriijgia, which gives name to
a county. It stands on a vnountain, at the
foot of which is the village of Neustadt,
5 m NNE Nordhausen.
Hohenticeil, a fortress of Suabia, sur-
rounded by the county of Nellenburg. Its
fortifications were destroyed by the French
in ISOO. It is situate on a mountain, 9 in
ENE Schaffhausen.
Huhenzollern, a town of Suabia, in a
principality of the same name, with a cas-
tle on a mountain, the seat of the ancient
counts. It stands on a branch of the Nec-
kar, 16 m sby w Tubingen. Lon. 9 8 e,
lat. 48 28 N.
Hohnstcin, a town of the kingdom of
HOL
Saxony, in Mlsnia, on the river Mulila,
11 ra NE Zwickau,
tL>-kien, a city of China, of tlie first
rank, in Pe-tcheli. It is situate between
two rivers, 85 m e Peking. Lun. 11(3 23 i:,
lat. 38 40 N.
Ilola, a town of Iceland, at the mouth
of a river, on the N coast. I.on. 19 '20 w,
lat. 65 40 N.
Holheach, a town in Lincolnshire, \\\\\\
a market on Thursday, I'i ni s by e Boston,
and 109 NbyE London.
Holbeck, a town of Denmark, in Zea-
land, with a good harbour, from which
great quantities of corn are exported. It
is situate on the w branch of the gulf of
Isefiord, 30 m w Copenhagen. Lon. 11
44 E, lat. 55 4'2 N.
Holbeck, a town of W Yorkshire, in the
liberty of Leeds. The population was 5124
in 1811.
Holdszoorthy, a town in Devonshire,
with a market on Saturday, seated between
two branches of the Tamar, 43 m wbyN
Exeter, and 214 whys London.
Holland, or Dutch Nelherlands, a coun-
try of Europe, extending 150 m from n to
s and 100 from w to e ; bounded on the
w and X by the German ocean, e by West-
phalia, and s by Liege and Brabant, or
Belgium. It consists of seven provinces,
namely, Holland, Gelderland, Zealand,
Utrecht, Friesland, Overyssel, and Gro-
ningen; and what was called the Land of
the Generality, or Dutch Brabant. They
were lately styled the United Provinces of
the Netherlands. This country was a part
of that inhabited by the ancient Batavi,
and is now frequently denominated Bata-
via; but more usually Holland, from the
name of the chief province, which signities
a hollow, or low country. The principal
rivers are the Rhine, Meuse, Dommel,
Waal, Yssel, Scheld, and Vecht. Hol-
land affords a striking proof, that perse-
vering industry is capable of conquering
every disadvantage of climate and situa-
tion. The air and water are nearly equally
bad ; the soil produces naturally scarcely
any thing but turf; and the possession of
this very soil is disputed by the ocean,
which, jising considerably above the level
of the land, is prevented from overflowing
it only by expensive dikes. Yet the la-
bours of the Dutch have rendered this
seemingly insignificant territory one of the
richest spots in Europe, with respect to
population and property. Among the most
valuable natural productions of the country
may be reckoned its excellent cattle; and
large quantities of madder are exported,
chiefly cultivated in Zealand. The prin-
cipal revenue arises from the herring, cod,
and whale fisheries ; but these are not so
HOL
considerable as formerly. The Dutch trade,
though much reduced, is still considerable,
and their country was, as it were, the uni-
versal warehouse of the commodities of
every quarter of the globe. Their Asiatic
possessions are the coasts of Java, the
capital of which is Batavia, the seat of
the governor-general of all their East In-
dia settlements; some settlements on the
coasts of Sumatra, Malabar, and Coro-
mandel ; the greatest part of the Moluccas
or Spice islands; and settlements 'of fac-
tories in the island of Celebes, at Surat,
and in the gulf of Persia. In Africa, the
Dutch have several forts and factories in
Guinea; in the W Indies, Saba; and in
S America, the colony of Surinam. la
Holland, the inland trade is greatly facili-
tated by canals, which pass in every direc-
tion, and equal the roads in other coun-
tries. By these canals and the Bhine, the
inland trade with Germany is very consi-
derable; and the most remarkable feature
consists in the vast floats of timber, which
arrive at Dort from Andernach, and other
places on the Rhine. A great quantity of
corn is also obtained by this inland trade,
and the other branches of trathc are nu-
merous ; that the Rhine may be said to
supply Holland with insular advantages,
secure from the destructive inroads of ma-
ritime war. This country contains thou-
sands of wind-mills for sawing timber,
grinding corn, &:c. and the number of its
manufactures is astonishing ; the chief of
which are linen, pottery, painted tiles, to-
bacco-pipes, refined salt, snuif, leather,
wax, oil, sugar, starch, paper, beside some
of woollen, cotton, and silk. From the
year 1579 to 1795, the United Provinces
might be considered as one political body,
united for the preservation of the whole.
The Provinces guaranteed each other's
rights; they made war and peace, levied
taxes, &c. in their joint capacity ; but as
to internal government, each province was
independent. They sent deputies to the
general assembly, called the States-general,
which was invested with the supreme le-
gislative power of the confederation. At
the head of this government there has
usually been a prince stadtholder, who
exercised a considerable part of the execu-
tive power. After the death of William it
(the fourth stadtholder) in 1667, this office
was abolished by the states; but, in 1672,
when Louis xivinvaded Holland, the po-
pular commotions compelled them to re-
peal the edict, to invest William iii, prince
of Orange, with the office, and to declare
it hereditary. On his death, in 1702, it
was again abolished ; but, in 1745, some
popular commotions compelled the states
to restore the rank to William iv. In
HOL
1787, a civil war commenced, and the
stadtholder, William v, was deprived of
the office of captain general ; but he was
restored, the same year, by the interference
of Great Britain and Prussia. 'When Hol-
land, however, was rapidly overrun by the
French in 1795, the stadtholder and his
family were compelled to leave the country ;
and a convention was assembled to frame
a constitution for Holland and Dutch Bra-
bant, in which the country was declared
the Batavian Republic, governed by a di-
rectory of twelve members. This govern-
ment continued till 1806, when Holland
was erected into a kingdom by Napoleon
Bonaparte, in favour of his brother Louis,
who, in 1810, abdicated his crown, and
Napoleon decreed Holland united to
France. But in November, 1813, a coun-
ter-revolution took place, the French au-
thorities were dismissed, and a prousional
government established in the name of the
prince of Orange, who by invitation arrived
from England, and made his solemn entry
into Amsterdam, on December 1, when
he was proclaimed William i, Sovereign
Prince of the Netherlands. The Calvinist
religion is the most prevalent, but all other
sects are tolerated. Amsterdam is the
capital. See Kelherlands.
Holland, the most considerable province
of the Dutch Netherlands; bounded on
the s by Dutch Brabant and Zealand, w
and X by the German ocean, and e by the
Zuider zee, Utrecht, and Gelderland. It
is divided into South and North Holland;
which last is also called West Friesland,
to distinguish it from Friesland on the
E side of the Zuider zee. The Ye, or Wye,
a small bay, which is an extension of the
Zuider zee, separates S Holland from N
Holland. This province is not above 180
m in circuit ; but is so populous, that no
country in Europe, of such a small extent,
can equal it. The land is almost every
where lower than the sea ; and the water
is kept out by dikes. It is crossed by the
Khine and ^leuse, by several small rivers,
and by a great number of canals, which are
travelled on day and night, at a small ex-
pense. The pastures are so rich, that it
has plenty of cattle, butter, and cheese,
and the seas and I'ivers abound with fish.
It has considerable linen and woollen ma-
nufactures, and numerous docks for the
building of ships. The French effected,
by the aid of a severe frost, the entire con-
quest of this province in 1795. Amster-
dam is the capital.
Holland, a strong town of Prussia, in
Oberland, near the river Weeske, 14 ra sse
Elbing.
Holland, New, the country that forms
the w part of Terra Australis, extending
IIOL
from 109 to 135 e Ion. and from 11 to 35
s lat. Its circuitous line of coast is up-
ward of 2,000 m, exclusive of numerous
indentions. Different parts of the coast
have been called by the names of the dis-
coverers, &c. but a great part is yet im-
perfectly explored, and the interior is whol-
ly unknown to Europeans. When the
Dutch first explored Terra Australis, they
called the w coast New Holland, and re-
stricted that name to this coast till some
time after Tasman's second voyage in 1G44,
when the whole of the territory, tiien
known, became to be comprehended under
the terui New Holland. But when the
British explored the e coast in 1770, they
gave it the name of New South Wales ;
and ascertained, in 1802, that the two
coasts were the boundary of one land.
Hence, as neither appellation was deemed
proper for the whole, the original name.
Terra Australis, was restored. New Hol-
land, therefore, now implies the w portion
of Terra Australis, bounded on the e by
the meridian line of 135 e Ion. which is
the w boundary of New South Wales. See
Terra Australis.
Hollodale, a river of Scotland, in Suther-
landshire, which rises in the mountains on
the borders of Caithness, and flows x into
a bay of the North sea, forming for several
miles, in the latter part of its course, the
boundary between the two counties.
Holli/mount, a town of Ireland, in IMayo'
county, on the river Robe, IS m sse Cas-
tlebar.
Holm, a town in Cumberland, some-
times called Holm Abbey, from an abbey
that formerly stood here. It is seated
near the mouth of the Waver, 12 m .«f
Cockermouth, and 310 nnw London.
Hohtehroe, a town of Denmark, in N
Jutland, on a shallow river that runs into
the North sea. The principal trade is in
corn, oxen, and horses. It is 24 m w
Wiburg, and 68 x Ripen.
Hulstehi, a duchy of Lower Saxony,
subject to the king of Denmark. It is 100
m long and 50 broad ; bounded on the n
by Sleswick, e by the Baltic and the duchy
of Saxe-Lauenberg, s by the duchies of
Bremen and Luneburg, and w by the Ger-
man ocean. It is a fruitful country, and
well seated for trade ; having some consi-
derable harbours, particularly those of
Hamburg, Lubec, and Kiel ; and from the
latter is a canal to the Eider, at Rensburg,
by which there is a tree navigation from
the Baltic to the German ocean. The re-
ligion of the country is Lutheranism.
^ Holston, a. river of the United States,
which rises in the Allegany mountains, in
Virginia, and flows ssw into the state of
Tennessee, where it takes a more westerly
HOL
course to Knoxville, aiul 35 m below that
town is joined l)y the Broad river, at fort
Grainsier, where tlieir united stream takes
the name of Tennessee. The wliolc course
to this junction is about 2U0 ni, and it is
navigable for boats of '.25 tons upward of
100 in. On its banks are several iron-
works ; and the adjacent country abounds
with iron ore, and has sundry lead mines
and salt springs.
Holt, a town in Norfolk, with a market
on Saturday, and an excellent freoschool
founded by sir John Gresham. It is '21 m
■wy.\v Norwich, and 119 ne London.
Hult, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire,
governed by a mayor, though now a snndl
place. The castle was demolished during
the civil wars, in 1645. It is situate on
the Dee, over which is an ancient bridge of
10 arches, G m t.nk Wrexham.
Hoke?}, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Cleve, 11 m sse Wesel.
JIol^ Cross, a village of Ireland, in Tip-
perary county, on the river Suir, 11 m n
Cashel. It was once a considerable town,
and has large remains of an extensive
abbev.
Holy Island, an island on the coast of
the detached part of Durham called Island-
shire, 8 ra to the sf. of Berwick. It is 3 m
long and 2 broad, the soil rocky and full of
stones, and at low water accessible bv
horses and carriages. It has a town called
Kylo, and a castle on a high rock, under
which is a commodious harbour, defended
by a blockhouse. On this island are con-
siderable remains of a stately monastery,
called Lindisfarne, of which St. Cuthbe'rt
was prior 1? years; and here was ancient-
ly a bishop's see, removed, with the body
of St. Cuthbert, tirst to Chester le Street,
and afterward to Durham.
Iluli/heacl, a seaport of Wales, and the
largest town in the isle of Anglesea, with a
market on Saturday. It stands at the w
extremity of the island, on a cape that is
separated from the rest of the island by a
narrow channel, over which is a bridge,
and hence is called Holyhead Island. It
38 the most usual place of embarkation for
Dublin, being the station of the packet-
boats to and trom that city, distant about
20 leagues. The population was 3005 in
1811. In the neighbourhood is a large
vein of white fullers earth, and another of
jellow. On Salt island, which forms one
side of the harbour, is a bgluhouse ; and
on the isle of Skerries, 9 m to the a, is
another. Holyhead is 88 m wbyN Ches-
ter, and 262 nw London. Lon. 4 40 w,
lat. 53 23 N.
Holywell, a town of Wales, in Flint-
shire, with a market on Friday. From its
vicinity to the mines, it is become the
HON
largest town in the county. It takes its
name from tlie famous well of St. Winifred,
concerning which so many fables and su-
perstitious notions have prevailed. It Is a
copious stream, bursting out of the ground
with great impetuosity, at the foot of a hill.
Beside the cold bath, celebrated for won-
derful cures, formed at the spring-head,
and covered with a beautiful shrine, it is
now applied to the purpose of turning
several mills for the working of copper,
making brass wire, paper, and snuO', and
spinning cotton. The popidation was (3394
in 1811. It stands near the estuary of the
Dee, 10 m EbyN St. Asaph, and 208 :.e
London. Lon. 3 21 w, lat, 34 13 .v.
Holzapfel, atownof W'estphalia, capital
of a county. It is situate on the Lahn, at
the foot of a mountain, on which is the
tower of an ancient castle, the oriijinal seat
of the princes of Nassau, 4 m ke Nassau.
Holzmunden, a tower of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Wulfenbuttle, seated at
the conflux of the Hoi/, with the Weser,.
28 m Kw Gottingen,
Homhurg, a town of Germany, in W^et-
teravia, with a castle, and a glass manu-
factui'e, 8 m n Frankfoi't.
Homburg^ a town of Germany, in Hesse-
Cassel, with an iron forge, and a glass ma-
nufacture, 20 m s Cassel.
Homhurg, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Berg, 48 m se Dusseldorf.
Ho?ubitrg, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Deux Fonts; seated on a moun-
tain, 5 m M Deux Fonts.
Horns, u city of Syria, governed by a
scheik. The inhabitants, estimated at;
40,000, carry on an active commerce. ^
There are a great number of mosques, and
several caravansaries and bazars, which
last are well supplied. It stands near the
Orontes, 85 m ne Damascus. Lon. 37
17 E, lat. 34 35 N.
Ho-nan, a province of China, bounded
on the N by Fe-tcheli and Chan-si, e by
Kiang-si and Chen-tong, s by Hou-quang,
and w by Chen-si. As every thing that
can contribute to render a country delight-
ful is found in this province, the Chinese
call it Tong-hoa, the Middle Flower; being
situate almost in the centre of China. It
contams eight cities of the first class, and
102 of the second and third. Cai-fong is
the capital.
Ho-nan, a city of China, of the first
class, in the province of Ho-nan. It is 360
ra sw Peking. Lon. 112 9 e, lat. 34 44 N.
Hondtschoote, a town of France, in the
department of Nord, 7 m se Dunkirk.
Honduras, a province of New Spain,
490 m long and 150 broad; bounded on
the N by a bay of its name, e by the At-
lantic, s by Nicaragua, and w by Guati-
HOP
mala and Vera Paz. The country consists
of mountains, valleys, and plains, watered
bv numerous rivers ; and is exceedingly
fertile. The vineyards bear thrice a year,
and the soil in many parts yields three
crops of maize; other productions are
wheat, peas, cotton, wool, logwood, with
excellent pasture, honey, wax, and provi-
sions of all kinds. The bay of Honduras
lies w of the Caribean sea, between this
province and the peninsula of Jucatan;
and on its coast great quantities of log-
wood and mahogany are cut, chiefly by
the English, who once possessed the ^'E
part of the province, called the Mosguito
Shore. Honduras was formerly one of the
most populous countries in America, but
at present, though so fertile, is almost a
desert. The capital is Valladolid.
Honjleur, a seaport of France, in the
department of Calvados. The harbour is
very capacious, at the mouth of the Seine.
The chief exports are ship timber and
corn ; and it has a trade in lace. It is 8
m N Pont I'Evefjue, and 110 Nw Paris.
Lon. 0 15 E, lat. 49 24 N.
Iloniton, a borough in Devonshire, with
a market on Saturday, and a manufacture
«f broad lace. The church is half a mile
from the tosvn. A fire happened here in
1747, which consumed three-fourths of the
town; and another, in 1765, destroyed
nearly 180 buildings. It is seated on the
Otter, 16 ra e Exeter, and 151 whys
London.
Hoogly, a river of Hindoostan, in Bengal,
formed by the two most western branches
of the Ganges, named the Cossimbazar and
Jellinghy, which unite at Nuddea. It flows
by Hoogly, Chinsura, Chandernagore, and
Calcutta, to the bay of Bengal. It is the
port of Calcutta, and the only branch of
the Ganges that is navigated by large
vessels. The Hindoos deem it the most
sacred of all the branches of the Ganges,
as having the most direct southern course
to the sea,
Hoogly, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal,
which possesses many vestiges of former
greatness. In the beginning of the 18th
century, it was the great mart of the ex-
port trade of Bengal to Europ-e ; and
though now comparatively of little note, is
still prosperous and well inhabited. It
stands on the river Hoogly, 23 m n Cal-
cutta.
Hoogstraten, a town of the Netherlands,
in Brabant, 15 m n Herentals.
JJooly Onore, a town of Hindoostan, in
Mysore, with a large square fort, situate
on the Buddra, a httle above its junction
with the Toom, 40 m Kbys Bednore.
Hope, a river of Scotland, in Sutherland-
shire, which flows X, forms a lake of its
HOR
name, and enters the e side of Loch Eribol.
Near its scarce, on the e bank, are the
ruins of a curious ancient fort, called Dun
of Dornadilla.
Hopkinton, a town of New Hampshire,
in Hilsborough county, situate on the Con-
tokooh, 7 m above its conflux with the
Merrimac, and 44 wbyx Portsmouth.
HoiYiiciun, a town of Persia, in the pro-
vince of Farsistan, 76 m nw Shiras.
Horb, a town of Suabia, with a consi-
derable trade in woollen goods, seated on
the Neckar, 21 m wsw Tubincen.
Hor-eb, a mountain of Arabia Petrea, a
little to the w of that of Sinai. On tiiis
mount Gou appeared to Moses in the burn-
ing bush ; and at its foot Moses struck the
rock, and drew water to assuage the peo-
ple's thirst. The mountain is steep and.
diflicult to ascend. On the summit is a
small white building, crowned with a
cupola, said to contain the tomb of Aaron.
Horgen, a town of Switzerland, on the
left bank of the lake of Zurich, 9 m sse
Zurich.
Horn, or Hoorn, a seaport of the Ne-
therlands, in N Holland, with a good har-
bour. It has a trade in cattle, butter, and
cheese; the herring fishery is also consi-
derable, and many ships of war and mer-
chant vessels are built here. It is seated
on the Zuider zee, 20 m nne Amsterdam.
Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 52 38 n.
Horn, a town of Austria, with a trade in
beer made of oats ; seated on the Tifter,
48 m WNW Vienna.
Horn, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, 3 m wxw Rure-
monde.
Horn, Cape, the most southern extre-
mity of S America, forming part of Her-
raite island, on the s coast of Terra del
Fuego. It is lofty and full of woods, and
inhabited by Indians, of whom little is
known. Lon. 67 20 w, lat, 55 56 s.
Hornachos, a town of Spain, in Estre-
madura, near the river Malachel, 30 m sse
Merida.
Hornbaeh, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Deux Fonts, on the river Horn,
5ms Deux Fonts.
Hornberg, a town of Subia, in the Black
forest, with a fortress on a mountain ; seat-
ed on the Gutlash, 12 m nw Rothweil.
Hamburg, a town of Lower Saxony, ia
the piincipality of Halberstadt, situate on
the Use, 8ms Wolfenbuttle.
Hornby, a village in Lancashire, on the
river Loyne, 10 m xe Lancaster. Here is
a cotton manufacture, and a market every
other Tuesday for cattle.
Horncastle, a town in Lincolnshire, with
a market on Saturday. It was a Roman
station, and part of the wall of the castle
HOT
s still remaining. It is seated on the
Bane, 20 m e Lincoln, and 156 y London.
Ilornsci/, a town in E Yorkshire, with a
maiket on Monday. Near it is a mere '2
m long and a mile broad, ran\ous ibr its
pike and ctls. Ilornsey is 10 ni i: York,
and 190 k London.
Jloiweneck, a town of Connecticut, in
Fairtield county, where a bloody battle
was gained by the Dutch over the Indians,
in 1646, a great number being slain on
both sides. It is 22 m s\v Fairfield, and
28 NE New York.
Horsens, a seaport of Denmark, in N
Jutland, with manufactures of woollen
goods, and a considerable trade. It is seat-
ed at the head of a bay, which opens into
the Categat, 20 m ssw Arhusen. Lon. 9
40 E, lat. 55 57 x.
Horsltam, a borough in Sussex, with a
market on Saturday, noted for fine poultry.
Here is the county gaol, and here the spring
assizes are held. It is seated on the Aran,
Z6 m sbyw London. Lon. 0 12 w, lat.
518x. '
Ilortsmar, a town of Westphaha, in the
principality of Munster, with a castle, and
a collegiate church; seated on an emi-
nence, 23 m Kw Munster.
Hostimuri, a town of New Spain, in So-
nera, surrounded by considerable mines,
130 m sbyw Arispe.
Hottentots, Country of the, a large region
in the s of Africa, extending 350 m s along
the Atlantic ocean (its w boundary) from
the mouth of the Kousie, in lat. 29 35 s,
to the Cape of Good Hope ; and thence
E 500 m along the Indian ocean (its s
boundary) to the mouth of the Great Fish
river, which parts it from CatTreria. Its
boundary on the k is by regions very little,
if at all, explored. The Hottentots, in the
vicinity of the Cape, are as tall as most
Europeans, but are more slender; and the
characteristic mark of this nation is, the
smallness of their hands and feet, com-
pared with the other parts of their body.
Their skin is of a yellowish brown hue, re-
sembling that of an European w ho has the
jaundice in a high degree. Ihey have high
cheek-bones, but not such thick hps as
their neighbours the Negros and Caifres;
and their mouth is of the middling size,
■with the finest set of teeth imaginable.
Their heads are covered with hair, more
woolly, if possible, than that of the Negros.
With respect to shape, carriage, and every
motion, their whole appearance indicates
health and content. Not only the men,
but the women also are clothed with sheep-
skins ; the wool being worn outward in
summer, and inward in winter. They
w ear one skin over their shoulders, the ends
of it crossing each other before, and leav-
HOT
ing their neck bare ; another is fastened
round their middle, and reaches down to
their knees. They besmear their bodies
all over with fat, in which a little soot is
mixed ; and they are likewise perfumed
with a rank and aromatic powder of herbs.
They are excellent swimmers and divers,
and practise bathing several times in the
day. The women braid or plait their hair,
and adorn themselves with necklaces of
shells. They seldom content themselves
with one covering, but almost always have
two ; the outermost frecjuently adorned
with glass beads strung in dit^erent figures.
Both the men and women generally go
bareheaded, and seldom wear any shoes*.
Neither their ears nor nose are adorned
with any pendant ornaments ; but the nose
is sometimes marked with a black streak
of soot, or with a large spot of red lead ; of
which latter, on high days, they likewise
put a little on their cheeks. Botli sexes
wear rings on their arms and legs, chiefly
made of thick leather straps, cut in a cir-
cular shape ; but rings of iron, copper, or
brass, of the size of a goosequill, are con-
sidered more genteel. Girls are not allow-
ed to use any rings till they are marriage-
able. Their habitations are adapted to
their wandering pastoral life. They are
merely huts, resembling a round beehive,
from 18 to 24 feet in diameter, and so low
that a middle sized man cannot stand up-
right in them. But neither the lowness
of the hut, nor that of the door, which is
barely three feet high, can be considered
as any inconvenience to a Hottentot, who
finds no difficulty in stooping and crawling
on all-fours, and who is more inclined to lie
down than stand. The fire-place is in the
middle, and they sit or lie round it in a
circle. The low door is the only place that
admits the light, and the only outlet that
is left for the smoke. The order of these
huts in a craal, or clan, is most frequently
in the form of a circle, with the doors in-
ward; by which means a kind of yard is
formed, where the cattle are kept at night.
Among other tribes of Hottentots, are the
Bosjesmans, who inhabit the interior part
of the country, ne of the Cape, and live
by hunting and plunder. They are very
low of stature, and remarkably lean, with
the same characteristic features as those
of the Hottentots, but their eyes infinitely-
more wild and animated, and their whole
countenance exhibiting strong symptoms
of suspicion and apprehension. Their
weapons are poisoned arrows, shot from
a small bow ; and they will hit a wild ani-
mal, with a tolerable degree of certainty,
at the distance of 100 paces. The eftect
of the poison is such, that they are sure
to find the animal in a qiiarter of an hour,
HOT
either absolutely dead, or stunned and
powerless. To kill it entirely, to cut out
the poisoned part, and to begin devourins;
the prey, are acts that follow each other
%vith the utmost rapidity ; nor is the spot
quitted till the last bone is cleared. The
like is done by any domestic cattle they
can steal and drive away from their more
civilized neighbours ; for they never keep
any animal alive for the space of one night.
Their habitations are not more agreeable
than their manners and maxims ; bushes,
holes made in the ground, and clefts in
rocks serve them by turns lor dwellings.
jNIany of the savages are entirely naked ;
but some of them cover their shoulders
■with the skin of any sort of animal, and
have that of a jacket on the centre of their
bodies. Being ignorant of agriculture,
they wander over hills and dales, after
certain wild roots, berries, and plants,
Avhich they eat raw ; also caterpillars,
termites, locusts, grasshoppers, lizards, and
snakes. To the n of the country of the
Bosjesmans, and on the other side of
Orange river, are another tribe called Go-
rans, who may be reckoned to rank higher
than any of the other Hottentots known
in the s of Africa. Their features are of a
superior cast; they are more cleanly in
their appearance, and neater in their dress
and domestic utensils ; their huts are also
constructed with greater care, and with a
view of being more durable. They seem
to be a mixed breed, between the Hot-
tentot and Catfre; a tribe of the latter are
their nearest neighbours, with whom they
live on very good terms ; but a perpetual
•warfare subsists between them and the
Bosjesmans. The Gorans appear to have
no knowledge of agriculture, but are par-
ticularly attentive to their oxen, sheep, and
goats, the first of which they train in
habits of strict subordination and com-
mand. With respect to the Hottentots,
in general, none of them seem to have any
religion, nor do they appear willing to re-
ceive any instruction. All of them, how-
ever, have the firmest opinion of the power
of magic ; whence it might be inferred that
they believe in an evil being; but they pay
no religious worship to him, though from
this source they derive all the evils that
happen ; and among these, they reckon
cold, rain, and thunder. They seem to
have some idea of a future state, as they
reproach their friends, when dead, with
leaving them so soon ; and admonish them
to behave henceforth more properly. This
country, chiefly possessed by the Dutch,
is naturally barren and mountainous ; but,
in many parts, industry has overcome
those ditficulties, and it produces not only
a sufficiency of all the necessaries of life
HOU
for the inhabitants, but also for the refresh-
ment of European ships that touch at the
Gape. The year is divided into two sea-
sons, or monsoons ; the wet monsoon, or
winter, begins iii March, and the dry one
or summer, in September. Amomr the
quadrupeds of this country are antelopes,
which go in large herds ; buftalos ; came-
lopardihses ; the gemsboch, a species of
antelope, which has remarkably lung sharp
horns, and, when attacked bv dogs, will
sit on its hind quarters, and defend itself j
wild dogs, which travel in herds, and are
very destructive to sheep ; elephants ;
elks ; hyenas ; the koedo, an animal rather
larger than a deer, of a mouse colour, with
three white stripes over the back, and the
male having very large twisted horns ;
lions; jackals; tigers ; the quacha, a spe-
cies of zebra, but more tractable ; rhino-
ceroses ; horses ; domestic horned cattle ;
common sheep, and a peculiar species of
sheep covered with hair instead of wool.
The hippopotamus, or river-horse, is fre-
quently seen here. Among the birds are
vultures; ostriches, whose eggs are excel ■
lent food ; and the loxia, a species of gre-
garious bird : these latter build their curi-
ous nest in the mimosa tree, where they
form a kind of thatched house, witli a re-
gular street of nests on both sides, contain-
ing under its roof several hundred birds.
Among the insects are a species of termites,
which do no injury to wood as in the E In-
dies, but, by raising a number of hillsy
they impede the progress of vegetation.
The black, or rock scorpion, is nearly as
venomous here as any of the serpent tribe,
of which there are numerous kinds.
Houat, an island of France, between that
of Belleisle and the continent. It is 10 m
in circuit, and defended bj a fort. Lon.
3 10 w, lat. 47 26 N.
Iloudain, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Galais, G m s Bethune.
Houdan, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Oise, 21 m w Ver-
sailles.
Hounslow, a town in Middlesex, with
a market on Thursday, situate on the
edge of a heath of its name, on which
are some gunpowder mills, 10 m whys
London.
Hou-quang, a province of Ghina, which
occupies nearly the centre of the empire,
and is divided into two parts, the n and s,
by the river Kian-ku. It is a flat, open
country, watered by lakes, canals, and
rivers ; and has plenty of wild fowl and
cattle. The soil is remarkably fertile; gold
is found in the sands of the rivers ; and
there is such a variety of all sorts of com-
modities, that it is deemed the storehouse
of the empire. It contains 15 cities of the
HOY
first class, and 1 11 of the second and third.
Vout-cliai);i is the capirul.
IJuurn, JmcIi, an arm of the sea, on the
w coast of ScotKind, in Invernesshire,
extending 20 m inhuid from the sound of
Skye.
Houssa, a city of Nigritia, capital of a
country, extending along the N s^ideofthe
Niger." The city is deemed more exten-
sive and populous than Tombucloo, and
equally enriciied by commerce. It is 150
m Ebys Tombuctoo. Lon. 4 28 e, lat. 15
17 N.
Hou-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
«lass, in Tche-kiang. The quantity of silk
manufactured here is almost incredible,
iind it is the chief place for making writing
pencils. It stands near a large lake, called
Tai, 110 m se Nanking. Lon. 120 15 E,
lat. 30 55 N.
IloicakU, an island in the Red sea, on
the coast of Abyssina, in the luiddle of a
bay to which it gives name. It is 8 m long
and 3 broad, and on the e side is a town
of the same name. Lon. 40 30 e, lat.
15 8 N.
Howden, a town in E Yorkshire, with a
market on Saturday. It gives name to a
small district called Howdenshire. The
bishops of Durham had formerly a palace
here, but what remains of it is now occu-
pied as a farm-house. Here is a large
church, like a cathedral, part of which is
in ruins. It is seated near the Ouse, 20
va SSE York, and 1T9 Nby w London.
Ilowe, Cape, the promontory at the se
end of New S Wales. Lon. 150 2 e, lat.
37 32 s.
Hoxoth, a town of Ireland, in Dublin
county, on a lofty peninsula that forms
the N point of Dublin bay, and at the
point are two lighthouses. It is 9 m ene
Dublin.
Hoxter, a town of Westphalia, in the
territory of Corvey, seated on the Weser,
23 m EbyN Padeiborn.
Hoi/, one of the Orkney islands, 10 m
long and 4 broad, between the island of
Pomona and the coast of Caithness. Here
is a stupendous rock, called the Beary ;
and on the w coast is a great conic hill,
called Hoy Head, which is a seamark. Lon.
3 9 w, lat. 58 46 n.
Hoya, a town of Westphalia, capital of
a county. It is seated on the Weser, 37
m Kw Hanover. Lon. 9 20 e, lat. 52 47 K.
Hoyer, a town of Denmark, in the duchy
of Sleswick, celebrated for its oyster
fishery, 4 m w Tonderen.
Hoi/erawerda, a town and castle of Lu-
satia, on the river Elster, 17 m ^kw
Beautzen.
Hoi/m, a town and castle of Upper Sax-
ony, lu the princsipulity of Anhalt, seated
HUD
on the Godol, at its junction witli the Selkc,
7 ni r. Quedlinburg.
Ilrudisch, a town of Moravia, capital of
a circle, which produces excellent wine-
It is a frontier fortress toward Hungary,
and stands on an island in the river Moraw,
30 m SSE Olmutz. Lon. 17 30 e, lat. 49
7 N.
Iluaheine, one of the Society islands, in
the Pacific ocean, 30 leagues from Utaheite.
It is 21 m in circuit, and has a connnodi-
ous harbour, called Owharre, on the w
side. Lon. 151 5 w, lat. 16 44 s.
llubely, a town of Hindoostan, in Be-
japoor, with two small forts, it has an
extensive inland traffic, and a considerable
trade with the coast through the medium
of Goa, that the merchants are numerous
and rich. It is 17 m sse Darwar.
Hubert, St. a town of the Netherlands,
in Luxemburg, with a celebrated abbey,
seated in the forest of Ardennes, on the
rivulet Homme, 14 m w Bastogne.
Hubertsburg, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with a magnificent
hunting seat, built by Augustus iii, then
electoral prince. A peace was concluded
here between the kings of Prussia and Po-
land, and the empress queen. It is 22 m
E Leipsic.
Huddenficld, a town in W Yorkshire,
with a market on Tuesday. Here is a large
circular hall, in which narrow and broad
cloths, serges, kerseymeres, &:c. manufac-
tured in the town and neighbourhood, are
weekly exposed to sale. It stands on the
Coine, 3 m from the Calder, from which
it has a canal to Ashton-under-Line. The
population was 9671 in 1811. It is 42 m
sw York, and 189 nnw London.
Hudson, a river of the United States,
which passes its whole course of 250 m in
the state of New York. It rises in the
mountains between the lakes Ontario and
Champlain, and taking a se course passes
within 7 in of the lake George ; it then
flows s by Lausenburg, Albany, and Hud-
son, and enters the Atlantic ocean at New
York. It is navigable for ships to Hudson,
and for sloops of 80 tons to Albany.
Hudson, a city of New York, in Colum-
bia county. The streets are spacious, and
cross each other at right angles ; and the
houses are supplied with water brouglit in
pipes from a spring 2 m distant. The
trade is considerable, and vessels of large
size are built here. It is seated on an emi-
nence, on the E side of Hudson river, 30
m s Albany, and 120 n New York. Lon.
73 56 w, lat. 42 16 x.
Hudaon Bay, a bay of N America, lying
between 51 and 69 N latitude, discovered
in 1610 by captain Henry Hudson. Ihis
intrepid mariner, in searching after a m\y j
HUD
passage to the Pacific ocean, discovered
three straits, through which he hoped to
have found a passage to the Pacific ocean.
The entrance of this hay, from the Atlantic,
is between Resolution isUuid on the x, and
the Labrador coast on the s, forming the E
extremity of the strait, distinguished by
the name of its great discoverer. This bay
is said to communicate on the x, by a
strait, with Baffin bay ; on the e side it is
bordered by Labrador, on the sw by New
S Wales, and on the w by New N Wales.
These countries, included under the name
of New Britain, abound with animals
whose skins and furs are far superior in
quality to tliose found in less northerly re-
gions, and when manufactured, aft'ord arti-
cles for trading with many European na-
tions to great advantage. The natives are
called Esquimaux, and Cree Indians ; and
toward the x are the Copper, Dog-ribbed,
and Ilare-foot Indians, who are materially
dilierent from all the southern tribes. In
1670, a charter was granted to a British
company, for the exclusive trade to this
bay, at the head of which was prince
liupert. On the coasts of James bay, by
which name the s part of Hudson bay is
distinguislied, the Hudson Bay Company
have the factories of East Main, JLoose,
and Albany ; and formerly they had those
of Rupert and Richmond, but the fn-st is
now in ruins, and the other abandoned as
a permanent settlement. On the w side
of Hudson bay they have a factory called
Severn; to the x of this is York Fort, and
further x is Churchill or Prince of Wales
Fort, in Ion. 93 4 w, lat. 58 50 x. Beside
these factories, all situate at the mouth of
rivers, the company have numerous mart-
houses, dispersed in all directions for up-
ward of 1000 m in the interior, to which
the natives bring furs, skins, feathers, &c.
in exchange for cloths, blankets, trinkets,
&c. In 1770, Mr. Hearne, in the service
of the company, set out from Prince of
"Wales Fort to explore a river that the Es-
quimaux had brought to their knowledge ;
and which, on account of much copper
being found near it, had obtained the name
of Copper-mine River. Under the convoy
of those Indians, in 1771, he arrived at
this river, and traced it to the Arctic ocean,
finding it encumbered with shoals and a
bar at its mouth, in Ion. 110 w, lat. 69 x.
In 1789, Mr. JSIackenzie, another otlicer,
explored the country still more to the west-
ward; and entering a river (now called
after his name) which is the outlet of the
Slavelake, he traced it to its mouth in the
Arctic ocean, where it forms a wide estuary
in Ion. 135 w, lat. 69 x. It flows 780 ra
>w from the lake, in which couj-se it re-
HUL
ceives many rivers. No discoveries w of
this river have been made by land.
Huduickswald, a seaport of Sweden, the
chief town of Helsingia, with a good har-
bour, on the gulf of Bothnia. The inha-
bitants carry on an advantageous trade ia
timber, flax, linen, butter, fish, &c. It is
185 m xby w Stockholm. Lon. 17 40 e,
lat. 62 6 X."
Hue, or Iluefo, tlie capital of Cochin-
china, with a royal palace. The inhabit-
ants blacken their teeth, thinking it a shame
to have them white, like dogs. It is seated
in a beautiful plain, and divided into two
parts by a large river, 30 m from its mouthy
in the China sea. Lon. 107 25 e, lat. 16
25 X.
Huelva, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
on the coast of the Atlantic, between the
mouths of the Odiel and Tinto, 53 m w
Seville.
Huen, an island in the Baltic, 3 ni from
the coast of Sweden, and 9 sse Elsinore.
It is 6 m in circuit, and was ceded by the
Danes to the Swedes, in 1658. It has
one scattered village, on the x side. This
island, about the year 1575, was granted
by the king of Denmark to Tycho Brahe,
wiio erected a mansion and observatory,
which he named Uraniburg [Castle of the
Heavens] ; and here, for about 20 years,
he made his observations, and gave a new
basis to astronomy. No other vestige of
them remains than an elevation formed of
their rubbish. Lon. 12 43 e, lat. 55 55 N.
Huesca, a city of Spain, in Aragon, and
a bishop's see, with a university. It is
seated on the Issuela, 35 m xe Saragossa.
Lon. 0 25 w, lat. 42 8 x.
Huescar, a town of Spain, in Granada,
with a castle, 42 m xe Guadix.
Huessen, a town of the Netherlands, in
Gelderland, seated on the Rhine, 7 m xxe
Nimeguen.
Hueta ; see Guela.
Huetinberg, a town of German}^, in Ca-
rinthia, 20 m xxe Clagenfurt.
Hujjingen, a town of Suabia, in the prin-
cipality of Furbtenburg, 4 m xxw Fursten-
hurg.
JlugJieshurg ; see Catazcessy.
Htiilquilemu, an inland province of Chili,
lying between Puchacay and the Andes.
It is ricli in gold dust, and produces an ex-
cellent muscadel wine. The capital is
Estaucia del Rey.
Hultschdn, a town of Silesia, near the
river Oppa, 13 m e Troppau.
Hull, or Kingston upon Hull, a borough
and seaport in E Yorkshire, with a market
on Tuesday and Saturday. It was built
bv Edward i, who called it Kingston, and
stands on the w side of the river Hull (over
HUN HUN
which is a modern stone briHg;e') near its 4(3 counties, whicli, in 1815, contained
entrance into the lluniber. It is a county o,H74,B5(3 inltabitants. The principal rivers
of itself, governed by a mayi>r, and has are the Danube, Save, Drave, Theisz,
two parish churches. The population was Maros, llaab, and Waag. The air is in
29,944 in 1811, including tlic suburb of many parts unhealthy, occasioned by the
Sculcoates. It is lortilied, and was the lakes and boijs; but it abounds in all the
first town that shut its gates against necessaries ot" lite. The wine, especially
Chariest. The commerce ot" tliis place is that called Tokay, is excellent; and to-
considtrablc, and it is deemed the fourth bacco is much cultivated, immense quan-
port in tlio kingdom. Beside its commu- tities being consumed in smoking and in
ideation with the Yorkshire rivers and snulV. There are mines of gold, sdver,
canals, it has access also to the Trent, and copper, and iron; and also of opal, at
all its branches; that it has tlic import Czervenitz, which gem is peculiar to tliis
and export trade of the northern and mid- country. There is such plenty of game,
land counties. The foreign trade is chietly that liunting is allowed to all. The inlia-
to tliG Baltic; but it has traffic with the bitauts are well shaped, generous and
southern parts of Europe, and with Ame- brave, but haughty and revengeful. The
rica. Mort_ ships are sent hence to Green- chief manufactures are glass and earthen
land than from any other port, that of ware, coarse linen, and some fabrics of
London excepted. Here are two wet cotton and woollen. The trade principally
docks, with spacious quays, beside several consists in horses, cattle, swine, sheep,
dry docks for biiilding and repairing ships, flour, wheat, rye, wool, aiKf wine; and
Among the public buildings are tlie Trinity- these are almost wholly sent to the Aus-
house, for the relief of seamen ai:d their trian provinces. INo country in the
vvido\vs, an armoury, a naval storehouse, a world is better supplied with imneral
customhouse, and an exchange. Hull is waters and baths ; and those of Buda, when
37 m SE York, and 170 K London. Lon. the Turks were in possession of it, were
0 18 w, lat. 53 45 N. reckoned the finest in Europe. Hungary
Ilulpen, a town of the Netherlands, in can easily raise an army of 30,000 men ;
Brabant, 10 m se Brussels. the horsemen are called Hussars, and the
Huht, a town of the Netherlands, in foot Heyduks. The government is here-
Flanders, strong by its situation and fortifi- ditary in the liouse of Austria, and the
cations. It was shamefully surrendered established religion is popery, though there
to the French in 1747, and taken by them are a great number of protestauts. The
in 1794. It is seated on a plain, which language is a dialect of the Sclavonian.
may be overflowed, and on a canal that Buda is the capital of Lower Hungary,
communicates with the Scheld, 15 m w\nw' and Presburg of the Upper.
Antwerp. Iiungen, a town of Germany, in Wet-
Humbcr, a river of England, formed by teravia, and county of .Solms-Braunfels,
the junction of the Trent and Unse. It is 14 m se Wetzlar.
a large estuary, between Yorkshire and I]uiigerfoid, a town in Berkshire, with
Lincolnshire, and enters the German ocean, a market on Wednesday, and a good trade
at Spurn Head. by its canal navigation. John of Gaunt,
Humnieldouv, a town of Pennsylvania, duke of Lancaster, granted it a charter by
in Dauphin county, on the s side of the the gift of a brass bugle h(>rn, v.hich is
Swetara, which runs into the Susquehana, blown annually for the ir.habitants to elect
10 m EbyN Harisburg, and 76 wnw Phi- the constable, who is the chief officer. It
ladelpiiia.
Hummocli, a small island in the Indian
ocean, 16 m s Mindanao. Lon. 125 12 e,
lat. 5 27 X.
Hund^marck, a town of Germany, in
Stiria, near the river Muelir, 17 m whys
Judenbui'i.
is seated on the Kennet, 22 m ssw Abing-
don, and 64 \v London.
■ Haninguen, a fortified town of France,
in the department of Upper Rhine, seated
on the Rhine, 2 in n Basel, and 14 e Alt-
kirch.
Ilunmanhy, a town in E Yorkshire, with
Hunefcld, a town of Germany, in the a market on luesday, 34 m ^E York, and
principality of Fulda, witii a collegiate 209 n London.
church, 10 m n Fulda.
Hungary, a kingdom of Europe, bound-
ed on the N by Silesia and Galicia, e by
Galicia, Transylvania, and VValacliia, s by
Ilunslcf, a town in W Y'orkshire, in the
liberty of Leeds. The population was
6393 "in 1811.
Huntingdon, a town of New Y'ork, in
Servia, Sclavonia, and Croatia, and w by SulVolk county. Long-island, situate on a
Germany. It is divided into Upper and bay, in the sound, 25 m e by n New Y'ork.
Lower Hungary, and subdivided into Huntingdon, a town of Pennsylvania,
HUR
capital of a mountainous county, whicli
abounds witli limestone, iron, and lead.
It is situate on the Juniatta, at the influx of
Standing Stone creek, 23 ni wsw Lewis-
town. Lon. 78 15 w, hit. 40 52 x.
Huntingdon, a borough and tlie capital
of Huntingdonshire, g;overned by a mayor,
with a market on Saturday, and a j^reat
trade in corn. It was once a lar£:e place,
said to have hud 15 churches, whicli arc
now reduced to two; and there are the
cemetries of two other parishes, in one of
which is an ancient steeple. Ihe popu-
lation was 2397 in 1811. On an eminence
near the town stood a castle, erected by
Edward the elder. Huntingdon is the
birthplace of Oliver Cromwell. It is seated
on a rising ground, on the river Ouse, over
which is a stone bridge to Godmanchester,
l6 in wxw Cambridge, and 59 Nbyvv
London. Lon. 0 5 w, lat. 52 17 N.
Huntingdonshire, a county of England,
bounded on the Kw and n by Northamp-
tonshire, E by Cambridgeshire, and sw by
Bedfordshire. It is 25 m long and 20
broad, containing 220,080 acres; is di-
vided into four hundreds, and 106 parishes;
has six market-towns, and sends four
members to parliament. The population
■was 42,203 in 1811. The principal rivers
are the Ouse and Nen. The se part con-
sists of beautiful meadows ; the middle
and western parts are fertile in corn, and
sprinkled with woods ; and the upland part
was anciently a forest, peculiarly adapted
for hunting. The ne part consists of fens,
which join those of Ely ; but they are
drained, so as to aftord rich pasturage, and
even large crops of corn. In the midst of
them are some shallow pools, abounding
with fish ; and two lakes called Whittlesey-
niere and Ilamsey-mere. The chief com-
modities are corn, malt, and cheese ; and
it fattens abundance of cattle.
Huntley, a town of Scotland, in Aber-
deenshire, with the magnificent remains of
a castle. It has a considerable manufac-
ture of linen cloth, and stands on a point
of land formed by the contlux of the IJogie
with the Deveron, 35 m nw Aberdeen.
Huntspill, a town in Somersetshire, at
the mouth of the Parret, in Bridgewater
bay, 7 m n Bridgewater, and 143 w by s
London.
Huntsville, a town in N Carolina, on
Yadkin river, 30 m n Salisbury, and 90 w
Hillsborough.
Hiirdwar, or Hariduar, a town of Hin-
doostan, in Delhi, where the Ganges first
enters the plains. It is a celebrated place of
Hindoo pilgrimage, and visited also by im-
mense numbers of traders at its annual fair
in April, held in the bed of the river,
HUT
which, at this period, is nearly dry' It is
104 m NNE Delhi. Lon. 78 2 e, lat. 9.9
57 x.
Huron, a lake of N America, which lies
between 80 and 85 w lon. and 42 and 46
N lat. It has a communication with Lake
Michigan to the w, by the strait of Michi-
limakinac; with Lake Superior to the Kw,
by the strait of St. Mary ; and with Lake
Erie to th« s, by the strait of Detroit. Its
shape is nearly triangular, 800 m in circuit.
On the >• side is a chain of islands extend-
ing 150 m, called Manitoualin by the In-
dians. On the sw side is Sa<:uina bay,
penetrating 45 m into the country of the
United States ; and a little more to the
Kw is Thunder bay, so called from the fre-
quent thunder that is heard there. At the
entrance of the strait of St. Mary is the
island of St. Joseph, about 75 m in cir-
cuit; on the s extremity of which is a
handsome fort, belonging to the British.
The Chippeway Indians live scattered
around this lake; and on its banks are
found great quantities of sand cherries.
Hurrepoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Lahore, capital of a district in the Seik
territories. It is situate near the Sankinee,
100 m EbyN Lahore. Lon. 75 31 e, lat.
32 6 N.
Hurst Castle, a fortress in Hampshire^
4ms Lymington. It stands on the ex-
treme point of a neck of land, which shoot*
2 m into the sea toward the isle of Wight,
from which it is a mile distant. In this
castle Charles i was confined previously to
his being brought to trial. Lon. 1 33 w,
lat. 50 42 N.
Hus, or Hussu, a town of European
Turkey, in Moldavia, the see of a Greek
bishop. Here Peter the great made peace
with the Turks. It is situate on the Pruth,
70 m sw Bender. Lon. 28 34 e, lat. 46
35 N.
Husseinahad, a town of Hindoostan, in
Khandesh, situate on the Nerbudda, 47 m
EbyN Hindia.
Husseinpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in,
Delhi, 64 m e Delhi, and 72 wnw Bareily.
Husum, a seaport of Denmark, in the
duchy of Sleswick, with a strong citadel.
It has a trade in horses and oxen, and ma-
nufactures of leather, cotton, and linen.
It stands at the mouth of the Hewer, op-
posite the island of Nordstrand, 20 ra vr
Sleswick. Lon. 9 20 e, lat. 54 36 N.
Huttuny, a town of Hindoostan, in Be-
japoor, with manufactures of silk and
cotton, and an extensive commerce^ parti-
cularly in grain. It is 20 ra E llerritch^
and 30 wsw Bejapoor.
Hufrceil, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton ot iJern, 16 m ne Bern.
Y2
HYP
Ilvxf, a town of the Netherlands, in the
territory of Lioge, witli many paper mills,
and iron fonnderles; seated on the Meuso,
12 m wsw Liege.
lli/dra, an island in the Archipelago,
15 ni Ipng and 3 broad, lying between the
iiulf of ^s'apoli and the island of Thermia.
Though mountainous and without a strenm
of waiter, it is the residence of a numerous
Greeh colony, who pay a fixed aimual tribute
to the Porte!^and carry on an extensive com-
merce. The chief town is of the same
name, and one of the most considerable in
the Archipelago, with a good harbour on
the Nw coast. Lon. 23 15 e, hit. o7
21 N.
Ilijdruhad, a province of the Deccan of
Hindoostan, which conmumicates its name
to the nizam's dominions generally. It is
180 m long and IjO broad ; bounded on
the N by Berar, e by Gundwana and Orissa,
s by the river Kistna, and w by Beeder
and' Aurungubad. This territory, lately
called Golconda, composed a considerable
portion of ancient Telingana. The surface
is hilly, but fertile, and tolerably well
"ivatered.
Ili/drahud, a city of Hindoostan, capital
of the above province, and the metropolis
of the Deccan. It is surrounded by walls
^vith towers, and with the suburbs is sup-
posed to contain 120,000 iidiabitants. The
suburbs, which are vci-y large, are occupied
by merchants and tradesmen. Six m to
the WKW is the celebrated fortress of
Golconda. The city contains a consider-
able number of mosques, having long been
the principal Mohiunedan station in the
Deccnn. It stands in a plain, on the river
Musah, which flows to the Kistna, 310 m
l^KW Madras. Lon. 78 42 e, lat. 17 15 k.
Il^druhad, a city of Hindoostan, capital
of the province of Sindy. It stands on
the E side of an island, 24 m long and 6
Lroad, formed by the Indus and a branch
called the Lulalee. The fortress is on a
rocty hill, by the river Fulalee, and sur-
rounded by a high brick wall, flanked with
round towers. On the k side is a dry ditch,
hewn out of the rock, over which is a bridge
opposite the gate. Here is the suburb,
VN'hich, together with the city, contain
about 15,000 inhabitants, among whom
are numerous and skilful artizans, parti-
cularly the armourers, and those who em-
broider on leather. It is 380 m ssw Moul-
tan. Lon. G8 41 e, lat. 25 22 n.
Jlypolile, St. a town of France, in the
cleparXment of Gard, seated on the Vi-
dourle, near its source, 12 m sw Alais.
Ili/poHie, St. a town of France, in the
flepsrtment of Doubs, on the river L>oubs,
40 m i. by N Besancon.
JAF
1 J.
Jahlunkun, a town of Moravia, in the
circle of Tesehen, with a fort near it, which
defends a delile toward Hungary. It i&
seated on the Elsa, between high moun-
tains, 12 m SSE Tesehen.
Jaca, a city of Spain, in Aragon, and a
bishop's see, with a fort. It is seated oa
a river of the same name, among the moun-
tains of Jaca, which are a part of the Py-
renees, 52 ni N by e Saragossa. Lon. 0 34
w, lat. 42 28 N.
Jacatra, a country in the w part of Java,,
with a town and fortress of the same name,
n.ear to Bataviu, which is now the seat of
government. Ihe productions of Jacatra
are coifee, sugar, ginger, rice, indigo, cot-
ton, arrack, turmeric, and cadjang or len-
tileSjfrom which last oil is pressed.
Jaci Jiealc, or Jacid Aquila, a town
on the e coast of Sicily, in Valdi Demona,
at the mouth of the Fiume Freddo, the
ancient Acis, celebrated by the story of
Acis and Galatea. Large quantities of
wine and fruit are exported hence. It is
13 m NNE Catania, and 14 ssw Taormina.
Jacksonborough, a town of S Carolina,,
on the E side of the Edisto, 32 m w
Charleston.
Jacktull, a town of Hindoostan, in Ily-
drabad, 51 m kxw Warangol.
Jaen, a fortified city of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It
is seated in a country producing excellent
fruit and very fine silk, at the foot of a
mountain, on the river GuadalbuUon, 60 m
Ebys Cordova. Lon. 3 37 w, lat. 37
38 N.
Jaen, or Jaen de Bracamoros, a town of
Quito, capital of a district, in which abun-
dance of tobacco is cultivated. It is situ-
ate on the Tunguragua, 300 m s Quito..
Lon. 78 28 w, lat. 5 24 s.
Jaffa, a town of Syria, in Palestine, for-
merly a celebrated city, called Joppa, and
the chief port of Judea, bat entirely fallen
from its ancient grandeur, though yet a
considerable place. It is situate near the
Mediterranean, on an eminence in the form
of a sugar-loaf, on the summit of which is
a small citadel ; and the houses distributed
along the side appear rising above each
other. The bottom of the hijlis surrounded
by a wall, with battlements ; and it is en-
vironed by gardens, w hich produce lemons,
oranges, melons, and citrons of a prodigious
size. The road is defended by a castle, on a
rock ; and the harbour is now too shallow
to admit large vessels. The principal coni-
njerce is in tiuit and gram. In 1799^ it-
JAG
vas taken by tlie French under Bonaparte,
with some (Ufficulty and much bloodshed ;
but they hehi possession forty days only.
It is '65 m ssw Acre. Lon. 35 10 e, lat,
-32 5 N.
Jaffierahad, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Berar, near the river Kistna, 50 ni >e
Aurungabad.
Jaffhapatam, a seaport of Ceylon, with
a small fort, but exceedingly well built.
Hence are exported great quantities of
excellent tobacco, and sonic elephants,
which are accounted the most docile of any
in the world. The chank tishery on the
coast, and near the iieii^hbouring islets, is
also a source of great wealth. The Dutch
took this place from the Portuguese in
lGo3 ; and it surrendered to the British in
1795. It stands at the Nw end of the
island, 18G m n Columbo. Lon. 70 50 e,
lat. 9 35 N.
Jaffiahat, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Gujrat, near the mouth of a river, noted
for large oysters, 32 ni kne Diu.
Jasarnaut, or Ju^gertiuuth, a town of
2-lindoostan, in Orissa, district of Cuttack.
Here is a fan.ous pagoda, the hrst object of
Hindoo veneration, and an excellent sea-
mark. The number of pilgrims that visit
this temple is not less than 1,200,000, an-
nually, of whom many never return; and to
.50 m distance the way is strewed with
human bones. It stands on the bay of
Bengal, 48 m sbyw Cuttack. Lon. 86 5
■z, lat. 19 -19 -v.
Jugepoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Orissa, district of Cuttack. Much cloth
is made here; and the remains of several
Mohamedan edifices are still visible. It
stands on the Byturnee, 35 m xe Cuttack.
Jugriulorf, a town and castle of Silesia,
capital of a province. It is seated on the
Oppa, 13 m NW Troppan. Lon. 17 44 E,
lat. 50 0 N.
Jagersbui-g, a town of Germany, in the
principality of Hesse-Darmstadt, 13 m
SSAV Darmstadt.
Jctgherc/i, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Ajmeer, 25 m x Nagoi'e, and (ji» nxw
Ajmeer.
Jaghire, a district of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, the ancient possession of tlie
English E India Company, who obtained
it in 1750 and 1763 from the nabob of
Arcot, for services rendered to him and
Jiis father. It extends lOo in along the
coast from AUamparva on the s to Pullicat
on the N, and is 47 m inland in the widest
part. Madras is the chief place.
Jago, St. the largest and most fertile of
the Cape Verd islands, 10 m long and 5
broad. It abounds with high barren moun-
tains ; and the air, in the rainy season, is
unwholesome to strangers. The animals
JAG
are beeves, horses, asses, mules, deer,
goats, hogs, civet-rats, and monkeys. Here
are fowls and birds of almost all sorts ;
and maize, plantains, bananas, pompions,
oranges, lemons, tamarinds, pineapples,
cocoa-nuts, guavas, tar, apples, and sugar-
canes. It has also some cedar-trees, and
plenty of cotton. Ribeira Grande is the
capital, but the governor resides at Porto
Pray a.
Jago, St. the capital of Chili, and a.
bishop's see, with a royal audience and a
university. It is also the capital of a pro-
vince, which produces abundance of corn,
wine, and fruit, and has mines of gold,
silver, copper, and tin. The city contain*
a fine cathedral, four parish churches, tea
monasteries, and seven nunneries. The
streets are 36 feet wide, and intersect each
other at right angles. The great square is
450 feet on each side ; it contains the pa-
lace of the captain-general, the tribunal of
the royal audience, the cathedral, the
bishop's palace, and other public edifices ;
and in the middle is a magnificent foun-
tain. The inhabitants, upw.ird of 46,000,
are native Americans and Spaniards, and
it is the center of all the trade of Chili.
Here are several canals, and a dike, by
means of which they water the gardens
and cool the streets. It stands in an ex-
tensive plain, at the foot of the Andes, on
the s side of the Topocalma, over which is
a bridge that connects the city -with the
suburbs. It is 75 m ese Valparaiso, which
is its port. Lon. 70 50 w, lat. 33 26 s.
Jogo, St. a town of New Spain, capital
of Veragua. It has an elegant hospital ; and
is famous for spun cotton, died of a durable
purple by the juice of a small fish found on.
the coast of the Pacific. It stands in sl
country that produces maize, plantains,
&c. and abundance of cattle, 150 m ws\Y
Panama. Lon. 81 24 w, lat. 8 23 n.
Jago, St. a fortified seaport on the s
coast of Cuba, and a bishop's see, with a
good harbour. In 1810, it was nearly-
swallowed up by an earthquake. It is
situate on a bay, about 6 m from the sea-
Lon. 76 3 w, lat. 20 1 x.
Jdgo, St. a river of New Spain, in Gua-
dalaxara, which issues from the ne part of
the lake Chapala, flows by the city of Gua-
daluxara, and enters the Pacific ocean at
St. Bias.
Jago, St. a river of St. Domingo, called
by Columbus the Gold river. It rises near
the center of the island, flows through a.
long extent of pLiins and tobacco lands^
and enters the sea on the confines of Mont&
Christo.
Jago de los CavciUeros, St. a city of St.
Domingo, the next in size to the capital.
The population 20,000. It stands ia a.
JAL
fertile soil, on the nver St Jago, 70 m from
its raoiitli, and 90 nkw 8t. Domingo.
Lon. 70 38 w, lat. 19 2'i k.
Jcigo de Coiiipestclla, St. seeConi pastel la.
Jago del Eitero, St. a city ofTucuman,
now much decayed \>y its hot and stas;natc
■situation. Tht- vicinity produces plenty of
wheat, rice, barley, fruit of all sorts, par-
ticularly ti^s and raisins. It is seated on
the Uuice, 180 m sw Tucumaii. Lon. 62
40 w, lat. 28 40 s.
Jago dc Kexapa, St. a town of New
Spain, in (Juaxuca, situate in the valley of
]Nexapa,(35 m esk of Giiaxaca.
Jago de lot V alien, Si. a town of New
Spain, in the province of Panuco, on the
river Panuco, 170 m n by e Mexico. Lon.
S9 36 w, lat. 22 30 k.
Jago de la Vega, St. or Sp'tinslUouii, a
town of .laniaica, where the legislative
assembly and the grand courts of justice
are held. It is sealed in a pleasant valley,
on the river Cobre, 16 m wxw Kingston.
Jagodina, a town of Kuropean Turkey,
in Servia, seated on the Morava, 70 m sse
Belgrade.
Juicza, a t«wn of European Turkey, in
Bosnia, with a strong citadel, seated on
the Plena, 50 m ni. Serai.
Jukutskoi ; see Yakutsk.
Jalalabad, a town of Afghanistan, in
Cabul, situate near the Kanieh, 73 m ese
Cabtil.
Jalauan, a province in the e part of
Ballogistan, having that of Sarawan on the
M and Lns on the s. It is 220 m long and
120 broad, and full of mountains, but in-
termixed with some fertile plains and val-
leys. Khozdar is the capital.
JaUindcr, a town of liindoostan, in
Lahore, capital of a rich district (jf the
same name, between the Setlege and Beyah.
The town is of great extent, but now in
ruins ; and the modern houses are con-
structed from the materials of the ruinous
houses formerly occupied by the Afghans.
It is 94 ra ESE'Lahore. Lon. 75 19 e, lat.
ai 16 N.
Jalnah, a town of Hindoostan, in Arun-
gabad, capital of a district, with a fort.
It is situate on both sides of a small river,
32 m EXE Aurungabad. Lon. 76 30 e,
lat. 19 37 N.
Jalnitza, a town of European Turkey,
in Walacliia, on a river of the same name,
95 m sw Ismael.
Jalooan, a town of Hindoostan in Agra,
with a considerable trade in cotton, which
is principally sent into Bengal. It is situ-
ate on the Sinde, 114 m se Agra. Lon. 79
23 E, lat. 36 7 x.
Jalore, a town of liindoostan, in Aj-
inere, 36 m ssw Chitore. — Another, with
a hill fortress, 53 m ssw Joudpoor.
JAM
Jamagorod, a town of Kussia, in the
government of Petersburg, with a strong
fort, seated on the Jama, 12 m ne Narva.
Jamaica, an island of the W Indies, dis-
covered by Columbus, in 1494, and occu-
pied by Spain in 1339. It was attack-
ed by the British, and ceded to them
in 1636. It lies 80 leagues w llispaniola^
nearly the same distance s Cuba, and is of
an oval figure, 170 m long and 60 broad,
it is divided into three counties, IVliddle-
sex, Surry, ;\nd Cornwall, and contains
upward of 4,080,000 acres. A ridge of
hills runs lengthwise from e to w, whence
numeious rivers take their rise on both
sides ; and though none of them are navi-
gable, even for barges, yet the sugars are
carried upon many of them in canoes from
the inland plantations to the seaside;,
some of them run under ground for a con-
siderable space, particularly the Cobre
and Pedra. The mountains and a great
part of the island are covered with many"
kinds of trees ; such as lignum vitse, cedar,
mahogany, &:c. always green. In the val-
leys are sugar-canes, and such a variety of
fruit-trees, as to make the country look
like a paradise. But to balance this,
there are alligators in the rivers ; guianoes
and galiiwasps in the fens and marshes;.,
and snakes and noxious animals in the
mountains. The year is distmguished into
two seasons, the wet and dry ; but the
rains are not so frequent as formerly, which
is supposed to be owing to the cutting
down of the woods. About nine in the
morning it is so intolerably hot, that it
would be difticult to live, if the easterly
breeze did not arise to cool the air. Some-
times the nigl'.ts are pretty cool, and there are
great dews, which are deemed unwholesome,
especially to new comers. The months
of July, August, and September, are called
the hurricane months, because then they
are the most frequent; and there is light-
ning almost every night. Not above a
third part of this island is inhabited, for
the plantations are along the coasts. Here
and there are savannas, or large plains,
where the original natives used to plant
their corn, and which the Spaniards made use
of for breeding their cattle. The best houses
are generally built low, on account of the
hurricanes and earthquakes; and the negros
huts, made of reeds, will hold only two or
three persons. The cummon bread or
that which serves for it, is plantains, yams,
and cassava-roots; but, in 1793, a great
number of the bread-fruit trees were
brought here from Otaheite, and introduced
into the diiferent plantations. Hogs and
sheep are plentiful; but the servants
generally feed upon Irish salt-beef, and the
Negros have lierrings and salt-fish. The
JAM
general proriuce of this island is sui^ar,
rum, molasses, gin<!;er, cotton, indigo, pi-
menta, cocoa, coffee, several kinds of
woods, and medicinal drugs. It has some
tobacco, hut not irood, and used only by
the Ne<^ros, who cun scarcely live without
it; also maize, Guinea corn, and peas of
various kinds, with variety of roots. Fruits
are in <j;reat [)irnty,such as oranges, lemons,
shaddocks, citrons, pomes^ranates, pine-
apples, prickly-pears, melons, pompions,
guavas, and many other sorts. This island
is now the most valuable of the British W
India colonies. Tiie government of Ja-
maica is one of the ricliest places, next to
that of Ireland, in the disposal of the
crown : the standing salary is 25001. and
the assembly commonly vote as nmch more
to tiie governor, which, with other perjui-
sites, make it little less than 10,0001. a
year. 1\\ 1795, the Maroons, or original
natives, who infiabit the mountains, rose
against the English, and were not quelled
for nine mimths. St. Jago de la Vega is
the seat of government, but Kingston is
the capital.
Jamaica, a town of New York, ciiief of
Queen county, Long-island. It has tin-ee
churches and an academy, and is 12 m
Eby s New York.
JunialubaiJ, a town of Iliiidoostan, in
Canara, with a fort, on the sunnnlt of an
immense rock, which is only accessible by
one narrow way. The town stands on the
bank of a river, 30 m ene Mangalore.
Jamama, a town of Arabia, capital of a
district, lying w of the province of Bahrin.
It is seared on the river Astan, 140 m sw
Lachsa. Lon. 4o 8 e, lat. 25 5 \.
Jambi, the capital of a small kingdom
on the E coast of Sumatra, 'llie Dutch
have a fort here, and export pepper hence,
with the best sort of danes. Tiie town is
lar^ie, and situate inland, on a river navi-
gable for boats, 160 m k by e Bencoolen.
Lou. 102 45 E, lat. 1 22 s.
Jamba, or Jainhoa, a town of Arabia
Deserta, situate in a barren plain, sur-
rounded by a wall, with towers. A large
tower mounted with artillery faces the
country, and it has a good harbour on the
lied sea. It is 160 m wbyx Medina.
Lon. 37 32 e, lat. 24 7 N.
Jaiitboe, a town of Hindoostan, in La-
hore, capital of a hilly and woody district.
It is a great mart for Cashmere shawls and
other articles, and situate on the side of a
hill, 83 m Nbyt Lahore. Lon. 74 5 e,
lat. 33 1 N.
James, a river of Virginia, which com-
mences on the w side of the Blue ridge of
the Allegany mountains, where it is formed
by the junction of Jackson and Carpenter
-rivers. It thence flows e through the
JAP
state, and enters Chesapeak bay, near
Hampton.
Jamex, St. a town of S Carolina, on the
s side of the Santee, 24 m from its mouth,
and 44 nne Charleston.
James Buy; see Hudson Bai/.
Jamestaicn, a town of \'irij;inia, seated
in a peninsula, on the k side of James
river, 8 m ssw Williamsburg.
Jamestown, a borouijii of Ireland, in
Leitrim county, se;ited on the Sir.innon,
5 m shy e Carrick, and 84 vv>:w Dublin.
Jumets, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Meuse, 12 m s Stenay.
Jamsifl, a town of Sweden, in the pro-
vince of Blekiiigen, 32 m w Carlscrona.
Janagn.r, a town of liindoostan, in Gnj-
rat, situate in a low fonny district, on the
right bank of the Banass, 44 m fiw tlah-
dunpoor.
Jaiiina, or Javna, a strong city of Euro-
pean Turkey, capital of Albania, and an
archbishop's see. It stands, in a hilly coun-
try, on the sw side of the lake Acherusia,
which is 6 m long and 2 where broadest;
the depth is very inconsiderable, but it
abounds in fish. On a peninsula that pro-
jects into the lake, is the old seraglio of the
pashaw, a large mosque, and the fortress,
which are isolated from the 'cown by a lofty
wall and a broad moat. Opposite the peni.i-
sula, on the other shore of the lake, is a
small island embellished with a palace of
the vizier; and in the northern suburb
he has a grand pavilion. The basars con-
sist of about 12 narrow streets, intersect-
ing each other at irregular angles, in the
center of the city, and is the only part of
it where much contiimity is preserved.
The papulation 40,000, among whom are
many ricli Greek merchants, whose com-
merce extends over the whole empire, and
to the ports of the Adriatic. The chief
a-ticles of export are silk and spun cotton,
from the adjoiwing province of Thessaly.
It is 85 m wbyN Larissa. Lon. 21 10 e,
lat 39 52 N.
Jainnoitz, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of l^ilsen, on the river Bradawke,
28 m ssw Pilsen.
Jaiunlte, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Eure and Loire, 20 m se
Cluitres.
Jau-tc/ieou, a city of China, in Kiang-si,
seated on the riverPo, near its entrance into
the lake Poyang, 40 m ne Nantchang.
Japan, an empire, in the most eastern
part of Asia, composed of three consider-
able and a great immber of small islands,
separated from Corea and China, by the
strait of Corea and the sea of Japan, and
extending from lon. 131 to 142 e, and from
lat. 30 to 41 N. The three principal
islands are Niphon, Xicoco, and Ximo.
JAP
Their surface presents a variety of moun-
tains, lulls, and valleys. Many of the
mountains contain volcanos, but in general
they are covered with evergreens, and give
rise to numerous rivulets, which fertilize
the valleys. 'J"hc hills are cultivated to
their summits, and exhibit a smiling pic-
ture of human industry amid vestiges of
physical convulsions. The whole empire
is divided into seven principal districts,
vhich are subdivided into 70 provinces;
and the population is, in proportion to
extent, deemed erjual to that of China.
These islands are the richest country in
the world for gold ; there are also rich
silver mines, and fine copper is the main
_ source of the wealth of many provinces.
Hire is the principal grain cultivated, but
millet, maize, wheat, rye, and barley are
also produced. Ginger, black pepper,
sugar, cotton, and indigo are raised in
great quantity, and the tea shrub grows
wild in tlie hedges. Cedars are common,
and so !arc:,e that they are proper for the
masts of ships and columris for temples. The
. rocks and .most barren places produce a
variety of fruits, plants, and roots. Ihe
woods, forests, and mountains afford good
pasturage, and are stocked with deer, oxen,
buffalos, hogs, and a few horses; but there
fire no sheep nor goats. Here are large
/quantities of fine porcelain, silk, and skins,
Ws also red pearls, which are n.ot in less
esteem than the white. The Japanese
are of a yellowish complexion all over;,
their heads are in general large, tlieir necks
short, and their hair black, thick, aud
shinino- from the use they make of oils ;
their 'eyes are small, of a dark brown
rolour and sunk deep in the head, and the
evelids form in the great angle ot the eye
a" deep furrow, which discrimmates them
from other nations; their eyebrows are
also placed somewhat higher; and their
noses, though not flat, are thick and short.
TheY are naturally ingenious, and have
a happy memorv. Their houses are of
^vood, coloured white, and never exceed
two stories in height ; and the interior is
flivided into apartments at pleasure, by
moveable partitions sliding m grooves.
They have neither tables, beds, nor chairs ;
"-but sit and lie on carpets and mats, the
>,ineal being served apart to each in a basin
of porcelain, or on a square salver of japan-
ned wood. Their food consists almost
entirely of fish, fowl, eggs, and vegetables.
The first compliment otVered to a stranger
is a dish of tea ; and the next is a pipe of
tobacco. The dress of the Japanese con-
sists of trowsers, and a loose robe of silk
or cotton tastened by a girdle ; the number
Leing increased according to the coldness
of the weatWer; their stockings, which
JAP
cover only half the leg, are made of woollen
stuffs sewed together ; instead of shoes
they merely wear soles made of rice* straw,
fastened to the great toe by a kind of loop,
and these are taken olf when they enter
a room. Fans are used !)y both sexes
equally, and arc, within and without doors,
their iuseperable companions. The men
have no beard, the hair being plucked out
with small pincers, that it may not grow
again : they shave the head daily from the
brow to the nape; and the iiair on the
sides is turned up and fastened at the
crown, which forms the common covering
of the head ; but conical hats made of
grass are worn on journeys. They treat
the women with great severity, aud punish
adultery with death ; yet a man may take
as many wives as he pleases. Foreign
women are not suffered to approach the
shore; and though they do not prohibit
their own females from having intercourse
with strangers, they will neither permit
them nor their offspring to leave the coun-
try. They have a language so peculiar,
that it is understood by no other nation.
The sciences are highly esteemed among
them ; and they have several schools at
ditfereiit places, in which ai-e taught arith-
metic, rhetoric, poetry, history, and astro-
nomy. Some of their arts and manufac-
tures even surpass those of Europe. The
Japanese are naturally good soldiers, and
skilful at shooting with a bow: however, as
they inhabit islai>ds, they are seldom at
war with their neighbours. They formerly
carried on a trade with the neighbouring
countries; but now all co-minnnication is
forbidden, except with the Dutch aud Rus-
sians; and with them only at the port of
Nangasaki. The merchandise brought are
spices, sugar, lineu and woollen cloth,
elephant teeth, and haberdashery wares:
for which they receive gold, silver, copper,
rice, tea, fine porcelain, cabinets, and other
japanned or lackered wares. The Japa-
nese are as fabulous as the Chinese in the
antiquity of their empire; but the certain
period begins with the hereditary succes-
sion of the ecclesiastical emperors, from
the year 6G0 before the Christian epoch.
Their emperor was called dairo ; but in
the nnnurity ofoueof them, in 1150, when
they had civil wars, one of the competitors
for "the crown assumed the ecclesiastical
government, retaining the same title ; while
the other, who ruled in civil affairs, was
called cubo. From that time the dairo
has only been at the head of religious
matters, while the cubo, or secular em-
peror, bears an absolute dominion over all
civil and military atVairs. The former still
lives in great state and grandeur at I\liaco ;
and the latter pays him a kind of homage,
JAS
as if he acted only as his deputy or viceroy ;
but in reality, the cube is now the real
monarch of Japan, and the dairo only his
high priest. The religion of the country is
paganism ; but there are two ditVerent sects.
Their temples are free from any idols; and
tiiey make strict search, on the arrival of
Dutch or Russian vessels, after all sorts of
images, paintings, and books, whicli, on
any being found, are instantly burned.
There was once a great number of Chris-
tians in different parts of the empire ; but,
in lt33o, they underwent great persecutions,
insomuch that they were all extirpated.
Tlie capital of tlie empire is Jedo.
Japara, a town and fort of Java, situate
on the w side of a mountainous promon-
tory on the N coast. It was among the
first of the Dutch settlements in the Eastern
seas, and is 32 m >;>.£ Samarang.
Jaquemel, a town of St. Domingo, on a
bay of its name, on the s coast, 32 m ssw
Port au Prince.
Jargeati, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Loiret. It was taken by the
EngHsh in 1438, and retaken by Joan of
Arc the next year. It is seated near the
Loire, 10 m ese Orleans.
Jarisberg, a town of Norway, in the
diocese of Aggerhuys, capital of a district
abounding in mines. It is 5 m n Tons-
berg.
Jarnac, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Charente. Near this place
the duke of Anjou, afterward Henry iii,
obtained a victory over the Huguenots, in
1569. It is seated on the Charente, 20 m
w Angouleme.
Jaromitz, a. town of Bohemia, seated on
the Elbe, 9 m n Konigingratz.
Jaron, a town of Persia, in Farsistan,
celebrated for abundance of palm-trees
and their excellent fruit. It is 95 m s by e
Shiras. Lon. 53 10 e, lat. 28 15 ?>-.
Jaroslau, a town of Poland, in Galicia,
with a strong citadel. A battle was gained
here by the Swedes, in 1656, after which
they took the town. It is seated on the
Saine, 55 m w Lemberg. Lon. 22 43 e,
lat. 50 4 N.
Jaroslaul, a government of Russia, for-
merly a province of the government of
Moscow. It is 160 m leng, and from 30
to 110 broad. The capital is of the same
name, and a large commercial place, with
munerous manufactures; seated on the
Wolga, 145 m ?vne Moscow. Lon. 39 50
£, lat. 57 35 N.
Jasenitz, a town of Hither Pomerania,
seated on the Oder, 8 m ^ Stettin.
Jasque, a town of Persia, in the province
of Mecran, which gives name to a cape in
the gulf of Ormus, Lon, 57 4 e, lat. 25
40 N.
JAV
J«ssy, a city of European Turkey, ca-
pital of Moldavia, and an archbishop's see.
In 1753, it was destroyed by fire ; but is
now a well-fortified place, defended by a
Castle, and governed by a hospodar. It
Contains some spacious brick mansions,
covered with stucco, interspersed among a
number of mean houses, built of shingles ;
and the streets are laid with planks. The
population 12,000. It has been several
times taken in the wars between the Turks
and the Russians or Austrians. It is seat-
ed on the Baglui, which flows to the Prutli,
170 in NfiE Euchorest. Lon. 27 30 E, lat.
47 8 N.
Jaszbercm/, a town of Hungary, capital
of Jazyga county. The popidation in 1815
was 12,088. It is situate on the Zagyva,
40 )n E Pest. Lon. 20 4 e, lat. 47 30 N.
Java, an island of the E Indies, lying to
the s of Borneo, and separated at its w end
from Sumatra, by the strait of Sunda. It
is 666 m long and from 56 to 135 broad,
extending from 105 to 114 e lon. and 6 to
9 s lat. The land is low, and in some
places marshy, near the northern shore,
but rises in a gradual slope toward the in
teriur of the country, admitting in its ascent
every variety of situation and verdure. The
N coast has many commodious creeks,
bays, harbours, and towns, with many lit-
tle islands near the shore. The s coast is
bold, rocky, and almost inaccessible, that
it is little known. In the interior of the
island, through its whole length, is an un-
interrupted range of mountains, varying ia
their elevation above the sea from 5000 to
11,000 feet, and exhibiting, by a round
base or conical summit, their volcanic ori-
gin ; there are also many indications and
remains of their former eruptions. Beside
these mountains there are extensive ranges
of inferior elevation; and nuwierous ridges
of hills traverse the country in various di-
rections. Along the northern side of the
island is a fine military road, from Bantam
to the E end, measuring 684 m ; it is a
monument of Dutch enterprise, though ac-
complished by the loss of about 12,000
natives, chiefly owing to the unhealthiness
of the forests and marshes through which
it runs. In former times Java had as many
petty kingdoms as there were large towns ;
but now they are greatly reduced, and
their sovereigns either pensioned by, or
subject to, the European government. The
general division of the country is into the
Sunda or western, and Java or eastern dis-
trict ; and these are subdivided into pro-
vinces. The Sunda district terminates
with the province of Cheribon; and the
Java district contains all those to the e of
it. The Java provinces on the s coast are
governed by native princes, of whom thera
JAV
are two principal ; tlie susuhiiiian, or ciii-
peror, wlio resides at Solo, and the sultan,
who resides at Matareni. The Javans of
the lower class live in mean huts of ham-
boo, plastered with clay and thatched with
leaves. Their tbod consists jjrincipally of
rice and vegetables ; hut iish, ilesh, and
fowl, are daily served up, as suits tiie par-
ties. They are of a brown complexion,
black hair,lars;e checks, ilattish nose, small
eyes, and lari^e eyebrows. Tiiey smear
their hair with cocoa-iuit oil; and the wo-
inen twist it into a knot on the top of the
head, where it is iixed with goUi or silver
pins, and decorated with sweet-smelling
flowers. Both sexes of all ranks tile and
blacken the teeth. The men of the lowest
class wear a pair of coarse drawers, reach-
ing toward the knees, with a cloth folded
round the waist, and descending like a
short petticoat ; some have also a jacket
with short sleeves, 'i'ne women wear the
cloth round their loins descending to the
ancles; and a body cloth, passed above
the bosom and close under the arms, de-
scending; to the waistband ; they also oi'ten
wear a loose gown reaching below the hips,
with long sleeves buttoned at the wrists.
The higher classes wear a vest, ajacket with
long sleeves, and pantaloons ; and these,
with the cloth round the waist, are made
of finer materials. The emperor and sul-
tan are habited much in the European
fashion ; and on public occasions they wear
a velvet hat or cpp of a particular form,
somewhat difi'erent at each court. The
men have two or three wives and several
concubines, according to their circum-
stances, for their religion is Mohaniedan-
ism. This island, beside its mountains,
has large forests and extensive swamps ;
but other parts produce abundance of rice,
maize, sugar, coffee, cotton, indigo, salt,
and tobacco, also most sorts of tropical
fruits and vegetables. Here is a tine breed
of small horses ; plenty of hogs, beeves,
and goats, with other tame annuals ; and
fowl, both wild and tame, in great abun-
dance. In the woods are tigers, leopards,
rhinoceroses, bulValos, and other wild
beasts. The air, except toward the w end
of the island, is as temperate and healthy
as in any part of the E Indies. 1 he serene
season is from May till November; and
then the rains begin, which lay the low
grounds ur.der water, kill the insects, and
continue till April. In March they begin
to sow, and in July the sugar and rice be-
gin to ripen; but September and October
are the best months for all scu'ts of fruit.
Ja\a has numerous rivers, of which the
Solo and the Kediri, or Surabaya, are the
chief; many others are important for the
conveyance of teak and other timber from
I BR
the central forests ; but in the dry season
they are mostly choaked up at their months
with sand or mud, that their entrance at
low water is difficult for the smallest ves-
sels. The southern provinces, particularly
in the Java district, abound with the ruins
of temples, sculptures, casts in metal, and
other anticjuitics, indubitably derived Ironi
a period preceding the introduction of Mo-
haniedanism. The whole island may be
deemed under the dominion of the Dutcii;
and beside the native J avans, it is inhabited
l)y Chinese, Rngese, and other eastern iVIo-
hamedans. In 1740, the Dutch pretended
that the Cliinese were going to make an
insurrection, and upon that account dis-
armed them ; yet, after that, they massa-
cred them to the number of 20,000, and
seized their effects. In 1811, a British
force was sent against this island, and a
landing effected 12 m e of Batavia, which
city surrendered on the approach of the
army ; the French forces, by whom it had
been garrisoned, having previously retired
to a neighbouring fort. This fort was im-
mediately attacked, and taken by storm ;
but the French general, with most of the
cavalry, escaped. They were afterward
pursued, and being defeated in an action
near Samarang, the French general capi-
tulated, and surrendered all the Dutch
possessions to the British. In 1815, the
Dutch possessions were restored. Batavia
is the European capital, and Solo the na-
tive capital.
Javat, a town of Persia, in Schirvan,
seated on the Kur, nearly opposite the
influx of the Aras, 45 m s Schamachie.
Jave?-, a town of Silesia, capital of a
principality, with a citadel, and a large
square, surrounded by piazzas. Near this
place, in 1813, the allies gained a great
victory over the French. It is seated in a
fine country, on the rivulet Jauer, 35 m
whys Breslau. Lon. 16 23 E, lat. 51
2 n".
Juulnais, a town of France, in the de-
partment of \'ienne, 6 m N Poitiers.
Jiixtberg, a town and castle of Franco-
nia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, on
the river Jaxt, 10 m se Mergentheim.
Ibarra, a town of the kingdom of Quito,
45 m NKE Quito.
Ibiia, a town of European Turkey, in
Albania, seated on the Drino, 55 m e
Scutari.
Ibrim, a town of Nubia, lately the ca-
pital of the c(mntry of the Barabras, witii
a citadel on the summit of a mountain. In
1811 it was destroyed by the Mamlnkes,
who here made their last stand against the
pashaw of Egypt, and were compelled to
retreat into Dongola. It is situate AX the
s extremity of a ridge of mountains, on
ICE
the right bank of the Nile, 20 m sw Dehr,
the present capital,
Iburg, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Osnaburg, 13 m sbvE Os-
iiaburg.
Iceland, an island to the w of Norway,
^60 m long and 180 broad, lyin-i between
63 and 67 k. lat. The earliest discoverer
on record was Naddod, a famous pirate,
who was driven here by a tempest, in 861,
while on a voyage from Norway to the
Feroe islands. The first settler was In-
gulf, a Norwes^ian of threat opulence, who
dreading the tyranny of his king, emigrated
in 874. lie was followed by sucli Jium-
bers, that in the course of sixty years the
■whole coast and most of the habitable
parts are said to have been occupied. The
chiefs of the different colonies, notwith-
standing intestine broils, continued as a
republic till 1260, when they became sub-
jects of Norway, and subsequently of
Denmark in 1387 to the present time.
The climate of Iceland is very unsettled;
in winter there are frequent and sudden
thaws, and in summer almost as frequent
snow and frost ; but the northern part of
the island has more severe weather than
the southern. For two months together
the sun never sets; and in the winter it
never rises for the same space, at least not
entirely. The island is mountainous, stony,
barren, and destitute of trees ; but in some
places there are excellent pastures. The
animals are small horses, beeves, and
sheep; and there are no wild quadrupeds
except rats, cats, and white and brown
foxes. Birds are very numerous ; and
there are several kinds of falcons, swans,
and eider-ducks, which furnish the inha-
bitants with eggs and valuable down. On
all parts of the coast the bays and harbours
are both numerous and safe. The chief
rivers are in the e part ; the Skalfanda,
Oxarfird, and Bruna, all flowing from s to
X ; and there are extensive fresh-water
lakes. The highest mountains, clothed
with perpetual snow, are called i/okuls;
and of these Snaefeil, a promontory on the
w coast, is esteemed the highest, being
computed at 4560 feet. Mount Ilecla is
18 m from the s coast, about 4000 feet in
height, and a noted volcano; but there are
several other volcanos, and many sulphur-
ous and hot springs. Some of the latter,
called gej/sers, frequently throw up boiling
water: the principal one has a basin 51
feet in diameter, and in the centre an ori-
fice 17 feet over, in which the water rises
and falls ; and from this pipe, in violent
eruptions, a column of boiling water ii
frequently, by a sudden jet, shot up per-
pendicularly 100 feet, or thrown out dia-
gonally to a great distance. In 1783, the
ICE
most tremendous volcanic eruption on re-
cord, accompanied by violent wind and
rain, took place in this island. On Mount
Skapta, 40 m ne of Ilecla, three fire-
spouts broke out in the nw part, which,
after rising to a considerable lieiglit in the
air, formed a torrent of redliot lava that
flowed for six weeks, and ran a distance
of 60 m to the sea, in a broken breadth of
above 12 ra. By this dreadful calamity,
12 rivers were dried up, 21 villages totally
overwhelmed by fire or water, and 34 very
materially injured : of the iuiiabitants, 220
perished by fire, 21 by water, and above
8700 by famine ; all vegetation, the sup-
port of their cattle, being destroyed, and
the fish driven from the coasts. The in-
habitants are now estimated at upward
of 50,000. The men are rather tall, of a
frank open countenance, a florid com-
plexion, and yellow flaxen hair. The
women are shorter in proportion, and more
inclined to corpulency; but many would
appear handsome in an Elnglish dress.
F'rom the nature of their food, neglect of
personal cleanliness, and being often olilig-
ed to sit long in wet woollen clothes, they
are greatly exposed to cutaneous diseases;
and many are annually carried off by ob-
stinate coughs and pulmonary complaints.
Their predominant character is unsuspect-
ing frankness, pious contentment, :ind a
steady liveliness f)f temperament, combined
with a strength of intellect rarely to be met
with in other parts. They adhere most
rigidly to whatever has been adopted as a
national custom ; and their dress and mode
of life have been invariably the same dur-
ing a period of nine centuries. They are
strongly attached to their native soil, and
live under the practical influence of one of
their common proverbs : Iceland is the
best land on which the sun shines. In the
towns, patticularly along the coast<, most
of the houses are constructed of wood,
previously framed in Norway ; but in other
parts the dwellings are at a distance from
each other, many of them little above the
level of the ground, and chiefly miserable
huts, covered with turf or skins. The prin-
cipal articles of fi)od are fish and butter;
the former most eaten in a dry state and
uncooked ; mutton, beef, and rye-bread,
are only brought to the table of the higher
classes. The chief exports are dried fish,
mutton, beef, butter, tallow, trainoil, coarse
woollen cloth, stockings, gloves, wool,
sheep and fox skins, eider-down, and fea-
thers. The imports are timber, fishing
tackle, implements of iron, tobacco, bread,
spirits, wine, salt, linen, and other neces-
saries of life, with a very few supertiuities.
Iceland once abounded in learning and
science, at a time when the greatest part
IDA
of Europe was involved in ignorance. The
lanijuage was the olil Gt)tliic or leutonic,
the vcrnacu lar tongue ot'tlie Swedes, Danes,
and Nor\\egians, before it branclied into
tlie several dialects since spoken l)y the
natives of these three Uini^doms. The re-
ligion of the early inhabitants was pagan ;
in 97-1 the Roman catholic was introduced,
and in 15 JO the Lutheran, which in a few
years became the e-tablished religion. Ice-
land is divided into foiu' commercial ilis-
tricts, Reikiavik, Eskefiord, Eyaflord, and
Isatiord, so named from the chief ports.
Tlie town of Reikiavik, where the governor
and bishop reside, consists of about 70
wooden houses, with scattered huts in the
outskirts, and a church of stone, covered
■with tiles. It is the principal place of
traffic, and stands on the s side of a bay of
its name, in the sw part of the island.
Lon. ','1 o2 w, lat. 64 8 x.
IcJtterhuusen, a town of Upper Saxony,
in the principality of Gotha, 12 m kse
Gotha.
Icolmkill, or Jona, a famous little island
of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, near the
s\r point of the isle of Mull. It is only 3
m long, and produces beautiful white mar-
ble. Here are the ruins of an august nun-
nery, monastery, and cathedral, said to
have been founded by St. Columba, about
the year 735 ; also a small chapel, dedi-
cated to St. Oran, containing many marble
tomb-stones of the great lords of the isles ;
and adjoining it is a cemetery, in which
many ancient kings of Scotland, Ireland,
and Norway, are buried. Other ruins of
monastic and druidical edifices can be
traced ; and many places are pointed out,
noted for particular acts of St. Columba.
This island was the retreat of learning,
during the Gothic ignorance which per-
vaded Europe, after the overthrow of the
Roman empire, and the seminarj' whence
issued those pious monks and laymen, who
again revived learning, and propagated
Christianity through many kingdoms of
Europe. This place, formerly so religious,
has now divine service performed only four
times in the year. The only village is
Sudor. Lon. 6 20 w, lat. 56 23 n.
Ida, a lofty and pointed mountain, in
the middle of the island of Candia, famous
in ancient times as being the place on
which Jupiter was brought up, and where
tliere was a temple dedicated to Cybele.
Ida, a mountain of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, famous in ancient fable, for the
judgment of Paris, and for being the resort
of the gods during the Trojan war. It is
140 m to the w of Olympus.
Idunhu a Neuva, a town of Portugal, in
Beira, 3 m sw Idanha a Vella.
Idunha a Yclla, a town of Portugal, in
JED
Beira, seated on the Ponsul, 25 m E CaS"
tel Dranco.
J drill, a town of Germany, in Carniola,
celebrated for rich quicksilver mines; seat-
ed amid mountains, on the river Idria, 20
m E.NE Gorz.
Idstein, a town of Germany, in Wette-
ravia, with a castle, 22 m svv' Wetzlar.
Jean, St. a town of France, in the de-
partaient of Moselle, seated on the Sarc^
12 m w Deux Ponts.
Jean d'Angelj/, St. a town of France,
in the department of Lower Charente, with
a fine Benedictine abbey. It was taken
from the Huguenots in 1(321, by Louis xiii,
who demolished the fortifications. It is
famous for brandy, and seated on the Bon-
tonne, 15 ni KE Santes, and 32 se Ro-
chelle.
Jean de Losne, St. a town of France, in
tlie department of Cote d'Or, seated on
the Saone, 15 m sse Dijon.
Jean de Luz, St. a town of France, in
the department of Lower Pyrenees, the
last next Spain, with a harbour. It owes
its opulence to the cod and whale fishery,
and is seated on the Nivelle, near its
moutli, 12 m sw Bayonne.
Jean de Maurienne, St. a town of Sa-
voy, capital of the county of ftlaurienne,
and a bishop's see. It is seated on the
river Arc, 25 m exe Grenoble. Lon. 6 20
E, lat. 45 17 N.
Jean Pied de Port, St. a town of France,
in tlie department of Lower Pyrenees, widi
a citadel on an eminence, at the entrance
of those passts, or defiles, in the Pyrenees,
which here are called Ports. It is seated
on the Nive, 20 m sse Bayonne, and 30
KE Pamplona.
Jean Ruhel, a town of St. Domingo, on
the N coast of the k peninsula, with a fort,
10 m NE St. Nicholas.
Jed, a river of Scotland, in Roxburg-
shire, which rises on the borders of Eng-
land, and joins the Teviot, a little below
Jedburg. On its bank are several large
caverns, which were the hiding places of
ancient border-warriors.
Jedburg, a borough of Scotland, capital
of Roxbin-gshire. Here is the rain of a
fine abbey church, and part of it has been
made the parish church. It has manu-
factures of cloth, flannel, and hose, and the
vicinity is noted for fine orchards. The po-
pulation was 4454 in 1811. It is situate on
the Jed, near its conflux with the Teviot,
45 m SE Edinburg. Lon. 2 35 w, lat. 5a
30 N.
JedojXhe capital of the empire of Japan,,
situate on the se side of Niphon, the largest
of the Japanese islands. The city has
neither walls nor ramparts, is 9 m long
and G broad, and contains 1,000,000 inha-
JEM
bitants. The houses are huilt of earth,
and boarded on the outside, to prevent the
rain from destroying the walls. In every
street is an iron gate, which is shut up
in the night, and a kind of customhouse,
or magazine, for merchandise. The im-
perial palace is surrounded by walls and
ditches, with drawbridges, forming of itself
a considerable town, in the middle of the
city. Where the emperor resides are three
towers, nine stories high, each covered
with plates of gold ; and the hall of au-
dience is supported by pillars of massy
gold. Near the palace are several others,
where the relations of the emperor live.
The empress has a palace of her own, and
there are 20 small ones for the concubines.
Besides, all the vassal kings have each a
palace in the city, with a handsome gar-
den. The houses of the common class are
nothing but ground floor, the rooms parted
by folding skreens ; so that they can be
made larger or smaller at pleasure. Jedo
is seated in a plain at the head of a shal-
low bay, and a river that passes through it
supplies several canals. Lon. 139 30 E,
lat. 36 10 N.
Jeg/iederpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gundwana, with a small fort on a penin-
sula formed by the river Inderowt}', which
in the rainy season here forms a lake of
considerable dimensions. It is 21 ra s
Bustar.
Jegini, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gers, 8 m nnw Aucb, and 13 s
Condom.
Jefiud, or Joud, mountains in the Nw
part of Hindoostan, , extending eastward
from Attock to Behnbur. They are part
of the territory of the mountaineers called
Gickers, Gehkers, or Kakares.
Jehungseal, a town of Hindoostan, in
Mooltan, seated on the Chinaub, just be-
low the influx of the Jhylum, 30 m >e
Mooltan.
Jejarrij, a town of Hindoostan, in Be-
japoor, famous for a rich and majestic
temple on a high hill, 28 m se Poonah.
Jekyl, a small island of N America, on
the coast of Georgia, s of the island of St.
Simon.
Jellasore, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, seated on the Subunreeka, 42 m
s Midnapoor.
Jellinghi/, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, on the right bank of the Ganges,
where a branch separates from the main
streom, and is called the Jellinghy river,
which joins the Cossimbazar, at Nuddea.
It is 25 m f.bys Moorshedabad.
Jemappc, a village of the Netherlands,
zn Hainault, 3 m w by s Mons, where the
Frenci), in 179a, obtained a complete vic-
tory over the Austaa.;is.
JER
Jemuulahad, a town of Hindoostan, in
Canara, with a fort on an immense rock,
which is wholly inaccessible except by
one narrow way. It is 29 m exe Manga-
lore.
Jemmlmdg, or Jemaulmiiyag, a town
of Hindoostan, in Balagaut, situate on the
Pennar, 42 ra wnw Cudapah.
Jemlah, a town and fort of Hindoostan,
in Nepaul, which gives name to a district,
on the w border of Tibet. It stands on a
mountain, 9 m wbyw Chinnachin, the
capital of the district.
Jemptia, or Jemptland, an inland pro-
vince of Sweden, in Nordland, 120 m long
and 75 broad. The w part, on the fron-
tiers of Norway, is full of crasgy rocks
and high mountains; but the e part is a
champaign country, watered by lakes and
rivers. It is divided into 11 parishes, but;
has not one town. The inhabitants sub-
sist chiefly by agriculture, grazintr, hunt-
ing, and fishing, and supply the "Norwe-
gians with iron ware, steel, and leather ;
of the last they make shoes, boots, and
jackets that are proof against wet.
Jena, a strong town of Upper Saxony,
inThuringia, with a castle and a celebrated
university. Near this place, in 1806, the
French defeated the Prussians, who suf-
fered immense loss. It is seated on the
Saal, 10 m sse Weimar. Lon. 11 34 y.^
lat. 50 55 N.
Jenhoa; see Jumho.
Jenisa ; see Yc7iisei.
Jeniskoi ; see Yeniseisk.
Jenifz, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
principality of Anhalt-Dessau, sicuate on
the Muldau, 2 m ^e Dessau.
Jenitza, a town of European Turkey, in
Macedonia, situate on a lake which com-
municates with the gulf of Salonichi, by a
canal 12 m long. It is 24 ra wxw Salo-
nichi.
Jeremie, a town and cape on the n side
of the s peninsula of St. Domingo. The
town is situate on an eminence, at the
mouth of a rivulet, and the vicinity is par-
ticularly excellent for the culture of coffee.
It is 130 m w Port au Prince. Lon. 74
14 w, lat. 18 40 N.
Jericho, a town of Syria, in Palestine,
once a famous city. It is now called He-
rubi by the Arabs, and contains only a
few wretched huts, where some beggarly
Arabs reside. It is 5 m w of the river
Jorda^i, and 20 Eby n Jerusalem.
Jericho, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Magdeburg, situate on the
Elbe, 32 m kxe ^lagdeburg.
Jermah, a town of the kingdom of Fez-
zan, which now consists of clay-built cot-
tages. Numerous herds of sheep and goats
Jeed around it, and many majestic ruins
JER
exhibit vestiges of its former greatness. It
is (50 m SK JMourzook.
Jersey, an island in the English chan-
nel, 18 ni from the coast of Noiinandy, in
Trance, and 84 s from Portland, hi Dor-
setshire. It is snbject to the Kni;lish, hnt
still governed by the ancient Nurnian laws,
and dithcult of access, on account of the
rocks, sands, and forts erected for its de-
fence. It is 12 ni loni; and (> broad, con-
tains near ;iO,OUO acres, and is divided
into 12 parishes. The valleys are fuiely
watered by brooks, and abonnd with cattle
and small sheep. It produces excellent
butter and honey, and the s part is nearly
covered with apple-trees, from which
abundance of cider is made. 1 he popula-
tion in 1806 was 2'2,835. It has two
towns, St. llelier and St. Aubin, both
situate on St. Aubin bay, on the s side of
the island. The town of St. Aubin has a
tide harbour, on the w side of the bay, and
is inhabited principally by merchants and
mariners ; but it is not a fourth the size
of that of St. rielier. It has a tijrt, called
the Tower, built on an insulated rock. In
1781, a body of 800 French troops landed
on this island, surprised the garrison, took
the governor prisoner, and compelled hnii
to sign a capitulation ; but major Pierson,
the next in command, refusing to abide
bv this forced capitulation, attacked the
French, and made them surrender pri-
.soners of war ; but he fell in the moment
of victory. Hee Helier, St.
Jersey, Nfw, one of the United States
of America, 1(30 m long and 52 broad;
bounded on the N by New York, k by
Hudson river and the Atlantic ocean, s by
Delaware bay and river, and w by Pensyl-
vania. It is divided into 13 counties;
namely. Cape Mary, Cumberland, Salem,
Gloucester, Burlington, Hunterdon, Sus-
sex, Bergen, Essex, JNliddlesex, Monmouth,
Somerset, and Morris; the last two are
mountainous, and one fourth of the others
are sandy and barren. The hilly country
feeds great quantities of cattle; the barren
part produces little else but slirub-ciaks
and yellow pines; and the sandy lands
yield an immense quantity of bog iron ore,
which is worked up to great advantage in
the numerous iron-works in this state.
The soil in other parts is fertile, producing
plenty of corn, and fruit of all kinds com-
mon to the climate. The principal rivers
are, beside the boundary ones, the Ilacklu-
sac, Passaic, and Rariton. In 1810 the
population was 245,562. Trenton is the
capital.
Jerusalem, a famous city of Syria, in
Palestine. It was the capital of Judea,
after David had conquered the Jebusites ;
and m ttie reign of Zedekiuh, it was taken
JER
by Nebuchadnezzar, who led the Jews
captive to Babylon. It was afterward
taken by the Uomans, and ruined, together
with the Temple, 70 years after the birtli
of Christ, as was foretold by him. Em-
peror Adrian built a new city, near the
ruins of ancient Jerusalem; including the
sumnut of Mount Moriah, and asmall part
of Mount Sion. It was taken by the Per-
sians in 614, and the Saracens in 636. In
1099 it was retaken by the crusaders, who
founded a kingdon\ that lasted 88 years,
under nine kings. Saladin, king of Egypt
and Syria, got possession of it in 1187.
The Turks expelled the Saracens in 1217,
have kept possession of it ever since, and
call it lleleoHs, that is, the Holy City.
They have a bey here, who lives in great
state. Ihe city has steep ascents on every
side, except the s; and being almost sur-
rounded by valleys encompassed with
mountains, it seems to stand in the middle
of an amphitheatre, and presents, to the
approaching traveller, a magniticent assem-
blage of domes, towers, palaces, churches,
and monasteries. It is of a square form,
surrounded by a wall, in which are six
gates, and is nearly ii m in circuit ; but
the resident inhabitants are only about
(iOOO. The brook Kedron flows in the
valley on its k side, along the foot of
Mount Olivet. The houses are lofty, with
flat roofs; and as no windows appear on
the lower stories, and those above are lat-
ticed, the streets which are narrow, seem
to be between high walls. The bazars are
covered over, and have few articles in them
exposed for sale, through fear of Turkish
rapacity. The Armenians and Jews dis-
pose of its nmnufactures to a great extent;
these are beads, rosaries, amulets, crosses,
shells, &c. The shells (mother-of-pearl)
are tbrmed into various shapes ; the largest
and most perfect are made into clasps for
the zones of the Grecian ladies of Cyprus
and the Archipelago. But what renders
the city considerable is the great resort of
pilgrims ; for the inhabitants accommodate
them with lodgings and provisions, which
is their chief business. A guard of janis-
saries always reside here to protect them
from the Arabs. The church of the Holy
Se])ulchre, which the pilgrims principally
visit, is a large structure ; at the end of it
is a superb rotunda and ci:j)ola, which has
no other light than what comes through
the top ; and directly under this opening-
is the Holy Sepulchie, placed in a small
chapel, with three holes in the roof, to let
out the smoke of many lamps, which are
always kept lighted. The cupola of this
building was destroyed by tire in 1807 ;
hnt a new one was soon erected. 'Ihe
temjile of Jerusalem occupies the site of
IF
the ancient temple of Solomon, and is the
most magnificent pile of arcliitectuie in
the Turkish empire: it is composed of
several buildings within an enclosed square,
1440 feet long and 890 broad ; the two
principal edifices are called the Aksa and
the Saliarra ; the former is a kind of im-
mense church, with a nave, and on each
side three aisles ; the other is an octagonal
temple, which rises from a large square
platform raised in the middle of a spacious
court, and is surmounted by a superb cu-
pola. This temple is not permitted to be
entered by any other sect than the Moha-
medans. The Franciscan monastery of St.
Salvador is a large building like a fortress ;
and a part of it, surrounding a large open
court, is appropriated to the reception of
pilgrims, for whose maintenance the monks
have considerable funds. The Armenian
monastery is the largest in the city, and is
maintained in a degree of oriental splendor.
Jerusalem is 140 m ssw Damascus. Lon.
35 20 E, lat. 31 47 n.
Jesi, a town of Italy, in Anconia, seated
on a mountain, near the river Flumesins,
15 m w'sw Ancona.
Jessclmere, a town of Hindoostan, in
Ajmere, capital of a large district in the
Sandy Desert. It is 174 m wnw Ajmere.
Lon. "72 16 E, lat. 27 44 n.
Jesso, a large island, lying between those
of Niphon and the Kurilees. It is of an
irregular form, 350 m long and from 80 to
?20 broad ; the narrow part is in the s,
toward Niphon, from which it is separated
by the strait of Sangar. It is full of moun-
tains and woods; and most of the common
esculents of Europe are found here, either
wild or cultivated. The shores abound
with seals and sea-otters, and the bays
with fish, particularly sprats. The natives,
who live by fishing and hunting, are strone;,
robust, savage, and slovenly, when com-
pared to the Japanese. They are called
Ainos ; but the Japanese call them Mo-
sins, from their bodies being covered
with hair more than other people. They
are now driven from the southern parts of
the island by the Japanese, who have here
some colonies. The island is generally
deemed subject to Japan ; but it may be
rather considered as a foreign conquest,
than as a part of the civilized empire.
Their principal settlement is Matsumay,
and they give that name to the whole
island. The se point is in ion. 142 30 e,
lat. 40 50 N.
Jessore; see Moor ley.
Jever, a town of Westphalia, in E
Friesland, capital of a teiTitory, 28 m ne
Embden.
If, an island in the Mediterranean, on
the coast of France, the most eastern of
JIO
the three before the harbour of Marseilles
and well foitified.
Jg/au, a town of Moravia, capital of a
circle, with two convents and a college.
Good cloth is manufactured here, and the
connnerce in corn and hemp is considera-
ble. It is seated on the Jg!a, 40 m wnw
Brinn. Lon. 15 32 e, lat. 49 28 n.
Tg/esias, a town of Sardinia, and a bi-
shop's see, 37 m wsvv Cagiiari. Lon. 8
39 E, lat. 39 18 n.
Jglo, a town of Hungary, with rich cop-
per mines, seated on the Ilernath, 5ms
Leutchau, and 32 wnw Kaschau.
Ihor; see Johore.
Jitylum, JiUum, or Cheluni, a river of
Hindoostan, the westernmost of the Pun-
jab streams of the Indus. It issues from
the llimalch mountains in the se quarter
of Cashmere, flows w tin-ough the province,
and 10 in w from the city of Cashmere
expands into a sheet of water 8 m in cir-
cuit, named the Ouller Lake. On quittino-
this lake it passes through the mountains
into Lahore, when its course is shy w till
it joins the Chinaub, in the province of
Mooltan, at Jehungscal. This river, some-
times called the Behut, is the Ilydaspes of
Alexander.
■Jidda, a seaport of Arabia Felix, on the
Red sea, in the sheriffate of Mecca. A
very considerable trade is carried on here,
it being a mart between Egypt and India.
The ships from Suez seldom proceed fur-
ther than this port, and those from India
are not suffered to advance to Suez. The
English are particularly fiivoured in the
trade of this place. Jidda has no fresh
water, but rain water is preserved good in
cisterns.' It is situate in a barren sandv
district, 74 m w by n Mecca, of wiiich i"t
is the pfirt. Lon. 39 6 k, lat. 21 33 n.
JUlifree, a town of Senegambia, and a
British establishment, on the right bank
of the Gambia, 30 m from its moutii. On
an islet opposite, 3 m from the nearest
shore, is James I'(ut, another establish-
ment. Jillifree stands in a healthy and
fertile district, 125 m se Goree. Lon. 16
9 w, lat. 13 17 N.
Jitibuia, a town of Nigritia, capital of
an island so called, which is formed by
two branches of the Niger that separate at
leaving the lake Dibbie, and unite again
about 15 m from Tombuctoo. The town
is a resting place for traders between Tom-
buctoo and tile western parts of the coun-
try. It stands on the w^ branch of the
Niger, 80 m sw Tombuctoo. Lon. 0 16
E, hit. 16 4 N.
Jiovpoor, a town of Hindoostan, iti Al-
lahabad, capital of a sandy district, which
is well cultivated and covered with wood.
It is sealed on the Gouinty, and has a stone
ILD
fort on a high bank coinmaiiding the biidg^
over the river. This phice was at one tiia<^
the scat of an empire ; ami sukan Sliirki
built the great niausoirum, which is still
remaining. The stone bridge over the
Goonity, in the dry season, consists of l(j
pointed arches ; and on the top of it are
many little shops on both sides. It was
built ill 1567, and lias hillierlo withstood
the force of the stream, which, in the time
of the rains frequently flows over the
bridge ; and in 1774 a brigade of the Bri-
tish army from Oude passed over it in
boats. Jionpoor is 38 m knw Benares.
Lon. 82 39 e, lat. 25 45 n.
Ikery, a town of Ilindoostan, in My-
sore, formerly the capital of a principality.
It was of a great size, surrounded by tin-ee
concentric walls; but the court having
removed hence to Bednore, the inhabitants
willingly followed, and devastation suc-
ceeded. Ruins, and a large temple in good
repair, are all that remains. It is 25 ra
j^- by E Bednore,
Ilw, see Isla.
Ilak, or Jalak, a town of Nubia, sup-
posed by some to be the ancient Meroe.
It is situate on the Nile, at the influx of
the Tacazze, 210 m se Dongola. Lon.
S4 30 K, lat. 18 8 n.
llanz, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Grisons, formerly capital of the
Grey League. It is partly surrounded by
walls, and seated on the Rhine, 23 m sw
Coire.
Ilchester, or It elch ester, a borough in
Somersetshire, with a market on Wednes-
day. It is of great antiquity, and once had
16 churches, but now only one, at the w
end of which is an octagonal tower, sup-
posed to be built with Roman materials.
Here are also various relics of monastic
antiquities. It is the birthplace of the
celebrated Roger Bacon. The election of
the county members is held here, and here
also is the county gaol. It is seated on the
Ivel, 16 m sbyw Wells, and 122 whys
London. Lon. 2 37 w, lat. 50 56 x.
Ildefonso, St, a town of Spain, in New
Castile, noted for a magnificent summer
palace, built by Philip v, and for a large
manufacture of glass, belonging to the
crown. It is seated on the CogoUudo, 5 m
J.' Uzeda.
IldefoiisOf St. a town of New Spain, in
the province of Guaxaca, seated on a
mountain, 70 m ene Guaxaca. Lon. 97
SO w, lat. 17 5 N.
Ilder-ton, a village in Northimiberland,
4ms Wooler. On a hill near it is a semi-
circular encampment, defended by two high
rampiers of earth, and a deep fosse, with
an inner circle of stoneS; w hich appear uii-
ILL
cemented. The area is about 100 yards
diameter, and contains many remains of
buildings.
l/j'/iicomb, a seaport in Devonshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on Sa-
turchiy. It has a spacious natural basin,
that will admit the largest ships, with a
good pier and quay, projecting into the
Bristol channel. On the outside of the
pier are convenient machines for bathing.
This port employs a number of brigs and
sloops, chiefly in carrying ore from Corn-
wall, coal from Wales, and corn from Bris-
tol; also a number of fishing skifls, which
take soles, turbots, &c. for the Bristol
market. It is 49 ra knw Exeter, and 202
w London. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 51 14 n.
ll/ieoa, a government of Brasil, s of that
of All Saints Bay, from which it is sepa-
rated by the river Serinhaem. The chief
town, of the same name, stands near the
mouth of the river Ilheos, 130 m ssw St.
Salvador. Lon. 40 15 w, lat. 14 55 s.
llkuc/i, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Cracow, remarkable for its silver
and lead mines ; seated in a barren country,
at the foot of several mountains, 15 ni KW
Cracow.
Ille, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eastern Pyrenees, on the river
Teck, 10 m se Perpignan.
Ille arid Vilaine, a department of
France, containing part of the old province
of Bretague. It takes its name from two
rivers, which unite at Rennes, the capital
of the department.
Ille?', a river of Germany, which rises
in Tyro!, runs N through Suabia, by Kemp-
ten, Meinmingen, and Kirchberg, and joins
the Danube near Ulm.
Illescus, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, 15 m ssw Madrid, and 15 kne To-
ledo.
Illinois, a river of the United States,
formed by the junction of the Chicago and
Theakiki,near the s end of Lake Michigan,
which takes a sw course of 250 m, and
enters the Mississippi, 30 ra above the in-
flux of the INIissouri, by a mouth 400 yards
wide. It flows through a rich fertile coun-
try, and receives a great number of rivers
that are navigable for boats from 15 to 180
miles.
Illinois, one of the United States of Ame-
rica, 360 in long and 200 broad ; bounded
on the N by the Northwest territory, e by
Indiana, s by the Ohiho, which divides it
from Kentucky, and w by the Mississippi,
which separates it from the I\Iissouri ter-
ritory. The other chief rivers are the
Illinois and Wabash. The s part is level,
and in some parts, subject to inundation ;
the rest contains some lulls and much fine
IME
land, wliich feed numerous horses and
cattle. It is divided into six counties;
Edward, Johnson, Madison, Randolph, St.
Clair, and Wabash. The population of
Randolph and St.Ciair in 1810 was 12,'>o2.
The estimated population in 1816 was
iiO,000; and the increase to 1818 was
very considerable, the territory being th.en
admitted as a state into the Union. Kas-
kaskia is the seat of government.
Ilni, a town of Upper Saxony, in the up-
per county ofSclivvartzburg, on the river Urn,
13 m Nvv Rudelstadt, and 14 s by e Erfurt.
Ibiien, a lake of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Novgorod, 40 m long and from 12
to 13 broad. This lake communicates
with that of Ladoga to the n, by the river
Volkhof ; and to the s, by the Msta, the
Woloczok canal, and the Teverza, it com-
municates with the river \^olga.
Ibnenau, a town of Upper Saxony, in
the county of Henneberg. Near it is a
mineral spring, also a copper and silver
mine. It is seated near the source of the
Ilm, 17 m ESK Smalkalden.
llmiiister, a town in Somersetshire, witli
a market on Saturday, and a manufacture
of narrow cloths. Here is a handsome
church, with a glazed tower, and a free-
school founded by Edward vi. It is seated
among hills, near the river lUe, 26 m sw
Wells, and 136 w bys London.
Ilo, a seaport of Peru, in the diocese of
Arequipa, 146 m se Arequipa. Lon. 71 12
w, lat. 17 S6 s.
Ilsei/, a town in Berkshire, with a mar-
ket on Wednesday, seated between two
hills, 14 m Nw Reading, and 54 w London.
lUt, a town of the Netherlands, m Fries-
land, seated on the Weymar, 12 rn s Le-
"ivarden.
Ifstrop, a town of Sweden, in W Goth-
land, 27 m SSE Gothenburg.
litem, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
principality of Luneburg, 16 m ssw Zell.
Iltzhofen, a town of Suabia, in the ter-
ritory of Halle, 8 m ne Halle.
Imbro, an island in the Archipelago,
about 20 m in circuit. It is mountainous
and woody, with plenty of game. Lon, 25
44 E, lat. 40 10 N.
Imeritia, or Inierethi, a country of Asia,
which with Mingrilia comprehends tiie
ancient Colchis. It is bounded on the^N
by Caucasia, e by Georgia, of.-which It was
formerly a part, s by Turkish Armenia, and
■vv by Guriel and IMingrelia. The revenues
of the czar arise from a contribution of
the peasants in wine, grain, and cattle,
and from the tribute of the neighbouring
pnnces ; and among the extraordinary
sources of revenue, confiscations have a
considerable share. This country, us well
INC
as Mingrelia, is now dependent on Russia.-
The inhabitants, estimated at 20,000 fa-
milies, are scattered over the country iti
small hamlets. They send yearly consi-
derable quantities of wine to the neigh-
bouring parts of Georgia, in leathern bags,
carried by horses; but they are without
manufactures, very poor and miserable,
and cruelly oppressed by their landlords.
The Imercthians are of the Greek religion. -
Their churches are scarcely to be distin-
guished Irom common cottages, but by a
paper cross over the principal door, and
some paintings of the virgin and the saints.
Cutais is the capital.
Inunenhauseii, a town of Germany, in
the principality of Hesse-Cassel, 8 m nnw
Cassel.
Imntciifitadt, a town of Suabia, in the
county of Koingsegg, situate on a small
river, which soon after joins the Her, 12 m
s Kempten.
Iinolu, a town of Italy, in Romagna, with
a strong citadel. It is surrounded by walls,
towers, and ditches; contains 16 churches
and 17 conveiits ; and is seated on tlie
Santerno, 13 ra Avbys Ravenna, and 4.5
NNE Florence. Lcn. 11 45 e, lat. 44
28 N.
Imperial, a town of Chili, formerly a
fme city, but destroyed by the Indians ;
seated on a river of its name, which flows
into the Pacific ocean, CO m x Valdivia.
I7ica, a town of Majorca, suiroanded by
vineyards and almond-trees, 21 m ne
Pal ma.
Inchhraifock. a small island of Scotland,
in Forfarshire, within the mouth of the S
Esk, near Montrose. It is lately become
of importance from its two bridges; one of
stone, which communicates with the south-
ern shore, the other a draw-bridge, whicli
connects the island with Montrose, it has
also a large and convenient dry dock.
Inchcolm, a small island of Scotland, in
the frith of Forth, near the town of Aber-
dour, on the coast of Fife. Here is a small
fort, erected by government for the protec-
tion of the frith. Also the ruin of a famous
monastery, founded by Alexander i, who
was driven to this island in a tempest, and
hospitably treated by a hermit.
Inchgurvie, a small island of Scotland,
nearly in tlie middle of the passa'^e over
the Forth, at Queensferry, in Linhthgovv-
shiro. In 1799, its fortifications were re-
paired, and four 24 pounders mourited on
them.
Inchkc'Uh, a small island of Scotland
in the frith of Forth, lying midway be-
tween the ports of Leith and Kinghorn.
Here is a lightliouse and a ruinous fort.
hichnianwck, a small island of Scotland,
IND
»in the svv side of ilie isie of Tliitf . The
rMui of a chapel flt'dicared to St. MariK^cli
is srill to he seen ; iiiirl on ihc ^v side urc
vast sti;it<i of conil ar.d shells.
Titddl, ii tcuvn of Sweden, in Modclpiulia,
»in a I'ntr of rlie satiie name, near its en-
trance into the <iulf of Buthnia, 2.'5 m
>; hvw SiindfwaJd.
) ndapmir ; see Irnlrtipoor.
Iiidcii Hotuii, a town of Chinese Tar-
tarv, capital of the Mantchew Tartars,
where they hcpan to cstahlish their empire
over China. It is 4'iO n\ rNE Pelting.
Lon. 1 "2-1 80 r, lat -41 46 k.
India, an extensive region in Asia, lying
between G(3 and 92 r. Inn. and 8 anil 35 N
lat. I'lidcr this name sonic F.urnpeans
have included all the countries that lie s
of Tartary, and extend from the eastern
frontiers of Persiti, to ttie western coasts
of China. Clit the name of India can he
applied, with propriety, to that country
only v>l,ich is dii-tiiisiuislied hotli in Asia
and Europe by the name of Ilin.doostan.
The countries to the f. of Bensial (namely
Aracan, Assam, Birmah, Cambodia, Ciam-
pa, Cochinchina, Lao, Malacca, Pe»n,
Sian), and Toncjuin) which some geogra-
phers have distiimuished by the name of
India beyond the Gan<;es, are no more to
be considered as belonging to India, than
the bordering!!: countries of Persia, Tartary,
and Tibet, .'ree IIindooKlun.
Imlifnia, one of tiie United States of
America, 280 m lens; and 150 broad;
hounded on the n by Illinois and the ter-
ritory of Michigan, e by the state of Oiiio,
s by the river Ohio, which separates it
from Kentucky, and w by Illinois. The
principal rivers are tlie Ohio and Wabash.
This country contains some hills anrl much
fme land. It is divided into 13 counties;
namely, Wayne, Franklin, Dearborn, Jef-
terson, Washington, Harrison, Gibson,
Knox, Switzerland, Clark, Posey, Perry,
and Vv'arvvjck. In 1815, the population
was 68,784. Vinccnnes is the capital.
Indians, the name by vihich the origiiial
natives ol America are L^enerally called.
These people are scattered through the ex-
tent of the two vast continents; of whom
it is observable, that there is a natural
- distinction between the natives of the tein->
perate zones and those of the torrid zone ;
and that, accordin.aly, they may be divided
into two great classes. The one compre-
hends all the N Amciicnns, from the nver
St. Lawrence to the cnlf of Mexico, loge
IND
from the isthmus of Panama, almost to
the southern confines of Brasil, alonj; the
r. side of the Andes. In the former, w hich
comprehends all the regions of ttie temper-
ate zones in America that are inhabited,
the human species appear manifestly to be
more perfect. The natives are more robust,
active, inteliige.iit, and courageous; and
have defeiified their liberty with persever-
ing fortitude aiiainst the Europeans, who
subdued the other rude nations of America,
with the greatest ease, 'i he natives of
the temperate zones are the only people ni
tlie New World who are indebted lor their
freedmn to their own valour. '1 he N Ame-
ricans, tliongh long encompassed by three
formidable European powers, retain part
of their origijtal ]jossessions ; and the peo-
ple of Chili, though early invaded, still
maintain a gallant contest with the Spa-
niards, and have set bounds to their en-
croachments. In the warmer regions, the
men are more feeble in their frame, less
vigorous in the efforts of their mind, of a
gentle but dastardly spirit, more enslaved
by pleasure, and more sunk in indolence.
Accordingly, it is in the torrid zone that
the F.urnpeans have most effectually esta-
blished their dominion over America ; and
if several tribes there still enjoy indepen-
dence, it is either because they have never
been attacked by an enemy already satiated
with c(-nqi;est, and possessed of larger
territories than he was able to occupy, or
because they have been saved from oppres-
sion bv their remote and inaccessible situa-
tion. This distinction, however, although
so conspiGuous, is not universal. Of the
manneis of the N American Indians, a ge-
neral idea may be formed by an account of
those who inhabit the countries to the e of
the Mississippi. These consist of 28 dif-
ferent nation.^; the principal of wdiich
are the Cherokees, .Chicasaws, C'hoc-
taws. Creeks, Delawares, Miamis, Illinois,
(Jiitagainis, Sioux, Chipawas, Ontawas,
Wyandots, and the Six Nations. Allow-
iui; about TOO to a nation or tribe, they
will contain in all 20,000 souls, and may
furnish aliout 5000 \\arriois. These Indians
darken their complexioi), by anointing,
themselves with grease and lying in tlie
sun. They also paint their face, breast,
and shouiciers, of vaiious colours, hut ge-
nerally rid; and in many parts of their
bodies they prick in gun[0\vder in well-
designed figures. They are of n»iddle sta-
ture^ their limbs clean and straight, and
ther with the people of Chili and a lew their features well formed, es|!eciaUy tiiose
small tribes toward the extremity of the
southern ciintinent. To the other belong
all the iidiahitants of f he i.^lands and tiiose
settled in the provinces, which extend
of the women. They shave or pluck the
hair off their heads, except a patch about
the crown, wliirh is ornamented with lea-
thers, beads; wair.j:um; un 1 sncli l:ke
IND
baubles. Their ears are bored, and stretch-
ed bv a thong down tn their shoulders.
Thev are wound vound with wire to ex-
pand them, and adorned with silver pen-
dants, riii^s, and bells, which tliey likewise
wear in their noses. Some of them pierce
the cartilage nftlie nose, and pass thnuigli
it a lari;e feather ; and those who can afford
it wear a collar of wampum, a silver brenst-
plato, and bracelets on the arms and wrists.
A piece of cloth about the middle, a shirt
of the Eni^lish make, on which they bestow
innumerable stitches to adorn it, a sort of
cloth boots and mockasons, which are
shoes of a make peculiar to tiie Indians,
ornamented with porcupine quills, with a
blanket thrown over all, complete their
dress at home; but when they go to war
they leave their trinkets behind. Tliere is
littie di'.ference between the dress of the
men and women, esceptins^ that a short
petticoat, and the hair, which is exceed-
inE;ly black and lont^, and clubbed behind,
distinguish some of the latter. 'I'heir war-
like arms are f^nnSibows and arrows, darts,
scalping knives, and tomahawks; the last
is one of their most useful pieces of held
furniture, serving all tlie ollices of the
hatchet, pipe, and sword; and tlicy are
exceedingly expert in throwing it. The
world has no better niarksmcn with any
weapon ; they will kill birds flying, fishes
swinnning, and wild beasts running. They
are not so ignorant as some suppose them,
but are quick of apprehension, sudden in
execution, subtle in business, exquisite in
invention, and industrious in action. They
are of a gentle and amiable disposition to
th(!se they think their friends, but as im-
placable in their enmity ; their revenge
being completed only by the entire destruc-
tion of their enemies. They are very hardy,
bearing heat, cold, hunger, and thirst, in a
surprising manner ; and yet no people are
more addicted to excess in eating and
drinking, when it is in their power. The
follies, nay mischief, they commit, when
inebriated, are entirely imputed to the
liquor; and no one will revenge any injury
(murder excepted) received from one who
is no more himself. Among the Indians
all men are equal, personal qualities be-
ing most esteemed. No distinction of
birth, or rank, renders any man capable of
<loing prejudice to the rights of private
persons : and there is no p>re^ennnence
iVom merit, wliich begets pride, and which
makes others too sensible of their own
inferiority. Their public conferences show
tiiem to be men of genius ; and thc-y have
in a high degree the talent of natural elo-
quence. They live dispersed in villages,
cither in tjie woods, ni on tiie (;unkb ot
IND
rivers, where they have little plantations^
of maize and ronts, not enough to supply
their famihes halfihe year; and they sub-
sist, the remainder of it, by hunting, fish-*
ins, and fowling, and the fruits of the
earth, wiiirh grow spontaneously in great
plenty. Their huts are generally built of
small logs, and covered with bark; oack
iKivinc; a cliinmey and a door, on which
they place a padlock. One ot their towns,
called Old Chelicnthe, is built in the form
of a parallelogram ; and some of theii»
houses are shingled A long council-house
extends the whole length of the town,
where the king and chiefs of the nation
frequentiv meet, and c(msult on all matters
of importance, whether civil or military^
Some huts are budt by setting up a fiamd
on forks, and placing bark against it;
others of reeds, and surrounded with clay.
The {we is in the midrlle of th.e wigwam,
and the smoke passes thnnigh a liitle hole-
They join reeds together by cords run
through them, which serve them for tables
and beds. They mostly lie upon skins of
wild beasts, and sit on the ground. They
have brass kettles and pots to boil their
food. Gourds or calabashes, cut asunder,
serve them for pails, cups, and dishes.
The accounts of travellers, concerning
their religion, are various ; and although it
cannot be absolutely affirmed that they
have none, yet it is very difficult to deline
what it is. All agree that they acknow-
ledge ojie .Supreme God, but not adore him.
They have not seen hnT>, they do not know
him"; believing him to be so far exalted
above them, and too happy in himself, ta
be concerned about the trifling affairs of
poor mortals. They seem also to believe
in a future state, and that alter death they
shall be removed to their friends who have
gone betbre them, to an clysiuni or para-
dise. The Wyandots, near Detroit, and
some others, have the Roman catholic re-
ligion introduced among them by mission-
aries. These have a church, a minister,^
and a regular burying ground. Many of"
them appear zealous, and say prayers in
their families. These, by their acquaint-
ance with white people, are a little civilis-
ed^ which must of necessity precede Chris-
tianity. The Cherokee?, Chicasaws, and
some* others, are little concern.ed about
rehgion. Others continue their lormer
superstitious worship of tl-.c objects of hope
and fear, and especially those beings whoiti
they most dread; though, utthe same time
it is allowed they pray to the sun, and
other inferior bcnevoler.t diities, for suC"
cess in their imdertakings, for plenty of
food, and other necessaries of life. They
iiuvc tlicir festivals, and o'ljer rtjioicing;
Z 'i
IND
5ays, on which they sirvs; and dance iu a
Ting, takiui; hands, having u) jiainted luid
disguised themselves, that it is ihlhcult to
know any of tliem; and after enjoying
this dive^^i^>n for a while, they retire to
the place where they liave prepared a feast
of fish, llesh, fowl, and frnit ; to which
all are invited, and entertained with their
country sojugs. They believe that there is
«reat virtue in feasts for the sick, which
is concluded hy singing a jnost harmonious,
luelanchdly song; in wliich strain tlicir
anusic is particularly excellent. As tiiey
approach their towns, when some of their
people are lost in war, they make great
lamentations for their dead, and bear them
long after in remembrance. Some nations
abhor adultery, do not approve of a plnr-
iility of wi>ves, and are not guilty of theft;
but there are other tribes not so scrupulous.
Their form of marriage is short: the man,
before wllnesses, gives the bride a deer's
foot, and {>he in return presents him with
an ear of corn, as emblems of their several
«iuties. The women are very slaves to the
men ; which is usual in rude unpolished
nations tlnvjughout the world. Their king
lias no powcj- to put any one to death by
liis own authority; but the murderer is
generally delivered up to the friends of
the deceased, to do as they please. When
one kills anotiier, his tViend kills him, and
so tbsy continue until much blood is shed ;
and at last the .quarrel is ended by mutual
presents. Their kings are hereditary, but
their authority extremely limited. No
people afford a more striking evidence of
the miseries to which mankind arc exposed
iRim the want of governn'.ent than they,
lyery chief, wdieu olTendcd, breaks off
"vvLth a party, setliee at some distance,
and then commences hostilities against his
«wn people. They are generally at war
"wiiji each other; and are exceedingly
cruel to the prisoners taken in war. They
load them with burdens, and when they
arrive at their towns, they must run the
gauntlet. Many are killed ; but if one
outlives this trial, he is adopted into a
family as a son, and treated with paternal
Jvindness, Eut sometimes their prisoners
are destined to be tortured to death, in
order. to satiate the revenge of their con-
querors. While their lot is in suspense,
the prisoners appear altogether unconcern-
ed about what may befall them ; and when
the fatal sentence is intimated to them,
they receive it with unaltered countenance,
raise their deaihsong, and prepare to suf-
fer like men. Tiie prisoners are tied naked
to a stake, but so as to be at liberty to
move ronnii it. All present, men, women,
aa3 chlidreii^ rush ui-jcn thcp) like fqries ;
IND
some burn their limbs with rcdliot irons,
some mangle their bodies with knives,
others tear their flesh, pluck off their
nails, and rend and twist their sinews.
In spite of all their sufferings, tlie victims
continue to chaulit their death-song witli a
firm voice; they i)oast of their own ex|)loits,
and insult their tormentors by the most
provoking reproaches and threats. Weary
at length in contending with men whose
constancy they cannot van(]uish, some chief
puts a period to their sufferings, by dis-
patching them with his ilag^er or his club.
The people of b America gratify their re-
venge in a manner somevvlnit different, but
with the same unrelenting rancour. Their
prisoners, at their first entrance, meet with
the same rough reception as among the
N Americans; but afterward they are
treated with the greatest kindness, and
some young women are appointed to attend
and solace them : yet by a refinement of
cruelty, while they seem studious to attach
their captives to life, their doom is irre-
vocably fixed. On an appointed day, the
victorious tribe assembles, the prisoner is
brought forth with great solemnity, he
meets his fate with undaunted firmness,
and is dispatched by a single blow. The
moment he falls, the women seize the body,
and dress it for the feast : they besmear
their children with the blood, in order to
kindle in their bosoms a hatred of their
enemies, and all join in feeding upon the
flesh with amazing greediness and exulta-
tion. The Indians of S America, imme-
diately under the Spanish government, are
now far from being treated with that rigour
and cruelty with which the first conquerors
of that continent are charged. They are
no longer considered as slaves ; but are re-
puted as freemen, and entitled to the privi-
leges of subjects. A certain tribute is, indeed,
imposed upon them, and certain services
required; but these are all under the due
regulations of policy and humanity. The
Indians who live in the principal towns are
entirely subject to the Spanish laws and
magistrates; but, in their own villages,
they are governed by caziques, some of
whom are the descendants of their ancient
lords; others are named by the Spanish
viceroys. These regulate the petty affairs
of the people under them, according tt>
maxims of justice, transmitted to them by
tradition. For their further relief, the-
Spanish court has appointed an oliicer in
every district with the title of Protector of
the Indians, whose duty is to assert the
rights of th.e Indians and to set bounds to
the exactions of liis countrymen. Hospi-
tals also are founded in every new settle-
liient for the reception uf indigent and in-
IND
firm Indians, where tliey are treated with
tenderness and humanity. See Esquimaux;
Indies, West; Patagonia.
Indies, East, the name given by Euro-
peans to that vast tract of country in Asia,
whicli lies to the s of Tartary, between
Persia and China, as well as to a great
-number of islands in the Indian ocean, ex-
tending from Southern Ilindoostan as far
F. as New Guinea, and from the bay of
Bengal and the China sea as far s as
Terra Australis. Tlie most western of the
islands are the Maldives, and the most
eastern the Moluccus; between which are
several very large ones, as Ceylon, Suma-
tra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes ; beside
many others of considerable importance as
to riches, though much inferior in extent.
Indies, West, the name given to a great
number of islands in the Atlantic ocean,
whicii extend across the entrance of the
«ulf of Mexico, from the \\v extremity of
the Bahama islands, otY the coast of Florida,
to the island of Tobago, 120 m from the
coast of Caracas. Cuba is the most west-
ern, and Barbados the most eastern of
these islands- When Cokimbus discovered
them in 149Q, he considered them as part
of those vast regions in Asia comprehend-
-ed under the general name of India ; to
reach which, by a w course across the At-
lantic, had been the grand object of his
voyage. 1 his opinion was so general, that
Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of
-Castile, in their ratification of a grant to
Columbus, upon his return, gave them the
name of Indies. Even after the error that
gave rise to this opinion was detected, and
the position of the New World ascertained,
•the name has remained; and the appella-
tion of Wesllndiesis given to these islands,
and that of Indians to the iniiabitants, not
only of the islands, but of the continent of
America. These islands are likewise called
•the Caribe Islands, from tlie aborigines of
the country; and the sea in which they lie
is called the Caiibean Sea. By the Trench
they are called the Antilles. The name of
■Caribe should properly be confnied to the
smaller islands, lynig in a semicircle be-
tween Porto Kico and Trinidad. These
•were inhabited by the Caribs, a fierce race
• of Indians, nowise resembling their timid
.neighbours in the larger islands. See Fi/j-
cent, St. The Britis^h islands are .Jamaica,
Barbados, St. Christopher, St. Lucia, An-
tigua, Anegada, Nevis, Montserrat, Bar-
buda, Auguilla, Dominica, St. Vincent,
Granada, Tobago, the Bahama Islands, and
part of the Virgin Islands. The Spaniards
have Cuba, Ilispaniola, Porto Rico, Trini-
dad, and Margarita; the French Guada-
loupc, Marigalante, Deseada, and Marti-
nico.; the Dutch, St. Eustatia, Curacao,
ING
Saba, and St. Martin; the Danes, St.
Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John; and the
Swedes, St. Bartholomew.
Iiidore, a town of Ilindoostan, in I\IaI-
wah, capital of one of the Poonah Mahratta
chiefs. It is seated at the foot of the
Vindhaya mountains, 32 m se Oojain.
Loii. 7(J 10 E, lat. 22 51 n.
Indrapoor, a town on the w coast of
Sumatra, capital of a kingdom. Here the
Dutch have a factory, for tlie purchase of
pepper. It stands at the mouth of a river,
wiiich will admit sloops, 160 m NW Ben-
coolen. Lon. 190 45 e, lat. 1 50 s.
Indre, a department of France, including
the old province of Berry. It has its name
from a river, which rises in this depart-
ment, flows into that of Indre and Loire,
and joins the Loire, 4 m below the influx
of the Cher. Chateauroux is the capital.
Indre and Loi7-e, a department of France,,
including the old province of Touraine.
Tours is the capital.
Indus, or Sinde, a great river, the source
of which has never been explored, but is
supposed to be in Cashgur. It enters
Ilindoostan at Bazaar, on the frontier of
Cabul, where the stream is wide and some-
times fordable ; but 20 m below it receives,
the Cabul or Attock river, which adds
considerably to its depth. Proceeding
sby w along the Afghanistan frontier it re-
ceives the other principal streams of that
country; and in Mooltan it receives the
Punjnub, or five streams of the Punjab,
which greatly increase it both in width and.
depth. The noble stream then pervades
Sindy, a little above Bhukor, and flowing
thence by Sehwan and Tatta, enters the
Indian ocean in one vast body, 50 m to tlie
s of Knrachee. Below Tatta the main
stream sends out some trifling branches,
which, after various \vindings and intersec-
tions, enter the sea by five or six mouths j
but these are merely creeks, and at times
empty. See Tuttu.
tneuda, a town of Eurcipean Turkey, irt
Romania, on a beautiful inlet of the Black,
sea, which affords safe anchorage toy vessels
of any size. It is 60 m Eby n Adrianople.
Lon. '27 40 w, lat. 41 52 N.
Injtmto, a town- of Spain, ia jNIancha,
near the river Jabalon, 42 m ese Ciudad
Real.
L'gelfingen, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Hohenlohe, seated on the
Kocher, 20 m ssw Mergealheim.
IngeUieim, a town o-f Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, seated on an emi-
nence, by the river Salva, and near the
Rhine, 10 m w Mentz.
Ingelmunster, a village of the Nether-
lands, in Flanders, near the river Mandel,.
5 in >' Courtray. Here is a castle, which.
ING
•was often made a garrison, in the rdii^ious
Vars ot'tlie lOlli century.
Jiiglcdoroui:;/!, a niduntuin in Yurk^liire,
8 m to the nnw of Settle, it is 'J361 f< ct
tibove the level of the sea. Tlie top is a
circular plain, near a mile in eircnit, cou-
taiiiiiii; the ruins of i\v> old wall, ivc. from
ivhicli some itnap;iae it has been a lioinan
fetation. Its sidts are sttep and rocky, and
contain several pits and chasms, hut luay
be ascended without dantitr. It* lime-
stone base, wiiich nearly extends to those
of Wlurnside and Peniy-iant, is pe-,forattd
in every direction witii lonp; caverns.
higlcioii, a villa>;e in \V Yorkshire, 10
m v.-.NW Settle, it has a cotton null, and
btamis at the bases of Whcrnsicie and In-
gleborousih, amid the natural curiosities of
those inouiitains.
I>ii:liiig, a rtiwn of I'rancr, in the depart-
of IVIoselie, 6 in e 'J hionville.
lu^oLtiidt, a town of Bavaria, witii a
fitnuius university, and a tine clnnxh. It
i.s one of the strou<iest |)htcts in Germany,
surrnuiultd by a morass. '1 he houses are
built of stone, and the streeis are large.
It was taken by the Austrians in 174^^, and
bombaided by the I'rencii in \'i9(i. It is
seated on the Danube, 9 m i: iN'eui)ure, and
45 Nbyw Munich. Lou. 11 'J2 r, hit. 48
40 N. '
Jngraham Islands, a group of Islands in
the Pacihcpcean ; seven of them di-cover-
«d in 1791 by capt. Ingraliani, of Boston
5n I\Iassachusels, and named VVusiiintiton,
Adams, Lincoln, I'ederal, I'raiiklin, Han-
cock, and Knox. Aitervvard, in the same
year, some of thein were observed by cap-
tain Marchand, a Frenclnnan, v\ho called
them Uevdlution Kles. 'Iliey have since
been visited by other navigators, and their
immber increased to tv.enty; lying from
55 to 50 leuLiues ^•^■W()f the Marque-as, in
kin. 139 to 141 w, lat. 8 to 9 s. I hey are
sometimes called the New Marquesas, and
frecjucntly Wushmgton Islands. '1 hey ap-
pear geneialiy to be diversified wiih hills
and valleys, and to be well wooded and
watered ; but animal and veiietable pro-
visions are not plentiful. JMost cf tliem
are inhabited, and the people resemble
those of the Marquesas. Federal island,
called by the natives Nukahiv\a, is the
principal one; 70 m in circuit, and very
mountainous, but has fertile valleys inter-
spersed, and many secure haibouis on its
coasts : Port Anna Maria, so named by
lieut. Hergist, in 179'2, lies on the s coast.
Lon. 139 40 w, lat. 8 56 s.
Ingrundc, a town of France, in tliu de-
partment of JIayenne and Loire, oa the
river Loire, 15 in wsw Angers.
Ingria, a province of Jlussia, whi( h now
/orms tlie governuient of Petersburg. It
ING
is 130 m long and 50 broad; bounded on
the N by the river Neva and the gulf of
Finland, e and s by the government of
Novgorod, and w by that of Livonia.
Peter the great wrested it from the .Swedes,
and it was coniirmed to him by the treaty
of Nystatlt in 17 '2 L At that timi;, the in-
iiabilants ot the ilat country were I'inish
people ; and they were called Ischorki, and
ischortzi, from the river Ischora, which
runs into the Neva. Ingria did not retain
its Swedish privileges: on the contrary,
Peter made a present of one part of the
Ischortzi to certain Rufjsian nobles ; who,
on their side, were obliged to people the
Jess cultivated cantons of Ingria with co-
lonies ot linssiaus from their estates ; and
thence it is that a village of Piussians is
oi'ten surroiuided by villages of Fins. The
Ischortzi have long followed agriculture.
Their economy is an ill-chosen mean be-
tween that of the Russians and the Fins.
They assemble in small villages, oi' five or
ten farms each ; and li^ e miserably in snudl
dirty huts. Their inclination to idleness
and drinking leads them often to sell their
stock, and the corn they have saved for
sowing the fields. Some of them, however^
imitate the Russian villagers, who are
better managers, more at their ease, and
in better circumstances. The Ingrians are
a stupid, suspicious, thievish race, and
dangerous from their phlegmatic tempera-
ment, and propensity to pilfering. They
resemble the gypsies, are vagabonds like
them, calculate nativities, and tell for-
tunes. T he dress of the men is like that
of the Fin boors ; but the habit of the
women betrays a vanity, uhich, consider-
ing the poverty of this people, and the
tyranny which their husbands and fathers '
exercise over them, may pass for luxury..
The hjwer part of tlieir dress resembles
that of the Fin country women. '1 heir
shift has a neck and clcise wristbands, both
of them pinked or wrought; the body and
sleeves are large, liie latter whimsically
worked, and the body pufted vviih number-
less plaits. Instead of a petticoat, they tie
on two aprons : these are sometimes of
cloth and sometimes of linen worked with
ditHerent colours; that behind being much
tlie widest, and the smaller one in front is
■generally adorned with glass beads and
little shells. Several strings of these beads
are worn round the neck,, and they have
heavy earrings, with the addition generally
of atrings of beads. The married women
ciinceal tlieir hair, like the Finish w<nnen,
with a long piece of linen, folded toward
the middle into a kind of cap, while its
extremities fall upon the back and should-
ers. When they dress themselves to go to
town, tliey commonly put on the Russ cap,
INS
which is ornamented with a peak in front,
is lined with fur, and laced round the
edges; with this they vvenr a lon;j: eowji,
made of coarse stuff, and fastened dowjj
the breast with buttons. Rcfore the Rus-
sians conquered this country, the Ingrians
had Lutheran ministers for every canton J
but tmmbers of them have been since con-
verted to the Greek faith. 'J'hey are ad-
dicted to absurd notions and pagan super-
stitions, which tliey mix with the ceremo-
nials of Christianity. The dead are buried
by the priest of the profession to which
they belong. I'heir general oiiinion is, that
they continued to live in the subterranean
world in the same inaiu^-er as they did on
the surface of the eartii ; and that tiie grave
is little mom than a change of habitation ?
for which reason they bury theirmoney, that
they may have it to use in the other world.
J)i^:us/ii; see Kidi.
Tn/ia>iibane, a country on the coast of
Cattreria, bounded on the n by S.ibia, e
and SK by the Indian sea, sw and w by th^
river JNlanica. It has a river and port of
the same name, subject to Poatugal. Lon.
35 50 r., lat. 23 28's.
Iiijelltj ; see KidjtUee.
Inishoiuin, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, with a considerable linen niaiuifac-
ture ; seated on the Bandon, 7 m >;w Kiur
sale, and 13 ssw Cork.
Inislioge, or Ennistrage, a borough of
Ireland, m Kilkenny courity, on the I'lver
Nore, 5 m above its conflux with the Bar-
row, and 15 sse Kilkenny.
Inn, a river that rises in Switzerland, 5n
the canton of Grisons. It issues from the
E end of the lake Siglio, flows >;e throuo;h
Tyrol, by Inspruc and Kufstein, and con-
tinuing Its course in Bavaria, passes by
Wasseburg ai.d Braiiau to I'assaii, vvliere
itjoins the Danube.
Tnnuconda, a. town and fnt of Hindoo-
stan, in the Circars, district of Guntoor,
situate on a hill, 50 m vvsw Guntoor.
Innic/ien, a town of Germany, in Tyrolj
situate among mountains, at the source of
the Dravc, 25 n\ e Brixen.
Innijcottii, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Berar, on the lefc bank of tlie Wurda^ .55
in s\v Nagpoor.
Inaw/oczurc, a town of F'oland, in the
palatii-.ate of V/Iadislaw, 24 m wbyN
Vviadislaw.
Jnsc/i, a town of Scotland, in ^Aberdeen-
shire, 2(3 m w.NW Aberdeen.
I/injtrvc, a. fortified town of Germany,
capital of Tyrol, with a strong castle, it
was formerly the place vvhere the arch-
dukes of Austria resided ; and here, in
1672, emperor Leopold i founded a univer-
sity, which in 17'o2 v.as changed into a
lyceuni. The population nearly 13,000.
INV
The principal manufactures are gloves, silk
find woollen stuffs, and all kinds of glass
wares. Ins|)ruc was entered by the Trench,
in 1805. it is seated in a plea-^ant valley,
on the river Inn, 00 m s Munich. Lon. 11
32 K, lat. 47 17 N.
Inaterburg, a town of E Prussia, with a
trade in corn and beer; seated on the Pregel,
opposite the niflux of the luster, 45 m
Ebys Koniiisberg.
Interlac/ien, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Bern, si;ated between the
lakes of Brientz and -Thun, 23 m ssw Lu-
Cern, and 32 se Bern.
Inthul ; see Engadiise.
Inzeruray, a bomugh of Scotiiiml, capi-
tal of Argyie>hire, iituaie on the vv side of
Loch Fyne, at the iniiux of the Aray. It
has an elegant modern churcli, erected in
thegothic style, with two places of woiship
under its roof. llei-e are lu.mufatsires i/f
linen, woollen, and iron, aiid a triuls ia
wool, timber, and oak L-ark ; but its chief
support is from the herring fishery. Near
the town is Inveraray castle, the seat of
the duke of Argyie ; and in the iieighbo'ur-
hi'od is a codsidtrable ii-on-vv;.rk. it is 33
m 'Kw Dumbarton, and 8B\v.\\y i'.dinburg.
Lon. 4 54 w, lat. 5(3 15 N.
Inverbervie; see Bervie
Inveresk, a village of Scotland, in Edin-
burgshire, .situate oii a hill, at the e side
of the mouth of the Esk, a little to the N
of Muiselburg. In 17Ci3, the subterrane-
ous remains of a Roman hot bath were
discovered here.
Invergordon, a village of Scotlaufl, in
llosshire, at the mouth of liie frith of Cro-
marty, 8 m SSE Tain. It has a good har-
bour, and a resj;ular ferry o\er the frith to
the town of Cromarty.
Inverkeitldiig, a borough and seaport of
Scotland, in Fiteshire, which has a,consi-
derabie trade 1:1 coal and salt. Before the
eutraiice of the harbour is a bay, which
affords safe anchorage for slrps in all
winds : and the harbour itself is commo-
dious, witli excellent quays. It is situate
on the N side of the iVith»f Forth, 12 m
w^\w iidinburg. Lon. 3 12 w, lat 55 57 N.
Inverkip, a village of Scotland, in Ren-
frewshire, 3 m ssw Greenock It is situate
on the Kip, at its entrance into the frith
of Clyde, and much frequented for sea-
bathing.
idverlciihcn, a to^vn of Scotland, in
I'cebleshire, on the ri\er Tweed, at the in-
iiux of the Leithen. Here is an extensive
woollen manufacture, and a famous sul-
1-hurous spring. It is 5 m ese Peebles,
and 9 vv Selkirk.
i«i'e;-Hess, al.orough of Scotland, capital
of Invernesshire, situate on both sides the
river Ness, near its entrance into the frith
INV
JOII
of Moray. It lias a commodioii'; Iiarbotir, browory. Near it is the ruin of Invcrngie
for vessels of 500 tons, and liuger ones castle.
may ride in safety within a mile of tlie Inrrrury, n boron^h of Srothind, in
town. Here are six incorporated trades, a Aberdeenshire, on tlie river Dry, just above
good sahuon fisberv, a Uu-ije mannfactiue its conflux with tlie Don, 15 m nw Aber-
of ropes and canvas, fe\eral tan-works, deen.
and a ci'nsidcral)le tiadc. 'Hie popnhition J<Hiclihiist/iiil, a tovn of Bohemia, in tlie
was 10,757 m 1811. On an emiiieiic(> are
the rnins of tlic old castle, deinolislied by
the rebels in 17 1(3; and o^■er the Ness is
a bridge of seven arches. '1 he court-house
is 81 haudhinie buildiiiir, with a fine tower
and spire ; and here is an excellent aca-
circle of Saat/, noted for its mines and a
manurnclure of lace, 15 m k by r. J'.lbotien.
JodchiiiistltctI, a t(twn of Brandenburg,
in the Ucker mark, 31 m nne Berlin.
Jouiinina ; see Janina.
Jockgrim, a town of Trance, in the de-
demy, provided with a rector and four partinent of Lower Rhine, situate on an
masters. Near this town, on Cnllodeii eminence, near the liliine, 9 m sf. Landau.
heath, the duke of Cumberland gained a
decisive victory over the rebels in 174(3.
To the w of the town is the hill of Craig
Phairic, on the summit of which are the
extensive remains of a vitrified tort. Inver-
Jo/iaii<;eorgc>istiidf, a town of the kisig-
dom of Saxony, in Misnia, celebrated for
its mines aiid a considerable manufacture
of lace, 18 m sse Zwickau.
Joftannedniri^, a town of E Prussia, with
iiess is 6t3 m Kr. Fort VN'illiam, and 116 a citadel, on tiie river Pych, near the lake
xxw Kdinburg. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 57 81 N. Spirding, 9b m se Konigsberg. Lon. 22 30
Iiivcniesihh-f, the most extensive county e, lat. 53 16 N.
of Scotland ; bounded on the n by llos- Jufin, St. one of the Philippine islands,
shire, e by tlie counties of Nairn, Elgin, e of Mindanao. Lon. Vi6 32 e, lat. 9
and Aberdeen, s by those of Perth and 30 n.
Aiuvlc, and w by the Atlantic ocean. It Johyi, St. one of the \'irgin islands, in
also includes several of the Hebrides. In-
dependent of the islands, it is 80 m long
and 50 broad; and is divided into SI
parishes, which contained 78,386 iidiabit-
ants in 1811. The N part is mountainous
and barren ; the s part is also mountain-
the W Indies, 12 m in circuit. It has a
town and spacious harbour. Lon. 65 10
w, lat. 18 10 N.
John, St. or Prince Eduurd, an island
in the s part of the gulf of St. Lawrenca,
having New Brunswick on the vv, Nova
ous, and here is Bennevis, the highest Scotia on the s, and Cape Breton on the e.
mountain in Britain. This county has It is 60 m long and 30 broad, and exceed-
several considerable lakes, and is divided, ingly fertile, with several streams. In
in a manner, into two equal parts, by 1745 it surrendered, with Cape Breton, to
those of Ness, Oich, Lochy, and Linnhe'; the English. The capital is Charlottetown,
thmugh which is now cutting the Caledo- situate on the w coast, on the river Hils-
uian canal, to unite the eastern and western burg. Lon. 6'2 50 w, lat. 46 50 n.
oceans. The extensive plains which sur- John, St. a lake of Lower Canada, of an
rouiidthelakesare, in general, fertile; and oval form, 3 1 m long and «5 broad. It
the high grounds feed many sheep and receives rivers from every direction, and its
beeves" the rearing and selling of which outlet is the river Saguenay, which flows
is the chief trade of the inhabitants ; and e to the St. Lawrence, at Tadousac.
numerous herds of goats are found in every John, St. a river that rises in the nw
district. The mountains and forests are part of the district of Main, flows ne into
inhabited by immense numbers of red and New Brunswick, where it soon takes a sse
roe deer: the alpine and common hare, course, and enters the bay of Eundy, aU
and other game, are also abundant. Lime- the city of St. John. It is navigable 60 m
stf)ne, iron-ore, and some traces of difler- for sloops of 50 tons, and about 200 for
ent minerals havebeen found in this county, boats; and alVords a common and near
with beautiful rock crystals of various route from the province of New Brunswick
tints ; but no mines have been worked to Quebec.
hitherto with much success. The principal John, St. a city of New Brunswick, and
rivers are the Spey, Ness, and Ikauley. the chief place of trade in the provmce.
Invcr.snuid, a village of Scotland, on the It is situate at the mouth of the river Str.
X sideofLochLonmnd, 25mNbywDum- John, in the bay of Eundy. Lon. 65 15
barton. Here is a small fort, and near it w, lat. 45 12 n.
there is a ferry over the lake. John, St. the chief town of Newfound-
Jnveniiiif.'a. village of Scotland, on the land, situate on the e side of the island. It
E coast of Aberdeenshire, at the mouth of has a good iiarbour, entirely landlocked,^
the Ugie, 2 m nw Peterhead. It has an and defended by several forts, in one of
extensive bleach-iield, and a considerable which the governor of the island resides.
JON , JOS
It has been nearly destroyed by a fire in the foot of the Iron mountains, 86 m sb^lT
1818, and another in 1819. Lon. 52 21 Knoxville. Lon. 82 40 w, lat. 36 8 N.
■\v lat. 47 32 N. Ionian Islands, seven islands in the
'john, St. the capital of Antigua, and the Mediterranean, on the sw coast of Euro-
chief residence of the governor of the Lee- pean Turkey; namely, Corfu, Paxo, St,
ward islands. In 1769 it was nearly de- Maura, Theaki, Celaiomia, Zante, and
stroyed by fire; and in 1772 it sutiered Ccr<;io. Ihey belonged to Venice, and oa
much by a hurricune. It is now one of the the fall of that republic were occupied by
most regular towns in the W Indies, and lias the French, bur were taken from them bj
a most commodious harbour, well fortified, the Russians, who, in 1800, formed them
Lon. 61 50 w, lat. 17 8 N. into a goverrm.ent styled the Republic of
John, St. a town and fort of Lower the Seven Islands. In 1815, by the treaty
Canada, on the w bank of the Sorel, 20 m of Paris, they were put under the protec-
froni the n end of Lake Champlain. In tion of Britaui, with the contniental sea-
1796, it was made the sole port of entry port of Parga, in Albania, and called the
and clearance for all goods imported from United States of the Ionian Islands. la
the United States into Canada. It is 24 1819, the continental territory was giveo
m SE Montreal, and 110 N Crown Point, up. Corfu is the seat of government.
Lon. 75 20 yr, lat. 45 25 N. Jonkoping, a town ol Sweden, capital
John d'Acre, St. see Acre. of Sinoland, and the supreme seat ot jus-
Johnshaven, a village of Scotland, in tice for Gothland. In 1790 the town w-as
Kincardineshire, with a harbour for small burnt down, and has since been ^ho ly
vessels, 4 m ssw Bervie. It has an ex- rebuilt. It has a citadel, numerous public
•tensive manufacture of canvas, and a trade edifices, and a manutacture oi arms. Ihe
in importini; coal and exporting grain. hou.es are large and comfortable, but still
Johmtown, a town of New'Vork, chief chiefly of wood, and the root covered with
of Montgomery county, with two churches, turf or wood. It is seated at the s end ot
It stands on 'the left bank of Mohawk the lake Wetter, 64 m sw Linkoping. Lon.
xiver ; and on the opposite side, in the fi)rk ^4 46 e, lat. 57 12 N.
formed by the infiux of the Schohary, is Joogdea, a town of Hindoostan, m
Fort Hunter. It is 14 m wnw Schenectady. Bengal, where is an establishment tor tht
Johnstoivn, a town of Upper Canada, manufacture of salt, 76 m se Dacca,
♦extending near a mile on the river St. /or^/f/?!, a river of Syria, which rises in
Mount Libanus, and flows s, through tbe
Lawrence. It is 50 m ne Kingstown, and
100 sw Montreal. Lon. 75 10 w, lat. 44
42 s.
Johnstoiun, St. a borough of Ireland, in
Donegal county, on the river Foyle, 8 in
N Li fib id.
lake of Tiberias, to tiie Dead sea.
Jorjan, or Corcan, a town of Persia, in
Ciiorasan, capital of a district, bordering
on the Caspian sea and Asterabad. This
place is reckoned one of the strongest for-
JoAns^o^n, Sf. a borough of Ireland, in tre-ses in the kingdom. It is50mENE
Longfbrd county, on the river Camlin, 6 Asterabad, and 120 wsw Mesched. Lon.
tone Longford. 56 45 e, lat. 37 0 n.
Johore, a town of the Malaya peninsula, Jorkuu, a town of Bolicmia, in the circle
iind the capital of a kingdom. The exports of Saafz, where great quantities ot beer
are pepper, gold, tin, and elephant teeth, are brewed. On a mountain by the town
sent to Prince of Wales- island, whence is the magnificent castle ot Rothenhaus,
opium and other articles are brought in re- and near it arc celebrated alum works, it.
•turn. It stands near the s coast, 20 m is 5 m N Comimitau.
■from the mouth of a river of the same Josep/i, Sf. a river and fort of the Lmted
Jiame, and 150 su Malacca, Lon. 103 30 States, on the s border of the .Michigan
E, lat. 1 35 N.
Joigny, a town of France, in the depart-
anent of Yonne. In the vicinity are numer-
-ous vineyards. It stands on the side of a
Iiill, by the river Yonne, 17 m sse Sens.
Joinville, a town of France, in the de-
.partment of Upper Marne, with a magni-
'licent castle, seated on the Mame, 22 m
N Chaumont.
Joliba ; see Niger.
lonu ; see Icolmkill.
territory. The river rises about SO m from
the w end of Lake Erie, to which there is
a portaire, and it flows wnw into the se
part of Lake Michigan. The fort stands
30 m above tiie mouth of the river, and
130 whys Detroit. Lon. 85 8 w, lat. 42
2 N.
Jo'^eph, St. the capital of the island of
Trinidad, with a church and a Franciscaa
convent. It is strongly seated on a mom-
tain, by the side of a river, 6 m ahov« i.t&
Jonesborough, a town of Tenessec, chief entrance in the gulf of Paria. Lon. SI. ^4
■of Washington countv. It is seated near w, lat. 10 On.
IPS
Josimutfi, atownof Ilindoostiin, iii Seri-
nagiir, the residence of the \u<zh prio;,t and
tlic otlior iulial)it.nits of l{h;ulrin;itli, diir-
in-i the six coid iiHinths while the temple
is slnit i\[) at tliat [ilace. It is <26 m enk
Seriiui>:ur.
Josseliii, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of JMorbihan, 25 ni jiME Vannes.
Jouurc, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Seine and Marne, 10 m SE Meaux,
and oj E Paris.
Joiid; see Jehad.
Joudpoor, a town and fort of Hindoostan,
in ^\jiiiere, capital nf a district, and of an
extensive Hajpoot principality, anciently
iianud Maiuar. The rajah is occasion-
ally called the AJarwar, o"r iihatore rajah,
and deemed one of the most powerful
natue princes in India. 'J'he chief articles
ot trade are salt, camels, oxen, and horses.
It is 92 m w 7\jn)eer. Lon. 73 18 e, lat.
2d 27 ^.
Joux, Mount ; see Jvj'u, Mount.
Joijeuxe, a town of france, in the depart-
ment of Ardeche, seated on the Baune, 27
m s\v Pnvas.
Ipliojtn, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Wurtzburg, 15m ese Wurtz-
burii.
Jpohj Sdg/i, a town of Ilunsary, where
the as'^enddy of llonlli county is held ;
situate near tlie Ipoly, 27 in s by r. Scheai-
iiit/.
Jps, a town of Austria, situate near the
conflux of the Ips with the Danube, 22 m
w St. Polten.
Jpsatu, a town of European Turkey, in
Honiania, and a Greek archbishop's see.
Kear it are mines of alum; and red wine
is an article of conimeice. It is seated on
theiMarissa, 60 m s Adrianopie, and 130
w Constantinople. Lon. 26 10 i;, lat. 40
67 N.
Jpsera, a small island in the Arciiipela-
go, in tlie fimn of a heart, J5 m .nw of
tile i::laiid of Scio. 'i'o the w is another
smad island, called Anti-Ipsera.
Ipsheim, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Bayreuth, 17 m KNW An-
spacli.
Ijiswic/i, a borough and principal town
ot Suih)lk, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Wednesday, Friday, and Satur-
day. It was once surrounded by a wall,
traces of wiiich are yet to be seen. It is
irregularly built on tiie side of a Inll, and
lias dechned from its former consequence ;
but now contains 12 parish churches, a
guildhall, and a custondiouse vvith a good
quay. The population was 13,670 in 1811;
and It is the birth-place of cardinal Wolsey.
Muth corn and malt is tent henre to Lon-
don, and timber to the ditierent dockyards.
IKE
It has a considerable coasting trade, a
small share of foreign commerce, and sends
ships to (ircenland. V^'ssels of large
burden are obliged to stop 3 in below the
town. It is seated on the Orwell, 26 m SH
Bury St. l-^dmund, and 69 ^i i. London. Lon.
1 16 E, lat. 52 8 N.
Ipswich, a town of Massachusets, in
Essex county, seated on both sides of a
river of its name, near the mouth, ovei'
which is a stone bridge. Though it has a
barred harbour and shoals in the river,
some vessels trade to the W Indies. Largo
quanlitius of silk anil thread lace are ma-
nufactured here. The judicial courts for
the county are held here once a year. It
is 25 m NNE Boston. Lon. 70 50 w, lat.
42 39 N.
Irubuiti/; see Ivvauaddy.
Irak, ov hue yJgenii, a province of Per-
sia, bounded on the N by Aderbijan, Ghi-
Ian, and Ma/anderan, e by Chorasan, s by
Farsistan and Kusistan, and w by Kurdi-'
Stan. It includes the greatest part of the
ancient INJedia, and is a large mountainous
country, with vallies that seldom exceed
12 m in breadth. The mountains are bar-
ren and devoid of timber, but the vallies,
where cultivated, yield abundance of corn.
Ispahan is the capital.
Irak, or h-ac Arabi, a province of Tur-
key in Asia, bounded on the n by Kurdi-
stan and Diarbek, e by Irak Agenii and
Kusistan, and sw by the desart of Arabia.,
It is the ancient Chaldea, and a fertile
country, watered by the Euphrates and
Tigi-is. Bagdad is the capital.
Ireby, a town in Cumberland, with a
market on Thursday, seated in a valley, at
the source of the Ellen, 10 m ke Cocker-
mouth, and 303 nkw London.
Ireland, an island of Europe, lying to
the w of that of Great Britain. It is 280
m long and 160 broad ; bounded on the E
by St. George channel and tlie Irish sea,
which separate it from England and Wales ;
on the i«'E by a channel, called the North
Channel, 3-1 m broad, which separates if
from Scotland ; and on every other side by
the ocean. It contains about 19,436,000
acres, and the population is upward of
,5,000,000. Ireland is divided into four
provinces ; namely, Ulster to the n, Lein-
ster to the e, Munster to the s, and Con-
naught to the w ; and these are subdivided
into 32 counties. Ulster- contains the
counties of Down, Armagh, Monaghan,
Cavan, Antrim, Londonderry, Tyrone, Fer- ■
managh, and Donegal ; Leiuster has those
of Dublin, LouthjWickloWjWexliird, Long-
ford, East Meath, West Meath, King,
Queen, Kilkenny, Kildare, and Carlow ;
Munster includes Clare, Cork, Kerry, Li-
IRE
menck, Tipperary, and Waterford ; and
Connau<^ht has Leitrim, Roscommon,
Mayo, Sligo, and Galvvay. The climate
of Ireland is mild and temperate, but more
humid than iu England. In general, it is
a level country, vvell watered with lakes
and rivers ; and the soil, in most parts, is
very good and fertile ; even in those places
where the bogs and morasses have been
drained, there is good meadow ground. It
produces corn, hemp, and flax, in great
plenty ; and there are so many cattle, that
beef and butter are exported to foreign
parts ; and not only the English, but other
ships, frequently come to be victualled
here. The other commodities are, hides,
wool, tallow, wood, salt, honey, and wax.
The principal manufacture is tine linen
cloth, which is brought to great perfection,
and the trade iu it is very great. This
country is well situate for foreign trade,
on account of its 'many secure aijd commo-
dious bays and harbours. The principal
rivers are the Shannon, Foyle, Liftey,
Boyne, Sure, Barrow, Blackwater, and
Lee. Every habitable part of the island
abounds in the yn'ins of castles, churches,
and religious houses ; and many more have
entirely disappeared, whose site is now
unknown. The Jaws of Ireland differ but
little from those of England ; and the es-
tablished religion is the same ; but the
majority of the people are Roman catho-
lics, and yet retain their nominal bishops
and dignitaries. The ecclesiastical dis-
tricts are four archbishoprics and eighteen
bishoprics ; the former are, Armagh, Dub-
lin, Casliel, and "Tuam ; the latter are,
Meath, Kiidare, Derry, Raphoe, Limerick,
Ardtert and, Agl)adoe, Dromore, Elpliin,
Down and Connor, Waterfcrd and Lis-
moi-e, Leighliu and Ferns, Cloyne, Cork
and Ross, Killaloe and Kilfenora, Kil-
more and Ardagh, Clogher, Ossory, Killala
and Achonry, and Clo'nfert and Kilmac-
duagh. Formerly, this kingdom had a
parliament, which was subordmate to that
of Great Britain; but, in 1800, it was
deemed expedient that Ireland should be
united to Great Britain. The two parlia-
ments passed acts for that purpose, and
the two kingdoms, at the commencement
of 1801, were styled the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland : and 32 lords
(four of ihem bishops) and 100 commoners
ot Ireland, were enacted to represent that
country in the Imperial Parliament, as-
sembled in England. The lord lieutenant
of Ireland, as well as the council, are ap-
pointed, from time to time, by the king.
The common Irish are generally represent-
ed as an ignorant, uncivilised, and blun-
dering sort of people, implacable and vio-
lent in all their affections, but quick of
mv
apprehension, courteous to strangers, aad
patient of hardships. Their diet consists
chiefly of coarse bread, potatoes, and but-
ter-milk ; the favorite liquor is usque-
baugh, an ardent distillation from corn ;
and the rural cottage is a wretched hovel
of mud. The iiianners of the superior
classes differ little from those of the same
rank in England ; but the gentry are more
addicted to hunting and other robust exer-
cises, than to literature and the arts^
Dublin is the capital.
Ireland, New; see Britain, New.
Irjah, a town of Atglumistan, in Cabal,
seated near a branch of the Kameh, 55 m
SSE Cabul.
Jrishtincn ; see Kilkenvy.
Irken, or Irkien ; see Yurlian
Irkutsk, the largest and lea^t populous
governuient of tlie Russian empire, com-
prising all the E part of Siberia, from tlie
Northern ocean to the frontiers of Chinese
Tartary, and from the boundaries of the
government of Tobolslc to the pyastern
ocean. This large territory Was gradually
conquered and appropriated by the Rus-
sians in their desultory excursions from
Tobolsk. It is divided into four provinces;
Irkutsk, Nertchinsk, Yakutsk, and Okotsk;
to which must be added the peninsula of
Kamtschatka.
Irkutsk, the capital of the above go-
vernment, and the see of a bishop. It is
a place of considerable trathc, the caravans
passing through it that trade to China,
and l>eing the seat of supreme jurisdiction
over eastern Siberia. Ihere are several
churches and other edifices of stone, and
the wooden houses are large and conve-
nient. The population 12,000. It stands
on the river Angara, near the- lake Baikal,
900 m E5E Tobolsk. Lon,. 101 58 e, Jat.
52 4 X.
Iroquois ; see Lawrence, St.
Irrawaddy, or Irubatiy, a river that
rises in Tibet, flows s through the king-
doms of Birmah and Pegu, and enters the
bay of Bengal by several mouths. On its
banks are produced great qnantities of the
finest teak, so much esteemed in ship-
building. The principal market for this
valuable timber is Rangoon, at the most
eastern mouth of this river.
Irtijsh, a river of Siberia, which issues
from the lake Saisan, in Chinese Tartary,
runs Nw between the two countries above
300 m, then flows by Omsk, Tobolsk, and
Samarof, below which it joins the Oby.
Irvait, or Irivan ; see Erivan.
Irvine, a river of Scotland, in Ayrshire,
which passes by Newmills and Kilmarnocli
to the town of Irvine, below \\hich it en-
ters the frith of Clyde.
Irvine, a borough of Scotland, in Ayr-
ISE
sliirt-, near tlie moutli of the river Irvii)e,
with the ruin of a castle. It has a coiii-
luodions harhour, a dock-yard, and manu-
factures of car|3cts, nnislins, lawns, &c.
but the cliief trade is the exporting of coal
to Ireland. It is 10 ni N Ayr, and '24 s\v
Glasgow. Lon. 4 36 \v, lat". S."} 39 n.
Inccil, a river in Lancashire, which
rises above Bolton, flows thence se to
Manciiester, and tiien sw to the Mersey,
7 ni above Warrington.
Isahella, a town on the n coast of St.
Domingo, now in ruins, but noted for
Jieing the first settlement of the immortal
Columbus, in 149'J. Lon. 712 w, hit. 19
55 -v.
Isaktcfia, a town of European Turkey,
in Bulgaria, noted as the spot that in all
ages has been selected by invading armies
for crossing the Ister or Danube. This
place was burnt by the Russians in 1711.
It is seated on the Danube, a few miles
above the point where it begins to form its
delta of mouths, 46 m yr. Kirsova.
Ischia, an island of Naples, 16 m in
circuit, lying 3 m otf the coast of Terra di
Xavoro. It is mountainous ; but abounds
in minerals, sulphur, fruit, and excellent
%vine. The air is liealthy, and there are
several hot baths, on which account it is
much resorted to by invalids.
Ischia, the capital of the above island,
and the see of a bishop, with a strong fort.
It stands upon a rock, which is joined to
the island by a bridge, and is like a pyramid
of houses piled one above another. At the
•end of the bridge, next the city, are iron
gates, which open into a subterranean pas-
sage, through \\h.ich the city is entered.
Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 40 41 n.
Isejiburg, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower llhine, wifich •ives name
to a county. It is seated on the rivulet
Iser, 48 m NW Frankfort.
Isenburg, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, which gives name
to a county. It is seated near the ftlaine,
3 m s by e Frankfort.
Isco, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, on
the SE side of a lake of the same name, 10
jii Nvv Brescia.
Ibevy a river of Germany, which rises on
•the confines of Tyrol and Bavaria, passes
.by Munich and Landschut, and joins the
Danube, between Strauhing and Fassau.
Iscre, a department of France, including
part of the old province of Dauphiny. It
is so named from a river, which rises in
Savoy, crosses this department by Gre-
noble, Moirans, and St. Marcellin, and
joins the Rhone, above Valence. Grenoble
is the capital.
Iserlohn, a town of Westphalia, \n. the
county of Mark, with manufactures of iron,
ISL
tin, velvets, siiks, and stufis. It is 40 m
E by N Dusseldorf.
Isernia, a town of Naples, in the county
of Molise, at the foot of the Apennines.
In 1803 it was destroyed by an eartlxjuake,
and upward of 1500 persons perished. A
singular festival and fair is held here at the
end of September, which is much fre-
quented by people from Naples and other
places. It is 12 m w Molise.
Isigny. a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Calvados, at the conflux of the
Esques with the \'ire, 8 m from the sea,
and 15 why n Baycux.
hia, a river that rises in Gloucestershire,
near the village of Torleton, at the foot of
Sapperton hill, 5 m sw Cirencester. It
immediately enters Wiltshire, and is joined
by the Churn, from Cirencester, 2 m w of
Cricklade, where their junction forms the
Thames. Some writers have continued
the name of Isis to the Thames till it re-
ceives the Thame at Dorchester.
hjun, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Kharkof, with four churches, one
of them built of stone by order of Peter the
great. It has a considerable traffic in
Greek and Turkish commodities, and is
seated on both sides the Donetz, 68 m sse
Charkow.
Ida, or Ila, an island of Scotland, one
of the Hebrides, to the sw of Jura, from
which it is separated by a narrow channel,
called the Sound of Isla. It is 2 1 m long and
15 broad ; the e side is hilly, and covered
with heath, but the greater part is flat, and
well cultivated. In the centre is Loch Fin-
lagan, about 3 m in circuit, with an islet
of the same name in the middle, where the
great lord of the isles resided ; but the
palaces and offices are now in ruins. Isla
has mines of iron, lead, copper, emery,
quicksilver, and black-lead ; with immense
stores of limestone, marl, coral, and shell-
sand, for manure. Much flax is raised
here, a great number of cattle fed, and a
large quantity of yarn exported. The prin-
ciplil village is Bowmore, which has a con-
venient harbour and quay, at the extremity
of the bay of Loch-in-Daul,on the s coast.
Lon. 5 58 w, lat. 55 45 N.
Lhmiabad, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, capital of the district of Chitti-
gonir. In the vicinity a sort of canvas is
made from cotton ; and vessels of consi-
derable burden are built here. It is situate
on the river Chittigong, near its entrance
into the bay of Bengal, 130 m se Dacca.
Lon. 91 42 E, lat. 22 22 n.
Islamabad, a town of Hindoostan, ?n
Cashmere, on the river Jhylum, over wlijch
is a wooden bridge 80 yards long, 27 ax £
Caslimcre.
hlands, Bat/ of, a bay of New Zealand,
I
ISN
at the N extremity of the northern island.
In 1772, M. Dufresne Marion, with two
French sloops, put into this bay, and with
28 of his crew, were murdered by the na-
tives.
Isle Adam, a town of France, in the
department of Seine and Oise, seated on
the Oise, 20 m Nby w Paris.
Isle of Beeves, an island in the bay of
Carapea'chy, 17 m lonsj; and 8 broad. It
is fertile, and abounds in cattle and fruit.
Isle Bouchard, a town of France, in the
department of Indreand Loire, surrounded
by the \'ienne, 21 ra ssw Tours.
Isle Dleu, a small island of France,
lying 18 m ssw of Noirmoutier. It was
taken by the English in 1795, but soon
after evacuated. Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 46
45 X.
Isle de France; see France, Isle of.
Isle Jourdain, a town of France, in the
department of Gers, seated on an island in
the river Save, 8 ra n Lombez.
Isle de Rlie, an island of France, oppo-
site Rochelle, separated by a navigable
channel called Pertuis Breton. It is 14 m
long and G broad, and salt-works are its
only riches. Tiie principal place is St,
Martin, at the ne end, defended by three
forts. Lon. 1 21 w, lat. 46 10 n.
Isleaortli, a village in ]Middlesex, seated
on the Thames, 9 m w London. Here are
many elegant villas ; and near it is Sion-
house, a magnificent seat of the duke of
jS ortliumberland.
Isliuiiton, a large village in Middlesex,
K of London, to which it is now contiguous.
The New River is received at tiie sw end
of it, into a large reservoir, whence its
■water is conveyed, in pipes, to all parts of
the metropolis. Near this is a spiing of
chalybeate water, called New Tunbndge
Wells. To the e of the town, is a manu-
facture of white lead.
Islip, a village in Oxfordshire, on the
river Cherwell, 5 m x Oxford. It is noted
for being the birthplace of Edward the
confessor, whose father had a palace near
the church, not a trace of which is now
remaining.
Ismail, a strong town of European Tur-
Icey, in Bessarabia. The Russians took it
by storm, in 1790; but the long siege and
the capture cost them 20,000 men. It
now belongs to the Russians, and is seated
on the K side of the Danube, 140 m
sbyw Bender. Lon. 29 30 e, lat. 45
11 N.
Ismaning, a town of Bavaria, which
gives name to a county. It is situate on
tiie Iser, 3 m jcxe rdunicli, and 9 ssw
Fresingen.
Isnik, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in Na-
tolia, iinci i; Greek iirchbisliop'i see. It is
ISP
the ancient Nice, famous for the first ge-
neral council held here in 325. It is now
a small place, with vineyards, fields of
tobacco, and masses of decayed buildings^
enclosed in a vast compass of ancient walls
with majestic gates. Silk is the pVincipal
article of trade. It stands at the se ex-
tremity of the lake Ascanius, 75 m se
Constantinople. Lon. 30 2 e, lat. 40
23 K.
Isnikmid, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, supposed to have been the ancient
Nicoraedia, the capital of Bilhynia. The
Greeks and Arminians have each a church
and an archbishop here. It stands on the
side of a hill, bordering on a gulf of the
sea of Marmora, 58 m ese Constantinople*
Lon. 29 52 e, lat. 40 52 N.
Isny, a town of Suabia, with an abbey,
called St. George, whose abbot was a state
of the empire. It is seated on the !sny,
18 m NE Lindau.
Isola, a town of Naples, in Calabiia
Ultra, 18 m se St. Severino.
Ispahan, the principal city, and the
southern capital of Persia, m the province
of Irak. It is 12 m in circuit, situate in
the middle of a plain, surrounded on all
sides by mountains at 8 m distance, and
near the river Senderud, which supplies it
with water. The houses are universally of
a light yellow, and have fiat roofs, on which
theinhabitants walk, eat, and lie, in sum-
mer, for i4ie sake of the cool air. The
streets are not paved, but always clean, as
it seldom rains here; and many of them
have a canal, planted on each side with
trees. Here are a gi'eat number of mag-
nificent palaces; that of the king is en-
closed with a lofty wall above 2 m in cir-
cuit, and though he seMom^ resides here,
its establishment is so perfect as to be
ready to receive him and his suit without a
moment's notice. The mosq.'ies, bazars,
caravansaries, public baths, coi'Teehouses,
and shops of sweetmeats fthe c.hiet in-
gredients of Persian food) are very i:ume-
rous. The inhabitants were computed at
above 600,000 ; but having sufiered grea?
devastations by civil wars, and the seat of
government being removed hence to Tehe-
ran, the actual population in 1808 did not
exceed 80,000. Ispahan has three suburbs,
called J uifa, Hasenbath, and Kebrabath ;
the first is large, and contains 12 Arrai-
nian churches. The chief manufactures
are gold brocades, silks, and fine cotton
cloths ; and here is a foundery for cannon.
Though at a distance from the sea, it car-
ries on a great trade, people of several
nations resorting here for the sake of traflfic;
and every article which is of the produce
of Persia, is to be purchased in its exten-
sive bazars. It is 230 m s by fi Telierau,
ITA
tlie nnvthem capital, and 260 ne Rassora.
l.on. 51 5'2 E, lat. C2 3:5 n.
I:iperlickf a town oi' European Turkey,
in Scrvia, 24 m nne Nissa.
Issel ; see Isac/.
IssengeaiiXf a town of France, in the
department of Upper I.oirt-, 17 ni ne Fuy.
Jssfijuiho, a settlement in Guayana, on
a river of the same name, and contiguous
to tlutt of Demerara. 'I'hc river is '20 m
wide at its mouth, and more tlian 300 in
Ieus;th. See Demertua.
Issiseac, a town of I'rance, in the de-
partment of D(n-do<ine, 12 m ssw Bergerac.
Issoire, a town of 1m ance, in tlie depart-
ment of Puy (Ic Dome, seated on the
Couze, near the Aliier, 15 m sse Cler-
mont.
Iss-ovduv, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment, of Jndre, with a castle, and a
trade in wood, cattle, cloth, hats, and
stockings ; seated on the 'Iheols, 17 m w
Bourses, and 135 s Paris.
Is sia- 'rule, a town of France, in the
department of Cote d'Or, seated on the
Tille, 12 ra N Dijon.
Issurdu, a town of Hindoostan, in Aj-
meer, surrounded by a wall and a ditch.
It is well built, and has a citadel in the
center, 26 m se Ajmeer.
Istapa, a town of New Spain, in the
province of 'I'abasco, 60 m sw Tabasco.
Istapa, a town of IS'ew Spain, in Me-
choacaii, 100 m ese Zacatula.
Istapa, a town of New Spain, in the
province of Culiacan, 40 m e by s Cu-
liacan.
hiria, a district of Italy, forming a kinrl
of peninsula on the ke part of the golf of
Venice. It is boimded by Carniola on the
NE, and on all other sides by the sea. The
soil produces plenty of wine, oil, and pas-
ture; and there are quarries of fine marble ;
also forests that produce abundance of fire-
wood, ship-timber, and game. Capo d'ls-
tria is the capital.
Ita/i/, a country of Europe, bounded on
the N and NI. by Switzerland and Gernuuiy,
E by the gulf oV Venice, s by the Meciiter-
ranean, and v,' by that sea and France.
Its figure has been compared to that of a
Ijigh boot: its length, from the tatmost
y)oint i)f the duchy of Milan to tlie guli of
Squillace, is 670 m ; its breadth, between
France :;ud Germany, is 3.')0 m, but the
mediate breadth between the Mediterra-
nean and the gulf of X'enice is only lU).
This, classical and interesting country has
been, in all ages of history, divided into
three parts, the northern, central, and
southern. The northern bad the appella-
tion of Cisalpine Gaul ; the central was
the seat of Koman and Etruriai; power;
and the southern, having received many
ITA
Greek colonies, was called Magna Gripcia.
In the middle ages the kingdom of Lom-
bardy and that of Naples held the > and s
extremes, and the Ecclesiastical and Fus-
can states occupied the center. In more
modern times the northern part became
divided into a great number of states; and
previous to the late alterations made by
the French the whole country was divided
in the following manner. Ijetwecn the
confines of France and Switzerland, on the
\v and N were the continental dominions of
the king of Sardinia, namely, Savoy, Nice,
Piedmont, part of Milanese, and Oneglia.
To the NE were the territories of Venice,
which are enumerated under that article.
South of these, were the dominions of the
emperor of Germany, namely, part ot Mi-
lanese and Mantuan ; and s of the latter is
Modenese, which belonged to the duke of
Modena. West of Modenese is the duchy
of Parma, whose sovereign was of the house
of Bourbon ; to the sw of which was the
republic of Genoa ; and S£ of this, that of
Lucca. Hence extends, along the coast of
the Mediterranean, the grand duchy of
Tuscany. The Ecclesiastical State, or
territory of the pope, lies ke and e of Tus-
cany, between the gulf of Venice and the
Mediterranean; and all s of this is the
kingdom of Naples. Of the state of this
countiy, while under the domination of
France, a brief account must be given.
Savoy, Nice, and Piedmont, were annexed
to France. By the treaty of Campo For-
mio, in 1797, the Venetian territories to
the E and n of the river Adige were ceded
to Austria; and the remainder of the Ve-
netiiin states, with the duchies of Modena,
Milan, and Mantua, the principality of
Massa, and the three legations of Ferrara,
Boloima, and Romagna in the Ecclesias-
tical State, were erected into a government,
and called the Cisalpine Republic. This
republic, in 1802, received a new constitu-
tion, under the name of the Italian Repub-
lic, and Bonaparte, then first consul of
France, was elected president. In 1805,
the Italian republic was erected into a
kingdom, and the emperor of France, Na-^
poleon Bonaparte, assumed the title of
King of Italy. Then the Austrian part m
the Venetian states were added to its tex-
ritories, by the treaty of Presburg; aml^
al'tcrward Valteline and the counties of
(Jhiavcnne and Bonnio, from the country
of tlie (irisoiis, were annexed. The king~
dom of Italy was divided into departments,
and the city of Milan made the capital.
See Tiiscaiiif, Ecclesiastical Stale, and
Naples, for fuither changes in the govern-
ment of this country, while xmder the con-
fiol (,.-■ France, ilui in ilU4, on tiie down-
lal ot emperor Napoleon, all the altera-
ITA JUA
Mons causer! by France were done away by they are a medium between tlie French
the pacitication of Paris, and the pope, tlie and Spaniards; neither so guy and volatile
emperor of Austria, and the king of Sur- as the one, nor so f^ravc and solemn as the
diuia, restored to their former possessions.
In 1815,^ at the congress of Vienna, the
duchv of Parma was given to the empress
]Maria Louisa, to possess in full sove-
reignty; and the republics of Genoa and
Lucca were erected into duchies, the first
to be held by the king of Sardinia, and tlie
other. Their fondnc■^s for greens, fruits,
and vegetables of all kinds, contributes to
their contentment and satisfaction ; and
an Italian gentleman or peasant can be
luxurious at a very small expense. The
women afl'ect yellow hair, as did formerly
the lionian ladies and courtezans, and use
other by her majesty the infanta IMaria paints and washes, both for their hands
Louisa, widow of prince Louis of Parma,
who for some time governed Tuicany, un-
der the title of king of Etruria. The cli-
mate of Italy is very ditferent, according
to the various situations of its provinces :
in those on the ne side of the Apennines,
it is more temperate; but on the sw it is
very wann. In Campagna di lioma, and
J'errarese, the air is suid to be unwhole-
some, from the lands not being duly cul-
tivated, nor the marshes drained ; but in
the other parts it is generally dry and
and face. Masquerades, gaming, horse-
races without riders, and conversations or
assemblies, are the chief diversions of the
Italians, excepting religious exhibitions, in
which they are pompous beyond all other
nations. There are forty-one archbishop-
rics in Italy, but the bishoprics are too in-
definite and arbitrary to be depended on;
the pope creating or suppressing them as
he pleases. The established religion is the
Roman catholic; but all sects live unmo-
lested, provided no gross insult is offered
Leahhy. The principal rivers are the Po, to their own worship. The Italian Ian
Tiber, Arno, Adige, and Yar; and there
are several fine lakes, as the ]\Iaggiorc,
Lugano, Como, Garda, Perugia, Bracciano,
and Celano. The country produces a
cfreat variety of wines, and the best oil in
Europe; excellent silk in abundanGe; corn
of all sorts, but not in such plenty as in
other countries; oranges, lemons, citrons,
pomegranates, almonds, raisins, sugar, figs,
peaches, apricots, pears, apples, filberts,
chestnuts, &c. Most of these fruits were
guage, a corruption of the Latin, is re-
markable for its smoothness, and is said to
be spoken in its greatest purity at Flo-
rence.
Ituta, a province of Chili, watered by a
rivorof the same name. The best ^-iiie \tx
Chili is obtained here, and being produced
from lands belonging to the inhabitants of
Conception, has received the name of
Conception; and much gold is found ia
the mountains and rivers. The capital is
at first imported by the Romans from Asia Conlemu.
Minor, Greece, Africa, and Syria, and Itchen, or /lire, a river in Hampshire,
were not the natural products of the soil, wliich rises near Alresford, flows by Win-
This country also yields good pasture, and Chester, and enters the bay of Soutlumipton,
abounds with cattle, sheep, goats, buffalos, at tlie town of that name,
wild lioars, mules, and horses. The forests Itzehoe, a town of Lower Saxony, in
are well stored with game; and the uioun- llolstein, with a fortress. A duty is ex-
tains afford iron, lead, alum, sulphur, mar- acted here from all ships coming up the
ble, alabaster, jasper, porphyry, &rc. with
■a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees,
shrubsj and •vergreens. Wine, oil, per-
fumes, fruits, and silks, are the principal
articles of exportation; and great sums of
money are expended by travellers in the
purchase of p'lCiures, curiosities, relics, an-
tiquities, &c. No country has produced
better politicians, historians, poets, musi-
cians,, painters', and scul(»tors ; that is,
Steer, on which river it is seated, 12 m
NNE Gluckstadt, and 33 nw Hamburg.
Juan, St. or Demguudero, a river of
New Spain, which issues from the se cor-
ner of the lake INficaragua, and flows be-
tween the provinces of Nicaragua and
(xjsta Rica, into the Caribean sea.
Jtmn, St. a town of New Spain, in the
province of Nicaragua, at the head of the
river St. Juan, 110 m e Nicaragua. Lon.
since the revival- of the arts and sciences, S4 45 w, lat. 11 1.5 ix.
exclusive of those of ancient times. The
Italians are generally well proportioned ;
bat of their completion they cannot boast.
With respect to dress, they follow the fa-
siiions of the countries on which they bor-
der, or to which they are subject. They
are very affable, courteous, ingenious, so- Cujo, near which are mines of gold, and a
ber, and ready-witted ; but extremely jca- kind of almonds that are very delicate. It
ions, vindictive, lascivious, ceremonious, is seated near the lake Guanacho, at tU*-
and sii[)erst!ttous. In their disposition foot ut the Andes, 1 50 nm Mcnrtoza.
Juan Baptista, St. a town of the pro-
vince of Caracas, with a large trade in
horses, mules, beeves, and cheese ; seated
on the w :,idc of the Pas, 105 m sw Cara-
cas. Lon. 6ii 20 \v, lat. 9 23 n.
Juan cle la Fronteru, St. a town of
Juan, de l^uva, '^traU of, .a large oay or
golf of tlie'Pivcific ocean„ol^ the \\f^coi_iiJt of
JSf America. Its narrpw entrance jf' in
Ion. 125 3 w, lat. 18 25 x. ' ' > ''. " v
Juan de los Lhinox, St. ii town of "New
Granada, capital of the jirovince of Llanos.
It was formerly celehratcd for the gold
found in its vicinity, hut now contains few
inhabitants. It is seated at the skirt of a
ridge of mountains, on the w side of a fer-
tile^ plain, 100 m shy 5 , St., Fp. Lon. 73
54 w, lat. 3 12 X. ' . " , . ^
Juan de Maguunu, St. a town ol ht.
Domingo, on the river Neyba, 4B in nw
Ocoa.
Juan de Oro, St. see Carubai/ci.
Juan de Tusto, St. a town of New Gra-
nada, chief of a district in the province of
Popavan, 80 m ssw Popayan.
Juan de Porto Rico, Sc. the capital of
the island of Porto Rico, and a bishop's
nee. It has a good harbour, defended by
several forts, and is well built and better
inhabited than most of the Spanisii towns.
It was taken by sir Francis Drake ; and
afterward by the earl of Cumberland, who
•was forced to abandon it from losing mcjst
of his men by sickness. In 1613, the
Dutch took and plundered this city, but
could not retain it. It stands on a penin-
sula, on the N coast of the island. Lon.
60 12 vv, lat. 18 29 n.
Jvun del Rio, St. a town of New Spain,
in New Biscay, with upward of 10,000
inhabitants, 65 m N by i: Durango.
Juan de Ulua, St. a small island in the
gulf of ilexico. See Vera Cruz.
Juan Fernandez, an island in the Paci-
fic ocean, lying 110 leagues w of Chili. It
■was formerly uninhabited ; and Alexander
Selkirk, a Scotchman, was left on this soli-
tary place, by his captain, and lived five
years, till he was discovered in 1709. The
narrative of his proceedings in this island
gave rise to the celebrated production, the
Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. The
island is about 40 m in circuit, and at a
distance appears like a naked rock ; but
there are intersecting vallies covered with
wood, and a great number of goats on the
sides ofevery'hill. In 17GG, a settlement
■was made by the Spaniards, on the x and
highest part'of the island, at Cumberland
bay, which is defended by batteries. The
town is situate in a fine vtdley. between
two high hills, and the houses h^-ve gar-
dens, with arbours shaded by vines. Lon.
79 30 \v, lat. S3 40 s.
Ivangorod; see Narva.
IvaniLs, a town of Croati^jf.pnt^p^iv^r
Lonia, .4.5 iu £SE Agram. ., .. .; ;.,,,',,_,'
Jiibd, accu.'^try on the E coast of Alrica,
■with a tovvn ot' [he ^anie nuine, J.on. 43
30 E, lat. 0 10 s.
Jucalan, or Yucatan, a province and
peninsula of Ncvv Spain, lying between
the bays of Campeachy lyid Honduras,
and hounded at the istlunus by Vera Cru?,
Chiapa, and Vera Pa/.. It projects ironi
the continent 3C0 m, and is 150 in breadth.
The s part has mountains, rivers, and
lakes; and produces a great quantity of
logwood and mahogany, as also sugar,
cassia, maize, cotton, indigo, cattle, fowls,
and bees. Here the English have a settle-
ment, on the coast of the bay of Honduras^
between the rivers Bellize and Rio Hondo.
The N part is less productive, and not only
without mountairis, but almost without
any inequality of ground. The inhabitants
obtain water Irom pits, and, wherever they
dig them, find it in abundance ; but there
is not a river or stream. Merida is the
capital.
Judenburg, a town of Germany, capital
of Upper Stiria, with a handsome castle.
The public buildings, with the square, are
magnificent. This tovvn was taken t)y the
French, in 1797. It is seated on the Muer,
40 ra w Gratz. Lon. 14 24 e, lat. 47
10 N.
Judoigne, a town of the Netheilands^
in Brabant, near which are the ruins of an
ancient castle. It is seated on the river
Gete, 13 m sse Louvain.
Ivelcheater ; see Ilchester.
Ives, St. a borough in Cornwall, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market ou Wed-
nesday and Saturday. It is seated on a
bay of the same name, which being unsafe,
is frequented by fishermen only. Here is
a grammar-school, founded by Charles i.
It is 8 m NE Penzance, and 277 wbys
London.
Ives, St. a tovvn in Huntingdonshire,
with a market on Monday ; seated on the
Ouse, 6 m ne Huntingdon, and 39 N by \v
London.
Juggernauth ; see Jagaruaut.
Jngon, a town of France, in the depart- ;f
inent of Cotes du Nord, seated on the
Arqueon, 19 ni sse St. Brieuc.
Ivica, or Eviza, an ishmd of the Medi- , .
tcrranean, 3(3 m to the sw of I\Iajorca. It
is about (30 m in circuit, and mountainous ;>■;>.
but rich in corn and fruit. A great quan-
tity of salt is made here, highly esteemed
for its whiteness. The capital, of the same
name, which stands on the s side of the
island, is little more than a fortress, and
has a good harbour. Lon. 1 25 E, lat, 38
32 K. , ., _,,v"u^ ^.'<_'.,-r '■■ ■■. .. .^^. -._■- ^ '■:.
Ivinghp,:^ & tovMi *in<BuckingharashTr€?,i= i"'
with a market on Friday, and manufactures
of bonelace. It is 0 m sw Dunstable, and -
S3 Nw London. '-"^*
JtiUimerhk, a town of Asiatic Turkey>«<'
in KurdistaUj with a stone fort. It is
JUN
governed by a bey, and seated on the
Hakiar, 80 m ese Betlis.
Julfar, a town of Arabia, in the pro-
vince of Oman, situate on a bay of the gulf
of Persia, 100 m nw Oman. Lon. 5G i4
E, lat. S5 55 N.
Jujuj/, a city of Tucuraan, capital of a
district on the frontier of Charcas. It
stands on a river of ihe same name, at the
skirt of a mountain of the eastern Andes,
230 m N by E Tucuman. Lon. 63 40 w,
lat. 23 lio s.
Julien, St. a town of France, in the
department of Jura, 18 m sbyw Lons le
Saunier.
Julien de Sault, St. a town of France,
in the department of Yonne, seated be-
tween two mountains covered with vines,
near the river Yonne, 6 m n\v Joigny.
Juliers, a duchy of Westphalia, 68 m
long and ."O broad ; bounded on the n by
Gelderhmd, e by Cologne, s by Luxemburg
and Treves, and w by Limburg. It is
remarkable for the quantity of woad it
produces.
JulierR, a fortified city, capital of the
above duchy. It was taken by the French
in 1794. It is seated on the Roer, 27 m
w Cologne. Lon. 6 24 e, lat. 50 55 N.
Juliusburg, w town of Silesia, with a
castle, 4 m N Oels.
Ju/iibosier, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Gujrat. It has a considerable trade with
Bombay and other places, the exports
consisting of cotton, ^rain, oil, and piece
goods. It stands near a river of the same
name, which flows into the gulf of Cambay,
as m N by vv Broach.
Jumella, a town of Spain, in the pro-
TJnce of Murcia, 22 m sw Murcia.
Jumiegf, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine, with u Benedic-
tine abbey ; seated on the Seine, 12 ra sw
Rouen.
Jummoo, or Jumbo, a town of Hindoo-
8tan, in the country of Lahore. It is a
place of considerable trade, situate on the
Kawee, 80 m ne Lahore. Lon. 73 40 e,
lat. 3152 N.
Jumna, a river of Hindoostan, which
rises in the Himalch mountains, on the
E borders of Cashmere, and to the w of
the source of the Ganges. It flows s
through the provinces of Serinagur and
Delhi, nearly in a line with the Ganges, at
the distance of from 40 to 70 m from each
other; they then gradually approach, and
_joii) at Allahabad, where the Jumna, which
is little inferior in size, has its name ab-
sorbed by the larger and more holy stream.
The course of the Jumna is estimated at
780 miles.
Juwgur, a town and fortress of Hin-
JUR
doostan, in Gujrat, 152 m wsw AhmedSu
bad. Lon. 70 33 e, lat. 21 49 n.
Jungerpoor, a town of Ilindoostan, lil
Gujrat, situate on a mountain, 88 m il«
Ahmedabad.
Ju/igej/poor, a town of Ilindoostan, ih
Bengal, and the greatest silk station be-
longing to the East India CDnipany, 17 Ift
Nbyw Moorshedabad.
Jnngitau, a town of Suabia, capital of a
lordship, 14 ni w Buchau.
Junieu, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Vienne, on the river
V'ienne, 15 m w Limoges.
Junkseylun, an island in the Indiaa
ocean, near the sw coast of Slum, 60 vtt
long, and from 10 to 20 broad. The soil
is luxuriant, and it has a considerable trade
in ivory and tin. The principal town, of
the same name, is situate on the N coast,
and has a harbour for vessels of a mode-
rate size. Lon. 98 0 e, lat. 8 10 N.
Ivoix; see Curignan.
Ivory Coast, a country of Guinea, ex-
tending along the Atlantic from Cape Pal-
mas -to the river Ancobar, between the
Grain coast and Gold coast. Here are
found abundance of elephant teeth, whence
it is called the Tooth Coast ; and what-
ever the Gold coast produces, is also found
here in greater abundance and perfection.
But the inhabitants are reputed to be the
most savage and barbarous on the wholft
coast of Guinea.
Jura, an islaiid of Scotland, one of the
Hebrides, lying nne of Isla. It is 23 m
long and 7 broad, separated (vum the
mainland of the county of Argyle, by a
strait 4 m wide, called the Sound of Jura.
On the w coast are four mountains of a
conic form, called the Paps of Jura, one
of which is elevated 2600 feet above the
level of the sea. The rest of the island is
rugged, and generally covered with heath 5
but it feeds numerous flocks of sheep and
goats. Here is abundance of iron ore ;
and on the w coast a great quantity of fine
sand, which is carried away for making
glass. It has a village o^the same name,
on the E coast, with a good harbour. Lon.
5 44 w, lat. 56 8 N,
Jura, a department of France, including
part of the old province of Franche Comt^.
It contains mines of iron, copper, and lead,
and many quarries of black marble, jasper,
and alabaster. It takes its name from
Mount Jura. Lons le Saunier is the ca-
pital.
Jura, Mount, a chain of mountains that
begins in the canton of Argau, in Switzer-
land, extends into the cantons of Soleurcj
Neuchatel, and Vaud, then branches intp
France, and beparates that country frooi
SA
Utie cantoD of Geneva as far as the Rhone.
In Vaud, this chain forms many eU'vated
ralleys ; particularly one on tlie tup of that
part called IVlt)unl .loux, which is wutereil
by two pictoresque lakes, the hugest called
Joux, and the other Brenet.
Ivrea, a city of I'ieduiont, and a bishop's
see, with a fort, citadel, and castle. T[ii
cathedral is said to have been anciently a
temple of Apollo ; beside which there are
four other churches and several religious
houses. It is seated on the Doria, be-
tween two hills, 20 ni n Turin, and 32
Eby.N Susa. Lon. 7 43 i:, lat. 43 '22 n.
Ivri/, a town of France, in the de[)art-
ment of F.ure, v/iih a Benedictine abbey ;
seated on the Eure, 12 m se Evreux.
Jushpour, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gundwana, capital of a barren and moun-
tainous district, it is 70 m nne Sumbhul-
poor. Lon. 84 7 k, lat. 22 29 n.
Jusaey, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Saone, situate on the
Amance, 13 in nw V'esoul, and 22 e Lan-
gres.
Justingen, a town of Suabia, capital of a
lordbhip, 16 m nne Buchau.
Jiiterboch, a town of the duchy of Sax-
ony, situate on the An^erbach. Here, in
1813, the French, under marshal Ney,
were defeated by the allies, under the
prince royal of Sweden. It is 12 m ne
^\'ittenberg.
Juthici ; see Siafii.
Jutland, a peninsula, tlie principal part
«f the kinsdom of Denmark, 210 m long
and from 30 to bO broad ; bounded on the
s by the duchy of liolstein, and on tl\*
other sides by the German ocean and th¥
Baltic. In the middle of the northern part
the soil is fertile in corn, and feeds a great
number of horses and beeves, which are
sent to Germany, Holland, &c. It was
anciently called Cimbrica Chersonesus,
and is supposed to be the country whence
the Saxons came who conquered England.
It is divided into two provinces, called
Nori!) and South Jutland. N Jutland is.
subdivided into the dioceses of Albnrg,:
Wiburg, Arliusen, and Kipen, so named
from the chief towns; and Wiburg is the
capital of the province. S Jutland is not
half the size of the other province, and is
commonly called the Duchy of Sleswick,
from its capit^d of that nan;e.
Lxuorth, a town in Suffolk, with a mar-
ket on Friday, 7 m ke Bury St. Edmund,
and 77 kne London.
Jycnagur, or Ji/epoor, a town of Hin-
doostan, in Ajmeer, capital of a Kajp(jot
principality, with a strong citadel on a
steep, rock. The town is handsome, and
reckoned the most regularly built in Hin-
doostan; and is the great mart for horses
from the northern proViiicids and Peirsia.
It is 36 m ENE Ajtneer. Lon. 75 40 t,
lat. 26 56 N.
Ji/litpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in Al-
lahabad, 19 m Nbyw Chatlerpoor.
heron, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Rhone, 10 m sw Lyon.
higinak, a town of Siberia, in the pro-
-' vinCeT)f_Okorsk, defended by lofty palli-
sades, and wooden bastions provided with
cannon and military stores. The com-
merce consists of furs and the skins of
rdndeer. It is seated on the Izigin, 15 m
from its mouth, and 520 ne Okotsk. Lon.
160 10 K, lat. 63 40 N.
Izquintinavgo, a town of New Spain, in
the prcjvincb of Chiapa. Fhe vicinity pro-
duces cotton anri a great number of pine-
apples. It is 100 m sK Chiapa. Lon. 93
45 w, lat. 16 10 N.
Words that sometimes begin nnth K,
and (ire not fovyid under this letter, may
be sought for under the letter C.
Kabardu, a town of Russia, in the pro*
vince of Caucasia, which has a court of
justice. It stands at the skirts of Mount
Caucasus, 36 m s Catharinograd.
Kabis, or Kuhbees, a town of Persia, in
KaWman, situate in the midst of the desert,
130 m ne Kerman.
Kudhet/ia, a Seaport of Arabia, in the
province of Balirin. The inhabitants are
chiefly employed in the pearl fishery. It
is seated on a bay of the gulf of Persia,
170 in N by w Lachsa. Lon. 47 36 e, lat.
28 40 N.
.Kuhl, a town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Mentz, on a river of the same
name, 4 m s lianau.
J^ahlay\i% town of Upper Saxony, in
Tburingia, with a castle on a hdl ; seated
on the Saal, SO m sw Naumburg.
Khin ; see Kin.
Kuirvan, a city of Tunis, the second in
the kingdom for trade and population, and
has'ftic most magnificent mosque in Bar-
bary/ It is 60 ra sse Tunis. Lon. 10 25
E, fat/yj 40 N.
Kaisurieh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Carii'iiania, the capital of a sangiacat. It
was the ancient Cesarea of Capadochia,
of which extensive ruins remain ; a con-
siderable part of the walls and several
towers are still standing, but the castle is
rapidly sinking to decay. The present
town contains about 23,000 inhabitants,
and is tlie emporium of an extensive trade.
The principal trade is in cotton and Mo-
rocco leather. It is situate on the s sida
KAL
of a fertile plain, at the foot of a mountain,
always capped with snow, 150 ni ene
Coeni. Lon. S/) 15 e, lat. 38 41 n.
Kuket, a town of Ai^iatic Georgia, in
the province of its name, which compre-
hends a part of ihe ancient Iberia. It is
situate near Mount Caucasus, 15 m nnk
Teilis, and 120 nw Derbeiid.
Kalau, a town of Lusatia, which has a
great trade in woo!, 1 1 ni se Lnckati.
Kalberiiuh, a towu of Ilindoontan, in
Beeder, capital of a district. It is 58 m
sw Beeder. Lon. 77 8 e. lat. 17 17 .\.
Kulhut, a town of Arabia, in the pro-
vince of Oman, on a nverof the same name,
at its entrance into the gulf of Omms, 80
m SE Mascat.
Kalis a town of Brandenburg;, in the
New mark, nenr tiie frontiers of P( land,
-37 m E Stargard.
Kalisch, a city of Poland, capital of a
palatinate. It is seated on the Prosna,
surrounded by morasses and wails, 40 m s
Gnesen. Lou. 18 5 w, lat. b1 0 x.
Kulkal, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitzan,
which has mines of saltpetre, copper, and
lead. It is seated amid mountains, 60 ra
rsE Tabriz.
Kalkas, a tribe of the Mogul Tartars, in
Chinese Tartary. They inhabit the country
ST of the Mongols, properly so called,
which stretches as tar as the kingdom
of the Eluths; and is near 300 leagues
in extent from e to w. They live in tents,
on the banks of their numerous rivers, the
principal one called Kalka Pira. They
adore a lama of the second order, who is
held in such veneration, tliat bonzes from
China, Hindoustan, Pegu,&c. come to pay
their devotioiis at his residence in I ben
Pira.
Kallingburg, a seaport of Denmark, in
-Zealand, seated on an inlet of the Great
Belt, with the best harbour, next to Co-
penhagen, on the island. Here is the ruin
■of an ancient castle, in which Christian ii
ended his days of captivity. It is 55 ra
wbvH Copenhagen, Lou. 11 He, lat.
53 47 K.
KulmucSf or Eluths, a nation of Tartars,
inhabiting that part of the Russian govern-
ment of Caucasia, which lies between the
Volga and the Ural, toward the Caspian
sea. They all live in tents, and remove
from place to place in quest of pasture for
their horses, camels, cows, and sheep.
They neither sow corn, nor make hay ; so
that they live without bread, and, m win-
ter, their cattle fare hke the wild beasts.
Their food is flesh (especially that of
horses) fish, wild fowl, and venison ; and
they have great plenty of m.ilk, butter, and
cheese ; but mare's milk is the most es-
teemed, and from it they make a strong
spirit, to which they are partial. Iher ara
divided into a number of hordes or clahs^
each under their own particular khan, and
ail acknowledge the authority of one prin-
cipal khan, who is called Orchicurtikhan,
or the king of kings, and derives his pedi-
gree from the great Tiunfrlane. All of
them, however, have submitted to the go-
vernment of Russia, or live under its pro-
tection. They are pagans, and believe \m
the transmigraiion of souls. They are of
low btuture, and bow-lei;ged, occasioned by
their being so continually on horseback, or
sitting with their legs below them. Their
faces are broad and full of wrinkles, with
a flat nose and small black eyes, distant
from each other hke the Chinese. They
are of an olive colour, hare very littla
beard, and shave their heads, leaving only
a tuft of hair on the crown. The better
sort wear coats of stutYorsilk, with a wide
surcoat of sheep-skins, and a cap of th©
same. Their vveapons are the cimeter^
lance, bow, and fire-arms. In winter they
are obliged to cross the river, and live on
t^e bare plains of Astracan, where their
only firing is the dried dung of the cattle^
and the cattle themselves starving on the
scanty produce of a desert. In spring, their
former habitation on the e side of the river
is overflowed, for near a month, by thft
melting of the snow ; and when the water
subsides, they swim their loaded camels
»nd cattle over the river, where the inter-
vening islands make the passage easiest.
When they go upon an expedition, every
one takes a sheep with him for his provi-
sion, and three horses, which he rides al-
ternately; and when any one of them fails,
they kill it and divide the flesh, putting
pieces of it under their saddle, and alter
riding some time upon it, they eat it with-
out further preparation. Their kibbets,
or tents, are round, with a fire in the mid-
dle, and a hole at the top to let out the
smoke, on which is a krine that can be
turned against the wind. The tents care
be enlarged or contracted at pleasure, their
sides being n-.ade of wicker-work, and the
cross sticks jointed for tblding together or
extending; and they are covered over with
thick felt, more or less according as tha
season is cold or warm.
Kalrrmnz, a town of Bavaria, in the
principality of Neuburg, at the conflux of
the ^Jab with the Vilz, 12 m vxw Ra-
tisbon.
Kalnick, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Braclaw, 16 m ene Braclaw.
Kalo, a town of Hungary, capital of
Szabolt's county, which contains several
soda lakes and saltpetre-works. It ii
seated on a lake, 27 m nne Debretzin.
Kaloisa, a town of Hunsrarv, and aa
2 A 2
archbishop's see ; but only a small town,
€8 ni s Pest.
Kafpij, or Calpcc, a town and fort of
llindoosian, in Aiira. It is a place of
great trade, and the cntreimt for tlie trans-
port of cotton fron\ tlie western and .--onth-
«rn provinces into the Hritish territories.
Here, in 17(35, was the lir^t action between
»lie British and the Mahratias, in which
the latter were totally ronred. in U>0{i,
the town, with a small district, was ceded
It the Mahratta chief to the British. It
stands on the right bank of the Jumna,
1S6 m SE Agra. Lon. 79 48 e, hit. 20
10 N.
Kaluga, a government of the Russian
empire, formerly a province in the govern-
ment ot Moscow.
Kalugn, the capital of the above go-
Ternment, and a city of considerable trade.
In 1812, it was entered by some of the
Prench from Moscow, but soon after eva-
>cuat(?cl. It is seated on the Oka, 110 m
Ssw Moscow. Lon. 71 3-1 e, lat. 54 28 N.
Kunmkura, nn inland of Jupan, 3 m in
clrcuir, lying on the s coast of Niphon. 1\
is a place of exile for state prisoners : and
the coast is so steep, that they are lifted
«p by cranes.
Kamulia, a town of Nigritia, in the
country of Mantling. The inhabitants are
partly pagans, aiid partly Mohameduns,
and have nianufacturcs of cotton, leather,
and iron. It is 210 m w.nw Kong. Lon.
6 0 w, lat. 12 10 N.
Kanibala, a ridge of mountains in Tiber,
between the lake Palte ai.d the river Brah-
jnapootrah.
Kameh, a river of the country of Cabul,
■which gives name to a district. It has its
source in the Hindoo Kho, flows E to the
city of Cabul, thence in a se direction to
the Indus, which it enters 10 m above At-
tock. Below Peshawer it is freijuently
called the Attock lliver, and Ilindoostaii
commences at its junction with tlie Indus.
Kavtenitz, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Bechin, 27 m e by k Bechin.
Kamenskaid, a town of Russia, in the
government of Voronetz, on the river Da-
naetz, t>0 m ese Lugan.
Kanuniecl; a strong town of Poland,
capita! of Podolia, and a bishop's see, witli
3^ castle. When the Russians seized part
«f the Polish territories in 1793, this for-
tress held out a long time before it surren-
dered. The castle is seated on a craggy
a-oclc, 85 m w Braclaw, and 100 ese Lem-
•Jberg. Lon. 26 SO r, lat. 43 p^ n.'.
, Kanmitz, a town of Bohemia, in the
«»rcle of Lcitpieritz, with a manufacture
«f stockings, 21 m kxe Leitmcritz.
Kamoiiraskcif a town of Lower Canada,
«n the right bank of the St. Lawrence,
which is here 50 m broad, ft Is a ula^"
of resort during summer for sea-batning,^
the salt-water iirst evidently commencing
in this neighboiuhood. (Opposite the town
is a cluster of small woothid islands ; anJ
among tiiem there are considerable fisheries
of salmon and herrings, which are cured
and cxpcrted to the W Indies. It is 90
m Ni: (Quebec. ' ','
Kut/itucfiiitka, a peninsula qir"|tti^'^F
coast of Siberia, extending from 51 to 61
N lat. The isthmus, joining it to the con-
tinent on the N, lies between the gults of
Ohitorsk and Pcnshink ; and its extreniity
to the s is cape Lopatka. Ihe greatest
breadth is 210 m, being from the moinli of
the river Tigril to the river Kamtschatka ;
and toward each extremity it gradually
becomes narrower. It is bounded on the
N by the country ('f the Koriacks, ne by
the sea of Kamtscluitka, se by the Pacific
ocean, and w by the sea of Okotsk. A
chain of mountains extends the whole
length of the peninsula, and almost equally
divides it; whence several rivers take their
rise and pursue their course to the sea. In
the s part is a volcano ; and near it are
the hot baths of Natchikin, where the hot
water falls in a rapid cascade 300 feet.
The soil, in general, is barren and heathyj
with a few stunted trees ; but some parts
are said to produce good grass. The se-
verity of the climate is equal to the steri-
lity oi the soil ; for in computing the sea-
sons here, spring should beonfitted. Smn-
nier may be said to extend from the middle
of June to the middle of September; Oc-
tober may be considered as an autumn ;
from which period to the middle of June
it is all dreary winter. Some vegetables
grow here in a wild state, such as chervil,
garlic, onions, angelica, and celery; also a
variety of berries, which are gathered at
proper seasons, and preserved by mashing
them into a thick jam; these constitute a
considerable part of the winter provisions,
serving as a general sauce to dried fish.
Here are also some turnips and turnip-
radishes, upon a few spots of ground in the
valleys ; and this is the utmost extent of
garden cultivation. The inhabitants con-
sist of Kamtschadales, Russians, and Cos-
sacs, and a mixture produced by their in-
ter-ui'irriuges. Their habitations are of
three sorts, called jourts, balagans, and
log-houses. They inhabit the first in the
winter, and the. second in the summer; in
the third, introduced by the Russians, only
the more wealthy people reside. The ex»
temal appearaixe of a jourt resembles a
round squat hillock; a hole serving for a
chimney, window, and door, is left in the
centre ; and the inhabitants go in and out
by the assistance of a long pole, havinj*
KAP,
notqlies deep enough t'» alTord a liule secu-
rity for the toes. The iippf^r garment of
the Kamtschadales resembles a wagmier's
frock ; for sutnmer wear it is made of nan-
kin, and toi- winter of a skin, with the
hairy side innermost. A close jacket of
nankin, or other cotton stuff, is the next
under this; and beneath that a shirt made
of thin Persian silk of any Culonr. They
wear K)ng breeches and bo'.ts made of skin,
witii the hair innermost; also a tur cap,
with two (laps, that are usuallv tied u;}
close to the head, but are pern itted to fail
rpiuid the shoulders in had weuther. A
plnrality of wives is allowed among them;
and there is no less sensuality in their
jourts, than in the harems of the Turks.
They are subiectto the Uussians, and their
trade consists in furs and skins.
Knwtschatkoi, a town of Siberia, capital
of Ramiscliatka, ^rith a citadel, arsenal,
and barracks. It is seated on the n side
of the river Kamtschatka, yo m from its
month. Lon. 161 .50 r, lat. oG 30 n.
Kdmtuchutkoi, Verclini, a town of Sibe-
ria, in Kamtschatka, on the river Kamt-
schatka, 120 m sw Kaiiiticharkoi.
Kamleg/iet i ; see CJuntdeiiheni.
Kaiiem, a town of the empire of Bor-
nou, in a province of the same name,
•where are bred multitudes of cattle and
Jiorses. It is seated on the Oazel, 150 m
KNw Bornou.
Kaiiunv, a stnnig town of Poland, in (he
palatinate of Kiof, seated near the Dnie-
per, 62 m s by e Kiof, and 100 ne Bra-
claw.
Kanisa, or Canhc/ai, a strong town of
Hungary, capital of Szalad county. It is
one of the chief central marts to which
the produce of the country is brought, and
lience conveyed to Edenbiug and Vienna.
It is seated on a river of the same name,
which (lows to the Drave, 58 ni ssk Stein
am Anger, and 06 %vnw tuntkirchen. Lon.
17 8 E, lat. 46 27 n.
Kun-tcheou, a city of ( hina, of the first
rank, in Kiang-si. its district contains 12
cities of the chird class; and the soil pro-
duces a great number of trees, from which
4listils a tine varnish, reckoned the best in
China. It is seated on the Kan-kiang,
S40 m s Peking. Lon. 115 2 t, lat. 25
52 N.
, Kao-tcheoUy a city of China, of the first
rank, in Quang-tong. In the vicinity is
found a kind of marble, that represents,
jiaturally, mers, nionntains, landscape."?,
and trees: it is cut intti leaves, and iiiade
into tables, &c. Kao-tcheou stands on a
navigable river, SO m from the sea, and
1130 ssw Peking. Lon. 145 36 >:, lat. 'il
^0 N.
Kapns^ar, a town and fort of Hungary,
KAS,
capital of Schumeg county. It is situate,
on the Kapos, 66 m ssw Stulilweissenbure>
Lon. 17 54 r., lat. 4G 20 n. ''
Kaproneza, a town or small fortress oC
Croatia, 22 in SE V'arasdin. "''"
Kara/iissar, a town of Asiatic Turkey^
in Natolia, with :1 fortress on the top of *
high rock. At the foot of this rock, and
on the side of an adjacent mountain, th«
town is built, and contains abdut 60,000
inhabitants. It is frefpiently called Ofium
Karahissar, from the vast quantity of opiuna
liere grown and prepared ; and is also cele-
brated for a manutHcture of black I'elts.
Opposite the towfi is a line plain, througfi
which meanders the river Akar. It is 50^
m sbyE Kiutaja, and 185 EbyN Smyrna.
Lon. 30 40 }•, lat. 38 36 n.
Karak, an island in the ne part of the-
gulf of' Persia, 5 m long and 2 broad. It
was anciently possessed by the Portuguese,
of whose residence and reli>iious worship^
some monuments may yet be traced. Th»
landiig-place is defended by a (brt. Her©:
ships bound (or Eassora generally call fbr
pilots. Lon. 50 26 f, lat. 29 15 n.
Acirak/isseh, a town and fort of Asiatic
Georgia, on the river Pambek and tfie
frontiers of Persian Armenia, 40 m nne
Erivan, and 60 sse Tedis.
Kur- us II bazar, a town ofCrimea, which
has an ancient tnanufacture of leather from
the skins of Tauiic goats, and a trade i»
pottery, hardware, soap, and candies. It
is situate on the Karasu^ in a delightful
valley, 34 m w CatTa.
hark I)!/, Gainlu, a seaport of Finland,
in E Botlniia, with a trade in hemp, salt,
and biiip-biiilding; seated on the gulf of
Bothnia, near the influx of the river Kar-
leby, 90 m n byE Christinestadt. Lon. 24
20 V, lat. 63 56 k.
KurMni, Ni/, a town of Finland, in R
Bothnia, on tne river Lappojock, 6 m from
the sea, and 20 s Gamla Karleby.
Kato/j/, a town of Hungary, where the
assembly of Szathmar county is held. The-
population in 1H15 was 7567. It is 26 la.
wsw Szathmar.
Kars, a fortified town of Turkish Ar-
menia, caj)ital of a district, governed by a
pashaw. It has tlie finest castle in Arme-
nia, and tlie inhabitants are estimated at
30,000. It is situate on the Arpotchert^
90 m wbyN Erivan, and 100 ene Ei-zo^
runi. Lon. 42 56 e, lai-. 40 14 n.
Karfzdg, a town of Hungary, in a dis-
trict that produces a great many melons.
The population in 1815 was 8436. It i&
36 ui >vsw Debretzin.
Kasan, a country of the Russian empire,,
lying on both sides of the ^'olga. It wa*
formerlv an independent kingdom, belong-
ing to the Kalmucs, to whom the duk^ a€
^'^ . . ..
HIoscow, with other petty principalities of
Byssia, were tributary. But, in 155^, Ivan
Bassildwitz ii conqiiertid Ka*an, wliich
BOW I'urms the three Russian governments
of Kasan, Sinibir>k, and 1-enza.
Maaav, the capital of the f^overnnient of
Kasan, and an arclil)i»lu)p'3 see. It has a
■trunjr stone fort, several churclics, uhnost
all of iheni built with sione, and 11 con-
sents; and I here are several sul)urlis, one
of them inhabited l)y 'I'artars. At one end
of the c'.ty is a nianulacture of cloth for
the army. It is seated on the rivulet Ka-
sanka, wh«re it enters the Voli;a, 4^0 m K
iIci?row. Lon. 49 B e, lat. 5b 44 A.
Kusunkuui, a town of the Don Cossacs,
and the lirat in their territory on the en-
trance from Russia. Its neat and nume-
rous wooden houses extend alonu the bank,
ofthel/i^n, and in the centre is a larj^e
churth with several dnmes. iho shops are
supplied with several articles of luxuiy, and
caravans are constanily cros.snig tli« river.
It is ISO ni ss}; V<.ronetz, and 190 M\w
Tscheikaxk. Lon. 41 '-20 k, lat. 49 44 k.
Kuichau, a strong town of iiur.^ary, ca-
pital if Abanjvar county, and a bishop's
see, with a hue arsenal. Ihe population
in 1B15 was 8047. It is situate on the
Ilernath, 114 m e by N Schemnitz. Lou.
SI 26 £, lat. 48 SB n.
Kastumouni ; see Custamena.
Kuskuikia, a town ot the United States,
capital of Illuiois. it is situate on a river
of the same name, 10 m ab'ue its entrance
into the Mississippi, 50 st St. Louis, and
130 ssw Vincennes. Lon. 89 10 w, lat.
37 50 N.
Jiasteloriio; see Cu'^ttl Bosso.
KaLnbu, a town of Arabia, in Yemen,
■with a Citadel ; situate in a fertile country,
near a river wiiich runs into the sea at
Aden, 75 m n Aden. Lon. 44 39 e, lat.
13 54 X.
Kutif, a town of Arabia, in the province
of Balirin. It is built of rock rult, and
stands on the gulf of Persia, 95 m K Lach-
sa. Lon. 48 58 e, lat. 27 40 n.
Kuufbeuren, a town of Suabia, in the
territory of is.empten, spated on the Wut-
tach, SO m ssw Ang.sburii.
K'ltigu, the capital of a kingdom, of the
"Same name, iii the empire of Bornou. It
is seated on a large lake, 280 ra s by e
Bomou. Lon. 23 30 e, lat. 15 50 N.
Kauktban, a town of Arabia, in Yemen,
situate on a mountain, almost inaccessible,
20 m w Sana.
KauaiiZy a town and castle of Moravia,
situate on a mountain, on the river Igla,
11 m ssw Brinn.
t' Kuurzim, a town of Bohemia, capital of
*"% circle, which produee* much timber. It
KEF*
stands on a river tb<»t runs into the Elbe,
2G m tsE F^ragne.
Kuuzcroon, a town of Persia, in Far-
sistan, near which are groves of orauge-
trees, whence the bees cull a celebrated
honey. I'onrteen m to the NW .ire the
extensive ruins of the city of Shapoor.
Kauzeroon is GO m w Shiras
Kui/e Jslundy an island in the Pacific
ocean, near the w coast of N America,.
SO m long and 4 broad, disc(jvored by Cook
in 1778. It abounds in small valley.s, filled
with pine-trees, but »)f no extraordinary
jjrowth ; and the ne point is a lofty naked
rock. Lon. 144 48 w, lat. 59 56 k.
Kuycscrsberg, a town of Fr.mce, in the
department of Upper Rhine, 5 m »w
Colinar.
Kui/iersech, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Treves, 1% m w Coblentz.
Kuj/senluutern, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, in 1793, it
was taken by the French, who, the year
following, were surpiisod in th«ir intreuch-
ments near it, by the .\nstrians, and de-
feated. It is seated on the Lauter, 28 lu
sw Worms. Iaiu. 7 50 e, lat. 49 27 x. _
Kuyserstol, a town of Switzerland, in
Argau, with a castle; seated on the Rhine,.
over which is a covered wooden bridge,,
10 in >E Baden.
Kaijserswert, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Cologne, seated on the Rhine,
7 m KKW Dusseldorf.
Kiiz'mitrs, a tewn of Poland, in the pa-
latinate of Lublin, with a castle, situate
on a hill, by the Vistula, 30 m W3W
Lublin.
Kebbun, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Diarbek, with rich mines of copper and
silver. It is seated at the juncti(jii of the
two branohes of the l^uphrates, 100 m nmt
Diarbekir. Lon. 38 40 e, lat. 38 45 N.
Ktcho ; see Cacluto.
Kedje; see Kidge.
Kediri, a tov^n of Java, capital of a pro-
vince. '1 he environs abound with ruins
and antiquities of every kind ; and the
Mahamedan temple here, is supposed to
have been constructed principally of the
materials of an ancient edifice, demolisli^d
for the purpose. The town stands on the
river Kediri, whieh is navigable hence for
boats to its mouth at Surabaya. It is 84
ro ESE Solo. Lon. Ill 52 e, "lat. 7 52 s.
Kedlcston, a village in Derbyshire, 3 m
NKW Derby ; noted for its medicinal spring,
much resorted to in summer, and for the
elegant seat of the earl of Scarsdale.
Keene, a town of N»w Hanii-'shira, in
Cheshire county, 25 m s by i: Charleston,
and 93 whys Portsmouth.
Kef, or Keffhf, a town of the kingdom
of Tunis, with a citadel ; situate on the
side of a hill, with a plentiful source of
■water, 70 m wsw Tunis.
Kejil, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in
Irak, 14 m s Helleh : celebrated for the
tomb of the prophet Ezekiel, which is an-
nually visited by a number of Jews.
Kehl, a fortress of Suabia, seated on
the Rhine, over which is a bridj;;e of boats
to Strasl)urtr. It was taken by the French
in 179(i ; retaken by the Austrians soon
afterwai'dj but the French regained po^^ses-
sion of it the same day. .Some of the an-
cient fortifications are in ruins, but it is
»till an important pa«s between France and
Germany. It i* VI m sw Baden.
KeifrhUy, a town in W Yorksh-re, with
» market on Wednesday, and manufactures
of wooJleu cloths, cottons, and iindseys ;
seated near th« river Aire, 12 m n Halifax,
«nd *06 Nbyw Lond«n.
Keith, a town of Scotland, in Banff-
shire, with manufactures of flax; seated
on the Isla, which a little below form* a
fine CHicade, culled the Linii of Keith. It
is I'-i m ssw Culleu, and 41 nw Aberdeen.
Kelat, the capital of Ballosistan. It is
surrounded by a mud wall, with bastions ;
and with the suburbs contain ujiward of
4000 houses, built on the skirt and side of
a hill. The palace of the khan stands
above the town. The bazar is well sup-
plied, and it enjoys a considerable trade,
unusual in this miserable country. It is
seated on the Nehink, 280 m nk Kidge.
Lon. (55 48 e, lat. 29 6 n.
Kelbra, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringiu, near the river Helm, 10 m s
Stolberg.
Kel/ieim, a to-^n and castle of Bavaria,
with a FrfMiciican convent, a considerable
Lrewery, and extensive magazines of salt;
situate at the conflux of t!ie Althmuhl acid
Danube, 10 m ssw llatisbon.
Kelts, a borough of Ireland, in Meath
county, anciently a bishop's see On the
site of its castle the market-house now
stands, and in llie churchyard is a round
tower 90 feet high. It is situate on the
river Biackwater, 12 m xbyw Trim.
Kelpoory, a town of Hindoostaii, in
Delhi, capital of a small district, at the
foot of the Kemaoon mountains. U is
situate on the Bavgole, 47 m ^■^'E Bareiiy.
Lon. 79 41 E, lat. 28 59 -v.
Kefso, a town of .Scotland, in Roxburg-
shire, with a modern bridge over the
Tweed, nnmediately below the intlux of
the Teviot. The abbey, magnificent ruins
of wliich still remain, was founded by
David I. Near it is Fleurs, the noble
palace of the duke of Roxburg; and, on
an eminence, the ruin o*^ Roxburg castle.
Kel»o has luaiiufactures of carpeting, flan-
KEN
nels, leather, linen, and stockings. U is
10 m NNE Jed burg, and- 42 SE F-ditiburgi^
Lon. 2 29 w, lat. 55 37 N.
Kemaoon, a province of Northern Hin-'
doostan, belonging to the rajah of Nppiiid.
It lies E of Serinagur, ar,d is separated
from it by a ridge of moun'ains, on which
are several villages that descend <in each
side, tnie half lieingin Sennagur, and the
other half in Kemanon. The s bormdary
is a chain of lot'ty hills, called the Kem:n on
Mountains, which separate it from the
British territories. The surface- of 'he
country is hilly, but there are spacious ''al-
leys, rendered fertile by cultivation. .\l-
mora is the capital. i.
Kfmi, or Kiemi; see Kimi
Kemriioo, a town of Nigritia, catiit il of
a country lying to the w o!' Bamhriia. It
is 840 in w Seen. Lon. 7 4d w, lut 14
15 N.
KemiHit, a town of the pai.itin-it- of
fltvorin, 15 m ese Bayreutli, and 26 N
Amberg.
Kemptcn, a rown of Suabia, with ;i r-rh
Benedictine abbey, ami a great trade in
linen; seated on the Iller, 46 in s by w
Augsburg.
Ken. a river in Westmorland, wJiijh
flows by Kendal, and enters tne s^mdy
wash of Lancashire, called Morca'ube hay.
It has a cataract near its mouth, which
obstructs the navigation.
Ken, a river of Scotland, which li.^es in
the Nwpart of Kirkcudbriiihtshire, flows to
New Galloway, thence expauds into a lake,
4 m long and a mile broad, and then joins
the river Dee.
Kendal, a town of Westmorland, go-
verned t)y a mayor, with a mar'^^et o!! '-.a-
turday. it is seated on the Ken, over
which are two stone bridges, and another
of wood leads to the castle, winch is now
in ruins. It has a spacious clnu'ch, airl a
freeschool endowed with some exhibitons
to Queens college in Oxford. Here r.ie
manufactures of coarse woollen, wmen
and knit stockings, cottons, learhsr, tish-
hooks, wool-card.^, and gunpowder. It has
seven trading companies, wlio iiave eacii a
hall ; and its trade is vei'y considerable,
notwithstanding the disadvantage of its
river for water carriage. The populn'^'on
was 7505 in 1811. It is,46 in s Curii-Je,
imd 262 NNW London. Lon. 2 52 w, Ut.
54 15 N. ' > ■
Kent, or Caana, a town of 'E^ypt/i with
a manufacture of blafik earthpii ware. I'he
caravans assemble ht re in their jonrneyto
Coseir. It is se.ited on ihtj .Nile, 280 m s
Cairo. Lon. 32 2 e, lat. 26 2 n. . • -
KengiUjR village of Sweden, in W Both-
nia, noted for a coiisideral)le iron foi-:e,
and thela&ttotbe north ; seated on the
Tornen, a Jittle sbove life influx (^,S^.>.
MdHnibp '^6 m >• by w T^ornea. . j i . , -
"'Ki^il^orth, A town of Wiirwictsliirc,
Witli a maikft on VWdncsciay, litre was
0 famous ca£t!c,'tl)e rc-niaius of wliidi Ibrm
one nftlic most pictoresque »)bj('Cts in llie
K(ri7)Mf^','.ji\o\\n of Ireland, in Kerry
Cfinnty, at tlie bead of a ri\er or bay oi' the
game nnmo, aloundiij^ \vit.)i^,spii(fjoi.i,Vs'M^ ,
fiecure liaiboiir?. itis'^$,m '^p g:^^„i
and -iG wbys Cork. , ; ,,...:,.,
Kenmoix, a town of Scotland, in P(M-tb-
sliire, on an istbniuh at the r. end of J ocb
Tay, with an defiant bridu,e over tl)e river
Tay. iSear 2 ni to the mc is Tayuioutii,
the principal seat of tlie earl of Bredal-
fcane, celebrated by Buri.s, the poet. Ken-
inore is 27 m kw i'erlh, and 36 n Stirling,
Kemiehec, a river of Massachutets, in
the district of Mair.e, whieh entejs the At-
lantic ocean, between the bays of Casco
and Penobscot. '1 he lit ad ol its navijiable
waters is a ba^in, 46 la from the sea, very
conHnodlnus tor the anclniriiii: of ve^sels.
Kcnnet, a rixeref Enjiland, which rises
anuir.tr the chalk\ hills in Wiltshiie, and
flows to IScvibury, in IJerkshire, v\here it
Lecomes navi<;able : it is tlien aufiuionred
by the Lanibdrn, and runs to Keadnig, be-
Icw wliicli it enters ihe 1 haines. From
this ri^er, at Newbury, is a canal to the
Avon, at Ea.h.
Remin^tun, a villaiic in Middlesex, a
mile vv L</ndon. Here is a royal palace,
pinchased of lord chancellor i'inch by
William III. Ilie gardens have since been
coi^s'.derably aii[;niented, by upward of o50
acres tiiken from Hyde-park, and are ntjw
a fashionable pi'onienade.
Kent, a county of Ejifiland, bounded on
the N by the 'I liames and German ocean,
E by the same ocean, se and s by the Eng-
lish (haniiel and Sussex, and vv by Suiry.
It lb 58 m lonjj; and 36 broad, containing
035,686 acres ; is divided into hve lathes,
Subdivided into 62 hundreds, and 405
panshes ; has two cities and 28 market-
to'vns; and t-ends 18 members to parlia-
ment. 1 he p< jiuiation was 373,095 in
IBH. In the fcoi) aiui face of the country
th^re is a great diversity. 'I he banks of
the i hames are low and marshy, but backed
by a range ot chaiky eniinences, someiimes
risi'ng to a moderati; height. "I'lns kind of
hard clialky soil, inchning to banenness,
e\tt:nds to the nj; extremity of tlje county,
and thence; round to Dover, exhibiting its
nature in tlie lofty whi<e cliffs, wliich here
beiuiidthe I'-land, and produce that striking
tippteafance at sea which gave it ihe name
01 Albnui. Ihe s part of Kent, c-nlled the
Weald, ib a ilat and woody tract, of a clay .,y
soil, and fertile^ The luidlat^d and western
districts are a mixture of pleasant, hill and
dale, arable and pasture. This county
pioduccs, beside the usual objects of agri-
culture, largo ijuantities of hops, cherries,,
apples, madder, and birch twigs for brooms,
\\hi(-h iorm no inconsiderable, ai tide of
trade for the metropolis. The country in-
land from Dover, consisting chiefly of tipeu
downs, is excellent for the feeding of sheep;
and many are fattened to an extraordinary
size in Romney marsh. Paper of every
description is manul'actured in this county,
and there are several gunpowder mills. '\\\a
principal rivers are the Thames, Mcdway,
Darent, Stour, Cray, and Eollier. Tho
cities ol KentareCanlerbury and Rochester,
but Maidstone is the county -town.
Kcntvckif, one of the United States of
America, 330 m long and from 40 to 180
broad; bounded on the N by the river
Ohio, which separates it from the states
of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, r. by Vir-
ginia, s by Tennessee, and w by the river
Missihsifipi. The other principal rivers are
the Kentucky, Licking, Green, Cumber-
land, and Great Kenhaway, which all flow
into the Ohio. It is divided into 57 coun-
ties. 'J he soil is amazingly fertile in the
central part ; to the e and vv it is moun-
tainous, and the s is priucipuhy composed
of the Barrens, a sterile country destitute
of water. Tobacco, hemp, cotton, ami the
diifeient grains of Europe, but particularly
maize and wheat, are cultivated. 'Ihe
country, in general, may be considered as
well timbered, producir.g large trees of
many kinds : those peculiar to it are the
sugar-tree, which grows in great plenty, and
fuinisl'.es excellent sugar; and the lioney
locust, which is surrounded by tlusniy
spikes, bearing pods in form of peas, has
a sweet taste, and makes excellent beer ;
also some other kinds offices not common
elsewhere. There is plenty of fine cane,
on which the cattle feed; and where r,o
cane grows, theie is wild rye, clover, and
bulYalo-grass. The nmuutainous parts pro-
duce a great quantity of ginseng. Iron ore
and lead are found in abundance; and
much nitre is produced in caves, some of
which extend above a mile under a lime-
stone rcick, su[)porteil by curitms arches and
pillars. Geese and ducks are amazingly . ,,
numerous; the wild fowls are turkjes,.,^
grouse, and quails. Serpents are not r
numen Us, and such as are to be found in
oiher parts of the continent, except the
bull, the horned, and the mokason snakes,ni
Among the native animals are deers, bear.s,!,
wild cats, wolves, beavers, otters, foxes,
ral)bits, squirrels, lacoons, and opossums^
The domestic quadvupcdi» liuve been intro- ,,j
duced since the sctlienicr.is, sucti as liorsesnc
cows, sheep, and hdi^s. In 1810 the popula-
tion was 406,511. Frankfort is the capital.
Kentucky, a river it» the above state,
•which rises in tlie Laurel mountains, ami
after a general kw course of 200 m, enters
the Ohio iu lat. US 20 .v. It is navigable
l.'iO ni. Its banks may rather be called
precipices, for, ahnost every vvliere, they
consist of 300 or 400 feet of solid perpen-
dicular limestone rock; in some parts of a
fine white marble, curiously arched, pillar-
ed, or blocked up into fine building stones.
Kentiingcn, a town of Snabia, in Bris-
gati, on the river Elz, 13 m nn\v Triburg.
Ketbclu; see Meacfitd Hoifsein.
JKejcoiinig, an island in the Indian ocean,
about 80 IU in cii'cuit. The face of the
country seems to be steep hills and exten-
sive valleys, and evcvy part to be covered
with trees and verdure, with some pleasant
cultivated jirounds. The inhabitants are
JVIalays. Lon. 126 30 v., lat. 4 28 x.
Kerguelen Land, an island in the
Southern ocean, visited by Cook, in 1775.
For its sterility, it mi<:;ht properiy have
been called the Islai-d of Debellation. On
the NE ciiast is a good and safe bay, named
Christmas Harbour. Lon. (39 4 e, lar.48
41s.
Kerisonn, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Eoum, formerly a place of strength. The
inhabitants trade to Crimea, and buiid
their own sliip-j. It star.ds on a lofty pro-
montory, wbith bounds on the e a tine bay
of the Libick sea, 150 m ene Tocat. Lon.
38 20 E, lat. 40 45 N.
Kerkciii; see Qnerijnini.
Ker/.isia, a town ot Asiatic Turkey, in
Diarliek, at the conflux of the Khabour
v.ith the Euphrates, 90 m se Kacca, and
105 Nw A nail.
Kerkouk, a city of Kurdistan, the capi-
tal of a district and residence of a pashaw.
It is surrounded by a mud wall, and on an
eminence that is nearly perpendicular on
all sides, below v.liich is an extensive
suburb. 1 he country around is hilly ; and
in a pass tliroua,h a r;uige of rocky mouu-
taihs, on the >, are a number ol springs
that produce an inexhaustible supply of
naphtha. It is 135 m sse Eetlis. Lon. 44
58 E, lat. 35 29 N.
Kerinan, a large province of Persia,
LoQudcd on the x by Ctn;r;isaii, r. by Se-
gistan and Balochistun, s\v by Laristan,
and Av by Farsistan. 'I he northern part is
a salt and barren desert, but toward the
south the land is fertile. Many sheep are
bred here, and their fine wool is an article
of great trade.
Kernian, or Sir^un, a city, capital of the
above province. It was plundered and de-
stroyeii in the civil wars, in 1794 ; and the
Dreseni tortificatioiis enclose but a s.mull
portion of the ancient city, which is in %
most ruinous state. It is celebrated for it»
beantitul shawls, carpets, and stutfs. I^^
stands on the w side of an extensive plain,^
100 m N Gombron, and 200 e Shiras. Lon. .
56 6 E, lat. 29 50 n.
Kerpcit, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Juliers, with a collegiate church;
seated on the Erft, 14 m sse Juliers.
Kerry, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Munster, 57 m long and 45 broad ; .
bounded on the x by the ^haniKjn, which,,
separates it from Clare, E by Limerick and
Cork, s by the latter, and w by the ocean.
It is divided into }!4 parishes, contains
about 107,000 iiiiiabitauts, and sends lour
members to parliament. The southern
part is plain, and fertile in corn ; ,but the
greater part is mountainous, and chiefly
adapted for grazing. It has some rare
plants, celebrated mineral waters, and the
famous lake of Kiiiarney. l he cliiet rivers
are the Bl ickwarer, Leal, Gale, Ilnck, and
(.'ushin. Ctinsiderabie quantities of beef,
butter, hides, and tallow, are exported frota
its excellent harbours. I ralce is the ca-
pital.
Kcrtch, a seaport of Criinear, on the
strait of I'ainan, ami on the site of the an-
ciciit Panticapeum. It was formerly of
great importance, but the Russians have
lately reduced it to insignificance ; yet its
ruins, and the many antiquities in its vici-
nity, stdl make it interesting. Within the
tortress, now a ruin, stands the church,
erected in the year 757. It is 7 m wby»
Yenikale, and 12 n.w Taman.
KeHchim, a seaport of Arabia Felix, in
Iladraniaut, 80 in e Shibam. Lon. 50 50
E, lat. 15 25 N.
Ktali, or Sebx, a town of Usbec Tartary,
in Hokhaiia, once the ordinary summer
residence of Timur, who surrounded it
with walls, and bmit a palace in 1379. It
is 35 m shy w .Samarcand.
Keasel, a town of the Netherlands, ia
Prussian Gelderiaud, with a handsoma,,^
castle, seated on the iWeuse, 7 m n Kure-.f.
monde. ,,j
Kcsstldorf, a viih.ge of Upper Saxony, f ,^^
m w Dresden, where a victory w^sgainei^i;
by the king oi' Prussia over the jSaxo^s .i^.^j
1745. ^ , ;\";: ' \,::..:; ,dj
Kesztlteli/. a town of Lviwer Hungary,^ j|
with a castie, and an agricultural semiuary,^^
called the Georgicon. It slanrls mi the Hj^.j
sifie of the w end of the iialatou-seej, 04^^5
111 sw Sthulweissenburg. ,, , . .,.j(j3,i, Sj^ft
Kcsickk, a town in Cumh^r|aiid, ^j't.Pif^i^o
in.u-ket on .Saturday ; seated in a vaie, negip,^^
the rapid river Greela. This vale is niuck^^
vi>ited by the admirers of nature ; here i^ j(-
the lake of Keswick, or Derwant-watei-,;,y|
and to the' N of this soar* the lofty iix«ui\-
KHO
tain Skiddaw, one of the most distiiifrnish-
ed in Eng^laml. Keswick has nianut'nctures
of stulVs, ilannds, Ike. It is 25 m kw
Keridiil, and 291 nnw Loudon.
Ketschemet, a town of Iliiii<iary, whxli
in the siinimer has frequent fairs, resorted
to by mercliants from distant parts of
Europe. It is 60ni ssE Pest.
Kettering, a town in Northamptonsliirc,
with a market on I'riday, and m;inufac-
tures of tammies, seri;;es, lastinjis, &:c. It
is ly m NE Northampton, and 74 Kw
London.
Keuschberg, or Kiade, a town of tfie
kin2;dom of Saxony, in Misnia, 6 m se
Mersburj:.
Kett;, a village in Surry, 7 m whys
London. Here is a royal palace, hnilt by
his present majesty ; and a stone bridge
over the 1 hawits, to Brentford.
Kexholm, a town of Uussia, in the go-
vernment of Wibiir<:, seated on two islands
in the river Wcixon, svhicli here flovv« into
Lake Ladoga. The housts are bui't of
■wood, but It is well fortified, and has a
•trong castle. It is tiO m ne Wil/urjr, and
67 N Fetersburir. Lon. SO 25 e, hit. 61 3 n.
Keyns/iam, a town in Soniersetsiiire, with
• market on Thiirsday, and a trade in
TOalt; seated on the Chew, near its con-
flux with the Avon, 5 m se Bristol, and 114
tr Londfin.
Khandesh, a province of the Deccan of
Hinrlonstaii, 20U m ioug and 90 broad ;
bounded on the n by Malwah, e by Berar,
« by Aurungabad, and w by Gnjiat. It
belongs to the Mahrattas. 'Ihoujjh of an
irregular surtace, and contaiuino; many
strong holds, it is not mountainous, but
in iienerai fertile, auf! produces ubtniclance
of cotton. 1 he chief rivers are the Ner-
buddah and Tnptee. Botnhanpoor is the
capital.
Klicmlasu, a walled town of Hindoostan,
in ]\[ahvah, with a fort adjoining, 97 m
>JE Jlopal.
Khivti, the capital of t!ie country of
Ch-.iraMTi. It lias a htrong wall of earth,
with three spates, turrets at small distances,
and a broad ditch full i.-'i water. Ihe
houses are low, mostly built with mud, the
Toofs flat, and covered with earth. It stands
on a rising t!;rf)un(l, amid fertile . [itaiiis,
SIO m KW Boyjarlaio, Iseao-^BijSO Wy^iat.
-■40 58X. . .^.-cili} -'!^ >■-.■••♦.■.
J(/ioiy a town of Per«ia, in Aderbijan,
, surrounded by a wall, witii towers that pre-
sent a triangular front. It is the re^idelice
of a governor, lias 20 nMSoues, and ubcnit
oOjGOO iuhubitunts, of which the fyeater
part are Aruviniaiis. It stand* in a rich
and beautiful plain, near the river Otur, 88
ni WNVV Tabriz. l-xm. 45 40 f, hit. 38 20 N.
■'. cuiC/»«»««ir, a town of Persia, iu Irak, situate
in a most fruitfuj valley, between two range*
of rocky hill"", 80 m nw Ispahan.
K/iOnemabad ; see Kuruitiabad.
Klioicu?-, a town of Persia, in Irak, seat-
ed in a par>s of the Albores mountains,
called the Strait of Khowar, 60 m se
Teheraii.
Khozdar, a city of Ballojjistaii, capital
of Jahiwan. Thouj;h a small place, the
trafllc is considerable, being chiefly inha-
bited by Hindoos, who liave a pagoda
here It ib situate in a iVuitful valley, 100
m .SSE Kelat. Lon. 66 45 e, lit. 27 54 N.
Khuni ; see Koi/>
Khyrabcid, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Oude, capital of a fertile district. It is
situate near a branch of the Goomty, 45
m X by w Luckr.ow. Lon. 80 45 e, I.it. 27
29 N.'
Ki(i-ldng, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Tche-kiang. 'ihe streets have
beautiful piazzas to sk.helter passengers from
the sun and rain ; and there is scarcely a
house where they do not breed silkworms.
There are many triumphal arches both in
the city and suburbs; and several marble
towers on the sides of a canal to the w of
the city. It is 590 m sse Pekir.g. Lon.
120 14 E, lat. SO 50 n.
Kiakta, a town of Siberia, in tlie govern-
ment of Irkutsk, on the borders of Chinese
Tartary. It has a considerable fur trade,
and is the mart of the Russian iuid Chinese
commerce. It stands on a small nver,
near its ci^nfiux with the Selenga, 75 m ssw
Selenginsk. Lon. 106 SO e, lat. 50 20 N,
KiLiTigiiri, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, chief place of a sangiacat, with
a castle on a rock. It is 2G0m e Bursa.
Lon. 34 47 E, lat. 39 56 N-
Kiavg-nctn, a province of Chiua, bound-
ed on the w by fJo-nan and Huu-quang,
s by Tche-kiahg and Kiang-si, e by the
gulf of Kanking, and n by Chan-ton^, it
IS of vast extent, and contains 14 cities of
the first rank, and 93 of the second and
third, whlcti are very popuh us. and of the
greatest note ft,r ti-aae in the eir.pire. It
is full of lakes, rivers, and can-ils ; and its
silks, cor:on-,japa>med goods, ar.d paper,
are in high esteem ^auking is the capitaL
Kiaiig-nin ; .see J^unking.
Kiang-si, a province of China, bounded
on the N by Kiang-nan, w by liou-quang,
s bv Quan'ii tonj;, and e by Fo-kien and
Trh'e-kiang. The n part contains the great
Po-vang lake, anvl some extensive mo-
rasses; the roiddio and s parts abound in
mountains, but there are finfc valleys
am(;ngthem. it coiit::)ius 13 cities of the
first rank, and 78 (jf the second and third.
Thearn.ck luthis province is excellent; and
its porcelain is the finest and most valuable
in the empire, ^an-tclrang i» t)ie c^apit*!.
'■''Kian-'kv, the larwe^t river nf Asia. It
rises on the Jf borders of Tibet, flows e
to the confines of Tartary, then s throuiih
Lower Tibet into China, enteriiii^ the pro-
■vince of Yunnan, where it turns to th.e
B, and crossing, the provinces of be-tchuen,
Hou-quan<i, and Kian;x-nun, enters the_
Eastern ocean, opposite the island of
Tsoiiii-raiiijr, alter a couroc of about 2200
rn. Near its source it is called, by tfie
Eleuths, Portichu or Petchow. At the
place where the Kianku bends to the s,
it is on the opposite side of tiie mountains
which give rise to the Hoan-ho ; and these
two sreat rive'-s aftei-ward part to the dis-
tance of above 1000 ni, yet tinally dis-
chari;e themselves into the same sea at
about the distance of 100 m from each otlier.
KiLurg, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Zuricii, with a castle, seated on
the Theoff, 14 m k.nk Zurich.
Kidderminster, a corporate town in
Worcestershire, with a market on Thurs-
day. It is a yeat mart for beautiful
carpets, and has also manufactures of
poplins, crapes, bombazeens, he. Ihe po-
pulation was 8038 in 1811. The Stafford-
shire and Worcestershire canal passes this
place. It is seated on tlie Stour, 14 m
SE Bridgtnorth, and 126 nw London.
Kidgc, or Kedjfy a city of Ballo2.istan, ca-
pital of Mekran. 'Hie fort stanis on a high
precijiice, on the left bant of the Dustee,
and is surrounded by the town. 'Hie
countrv in its vicinity is flat, and produces
yreat quautities of d'ates. It is 280 m se
Kerman. Lon. 6'2 ^5 i:, lat. 26 25 x.
Kidwely, a town of Wales, in Carmar-
thenshire, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Toesday. It stands on a creek
of the Bribtol channel, and ha? a canal to
some collieries, w lience coal is brought and
exported. Here also is an iron foundery,
and a tin mill. On the opposite bank of
the creek, where the old town formerly
stood, are the remains of a castie. It is
8ms Carmarther, and 'i26 w by N London.
Kief, or Kiev; see Kiqf.
Kiel, a stron;^ to'-^'n of Lower Saxony,
in Holstein, with a castle and a university.
It stands on a peninsula, at the head of a
bay of the Baltic, and bus a commodious
liarbour for ships of the laiyest size. It is
one of the most commercial places in Hol-
stein ; and its trade is augmented by means
of the Eyder canal, to Reodsburg. Kiel
is 37 m AW Lubec, and 4G n by e Ham-
burg. Lon. 10 16 v., hit. 54 21 .\.
Kien-ning, a city of China, of the fu-st
rank, in Fo-kien. At the time of the con-
quest of China by tlie Tartars, it sustained
two sieges, in the last of which it was
taken, and all the inhabitants were put to
ifa« sword. It was afterward re-establish-
ed, by the Tartars, and is a place of con-
siderable trade. It stands on the riv«r
Min-ho, 260 m se Nanking. Lon. 117 3
E, lat. 'il ON.
KietL-tchaiig, a city of China, of the first
rank, m Kiang-si. it is seated in a fertile
country, 340 m ssw Nanking. Lon. 116
35 E, lat. 27 35 N.
Kivoii-kiong, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Kiang-si, situate on the Rian-ku,
immediate. y above t!ie influx of the Po-
vaiig-hou. It is the rendezvous of all the
barks that pass to and from other places
in this province, and the provinces of
Kiang-nan and Houquang. It is 250 m sw
Nan-king. Lon. 116 0 e, lat. 29 64 K.
Kilbarchun, a village of Scotland, on th«
w side of Loch Winnoch, 5 m sw Renfrew.
It is occupied by weavers, and has exten-
sive bleach-tields.
Kiibeggan, a borough of Ireland, in W
Meath county, seated on the Brosna, 14 m
E Arhlone, and 42 w Dublin.
KUbride, a tt)wn of Scotland, in Lanark-
shire, noted for its cotton weavers, and for
being the birthplace of Dr.WUhatn Hunter
and liis brother John, two celebrated ana-
tomists. It is 6 m s by E Glasgow.
Kdctilmonil, a town of Scotland, in Ar-
gyleshire, and m the peninsula of Cantyre,
17 m s Ompbelton.
Kilcock, a town of Ireland, in Kildar»
county, on the river Blackwater, 17 m
wbyN Dublin.
Kilcoul, a town of Ireland, in Wicklow
county, near which is the celebrated salt-
marsh of Cooldross. It is seated near th»
sea, 18 m sse Dublin.
KilcuUen-bridge, a town of Ireland, m
Kildare county, on the river Liffey. A rail©
to the s is the viUajie of KiicuUen, anciently
a walled town with seven gates, one of
which yet remains, and some otiier anti-
quities.' It is 26 m sw Dublin.
Kilda, St. an island of Scotland, the
most western of the Hebrides, 28 m to
the w of N List. It is 3 m long and 2
broad; and presents one continued per-
pendicular face of rock, of prodigious,
height, except at the landuig-place, on the
SE,"w!iere there is a narrow and steep pas-
sage to a village on the top ol the rock.
'1 he surface of the island is hiiiy ; hut it
feeds many sheep, and produces barley irtid
potatoes. ' The mhabiiants live chiellyhy
fishing, and catching wild fowls. In the
latter empioyment, they are let down by a
rope from the -summit of the preoipitims
rocks,Uiid then clamber along their ironts,
in search of the eggs and nests otv'ariiaus
bil•d^. Lon. 8 23 w, lat. 67 -fS N.-- ' -I
Kildare, it county of Ireland, m the pro-
vince of Leirtster, 37 m long and 20 broud;
bounded on the k by Dut)ii4v aoid V^ loklowr,
V, b)' King conssfy and Queen counly, n by
E Meath, and s by Catficrloiiph. It is di-
vided into 113 pai-ishcs, contains about
50,000 inbabitiinr.s, and sends two mem-
bers to p:wlian>ent. The principid rivers
are the LilVey. Barrow, and iioyne. It is a
very I'ertile and aralilc coinitry. 'I'lie capi-
tal is ol'llie same nanic ; bnt the assizes are
held aitt rniUely at Athy and Naas.
Kildurc, a horonoh, capital ofthe above
countv, "and a bishop's see. 1 he nave ot"
the catliedral has liec^n huis: in ruins. '1 he
town is ciiieliy supported by frequent horse-
races on the Curjaoh, a tine httty plain,
containing: near 5000 acres, which feeds a
great number of shtep. It is 8S m wsw
bubhn. Lon. 6 54 w, hit. 53 9 N.
Kilftnora, a toun of Ireland, in Clare
countVj and a bishop's see united to Kil-
laloe. '1 he cathedral is very ancient, but
in good repair. It is a small place, 14 m
Kvv Iv.mis.
Kilfiuron, a ^owu of ^Vale?, m Pem-
bn keshirc, with a market on Wednesday.
Here are tlie remains of a castle, on a hisih
rock ; and near it are lar<ie works for fabri-
cating tiu plates. It is seated near the
Tuy, 30 m n Pem.broke, and 231 w>;w
London.
Kilhum, a town ir E Yorkshire, with a
market on Saturday, 31 m ene Yt)rk, and
GOO N London.
Kiliu, a fortified town of European Tur-
key,in Bessarbia, on an island at the mouth
of the Danube. It was talicn by the Kns-
sians in 1790, but restored at the subse-
quent peace. It is 8(j w. sw Bielgorod.
Lon. 2B 4o E, lat. 45 22 n.
Kitkc.mn/y a ccmnty of Ireland, in the
province of Leinster, 40 m loiifi and 20
broad ; bounded on the e by C'alheilough
and \Ve\ford, w by Tipperary, ^ by (^ueen
county, and s by VVateriiird. It is d:v iled
into 147 parishes, contains aiiout 100,000
inhaiiitants, and sends three members to
parliament. The surface is in <j:encral level,
and the soil fertile. ^N ool is a consider-
able article of trade ; and it is particularly
noted for its coal, which makes no smoke
in bnniiug. Ihe principal rivers are the
Barrow, Suir, and IS ore.
Miikeniiy, & city, capital of the above
couury, hiuiate on the Nore, over which
Are two bridges. 'Ihe borough of Insh-
*ow,n, on ihe r side of the river, is juined
to it, imd both together tiirm one of the
roost populous and commercial cities in
Ireland. T he remains of its castle walls,
tovvers^und bastions, eviucc it to have been
a place of great strength. It sends a mem-
ber to parliament. KilkLiiny once had a
bishop; and the cathedral, which stands
in Irishtowu, belongs to the bishop of ()s-
sory. iiere is also a college and the re-
main of a monastery, part of which h^j,
been converted into a shire-house. l]h©*
chief manufactures are coarse woollens anJ
fine blankets; and in the vicinity arc laigOj
quarries of black and white marble. It i»
30 m N ^Vaterford, and 57 sw Dublin,
Lon. 7 32 w, lat. 52 3(3 N. , ;
Ivillula, a town of Ireland, in Mayo
county, and though a small place; is a,
bishop's see united with Achoury. The
catliedral serves for the parish church. lu
rrOH, a number of French landed iiere,
and werejoined by some infatuated rebels,
who committetl many atrocities in this
county and Sligo, before they were sub-
dued. It stands on a bay to which it gives
name, 20 m k Castlebar. Lon. 9 40 w,
lat. 54 8 N. _ _ -,Hi,«fj;
Atl/uloe, a town oi I-cland, in Clarej-
county,and a bishop's see united vvi'^h Kil-
fenora. The cathedral is the only cliurch.
It is seated on the Shannon, over which is
a bndf^e, 12 m nke Liiaerick.
KilUiVi/ Bey, a bay of Ireland, on the
E coast of the island of Arranmore, in the
county of Gahvay. Lon. 9 30 w, lat. 52
44 N. -J
KilUtrneii, a town of Ireland, in Kerry
county, with an extensive linen manufac-
ture; seated near a celebrated lake of the
same name, 14 in se 'i'ralee. ,
Killarntijy a lake of Ireland, in Kerry-
county, otherwise called Lough Lean, from
its being surrounded by high mountains.
It is divided into three parts, the lower,j
middle, and upper lake. The nortlien, or'!
lower lake, is 0 m long and 3 broad. On
the side of one of the mountains is O'SuUi-
van's cascade, which falls above 70 feet ;
and opposite this is the island of Innis-
lallen, containing 18 Irish acres. The pro-
montory of Mucruss divides the upper from
the lower lake, and on passing into the
upper lake, there is a rock, called the
Eagles-nest, which produces wonderful
cchos. The upper lake is 4 m loig and 2
broad : from the mountains descend a
number of beautiful cascades; and the
numeraus islands in this lake afVoid a
variety of picturesque views. The centra
lake, w hich communicates with the upper,
is small in comparison with the other two,
and cannot boast of equal variety ; bnt the
shores are indented with bays, surrounded
by dark groves of trees. 1 he e boundary
is" formed by the base of iNIangerton, down
the steep side of which descends a cascade,
visible for 150 yards : this fall of water is
supplied by a lake, near the summit of
the mountain, called the Devil's J*uncU-^
bowl. , -J.
Killenuulc, a town of Iif.land, in Tippe-
rary county, ^0 m ene Cushel.
lleiihandra, a town of Ireland, inCa«
rary (
▼an county', on th^ river Croghanv 10 m w
Cavan.
Kilkvan, a town of Ireland, in Monag-
han county, 8 m sw Monaghan.
KilliriiileT/, a town of Connecticut, in
Windham county, situate on the Quina-
bauo;, 18 m ne Windham.
KUIingzcortfi, a town of Connecticut, in
Middlesex county, seated on the liamnio-
nasset, on Long-island sound, 24 m e N«;vt-
haven.
Kiilony, a town of Ireland, in Sligo
county, 6 m s Sli£»o.
Ki/hiigh, or Port St. Ann, a seaport of
Ireland, in Down county, to the n of St.
John j)oint,in the Irish sea. A rock stands
in the entrance of its harbour, covered at
half llood. Here is a manufacture of salt.
It is (5 m SSE Duwjipatrick.
Killtjbegs, a boroui;ti and seaport of Ire-
land, in Doiiesial cimiiLv, with a spacious
harbour, on a bay of the same name, 16 m
w Donegal. Lon. 8 52 w, hit. 54 40 N.
Kil/i//eag/i, a borough of Ireland, in
Down county, with a linen and thread
iTiannfacture. The celebrated sir Hans
Sloane was born here. It is^'ated on an
arm of Lough Strangford, 7 m is by e
Downpatrick.
Kilmacduagh, a village of Ireland, in
Galway countv, but a bishop's see united
to Clonfert. J he ruins of th^ cathedral,
a monastery, ike. denote the former conse-
quence of this now wretched place. It is
'2 m sw Gort (in which is iis parish church)
and 15 n Ennis.
Kilmucthoiiius, a town of Ireland, in
\Va*erford county, on the river Mahon, 14
m wsw VVaterford.
Kilmainhum, a town of Ireland, in a
valley, about half a mile sw Dublin. It
has a session- house, a gaol, a foundling
hosf)ital, and a hospital for invalid soldiers.
Here the knights for the county of Dublin
are elected ; and it was the seat of govern-
ment, before the castle at Dublin was ap-
propriated to that purpose.
Kilmaltock, a borough of Ireland, in
Limerick county. Tiie ruins of churches,
rhonasteries, &c. denote its former splen-
dour. It is now a poor place, situate on
the Maig, 20 m s Limerick.
Kilmurnock, a town of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, with manufactures of carpets, serges,
and other woollen goods, and a trade in
saddlery, leather, &c. Near it are the
remains of Dean castle, which was de-
stroyed by fire in 1735. It is seated on a
rivulet of the same name, which here joins
the Irvine, 11 ra sne Ayr, and 28 sw
Glasgow.
Kilmaitrs, a town of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, with a trade in cutiery, 2 m yw
£]lu)ai7)ock.
run:
• Kilmefuieny a village of Ireland, on the
river Suir, 6 m w Waterford. Here is a
celebrated spa, of a chalyijeate qutihty. fn/
KUmore, a town of Irelarid, in Oavalt
county, and, with Armagh, the see of a
bishop, who has a palace here ; but there
is no cathedral. It is 3 m wsw Cavan.
Kilrea, a town of Ireland, in London-
derry county, on the river Bann, '28 m e
Londonderry.
Kilrenny, a decayed borough of Scot-
land, in I'ifeshire, on the frith of Forth,
i^ m NK Anstrulher.
Kilrusfi, a town of Ireland, in Clare
county, seated near the mouth of the
Shannon, 25 m sw Ennis.
Kilsi/th, a town of Scotland, in Stirlinj;-
shire. The vicinity abounds with coal
and iron-stone; of the latter about 500O
tons are sent aimuaily to Carron. It is 15^
m sw Stirling, and 15 ne Glasgow.
Kilwining, a town of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire. Here are the remains of a magnifi-
cent monastery ; and on the site of its
church a modern one has been built in a
style to correspond wiih the venerable
ruins. The vicinity abounds in limestone
and coal. It is seated on the Garnoch,
5 m KNW Irvine.
KUworth, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, near the river Funcheon, '■ib m njjb
Cork.
Kiinbertvorlh, a village in W Yorkshire,
2 m w Rothtrham, noted for its woollen
and linen manufactures.
iiimbuUou, a town in Huntingdonshire,
with a market on Friday, iiere is a castle,
the seat of the duke of Manchester, where
queen Catharine, tirst wife to Henry viii,
died in 1535. It is 8 m Nvsr St. Keot, and
t}^ >i by \\' London.
Kimi, or Kiemi, a town of Finland, in E
Bothnia, on a river of the same name, near
its entrance into the gulf of Bothnia, 10 ra
E Tornea.
Kimlassa, a town of Hindoostan, in]
Malwa, 40 m s Chanderee, and 185 Eirig
Ougein. >' -^ i' uob
Kimpolung, a town of European Turkey^'
in Moldavia, on the river Moldava, 92 m
ke Coloswar. ' ii
Ki7i, or Kain, a town of Persia, in Cho-
rasan, situate at the foot of a mountainy
60 ra ssw Herat. «•»
Kinburn, a fortress of Russia, on thes^
side of the estuary of the Dnieper. It has >
been frequently attacked by the Turks,'-byii
land and sea, but without success. It is,
18 m ssE Oczakot^ on the oppusite side
of the Dnieper. ]Loji« iSOS^iJ;^ lati'^ft
Kincftrdlne, a town of Scotland, <io
Perthshire, in a district almost surrounded
by Clackmananshire, with a commodious
fiaTb(<ur,'»rnd' a coficl road -in the frith of
Forth. Ship-biiihiing is carried on to a
great extent, aad the coastins; ar.d foroiiiii
tracte is c(Mi5i(lerablc. It is '2 m sr, Allua,
and 2'i sbyw l^erth.
KhicariliiK, u town of Scntl.iiid, in lUisa-^
sliire, with a snnill liarhoiir, on the frith ot
Dornoch, 14m wbyN Tain.
Kinciiriline ihielt, a town of Scotland,
in AberdccnMiire, on the river Dee, '2i? m
wbvs Aberdeen.
Kincnrdineshirf, or Mrnrvi;, a connty of
Scotland, bounded on the n\y and N by
Aberdeenshire, E by the f-erman ocean,
and s and sw hy Torfarshire. It extends
SO ni alont; the coast, and '20 is its great-
est breadth. 'Ihe population was 27,459
in 1811. It sends one niendier to parlia-
ment. 1 he NW part is niountainmis, and
chiefly adapted for pasture ; but to the s of
the Grampians the surface is in general
fertilr. The small villao,e of Kincaidine,
9 m sw Stonehaven, was formerly the capi-
tal ; but Stonehaven is now the county-
town .
Kmclerhook, a town of New \ ork, m
Columbia county, on the f, side «if Ilud-
«on river, 13 m N Hudson, and 18 s
Albany.
Khiefon; see Kington.
lung Couvti/_, a connty of Ireland, in
the province of Leinster, 38 m lono; and
30 broad; bounded on the n by W Meath,
B by Kildare, s by Queen county and Tip-
perary, and w by the Shannon, which
separates it from Galway ar.d Roscommon.
It is divided nit.o 52 parishes, contains
about 74,500 inhabitants, and sends two
members to parliament. The principal
rivers are the Shannon, Brosna, Boyne,
and Barrow. It is not so well cultivated
as some of the other counties, nor the soil
so naturally fertile; but bmestone every-
'»vhere aljounds. The capital is Philiptown.
'■'King George the Third Sound, a bay on
the sw coast of New Holland, discovered
by Vancuuverin 1791. It contains several
harbours, and is easy of access any where
between its two points of entrance, Bald
Head and Mount Gardner, 11 m distant
from each other, 'ihe former is in ion.
J 18 1 I, lat. 35 6 s.
King George Sound, the name given by
€ook, in 1778, to a buy < n the w coast of
N Amcrira, in Ion. 1Q(3 SB \^-, and lat. 49
32 N. But the first European discoverer
was Juan Perez, who anchored here in
1774, and called the port St. Lorenzo.
The natives call it Nootka; the name
now generally adopted bytheErghsh. It
does not lie on the continent, as Cook had
reason to suppose, but on the w side of
Quadra and Vancouver island, which see.
A settlement w as formed here some years
KIN
afterward, by a few English traders, which,
giving cause of jealousy, was raptured bj
the Spaniards. On complaint being made
to the fhitish court, captain Vancouver
was sent out in 1790 to redress this griev-
ance. He obtained the restitution of th«
settlement; and all pretensions to this
spot, or any territorial claims to the n of
it, were al)and(ncd by the court of Spaim
in favour of the British, who formally took
possession in 1795 '1 he woods are coin-
postd of the Canadian pine, white cypress,
and two or three other sorts of pine : nnd
in general they are of a largo size, 'i h»
principal a-iimals are racoons, martens,
and squirrel.'i. '1 he stature of the natives
is, in general, below theccunnion standard,
and tlicy are usually plump, though not
muscular. The women are ot the .sain«
size and form as the men ; nor is it easy t©
distinguish them, as they possess no natural
feminiiitt graces. Their bodies are covered
with red paint; but their faces are ornap-
inented with a black, a bright red, or a.
white colour. They are docile, courteous,
and goodnatured ; but quick in resentiii*
injuries, and, like most other passionate
people, as quickly forgetting them. Their
weapons are bows and arrows, slings, spears,
short truncheons of bone, and a small ax,
not unlike the common American toma-
hawk. Tl.-eir houses consist of long broad
plank?, resting upon the edges of each
other, and tied in different parts witk
withes of pine bark. Their furniture con-
sists principally of chests and boxes, piled
upon each other, at the sides and ends of
their houies, in which are deposited their
garments and whatever they deem vala-
able ; they have also square and oblong
pails, howls to eat their food out of, &c.
Ihe irregularity and confusion of their
houses are exceeded by their nastiness,
and every thing stinks of train oil, fish,
and smoke.
Kin-gnn, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Kian-si, seated on the Kan-kiang,
800 m s Peking. Lon. 115 10 e, lat. 27
16 N.
Kinghorn, a borough of Scotland, in
Fifesiiire, on the frith of Forth. It has
two harbours, one below the town, and
the other half a mile w, at Pettycur, for
the passage-boats between this place and
Leith. The chief manufactures are thread
stockings, and the spinning of cotton and
flax. It is 8 m n by w Leith.
Kings Langley, a village in Hertford-
shire, on the river Gade, 5 m sw St.
Alban. Here was a royal palace built by
Henry in, the ruins of which are to be
seen.' Richard ii was buried in its monas-
tery, but removed, by Henry v, to West-
minster.
Km KIN
Kingsbridgfj a town in DeTonshire, with of the Neus, 40 m 'f by >• Newbern, an3
a market oiiSaturday ; seated at the head 50 se Raleo,h.
of Salcomb haven, and at the influx of a Kingston, n. town of S Carolina, ia
rivulet, over which is a bridge to Dod- Georgetown district, on the w side of
brook. It is 34 m s by w Exeter, and 203 Wakamaw river, SO in kke Georgo-
W3W London. town.
Kingxbridge, a town of the state of Kingston, a. town of Upper Canada, on
Kew York, on the w side of the Hudson, Lake Ontario, near its outlet ihe nver
ever which is a brid2;e thai connects New St. Lawrence. It was formerly called
York island with the uiuinland, 15 mis Fronteuac. Here is a strong fort to defend
New York. the navy-yard, which is on a peninsula
Kinssclere, a town in Hampshire, with between the town and the fort ; and ther»
a maiket on 'fuesdav, and a great trade in are batteries on thepi)int of the penin-iula,
malt It was the residence of some of our and also on the point of the town, whieh
Saxon kings. It is 9 ra sw Basingstoke, is pallisaded, and strengthened with block-
and 54 w hv s London. houses. It coiitanis some good houses and
J{<?/i;si-//7?', a town in Northamptonshire, shops, a large wooden government-house,
with a market on Tuesday, 1'2 m w Peter- and all tiie appendages of an extensiv*
borouch, and 86 N by w London. military and naval establishment. Bat-
Kinsstcin, a strong fortress of Norway, teaux frwrn Mont.-eal go no further than
See Fredrkitadt. this place; and iience to York, Niagara,
Kiri^sfun, a coporate town in Surry, on &c. stores and merchandise are conveyed
the river Thames, with a market on Satur- along the lake in ships and in boats. It
dav. A national council was held here in is 150 m sw Montreal. Lon. 76 41 w, lat-
in 838, at which Egbert, the first king of 44 8 N.
ail Enijlnnd, and his son Athelwolf, were Kingston, South, a town of Rhoda
present; and several of the Saxon mo- Island, chief of Washington county, 24
•narch* were crowned here. This town m s Providence,
sent members to parliament in the reigns Kingston vpon Hull; see Hull.
of Edward ii and iii ; but it ceased after- King-tclteau, a city of China^ of the first
waj-d in consequence of a petition from the rank, in Hou-quang. It is divided by «
corporation. Qaeen Elisabeth founded single wall into two parts, one of which
here a freeschool ; and the spring assizes belongs to the Chinese and the other to the
are held at this place. The population Tartars, of whom the garrison consists. It
was 4144 in 1811. It has a wooden bridge has a great trade, and stands on the
over the river, a.nd the corporation have a Kian-ku, 620 m ssw Peking. Loh. Ill 3f
revenue for its support. It is 10 m sw e, lav. 41 6 N.
London. Lon. 0 12 w. !at. 51 27 N. King-te-tching, a town of China, in
Kingston, the capital ol St. Vincent, in Kiansr-si. it contains above a miUion of
the W Indies, situate at the head of a
bay of the same name, on the sw shore
of" the island. Lon. 61 '18 w, lat. 13
11 N.
inhabitants, and extends 4 m along th*
banks of a river, which here forms a kind
of harbour. This tov.n is famous for itc
beautiful porcelain, and wants nothing but
Kingston, the capital of Jamaica, situate walls to make it a great city. It is 655 m
on the N side of Port Royal bay. It was s Peking. Lon. 116 34 E,*lat. 29 25 n.
built after the great earthquake in 169'2 Kington, or Kineton, a town iu War-
(which destroyed the town of Port Royal) wickshire, with a market on Tuesday,
has since continued to increase in size and King John erected a castle here, in which
opulence, and in 1803 was incorporated he kept his court. It is 10 m sse War-
as a city. It is a place of great trade, and wick, and 83 kw London,
deemed as healthy as any in Europe. The Kington, or Kr/neton,a. town in Hereford-
houses are one story liigh, many of them shire, with a market oil Wednesday, and a
with porticos, and every coaveniency for manufacture of woollen cloth; seated on
a comfortable habitation in this climate, the Arrow, under Bradnor mountain, 15 m
Lon. 76 43 w, lat. 18 0 x.
Kingston, or Esopus, a town of New
York, chief of Ulster county. It was de-
stroyed by an English fleet in 1777, but
has been rebuilt on a regular plan. It
stands on Esopus creek, near its entrance
into Hudson river, 86 m N New York.
Lon. 73 56 w, lat. 41 56 N
WW Hereford, and 155 wnw London,
Kin-hoa, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Tche-kiang, on the banks of a fine
river. It has a great trade in dried plums
and hams ; and is famous for good rice-
wine, and very white candles; the latter
made of a substance obtained from little
shrubs with a white flower, not unlike
Kingston, a town of N Carolina, chief jessamine. It is 190 m s by e Nanking,
of Lenoir county. It stands on tiie k side Lon. 120 10 e, lat. 29 16 K.
KIN
Kinnaird Head, a lofty promontory of
Scotland, on the m coast of Aberdeenshire,
projectihi^ above a mile into the sea, to the
jj of the town of Fraserbursj. Here is a
castle four stories hifth ; and on the top of
it is a lighthouse. Lou. 1 46 w, hit. 57
S9 N.
Kinnoul, a town of Scotland, in Perth-
sliire, with the remains of an ancient castle.
The hill of Kinnuul is famous for its fine
agates, and also abounds with many rare
plants. The town stands at the foot of
the hill, on tlie river Tay, at the e end of
the brid«;e of Forth.
Kinross, a borough of Scotland, capital
of Kiiirosbiiire, with a manufacture of cot-
ton goods. The piipi.latiDU was '22\i in
1811. It is seated in a plain, skreened on
the N by the Uchil hills, and on the river
Level), before it enters Loch Lcven, 23
m NNvr Edinbuig. Lon. .3 9 w, lat. o'J 7 n.
Kiitrossltire, a small county of ."^fcotland,
surrounded by the shires of {'erth and Fife.
It is almost circular, about 10 m in diame-
ter, and contains four parishes. The popu-
lation was 7245 in 1811. The central
part is occupied by Loch Leven, and the
country around has a rich appearance. It
senda a member to parliament, alternately
Tvith the county of Clackmanan.
Kinsale, a seaport and borough of Ire-
land, in Cork county. It is a maritime ar-
senal, contains 10,000 inhabitants, and has
an excellent harbour, defended by a strong
fort. It sends a member to parliament.
Coubiderable quantities of grain are ex-
ported from this place. It is seated at the
mouth of the Randon, 14 m s Cork. Lon.
8 28 w, lat. 5142 N.
Kin-iching, the capital of the island of
Lieou-kieou, in the China sea, and of all
the islands under that appellation, \\hich
form a kingdom. The edifices, temples,
and the palace of the king are built after
the Japanese manner; but the houses of
the Chinese, the imperial college, and the
temple of tiie goddess Tien-fey, are built
after the Chinese. The king's palace is of
very great extent, and stands on a neigh-
touring mountain. Kin-tching has manu-
factures of silk, cotton, paper, arms, cop-
per utensils, tobacco-pipes, fans, &.c. It
stands in a district called Cheouli, the se
part of tlie island. Lon. 127 53 £, Jat.
26 16 V.
KiH-tong, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Yun-nan. The surrounding coun-
try is mountainous, but the vallies yield
abundance of rice. It is seated on the
Papien, 750 mwbyN Canton. Lon. 100
40 E, lat. 24 SO N.
Kinttre, a borough of Scotland, in Aber-
deenshire, ou the river Don, 15 m w by K
Aberdeen.
KIP
Kintzingen, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Wurtzburg, with a noble
Benedictine convent, seated on the Maine,
10 m ESE Wurtzburg.
Kin-yang, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Clien-si. It has alw.iys been
deemed as a barrier against the incursions
of the Tartars, and is strongly fortified,
The country around is very fruitful. It is
5G0 111 sw Peking. Lon. 107 30 E, lat.
36 6 N.
Kin-yuen, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Quang-si It is seated on a fine
river, but surrounded with craggy mountains
inhabited by a people almost savage, 310
m w^by N Canton. Lon. 108 15 e, lat. 24
28 X.
Kiof, a government of the Russian em-
pire, being part of the Ukraine, or Little
Russia. It was once a duchy, belonging to
the great dukes of Russia, from whom it
was conquered by the Tartars. It came
again into the possession of the great dukes,
but was over-rim and possessed by the
Cossacs, under the protection of Poland,
and made a palatinate. In 1664, the
natives, discontented with John Casimir,
king of Pulaiid, submitted to Russia, and
have ever since remained subject to that
empire. This government contains eleveu
districts; and its principal rivers are the
Dnieper, Desna, Oster, Udai, Sula, Psol,
and Triibesh.
Kiof, the capital of the auove govern-
ment; and an archbishop's see, with a
castle and a university. It is divided into
the old and new town, and carries on a
considerable trade. Here are catacombs
of considerable extent, excavated in a
massy rock, under one of its monasteries,
containing the revered remains of many
primitive Christians ; to whose shrines fre-
quent and long pilgrimages are made by
the superstition of the Russians. The
town is seated on the w side of the
Dnieper, 180 m ne Kaminieck, and 335
Ebjs Warsaw. Lon. 30 27 e, lat. 50
27 X.
Kio-feou, a town of China, in the pro-
vince of Chan-tong and district of Yen-
tcheou. It is the birthplace of Confucius,
several monuments to ■ whose memory arft
still to be seen here. '«
Kioge, a seaport of Denmark, in ZeaJ;*
land. The English defeated the Danes''^'
here, and took tlie town, in 1807. It is
situate on a bay of the same name, at the
mouth of a river, 18 m sw Copenhagen.
Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 55 30 N. '■''^
Kioping, a town of Sweden, in West^i '^
mania, seated on a river, that at a littkf *^
distance enters the lake Maeler, 28 ril"'*
\TSW Westeras. ■ ' i".;
Kippen, a town of Scotland, in Stirling-
sl(Jre^.;Sfi8il(fi^*-|t1eai.«t,h&. Inwabj.lO.-.m w
Stirlui:;.,, ,? ,-M.i'.' .. ..^ " >• • w-. . ■ .
KiiOy- Ja}g^d^lc, a.tcwn in Westmor-
liiiid, with :i market ou-' 'rhiirsday, seated
ou tlic Ldjiie, over whicli is an iuicient:
stone bridge, 10 in SK Keiidal, and 25'^ K w
Loildiill. ., ::!.;■-,
^ KirLy Moonidc, a town in N Yorksliire,
'^,with a market on Wednesduv, seated on
ihe edge of tlie Woors, near the river
Dow, 03 m N Y(^k, and 224«iN.byw
Loudon.;.., .ijiu'.'J V; v^— , "k -s r; ^ ;
Kirhij Stephen, a town in Westmorland,
%yitli a market on Mf)nday, and a inanutac-
ture of btockings ; >eato;d on the Eden, 9
m Sbi; Af)|)leb_v, and ytJG kkw London.
Kirc/(bacit, i\ town ol" Germany, in Stiria,
J 4 m SE Gratz.
KirchliLT^i, a town of Germany, in tlie
circle of Upper Rhine, il'd> m ssw Cob-
ient/.
Kirchhergy a town of Siiabia, capital of
a burgravate ; seated on the Her, y m s
tjlni.^
, Kirchherg, a town ofFranconia, in the
f riiicipalitj of Ilohenluhc, with a castlo
on a liiil, by the river Jaxt, 12 m ssw
Ilotenburt;.
Kircltkuyn, a town of Lnsatia, on the
river Byber, 18 m s Luckau.
Kirchliaifn, a town of Germany, in
Upper llcsse, situate ou the Wohra, 0
ni r, Miirbiirg.
- Kircfikcim, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, lo m w Worms.
Kirdiheiiii, a town of Wirtemberg, on
the river Lauter, lo m sc Stutgard.
Kirdof, a town <»f Germany, in Upper
Iles^e, 11m y. Marbnrt:.
Kirin, one of the three provinces of
Eastern Tartary, bounded on tlie nw by
the province of Tcitcicar, N by the river
JSaghalien, e by tbc sea of Japan, s by
Corea and Leao-tong, and w by W'^estern
Tartary, Tills country is extremely cold,
from the forests by which it is covered,
and thinly inhabiLed. . The valuable plant
ginseng grows here ; and the emjieror of
<Jhina sends hither the criminals banished
by tlic laws.
Kirin, a city, capital of the above pro-
vince, and the residence of a Mandshur
general, vvlio is invested with the authority
<jf a viceroy. It is sitnate ou the river
•Sqijgari, wiiich.iajicre called Kirir., o40
in xw. Peking. c, Jion.iar 20 E, lat. 43
KitJ:caldy, n bin-ough of Scotland, in
Fiteshire, vv'iih a good harbonr, on the
frith of Forth. Here are tc customhouse,
ii deploy ard for small vcsf,el3, and maoa-
factures ol* checks, vtiekin, cotton, Ita'.her,
and salt. Dr. Adam Smith •■>»» be, n here,
KIR
and wrote the greatest "part of his 'cele-
brated work on tlie Wealtli of Natiof»s»
It is 12 m v Kdinbing, and 21 sw St,
Andrew. Lon. '.i S w, hit. 5G (J N.
Kirkcudbright, a borough anri seaport
of Scodand, capital ot 'ttie county of its
name, with a castle. The harbour will
admit such ships only ns can take the
jy-ound, but at its entrance is an excellent;
road. Considerable quantities of corn are
exported, and coal is the principid article
imported. The population was 2763 in
1.811. It is seated near the month of the
Dee, 25 m svv Dumfries. Lon. 4 5 W,
lat. 54 51 K.
Ki/kcudbrightshifc, or FAist Cndhncayf
a county of Scotland, 45 m long and '60
broad; bounded on the kw by Ayr-hire,
KK by DumlViessliire, e and s by Solway
frith and the Irish sea, and w by Wigton-
shire. It is divided into 2B parishes, and
seufis a member to parhament. The popu-
lation was 3i3,tJo4 in 1811. The northern
pai't is mountainous, and tmcultivated;
but there is some fertile laud on tl.e sides
of the rivers, and it I'ecds a great number
of cattle and sheep. The chief rivers are
thu Dee, Ken, and Grr.
Kirkliam, a town in Lancashire, with a
market on Tuesday, and a considerable m.-r-
nufacture of canvas; seated near the moutfi
of the nibble, 18 m s Lancaster, and 22S
n.TW London.
Kirkintilloch, :\ town of Scotland, in
Dumbartonshire, with manufactiu-es of
linen and cotton ; seated near the Kel-
vin, and the Grand CraKd, 7 m ^Nn.
Glasgow.
Kirkland, a village of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, on the s side of the Leven, 9 m nxe
Kirkcaldy. Here is ti large flax spinning
mill, and a manufacture of coarse luu'u.
Kirklees, a villagft in W Yorkshire, situ-
ate on tlio Calder, 3 in nm Hudderstielrf.
In the park near it is the momiment of the
famous Robin IJood.
Kir ko sua Id, a town in (.'umberiand, with
a nuuket on Thurbday. On an elevated^
spot, a little to the e, is the ruin of it castle;
and on an eminence, 3 m to the s, is the.
famous druidical monument, called 1-ong'
Meg and her Daughters. Kirkoswald 1*1
seated on the Eden, at the iiifflas of thesi
Croglin, 9 m ?; by e Penrtthvi/anil'Saa NW^
London. ' ' ' '-■
ilvirkpatrick, a village of Scotland, 5 rat
r.sr, Dumbarton. The v*>stiges of tbe
Roman T\'al!. built by Antoninus, ext^en*
from the Clvdo at this placo, to Ahfj-corii
calho frith'of Forth.' '• . '■ "- '-- '^<- ■ . i'f <
Kirhidll, a borough finSi'^ ^^-a^lftrb ^oB^
Siotlnnd, capitnl of Poit'iona, th?, prhiripal
inland of tho Orknf-vs. It h "built ou a.
/,
KIS
neck of hiiul, on the r, coast, at tlic licatl
of a (Jeep bay. The mobt stiikinj; ohject
is the stately cathedral of St. Mas;iiiis ;
opposite which is the custle, and near it
the bishop's palace, now in ruins. '1 he
luirbour is excellent, with a good outer
road, which are defended by a pier. Here
are niaiuiftctures of linen, cotton, and
platting straw, and pjreat quantities of kelp
and corn are exported. '1 wo ni to the s is
the village of Scalpa, on a conim(idicus
bay of its name, which is the usual land-
ing-place from the coast of Caithness.
Kirkwall is 30 m ne Tluirso, in Caithness.
Lon. 2 oo w,lat. 59 V2 y.
K'annniiihti, a city of Persia, in Irak.
It is the residence ot a prince, whose go-
vernment comprehends an extensive tract
of country. Here are four mosques, 14
public baths, and many gardens. Five m
from the city, in the mountains that form
the northern boundary of a line plain, are
many excavations and sculptures. Kir-
mansha stands at the s extremity of ihe
plain, on the river Karasu, 190 m ne Btig-
dad, and 340 wnw Ispahan. Lcn. 47 '10
r, lat. 34 26 k.
Kirn, a town of Germany, in the palati-
nate of the Rhine, situate oa the iSJahe,
42 m sby w Coblentz.
Kiriijinuir, a town of Scotland, in For-
farshire, with considerable manufactures
of sheeting and coarse limns. It is 5 m
iv'w I orfar, and 16 x Dundee.
Klrs/itf/ir, a town of Asiatic Turkey,
in IS'atolia, formerly a considerable city,
called Duicesarea. Salt is made in the
iieighbeurhood. It is 84 m ne Cogni.
Lon. 34 15 E, lat. 39 10 n.
Kirsova, a town of European Turkey,
in Bulgaria, seated on the Danube, 106
m N Varna. Lon. 27 50 e, lat. 44
47 N.
Kirton, a town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Saturday, 20 m k Lincoln, and
147 N by w London.
Kis/ieiKigur, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Bengal, capital of a very fertile district of
its name, but sometimes called Nuddea.
It is situate on the left bank of the Jel-
linghy, 62 m NbyE Calcutta. Lon. 88 35
E, lat. 23 26 N.
liis/ieiiiiu?-, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Ajmeer, the residence of an independent
rajah, 14 ni ese Ajmeer.
Kiahtt'war, a town of Ilindoostan, capi-
tal of a liilly and woody district in the ne
extremity of Lahore, in which the Chi-
naub, llavey, Beyah, and Seiledge have
their souri-es. It is situate near tiie Clii-
naub, close to the se range of Cashmere
hills, 94 m £ by s Cashmere. Lou. 75 20
E, lat. 34 7 a.
KIS
Kishw, or Kifn/iic/i, a fertile island at
the entrance of the gulf of Persia, 60 m
long and 8 broad, separated trom the con-
tinent of Persia by a narrow channel that
is navisiable for large vessels. On the s
side of the i>land is an excellent harbour;
and at the e extremity is the fort of Kishni,
20 m s Gombron. Lon. 56 10 r., lat. 26
58 N.
Kisnengen, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Wurtzburg. In the environs
are some medicinal and salt springs. It
is seated on the Saal, 10 m rcw Schwein-
furt.
Klsti, one of the seven Caucasian na-
tions that inhabit the countries between
the Black sea and the Caspian. Ibis
nation extends from the highest ridge of
Caucasus, along the Sundsha rivulets.
Tiiey are bounded on the w by Little Ka-
barda, e by the Tartars and J.esguis, and
s by the Lesguis and Georgians. They
consist of 16 d stiicts or tribes, \\hich are
generally at variance with each other, and
with their neighbours. 'I hose belonging
to the districts of Wapi, Angusht, and
Shalka, submitted to Russia in 1770. The
Tshetshen tribe is so numerous and war-
like, and has gi ''en the Russians so much
trouble, that its name is usually given by
them to the whole Kistni nation. 1 he
Ingushi, who are capable of arming above
5000 men, live in villages near each other ;
they are diligent husbandmen, and rich in
cattle. Many of their villages have a stone
tower, which serves, in time of war, as a
retreat to their women and children, and
a magazine for their effects. These people
are all armed, and have the custom of
wearing shields. 1 heir religion is very
simple, but has .some traces of Christianity.
They believe in one God, whom they call
Daile, but have no saints ov religious per-
sons ; and celebrate Sunday, not by any
religious ceremony, but by resting from
labour. They observe no ceremonies either
at births or deaths, allow of polygamy, and
eat pork.
Kislna, or Krishna, a river of Ilindoo-
stan, which rises in the Sukhcin mountains,
not far to the s of Poona, (lows e about
500 m, through ttie provinces of Bejapoor,
Beeder, and Hydrabad, forming the boun-
dary between the Deccan and Southern
Ilindoostan ; it then turns to the se, and
passmg between the circars of Guntoor
and Condapilly, enters the bay of Bengal
by several mouths, to the s of Masuhpa-
tam. This river rivals any Indian stream
in the fertility diffused by its inundations ;
and the richest diamond mines in the
world are in the neighbouring hills to the
north.
KIZ
Kistn.'igheri/, a tonii and fortress ot
Iiinduo^tal» in 'kin-amalia!. The cr-untry
around consists ol' a plain, in w'nicli are
scattered liiiili rficky mountains of" a very
sinsiular apptaraiire. That on which the
fort IS situate is TOO feet in perpeixdicular
heio;ht, and so bare and steep, that it was
never i-.iken except by surprise. In 1791
the British attempted to storm it, and
were repulsed with f;r?at h)ss; but it was
subsequently ceded to tiieni, with the pro-
vince It IS 54 in SE Banj^aloor. Lon. 73
23 K, lat. 12 ti2 K.
Kitleri/, a town of the district of IJaine,
in York county, on Sturgeon cresk, 8 ni
ssw York.
Kitzbulil, a town of Germa\)y, in Tyrol,
on the river Acha, 11 m se Kufsteiu.
Kitiingen, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Wurtzburs, on the river
Maine, 10 in ese Wurtzburg.
Kiun-tcheou, a city of China, capital of
tlie ibl ind of Hainan, on the N coast, at the
monti) of the Liinou. It stands on a pro-
montory, and ships often anchor under its
walls. "Lon. 109 38 e, lat. yO 0 n.
Kiusiu ; see Xiino.
Kiutuja, or Kutaieh, a city of Asiatic
Turkey, capital of Natolia. Here are
tweniy mosques with minarets, and one
Greek and tour Arrainian churches, ihe
Louses are b'uill of stone and wood, painted
entirely over, and the tireater p-irt have
fine gardens. The population 55,000. in
the vicinity are some warm baths, much
esteemed in several disorders. Jt is situate
on the skirt of a mountain, near the river
Poursak, 145 m sse Constantinople. Lon.
30 14 F, lat. 39 22 n.
Kizil Irmuk, a river of Asiatic Turkey,
which is formed by the union of several
streams in Caramania. The two extreme
branches are from Sivasand Bostan, which
unite below Nous. The river then dows
>w, but afterward turns ke, and continues
a meaiiderii!!/; course, of above cOO m, till
it enters the Black sea.
KizuL Ozan, a river of Persia, wdiich
rises m Irak, in the Kurdistan moimtains,
flows N into Aderbijan, where it turns to
the e, and, separatinii Ghiian from Mazaii-
deran, enters the Caspian sea.
Kizilugutih, a town of Persia, in Ghiian,
and a place oi some commerce. It stands
on a river of the same name, near its en-
trance into a large bay of the Caspian sea,
130 in KNW Kesht. " Lon. 49 '24 e, lat.
39 17 x.
KizUtr, a town of Ilussia, in the pro-
vince of Caucasia, situate on the Terek,
which soon after divides into several
branches and enters the Caspian sea. "Ihe
environs are ricii iu cornj silk, wine, and
KNU
excellent brandy. It is 120 m e Catliari-
nograd, and 140sbyvv Astraclian. Lon.
47 30 E, lat. 43 45 x.
Kluclraii, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Pitsen, near the river Misa, 20 m
w Pilspn.
Klutlau, a town of Boheara, in the
circle of I'ilseii, on the river Walta, 20 in
ssw I'ilsen.
Klin, a town of Russia, iu the govern-
ment of Moscow, seated on both s.des
the Sestra, between two hills, 42 m nnw
]\Ioscow.
Ktingnau, a town of Switzerland, in
the county of Baden, on the river Aar,
7 m N Baden.
Klissoura, a town of European Turkey,
in Albania, on the river V'issa, 40 m EbyM
Valona, and 64 nnw Janina.
linaresboroug/i, a borough in N Y^ork-
shire, with a market on Wednesday. On
a rugged rock, almost encompassed by the
river N id, are the ruins of its castle. Near
it is a famous spring, called the Dropping
Well, which falls in drops from the top of
a rock, and is of a strong petrifying quality.
Knaresborough is celebrated for its linea
cloth, sheeting, &c. It is 18 in w by N
York, and 202 N by w London.
Knighton, a town of Wales, in Ptadnor-
shire, with a market on Thursday ; seated
on the Temc, 7 m n by w Prcsteigii, and
153 Nw London.
Knightsbridge,, a \illage in Middlesex,
the first from London on the great western
road. Here are extensive barracks for
soldiers, a large brewery, anl a consider-
able manufacture of painted floor-cloths.
Kniphcrusen, a town and castle of West-
phalia, in the territory of Jever, 8 m esk
Jever.
Knitteifeld, a town of Germanv, ir
.Stiria,on the river Meur, 10 m nne JuJen-
bur^.
Knoctopher, a borough of Ireland, i«
Kilkenny county, on a rivulet that soo»
joins the Nore, 12 m sbyE Kilkenny.
Knottinglei/, a village in W Yorkshire,
on the river Aire, 3 m ene Poutefract,
noted fur its trade in lime, which is burnt
here in great qaontities.
Knoxville, the capital of Tennessee, and
of Knox county. Here is a cohege esta-
blislied by govefnment, called Blount Col-
lege. It stands on the river Holston, 3*
m above its junction' witii the Tennesse*,
SOOsbyE Frankfort, and 480 wsw Riclj-
moiid. Lon. 84 o vv, lat. 35 58 n.
Knutsjbt'd, a town iu Cheshire, with a
market on Saturday. Here is a cotton-
mill, and a manufacture of shag velvets.
It is 7 m KE Northwich, and 173 kk#
London.
9 B2
KOL
Kiunig-tiar, a city cf Cl.iii:i, oftlie first
rank, ill tlie [)ni\ iuce of Yuii-niiii, 170 in
4 oK. Yiiii-n:iii.
Kofn)g-.<!i, a city ot Cliina, of tlie first
rank, in the province of Yim-iian, 100 in
vsr. Vmi-iuin.
houn-i-sin, a city of Cliina, of the fn>t
muk, in Kiani:-s.i. Ileio are mamifac-
tures of s:i)()d paper, uiul the best candles
in the empire. It is '250 m s by w Nan-
kins:. Lon. 118 20 K, hu. 28 CO ':<.
Koben, ii Xawi\ and castle of Silesia, in
fhe priixijiality of Glogaii, on the river
(.)der, 15 ni sk Gh'gau.
Kol.ii, called Chaino by the Chinese, a
vast desert oi'Ciiiiiese Tartarv, wiiich oc-
•Jopies ahpott all the s e\trcii)ity of tlie
country of the Kalkas. It is more than
100 leagues from e to \v, and almost as
much from x to s,
Kvbrin, a town of I.itliiiania, in the
palatinate ot" Brzesc. It was taken by the
Russians in 1794 : aiid airain in 181'2, after
ti battle in which they defeated the Saxons.
It is 30 m E Brzesc.
Jioei-tcheou, one of the smallest pro-
vinces in China, bounded on the s by
Qaang-si, e by Hou-qiiang, Ji by Serchueii,
and w by Yi.n-nan. It is ainiest a desert ;
but produces the best horses in Cliina.
The inhabitants are mountaineers, accus-
tomed to independence, and seem to form
u se[)arate nation ; being !io less ferocious
ihan the savas^e animals among which they
live. Beside Koei-yang, the capital, it
ci'intains nine cities of the first, and 38 of
the second and third class.
Kvei ichcoii, a city of China, of the first
Tank, in Se-tchucn. It is very rich, through
its !;reat commerce, and has a custom-
house to receive the duties on merr'nandise.
"Vast qnantities of musk are collected in
the neighbourhood, and there are several
springs from which salt is procured. It
stands on the great river Ki;.\n-ku, 637 m
i«';w Pekin;:, "'Lon. lOy 24 e, !at. "A
10 ^.
Koei-ti<!7ig, a city of China, capital of
t'he province of Koei-tch.eou. 'Ihe remisins
of temples and palaces still announce its
ffirnier magnilicence. It is 420 m Kw
Couton. Lon. 100 19 E; lat. 20 30 N.
Koliialan, a province of Ballogistan, to
the N of Mckran and bordering on Persia.
It is 220 m lor.^f and PO broad, little culti-
vated and thinly inliabited, the n part be-
ing full of inl!;, and the s a sandy desert.
The ciiief place is Bunpoor.
Koiii, a town of Russia, in the govern-
Hient of Archangel, capital of Russian
Lapland. It has a pjood harbour on the
viver Kola, near a bay of tlie s>amc name iu
the Frozen ocean. Lon, ilS 1 v.. lat.GtJ 52 ^'»
KON
hohii, a town of 53ohemia, in the circle
of Kanr/im, v\ith a castle. A little to the
\v of this ))htce, in 17:")r, the Austrians
gainvd a victory over the Prussians. It is
2() m i:sE Prague.
holivftn, a government of the Russian
empire, in Siberia, formerly included in the
govermueiit of 'I'oljolsk. 'Ihis country has
very productive silver miiK.s, which have
been called the Potosi of Russia. They
lie between th.eOby and Irtysh, and chiefly
near the mountains which separate Siberia
from Chinese Tartary.
kdlivan, the capital of the above govern-
ment. In its neighbourhood are silver
mines of considerable pniduce. It was
formerly called Lierdskoi, and is seated on
the river Berd, at its ccmdux with the Oby,
480 m t.s;: Tobolsk. Lon 81 20 e, la't.
5;i 28 i\.
KoloiiiJifi, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Moscow, and a bishop's see;
seated on the Oka. near the influx of the
Moskva, 60 in se Muskow.
]\Oin, or K'lum, a city of Persia, in Irak,
%vith a large ctiUege, and a celebrated mos-
que containing the superb tombs of Sefi r
and Abas ii. It was taken by the Afgans,
in 1722, and almost wholly destroyed.
Part of it has since been rebuilt, but
the ruins are yet- extensive. Ihe best
sabres and poniards iu Persia are made
here, and it has inanutactures of earthen-
ware. It stan.ds at the foot of a mountain,
and near a river which is lost in the great
salt desert, 70 m sby w Teheran. Lon. 30
40 E, Int. 34 4.'. K.
Komoni, a town and fortress of Upper
Hungary, capital of a county. It has a
trade in wine, grain, honey, and timber;
and the population in 1815 was 9283. It
is situate at the angle Ibrmed by the junc-
tion of the Waal with the Danube, 58rasE
Prcsbnrg. Lon. 13 15 e, lat. 47 44 n.
A'yw^.fj a town of Nigritia, capital of a
kingdom, on the borders of Guinea, from
which it is separated by a ridge of moun-
tains. It is 230 m ssw Sego. Lon. 3 20
w, lat. 11 CON.
Kur,gsbac/ia, a town of Sweden, in Hal-
land, ai the head of a bay of the Categat,
1-i in s.;e Gotlienburg.
Koiiiisberg, a town, of Norway, in tbo
government of Aggerhuys, celebrated for
tiie richest silver mines in Europe. It ib
situate on both sides of the Lowen, 44 m
s\v C-hristiania.
Koiii/socur^ a town of Sweden, in A\ett-
r.iania, at the w oNtrcmity tif the lake
Maehir, £0 m en v. Orcbro.
hoti^Rningcr, a town of Norway, in the
t-overnment of Agucrhuys, tiear the river
Oloromc, at the toot of a steep rock, on
KON
which is a strong citadel. It is 46 in ene
Cbn^tianin. Lou. 12 0 r, lat. GO 1';! n.
Kong-tchun^, a city of Ciiina, of the
first ratik, in Chen-si. It stands on tl>e -
river lloei, sunouiulecl by lii.u,ii Juountiiins,
•where n tomb is seen, which the Chinese
pretend to be tliat of Fo-lii. It is 050 m
wsw Peking. Lf.n. 101 20 k, hit. ,'5-1 5'J iN.
Koniu, or Koiiie/i ; see Cogiti.
K'jnjciir, or Kondojurri/, a town of llin-
tloostan, in Ori^.-^a, capiral of a district,
capable of liigh cultivation, but continues
\ery clesolater It is situate near the By-
turnee, 77 m nnw Cuttack. Lun. o5 45
E, lat. 21 34 N.
Koniiiingralz, a fortllied town of Bohe-
mia, capital of a circle, and a bisiiop's see.
It has a spacious market-place, and many
elegant buildini;s. In 1702, a bddy of
Prussian troops entered the town, and laid
the i^reater part of it in ashes. It is seated
on the Elbe, 44 lu E Prague. Lon. 15 47
E, lat. 50 10 N.
K(miv,!iberg, a town of Germany, in
Upper ilesse, 7 m nw Giesstn.
Konigsbej'g, a town and castle of Fran-
coiiia, 14 m r. Sch\veiuli;rt.
Koni^sberg, a town and castle of Sile-
sia, ill the principality c;f Troppau, 15 m
SE Troppaii.
Konignbcrg, a town of Rrandenbursi, in
the New mark, on the river Ilorike, 25 m
SNW Custrin.
Konigsberg, a fortified city, tlie capita!
of Prussia, wit'n a university, a ma<;;)i!iccnt
palace, and a public library. It stands on
nu i.ihuid in the Pre^el, near its entrance
into the Frisch Half, and communicates
with the shjre by seven bridi;es. The
towuhduse, the e\chani;e, the royal mint,
imd tlie cathedral, are fme structures.
The tower of the castle is very hi^h, whence
there is a beautiful prospect, 'ihe city is
7 m in circuit, and contains 50,000 inha-
bitants, who are principally of the Lu-
theran religion. Many of the houses arc
large and elegant; and the traiie is very
considerable, exporting the same objects
i»s Dant/.ic. 'i he strong citadel, called
Fredricsbiirg, is a regular square, ssurround-
ed by broad ditches and tlie river; and
within it are a church and au arsenal. ?*io
ships drawing more iliiin seven feet vvater
oan pass the bar, that large vessels anchor
at Pillau, a small town on the Baltic. Ko-
iiigxberg was taken by the Russians in
1758 ; and m 1807, after the battle of
Triedlaiid, it was entered .by tlie Freiuii.
It is 170 ni N.Warsaw. Lou. 20 29 e,
lat. 54 42 N. 'nl 'it • ■■ ■- . ■■■!..■
Kon;g^es>^] Sin RHcient castte of Su'abia,
ill a county uf thie ^aitie name>i 8)Ui Jyw
llavensbyrg.
Konigslii))', a town and cast e of Cohe-
KOR
mia, seated on the Elbe, 12 m x Konigin'
Konig^hoJ'en, a town of Franconia, in
the principality of Wurtzburg, with a cas-
tle, on the tiver Saal, 18 m nxe ichweiii-
furt.
Konigslutter, a town of Lower Saxony,^
in the principality of VVolfenbuttle, with a
celebrated abbey, on the rivulet Lutter,
10 m E Brunswick. ~"
Konigssee, a town of tapper Sa\ony, in
Thuringia, witli a castle on a hili, 7 iii w
Rudelstadt.
ko.'iigslein, a town and fortress of the
kingdom of Saxony, in iNlisnia, on the fron-
tiers of Bohemia. Tiie fort stands on a
high rock, and is deemed impregnable :
here the archives and treasures of Sax.(;ny
are dep^isited ; and a surprising well, 1700
feet in tlepth, supplies the garrison with
water. The town has manufactures ot"
woollen and linen, and is seated on the
Ell.e, 19 m se Dresden. Lon. 14 14 e,
lat. 50 54 N.
Konigdein, a town of Gerraany, in the
circle of Upper Uhine, with a castle on a
rock, 11 m >w Frankfort.
Konitz, a town of W Prussia, 10 m nv;
Culm.
Kooni, a town of Persia, in Irak, famous
for the luagiiiliceut tombof Fatmeh, which
is one of the most consideraV)!e suriCtuaries
in Peibia. It is 04 m ssw Teheran.
Kooriceij, a town of liindoostan, in Mal-
wah, with a stone fort, situate on the BeL'^
wall, 80 m ne Boral.
Kopatily a tovvn of iru)doost:i:i, in Beja-
poor, with a lower, middle, and u})!)ftr fort,
on u steep rocky mountain, deemed one of
the strongest places in the s of India. It
is U2 in SiE Gnjundergur, and 35 wjcw
Eijanagur.
Kopiitg, a town of Sweden, in ^Vest-
mania, on a river that soon alter enters the
lake Maelcr, 20 m wsw Westerns.
Kojiis; a fortified town of Lithuania, iii:
the government of -Mohilef, situate on tho
Dnieper, 80 m N Mohilef.
Koppaii, a town and fort of Hungary ^
on a river of the same name, 2'-im^^■H
Kaposvar.
Korali, n town of liindoostan, in Alla-
habad, capital of a ricli district in the doab
of the .himna and Gai>g«;Sv Ic is situate
on the liiride, .vj/ichllows into, tlie Junma,
67 m ssw Lucknowi, Lon. 8(0 40 e, lat.
20 On. . -, , ;. i.,:,: .,;.: i ;.,_;.
Koij'akan, a townjSlf.-A^fabi?,; in Oman,
on u bay of tiiegnd^wtlQdiimsyjliO.Bi > by vv^
Kostak. ■ lisU'i-.-:- ,\^,:^ni;!^-<il ;•> .
Kuriacs', a people of Siberia^ divided
into two sorts. TiiosO properly caileil Ko-
riacs have a. fued residence; the oiliers
are wanderers, and are know by the ap-
KOll
pellatlna of Keindeer Kiiriacs. TI)eir (locks
are nuinerous, which they conduct to tliose
cantons that abound with moss ; and v>hoii
thpsepasiures are cxhau>ted, tliey Aoek tor
oth( r?. In tliib nianiu'r they wander about,
ciicu'ispii'e; inuler tcts of skin, and siip-
poilini; thenii^elves with the produce of
their doer, which are as serviceablfe-Jor
draiiiiht to tlic Koriacs, as the dogs arje to
the kauuscliadalcs. There \s, in many
respects, a great resemblance between the
fixed and the wandtriufi; Koriac!? ; yet tlie
mi--uiider5ta«;lint; v. hie!) subsists among
them, causes t!iem to be tonsidered as two
dittVrent people. Their country, however,
'js the same, and takes in a vast extent;
bounded on the s by •Kivijtsi.hatka and the
gulf of Per.pna, e by the country of the
Oluterians, K by that of tlie I'ehi'ukchis,
an>l w by the '1 ongouies, the l.ainouts, and
the Vakouts. liie number e.f fixed Koriacs
scarcely exceeds 900 ; and the wandering
Koriacs, it is imagined, do not much ex-
ceed thut iirnourit. 'i'he manners of the
fornier are am xtureof duplicity, mistrust,
and a\arice. Llobbers by nature, tliey are
suspicious, (TUfl, incapable either of bene-
volence or pitv. From this uerfid-ous and
savatic dispc-i.iini jjroceeds their continual
insurreclioi 3 against the Hussians, and
then- daily incuisiotis on the people who
surround them. The practice of attacking,
and of do-eiuiin^ tiieuiselves, creates in
them an ititiexible courai:e, which delights
in perpttual combats, and gioiif s in a con-
tempt <;f life, buperiiiitien leiid>iis aid to
this tii'.rst of blood, by imposing a law that
obliges them to conquer or to die : the
vanquished ue\er seek their safety by
flight, and not a Kor)ac will survive the
slaii^iiter of his countrymen. Their regular
occupation is hunting and lisiiing; but
evers' season will iu»t permit them to lul-
low it. During these intervals, tlu.y sleep,
smoke, and get drunk ; and come not out
of tlieir joiirts til! the most urgent neces-
sity compels them. Tiie^e jourts are larger
th-an ihiise oi' the Kamtschadaies; but
their fdtiiiness is more disgusting, for there
is ueilhtr door, nor vent hole lor the smoke.
They li\o upon dried tish, and the fa';h and
fat of tlie whaie and seawolf. '! lie whale
2s ci.mmonly eaten raw, and the seawolf
dried and cooked in the same mauner as
their fish, exee|,t the sinews, the marrow,
the brain, and now and then a slice of the
flesh, which they devour raw with extreme
avidity. Keindeer is their favourite dish.
Vegetables also foini a part of their tood :
they gather in aulmnn varicms sorts of ber-
ries, of a part of whieh they make u re-
freshing be\eriige, and the rest is bruised
U) powder, and kneaded with the oil of tlie
KOR
whale or seawolf. 1 heir passion for strong
liquors, increased by the ditticulty of pro-
ciirins brandy, has led them to invent a
drink ecpuilly potent, which they extract
from a red mushroom. The features of
the majority of tin; Koriacs are not Asia-
tic; and they miuht be considered as Eu-
ropeans, l)ut ibr their low stature, their ill
shape, and the colour of their skin. The
other Koriacs have the same characteristic
outlines as the Kamtschadaies. Among
the women, particularly, there are very
few who have not sunk eyes, flat noses, and
prominent clieeks. The mfen are almost
entirely beardless, and have short hair.
The women carry their children in a kind
of net or basket arched over, in which the
infant is placed in a sitting posture, and
sheltered frt>m the weather. A plurality
of wives is not allowed ; althouiih there
have been instances of its being practised
without scruple. Wlu.n a Koriac dies, his
relations and neighbours erect a funeral
pile, upon which they place a portion of
his wealth and a stock of provisions, con-
sisting of whatever they conceive he will
want for his great journey, and to keep
him from starving in the other world, if
he "be a wandering Koriac, his deer con-
duct him to the pile; if a resident Koriac,
he is drawn by his dogs, (u- can'ied by his
relations. The body is exhibited, clothed
in his beat attire, and lyii'g in »■ kind of
cofiin. It How receives the adieu of the
attendants, who, with torches in their
hands, consider it a duty speedily to re-
duce their relation or iriend to ashes.
They feel only the regret of a short ab-
sence, and not of an eternal separation.
They wear no luom-ning ; and the funeral
pomp terminates m a scene of intemper-
ance, 'i hey acknowledge a Supreme Being,
the creator of ail things, lie inhabits the
sun, whose burning orb they consider as
tiie throne or palace of the ixird of Nature.
They neither fear nor worship him: good-
ness they say is his essence; and it is im-
possible he shouhl do any injury. The
principle of evil they consider as a malig-
nant spirit, who divides with the good
beiiii: the empire of nature. As the one is
intent on the hafipines^ of mankind, the
other endeavours to render them unhappy.
Diseases, tempests, famine, calamities of
every kind, are his works, and the instru-
ments of his vengeance. To pacifv his
wrath, thev otVer to liim various animals,
the first-fruits of their hunting and fishing,
and whatever they possess that is most
valuable ; but there is no temple set apart
for his votaries, who conceive that they
render him propiti<'iis by pionsly getting
drunk in their jourts; for drunkenness i«
KRA
become with these people a religious
practice, and the basis of all their solem-
nities.
Koruwahacl, or Khorremahiid, a town
of Persia, in Irak, with a fort on a conical
hill. It is seated on a river, near its en-
trance into tlie Karansu, 73 m sse Rir-
mansha.
Kosel, or Kosfa, a fortified town of Sile-
sia, in the principalitv of Oppulen, on the
river Oder, 17 ni N Katihor.
Ko^lof; see Eupotoiia.
l\o:ilro'i(', a government of Russia, for-
merly iiickuled in that of Moseo'V. !t is
divided into tlie provinces of Kostroma
and Unza, the capitals of which are Kos-
troma and Makarief.
Kostroma, the capital of the above pro-
vince. It is surroiindfcd by a strung wall,
and situate on a river of the same name,
at its entrance into the Volga, 1C8 m ise
]Vloscov\', and 380 ese Petersburg. Lon.
41 14 E, hit. 57 30 X.
Koszeg, or Giais, a walled town of Hun-
gary, chiefly inhabited by Germans. It
is or 111 sbyE \'ienna.
Kotctli, a city of Ilinfloostan, in Aj-
luere, capital of the district of Ilarowty.
It is of an irregular oblong form, surround-
ed by a stone wall with round bastions,
and contains many good stone houses,
beside se^'eral lumdsome public edifices.
A little to the ^■E is a clear lake, with a
buildiisg ill the cenfre dedicated to religious
purposes. The city is governed by a rajah,
and stands on the right bank of the Chum-
bul, 152 m si; Ajmere. Lon. 73 48 e,
lat. 25 11 N.
Kotath ; see Cutais.
Kotlokolee, a town of Nigritia, capital
©fa country. It is 200 m ke Gago. Lon,
5 43 E, hit'. 12 45 N.
Katun, a city of Usbec Tartary, in
Cashgur, 110 m se Irekeu. Lon. 81 36
E, lat. 37 50 N.
Koue-te,a. city of China, of the first rank,
in Ho-nan. It is seated in a vast plain,
between two large rivers, 312 m s Peking.
Lon. 115 29 E, tat. 34 30 N.
Koiis, or C'o.59, a town of Egypt, on the
E ba/ik of the Nile, once a place t»f great
wealth and trade, being the staple of com-
merce between the Nile and the Red sea.
It is 18 in s Dendera, and ij nne Esne.
Kowno, a town of Lithuania, in the pa-
latinate of Troki. In 1812, it was pos-
ses.^ed by the French, but afterward re-
taken by the Russians. It is situate on
the Nieinen, at the influx of the Wilia,
50 m WNvv Wilna.
Krainburg, a lown of Bavaria, seated
on the Inn, 5 m ne Burkhausen.
Krainburg, a town of Germany, in Car-
KRU
niola, with a castle, seated on the Save,
18 in Nvv Laiibach.
Kruinmiitz-, a 'own of Silesia, in the
principality of Troppau, 6 ni ssw Ra-
tibor.
KranicfifeUl, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Thuringia, on the river Ilm, 12 m se
Erfurt.
Kruppifz, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Oppelen, with a castle, at the
conflux of the Prudnitz v\ith the Oder, 14
m s Oppelen.
Kjusnipoi, a town of Poland, in the pa-
latinate of Podolia, 32 m nne Kaminieck.
Kraatioslaw, a tr>vvii of Poland, in the
palatinate of Chelm, 20 m ssw Chelin.
Krasnoy, a town of Kussia, in the go-
vprnmeiit of Sinulensk. In 1812, it was
taken by the French ; but they were de-
feated here, soon after, with great loss,
ai'd 12,000 laid down their arms. It is
28 ni sw Smolensk.
Krtmpen, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Lc'tmeritz. It has considerable
tin mines in the vicinity, and is 17 ra wkw
LeitMieritz.
Kruuthe'un, a town and castle ofFran-
conia, in the duchy of Wurtzburg, on the
river Ja\t, 15 m sw Mergentheirn.
Krektth, a corporate town of Wales, in
Carnarvonshire, with a market on Wed-
nesday, seared on the Irish sea, near
Traeth-Amawer bay, where a castle for-
merly stood, now in rums. It is 13 m
s by E Carnarvon, and 234 KW' London.
Krempe, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Ilolstein, seated in a marsh and on a river
of its name, 5 m x Gluckstadt.
Krcms, a town of Austria, which has
alum-works, and manufactures of velvet,
silk stuffs, and excellent thread. It is
seated at the conflux of the Krcms with
the Danube, 36 m wnw Vienna. Lon. IS
36 E, lat. 48 24 N.
Krishna; see Kialna.
Kronberg, a town of Austria, on the
Danube, opposite Closter Neuburg, 8 m
NNw Vienna.
Kronher^ ; see Cronenherg.
Krook, a city of Persia, capital of a fer-
tile district, called Nurinanshur, in tlie
SE part of the province of Kerman. It is
surrounded by a dry ditch, and has a large
citadel, with other tiirtitications. It stands
on a rivulet, 150 m ese Kerman. Lon. 5ii
13 E, lat. 2r> 2 N.
Kiuszwica, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Brzesc, with a castle, noted
for being the birtliplace of Piast, who,
from the station of a private citizen, wa&
elected king of Poland in the year 842.
It is seated on the lake Goplo, 23 m vr
Brzesc.
KUll
Kriitzow, a strong town of Liilnr.iuia,
seaf.ed on the Sofz, 30 m sw Mo/ciblaw.
Loii.r/i 4 E, lilt. 51 8 N.
Kr^luic, a srroiiij; town of Rtissin, in the
j^ovei'iiineiit of" Ktot', seated on the Dniei)er,
140 in SI. Kiof. Lon. L)3 50 i:, lat. 43
50 N.
Kuhbccs ; see Ktdiis.
Kubcshd, a strong town in the country
•f t'le Lesiuis, bitnate on a hill, between
kigli in()uulain.s. Its inluiLitants call them-
selves Franki (Kranks, a name con\mon in
the ca^it Id all KinojK'ans) and lium a re-
public. They make very good lire-arms,
sabres, cf)iits of mail, and several articles
in !;old iukI silver, for exportation; and
cast, for their own defence, snnill copper
cann:)ns, of three pounds cahbre. Tliey
coin (urkisli and Fersnxn silver money,
and even rubles, " Inch readily pass cur-
rent, because they "I'e of t!ie full weigiit
and value. Kubcsha is consitlered as a
neutral town, where the neiiihboniini!;
princes can deposit tlieir treasure with
safely. la l?'-'5, it acknuwlediied the
sovereij^iity of Kiissia, but wiiluiut piiviuL'
anv tnliute. Lim. 4(" 59 k, lai. 42 ^0 n.
Kitlsltin, a strouii town of (Jenna-.sy, ui
Tyri.l, with a castle on a rcck^ It sunen-
tler( d to tile 1 11 !K !i and Havarians in
1805. It is seated on the Inn, on the
frontitrs of Cavavi.i, 4ii m ssl Munich.
Lon li i."» E, I at. 17 SO x.
KuhU/icirti, or Kultzhtim, a town of
Germany, in th'e territory ofMentz, 3'.^ m
XNE Ikulelberg.
Kunevsdorf, a villa;jc of Uraudenburg,
in the Middle uraik, 3 m imk 1 rankfnrt on
tlie Uder. Here, in ]759, was fi>Ui:ht one
of the most Iduody battles on record, in
which the kinii; (.f i^rubsia, alter a sireat
slaniihtei' of the llnssians i'or above six
hoiii-, was ill tliC end obliiied to quit the
iieid, Willi the loss of all his c.innon and
20^000 men.
Kiuitinii, a town of Franccnia, in the
principality of Aich^tadt, at the ciuiilux of
the Sidiwarzach with the Altmuhi, 12 m
KE Au'h;tadt.
KiKijiui, a town of Fiulaud, capital of
Sav<jla\. it is siiuate on the \v side of an
extensive hike, 200 m sE Uka. Lon. 29
10 r, lat (33 20 .\.
Kvpfcrbci'g, a mine-town of Silesia, in
the pnncijtaiitv of .Taner, on the river iJo-
hcv, 19 m i; .Schwcidnit/,.
Ki'fiJ'erterg, n t<nvii of Francduia, in
the |>rin?Jpaiity cf Bamberg, LI ni Nfc. Luhn-
bacli.
hitr, a river that rises in Persian .Ar-
menia, tlnws XE into Georgia, wliere it
receives the Araqiii, and turmii;;: Sr; passes
bv fcHis into 8cl)i;van, where it rcccixes
ihe .^Vias, at .hnat, and 50 in below entcis
KUll
the Caspian sea by three principal mouths.
In the lower part of its course, the adjacent
country and islands are overllowed m the
spriiiir.
Kurachce, a fortified seaport of IFiii-
doostan, in Sindy. It contains 13,000 in-
luiliitants, most of v\ horn are Hindoos;
and hence the productions of the country
aie chieHy exported. The entrance of the
harbour is obstructed by a bar. It is <j5
m whys Tatta. Lon. tJ7 17 e, lat 24
52 N. "
Kurclisltm, a pro' iuce of Turkey in Asia,
bounded on the x by .Armenia, E by Per-
sia, s by Irak, and w by Diarbek. It
comprehends the whole of ancient Assyria;
and, tliough in some parts moimtainous,
is in general a fertile country, partirnlarly
the N part, Which is his;hly cultivated.
The Kurds are roliust, hardy, and temper-
ate, and live to a great asic. Some live in
towns and vilhu^es, others in tents, ana are
constantly armed with pistul?, a daiiiier,
and a falchion. They are aver^e to settled
h.tbits, and war and rapine aio their 'de-
lis.ht. 1 hey are not subject either tn the-
'i urk-> or I'ersian-j; but are divided into
ditferent tribes, each governed by its own
cluef, jjll of whom are indeoendent, tiioui^h
some condescend, for the preservation of
peace, to pay an annual liibute to the kmg
of Persia, 'ilieir language and dress arer
dilfereiit from either the Turks or Persians;
and their religion is partly Cinistianlty
and partly Moliamedanism. 1 be province
is sometimes divided into L'pper and'
L.iwer, of which liutlis and Sul\iujriia are
the ca|)itals.
Kn?ilcs, a chain of small islands, ex-
teiidiiiii from Cape Lopatka, the s promon-
tory of Kamtsc'.nitka, in a sw diiection, to-
the KF, end of .lesso. 'I he irihabirants of
the neighbomlmod of Cape Lopatka, who
were cy.lled Kuriles, gare tue-e islands the-
same name, as soon as they became ac-
quainted with them They are 21 in num-
ber, exclusive of the very small ones. '1 he
northernmost, called Shooinska, is th.ee
leasiues from Cape Lopatka; the next,,
named Paramoiislc, is considerably larger
than Shoom-ka. Those two islands were
first visiied by the Kussians, in HIS, who-
have found it convenient to bulistitute
numbers for the ancient names of those
islands, Cdnrerning which authors are
innch at variance. They juiw call them
TNo. 1, No. 2, &c. as high as 21, winch
lust terminates the pixtensinns of Russia.
()( these, four only are inhabiteil. No 1, 2,
13, 14; but on the others, the isl-aiden*
land occasionally from their canoes for the
sake of kuutinti foxes and otters. The
natives are very hairy, have long beards,
and li\e entirely upon seaN, lish, and the
KYR
|)irt>ducf.' (if the chase. They are liospitnble
and docile; ami have all embiaced tlie
Christian religion.
Ktair/iy u chain (if mountains in Asiatic
Tu:-kcy. t>ee Tuuriis.
Kursk, a government of the Russian
empire, formerly part of that of Bielgorod.
Itscapitfil, of the same name, is a iiirge
ciir, hiilf of it situate on a lofty eminence,
«Ktl has a tlo'.irishiiio trade. It has se\ eral
3a,bric5 and manulactures, especially tan-
neries, and the vicinity is t'ertile ar,d popu-
lous. It is seated on the Tnkor, which
runs into the Scin, l!20 ni sw V'cronetz.
Lon 37 8 e, hit. 51 40 n.
Kusistan, or C/iusistan, a pro\iiice of
Persia, hounded on the n l)y Irak Agemi,
E by Farsistan, s by the iiuif of Persia, and
V.' by Irak Arabi. Tlic n part is moun-
tainous, the s flat and marshy. Tostar is
the capital.
Kussui/iiatci, a town <jf Rnllogistan, in
Mekran, wiih a tort in the centre. It is
situate on the Nugor, which flows through
■ a cultivated plain, 95 m whys Kidge.
Kiituieh; see Kiultiju.
Kuttenbcrjz, a town of Bolieinia, seated
near a mountain, in uhich are silver mines,
3 ni xw Czaslau.
Kutture, a c!)untry of Asia, extending
between Cabul and Tibet to Cashmere on
the E. It is a mountainous region, and
ivas penetrated by Timonr; but since that
remote period little 1k\s been heard of the
country or its iuhabitar.ts. ihe Molia-
medans call it Caffristan, or the land of
infidels. It lias a tiirtress of the same
name, 14G m e^e Cabiil. Lon. 70 13 e,
lat. 35 25 X.
Kiiijndcr, a town and fortress of tlie
Netherlands, in Fritsland, on the w side
of the river Kuynder, at its entrance into
the Ziiirler zee, 23 in ^ Lewarden.
Kuzneck, a tovsn of Siberia, capital of a
province, in the gover.mient of Kolivan.
It has manufactures of iron, and stands on
tlie Tom, at the influx of the Kondonia,
2i;0 m E5E Kolivan. Lon. 85 50 e, lat.
54 16 X.
Kj/tburg, a town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Treves, with a collegiate church ;
seated on the Kyll, Id m x Ireves.
Kviieton ; see Kingfon.
Kijiuligur, a town and fortress of Ilin-
docistaii, in Gundwaiia, near the Luchnow
iiills, 80 in sw lluttunpoor, and lib Ebyx
Nagpoor.
iiyruut, a province of Northern Hin-
doostuii, iying between Nepaul and Boo-
tai!,iind separated from the former on tlie
■w by a tract little known to Europeans.
Damsong is the capital.
ht/iitz, a town of Brandenbing, in the
fliark of I'rejjijjtz, 9 m .ne llavelberg.
LAB
L.
Laub, a town of Austria, on the river
Teya and borders of Moravia, 3() m xbyw
Vienna. Lon. 16 20 e, lat. 43 43 x.
Litas, a town of Germany, in Carniola,
with a trade in salt, leatiier, a;iii horses
12 in s Laubacli.
LdliaJiu, a town of Italy, in Polesino
di Rovigo, seated on the .\dige, 20 in xxw
l''errara.
Lubes, a town of Further Poinerania,
with manufactures of cloth, seated on the
Rtca, 22 in xe New Star-iard.
Labia, a town of Eurnpean Turkey, in
Servia, 62 in sw Nissa.
Labiuu, a town of E Prussia, at the-
mouth of the Deime, near the Curisch
Uaff, with a strong castle, 30 mxt Ko-
nigsberg.
Lubourd, an old territory of France,
part of that of Basques. It abounds in
fruit, and is ixrvv included in the depart-
iiient of Lower Pyrenees.
Labrador, a hilly country of N America,
on the E side of Hudson bay. Theclnnate,
in only lat. 57 x, is excessively cold during
winter. Tlie ice begins to disappear in
May; and.;ibout the middle of June coni-
tnences hot weather, which at times is so
violent as to scorch the faces of the hun-
ters. Mock suns and halos are fiequent ;
and the night is enlivened by the aurora
bcuealis. The animals are moosedeer,
stags, reindeer, bears, tigers, bultalos,
wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes,, mar-
tens, squirrel?, ermines, wild cats, and
hares. The feathered kinds are geese,
bustards, ducks, partridges, and all kinds
of wild fowls. The tishes are seals, cod,
and a white fish preferable to herrings;
and in the rivers and fresh waters are sal-
mon, pike, perch, carp, and trout. in
summer, there is here, as in other cold
places, a variety in the colour of the seve-
ral animals ; but when that season is over,
wh.ich continues only for three numths,
they all assume the livery of winter, and
cxfiry sort ofbe:'.sts, and most of the f .wls^
are of the colour of the snow. The iidia-
liitants consist of two distinct races of In-
dians, the Esquimaux and the Hunting;
the former obtain a precarious subsistence
entirely by lisliing on the coast, and the
latter l^v killing animals in the interior.
'Fhey have a liatter head and smaller eyes
than tiie Esipnmaux, to whom they bear
an inveterate Iiatred, and consider tliem to
be no better than dogs ; their language,
manners, and customs, are also dissimdar,
that they must be deemf d a sepmate na-
tion, A contiimal trade is carried on
LAD
between the Mountaineers, or Ilnnting
Iiirlians, and tlie Europeans; ("or tlie for-
mer bring down skins and furs to the set-
tlements, and exctiansie tncni tor annnuni-
tiou and eluthinii. '1 ho chiet' Hritish set-
tlement is I oriean. ifec Hscjiiimau.v and
Iluihon Bay.
Liucadivcs, a i^roup of S2 sn-.a)l inlands,
in the Indian sea, lying vv of the C(>ast of
Walahar. They are ail low, and snr-
Tounded by coral shoals; and the lar<;cst
is not above 10 ni in circuit. The inlia-
bitants are very poor, and subsist mostly
on cocoa-nuts and hsh. Their chief tralFic
is in cocoa-iiuts, oil, coir, jai^ary, and coral.
These are sei;t to the continent of hulia,
whence they get rice, ike. in return; and
also to Mascat, in large boats, which bring
back dates and cotfee. (Jalpeny, one of
the largest, lies most to tlie s and E ; and
its s extremity is 170 m to the v,' of Cochin.
Lon. 7o 32 E, lat. 10 0 n.
Laceclogna ; see Cedo^na.
Luchsu, a city of Arabia, capital of the
province of Bahrin. It is well built, and
seated on the Aftan, which Hows into a
considei'ahle bay of the gulf of Persia, op-
posite the isle of Bahrin, Lon. 48 40 e,
Jul. 26 20 N.
Luctho, or Laotcfiu ; see Lan.
Ladenburg, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, seated on the
Keeker, 8 in ^w Heidelberg.
Ludoii^u, a lake of Ilussiu, between the
gull (if 1 inland and tlie lake Onega. It is
130 m long and 70 broad, and deemed to
be the largest lake in Europe. It has
many quicksands, which, being moved by
the Irequent storms, has often proved fatal
to the vessels of the Russians. This in-
duced Peter the great to cut a canal 67 m
in length, from the se extremity of the lake
to the river Neva, by which it has com-
municaiiou with the gulf of I'inland.
Ladoga, New, a town of Russia, in the
govfrnmeut of Petersburg, seated on the
Volkhof, between the lake and canal of
Ladoga. Old Ladoga, an inconsiderable
place, is higher up the \'olkhof. New
Ladoga is 06 m e Petersburg. Lon. 31
•42 r,^lat. CO 0 k.
Lud?u>ie.t, or Marian Islands, islands of
the Pacitic ocean. They are 11 in num-
ber, exclusive of the small islets and rocks,
lying in 146 e lon. and between 11 and "i'i
N lat 'Ihey were discovered by Magellan,
in 1521. lie touched fust at Guam, where
the natives .stole some of his goods, which
causod him to name these islands the Lad-
rones, or Islands of 1 hieves. Beside the
other fruits natural to the soil and climate,
here is the bread-fruit tree in abundance.
The names of the principal islands are
Say pan, Tinian, Guam, and Ilor*.
LAH
Lagnasco, a town of Piedmont, 24 m s
Turin.
Lafiny, a town of France, in (he depart-
ment oi Seme ana Marne, witli a lamous
Benedictine abbey ; seated on the Warne,
lo in E Paris.
Lagos, ascaport of Portugal, in Algarva,
with a castle. Here the English fleets
hound to the Mediterranean usually take
in iresh water. OtV the cape near this
town, in 1759, admiral Boscawen defeated
a French fleet. It is 120 m ssE Lisbon.
Lon. 8 36 w, lat. 37 14 n.
Lagos, a town of New Spain, in Gua-
dalaxara, seated in a plain fertile in wheat,
on the borders of Mechoacan, 42 m ^w
Guanaxuato.
Lagiuia, the capital of Tencrilf. See
Christop/tf de Luguna, Si.
Lugurics of Venice, the marshes or lakes
in Italy, on which Venice is seated. Ihey
communicate with the sea, anri arc the
security of the city. There are about 00
islands in these Lagunes, which together
make a bishop's see. F^urano is the most
considerable, next to those on which Ve-
nice stands.
Luhn, a river of Germany, wliich rises
in Hesse-Cassel, and fhnvs by Marburg,
Wetzlar, and Nassau, into the Rhine,
above Cobleiitz.
Luhn, a town of Silesia, in tlie princi-
pality of Jauer, near which is the ca>tle of
Lahnhaus. It is seated on the Bober, 10
ni NNW Hirschbtig.
Laholm, a seaport of Sweden, in Hal-
land, with a castle ; seated on the Laga,
near its entrance into the Categat, 12 m
ssE Ilalmstadt. Lon. 12 56 e, lat. 56
SI u.
Lahore, a province of Ilindoostan, 320
m long and 220 broad ; bounded on the N
by Puckholi and Cashmere, e by the Set-
lege, which parts it from various districts,
s by Delhi, /\jmeer, and Mooltan, and w
by the Indus, which parts it from Afghani-
stan. It is often called Punjab, <u- the
country of Five liivers. Jt atR)id?, in ad-
dition to all the necessaries of life, wine,
sugar, and cotton ; and in the tract be-
tween the Indus and the Chelum are salt-
mines. But f)wing to the devastations it
has sustained, and the number of petty
hostile states into which it is subdivided,
this country, whence Ilindoostan might be
ruled or conquered, is in a miserable state
of cultivation, and one of the most thmlj
inhabited in India. The inhabitants iiv
the Nw part are chieliy Afghans; the
other parts are occupied principally by
Seiki.
Lahore, a city, capital of the above
province, and formerly of the country tif
the Seiks. It was the regidence of the
LAM
Moliame'ian conquerors of Tliiuloostiin,
before thcv iiad established tlicinsehes in
the central oarts of the countrv: nnil owes
its modern improvements to FInmaioon,
the fathe^ of Ac'jer, wlio made it his resi-
dence durinij: a p-irt of h s troublesome
rei<:n. The city and its sidiurbs are 7 m
in circuit. It is surrounded by walls of
brick, and adornerl with tine edifices and
gardens; but is not in'.iabited hy v^ealthy
people, on account of the frequent sack-
ings it has snlfered. Here are manufac-
tures of cotton cloths and stuffs of all kinds,
and of vt-ry curious carpets. It is situate
on the. left bank of the iuivey, 174 m s
Caslm;ere, and 290 kw Dt-ilii. Lou. 73
48 E, lat. 31 50 N.
Liihory Isepanl, a town of Hindoostan,
in Nepaiil, situate near the bursiitty, -5 m
ssw Oatniandoo.
Luhr, a town of Wcstpiialia, in the
principality of Munsrer, 1? m ^vv Minister.
Luhr, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau,
■ with a castle on a mountain. It has ma-
nufactures of cloth, stuffs, and snuff, and
is situate on the Schu'.ter, 19 m n I riburs;.
Luino, a town of Xaples, in Calabria
Citra, near a river of the same name, 19
m WNw Cas.^ano.
Litjoon, a town of Persia, in the pro-
vince of R^lezanderan, near the coast of the
Ca.-pian sea, '20 m e Resht.
Lai-Lchcou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Chanjiton^, witli a convenient
harbour on the Yellow sea. It stands on
a promontory, 255 in se Peking. Loii.
119 40 K, lat. 37 9 N.
LulaiiiJ, an island of Denmark, in the
Baltic, lymc; w of Falster, from which it is
separated by a narrow channel, called
Guldhori; Sound. It is 38 m k<us, and 12
broad, and produces abund;'.nce of corn,
pulse, hops, and Ha\. Naxkow is the
capital.
Lafaiig, an island, near the N co;ist of
the island of Sumatra, in the strait ot INIa-
laccii. Lon. 99 20 e, lat. 1 45 n.
Linnbacfi, a town of Austria, 24 in ssw
Linlz.
Lainballe, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cotes du Nord, wiih a srood
trade in caitle, linen, and parchment, 11 m
ESF. St. Brieuc.
LiDnbat/egi/e, a town on the coast of
Peru, with upward of 30,000 inhabitants,
the uenerality of v\honi are poor .Spaniards,
^Mulattos, and Indians. It is 110 m M>;\v
Trnxillo. Lon. 79 35 w, lat. 0 45 s.
Lamhcsc, a town of I'mnce, in the de-
partnitiit of Mouths of the Rhone, rich in
corn, wine, and oil. It is 14 m nw Aix.
Lambeth, a tf>wn in Surry, on tlie river
Ihames, opp<jsite Westminster. Here tlie
»rchbi!>iiup of Canterbury hns an aiicienl
LAM
palace. Ry the vast increase of buildings,
Lambeth is now joined to the meti-opolis,
in a direction to Southwark ; and the no-
pulation in 1811 was 41,644.
Liiinbturri, a town in Berkshire, witli a
market on Lridav, seated on a river of the
same name, 15 m svv Abingdon, and 65 w
London.
Laiiieiio, a city of Portujril, in Beira,
and a bishop's see, with a strong citadel,
two cathedral churches, and four cohvents.
Here the states assembled to confirm the
election of Alfonzo Henriqnez, the first
king of Portugal, and enacted the t'unda-
mental laws, now forgotten. It is seated
on the Douro, 50 m e Oporto. Lon. 7
SO w, lat. 41 12 N.
Lafierimiir, a mnuntaiuous rid^c in
Scotland, which divides tiie county of Her-
v.ica from that of iladinijion for above 20
m, anri terminates on the w at -Soulra hill,
which is elevated 17 16 leet above the sea.
These hills are bleak and barren, atforJing
but scanty pasture for sheep.
Laiji/as/i, a lofty isianil of Scotland, in
Buteshire, near the si: side of the isle of
Arran. It extends 2 m, and on the w side
forms a semicircular l)ay, which is a safe
harbour for vessels of any size. It is some-
times called Molas, and the Holy Isle,
from havin^^ been the retreat of St. Maol
.los, whose cave, well, &c. are shown tq
strangers. The island is in creat part co-
vered with heath, and infested with vipers;
but aloi)>; the side of the bay has suliicient
pasture and arable land to support the few
inhabitants, who live in a village of the
same name. Lon. 4 55 \v, lat. 55 33 s,
Lamo, an island of Africa, on the coast
of Zai!<iuebar, tributary to the Portu<j,uese.
The capital, of the same name, is well tbr-
tified. L(>n. 40 24 v., lat. 2 0s.,
Ldvipu, a town of Peru, capital of a
district, in the province of Cusco. The
country is in some parts vety ferule, others
unproductive; but silver mines are abun-
dant. It is 130 m s by w Cusco. Lon. 72
0 w, lat. 14 56 s. "
Lfiiuftdosa, an island in the Mediter-
ranean, between the coast of Tunis and
the island of Malta. It is 21 m in circuit,
pleasant and fertile, thoui^h not inhabited ;
but it has a aood harbour, where ships
water. Lon. 12 24 e, lat. 35 40 n.
Lj'jnipoun, a town of Sumatra, capital of
a district bclouijing to the king of Bantam.
The Dutch have a resident here. It i»
situate on a bay of the same name, in the
strait of Sunda, 180 m se Beiicoolen.
Lon. 104 15 E, lat. 5 40 h.
Liiwpsuco, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, celebrated for its v^iiie ; seated
on the strait of Gallipoli, nearly opposite
the town of Gallipidi.
LAN
Lunispringe, a town nf I.,n\vf>r ^axor.y,
in the piinci|iality of liildershciiii, Mtiiuto
at the sf)U!i;e ot the rivulet l.aiue, 17 ni s
Hilileisheim.
Laiiciis/iirCy u county of England, bciuiul-
C(l on the N l»y Cnniberhuul and Westmor-
land, r. hy Yt)rki;hire, s by Chosliire, and
■H' by the Irish sea. It is 7 1- ni from N to s
(incliuUnj4 a detached hundred on tlie nw,
called Ihuiu'ss, which is separated from
the rest l;y a creek, at the head i>f More-
cambe bay) and its greatest breadtii is 44
■1. It contains l,!5">,t5-10 acres; is <h-
Tided into six htnulreds, and 6') parishes ;
has '27 niai'ket-towns; and sends 14 mem-
ber> to parlinment. '1 he population wns
8^8,309 ui 1811. It is a coinUy-pa'.utiiie,
inider the title of the Unehy of Lancaster;
the only duchy of Rn<:hnul"(tliat of Corn-
i\'al! excepted) which is not merely lilidar.
Tills comity comprises a variety ot soil
and face of country ; but upon the wliole,
as one of tliose tliat are the least favoured
by natu-e. The luiudred of Furiiess is a
•wild and fudged region, stored with r|uan-
tities of iron-ure and shtte, and covered
tvitli a erowth of underwood, whicli is cut
in succession, and made into charcoal.
The E part, between the Uibble and the
ilersey, coniprisinif tlic ancient t(ire!-ts o!
Wyresdale and Bowland, is mount.iaious
and y,eiieraliy barren; Ijut the s pait ot
the tract between these two rivers is flat,
^uite from the sea to tl;c coinniencement
of the ridge called Blackstoneclire, uhich
separates the county I'rom loik^hire.
Much of tliis is a fertile country, though
occasionally deformed by black turt liogs,
heie called mosses, seme of which are ot
larire extent. In the ^E part of tiiis divi-
eion are some lofty hills, the most noted of
Tihich is Pendle hill. Tlie remaining part
is varied with bill, d;de, and moor. Laii-
cash're is little adaptefi for a com country,
bur, is singularly fitted for tliu t:tov>th of
potatoes. Among its proilucts is a species
of coal, called cannel, far exceeding ail
other, not only in makii.g a clear Hre, out
for being cupable of being nianulactured
into candlesticks, cups, staiidishes, snult»
boxes, &c. As a coumierciai and manu-
facturing county, it is Superior to any other
in the kingdom Its principal manufac-
tu Its are linen, silk, and cottcai goods)
fustiaus and counterpanes, shalloons, bays,
ierges, tapes, hats, canvas, sack'pg, pins,
iron go<ids, plate-glass, kc. Of the coin-
ti^erce of this county, it may suttice to ob-
serve, that laverpooi is the second port in
the kjngdohi. The principal rivers are t!>e
JMersev, Irwell, Kibble, l.oyue, I.evern,
.M'vre, Uoddcr, Roche, IJuddon, Winster,
.•and Ken ; and it has tno considerable
luTves, Vv'iiiaudcr-meie and Couiston-mere.
LAN
It has also numerous canals, and the ho-
nour of exliibiting the first regular one in
tlie kingdom, w hicli was begun by the duke
of liridgewater in 1758.
Luncaslrr. a borcuigh and llie capital
of Lancashire, governed by a mayoi-, with
a market on Saturday. It is seated on the
Loyue, or lame, which fcn-nis a [)ort for
vessels of moderate burden, and over it arc
two stone bridiics. Along the river side is
a fine quav, ;ilso yards for sliip-biiildini{ ;
and a cannl, from Kendal, winds nunul the
E part of the town, which is conveyed over
the river by an aqueduct of live arches.
'I'lie population was 9'i-17 in liJll. Tho
church is a line structure, on the side of a
hill, on the summit of which is a noble
castle, servino both as the shire house and
the county-gaol. Here are also a neat
chajiel, several meeting-housips, and an ex-
change. On the top of tiie castle is a
so.uare tower, called John of (launt's chaii-,
whence there is an extensive prospect.
Five m from this place is Dunald-mill-
hole, a cave at the foot of a mountaiji, into
which a large brook runs and passes '2 ni
undeiground before it appears again : some
of its vaults are so hi<!:h, thai they reseiuole
the roof ol a church, and in other parts sy
low, that they can be passed only by creep-
ing on the h.ar.ds and feet. Lancaster car-
ries on a considerable trade, esiiecially to
the W Indies, is noted for the making of
inaho<:any cabinet ware, :mil has manufac-
tures of canvas and coarse linens. It is (J6
in s Carlisle, and 'ZAO kn'^v London. Loa.
2 56 w. lar. 54 4 n.
Lancatiter, a borough of Pennsylvania,
capital of a comity. Beside six churches,,
and other public buildings, it contains a
college founded in 1707, called rranklin
College. Here are manufactures of guns
and other hardware; and the inhabitants,
about 5600, carry on a considerable trade.
It is sealed near Coiiestogo creek, which
runs into the Susquehana, 5B m wbyx
Ph laddphia. Lou. 70 'iO w, kit. 40 3 N.
LfDicuster, a town of the state of Ohio,
capital of Fairfield county. It is seated on
the llockhocking, 50 m WNW Marietta. _
Lam-uHlcr, a town of .Massachusets, in
^Vorcester county. In the viciuiiy is a
quarry of excellent stones for tombs, and
the best slates for hcnises. it is situate <m
a branch of the ^;'a5hau, which runs into
the Merrimac, l4nt,N'by E Wbi'6el^t.yi-, tiiid
Zov^^v.^..x.n:} '^ ,,..ov.-!,a.,n.obm
Lanccroiu, one of the Canary isles, 50
in long and 10 broad. It is \(M-y higl!,.and
has a good harbour at the NEjtticiV '.i-on.
13 2() w, hit. !29 14 X. ' ]:''";■''
Lanciuno, a town of Naples, in' AhhiUo
C'itra, and an archbisliop's see. it is
fainous for two great annual fairs, ?.iid setVt-
LAN LAN
ed on the Feltrino, 100 m K by e Naples. Sciun;!, with a good harbour between tfio
Lcn. 14 50 r,, hit. 42 IB x. contin'jiit and a small island. It is '20 m
Landau, a strocj; town of Trance, in the Kw Lund, and 21 nne Copenhagen. Lon.
department of T>ower Khine. In 1702 it 12 61 r., lat. 55 53 k.
was taken by the Austrian*, and tlie next Lands-end, a promontory in Cornwall,
year retaken" l)y the French. It surrender- the most westerly point of Great Britain,
ed to the allies in 1704, and belonged to It is a vast aggregate of moorstoiie, and
Austria till 1713, when it again fell into on the outermosi rocks at low water are
the hands of tlie French. lii 1793 it was to be seen veins of lead and copper. Lon.
attacked by the Anstrians and Prussians, 5 42 w, lat. 50 4 N.
•without success. It is seated on the
Queich," 20 m wsw Spire, and 43 kxe
fStrasbnrg. Lon, C 7 v., lat. 49 12 n.
Landait, a town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Rhine, and county of Wal-
tleck, 9niNECorhach.
Landau, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, seated on the
Iluhnie, 13 m eke Gottiiigen
Landifiut, a town of Bavaria, with a
palace, a collegiate church, and a beauti-
ful convent. Upon an adjacent mountain
is the ancient castle of Trausnitz. It is
seated on an island in the nver iser, 35 in
KK Munich. Lon. 12 11 e, lat. 48 30 n,
Landshnt, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Schweidn.tz, with a nourishing
linen trade ; seated on the Bober, 22 ni
Landau, a town of Bavaria, situate on sw Schweiduitz
an eminence, by the Iser, 15 n\ sse Strau- Lands/mt, a town of Moravia, seated on
lji,,iren. the IMorau, on the confines of Hungary and
Landev, a town of the Netherlands, in Austria, 3t5 m se Brunn
Brabant, famous for a battle gained by the
French over the allies, in 1693 ; and for a
battle in 1793, in which the Austrians de-
feated the French. It is seated on the
Becke, 18 m ese Louvain.
LandslrasSf or Landdoat, a town of Ger-
many, in Carniola, with a castle and a
Cistercian convent; situate on an island ia
the river Gurk, 30 m sse Cilley.
Lane End, a town in Statiordshire, with
Lundcrnuu, a town of France, in the de- a market on Saturday, and extensive pot-
partment of Finisterre, seated on the El-
horn, 20 m ne Brest.
Landerdn, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Neuchatel, situate at the sv,-
extremity of the lake of Bienne, 7 ni ne
Neuchatel. ^ „
Landea, a department of France, includ- green. Smce the introduction of the cotton
jng the old territory of Marsan. It takes its manufacture, many new houses have been
name from a district, heretofore called built; and near it, on the bunks of the river,
is the village of New Lanerk, where are
large cotton mills. The population (in-
cluding the village) was 5t)tJ7 in 1811. It;
teries, 14 m N .StatTord, and 147 nnw
London.
Lanerk, a borough of Scotland, and
the couuty-town of Lanerkshire, seated on
an en.iinence, near the river Clyde. The
site of its ancient castle is now a bowling-
Landes, extending along the coast of the
bay of Biscay. It is a sandy country,
covered with fern, pines, and the holm-tree,
of the bark of w hich corks are made ; and
it feeds numerous flocks of sheep. Mont
de Marsan is the capital.
Lundrccy, a strong town of France, in
is 22 lu sr Glasgow, and 30 sw Euinburg.
Lon. 3 43 w, lat. 55 42 n.
Lanerkshire, a county of Scotland, 48
m long and 30 broad ; bounded on the N
the department of Ni^rd. It was besieged by Dumbartonshire, e by the counties of
in vain by prince Eugene in 1712. It was Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburg, and Peebles,
taken by "the allies in" 1794, after a severe s by Dumfriesshire, and w by ihe shires of
bombardment; but shortly after the garri- Ayr and Renfrew. It is divided mto 41
son surrendered to the French. It is seat- parishes. The population was 191,752 in
edon the Sambre, 18 m EbysCambray, 1811. It sends a member to parliament,
and 19 s by E Valenciennes. The river Clyde run* through the whole
Landriano, a town of Italy, in Mila- extent of the county, dividing it into two
nese, 11 m sse Milan.
Landsberg, a town of Brandenburg, in
the New mark, with a considerable trade
in cloths and wool. In 1758 it was taken
by the Russians. It is seated on the Warta,
'13 m NE Custrin.
nearly equal parts ; the southern part a
mountainous district, generally called
Clydesdale. It abounds in lead, iron, and
c'>al. The princi[)al place is Glasgow.
Lanesbvrougli, a borough of Ireland, ia.
Longford county, with a handsome church,
Landsberg, a town of Bavaria, with a and a fine bridge over the Shannon, 8 m.
castle on the frontiers of Suabia, near the sw Longford,
river Lech, 20 m s Augsburg. Langanico, the ancient Olyrapia, a town
Lnvdscron, a fortifieii seaport of Sweden, of European Turkey, in Morea, situate on
tn Schonen, seated on an island, near the the small xiver Carbon, the ancient Al-
LAN
plietis. It was once a city of great note,
near wliicli tlio famous Olympian tianies
were celebrated ; and here was the tme
feemplf of Jupiter Oiympns, with a celfi-
brated image of that jiod, 50 cubits liif;h,
which was reckoned one of tlie seven
wonders of the world. Jt is now an inccni-
sidiial.le place, i3'2 n> sr. Chiarenza, and
60 sw Corinth.
Liiiigetic, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Loire, seated near the
Allier, among mountains, 12 m sbvK
Brioude.
JMiigeais, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire, seated on the
Loire, ly m whys Tours.
Luu^eland, all island of Denmark, in
the s part of the Great Belt. It is 33 ni
lonj;, but scacely 5 Inoad ; produces some
corn, and exports saltid meat, hides, honey,
and wax. Tlie principal town is Kud-
kioping.
jMiiiicnberg, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of llohenlohe, with a castle;
seated on the Jaxt, 25 m whys Anspach,
Laiigcnsalza, a town of Upper Saxony,
sometimes accounted the capital of Thu-
rinoria, with a castle, a college, and two
churches. 1 he enviions are pleasant, and
it has noted manufactures of stufis. It
stands on the Salza, near its contlux with
tiie Linstrut, 17 m wbvN Erfurt. Lon.
10 42 F, hit. 51 5 N.
Langeiithcd, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Bern. Here are three an-
nual fairs, at which great cuantities of
linen, cattle, cheese, and orain, are sold.
IS ear the town are some medicinal springs.
It is 10 m E Suleure, and 18 ne Bern.
Lungenzenn, a town of Franconia, in
the principality of Anspach, on the river
Zenn, and near the Kednitz, 20 m ne
Anspach.
Lunglwlm, a town of Scotland, in Dum-
friesbhiie, with a considerable raanutacture
of checks, cotton ftockiims, &c. It stands
on the E bank of the Esk, over which is a
bridge to New Langholm, <i3 m Eby n Dum-
fries", and 28 x by w Carlisle.
Laiigione, a city, deemed by some tlie
capital, of the kingdom of Lao. It has a
magnificent royal palace, and stands on a
small river, 290 m M<w Laiijan. Lon. 101
15 E, lat. 22 30 M.
Langogiie, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lozere, 21m ke Mende, and
33 w Privas.
Langon, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gironde, celebrated for its deli-
cious white wine; seated on the Garonne,
25 m SE Bourdeaux.
Laiigport, a town in Somersetshire, with
a n;arket on Saturday ; seated on a hill,
by the river Parret, w'hich is navigable for
LAO
barges, 10 in se Bridgewatcr, and 128
\v by s London.
JAingrcs, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper IVJarnc, and lately a
bishop's see. It has cutlery wares in high
esteem, and stands on a nionntatn, near
the source of the Marnc, 35 m ne D jon.
Lon. 5 19 E, bit 47 52 N.
Ltingmud Fort, a strong fort of l'>ng-
lauil, situate on a sandy p'oiiil ol land mi
the Sulfolk side of the harbour of Har-
wich, liut wiihui the limits of Essex. At
hiiiii water it is surrounded by the sea, and
becomes an island nearly a m from the
shore. It vvas erected for the deffiice of
tlip p(n-t of Harwich, and has a garrison,
under the command of a governor.
Lunguedoc, an old province of France,
225 m long and 100 where broadest;
boimded on the e by Dauphiny atid Pro-
vence, SE by the Mediterranean, s by
]vousillon,w by Gascony, and N by Qncrci,
Houergne, Auvergne, and Lyonois. It now
forms the departments of Upper Gannine,
Aude, Herauit,(;aid, Lozere, and A rdeche.
Luiijun, or Luntchan, a city ar.d the
capital of the kingdom of Lao, at least of
the southern part, to which it gives name.
It is the usual residence of the king, whose
palace is of vast extent. The houses of
the grandees and persons of condition are
elegant ; but those of the inferior people
are no better than huts. The priests ahme
have the privilege of building their nouses
and convents with br.ck and stone. Lan-
jan is situate on the \v side of the river
"iVlecon, 400 m knw Cambodia. Lon. 101
38 E, lat. 18 30 N.
Lunmeur, a town of France, in the de-
partment 0)f Finislerre, 8 m ke Morlaix.
Lunnion, a town of iMance, in the de-
partment of Cotes du Nord, with a trade
in wine and hemp, 15 m vv Treguicr.
Lunnoij, a town of France, m the de-
partment of Nord, 5 m se Lille. ^
Lnnsinhurg, a town of New York, ca-
pital of Renselaer county. Here is a library
company, incorporated in 1775; and an
academy, incorporated in 1796. It stands
on the E side of the Hudson, opposite the
s branch of the Mohawk, 9 m k^e Albany.
Lon. 74 8 w, lat. 42 43 ^.
Laiizo, a town of Piedmont, on the river
Stura, 12 m KW Turin.
Lao, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the
N by China, E by Tonquin, s by Cambodia,
and w by Siam and Birmah. It is sur-
rounded by mountains, covered with for-
ests, w hich produce abundance of excellent
timber ; but the country is in general flat,
and the soil fertile, "being watered by
numerous rivulets from the mountains, and
a number of canals from the Mecon, which
flows trom N to s, through the whole re-
LAP
cimi. Some writers make a distinction
between tlie northeni part, which they call
Laotchu or Lactlio ; and the southern,
which they call Lanjan or Lantchan. In
the mountains are many savages who ^o
naked. The climate is somewhat more
temperate than tiiat dt'Tunqum, and more
healthful. It aboundi in rice, liuit, honey,
wax, and cotton ; the principal (iruy,s are
benjamin and lac ; and a great source of
wealth is from elephant teeth, which ani-
mal is no where in gi eater perfection than
in this country. Gold and silver are found
in certain places of the river; and it has
mines of iron, lead, and tin. The Laos or
Lanjaiis are well made, robust, of an olive
coiiiplexion, and mild disposition ; but
very superstitious, and much addicted to
women. Iheir prmcipal occupation is
tiliiny; the tiround and fishing; for they
have little commerce, and are averse to
business. The religion, language, and
maimers are much the same as in Tonquin.
This Ivingdom became subject to Cochin-
china about the commencentent of the pre-
sent century. Lanjan is the capital, or,
according to some, L-mgione.
Laon, a town of France, capital of the
department of Aisne, with a castle, and
lately a bishop's see. Here are various
manufactures, and the principal trade con-
sists in corn and wine. It is seated on an
eminence, in the midst of an extensive
plain, 77 m ne Paris. Lon. 3 43 e, lat.
49 34 N.
LuptUt, a town of Portugal, in Entre
Douro e Minho, seated on the Minho, 13
m LbyN Valenza.
Lapland, a country of Europe, bounded
on the N and e by the North sea, s by the
White sea, Russia, Finlana, and Sweden,
and w by Norway. It lies between 15 and
4<J E lon. and 64 and 71 n lat. On the
mo-it northern side it comprehends the
Frozen Alps, or Alps of Snow, which com-
prse the summit of that chain of moun-
tains calleil Seieruoi, whose declivity to-
ward the E ana s consists of lower moun-
tains, deserts, forests, fens, and lakes. Swe-
dish Lapland occupies the s division of this
country, and is the largest; it is divided
into five lapinarks, or provinces, Umea,
Pitea, Lulea, Toniea, and Kimi, so named
from rivers, which all How into the gulf of
Bt)tlinia. liussiaii Lapland forms the E
part,, and is mcluded in the government of
Archangel. Norwegian Lapland, which is
tiie smallest, extends the wdiole length of
the Severnoi, on their northern side, and
forms the government of VVardhuys. The
Laplanders are low in stature ; stout,
straiglit, and of a yellowish complexion,
occasioned by the weather, the smoke of
thtir habitations, and then- habitual tilthi-
LAP
ness. They have generally a flatfish face,
fallen cheeks, dark grey eyes, thin beard
and brown hair. Their manner of lite
renders them hardy, agile, and supple, but
at the same time much inclined to laziness.
They are peaceable, obedient to their supe-
riors, cheerful in company, but mistrust-
ful, cheats in commerce, and so proud of
their country, th.it when removed from the
place of their nativity, they usually die of
the nostalgia, or longing to return. Their
women are short, olteii well made, com-
plaisant, chaste, and ot weak nerves ;
which is also observable sometimes ainouf
the men. The language of the Laplanders
comprehends so many dialects, that it is
with dithculty they understand each other.
The men aredivided into Fishers and Moun-
taineers. 'J'he former, in summer, dwell
in the neighbourliond of some lake, whence
they draw their subsistence; and in winter
they reside in the forests, where they live
by hunting. The others seek their support
upon the mountains, possessing herds of
reindeer, which they use according to the
season ; but they go generally on foot,
'i'hey are very industrious hcrdsiiien, and
are rich in comparison of the iishers : some
of them possess 600 or 1000 reindeer.
Beside looking after their reindeer, the
fishery, and the chase, the men construct
canoes, which are light and compact ; ihey
also make sledges, and harness for the
reindeer; it is the man's business, like-
wise, to look after the kitchen. The em-
ployment of the women consists in making
nets for the fishery, drying tish and meat,
milking the reindeer, making cheese, and
tanning hides. Tlie article's of dress are
the sole lauour of the women ; and they
also make several utensils in wood, which
are sometimes prettily carved, sometimes
oniauieated wiili bones, brass, or horn.
They prepare the nerves of the reindeer
in such a manner as to serve for thread ;
and draw brass wire by the help of the horns
of the reindeer pierced. They embroider
then- cloihes with brass wire, silver, sJiain
gold, or wool, which tliey have the art of
dying in all sorts of colours. These peo-
ple live in huts in the fin-m of tents, covered
with briars, bark, linen, turf, coarse cloth,
felt, or reindeer-skins ; and the door is of
felt, made like two curtains that open
asinider. They are not able to stand up-
right in these huts, but constantly sit upon
their heels round the tire. At night they
lie down quite naked ; and, to separate
the apartments, place upright sticks at
small distances. They cover themselves
with their clothes, and in winter put their
feet into a fur bag. Their household furni-
ture consists of iron or copper kettles,
wooden cups, bowls, spfions, and some-
LAP
times tin or even silver h;isiiis : to tlitse
niav be uilcleil tlieir iinpkintnts of ii^liini;
aiui huinins:. 'lliat tliey unxy not carry
snch a number of things with them in tliuir
excnr&ions, they have, at certain tlistanres
in tfie forests, little huts i)lacec! upon the
trunk tif a tree cut oil" at al)out the hei}:ht
of six feet, in which they keep tlieir goods
and provisions ; and though tluy are never
fastened, yet are they never plundered.
In their dress they use no linen. 'I'he
men wear cloth pantaloons, rcacinng clown
to tiieir shoes, whicli are m.ide of untanned
skin, pointed, and turned up before. '1 heir
doubler, or close garnient, is made of sheep-
skin, with the wool on, the woolly side be-
jnti inward : it has a hii;h collar, made
stitV with cloth neatly worked with differ-
ent coloured threads, and extending a little
way down the breast. Over this they wear
a h)ose coat of coarse cloth, or of the skin
of the reindeer, the skirts of which reach
down to tlie knees, and it is fastened round
them by a leathern girdle, ornamented
with plates of tin or brass. To tliis girdle
thev tie their knives, their instruments for
£;etliu<: fne, and their smoking apparatus.
Their clothes are always bordered with fur,
or cloth of a different colour. Their caps
sire of a conical form, generally made of
four pieces of red ker;ey cloth, and the
seams adorned with lists of a yellow co-
lour; at the top is a tassel of different
coloured cloth, and the lower part has a
border of fur. The Russian Laplanders
generally border their caps with ermine.
The women wear pantaloons, shoes, doub-
lets, and close coats, like the men ; but
their girdle is commonly embroidered with
brass wire : they also wear kerchiefs, and
iittle aprons, made of Russian painted
clotli, rings on their fingers, and earrings,
to which they sometimes hang chains of
silvei-, that pass two or three timeis round
die neck. They sometimes wear caps fold-
»-:d after the manner of furbans, and some-
times caps to the shape of the head ; but
all are ornamented v> ith the embroidery of
brass of wire, or with lists oi'ditferent co-
lours. At their weddings the bride ap-
pears with her head quite uncovered, w hich,
at other times, is never the custom with
either fiomen or maidens : the fessl is a
kind of club-jwcss, to which each of the
guests brings meat and drink. Sterility is
a reproach among the women. They arc
generally delivered of children without dit-
iiouUy. " Their cradle is small, matle in
the shape of a canoe, and in their journeys
thr; won.en cany it at their bacj^s. 'Ihe
reindeer supply the Laplanders wiili the
greatest part ci" their provisions: the chase
and the fishery furnish the rest ; but the
flesh of the bear is their inott delicate
LAR
ni(>at. Their cf)mmon drink is water, some-
times mixed with milk ; and they are fond
of brandy, but it is scarce with them.
'Iheir most considerable tralVic is with the
Norwegians, and the balance is always
in favour of the I^aplanders ; bec;iusc they
can furnish more skins and furs than they
buy flour, cloth, and hardware goods. All
the money, which they have not immediate
occasion for, they bury in the earth, as
well as their plate, and what ever they
think of value. JNor even at the point of
death do they declare the spot where it is
hidden, imagining that thf^y shall want it
in the other world. All the Swedish and
Norwegian, as well as the greatest number
of the Russian Laplanders, bear the name
of C'hristians ; but their religion is a com-
pound of christian and pagan ceremonies.
Lar, a city of Persia, capital of Laristan,
with a castle on a rock, now in ruins. The
residence (jf the governor is in the middle
of the city, surrounded by a wall, flanked
with towers. The bazar is said to be the
noblest structure of the kind in Persia.
Here are manufactures ot" muskets and
cotton cloth. It is situate between moun-
tains, in a sandy sc>il, 170 in sbyr. Shiras.
Lon. 53 40 E, lat. 27 20 n.
Larcish, or Larais/i, a seaport of the
kingdom of Fez, with a strong ca.stle and a
good harbour. Here are magazines for the
fitting of vessels, but no docks for build-
ing. The vicinity abounds in delightful
gardens. It is seated on the K side of a
steep hill, near the mouth of the Lucos,
40 m sby \v Tangier. Lon. G 2 w, lat. 35
13 N.
Laredo, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with
a pier haven on the e side of the entrance of
the harbour of Santona, 30 m wnw Bilboa.
Lurgentiere, a town of France, in the
department of Ardeche, 18 m sw Privas.
Lurgo, a town of Scotland, in Fifcshire,
on a spacious bay of its name, at the
opening of the frith of Forth, with a har-
bour for ships of 200 tons, at the mouth
of the river Keil. The town has a manu-
facture of linen and checks, and is 9 tu
ssw St. Andrew.
Largs, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire,
with a small harbour on the frith of Clyde.
It is memorable for the defeat of the Nor-
wegians, in their last invasion of ibis coun-
try, in 1263. It is 1.5 in Nw Irvine.
Luriniy, a town of Naples, in the county
of Molise, 25 m Exr. IMolise.
Lario, a lake of Italy, See Como.
I^arissa, a city of European Turkey,
capital of Thessaly, and a Greek arch-
bishop's see, with a palace, and some hand-
some mosque,3. The Greek metropolitan
church is the only place of christian
AYprship, Tliis city was famous as the
LAS
residence of Arhilles, and retains its an-
cient name. It is of cc^nsiderable extent;
but the streets are ill-built, narrow, and
dirty. The inhabitants, chiefly Turks, are
estimated at 28,000, and carry on a lar^e
trade. It is seated on the Salembria, the
ancient Peneus, 75 m sbyw Salonica.
Lon. 22 42 e, lat. 30 48 n.
Laristun, a small province of Persia,
bounded on the n by Kennan, e by Ballo-
gistan, and s and w by the gulf of Persia.
It is the poorest and least priiductive pro-
vince in Persia. Lar is the capital.
Lark/iariu, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Sindy, chief of a very feitiie district called
Chandookce, which is a spacious island
formed by the river Larkhanu, a stream
that rejoins the Indus. Here "the Sin-
dians first levy tolls on mercliants enter-
ing their dominions, and keep a cou<-icier-
able garrison to guard against the en-
croachments of the Ballogese of Cutch
Gundava. It is 84 m sse Gundava, and
110 N Hydrabad.
Lame, a town of Ireland, in Antrim
county, on the river Kilwalter, at its en-
trance into Browns bay, 8 m n Carrick-
fergus.
. Larnica, a town of Cyprus, the see of a
Greek bi-hop, and the residence of several
European, consuls. See Salines.
Lurry Bunder, a town of Hindoostan,
in Sindy, on the N branch of the Indus,
called the Pitty, which is capable of re-
ceiving ships of 200 tons. It is 56 m
wbysYatta. Lon. 67 S9 e, lat. 24 44 N.
Larta ; see Arta.
Larvigen, or Latirzvigen, a seaport of
Norway, capital of a county. It is a place
of considerable trade, and its iron-works
are esteemed among the most valuable in
Norway. It stands at the conflux of
two rivers, near the sea, 55 m ssw Christi-
ania. Lon. 10 15 e, lat. 59 3 n.
Lasjichourg, a town of Savoy, on the
river Arc, at the fool of Mount Cenis, the
passage of which is the principal support of
the inhabitants. The sun is hidden from
the inhabitants of this town, by the moun-
tains, duiing two months iu the year. It
is 20 m KNW Susa.
Lassa, the capital of Tibet, and the seat
of the grand lama, or pontifical sovereign.
The Chinese keep a garrison here, com-
manded by a general officer, whose autho-
rity supersedes, in a great degree, that of
the lama. The city is not large, but the
houses are of stone, spacious and lofty.
Seven m to the e, on the summit of the
mountain Putala, is a palace of the grand
lama, and the ordinary place of Jiis resi-
dence. Lassa is seated on a spacious plain,
on the river |^aUion,jybich tiows sw into
LAU
the Sanpoo, 540 m nne Calcutta. Lon.
91 25 E, lat. 29 30 n.
Lassan, a town of Hither Pomerania, on
a lake of the same name, formed by the river
Peeno, C m sse Wolgast.
Lassni/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of jNIayenne, 12 n» ene Mayenne.
Lustres, a town of Spain, in Asturias,
near a cape of the same name, on the bay
of Biscay, 35 m ene Ovieclo.
Ldtacungu, a town of the kingdom of
Quito, capital of a jurisdiction. It was
nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1'598,
and most of the inhabitants buried in the
rains, 'i he streets are broad and straiglit;
the houses only one storv hig!), and arched,
built vviih a kind of pumice, which abounds
in the neighbouihcod. Greut quantities
of pork are salted here; and in the vicinity
is made fine red earthen ware. It is 50 m
s Quito. Lon. 78 20 w, lat. 0 55 s.
Laiakia, the ancient Laodicea, a sea-
port of Syria, and a bishop's see, with a
castle. It has beautiful remains of anti-
quity, and a considerable trade, being the
port of Aleppo, though the harbour is be-
come too shallow fijr large vessels. It stands
on tiie N side of a small peninsula, 75 m
sw Aleppo. Lon. 35 42 e, lat. 35 38 N.
Laval, a city of France, capital of the
department of Mayenne, with two castles,
and lately the see of a bishop. Linen of
all kmds and qualities is manufactured
here; and the neighbouring quarries pro-
duce green marble, or black veined with
white. It is seated on the Mayenne, 45
ra w Mans. Lon. 0 45 w, lat. 48 5 n.
Lavumund, a town of Germany, in Ca-
rinthia, seated on the Drave, 23 m e
Clagenfurt.
Lavaur, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Tarn, and lately a bishop's see;
seated on the Agout, 20 m ene Toulouse.
Luubuch, a town of Germany, in Wet-
teravia, with a castle, 10 m Ebys Giesen.
Lanbach, or Lai/hac/i, a town of Ger-
many, capital of Caniiula, and an arch-
bishop's see. The cattle, called the Old
Foit, stands on a mountain, and is now
used only for a prison. It has manufac-
tures of bilk, leather, and excellent linen
cloth; and £ome trade in oil, wine, and
cutlery. It is seated on a river of the
same name, 38 m se Cbgenfurt, Lon. I*
35 E, lat. 4(3 11 N.
Lauban, a walled town of Lusatia, on
the frontiers of Silesia, with a good trade
in cloth, yarn, and linen ; seated on the
Quiess, 14 m ese Corlitz.
Lauchstadt, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with a celebrated bath,
G m WNW Merseburg.
Lauda, a town and castle of Frauconia,
2C
LAU
in tli'e i5rinfci|i;iTity of Wurtzburg, '<S4'' W^'
river Taubcr, 22 m s\v Wurrzburt;.
Lander, a b(iroii!j;li of Scdtlaiul, in Ber-
wicksliire. The castle, built by Edward i
as a tiirtrcss, is now the seat oliho earl of
Laudenlalf. It is seated on the river
Lauder, 22 m ^f. Edinburs;.
J ttveld, or Lnf'cld, a village of the Ne-
therlands, in the territory of Liege, 4 m w
Maestricht. A battle was gained here, by
the French, in 1747, over the allies, com-
manded liy the duke of Cnmberland.
Lavcllo, a town of Naples, in Basilicata,
6 m N Venosa,
Lauenhurg, a town of Lower Saxony,
capital of a dnchy, formerly subject to Ha-
nover, but made over to Denmark in 1815.
There is only one wing left of the ancient
castle where the dukes resided. Great
quantities of merchandise are sent hence
to Lubec, by means of the Steckenitz. It
stands on the Elbe, below tlie influx of the
Steckenitz, 35 m r.sK Hamburg. Lun. 10
50 E, lat. 53 22 x.
Lauenbitrg, a town of Further Pomera-
nia, capital of a territory. It stands on
the I.cba, near the Baltic, 37 m wbyN
Dantzir. Lon. 17 48 e, lat. 54 27 N.
Lavenham, a town in Suffolk, witli a
"tAu
feet, and the breadth 300. ItiSSiKisby
w Scbauffhausen.
Lavff'cuburg, a strong town of Snabia,
one of the four Forest-towns, with a castle.
It is seated on a rock, on thn Rhine, which
divides it in two parts. Here is a small
cataract, noted for the beauty of the
scenery. It is 15 m tbyN Basel. Lon. 8
2 F,, hit. 47 35 N.
haughton, a village in W Yorkshire, on
a high hill, (i m fsf, Ilotherhmn. It is
noted for its church, whose neat tower and
spire are seen at GO m distance.
Lauingeu, a town of Bavaria,' in the
territory of Nenberg, seated on the Da-
nube, 3 m w Dillingen.
Lavuigto)!, a town in Wilrshire, with a
market on Wednesday, 20 m NW Salis-
bury, and 90 whys London;
Lavh, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, at
the conHux of the Luvis with the Adige, 7
m N Trent.
Luunceslon, a borough and the county-
town of Cornwall, governed by a mayor,
with a market on Saturday. It had a strong
castle, now in ruins, but the tower serves
as a prison ; and a little without the town
stands the old priory. The spring assizes
are held here, the summer assizes at Bod-
market on Tuesday, and manufactures of min or Truro. Here is a freesciiool found
hempen cloth and woollen yarn ; seated on
a branch of the Bret, 12 m sby E Bury St.
Edmund, and 61 ^e London.
Lmevo, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
neatly built and much visited. Close to it
on the N rises a craggy mountain, from
which pours a constant cascade. It is^
situate on the e side of the widest part of
the lake Maggiore, 10 m w Varese, and
34 KW Milan.
Luuenstein, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia. It has mines of tin
and iron, and stands on tlie M<-glitz, 17 m
s Dresden.
Lazertza, a town of Italy, in the prin-
cipality of Massa, with a citadel ; seated at
the mouth of the Lavcnza, on the gulf of
Genoa, OmwivwMassu.
Luvf, a town of 1 ranconia, in the terri-
tory of Nurenberg, seated on the Pegnitz,
9 m E Nurenberg.:
Lavff'en, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy
of Salzburg, with a fine castle, seated on
the Saiza, 10 m ICNV/ Salzburg.
Laufcn, a town of Wirtemberg, seated
on the Ntckr.r, 15 m n Stutgard
Latiffhi, a town of ;■ witzerland, in the
canton of Basel, near the liver Birs, 12 m
ssw Basel.
Luvffeii, a town of Switzerland, in the
cantmi of Zurich, with a castle. Here is
a celebrated cataract of the Khine : the
perpendicular h.eight of which is about CO
ed by queen Elisabeth. The population
was 1753 in 1811. It is seated on the
side of a bill, near tlie river Tamar, 28 m
K Plymouth, and 214 whys London. Lon,
4 2rw, lat. 50 38 N.
Luunij, a town of Bohemia, near the river
Eger, 12 m ene Saaz.
iMVora, Terro di, a province of Naples,
the ancient Campania Felix, 63 m long
and 35 broad ; bounded on the w by Cam-
pagna di Roma, n by Abruzzo Ultra and
Citra, E by the county of Molise and Prin-
cipato Ultra, and s by Principato Citra.
It is proper for tillage, whence it took its
name, and fertile in excellent wines and
fruits. '\ here are also minerid springs, and
mines of sulphur. Naples is the capital.
Laitpen, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, at the conflux of the San-
nen and Sense, 6 m sw Bern.
Lauringen, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Wurtzburg, on tha river
Lanr, il rn ne Schweinfurt.
Lmirvig, a seapcut of Norway, in the
province of Asgerhuys, and capital of a
county. The trade is considerable, and
its iron-works are reckoned among the
most valuable in Norway. It is situate
near the head of a bay, between the inllux
of two rivers, 65 m ssw Christiania. Lon.
10 13 E, lat. 59 4 K.
Laufsanr.e, a town of Switzerland, capi-
tal of the canttm of Vaud, and a bishop's
vtLAW
,see,> with a famous college.
I-^B
It stands linen, 8 m jfbyw Mqntrose, and 16 SW
near the lake of Geneva, on a tract of Stonehaven,
land formed by three hills, on each of Luxenhurg, a town of Austria, with a
which is a churcii, whose summits afford palace, seated on the Suechat, 10 m &
,i0ne of the most sublime views in nature. Vienna.
The cathedral, the townhouse, and other
public buildings, are magnificent. It is 34
m NE Geneva, and 42 sw Bern. Lon. 6
40 E, lat. 46 31 N.
Lautenburg, a town of W Prussia, In
the palatinate of Culm, 60 m Ebys Culm.
,. J^uuterbacli, a town of liohemia, in the
circle of Saatz, noted fur excellent tin-
mines, 9 m ssw Carlsbad.
Layhach ; see Lauhacti.
Lea, a river that rises in Bedfordshire,
near Luton, flows to Hertford and Ware,
and dividing Essex from Hertfordshire and
Middlesex, enters the Thames, below
Blackwall.
Leiidhills, a village of Scotland, IS m s
Lanerk. It is situate amid mountains, in
which are rich mines of lead, and supposed
Lautcrbach, a town of Germany, in to be the highest inhabited place in Bri-
Upper Hesse, with a trade in linen and tain, being about 2000 feet above the level
woollen cloths; seated on the Vogelsberg, of the sea.
15 ra wNvv Fulda. Leamington, a town in Warwickshire,
Luuterbrunn, a village of Switzerland, which was an insignificant place till 1797,
in the canton of Bern, 6ms Interlachen. when its waters were analysed, and are
It is seated in a romantic valley, celebrated now in high estimation. Here are several
for its cataract, called Staubbach, which saline springs, many warm and cold baths,
rushes down a precipice 930 feet high with a superb pump room, an elegant assembly
such impetuosity, as to resolve itself into room, a picture gallery, a museum of
a fine spray, which, viewed in some situa- curiosities, &c. Adjacent to the pump
tions, resembles a cloud of dust. room is a stone bridge over the river, which
Laiiterbu7-g, a town of France, in the coimects the village or Old Town with the
department of Lower Rhine. It was taken New Town ; and they vie with each other
by the Austrians in 1793. It stands on the in theirbuildings andotheraccummodations
Lauter, near its conflux with the Rhine, for genteel company. It is seated on the
10 m ESE Weissenburg, and 14 s Landau. Leame, 2 m E Warwick.
Lautcreck, a town of Germany, in the L^euc-tong, or Clien-yang, one of the
duchy of Deux Ponts, seated on the Glan, three princes of Eastern Tartary, or coun-
30 m NbyE Deux Ponts. try of the Manshur Tartars, who hence
Lauzcite, a town of France, in the de- entered and conquered China. It is bound-
parfment of Lot, 20 m sw Cahors. ed on the s by the great wall of China and
Lauzun, a town of France, in the depart- the Yellow sea, and enclosed on the e, n,
ment of Lot and Garoin)e, 15 m ne Mar- and w by a palisade of stakes seven feet
mande. high, without either bank or ditch. Chen-
Lawrence, St. a large river of N Ame- yang, or Mougden, is the capital.
ric.1, proceeding from Lake Ontario, from ie«<Ae;7ie«(/, a town in Surry, which had
which it runs ne above 700 m to the gulf formerly a market. It has a "bridge of 14
of St. Lawrence, in the Atlantic. In the arches over the river Mole, and is 18 im
last 320 m it becomes broad, and in its ssw Limdon.
progress fornis a variety of bays, harbours, Leatliea-zcater, or TIdrlmere, a lake ia
and fertile islands. Its mouth is 90 m Cumberland, lying sse of Keswick. It is
wide ; extending from cape Rcisicrs, its s narrow and irregular, about 3 m in length,
point, by the w end of the island of An- skirting the foot of llelvellyn, and receiv-
ticosti, t(j the k shore. It is navijiable for ing numerous torrents from that huge
ships of war as far as Quebec, which is up- mountain. The singular beauty of this
ward of 400 m, and vessels hum I'Luitjpe lake is its being almost intersected in the
ascend to Montreal, which is 160 m fur- middle, over which part there is a bridge,
ther; a course of navigation, for large Its outlet at the N end joins the river
vessels, superior to any other river in the Greeta, which runs into the Derwent, be-
world. Beyond Montreal it is so full of low Keswick.
shoals and rocks, that it will not admit L^ehu, a town of Further Pomerania, on
large vessels ; and the islands that crowd the river Leba, which, after forniing a lake
the approach to the lake are, from their 15 m in circuit, enters the Baltic sea. It
number, called Thousand Islands. The is 16 m nnw Lauenburg.
upper part of this river is sometimes called Lebudeu ; see Livadia.
the Iroquois. Lebanon, a town of Pennsylvania, ill
Lazvieucekirk, a town of Scotland, in Dauphin county, with two churches.
Kincardineshire, with a manufacture of It is seated on Quitaphilla creek, 22 m
2C 2
LED
xbyN Uarrlsburg, and 80 nw Philadel-
phia.-'
Lebanon, Neic, a town of New York,
in Duchess county, noted for its medicinal
spring, 30 m m: Iludson.
Lebida, a town of Barbary, in Tripoli,
-ivlth an old castle, tlere are extensive
ruins of the renowned city of Leptis, sur-
rounded by a luxuriant plain. It is seated
on tlie ]\Iediterrancan, 85 in ese Tripoli.
Lebrixct, or Lcbrlja, a rown of Spain,
in Andalusia, with a castle, seated in a ter-
ritory abouiidinji in olive trees that produce
the best oil in Spain, 127 m sby w Seville.
Lchls, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark, seated on the Oder, 5 m n
Frankfort.
Lccaselh, a town of the duchy of Genoa,
23 m KE Genoa.
Lccce, a city of Naplas, in Otranto, and
u bishop's sec. It is the residence of the
governor, and sometimes called the capital
of the province ; and by some the province
5s called L-.-tce, instead of Otranto. It is
17 m Kw Otranto, and 195 ese Naples.
Ion. 18 20 E, lat. 40 26 N.
Lccco, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
seated on the e branch of the lake Como,
«t its outlet into the river Adda, 20 ra ne
Como.
Licli, a river of Germany, which ri?es
in Tyrol, divides Suabia from Bavaria,
and enters the Danube below Donawert.
Lcvhlade, a town in Gloucestershire,
■with a market on Tuesday. A canal from
tbe Severn Joins the Thames near this town,
and the traffic here, on both, is consider-
able in cheese, corn, and coal. It is seated
at the conflux of the Lech with the Thames,
28 m Ebys Gloucester, and 76 wbyN
london.
Lecliiiich, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Coluone, 10 m S3\v Cologne.
Lec/tnifz, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Oppelen. Near it is the con-
vent of St. Annenberfi, much resorted to
by pilgrims. It is seated near the Oder,
17 m ssE Oppelen.
Leek, a river of Holland, which branches
off from the Rhine at Deurstede, and
enters the ]\Ierve, 10 m e Rotterdam.
Lectuure, a stron<; town of France, in
tbe department of Gers, with a castle, and
lately an episcopal see. It is situate on a
mountain, near the river Gers, 17 m n
Auch. Lon. 0 37 r, lat. 13 56 n.
Ledbury, ii town in Ileretbrdshire, with
a market on Tuesday. It is inhabited by
many clothiers, and seated on a canal, 13
xn E Hereford, and 120 w.nvv London.
Ledesmu, a strong to^\n of Spain, in
•Leon, fieateclijjfi^ t,^ig,^Xpr}jies, S.^jia, sw
LEE
Lee, a river of Ireland, which rises on
the confines of Kerry county, and flows. E
to Cork, below which city it enters Cork
harbour.
Leeds, a town in W Yorkshire, governed
by a niayor, with a market on Tuesday
and Saturday. It stands on the river Aire,
and in a vale which trade has rendered one
of the most populous spots in luigland. It
is the principal of the clothing towns in
Yorkshire, and the mart for the coloured
and white broad cloths, of which vast
([uantities are sold in its two cloth-halls,
within the spi'ce of an hour, without
the least confusion. The manufactures
that supply these two halls extend about
10 m to the s, 15 to the sw, and eight to
the N and w; the mixed cloths being mostly
made in the neigliboarhood of the river
Aire, and the wdiitc cloths in that of the
Calder. Leeds has five churches and
several meeting-houses ; a flourishing ma-
nufacture of carpets, some mills for the
cutting of tobacco, and several potteries.
In tbe vicinity are numerous collieries, and
great quantities of coal are sent to York
and Hull. Three m to the xnw, on the
river Aire, are the venerable remains of
Kirkstal abbey, embowered in groves of
oak. Leeds and its liberty contained
63,534 inhabitants in 1811.' A canal
passes hence to Liverpool, by which and
the river this town has a conununication
■vvilh the Irish sea and the German ocean.
It is 22 ra W5W York, and 192 Nbyw
London. Lon, 1 34 w, lat. 53 48 N.
Leeds, a town of Virginia, in Richmond
county, on the n side of the Rappahan-
noc, 34 m se Falmouth, and 50 ne Rich-
mond.
Leek, a town in Staffordshire, with a
market on Wednesday, and manufactures
of silk handkerchiefs, ribar.ds, twist, and
buttons; seated on an eminence, near the
Churnet, 21 m N Stafford, and 154 knw
London.
Leer, or Leiir, a town of Westphalia,
in E IViesland, on a river of the same
name, which soon after joins the Ems. It
is 11 in SE Emden.
Leerdum, a town of the Netherlands, in
S Holland, seated on the Linghe, 6 m ne
Gorcuin.
Leerort, a fortress of Westphalia, iii
E Fnesland, seated at the conflux of the
Leer with the Em-, 10 in e bys Emden.
Leers, or Liers, a town of the Nether-
lands, in the territory of Liege, near which
a battle was gained by the French, in 1746,
over the allies, commanded by prince
Charles of Lorrain. It is 4 m N Liege.
Leeaburg, a town of Virginia, chief of
Loudon county. It is seated on the Poto-
LEI
mac, 35 m wxw Washington, and 55 ese
Winchester.
Leesbttrg, a town of N Carolina, chief
of Caswell county. It is 30 niNw Hills-
borough, and 95 vv Halifax.
Leeihurg, or Leestoun, a town of Ken-
tucky, in Fayette county, on the river Ken-
tucky, 20 m \v Lexington.
Leeiace, a fortified town of the Nether^
lands, in Brabant, taken by the allies in
1705. It is seated in a morass, on the
river Geete, 12 m e Louvain.
Lefooga, one of the Friendly islands, in
the Pacific ocean, visited by Cook in 177G.
Many parts of the country near the sea
are sandy and barren ; but in the internal
parts we're large spots covered with the
paper mulberry-tree, and plantations stock-
ed with plants and fruit-trees. To these
Cook made some increase by adding me-
lons, maize, &c. The island is 7 m long
and 3 l)road.
Leghorn, or Lirorno, a strong city of
Tuscany, in Pisano, and a bishop's see.
It has one of the best harbours in the
Mediterranean; and the inhabitants, about
50,000, carry on a great trade. Tlie streets
are wide and straight, and almost all the
houses of the same height. There are so
manv canals, that some have given it the
title "of New Venice. The Jews, who are
numerous, have a handsome synagogue
and schools ; the Greeks and Arrainians
have churches of their ov.n ; and no reli-
gion is disturbed. Near the harbour is a
lighthouse, on a small island. The trade
consists of foreign goods, as cotton, sugar,
cocoa, spices, sulphur, and alum; and in
home productions, as essences, oils, wine,
straw-hats, clotli, juniper berries, oranges,
lamb and goat skins, and coral. In 1741,
this city suffered greatly by an earthquake.
In 1796, it was entered by the French, who
were obliged to evacuate it in 1799, but
they re-entered it the following year. It
is 12 m ssw Pisa, and 55 wsw Florence.
Lon. 10 17 E, lat. 43 32 N.
Legnago, a town of Italy, in Veronese,
seated on the Adige, with a regular for-
tress. The town is populous, and carries
on a considerable trade, particularly in
grain, which is facilitated by means of n
canal from the Adige to the Po. It sur-
rendered to the French in 1796. It is 24
in SE \^eroiia.
Leibnitz, a town of Germany, in Stiria,
seated on the Sulm, 16 m s Gratz.
Leicester, a town of Massachusets, in
Worcester county, with an academy and
a considerable manufacture of wool cards,
6 m wxw Worcester.
Ij-icestcr, a borough and the capital of
Leicestershire, governed by a mayor, with
a market on Saturday. In the civil wars
LEI
the walls were in a great measure demo-
lished ; the castle was also dismantled, the
hall and kitchen being the oidy parts that
are left entire, and the assizes are held in
the former. It has five churches, and
several meeting-houses. The combing and
spinning of wool, and making it into stock-
ings and other articles, is the chief busi-
ness of this town and neighbourhood. A
canal passes hence by Loughborough to
the river Trent. At a parliament held
here, in tiie reign of Henry v, was made
the first law for the burning of heretics-
In the meadows near the town, is the ruin
of an abbey, in which cardinal Wolsey
died. Leicester contained 23,146 inhabi-
tants in 1811. It is seated on the Soar,
28 m sbvE Derby, and 98 Nxw London.
Lon, 18" w, lat. 52 33 X.
Leicestershire, a county of England^,
bounded on the N by Nottinghamshire, k
by the counties of Lincoln a-id Rutland,
s by Northamptonshire, sw by Warv>ick-
shire, and xw by Derbyshire. It is 38 la
long and 30 broad, containing 522,240
acres; is divided into six hundreds, and
196 parishes; has 12 market-towns; and
sends 4 members to parliament. The
population was 150,419 in 1811. The
chief rivers are the Avon, Soar, Wreke,
Anker, and Welland; and it has several
canals- The soil, in general, affords great:
quantities of rich grazing land, and is pecu-
liarly fitted for the culture of beans. To-
ward the NW, the Bardon-hiils rise to a.
great height; and in their neighbourhood is
Charnwood forest, now chietly enclosed :
further to the kw are valuable coal mines.
The NE part feeds a great number of sheep ;
and the se part is a rich grazing tract.
This county is famous for its large black
horses and horned cattle, as well as for its
sheep ; and for having bred each species to
the utmost perfection of form and size.
The manufacture of stockings is the prin-
cipal one in the county.
L^eigh, a town in Essex, on a creek atr
the mouth of the Thames, opposite the e
extremity of Canvay island. It is noted
for oysters, and has a good road for ship-
ping." It is 18 m SSE Chelmsford, and 39 E
London.
Leigh, a town in Lancashire, with a-
market o;s Saturday. It has several luanii—
factures, particularly of fine jeans, in imita-'
tion of those of India. It stands at the:
head of the Duke of Bridgewater's canal,
9 m NNE Warrington, and 199 N\v London.
Leighlin, or Old Leighlin, a borough
of Ireland, in Carlow county, and the see
of a bishop united with Ferns. The cathe-
dral serves for the parisli church. It was
formerly a city, but is now a poor place,^
9 ro ssw Carlow, and 13 ^■E Kilkenny.
Leighlin bridge, a town of Ireland, in
Cailovv county, on the river Barrow, 7ms
Callow,
Leighton Buzzard, a town in Bedford-
sliire, with a market on Tuesday, s-eatcd
on tiie Lyssel, 18 m s Bedford, aiid 41 kw
London.
Leine, a river of Germany, which rises
in the territory of Eichield, above Iloili-
genstadt, and Hows through the ducliy of
Brunswick, hy Gottingen, Calenberg, Ilan-
over, and Neustadt, into the Aller.
Leinster, a province of Ireland, 112 m
long and 70 broad ; bounded on the f. and
s by St. George channel, vv by C(>nnaught
and Munster, and n by Ulster. It contains
the counties of Carlow, Dublin, Kildare,
Kilkenny, King, Lonjiford, Lough, E
Meath, Queen,' W Meath, Wexford, and
AVicklow. Dublin is tl\e capital.
Leipheim, a town of Suabia, in the ter-
ritory of Ulm. The vicinity produces good
hops. It stands on the s bank of the
Danube, 10 m nf. Ulm.
Lcipnic, a walled town of Mora\ ia, near
the river Beczwa, 14 m ese Olmutz.
Leipzic, a city of the kingdom of Saxony,
in Misnia, with a famous university,
and a strong citadel called Pleyssenburg.
It carries on a considerable trade ; and has
three great fairs every year, which last a
fortnight each. The principal manufac-
tures are silk, gold and silver stuffs, linen
and cotton printing, leather, and paper.
The population exceeds 30,000 ; and 'the
houses, in general, are lofty. There are
six handsome colleges, belonging to the
university, beside the private colleges ; and
the exchar.ge is a tine structure. Leipzic
Avas taken by the Prussians in 1745 and
1756. The Austrians took it two years
after, but were soon obliged to give it up.
In 1813, a great victory was obtained here
by the allies, over the French grand army ;
the city was then taken (with" the king of
Saxony and all his court) and entered at
three different points by the emperor of
Russia, the king of Prussia, and the crown
prince of Sweden. Leipzic is seated in a
plain, on the river Pleysse, GO m wkw
Dresden. Lon. 12 20 r", lat. 51 19 n.
Leirci, a city of Portugal, in Estreraa-
tlura, and a bishop's see, with an ancient
castle on an eminence. In 1811, it was
set on fire by the French, on their retreat
into Spain. It is 80 m nke Lisbon. Lon.
8 38 w, lat. 39 48 N.
Leisznig, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with manufactures of
cloth, lace, stockings, &o. It is seated on
the Mulda, 24 m ese Leipzic, and 32 nw
Dresden.
Leitenlerg, a town of LTpper Saxony, in
Thuriii^ia, with a castle on a mountain j
LEM
seated on the Sorbitz,''ll"mi'B6« iSmjA^^
feld. "■' •■' ■"■"■•■
Leith, a seaport of Scotland, on the frith
of Forth, 2 m N'byE Edinburg (of which
it is the port) and the increase of houses
has now nearly united them. It stands at the
mouth of the river Leith, which fornis the
harboin-, aiul divides the town into N and
S Leith, which communicate by a draw-
bridge. Tbe harbour is secured by a noble
stone pier; and it has wet and dry docks,
with other conveiiienc?s for ship-building,
which is carried on to a great extent. Here
are also manufactures ol ropes, canvas, car-
pets, glass, shoes, leath.er, soap, and candies,
and several iron forges. There are three
churches, a magnificent banking-house, a
hospital for disabled seamen, and a battery
for the defence of the harbour. A little to
the E of the town are elegant baths con-
structed on a grand scale. The commerce
of Leith is very considerable; and the ves-
sels employed in the London trade are, in
general, of a large size ; but the largest
ships are those employed in the Greenland
whale fishery. To foreign parts are export-
ed lead, glass ware, linen, woollen stuffs,
and a variety of other goods. The popu-
lation was 20,363 in 1811. Lon. 3 11 w,.
lat. 55 57 N.
Leitmeritz ; see Leutnieritz.
Leitoiniscliel ; see Ltutmischel.
Leitrim, a county of Ireland, in the
province of Connaught, 42 m long and 15
broad ; bounded on the N by Donegal bay,,
NE by Fermanagh and Cavan, se by Long-
ford, and w by Iloscommon and Sligo. It
is divided into 17 parishes, and sends two-
members to parliament. It is fertile,,
though mountainous, has some iron-works,,
and feeds great herds of cattle. The river
Shannon issues from Lough Allen in this
county ; it has also several smaller lakes
and numerous rivulets. Carrick is the
capital.
LeilThn, a town in the above county,
and formerly a place of some note, of
which St. Liegus was bishop. It is seated
on the Shannon, 4 m N Carrick.
Leixlip, a town of Ireland, in Kildare
county, seated on the Liffey. It has a
noble castle, with large gardens, on one
side of which is a fine svaterfall, called
the Salmon leap. Near it are the ruins of
the church and castle of Confy. Leixlip
is 10 m whys Dublin.
Lekeyo, or Leoo-keoo ; see Lieou-kieou.
Lemberg, a city of Poland, lately the
capital of Red Russia, and now of Galicia.
It is fortified, and has two citadels, one of
which is on an eminence without the city.
The catljedral, churches, and public build-
ings are magnificent ; and the houses
lofty, built of freestone. It is the see of a
LEN
Roman catholic archbishop, has also an
Ariiiinian and Greek bishop, and is the
seat of : a university. The population
26,000 ; of whicli a threat part are Jews,
who have here one of the larj^est syua-
s^ogues in the world, capable of contaiuiui!;
above 900U persons, 'f he city is a great
coniuiercial ewvporium, being the principal
thorouiihfare from Odessa and other Rus-
sian ports 0!i the Black sea, to Jassy and
Vienna. In 1(372, it was besieged in vain
by the Turks ; but in 1?04 was taken by
storoij by Charles xn of Sweden. It is
seated on the I'elui, 100 m wxw Kanii-
nieck, and 150 r. Cracov,'. Lon. 24 2(3 e,
49 51N.
Lembro, tha ancient Inibrus, an island
of the Arc'iipelago, on the coast of Roma-
nia, '22 m in circuit. It has a tovns of tiie
same name, with a hin'boLU-, Lon. 2(3 0 i;,
kit. 40 25 N..
Lemgo:v, a town of Westphalia, in the
county'of Lippe, with some cloth and stuif
nianufactttres; seated on the Oeya, near
the VVerra, 25 in xbyw Paderborn.
Lemnos, or Staiimene, an island of the
Archipelago, lying near the strait of Galli-
poli. It is 15 m long and 11 broad, and
abounds with mountains and valleys, which
in some places are cultivated, and produce
a variety of fruit. The poets made it
sacred to Vulcan, who was hence called
Lenmias Pater. It was also celebrated
for its labyrinth, of which not a trace re-
mains. The modern Greeks entertain the
same opinion of that earth of Lemnos,
which is said -to have cured Phiioctetes.
This earth is never dug up but on one par-
ticular day of the year, and then with great
ceremony. It is called Terra Sigeliata,
being formed into small cakes sealed with
the grand signior's seal, and thus dispersed
over various parts of Europe. Lemiios is
subject to the Turks ; but tiie inhab\tants
are almost all Greeks, and very industrious.
The capital is of the same name, and the
see of a Greek archbishop. Lon. 25 23 e,
lat. 40 G N.
Lena, a river of biberia, in the govern-
ment of Irkutsk, which rises in the moun-
tains to the w of the lake Baikal, Hows n
and NE to Yakutsk, where it is 5 m wide,
and its course tlience is ^nw to the
Frozen ocean, wliich it enters by several
mouths.
Lenczicz, a strong town of Poland, capi-
tal of a palatinate, with.a fort on a rock.
It stands in a morass, oii ihe river Biura,
S7 m SE Gnesna, and 110 N by w Cracow.
Lon. 18 20 E, lat. 52 10 n.
Len/tam, a town in Kent, with a maiket
on Tuesday, seated on an eminence, at the
source of the Len, 10 m e Maidstone, and
4,4 £S£ London.
Lennep, a town of West^halia,^ jn. the
duchy of Berg, on a river.of the same naii^e,
20 m ESE Dusseldorf. ' -.„..),,.
Lennoa; ; see DuMbfirtonshire.
Lenox, a town of I\Iassachui.ets, chief
of Berkshire count}'. It is seated^n the
Ilousatonic, 145 m w Boston. ,^ .^ ,
Lens, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Pas de Calais, o^ ^jie^riy^frSb.ucliet,
11m N Arras. _ . l, •,^..
Lentini, a town of Sicily, m Val di
Noto. It is a small remainder of t!ie an-
cient Leontium, and situate on the Leo-
nardo, at the foot of a height, on the top of
which Charifcs v built a town called Car-
lentiui. Lentini is 15 m ssw Catania.
Lenlzen, a town of Brandenburg, in the
mark of Preguitz, near the Elbe, 14 m w
Perleberg.
Leo, St. a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Uroino, on a mountain, near the river
Marrechia, 15 m nw Urbiuo.
Leobcn, a town of Germany, in Stiria,
situate on the i\Iuer, 20 m nvv Gratz.
Leubsvhuz, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Jagendorf, with a trade in corn
and yarn, 10 m n.\e .Cadendorf.
Leogane, a fortitied town, with a fort
and a siood road, on the N side of the s
peninsula of St. Domingo. The chief ex-
ports are sugar, coffee, cotton, and indigo.
It was taken by the English and the French
royalists, in 17 94, but retaken by. the re-
publicans soon after; and it V;as unsuccess-
tuUy attacked by the English in 179(3.
Loii; 72 32 vv, lat. 18 34 K.
Leominster, a borough in Herefordshire,
wiiii a market on Friday, and a trade in
gloves, hats, and leather. The church is
spacious, and has a beautiiul altar-piece ,
by Ptubens. Here are also several meet-
ing-houses, and two frceschools, one of
them endowed by queen Mary., It is seated
on the Lug, 25 m wbyN Worcester, and
137 WMW Loudon.
Leominster, a town of Massachusets, in
Worcester county, with a manufacture of
combs, 19 ra n" Worcester, and 46 \v;sw
Boston.
Leon, a fertile province of Spain, for-
merly a kingdom, bounded on the K by
Asturias, w liy Qallicia and Portugal, s by
Estremadura, and e by Old Castile. It is
125 in long and 100 broad, and divided
into almost two equal parts Ijy the river
Douro. - _^ . , , , ;
Leon, a cic}', capital of tihe above pro-
vince, and a bishop's see. It was formerly
richer and more po[!ulous than at present;
f )r the cloth manufactures arj on the de-
cline, aud the inhabitants do not exceed
15,000. Here ar3 13 churches and nine
convents ;_ and the cathedral is aduiu'ed for
its elegant lightness. It Is seated jn, a fer-
LEP
tile district, between two sources of the
river Ksra, 50 m sr Oviedo, and 165 N by w
Madrid. Lon. 5 38 w, lat, 4 '2 36 n.
Leon, a town ot" Spain, in Andalusia,
almost snirounded by tlie sea and tlie river
Sand Petri, whence it is sometimes called
the Isle oi" Leon. 'Ihe inhabitants are
Upward of 40,000; but fVoui its extent,
including St. (Jarlos on tlie N, cnpabie of
holding double that number. The (juaii-
tity of salt collected in the viciuily is [tni-
digious. It is 11 tji ssr: Cadiz.
Leon, a city of New Spain, capital of
Nicara<;ua, and a bishop's see. It is a
commercial place, seatrc'; near tlic nw ex-
tremity of the lake ^iicaragiia, SO m from
its port at Realego, on the Pacitic ocean.
Lon. 87 20 w, lat. I'i iiO n.
Leon, a town of New S[jain, in JMecho-
acan, in a plain eminently fertile in grain,
30 m \yNW Gnanaxuato.
I^cnn de Caracas; see Caracas.
Leon, Nerv, a province of New Spain,
bounded en the n by Cohahuila and Texas,
E by the gulf of Mexico, ~s by Fanuco, and
\v by New Biscay and Cohahuiia. It is
little known, but said to be full of moun-
tains, and rich in minerals. The chief
town is j\Ionterey.
Lconai'd, St. a town of France, in the
department of Upper Vieime, with manu-
factures of paper and cloth ; seated on
the Vienne, 12 m ke Limoges, and 195 s
Paris.
Leonardtown,7i town of Maryland, chief
of St. Mary county. It is situate on Brit-
ton bay, 5 m from its mouth in the Poto-
mac, and 50 sse Washington. Lon. 7G 50
IV, lat. 58 '24 N.
Leonbe?'^, a town of Wirtemberg, situate
en the Glem, 6 m w Stutgard.
Lconcisa, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ultra, 19 m kw Aquila.
Lconforte, a town of Sicily, in Yai di
Noto, 37 m WNW Catania.
Leopolddadt, a fortressof Upper Hun-
gary, seated on theWaag, 38 m ke Prcs-
l)urg.
Leostoff; see Lozccatoff.
Lepanto, a seaport of'European Tnrkey,
in Livanin, and a Greek archbishop's see.
It is divided into four towns, si'.rrounded
hy as many wails, and defended by a castle
on an eminence. It was taken by the
A^'enetians from the Turk«, in 1687, but
evacuated in 1699, in consequence of the
treaty of Carlowitz. The produce of the
adjacent country is wine, oil, corn, rice,
leather, and tobacco. The Turks have
several mosques here, and the Greeks two
churches. It is seated on the gulf of Le-
panto, 100 m WNW Athens, and 350 sw
Constantinople. Lon. 23 0 k, lat. 38 30 n.
LepQvs Isle, one of the new Hebrides,
LES T
;n tlie Pacific ocean. Lon. 167 58 >iB,l4aft.^n
15 23 s. " -rj;i<
Lercna, or Llercna, a town of Spain,l 'i
iu listremadura, at the foot of a inonntaitu, ' r
at the source of liic Malachel, 50 m s Me^ ''
rida, and (i;5 se liadajoz. Lou. 5 53 w,
lat. 38 7 K. rncl > i:
Lerici., a town of the duchjifiof Genoa,
on the E coast of the gulf of Spez?,ia^'3 m
sw Sar/.ana. . i ,,t ;■ . .,,
Lerida, a strong city of Spain, in Cata-
lonia, and a bishop's Rj;e, with a university.
On a hill close to the town are the ruins of
a castle, formerly a place of great strength.
This place declared lor Charles iii, after
the reduction of Barcelona, in 1705, but it
was retaken by the duke of Orleans in
1707, alter the' battle of Almanza. It is
seated in a fertile plain, on the river Segra,
80 m w Barcelona, and 200 NW Madrid.
Lon. 0 35 E, lat. 41 32 n.
Lerins, a name given to two islands in
the Mediterraneai.^, on the coast of Prance,
5 m from Antibes. That nearest the coast,
called St. Margaret, was taken by the
English in 174(>, but retaken in 1747. The
other is called St. Honorat, and has a Be-
nedictine abbey.
Lerma, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
with a palace, seated on the Arlanza, 23
m s Burgos.
Lerna, or Milos, a town of European
Turkey, in Morea, at the kw extiemity of
the gulf of Napoli. It was the ancient,
Lerna, and though now a suiall place, is
the pent of Tripolitza, and corn, wool, &c.
aie hence exported. A. little to the s is the
celebrated lake of Leraa. The town stands
at the foot of a mountain, on which is a
fortress, 8 m ssw Argos, and. 24 eke Tri-
politza.
Lcrnlcu, a town of Cyprus, formerly a
large city, as appears from the ruins. It
is situate on the s coast of the island,
where there is a good road, and a small fore
for its defence, SO m sw Famagusta.
Lero, anciently Leria, an island of the
Archipelago, lying 8 m sf, Patmos.
Lerwick, a town of Scotland, capital of
the Shetland islands, situate on the e side
of Mainland, the principal island, and on
the spacious harbour called Brassa Sound.
It is the rendezvous of the hshing busses,
and vessels employed in the various fishe-
ries. Here are manufactures of stockings,
bed rugs, and platting straw. At the N
end of the town is Fort Charlotte, which
connnands the K entrance to Brassa sounds
Lon. 0 56 w, lat. GO 12 n. .
Lcscar, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Pyrenees, and lately a bi-
shop's see; seated on a hill, 3 m Kw Pau,
and 42 se Bayonne.
Lesguis, one of the seven Caucasian
LES
nations, between the Black sea and tlie
Caspian. Their country is indiffereally
called Lesguistan and Da^hestan, by the
Georgiansi It is bounded on the e and s
by Persia and the Caspian, sw and w by
Georgia, the Ossi, and the Kisti, and n by
the Kisti and Tartar tribes. It is divided
into a variety of districts, generally inde-
pendent, and gnveriied by chiefs elected
by the people. Tlie Lesguis are supposed
to be descended from the tribe of moun-
taineers, known to ancient t^eographers
under the name of Le.:giE or Ligyes. 1 h.e
strength of their country, which is a region
of mountains, whose passes are known only
to themselves, has probably, at all times,
secured them from foreign invasion. They
subsist by raising cattle, and by predatory
experJilions into the countries of their more
■wealtliy neighbours. In their persons and
dress, and general habits of life, as far as
tliese are known to us, they greatly resem-
ble the Circassians.
l.esina, an island in the gulf of Venice,
on the coast ofDalraatia, 60 m long and
8 broad. It is separated on the N side
from Brazza by a narrow channel, and
contains great quantities of diflerent kinds
of marble. The principal productions are
Avine, oil, figs, ahnonds, oranges, saffron,
aloes, honey, and wool ; but sait-fish is
-the chief article of commerce. The capital
is of the same name, at the w end, and has
a good harbour, 22 m S5W Spalatro. Lon.
IG 24 r, lat. 43 18 N.
Lesinci, a town of Naples, in Capitanata,
en a lake of the same name, 26 m k\v
]\Ianfre(Ionia.
Leskeard, a borough in Cornwall, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Saturday. " It had formerly a castle, now
in ruins, is one of the coinage towns for
tin, and has manufactures of leather and
yarn. It is 31 m ene Truro, and 226
whys London. Lon. 4 42 ^v, lat. 50
27 A.
Lesko, a town of Poland, in Galicia, 68
m sw Lemberg.
Leslie, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshn-e,
vitli a manufacture of linen and cotton
checks ; situate on the top of a hill, by
the river Leven, 7 m k Kirkcaldy, and 11
sw Cupar,
Lesneven, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Finisterre, 10 m n Landernau,
and 13 ne Brest.
Lesparre, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gironde, near which are found
transparent pebbles, known by the name
of iViedoc stones. It is 40 m sxw Bour-
deaux.
Lessines, a town of the Netherlands, in
Ilaiuuult, famous for its linen mauui'ac-
LEV
ture; seated on the Dender, 28 m. svr
Brussels. i- »i
Lestzoithiely' Ahorbv^ iil' Gorrtvrstlly' go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on Fri-
day. It was anciently the capital of the
county, and the county members are still
elected here. It stands on the Fowey,
whicli was formerly navigable to the town,
but the channel is now stopped up. Here
is a woo'don manufacture ; and it is one of
the tin coinage towns. Near it, on the
edge of a hill, is Lestormcl castle, formerly
the residence of the dukes of Cornwall.
Lestwithiel is 22 m ne Truro, and 23G
Vv'bys London. • ■ ' '
Letlere, a town of Naples^ inPrincipato
Citra, at the foot of a mountain, 12 m n\v
Salerno.
Lette.rkenpi/, a town of Ireland, in Do-
negal county, on the river Swiily, near its
entrance into the head of Lough Swiily,
14 m NW Lifford.
Levant. This w-ord properly signifies
East ; but it is often used, when speaking
of trade, for Turkey in Asia, comprehend-
ing Natolia and Syria, and the islands of
Cyprus, Candia, &c. The Levant Sea
means tlie e part of the Mediterranean
Sea.
Leuhiis, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Wolau, with a celebrated Cis-
tertiau abbey ; seated on the Oder, 10 ni
sw Wolau.
Leucate, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aude, situate near the Medi-
terranean, on the N side of a lake of its
name, 18 ra s Narbonne.
Lench, or Leak, a town of Switzerland,
in Valais, much frequented on account of
its hot mineral springs, at the foot of a
lofty mountain, called Gemmi. It is seated
on an eminence, near the Rhone, 15 m cse
Sion.
Leuchlenhurg, a town of the palatinate
of Bavaria, in a landgravate of the same
name; seated on a mountain, near the
river Psreimbt, 38 m k^e Ratisbon. Lon.
12 18 E, lat. 49 '6b x.
Levek; see Gambodid-
Leven, a river in Lancashire, which
issues from the s extremity of Wiuder-
mere-water, and flows into MQvecambe
bay.
Leven, a river of Scotland, in Dumbar-
tonshire, which issues from Loch Lotpond,
and enters the est|i»ft^-y,qf<,thft,Clyd?> bglqwj,
Dumbarton. .,•■'■. '■■m\ -^i ii .. in.sH ♦,.
Leven, a river of Scotland, which rises
in the county of Kinross, flows by th
town of Kinross aiid through Loch l<even,
and crosses Fifeshire to the town of Leven,
where it enters Lai-go bay. _ .,i OijC
Liven, a town of Scotla,nd^ iaj.lifei^
LEW
shire, with a good hnrboiir, and some sliare
iil'the coasting and Baltic trade. It stands
on the vv side ot" Largo bay, at the inllux
ofthe river Levcn, 10 m kh Kirkcaldy.
Leven, Loch, an arm ot'tiie sea, in Scot-
land. See Linhec, Loc/i.
Leven, Loch, n lake of Scotland, in
Kinrosshire, 10 m in circuit, and of a cir-
cular form. It contains four small islands,
on one of which is a ruinous castle, where
<jueen Mary was contined by the confeder-
itte lords, after she had separated from
Bothwell ; and on another, named St. Serf,
is the ruin of a priory. On the e part of
the lake, near its outlet, stands the ruinous
monastery of Portmoak.
Levroux, u town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre, 11 m x Chaieauroux,
and 35 sw Boiu'ces.
Lease, a town of the Netherlands, in
Hainault, seated on the Dender, 14 m nw
Mons.
Leulchau, a town of Hungary, capital
of Zips county, which is rich in mines,
linen, and wine. It is 37 m ne Kaschau.
Lon. 20 44 E, lat. 49 0 n.
Ltutkirch, a town of Suabia, with two
suburbs, and a s;ood linen trade; seated
on the Eschach, which runs into the lller,
22 m KE Lindau, and 38 s Uhn.
Leutmeritz, or Leitmeritz, a town of
Bohemia, capital of a circle, and lately a
bishop's see. The circle is such a delight-
ful country that it is called the Bohemian
Paradise; it produces excellent wine, and
contains warm baths, tin-mines, and pre-
cious stones. The town is well-built and
populous, and seated on the Elbe, 30 m
KW Prague. Lon. 14 17 e, lat. 50 32 N.
Leutmischel, or Leitomischel, a town of
Bohemia, in the circle of Chrudim, with a
castle on a mountain, 20 m ese Chrudim.
Leutsch, a town of Germany, in Caruio-
la, 8 m ssE Idria.
Lezoarden, a strong town of the Nether-
lands, capital of Friesland. The builduigs,
as well puhhc as private, are magniticent.
It has several canals in the streets, which
are a great assistance to its trade; they
being continued to the sea, and to the most
considerable towns in the province. It is
seated on the river Ee, 32 m w Gronin-
geu. Lon. 5 48 e, lat. 63 13 .\.
Lezves, a borough in Sussex, with a
market on Saturday. It has four parish
churches ; and adjoining are the villages
of Soutiiovcr and Cliff, each with a parisii
church. The latter place is parted from
Xewes by the river Ouse, which is naviga-
ble for barges; audio the former are ex-
tensive remains of a celebrated monastery.
Lewes was formerlv surrounded by walls,
vestiges of which are still visible; and on
the summit of a bill are the remains of its
LEW
ancient castle. Here is a capacious town-
hall, in which the summer assizes are held.
The population was (J221 in 1811. NeUr
this town was a battle in 1263, wheu
Heniy iii and his son (afterward Edward i)
wej'C made prisoners by the earl of Leices-
ter. Lewes is situate at the edge of the
South Downs, 30 nn e Chichester, and 49
s London. Lon. 0 2 e, lat. 60 55 n.
heives, a town (d" Delaware, in Sussex
county, situate on Lewes creek, 5 m from
its mouth in Delaware bay, and l<j nne
Georgetown,
Lewis, the largest, and the most northern
of the Hebrides, or Western islands of
Scotland. It is 67 m long, and oi consi-
derable In-eadtli toward the middle and
north end. It lies 20 m kkw ofthe isle of
Skye, and the s end >is separated from N
Uist by the Sound of Harris (9 m long and
nearly the same bioad) in which are many
rocks and islets. This island is greatly
intersected by arms ofthe sea, by uhich it
may be said to be divided into five penin-
sulas. The southern part, which is con-
nected by a mountainous isthmus of d m,
is called Harris, and politically belongs to
the county of Inverness ; but the northern
and principal part is attacl'.ed to the county
of Ross. Every part ofthe island exhibits
monuments of aniifjuity; as fortified cas-
tles, druidical editices, cairns, and upright
stones. 'Ihe country, in general, is wild,
blc;ik, nearly barren of wood, and little
fitted for cultivation: the hills are covered
with heath, which affords shc4ter for va-
rious sorts of game. The crops are oats,
bigg, and potatoes ; and there are many-
beeves and sheep. 1 he lakes and stveams
abound with salmon, trcmt, &c. the nume-
rous bays afibrd large quantities of shell-
fish ; and the w coast is annually visited
by millions of herrings. The flocks of
aquatic birds are prodigious and various ;
and great quantities of sea-weed are cast
ashore, of which abundance of kelp is
made. The population 17,000. 1 here
are several small villages, but Stornawiiy is
the only town. The promontory at the N
extremity of the island is called the Butt
of Lewis. Lon. 6 32 e, lat. 58 34 N.
Leuishurg, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Northumberland county, on the w branch
ofthe Susquehana, 17 m M^w Northum-
berland.
Le.w'isbiirg,a.Uvwn of Virginia, chief of
Greenbrier county. Itslands on the N side
of Greenbrier river, 150 m wbyN Rich-
mond. Lon. 81 15 w, hit. 37 52 N.
Lewiston, a tov,ii of Pennsylvania, chief
of Mililin county, tiie mountains of which
abound with iron-ore. It stands on the
Juniatta, at the intiux of the Cishecoquil-
lis, 26 m ENE Huntingdon, and 130 wNw
LEY
Philadelphia. Lon. 77 36 w, lat. 40
Leicist&n),'^ tflvrfri 'of New York, on the
river Niagara, over which is a terry to
Qiieenstoii, in Canada. It uas burnt by
the British in 1812, in retaliation for the
destruction of Newark, and has ber-n since
rebuilt. It is 8 m s Fort Niiipira.
Lexington, a town of Kentucky, chief
of Fayette county, and formerly the capital
of the state. It has four editices for public
worship, a university, and a large court-
house. The trade is considerable. The
chief manufactures are woollen and cotton
goods; and there are several rope-walks
and baiiging manufactures, which consume
vast (jnantities of hemp. Near this town
are curious sepulchres, full of human ske-
leton? ; also the remains of tv.'o ancient
fortitications, with ditches and bastions.
Pieces of earthen vessels have also been
ploughed up near Lexington ; a manufac-
ture ivith which the Indians were never
acquainted. These, with the fortifications
and the sepulchres, have been urged as an
argument, that this country was formerly
inhabited by a people further advanced in
the arts of life than the present Indians.
Lexington stands in a line tract of country,
on the head waters of Elkhorn river, 24 m
ESE Frankfort, the present capital. Lon.
84 27 w, lat. 37" 5-1 N.
Lexington, a town of Virginia, chief of
Rockbridsie county. It stands near the N
branch of James river, 120 m why N Itich-
mond. Lon. 79 50 w, lat. 37 55 n.
Lexington, a town of iVlassachusets, in
Middlesex county, where hostilities com-
menced between the British troops and
the Americans, in 1775. It is 10 m Kw
Boston.
Leyden, a city of the Netherlands, in S
Holland, on the ancient bed of the Rhine,
which here divides into a number of small
channels. It is surrounded by a brick wall,
with eight gates; and is famous for the
long siege it sustained in 1574, against the
Spaniards, during which (3000 inhabitants
died of famine and pestdence. In honour
of this siege a university was founded in
1575, celebrated for its colleges, medicinal
garden, anatomical theatre, observatory,
and library. The principal church is a
superb structure ; and the old castle,
townhouse, cnstoadiouse, and house for
orphans, deserve notice. Here are manu-
factures of cloth, serge, and cambric ; and
the vicinity produces excellent butter and
cheese. It stands on 50 islands, and has
145 bridges, the greatest part budt of free-
stone. The population 50,000. In 1807,
the university was almost destroyed, by
the catastrophe of a vessel loaded with
guopowder blowing up as it passed. Ley-
LTBi
den is 4 m E of the German ocean, and 23
sw Amsterdam. Lou. 4i v^ufi^ bit d3i
8 N. : :'^'-^hl- . ^<.h I.
Lei/pa, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Leutmerilz, seated on the Pubiets, 23
m F.NE Leutmeritz.
Leyta, one of the Philippine islands, 96
m long and 40 broad. A ridge of moun-
tains intersects it nearly in the middle
from E to w, and occasions such an altera-
tion in the climate, that when the inhabit-
ants of one part of the island reap, the
others sow ; and they have two plentiful
harvests in the year, to which the rivers
descending from the mountains not a little
contribute. The island contains 9000 in-
habitants, who pay tribute to the Spaniards
in rice, wax, and quilts. It has a town of
the same name, on the n coast. Lon. 124
16 E, lat. 11 20 N.
Liam-po ; see Niiig-po.
■Libunuf, mountains of Turkey in Asia,
between Syria and Palestine, extending
from the jNIediterranean sea as far as Ara-
bia. The summits of these mountaiiis are
alvvavs covered with snow; but below are
very fruitful valleys. They were formerly
famous for cedar-trees ; but now scarcely
any remain. Geographers distinguish them
into Libanus and Anti-Libanus : the latter
rises on the s side of the valley, near the
ruins of Sidon, and terminates at others in
Arabia, in lat. 34, The two ridges are
separated from each other at an equal dis-
tance throughout, and enclose a country-
called by the ancients Ccelosyria.
Libutta, or Olibato, a town of Guinea^
in the country of Gabon, near the mouth
of a river, and bay, of the same name,
120 m T*w Sette. ' Lon. 8 54 e, lat. 0
58 s.
Libau, a town of Courland, on the Bal-
tic, with a harbour for small ships. The
chief articles of commerce are corn, hemp,,
linseed, hides, and tallow. It is seated on
a peninsula, 50 m N Memel, and 80 w
Mittau. Lon. 21 25 e, lat. 56 30 N.
Liberty, a town of Kentucky, in i\iasorv
county, with a ship-yard, seaied on the
Ohio, a mile above Limestone, and 5 m
NNE of the towm of Washington.
Liberty, a town of Virginia, chief of
Bedford county. It is 15 m wbyx New-
London.
Liberty, West, a town of Virginia, chief
of Ohio county. It stands at the head of
Short creek, 6 m from the Ohio, and 12
sw Pittsburg.
Libokavo, a town of Eurnpean Turkey,,
in Albania, inhabited by Turks, the greater
part of them farmers of the neighbouring
plain. It stands on the steep side of a hill,
30 m NW Janina.
LibournCf a town of France, in the de-
Lie
paitment of Giroiide, at the conflux of the
liler with the Dordogne, 20 m ene Bour-
deaiix.
Lich, a town of Germany, in Wettcra-
via, with a castle, seated on the Wetter,
21 m X Frankfort.
lAcliJield, a city in StafTordshirc, with a
market on Friiiay. It is a county of itself,
and united with Coventry, forms an epis-
copal see. It has three paris)i clmrches,
besi'le the cathedral, which is a beautiful
structure, and walled in like a castle. The
chief manufactures are horse-sheeting and
canvas; and it is famous for excellent ale.
The population was 5022 in 1811. Lich-
field is the birthplace of the celebrated
Samuel Johnson. It is seated on both sides
of a small river, which soon afterward joins
the Trent, 14 m se StatYord, and 118 kw
London. Lon. 1 50 w, lat. 52 41 x.
Lichfield, a town of Connecticut, capital
of a county. It is situate on an elevated
plain, 32 m w Hartford, and 42 nxw
Kewhaven. Lon. 73 12 w, lat. 41 46 x.
Lichstall, or Lichtallen, a town of Swit-
zerland, in the canton^ of Basel, seated on
the Ergetz, 7 m se Basel.
Lkittenau, a town of Westphalia, in
the principality of Paderborn, 8 m sse
Paderborn.
Lichtenati, a town of Germany, in Lower
Hesse, 12 m se Cassel.
Licfdenciu, a tov/n of Franconia, in the
territory of Nuremburg, witli a fortress on
the Rezel, 6 m e Anspach, and 17 sw
jNurembars.
Lichtniberg, a town of German^, in the
duchy of Deux Ponts, 25 m k Deux
Ponts.
Liclitenberg, a town of Franconia, in
the principality of Eavreuth. In the neigh-
bourhood are medicinal springs, quarries
of marble, and mines of copper and iron.
It is seated en the Selbnitz, 13 m ne Culm-
bach.
Lkhtenfels, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Bamberg, with a great trade
in timber; seated ou the Maine, 15 la we
Bamberg.
Lkhtenstcig, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of St. Gall. It is the capital of
the district of Toggenburg, and seated on
the Thur, 27 m EbE Zurich. Lon. 9 5 e,
lat. 47 16 N.
■Liclitenstein, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle on a
niountain, 6 m ke Zwickan.
Lichtenvord, a town and castle of the
Netherlands, in Gelderhmd, 17 m tSE
Zutphen.
Lkola, a lake of Naples, near Baia, for-
merly famous for choice fishes ; but, in
1538, an earthquake changed one part of
it into a mountain of cinders, and the other
LIE
into a morass. It was anciently known
by the name of Lucrino, or tiie Lucrine
Lake.
Lida, a town and castle of Lithuania,
in the palatinate of Wiina, 56 m s Wilna.
Lon. 25 34 E, lat. 53 50 N.
lAddef, a river of Scotland, in Roxburg-
shire, and the only one in the county that
flows southward. It forms the boundary
with England, for 5 m, till it enters the
Esk (from Dumfriesshire)3m above Long-
town in Cumberland. ' - '' ' .
Lidford, a villaire in Devbnshire, on the
liver Lid, 7 m n "^I'avistcck. It was once
a borough, with a castle ; and its parish
may now compare for lands and liberties
with any in the kingdom, the whole forest
of Dartmoor being in the verge of it. A
bridge is thrown over a part of the river
that is pent between two high rocks ; and
near it is a fine cataract.
IJdkoping, a town of Sweden, in W
Gothland, on the s side of the lake Weuer,
at the iniiux of the Lida, 12 m nw Skara,
and 68 >E Gothenburg.
Liebemcald, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Middle mark, near wliich the Finow
cunal begins, that unites the rivers Oder,
l-'inow, and Havel. It is seated on the
Havel, 25 m n Berlin.
Lkbenuerda, a town of tlie duchy of
Saxony, with a castle, seated on the Elster,
24 m xxw Dresden.
Lkhenzell, a town of Wirtemberg, near
which is the bath of Zell. It is 17 m
wbyN Stutgard.
Lkberoxe, a town of Lusatia, with a
castle, seated on the Spreewald, 20 ra w
Guhen.
Lkbstadt, a town of W Prussia, with a
castle, 45 m Ebys Marienburg.
Liege, a territory of the iSetheilands,
lately a bishopric ; bounded on the n by
Brabant anri Upper Gelderland, e by Juli-
crs and Limburg, s by Luxemburg and the
Ardennes, and w by llainault, Namur,
and Brabant. It is fertile in corn and
fruit, has mines of iron, lead, and coal,
and quarries of marble.
Liege, a strong city, capital of the above
territory. Here the river Meusc divides
into three branches, which pass through
the city under several bridges, and after-
ward unite. Liege is 4 m in circuit, and
has 16 gates ; it lias also 10 large suburbs,
in which and the city are a great number
of churches and religious houses. The
cathedral contains many relics; and the
other public structures are the castle, the
palace, the councilhouse, the townhouse,
and the arsenal: here is also a famous
university, and a convent of nuns. At this
place is made a great quantity of fire-arms
and nails, also cloth, leather, glass, clocks^
LIE
hardware, and earthen ware ; and the vici-
nity produces much coal, iron, alum, and
tobacco. In 1734, a fire happened here,
■which consumed the bishop's palace, with
all the furniture and writings. In 1792,
the Frencli took this citj ; they were driven
thence in 179o, but entered it again, after
a short resistance, in 1794. Liege is CO
m wsw Cologne. Lon. 5 35 e, lat. 50
38 N.
Lieoo-tchcou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Quang-tong. Its territories border
on the gulf and kingdom of Tonquln, from
which last it is separated by inaccessible
mountains. It is seated near the mouth of
the Lien-kiang, which forms a convenient
harbour for barks, 285 m wsw Canton.
Lon. 108 39 E, lat. 21 40 N.
Licou-kieau, or Loo-choo, the general
name of 36 islands in the China sea, lying
between Formosa and Japan, which form
a kingdom- The king is tributary to China.
Each island has a particular name; the
principal one, called Loo-choo, is 00 m
long and 10 broad, but the others are in-
considerable. The inhabitants are civilized,
and of a raUd, gay, aifabie, li05p:tal)le, and
temperate disposition ; but very timorous,
and naturally suspicious of foreigners.
Their manners partake more of the Japa-
nese than Chinese character, though many
of the higher classes are educated in China.
Some of the customs of that country are
adopted ; but polygamy is not admitted ;
even the king has only one wife, but the
law permits him to have eight concubines.
The articles cultivated are the sugar-cane,
tobacco, rice, wheat, maize, millet, and a
variety of vegetables. The other products
are sulphur, copper, tin, coral, mother of
pearl, tortoise and other shells, and whet-
Stones, which are in great request both in
China and Japan. The inhabitants trade
to those countries by way of barter, and
seem indifferent about foreign commodities,
had they money to purchase them. The
chief place of trade is Napa-kiang, at the
sw point of the principal island ; but Kin-
tching is the capital.
Lieou-tcheou, a city of China, of the
first rank, in Quang-see. It is situate on
a river, in a hilly and well-watered district,
275 m WNw Canton. Lon. 108 47 e, lat.
24 12 N.
Liere, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, which has a great trade in cattle,
manufactures of cotton and woollen, and
distilleries and breweries to a great extent.
It is seated at the junction of the Great
and Little Nethes, 10 m se Antwerp.
X,ieslieni/ioeck, a fortress of the Nether-
lands, in Flanders, on the w side of the
Scheld, above Fort LiUo,^ 7 m kw An-
twerp, iijtai ,iiiob oaLtj ^Ait^a bi:
LIG
Liesie, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aisnc, famous for an image of the
virgin Mary, to which pilgrims resort. , It
is 6 m E Leon.
Lijfei/, a rapid river of Ireland, which
rises in the mountains of Wicklow, flows w
into Kildare, where it has a cataract near
Leixslip, and then turning ne passes
thi'ougli the county of Dublin, by the city
of that name, and enters the Irish sea. It
has another fall immediately before reach-
ing the city, to which it is navigable for
large vessels by aid of the tide. Though
the distance from its source to its mouth
does not exceed 10 m, its course is about
71; but above the city, its shallows and
rapids render it useless for inland navi-
gation.
Lifford, a borough of Irehmd, capital
of Donegal county, situate on the Foyle,
which is here formed by the union of the
Mouine and Fin. It is 13 m sby w Lon-
donderry, and 126 knw Dublin. Lon.
7 52 w, lat. 54 48 n.
Lignac, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre, 11 m se Blanc, and 14
sw Argentan. ;
Ligne, a town of the Nethei-lands, in
Kainault, on the river Dender, 12 m nw
?vIons.
Legnerolles, a town of France, in the
department of Allier, 4ms Montluzon.
Ligniwes, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cher, with a collegiate church
and a castle, 24 in ssw Bourges.
Lignitz, a fortified to rvn of Silesia, car-
pital of a principality. The castle is sur-
rounded by a distinct moat and wall ; and
the councilh.ouse, with its public library,
is a stately edifice. The Lutherans have
two churches. The papists have the col-
legiate church, to which adjoins the superb
burial chapel of the princes of Lignitz and
Brieg; they have also a magnificent col-
lege and other religious foundations. Here
is a spacious academy for the education of
the sons of Silesiau gentlemen, of both
religions. Lignitz has a considerable trade
in cloth and madder, and stands at th»
conflux of the Katzbach and Schwartz-
wasser, 32 ra s Glogavv. Lou. 16 16 e,
lat. 51 11 1^. . i
Ligny, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Meuse, with a castle, and a col-
legiate church ; seated on the Orney, 8 m
SE Bar le Due. . "''
Ligor, a seaport of the Malaya penin-^r;
sula, capital of a kingdom. The chief
trade is in tin, rice, and pepper. It ia.
seated on the ne coast, 150 m N Qae4ai':^
Lon, 99 25 e, lat, 8 20 >f, ■ 'I
Ligueil, a town of France, in the de- .
partment of Indre and Loire, 2S ra sss
LIM
JJguria ; see Getioa.
Lilienlluil, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the ducliy of Bremen, on the isiver Warp,
10 m NNE Bremen.
Lille, a strone; city of Franco, in tlie
department of Nord, and oiu; of the moht
commercial and best built in Franco. The
population (J5,00U. Its citadel is supposed
to be the stronoest in Europe, next tt) that
of Turin. The streets and squares are
adorned with noble buildiiifis ; and amoni;;
the public structures are the exchansie, a
niaiiaziue of vast extent, a theatre, and a
general hospital. Here are manufactiu'cs
of all sorts, but the principal are camlets,
serges, and other woollen stufts ; and its
trade is extensive. Lille was taken liy tlie
allies, after three months siege, in 1708 ;
but was restored by the treaty of Utrecht,
in 1713, in consideration of the demolition
of the fortifications of Dunkirk. In 1792,
it sustained a severe bombardment from
the Ausrrians. It is seated in a rich and
marshy soil, on the Deule, 130 m n by e
Paris. Lon. 3 4 e, lat. 50 38 N.
Li/lcrst, a town of France, in the depart-
raent of Fas de (Calais, seated on ilie Na-
vez, 17 m nkw Arras.
hillo, a fort and villai^e of the Nether-
lands, in Brabant, on the e side of the
Scheld, 9 m nnw Antwerp. Ihe fort was
taken, in 1793, by the French, who soon
after evacuated it; but they retook it in
1794.
Limn, the principal audience of Peru ;
bounded on the n by Quito, e by the An-
des, s by the audience of Charcas, and w
by the Pacitic ocean.
Lima, the capital of Peru, and an arch-
bishop's see, \\ ith a university. Li 1534,
Pizarro, marciiinfi; throii;ih the country,
was struck with the beauty of the extensive
valley of Rimac ; and theie, on a river of
the same name, at the distance of d m from
Callao, he founded a city, and ga^e it ihe
name of Ciudad de los Reyes, or City of
the Kiiii^s. This Spanish name it retains
in all leual deeds, but is better known to
foreigners by that of Lima, a corruption of
the appellation of the valley in which it
stands. Lima is of a triangular form, and
surrounded by a brick wall, flanked with
bastions, in which arc seven gates. The
base, or longest side, extends 2 m along
the bank of tiie river, and from the base to
die opposite angle it is a mile and tliree
•quarters. It is, like most other towns
founded by the Spaniards, laid out in
squares of 450 feet each way, with streets
of a proportional width crossing each other
at right angles. The houses are generally
only one story high, and the roofs covered
with coarse linen cloth, or only with reeds,
for it seldom rains here : but the rich in-
MJM
habitants cover theirs with fine mats, or
beautiful cotton cloths ; and there are
trees planted round them to keep off the
heat of the sun. What the houses want in
height they have ii\ extent, for some of
them have 10 or 1'2 large apartments on
the ground floor. The cathedral, churches,
and convents, are cxtreuiely rich; and
many images of the saints are ol" gold,
adorned with jewels. Here are the courts
of the viceroy, the 'archbishop, the inqui-
sition, the crusado, and the wdls ; also a
royal mint. A fine bridge extends over
the river to a suburb, culled St. Lazazo,
which is neatly built like the city. Here
is a delightful public v.alk, shaded with
groves of orange trees; also a large theatre,
for the exhibition of buUriights. '1 he river
forms canals in the streets, which run to
most of the houses, and serve to water the
gardens, &c. Lima is the general staph;
of Peru ; for all the provinces remit hither
their products and manufactures, and are
supplied hence with the necessary commo-
dities. 1 he wealth of the provinces is
principally embarked on the fleet, which,
at the time of the galleons, sails from Cai-
lao (the port of Lima) to Panama; but its
commerce with the other parts of N and S
America is very considerable. Earth-
quakes are frequent, and some have done
the city much damage ; particularly that
in 1746, by which Callao was destroyed.
The inhabitants, estimated at 54,000, are
rich and very debauched ; yet are ex-
tremely superstitious, and have a strong
belief in the power of charms. About 2 m
from the city is an extensive manufacture
of gunpowder, which is deemed the best in
the world ; and the whole of its ingredients
are found here in great abundance. Lima
is 850 m sby£ Quito. Lon. 76 58 w, lat.
12 2 s.
Limule, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, seated on the Dyle, 13 m su
Brussels.
Limuvady ; see Newtown Liiiiavadi/.
Limbui-g, a ducliy and province of the
Netherlands, 42 m long and SO broad ;
bounded on the n by the duchy of Juliers,
E by the same and the territory of Treves,
and s and w by the territory ot Liege. It
has good arable ground, abounds in a fine
breed of cattle, and contains mines of iron
and lead. Ihe n part of it fijrmeily be-
longed to the Dutch, and the s to the house
of Austria.
Limburg, the capital of the above duchy,
with a castle built of marble. Here is a
manufacture of woollen cloths, and it is
famous for excellent cheese. Near it are
many quarries oi'dilVerent kinds of marble,
and good mines of calamine and coal.
Limburg was taken by the allies in 1703,
aad ceded to Austria by the treaty of Ba-
• den, hut the fortifications were destroyed.
The Frencli to()k possession of it in 1794.
It is seated on a mountain, near the river
' Wese, 20 m E Liege. Lon. 6 3 k, lat. 50
88 N.
,s-.il Limburg, a town of Germany, in the
i'tftrritory of Treves, with a fine cathedral.
The Austrians defeated the French on the
heights near this place, in 1796. It is
seated on the Lahn, 2(5 m Nw Francfort.
Limekilns, a town of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, on the coast of tlie Forth, with a
. good tide harhour tor small vessels, and
;• ah extensive trade in lime and coal. It is
'''S m sw Dunfennlin.
tt>:' Limerick,' a county of Ireland, in the
''■province of Minister, 48 m long and 23
broad ; hounded on the n by Clare, from
which it is separated by the Shannon, e
by Tipperary, s by (^ork, and w by Kerry.
It is divided into 12(3 parishes, contains
about 170,000 inhabitants, and sends three
members to
parliament. It is a fertile
country, though the sw part is mountain-
ous, and produces abundance of cider.
Limerick, a city, capital of the above
county, and genetally considered as the
capital of the province of Munster. It was
formerly well fortitied, and reckoned tlie
second city in Irehmd, but at present has
lost its rank ; not because it flourishes less,
but because Cork flourisiies more. Lime-
rick is a county of itself, and a bishop's
see with Ardfert and Aghadoe annexed.
It is composed of the Irish and Enghsh
town ; the latter standing on kings island,
formed by tlie river Shannon, which here
admits vessels of 500 tons to the quays ;
and the two towns are united by a stately
bridge. Between Irishtown and the river
a new quarter has been erected by lord
Perry, and called after his name; the streets
are spacious and reaular, and it is the
favorite residence of opulence. The in-
habitants are upward of 50,000; and it
sends a member to parliament. The linen,
woollen, and paper manufactures, are car-
ried on to a great extent; and tiie export
of provisions is considerable. Beside the
cathedral and other churches, here are
some handsome public structures. King
William was obliged to raise the siege of
this city in 1690; but in 1691 t!ie garrisou
surrendered on a very honorable capitu-
lation. It is 46 ra SSK Galway, and 112
vv'sw Dublin. Lon. 8 58 w, lat. 52 35 x.
Limestone, or MaijsvUle, a town of Ken-
tucky, in Mason county, on the river Ohio,
at the influx of Limestone creek. This is
a trading place; and here the champaign
country o;i the eastern side of the river
begins. It is 7 m n by e of the town of
Washington, 70 ke Frankfort, and 500 by
LIN
the river below Pittaburg. Lon. 83 28 w,
lat. 38 25 N.
Limeuil, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Dordogne, on the river Dor-
dogne, 20 m s Perigueux.
Limmat, a river of Switzerland, formed
by the junction of the Mat and tiie Linth;
the former issuing from the w extremitj;' of
the lake Wallenstadt, and the latter flow-
ing from the s. The Limmat flows nw,
passes through the lake of Zurich, and
unites with the Aar, below Baden.
Limne, or Limpne, a village in Kent,
3 m sw Hithe. It was Ibrmeriy a port till
choked up by sands, and its castle is con-
verted into a farmhouse. Though now a
poor place, it has the horn and mace, and
other tokens left of its ancient grandeur.
The Ilomaii road from Canterbury, called
Stane-street, ended here.
Liinociro, a town of Brasil, in Pernam-
buco, with a considerable interior trade;
situate on the Capibaribe, 60 lu wnw Per-
nambuco.
Limoges, a city of France, capital of the
department of Upoer Vieniie, and a bi-
shop's see. It is a trading place, and the
population 20,000. It stands on the Vi-
eniie, 50 in NE Perigueux, and 110 e Bour-
deaux. Lon. 1 26 e, lat. 45 50 n.
Limosin, an old province of France,
bou-.ided on the n by Marche, e by Au-
vergne, s by Quercy, and w by Periaord
and Augoumois. It has forests of chest-
nut-trees, mines of lead, copper, tin, and
iron, and abounds in cattle and horses.
It now forms the department of Upper
V'ienne.
Limoux, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aude, with a manufacture of
cloth; seated on the Aude, 37 ni wbys
iS'arhonne, and 50 se Toulouse.
Limsul, a town of Cyprus, and a bishop's
see. It is surrounded by nmlberry gar-
dens and vineyards, and the best wine in
the island is made about this place. It is
situate near the s coast, 60 m sw Nicosia.
Lon. 32 30 E, lat. 34 38 N.
Linares, a town of Spain, in Andidusia,
22 m ^.^E Jaen.
Linares, a town of New Spain, in New
LecMi, 40 m f. bys Monterey.
Lincoln, a town of Kentucky, in Mercer
county, on the e side of Dick river, a
branch of the Kentucky, 12 ni se l.^anville.
Lincoln, a city and the capital of Lin-
colnshire, with a market on Iriday. It is
seated on the top and side of a steep hill,
and on tiie river Witliuin, wiiich here di-
vides into three streams. It had formerly
50 churches, now reduced to 11, beside
the cathedral ; aiul is a bishop's see, the
largest diocese in England. The popula-
tion was 8301 ia 1811. Tho cathedral,
LIN
■which is lareie, stands on the brow of the
hill, and is admiied for its ricli and light
arcliitecturc. The ruins of the castle are
veneriibic pieces of antiquity; and the re-
mains of I'eligious houtes are so numerous,
that the very barns, stables, fee. are huiit
with arched doors and windo-.vs. New-
port Gate, on the n side of the ci'ty, still
remains, and is one of the noblest rem-
nants of Roman architecture left in Bri-
tain. Upon the plain, without this gate,
was fouglit the famous battle between the
partizans of empress Maud and king Ste-
phen, in which that prince was defeated
and taken prisoner. Lincoln and its liberty
is a county of itself, governed by a mayor.
The chief trade is in coal, brought by the
Trent and Fossdike; nnrl (nits and wool,
which are scut by theWitham. Here is a
small manuuicture of camlets. It is 32 m
UE Nottingham, and 131 N London. Lon.
0 25 w, lat". 53 15 ^.
Lincolnshire, a county of Enghind,
bounded on the N by the Ilumber, which
divides it from Yorkshire, E by the Ger-
man ocean, se by the Wash and Norfolk,
s by Cambridgeshire and Northampton-
shire, sw by Rutlandshire, ar.d w by the
counties of Leicester and Nottingham. It
is 77 m long and 45 broad, containing
1,783,680 acres ; is divided into CO hun-
dreds, andGSO parishes ; has one city" and
31 market towns ; and sends 12 mem-
bers to parliament. The pcipulation was
237,891 in 1811. The coast is flat, and
at low water may be seen the SLibmaiine
relics of a forest, which is a great natural
curiosity. The principal rivers are the
Humher, Trent, Witham, Wetland, and
Ancolm. This county is divided into three
districts, called Ilollaiid, Kesteven, and
Lindsey. The fn-st, which lies in the^ se
part, consists of fens and marslies; some
in a state of nature, others cur by drains'
and canals, and crossed by causeways,
and some kept from constant inundations
by vast banks. The fens, in their native
state, produce vast quantities of reeds,
which are annually harvested for thatch :
the drained parts form excellent pasture
land, and some even yield lariie crops of
corn. Prodigious quantities ot geese ai-e
bred in this district; and here are many
decoys for wild ducks, teals, wijicon, and
other fowls of the duck kind. Kesteven
contains the w part of the county, from
the middle to the s extremity: it includes
part of the fens ; but the air is more salu-
brious than the district of Holland, and
the soil more fruitful. Lindsey, the largest
district and most elevated part, includes
all the county that lies n ot Lincoln, and
the Fossdike, which Henry i cut between
the Withain and the Trent. In the nw
LIN
part, the rivers Trent, Dime, and Idle,
form an island, called Axludm, which is a
rich tract, and produces much flax. To
the NE is a large tract of heathy land,
called the Wolds, in which ^reat flocks of
sheep are bred. The cattle of this county,
and the horses and sheep, are all of the
largest breed.
Lincohiton, a town of N Carolina, chief
of Lincoln county. It is 33 m Ebys Mor-
ganton, and 35 w Salisbury.
Linduu, a city of Suabia, with a castle
and a wall, deemed to be Roman works.
It is a trading place, seated on an island
of the lake of Constance, joined to the
mainland by a hmg bridge, 22 m ese
Constance, and 75 sw Augsburg. Lon. 9
41 F, lat. 47 32 N.
Lindau, a town and castle of Upper
Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt-
Zerbst, 5 m x Zerbst.
Lindau, or Lendow, a town of Bran-
denburg, in the Middle mark, 5 m nk
Ruppiu.
Linde, a town of Sweden, in Westma-
nia, near which is a mineral spring, 46 m
w Westeras.
T^indeness; see Naze.
Lindenfel^, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, 14 m i^NE Man-
heim.
JJndKfctrnc ; see Holij Island.
Lingcn, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Munster, capital of a coan-
ty. Here are churches for the three prin-
cipal religi( ns, and a celebrated Calvinist
academy. It was formerly fortified, but
is now barely surrounded by a ditch; and
a little to the n of it is a passage over the
Ems, called the Lingen Ferry. It is seated
on the Ems, 48 m nkw Munster. I. on. 7
25 E, lat. 52 32 N.
I^i7i-kiang, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Kiang-si. It is thinly inhabited ;
but is of note on account of one of its vil-
lages being the general mart for all the
drugs sold in the empire. It is seated on
the Yu-ho, 410 m Nbyc Canton. Lon.
115 0 E, lat. 27 58 x.
Linkoping, a town of Sweden, capital
of E Gothland, and a bishop's see, with a
castle. It is not half the size of Nord-
koping, but the streets are more regular,
and the houses more elegant. Here are
two large and splendid churches; and
near the principal one is a magnificent
theatre, it is situate on the river Stang,
near the lake Roxen, 24 m sw Nord-
kopiug. Lon. 15 40 e, lat. 58 25 N.
Linlithgow, a borough of Scotland, ca-
pital of Linlithgowshire, seated on a rising
ground, overlooking a lake at its e end.
The chief manufacture is leather and shoes;
the woollen trade and bleaching business
LIN
are also carried on. Here the kines of
Scotland bad one- of their noblest palaces,
now in ruins; but tlie room is still shown
in which queen IMary was born. The po-
pulation was 4022 in 1311. It is 17 m w
Edinbnrg. Lon. 3 S3 w, lat. 56 0 k.
L niilhiitncshire, or West Lothian, a
count}' of Scotland, 20 m loner ai\ri 12
broad; bounded on tl»e N by the frith of
Forth, SE by Edinburisshire, sw by Laiierk-
shire, and nw by Stirlingshire. It is di-
vided into 13 parishes. The population
was 19,451 in 1811. It sen?) s one mem-
ber to parliament. The surface is fmely
diversihed with hill and dale; and the
chief riveis are the Avon and Amond. It
is fertile in corn and pasture, and produces
coal, iron, limestone, and lead.
Liiine, a town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Cologne, seated near the Ivhinej
35 m Kxw Coloiine.
Linnhe, Loe/i, an arm of the sea, on
the w coast of Scotland, which separates.
Jit its northern parts, the counties of Ar-
gyle and Inverness. It extends in a ke
direction from the sound of Mull to Fort
William, wliere it takes a westerly direc-
tion, and acquires the name of Loch F,d.
Another branch, in an easterly direction,
^is called I.och Leven. This lake is bound-
ed on each side by lofty hills. The island
of Li-smorc lies at its entrance, and the
Caleiloniaa canal commences at its N ex-
tremity.
Lc)iinc/i, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Juliers, on the river lloer, 5 m
KXW Juliers.
Linosa, an island in the Mediterranean,
on the coast of Tunis, near that of Lampe-
dosa. It is 12 ni in circuit. Lon. 12 30
E, lat. 36 50 N.
LinsrUes, a village of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, 5 m n Lille. Here, in 1794,
the French o;a;ned a bloody battle over
the allies, but chiefly the English, com-
manded by the duke of York.
Lin-tcin, a city of China, of the second
rank, in Chan-tong. Here is an octagonal
tower, divided into eiiiht stories, the walls
of which are covered on the outside with
porcelain. It is seated on the Great
canal, 187 m s Peking. Lon. 115 31 e,
lat. 36 56 N.
Linton, a town in Cambridgeshire, with
a market on Thursday ; seated on the side
of a chalk hill, by theriver Granton, 12 ra
5E Cambridge, and 43 x byE London.
Linton, a town of Scotland, in Peebles-
shire, on the river Lyne, 12 m i\w Peebles,
and 15 ssw Ediuburs;.
Lmtz, the capital of Upper Austria,
with two castles, the one upon a hill, and
the other below it. Here is a hall in which
LIP
the states assemble, a bridge over the Da*
nube, and an imperial woollen manufac-
ture; also manufactures of unnpowder,
leather, and lookinnj-glasses. 'Ihe FrencK
became masters of it in 1741, and aL'ain in
1800. It is seated on the rjijlit bank of
the Danube, a little above the inliux of
tlie Traun, 96 in w Vienna. Lon. 14 16
E, lat. 43 21 M.
Lintz, a town and citadel of Germany,
in the territory of Cologne, seate.l on th»
IMiine, 23 m s-^e Coloi'ne.
Limcnod, a village of Scotland, in Ren-
frewshire, 3 in w>iw Paisley, with an ex-
tensive cotton manufacture.
Lipari, the largest and most fertile of
the Lipari islands, about 15 m in circuit.
It has not suffered fi-om subterraneous
fires for a-zes past, though it G\^i\-y \vher«
bears the marks of its former vulcanic
state. It abounds with the currant lii ape-
cotton also grows here ; and great q'ianti-
ties of sulphur and punrce are exported.
It has a town of the Mune name, whuli is a
bishop's see, and defended by a castle oa
a high rock of lava that rises perpendicular
from the sea. It stands on the -^i side of
the island, 26 m xxr. Palti, in Sicily. Lon.
15 30 F, lat. 38 35 x.
Lipari hliinds, a cluster of islands in
the Mediterranean, which lie to the n of
Sicily. They are all of volcanic origin,
were feiened to be the residence ol .'Eoiu*
and Vulcan, and iormerly called /Eolmn
Islands. They are 12 in nundier ; and
nearly as follows in the order of their size;
Lipari, Stromboli, V'ulcano, Salini, Feli—
cudi, Alicudi, Panaria, Vulcaiiello, N'ache-
luse, Lisca, Dattolo, and Tda iSavi. Thej
afford great quantities of ahnn, sulphur,
nitre, cinnabar, puuiice, &c. and produce
most kinds of fruit, particularly raisins,
currants, and figs. Some of their wines
are much esteemed, particularly the Mal-
vasia.
Lipesk, a town of Russia, in thegnvern-
ment of Tombof It has a foundery for
cannon, and other iron works, and is seated
on the Voror.etz, 85 m vv Tombot'. Lon.
39 50 E, lat. 52 40 N.
Lipno, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Ploczko, 33 m Nxw Ploczko.
Lipouree, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Cracow, 22 m w Cracow.
i/y)/;tf, a town of Hungary, with a castl*
on a mountain, by the river Maros, 37 ra
XE Teir.eswar.
Lippe, a river of Westphalia, which
flows %v by Paderborn, Lippstadt, Ham^
and Dorsten, and joins the Ilhiue above
Wesel.
Lippehne, a town of Brandenburg, ia
the INcw mark, 26 m n Custrin.
2D
LIS
Lippaprivf;, a town of Westphalia, in
the principality of Paderboni, near the
source of tlic Lippe, C m n Paderborn.
Lippstadt, a strong town of Wcstplialia, ^
capital of the county of Lipjie. lu 1632,
■a bloody battle was fouglit licrc between
the Swedes and the Austrians, in which
the king of Sw cdcn and tlie Austrian ge-
neral were both lulled. In 1757 it was
taken by the French, who kept possession
of it 11 months. It has a good trade in
timber for building vessels on the Rhine,
and stands on the Lippe, 18 m w Padcr-
born. Lon. 8 28 e, hit. 51 41 N.
Ligiie, a town of France, -in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, 12 m w St.
Omer.
Liqueo, lAqideux, or Likeo Islands ;
see Lieou-kieou.
Lis, a river that rises in France, in the
department of Pas de Calais, flows by
Aire, St. Venant, and Armeutieres into
Flanders, where it passes by Menin, Cour-
tray, and Deynse, and joins the Scheld at
Ghent.
Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, and the
see of a patriarch and an archbishop, with
a university, and a tribunal of the inquisi-
tion. It is seated on the n side of the
Tajo, 10 m from its mouth, and built on
three hills, 6 m in length, but not broad.
The city is open on all sides ; and tlie only
military defence is a small castle on the
highest ground, in the centre, and some
"batteries on the banks of the river. Some
fragments of the ancient wall, which di-
vided the r. and w parts of the town, still
remain, and now divide the two dioceses ;
the E part under the archbishop, and the
w under the patriarch. The harbour will
contain 1000 ships in the greatest saiisty,
the entrance of which is defended by two
forts ; and before the entrance to the city
is the fort of Belem. Near this is a mag-
nificent aqueduct, 2400 feet in length,
"which conveys water across a deep valley
to a great reservoir at one of the extreuii-
ties of Lisbon. The cathedral is ancient
and gloomy ; but tiie riches of the Portu-
guese have rendered it magnificent. The
royal palace fronts the river; it is large
and magnificent, and contains a library,
collected at vast expense by John v. In
'J70S, pope Clement xi consecrated a cha-
pel in this palace, as a patriarchal church,
and granted it a chapter : it is singularly
magnificent ; and here the patriarch, who
is generally a cardinal, officiates with more
pomp than the pope himself. On the bank
of the river is a large square called Praca
de Commercio, from its being the residence
of a number of merchants, and containing
the exchange, customhouse, and India-
house; and in its centre is an equestrian
LIS
statue of Joseph i. Lisbon was almost
destroyed by an earthquake, in 1755, one
of tlie most fatal ever experienced ; but
the ruined part has been handsomely re-
built. It contains many bcaiitiiul edifices,
40 parish churches, 75 convents of both
sexes, and about 240,000 inhabitants.
There are public walks, several scientific
academies, two theatres, and a circus for
the bull-fights. The trade is very consi-
derable, and many foreign merchants, both
catholic and protestanl, reside here ; this
city being the emporium of all goods
brought from Brasil and the colonies be-
longing to Portugal. In 1807, this city
was entered by the French, who evacuated
it in 1808 after the battle of V^imiera. It
is 178 m wbyK Seville, and 255 sbyw
Madrid. Lon. 9 8 w, lat. 38 42 n._
Lishurn, a borough of Ireland, in An-
trim county, with considerable manufac-
tures of linen cloth, muslin, and cambric.
In 1707 it was consumed by fire, but is
now the second in extent and conmierce in
the county. It sends a member to parHa-
ment, and is seated on the Lagan, 8 m sw
Belfast.
Lisca, oT Lisca Bianca, one of the Li-
pari islands, 3 m sw Stromboli. It is a
small desert spot.
Lisieux, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Calvados, and lately an epis-
copal see. It has a good trade, particularly
in linen cloth, and is seated on the Touque,
12 m from the sea, and 40 sw Rouen.
Lon. 0 14 E, lat. 49 9 n.
Lismore, one of the Hebrides of Scot«
land, at the entrance of Loch Linnhe, on
the coast of Argyleshire. It is a fertile
island, 10 m long and nearly 2 broad, and
was anciently the residence of the bishop
of Argyle. A great part of the cathedral
remains, and the chancel is used as the
parish church.
Lismore, a borough of Ireland, in Wa-
terford county, and a bishop's see united
to VVaterford. On the verge of a rock,
rising perpendicularly from the river, is a
castle,' in which the celebrated Robert
Boyle was born. The cathedral is spacious
and handsome, but the town is now a small
place. It stands on the Blackwater, over
which is a bridge, 30 m >'e Cork, and 38
wsw Waterford.
Lisonzo, a river that rises in the duchy
of Carniola, passes by Gor.z and Gradisca,
crosses Friuli, between Monte Falcone
and Aquiela, and enters the gulf of Ve-
nice.
Lissa, an island in the gulf of Veiiice,
on the coast ofv Dalmatia. Here is a
fishery of pilchards and anchovies, audit
produces excellent wine. It -is 70 m W
Ragusa. Lon. 17 0 e, lat. 42 52 K.
LIT
Lissa, a town of Polanc!, in tlie pala-
tinate of Posnan. In 1707, it was laid
•waste by the Russians; but it has been
rebuilt, with great improvement, and car-
ries on a {;reat trade. It is 50 m w Ka-
lisch. Lon. 16 50 k, lat. 52 0 n.
Lissa, a village of Silesia, on the Weis-
triz, 6 m nw Breslau, where a great vic-
tory was gained by the Prussians over the
Austrians, in 1757.
Listowel, a town of Ireland, in Kerry
county, situate on the Fiale, 18 m ke
Tralee.
Lithaij, a town of Germany, in Carniola,
on the river Save, 15 ni e Laubach.
Lithuania, a country of Europe, for-
merly governed by its grand dukes, but in
1569, united to Poland, under one elective
king. It is 300 m long and 250 broad;
bounded on the s by Volhinia, w by Little
Poland, Polachia, Prussia, and Saraogitia,
N by Couriand and Russia, aad e by Rus-
sia. The principal rivers are the Dnieper,
Dwina, Niemen, Pripet, and Berezina. It
is a flat country, fertile in corn; and pro-
duces honey, wood, pitch, and vast quanti-
ties of wool; also excellent little horses,
which are never shod, their hoofs being
very hard. There are vast forests, in
Avhich are bears, wolves, elks, wild oxen,
lynxes, beavers, wild cats, &c. and eagles
and vultures are very common. In the
forests, large pieces of yellow amber are
frequently dug up. The country swarms
with Jews, who, though numerous in every
part of Poland, seem to have fixed their
head quarters in this duchy; and this,
perhaps, is the only country in Europe
where Jews cultivate the ground. The
peasants are in a state of the most abject
vassalage ; and their ideas, manners, dress,
and actions, are those of the dullest, hea-
viest, and most inanimate description.
The nobility are numerous, some exceed-
ingly rich, but the greater part indigent
and poor; and those who are in low cir-
cumstances serve the richer sorts as pases,
valets, treasurers, &c. The towns in this
country have all a large square in the cen-
tre, from which branches off a number of
dirty lanes. In 1772, empress Catharine
compelled the Poles to cede to her all that
part of Lithuania bordering upon Russia,
including at least one third of the country.
This was erected into the two governments
of Polotsk and Mohilef. In 1793, in con-
junction with the king of Prussia, she ef-
fected another partition of Poland, in con-
sequence of which she extended her domi-
nion over almost the whole of Lithuania.
The capital is Wilna.
Litiz, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lan-
caster county, and a settlement of the
LIV
Moravians, 3 m N Lancaster, aud 66 whys
Philadelphia.
Litschuu, a town and castle of Austria,
on the frontiers of Bohemia, 23 m nw
Horn.
Littau, a town of IMoravia, in the circle
of Olmutz, on the river March, 9 m nnw
Olmutz.
Livudia, a province of Turkey in Eu-
rope, bounded on the n by Thessaly, E by
the Archipelago, s by the gulfs of Engia
and Lepanto, which separate it from Mo-
rea, and w by the Mediterranean. It in-
cludes ancient Greece properly so called,
and the celebrated mountain Parnassus.
The capital is Athens.
Livudia, a city in the above province,
built on the side of a hill, on the site of
the ancient Lebadea, and is now so called
by the modern Greeks. On the top of a
rock is an old castle, part of which serves
as a fortress; and at the bottom is the
cave of Trophonius, the last oracle that
was heard to utter the decrees of fate. The
town contains five mosques and six Greek
churches; and has a great trade in wool,
corn, and rice. It is 68 m k\v Athens.
Lon. 23 20 E, lat. 38 42 N.
IJvenxa, a river of Italy, in the territory
of Venice, which runs on the confmes of
Trevisano and Friuli, and enters the gulf
of V^enice, between the mouth of the Piava
and the town of Caorlo.
Zirt'?Y/i<«, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Meurte, seated on a mountain,
near the river Moselle, 8 m ne Toul.
Liverpool, a borough and seaport of
England, in Lancashire, with a market on
Saturday. In 1565 it contained only 138
inhabitants, and had but one church, which
was a chapel of ease to Walton, a village
3 m off. In 1699, an act passed to make
the town a distinct parish, and erect a new
church ; since which time it has rapidly
advanced in population and trade. 'I he
nuvnber of inhabitants was 91,376 in 1811;
and it is now become, with respect to com-
merce, the second port in the kingdom. It
is seated on the Mersey, and has an ex-
cellent liarbour, formed with great labour
and expense; ships being admitted into
noble wet docks, secured by flood-gates.
Since the completion of the duke of Bridge-
water's canal, several other docks have
been made, which in their construction
and arrangements are superior to any other
port in the kingdom. . The trade of Liver-
pool is general : but the principal branch
IS the American and \Vest Indian trade.
The African, Baltic, and Portugal com-
merce is also very great, as well as that, of
Ireland; many siiips are sent to the East
Indies, aud to the Greenland whale-fishery,
2D'2
LIZ
LLA
and the coasting trade employs a p;reat Cornwall, and the most southern point of
numhtT of vessels. Its docks, both wet land in Kii!;l.ind. On it are two liiihthouses,
and dry, occupy above CO acies : and anci the Liziud Point is in Ion. 5 11 w, lat.
many liood ships are built liere. Hy in- 49 58n.
land navigations, Liverpool has comnmni- Lizie?', St. a town of I'rance, in the de-
cation with the rivers Dee, Kibble, Ouse, partment of Arrie'ie, lately an epi?copal
Trent, I lumber, Severn, and 'I haines. '1 he see. Here is a chapel, which has i)eea
principal manufactures are fine porcelaiiv, famous for the resort of pilgrims. It is
earthen ware, watches, and st<>ckings;
some iilas', iron, soap, salt, suiiar, and
co|:ppras vAorks; many ropi ries, and ujj-
warfl of fiitv breweries Here are seven
seated on the Satat, 50 in SE Audi. Lon,
1 9 1-, lat. 43 0 k.
fjlujuni/i, a town of Wales, in Cardigan-
shire, with a market on Tuesday, 15 m
churciies, h>urcalliolic chapels, numerous EbyN Cardiu;an, and "Z^S w by n London,
jneetinsj-iionses, and a synaiioLue ; also an JJatibeder, a corporate town of Wales,
elegant town-liall, a splendid exchan[:e, a in Cardi<i;anshire, with a market on Satur-
custondiouse, a lyceum,an aihoriai'in, and day, and a considerable trahic in horses,
other institutions for literary and scientific cattle, hogs, salted butter, and tanned and
pursuits. Ihe places of anuisenient are rawhides. It is seated on the Tyvy, over
iiumen us ; aiid here is a most comijlete which is an aucitnt bridge into Carmar-
set of baths for sea-bathing. Among the thenshire, 23 m e Cardigan, and 211
many charitable foundatit us are an infir- wt.yN London.
marv, a fcl'.od iir the blind, almsiiouses jL/w/z^M^, a city of Wales,in Glamorgan-
for tl'.e widows of mariners lost at sea, or shire, though now a very small place, and
decayed seamen, ai.d an asylum for luna- has no market. Ihe cathedral is in part
tics. Liverpool is 48 m s Lancaster, and a ruin, but serves for the parish church.
20'2 ^w London. Lon. 3 0 w, lat. 53 Great quantities of vegetables are sent
22 N. hence to Mertbyr Tudfyi and other places.
Livcipool, a town of Nova Scotia, in It is seated mi the river Taff, 2 m wnw
Queen county, at the mouth of a river of Cardiff, and 1G3 w London,
its name, and the head of a bay, which Llunddtzci, a village of Wales, in Car-
affords good anchoracre for large ships. At
the ertrance of the bay lies Cothn island,
on which is a lightiiouse. '! he town is
substantially built, and the hfuises cliiefly
ofwood. It is 70 m sw Halifax. Lou.
64 40 w, lat. 44 4 N.
lAvltigiton, a town of New York, in
Columbia county, en the e side of the
nigaur^hire, on the s bank of the Brefi,
7 m ]SE Llanbeder. It is famous for the
synod held here, in 519, where St. David
preached against the Pelagian heresy; and
it has a spacious church. A clerical semi-
nary is building' here.
Llandilo, a town of Wales, in Carmar-
thenshire, wilh a market en Saturday, and
Hudson, at the influx of a river of its name, a manufacture of flannel. ^N ear it is the
11 ms Hudson, pictorescjUe remain of Djnevor castle,
Livonia, a province of Russia, whicli, celebrated us the halntation of the native
\vith that of Esthonia, lias been recipro- princes of Wales. It is seated on the side
cally claimed and po>sessed by Russia, of a hill, by the river 'Jowy, 15 m e Car-
Sweden, and Poland. It was finally wrested
from tlie Swedes, and conlirmed to the Rus-
sians by the peace of Nystadr, in 1721.
It now I'crms the govermnent of Riga, or
Livoniii, whicii is 250 ni long and 150
broarl ; bounded on the ]y by Esthoiiia, k
by P.-.kof, s by Polotsk and Poland, and w
martiiun, and 205 wbyx London.
LUiidocery, a town of Wales, in Car-
marthenshire, with a market on Saturday.
Here are the remains of a castle, on an in-
sulated rock of some elevation, without
any thing of a rocky nature near it, or
any risinii ground. It is seated near the
by the gulf of Livonia. 'i!ie land is so Towy, 20 m ene Carmarthen, and 191
fertile in corn that it is called the granar v wbvN London.
Llundiji.fl, a town of Wales, in Cardi-
t) ttne liortii ; and it wou^a produce a great
deal more, if it were not so full of lakes
and forests. In the forests are wolves,
bears, elks, reindeer, stags, and hares.
The domestic animals are numerous ; but
the sheep bear very bad wool. The prin-
cipal articles of export are fla:;, hemp, 15 m wxw Beaumaris, and
housy, wax, leather, skins, and potash. London.
The capital is Riga. Llunel/j/, a town of Wales, in Carmar-
Livorno; i^ee Leghorn. thenshire, with a market on Wednesday,
Lizard, a peninsula on the s coast of and a trade in coal and tinned iron plates ;
gauslnrc, with a market on Thursday;
situate on the Tyvy, 15 m ese Cardigan^
and 225 kkw London.
LIuiurc/ti/itiedd, a town of Wales, in
Anglesey, with a market on Wednesday,
i6Q NW
LLA
seated on the Biirrv, a creek of tlic Bristol
channel, 16 sse Carmarthen, and 2'i2
w by N London.
Llanfair, a town of Wales, in I\Ionto;o-
mervshire, with a market on Satnrd.iy;
seated on the Vyinwy, 12 ni nw Montgo-
mery and 130 London.
LlnnfyUin, a corporate town of Wales,
in Mon'ti;o;nerybhire, witli a market on
Thursday; sca^^ed in a flat, amoni^ bills,
near the river Cane, 15 m x by w Montgo-
mery, and 186 nw London.
Llaiigador, a town of Waie=, in Carmar-
thenshire, with a market on Tiiar.sday, 13
ra EbyN Carmarthen, and 195 wbyx
London.
Ltungolkn, a town of Wales, in Tien-
bigiishire, with a market on Saturday.
Near it, on a steep mountain, are the re-
mains of Castle Dinas, once astrong place;
and about '2 m distant is Vaiie Crucis, an
abbey, one of the finest pieces of antiquity
in Wales. The town stands on the Dee,
over which is an ancient bridge, 11 m ssw
Wrexham, and 192 nw London.
Llanidloefi, a town of Wales, in Montgo-
merysliire, with a market on Saturday;
seated on the Severn, 18 m sw rduntj^o-
raery, and 188 v.'xw Loudon.
Llanos, the largest province of New
Grana la. ,Its limits are not accurately
defined, but it is from 500 to 900 m in
length, and from SOO to 500 in breadth;
bounded on the x by Merida and Varinas,
E by Guayana, s by Amazonia, and \v by
Popayan and St. Fe. Tiic interior is also
little known, but it consists of immense
llanos, or plains, some of tiieui extending
more than 400 ni in length, and on which
numerous herds of cattle are fed. Several
_fine streams flow fron\ the Andes on the w
through these plains to the Oriiioco, and
are the means of transporting the products
of New Granada to Guayana and C'aracas.
The chief place is St. Junn de los Llauos.
Llunrzcsi, a town of Wales, in Dtubigh-
shiirc, with -si market on Tuesday, it is
the center of the business of the vale of
Conway, and stands on the Conway, over
which is a bridge into Carnarvonsliire, 15
m wsw Denbigh, and 226 nw London.
LUmstephan, a village of Wales, 10 m
ssw Carmarthen, near the mouth of the
Towy; noted for the remains of its castle
on the summit of a bcld liili, whose base is
washed by the sea.
Lianlrisiieni, a corporate town of WViCS,
in Glamorganshire, with a market on Fri-
day. It had a castle, which is nearly
destroyed. It is 12 m n w CarditY, and 17 1
w London.
Llain/niyntch, a village in Shropshire,
5 m sby w Oswestry, on the river Virnwy,
and borders of Montaomervsliire. It is
LOA
noted fur excellent lime, the produce of a
neiiihbouring iiiU,
Ltuugharn, a corporate town of Wales,
in Carmarthenshire, vviih a market on Fri-
day. It stands at the n)outh of the Tovvv,
where, on a low i-(>ck, are the ruins ol" aa
ancient castle ; and (m the other side liie
river are the resnains of that of Llanste-
phan. Llauizharn isl2ni sw Carmarthen,
and 245 wby^' London."
Llerena ; see Lcrena.
Lloret, a town of Spairi,in Cat.iloiiia, on
the SE coast, 20 m ne Mataro.
Llonghor, a corporate town of Wales,
In Glamorg.uishire, with the ruin of a castle
on a mount. It has a considerable ir.ide
in coal, but !io regular market; and stands
at the mouth of a river of its name, over
which is a ferry into Carmarth.enshire, Yni
WNW Sw-ansea, ami 213 w Lotiddi.
Lo, St. a town of France, in the depart-
ment ofMaiiche, with a citadel, and iiiar.u-
factures of serges, shalloons, ribands, and
g(dd and silver lace ; seated on the Vire,
12 m E Coutances, and 125 wbyN
Paris.
J^onndd, a town of Congo, capital of
Angola, and a bishop's see, with a fort,
belonging to the Portuguese. It stands on
the Atlantic, and has a good harbour
formed by the island of Loanda, 18 m in
length, lying a little off the coast. The
town is large and handsoine, couniJeririg
the country, containing liOOO houses, built
of stone, and covered with tJJes. Beside
these, there are a vast number of huts
made of stravv and earth. The chief traiiic
is in slaves, it is 260 m ssw St. Salva-
dor. Lon. 13 15 E, hit. 8 40 §.
Louiigo, a kingrlom of Congo, bounded
on the ]< by Gabon, e and s by Congo
Proper, and w by the Atlantic. 'Ihe land
is so fruitful that it yields three crops of
millet in a year ; and there are a great
number of pahu-lrees, from which oil and
wine are matle. The nien arc bia'ck, well-
made, mild, and tractable, but naturally
indulint. The v^onien cultivate the ground,
sow, and get in the harvest.
Loungo, the capital of the above king-
dom, situate at the mouth of the Qui 11a,
in a bay iliat aiYords good ancliorago. The
streets arc wide, and iitied with palm-trees,
bananas, and bucavas. The houies are
oblong, and have cmly a ground floor;
separated from each other, and fenced
round with a hedge of palm-twigs, canes,
or bulrushes. Lw the center of the city is
a large square, Irontiug the royal palace,
which forms another squaie, a mile and a
half in compass, sinrounded by a palisado
of stately palm-trees. The prnicipal trade
consists in eleplMKit teeth, palm-oil, copper,
tin, lead, -.ron, ana siaves. it is 230 m
LOG
WNW St. Salvador. Lon. 11 45 e, lat.
-1 15 s.
Loano, or Lorano, a town of tlie duchy
of Genoa, near the sea, 6 ni ssw Finale.
Lobuu, a town of \V Prussia, witli a
castle, where the bishop of Culm resides,
58 m EbyN Culm.
Lobau, a town of Lnsatia, whicli has a
trade in j^ray, striped, and white linens, 13
m w Goilitz.
Lube>ntei?2, a town of the kin>2,dom of
Saxony, in Voigtland, capital of a lord;hip,
with a castle. Great quantities of cloth,
stuiTs, and yarn, are made here. It is
seated on the Lemnitz, 22 m nne Culm-
bach. Lon. 11 52 E, lat. 50 21 n.
Loboa, a town of Spain, in Estrema-
dura, seated on the Guadiana, 22 ni e
Badajoz.
Lobstadt, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, 10 m sse Leipzic.
Lobiirg, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the principality of Magdeburg, 22 m e
Magdeburg.
Locaiut, a town of Piedmont, seated
in a fine valley, on the river Oreo, 25 m s
Aosta.
Locarno, a tow-n of Switzerland, in the
canton of Tesin, capital of a district. It
contains three convents, and a small Fran-
ciscan monastery, on a rock overhanging
the valley, and commanding a view of the
lake Masriore. Locarno was once situate
LOD
J.ochmaben, a borough of Scotland, in
Dumfriesshire, with the ruin of an ancient
castle, on the peninsula of a small lake,
and a manufacture of coarse linen. It is
seated near the Annan, 10 m ^•^'E Dum-
fries, and 55 sbyw Edinbiirg.
.Loi-lita, a seaport of Finland, in E Both-
nia, seated on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia,
90 m s Tornca. 'Lon. 2-1 IG e, lat. CI
20 N.
Locliwinnoch, a town of Scotland, in
Renfrewshire, on a small lake of the same
name, from which issues the river Black
Cart. It has a considerable manufacture
of cotton, and is C ni sw Paisley.
Loc/ii/, Loc/i, a lake of Scotland, in the
sw part of Invernesshire, 12 m long, nearlv
a mile broad, and 70 fathoms deep. From
the NW the waters of Loch Arkek descend
into this lake. Its outlet is tlie river Lochy,
which, about a mile below, receives the
Spian, and then flows by the ancient castle
of Inverlochy into the head of Loch Linnhe,
near Fort William.
Lockartibing, a town of Pennsylvania,
in Luzerne comity, situate in the point
formed by the conflux of the Tioga with
the Susquehana, GO m nw Wilkesbarre.
Lockenitz, a town and castle of Bran-
denburg, in the Ucker mark, on the river
llando, 20 m ne Prenzlo.
Lockerby, a town of Scotland, in Dum-
friesshire,with a trade in linen and woollen
on the lake, and had a port capable of cloth ; seated near the Annan, 12 m EbyN
rcceiving large barks; but now it stands Dumfries.
at the distance of a quarter of a mile,
owing to the accumulation of sand brought
down by the torrent Magia. It is 9 m sw
Bellinzona, and 5G xbyw Milan. Lon.
8 51 E, lat. 46 10 N.
Locco, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Citra, situate oil the Pescara, 10 m n
Solmona.
Lochcaron, a town of Scotland, in Ptos-
shire, on the river Caron, near its mouth
in Loch Caron, an arm of the Atlantic
ocean, 4G m wbys Dingwall.
Lochem, a town of the Netherlands, in
Gelderland, seated on the Borkel, 10 in e
Zutphen.
Locke?- Moss, a morass of Scotland, in
Duinfriesshirc, 12 m long and 3 broad,
extending down by Dumfries to Solway
Erith. Here oak," fir, birch, and hazel
trees, also anchors, pieces of vessels, &c.
have been dug up.
Loclies, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indrc and Loire, with a strong
castle on a rock. In the collegiate church
is the tomb of Agnes Sorel, mistress of
Charles vii, to whose patriotic exhorta-
tions that monarch owed almost all his
glory. Loclies is seated on the Indre, near a
forest, 15 m s Amboisc, and 20 se Tours.
Lode, a town of Switzerland, in an ele-
vated valley of the same name, in the
canton of JNTeuchatel, famons for watch-
makers, laceweavers, goldsmiths, cutlers,
and enamellers. It is 9 m >w Neu-
chatel.
Loddon, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Friday, o m se Norwich, and
112 KE London.
Lodexan, a district of Italy, in ^lilanese,
very fertile and populous, and noted for its
cheeses. Lodi is the capital.
Lodeve, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Herault, and lately a bishop's see.
Here are manufactures of silk-stuffs, hats,
and of cloth for the army. It is seated on
the Logue, J50 m why n Montpelier. Lon.
3 20e, lat. 43 43 N.'
Lodi, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
capital of Lodesan, and a bishop's see,
with a fortress. It is regular and well-
built; the population 12,500. The cathe-
dral and numerous convents claim atten-
tion. It has- manufactures of silk and
porcelain; and the best Parmesan cheese
is made in its vicinity. The French de-
feated the Austrians here, in 179G ; in
1799, the former were totally defeated by
the Itussians ; and the French regained
LOI
possession in 1800. It is seated on the
Adda, over which is a lung wooden bridge,
18 m SE Milan. Lon. 9 2G r, lat. 45
15 N.
Loffingeii, a town of Suabia, with a
medicinal bath, 6 in wsw Furstenberg.
Loffbden Isles, a group of islands on the
j,'W coast of Norway, between 67 30
and 68 45 n lat. They consist of five
large, and several smaller islands, in which
are mountains whose tops are covered
■with perpetual snow. They contain about
4000 iuhabitants, and are visited by innu-
merable boats in the fishing season. At
the s end of this group is the dangerous
■whirlpool called Maelstrom.
Lofsfa, a town of Sv.eden, in the pro-
vince of Upland, with a hamnier-uiill,
eight forges, and a smelting furnace. It
is 32 m N Upsal.
io^JcrctV, a town of Scotland, in Perth-
shire, noted for its distillation of whisky,
seated on the Tummel, 22 ra msw
Perth.
Logo, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, on
the river Sereinai, 40 m ne Axum.
Lvgronno, a town of Spain, in Old Cas-
tile, seated on the Ebro, in a country
uboundiiig with excellent fruit and good
wine. It is 62 m e Burgos, and 155
>-NE Madrid. Lon. 2 20 w, lat. 42
22 N.
Loheia, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on
the coast of the Red sea. It iias a great
trade in coffee, brought from the neigh-
"bouring hills ; and another hill afibrds
a great quantity of mineral salt. It has
no harbour, and small vessels are obliged
to anchor at a distance from the town. It
is 180 m KKW Mocha. Lon. 42 56 e,
lat. 15 42 N.
Loja ; see Lo.va.
Loir and Cher, a department of France,
including the old province of Blaisois. It
takes its name from the rivers Loir and
Cher, which cross it ; the first rises in
the department of Enre and Loir, and
joins the Sarte, above Angers, and the last
enters the Loire, below Tours. Blois is
the capital.
Loire, the principal river of Fraiice. It
rises in the mountains of the Ccvennes, in
Languedoc, flows to Roaane, where it
laeguis to be navigable, then passes by
Nevers, Orleans, Blois, Tours, Saumur,
and Nantes, to Painbocuf, where it enters
the bay of Biscay.
J Mire, a department of France, contain-
ing the old province of Forez. It has its
name from the river Loire, which flav/s n
through its whole length. Montbrisoii is
the capital.
Loire, Lower, a department of France,
containing part of the old province of
LON
Bretagne. It has its name from the river
Loire, which crosses it, and then enters
the bay of Biscay. Nantes is the capital.
Loire, IJpper, a department of France,
containing the old province of Velay. It
takes its name from the river Loire, which
rises near the e boundary. Puy is the.
capital.
Loiret, a department of France, includ-
ing the old province ofOrleanois. It has its
name from a small river, which, below
Orleans, runs into the Loire. Orleans is
tlie capital.
Loitz, a town of Hither Pomerania, with
a castle, seated on the Pecne, 12 m svr
Gripswald.
Lolldong, a town and fortress of Hindoo-
stan, on the ne border of Delhi, from
which there is a pass into Serinagur. It
is situate on the Pattereah, 10 m above
its confiux with the Ganges, and lOG kk
Delhi. Lon. 78 IG e, ku. 29 52 N.
Lombai'djj, a part of Italy, which com-
prehended almost all the ancient Cisalpine
Gaul. See Itali/.
Lomhez, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gers, and lately a bishop's
see. It is seated on the Save, 23 m se.
Auch, and 27 sw Toulouse.
Lonibock, an island in the Indian ocean,
between Bally and Cumbava, 40 m long
and 20 broad. The channel that separates
it from Bally on the vv, is called the Strait:
of Lambock. It is populous, well culti-
vated, and abounds in rice. On the e side,
in the strait of Alas, is a town called
Bally, which is a place of considerable
trafiic. Lon. IIG 20 e, lat. 8 36 s.
Lomond, Ben; see Benlomond.
Lomond, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in
Dumbartonshire, 26 m long and from 2 to
7 broad. It o.ntains 33 islands, several of
them inhabited, and adorned with antique
rains, concealed among ancient yews ;
and others rise into high rocky clifis, the
habitation of the osprey. On the e side
is the lofty mountain Benlomond; and
the river Leven issues from the s ex-
tremity.
Lonato, a town of Italy, in Bresciano,
12 m EsE Brescia.
Loncarty, a tov.n of Scotland, in Perth-
shire, signalized by the great victory ob-
tained by the Scots over the Danes in 970.
It has e.'iteusive bleaching grounds, and is
seated near the Tay, 5 m N Perth.
London, the metropolis of Britain, one
of the largest and most opulent cities in
the world, mentioned by Tacitus as a con-^
si derable, commercial place in the reign of
IMcro. It was first walled round with hewit
stones and British bricks, by Constantiue
the great ; and the v*alls fortiaed an oblong
square, nbout 3 m in circuit, with sevca
LON
principal cates : but these have long since
clisa[>prared, except a few scattered fVa<;-
xnents of the walls. London, in its most
extensive view, as the metrojiolis, consists
of the City, properly so cidleJ, the city of
Westminster, and the boroui'h of J?outh-
•w-aik, wiih the suburbs in Middlesex and
Surry, within what are caljod the Bills of
Mortality. London and Westminster arc
in Middlesex, on the N side of the river
Thames ; and Soiuhwark is on the oppo-
site bai.kjin Surry. The extent of the
-whole, fnirn Limehonseand Deptford to
!Milbar.k and \'auxhall, is above 7 m; Init
the sireatest breadth does not exceed 3.
London is divided into 20 wards, each
governed by on alderman; ai\d from the
aldermen, the lord mayor is annually cho-
sen. There are likewise 236 conmion-
councllmen, a recorder, acommon-serjeant,
two sheriffs Cwho are also sheriifs iA' Mid-
dieses) a chumbeilain, a town-clerk, a
city remembrancer, a water-bailiff, and
many infeiior officers. Westminster, once
a. mile from London, but now united to it,
is governed bif a high steward, who is
generally a r.ob'.eman, chosen by the dean
and chapter, aid he has an under steward
who otiiciates fjr.him. IMext to him is the
liigh baililF, ch ^sen a.'so by the dean and
chapter; wl ose power resembles that of a
slieriff. Tlie su jurbs are nncjer the juris-
diction of the mas^i.^trates; and those of
Middlesex, beside the county-hall on
Clerkenwell Green, liave an oliice in
Bow-street, Ions; distintruish.ed for public
spirit and activity, and several other pub-
lic offices. Southvvark vvas long indepen-
dent of London, hut Edward in granted
it to'the city: it was then called the viilape
of Southvvark ; and afterward named the
bailiwic. In the reign of Edward vi it
was formed info a twenty-sixth ward, by
the name of Bridge Ward Without. On
tlie death of the alderman of this ward, he
is succeeded by the next in seniority, to
whatever ward" he ma_\ belong ; this "ward
being considered as a sinecure, and conse-
quently the most proper for " the ["ather of
the city." The cily has likewise a high
bailiff and steward here. Amonr^ the
churches in the metropolis, the cathedral
of St. Paul is the most conspicuous, and
a noble labric. It is now destined to be
the receptacle of the monuments of such
illustrious men, as may do honour to their
country by their talents and ihcir virtues :
several are alrc;;dy erected ; the first for
that great philanthrophist John Howard.
Westminster abbey, the collegiate church
«f St. Peter, is a noble specimen of Gothic
architecture. Here most of the English
sovereigns have been crowned, and jnanv
of them interred. It contains aiso a great
LON
number of monnments of kings, statesmen,
heroes, poets, and persons distinguished
by genius, learning, and science. The
chapel of Ilcury vii, adjoining, Leland
calls the Wcnder of the World. " St. Dun-
stan, in the East; St. Michael, in Cornhill ;
St. Ste[)hen, in Walhrook ; St. Mary, in
Bow-hme ; St. Mary, or P>ow church, in
Cheapside ; St. Bride, in Fleet-street ; St.
Martin in the Fields; and St. Gcfirge,
Ilanover-sq'are ; are among the other
churches most distinguished for fine ar-
chitecture. The parishes in the bills of
mortality, amount to 147 ; of which 97
are within tlie walls, 17 in the liberties
witliout the walls, 23 out parishes in Mid-
dlesex and Surry, and 10 in the city and
liberties of Westminster: of the parishes
within the walls, many are of small extent,
a'.id several of two that adjoin, are united
to one church. Beside these churches,
there is one behniging to the I'emple, a
celebrated seat of law : it was founded by
the Knights Templars, in the reign of
Henry ir, upon the mode! of that of the
Holy Sepulchre, at .Jerusalem. There are
likewise a great number of chapels for
the established church, foreig:i protestant
churches, Roman catholic chapels, meet-
ings for dissenters of all persuasions, and
three large synagogues for the Jews. The
royal palace of St. James is an ancient
building, on the N side of a small park ; it
is mean in external appearance, but the
•apartments are said to be the best calcu-
lated for regal parade of any in Eunope :
part of it vvas burnt down in 1809, and is
not yet restored. The royal town ' resi-
dence is a house at the w side of St. James'
park, purchased of the duke of Bucking-
ham, by the king in 17G1, when it received
the appellation of the Queen's Palace,
but is still frequently called Buckii^gharn
House. Carlton House, the residence of
the prince of Wales, to the e of St. James'
palace, it a stately building, on which im-
mense sums have been expended. The
Banqueting House, at Whitehall, begun
in 1019, is only a small part of the vast
plan of a palace, intended to be worthy of
the residence of the British nnniarchs, nut
left incomplete. Beside the royal palaces,
there are many fine houses of the princes
of the blood, and of the nobility and gen-
try. Among the public buildings, which
can merely be enumerated here, are West-
minster Hall, containing the supreme coui'ts
of justice; and adjoining to vvhicl". are the
houses of lords and commons; the Guild-
hall of the city : the Sessions House; the
Tower, an ancient fortress, in which are
some public oliices, a magazine and arse-
nal, the reealia of the kingdom, the mint,
and a lutnagerifc ; the Trinity House and
LON
the New I\Iint, on Tower-hili ; ths Horse
Cuanls, the Treasury, and the Admiralty,
at Whitehall : the noble collection of puli-
lic oflices which form that magnificent
strnctui-e called Somerset Place; the British
Museum; the Royal Exchan<ie ; the Post-
office; the Bank of Eii;;laiid ; the Custom-
house; the Excise Office; the East India
House; the South Sea House; the Mansion
House, for the lord mayor; the Moiui-
ment, in commemoration of the great fire
in 1G06 ; the ancient bridg,e, called Lon-
don-biidiie; and the five modern bridiie?,
of Soulhwark, Black-friars, Strand, West-
minster, and \'auxhall. The inns of court
for the study of the law ; the colleges,
learned societies, scientific institutions,
and public seminaries; the halls of the
different trading; companies ; the noble
hospitals and otlier charitable foundations;
the puiilic places of diversion; with its fine
squares and streets, are all too numerous
to be here particularly mentioned. Such,
on a cursory view of it, is the metropolis
of Britain, to the extent and opulence of
which many causes have contributed..
From the openness of the country round,
and a LM-aveliy soil, it is kept tolerably dry
in all seasons, and affords no lodgement
for stagnant air or water. Its cleaidmess,
as well as its supply of water, are greatly
aided by its situation on the banks of the
Thames; and the New River, with many
good springs within itself, further contri-
butes to the abundance of that necessary
element. All these are advantages, with
respect to health, in which this metropolis
is exceeded by few. London, with regard
to the circumstance of navigation, is so
{)laced on the Thames, and has such exten-
sive wet docks, as to possess every advan-
tage that can be derived from a seaport,
without its dangers; aiid at the same time,
by means of its noble river, and several
canals connected with it, enjoys a very ex-
tensive communication with the internal
parts of the country, wdiich supply it with
all sorts of necessaries, and, in return, re-
ceive iVoni it such commodities as they
require. London is the seat of many con-
siderable manufactures ; some almost pe-
culiar to itself, others in which it partici-
pates with the niaimfactnring towns in
general. The most important of its pecu-
liar manufactures is the silk-weaving, esta-
l)lished in Spitalfields by refugees from
France; a variety of works in gold, silver,
and jewellery ; the engraving of maps and
prints ; and the making of optical and
mathematical instruments. The porter-
brewery, a business of very great extent,
is also ciiiefly carried on in London. To
its port are likewise confined some branches
<j] loreigu commerce, as those to Turkey
LON
and Ilud.-on bay, and nearly tiie whole of
the vast E luflia trade. Thus London has
risen to its present rank of the first c.ty in
Europe, with respect to opidence; and
nearly, if not entirely so, as to number of
irihabitants. Hy the enumonition in 1811,
the residents in Londnn, Westiniujter, and
Soutluvark, and all ths out parishes, were
1,001,578. The population of London
alone, vvithin the walls, in 1811, waso5,484,
which is a decrease of above three-fifihs
since the year 1700 ; owi-ig to the diminu-
tion of houses, by widening Streets, arid
erecting public buildinga ami wareiiouses.
London is a bishop's see, and sends four
members to parliament. To enumerate
all the events by which this great capital
lias been distinguished, woald greatly ex-
ceed our limits ; we shall only mention,
therefore, the great plague, in 1065, which
cut off 08,596 people, and the dreadful
conflagration, in 1666, by which tlie cathe-
dral and many other churches, with 13,'2C(>
houses, were destnn'ed. Limdon is 210 m
NNw Paris. Lon. 0 6 w, hit. 51 31 n.
London, Nezo, a city and seaport of
Connecticut, capital of New London county.
It has the best harbour in the state, de-
fended by two forts, and a C!)nsiderable
trade to the W Indies. A great part of
the tovt'n was burnt by Benedict Arnold,
in 1781, but has been rebuilt. It is-seated
on the Thames, near its entrance into
Long-island sound, 54 m EbyN Newhaven.
Lon. 72 10 w, lat. 41 19 n.
London, l^etv, a town of Virginia, chief
of Bedford county. It is situate on rising
ground, 110 m whys Richmond. Lon. 70
45 Wjlat. 37 20 n."
Londonderry, a county of Ireland, in
the province of Ulster, 32 m long and 30
broad; bonnded on the N by the ocean, E
by Antrim, s by Tyrone, and vv by Donegal.
It contains about 185,000 inhabitants, is
divided into 31 parishes, and sends four
members to parliament. It is a fruitful
champaign country ; and the greater part
of it was given by James i, to an incorpor-
ated company of London merchants. The
chief rivers are the Foyle and Bann, which
form its w and e boundaries. The linen
manufacture flourishes thrcmgh every part
of the county.
Londonderry, or Derry,~a city and sea-
port, capital of the above county, and a
liishop's see. ' It is a county of itself, and
stands on the Foyle, over which is a flat
wooden bridge, 10G8 feet in lengih. It
was built in the reign of James i, by some
London adventurers, and suri-ounded by a
strong wall. Five m below the town is
Cuhnore fort, at the head of Lough Foyle,
and there are four castles by the side of
tiie river. Tiie cutiiedra, tiie episcoj'ai
LON
palace, and the buildings in general arc
handsome. It sends a member to parlia-
ment. The population 10,000; and the
trade is considerable, principally to Ame-
rica anil tlie W Indies. This city is cele-
brated fur thelonp; siege it sustained against
James u in 1(389." It is 1.'36 m >.-\w
Dublin. Lon. 7 45 w, lat. 54 5P. N.
Londonderry, a town of New Hamp-
shire, in Rockingham county, with a ma-
nufacture of liiieii clotli and thread; seated
near the head of Beaver river, which runs
into the ftlerrimac, ;3S m ssw Portsmouth.
Long, Loch, an arm of the sea in Scot-
land, which, from the frith of Clyde, ex-
tends 20 m between the counties of Dum-
barton and Arsyle, and is nearly 2 m in
breadth. Near the middle, on the Argyle
side, it sends oiV a small branch called
Loch Goil.
Lon"ura, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, 20 m wnw St. Severino.
Longford, a county of Ireland, in the
province of Leinster, '25 m long and 1(3
broad; bounded on the Nw by Leitrim,
KE by Cavan, e and s by VV Meath, and
AV by the river Shannon, which parts it
from Roscommon. It is divided into 23
parishes, contains 50,000 inhabitants, and
sends two members to parliament. It is
a fertile and pleasant country, in general
flat, but toward the n mountainous. The
chief rivers are the Shannon, Inny, Camlin,
and Fallen ; and it has many small lakes.
Lonaford, a borough and the capital of
the above county. Much linen is manu-
factured in the town and neiglibourhcod,
and great quantities of flax sent to other
parts. It is seated on the Camlin, 74 m
WNW Dublin. Lon. 7 40 w, lat. 63 48 N.
Longforgan, a town of Scotland, in ttie
tsE corner of Perthshire, on the frith of Tay,
4 m whys Dundee.
Long-inland, one of the Bahama islands.
See Yuma.
Long-island, an island of the state of
New York, separated from Connecticut,
by Long-island sound. It extends e from
the city of New York 140 m, but is not
more than 10 broad on a medium ; and is
divided into three counties, King, Queen,
and Suffolk, which in 1790 contained
41,782 inhabitants. Hence are exported
to the W Indies, &c. whale-oil, pitch, pme-
boards, horses, cattle, flax-seed, beef, £vC.
The produce of the middle and western
■parts of the island, particularly corn, is
carried to New York.
Long-inland Sound, a kind of strait m
N America, from 3 to 13 m broad and 140
long, extending the whole length of Long-
island, and dividing it from Connecticut.
It communicates with the Atlantic at both
ends of the island.
LOP
Long-nan, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Se-tchuen. Its district contains
several forts, formerly of great use to pre-
vent the invasions of the Tartars. It stands
on the river Mouqua, 710 m sw Peking.
Lon. 104 18 E, lat. 32 22 N.
Longnor, a town in Staffordshire, with
a market on Tuesday, seated near the river
Dove, 31m KbyE Stafford, and 1(31 jjnw
London.
Longport, a village in Shroj)shire, one
mile w Newport, famGus for its pottery
and glass works.
Longiorvn, a town in Cumberland, with
a market on Thursday, and manufactures
of muslin ; seated on the Esk, 12 m n
Carlisle, and 307 nnw London.
Longueville, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Seine, 23 m N Rouen.
Longuion, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Moselle, with a considerable
iron-forge and cannon foundery, 10 m svr
Longwy, and SG ^'w Met/..
Longwood, a town of Ireland, in Meath
county, on the river Blackwater, S6 in w
byN Dublin.
Longui/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Moselle, with a castle. It is
divided into the old and new town, the
latter of which is fortified. It was taken
by the Austrians in 1792, but retaken two
months after. It stands on an eminence,
by the river Chiers, 36 m nnw Metz, and
1(50 ENE Paris. Lon. 5 44 e, lat. 49 32 N.
Lons If S::unier, a town of France, ca-
pital of the department of Jura, with an
abbey of noble Bernardines. It derives its
name from the salt springs in the vicinity,
and is seated on the Solvan, 30 m ssw
Dole. Lon. 5 30 e, lat. 46 37 x.
Lon, a town of the Netherlands, in
Gelderiand, with a fine palace, 18 m N
Arnheim.
Loo-choo; see Lieou-kieou.
Looe, East and West, two decayed
boroughs in Cornwall, srparated by a creek,
over which is a narrow stone bridge. They
are supported chiefly by the pilchard
flshery, and send together as many mem-
bers to parliament as London. The market,
held at East Looe, is on Saturday. They
are 16 m w Plymouth, and 231 whys
London.
Lookout, Cape, a cape of N Carolina,
s of Cape Hatteras, and opposite Core
Sound. Lon. 76 51 w, lat. 34 23 n.
Looz, a town of the Netherlands, in the
territory of liege, 17 m whys .Maestricht.
Lopatka, Cape, the s extremity of Kamt-
schatka. Lon. 156 45 z, lat. 51 0 n. Secj
Kziriles.
Lopesco, a town of Naples, in Abrazzo
UUraj 19 m sw Aquila.
Lopo Gousalves, Cape, a long and nar-
LOR LOS
row peninsula on the coast of Guinea, low, Loredo, a town of Italy, in Polesino di
Hat and covered with trees. It affords a Rovigo, seated on the Adige, 20 m e
good harbour on its N side, in the bay of Rovigo.
Labatta, where provisions are plentiful. Loi-eto, a fortified town of Italy, in the
Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 0 45 s. marquisate of Ancona, and a bishop's see.
Lora a tt)wn of Spain, in Andalusia, on The cathedral contains the Casa Santa
the river Gaudalquiver, 2C ni we Seville. [Holy House] in which it is pretended tlie
Lora, a town of Upper Saxony, in the virgin Mary lived at Nazareth : according
county of Ilohenstein, 13 m ic.\r; Mul- to the legend, it was carried by angels from
LSiusen. Galilee into Dahnatia, and thence to the
XortzfS, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, place where it now stands. This house
■with a castle, and fine remains of antiquity, or chapel is 31 feet long, 15 broad, and 18
It is seated in a plain, fertile in corn, 150 m higli ; the inner part very old, but cased
sw^ Tunis. Lon. 9 0 e, lat. 35 35 x. with marble on the outside. Tlic famous
■ Lorca, a city of Spain, in Murcia, and lady of Loreto, with the infant Jesus in
a bishop's see. A great quantity of barilla her arms, stands upon the principal altar,
is produced In the vicinity, and there are in a nich of silver, surrounded by numer-
potteries and saltpetre works. It is seated ous gold and silver lamps; she is clothed
on an eminence, by the river Guadalantin, with cloth of gold, the little Jesus covered
50 m w Carthagena. Lon. 1 52 w, lat. with a shirt, and both are adorned with
37 37 N. jewels. Great numbers go in pilgrimage
Lord Howe Group, a group of islands to Loreto, and every pilgrim, after having
in the Pacific ocean, discovered, in 1791, performed his devotion, makes the Virgiii
by captain Hunter, who descried 32 of a present ; that the treasury of this chapel
them, some of considerable size. They is immensely rich. Sucli was tlie state of
appeared thickly covered with wood, this sanctuary till violated by the French,^
amou2 which the cocoa-nut was very dis- who seized and dispersed these stores of
tinguishable. Nine of the natives came treasure, the image of the virgin alone re-
near the ship, in a canoe, which was about maining. The inhabitants of the town
40 feet long, badly made, and had an out- subsist principally by agriculture and gar-
rieger. They were a stout, clean, well- dening, and many of them are shoemakers,
made people, of a dark copper colour ; tailors, and sellers of chaplets. Loreto
their hair tied in a knot on the back of the was taken by the French in 179(3, who
head; and they appeared as if clean shaved, plundered and retained it till 1799. It is
Tliev had an ornament consisting of a seated on a mountain, near the gulf of
iium'ber of fringes, like an artificial beard, Venice, 12 m se Ancona, and 112 NE
which was fastened close under the nose ; Rome. Lon. 13 38 e, lat. 43 27 N.
and to this beard hung a row of teeth, Xo?-ef(», the principal town of California,
which gave them the appearance of having with a harbour and fort. It is seated at
a mouth lower than tbeir natural one. the foot of a mountain, near the gulf ot
They had holes run through tlie sides of California, 90 m sw Guitivis in New Spain,
the nose, into which, as well as through the See Guitivis. Lon. Ill 44 w, lat. 26 12 N.
septum, were thrust pieces of reed or bone. I^orgues, a town of France, in the de-
The arms and thighs were tattowed, and partment of Var, seated on the Argens,
some were painted with red and white 16 m w Frejus.
streaks. Tliey wore a wrapper round their Lorrach, a town of Sual)ia, in Brisgau,
middle. Lon. 159 14 to 159 37 e, lat. 5 6 m ne Basel, and 30 s Friburg.
30 s. L^orruin, an old province of France, 100
Lord Houe Island, an island in the m long and 75 broad; bounded on the N
Pacific ocean, discovered, in 1788, by by Luxemburg and I'reves, e by Elsace
lieutenant King. Many excellent turtle and Deux Fonts, s by Franche Comtc, and
liave been caught here on a sandy beach ; w by Champagne and Bar. It abounds in
and it abounds with a variety of birds, corn, wine, hemp, flax, and rape-seed ; has
which were so unaccustomed to be disturb- fine meadows, large forests, mines of iron,
ed, that the seamen went near enough to silver, and copper, and salt-pits. The
knock them down with a stick. At the s principal rivers are the Meuse, Moselle,
end are two high mountains, nearly per- Seille, Bleurte, and Sare. This province
pendicular from the sea; the southernmost now forms the depaitments of Meurte,
named Mount Gov.er. About 14 m to the Moselle, and Vosgcs.
s is a remarkable rock, named Ball's iMrris, a town of France, in the depart-
Pyramid, which had much the appearance ment of Loiret, 12 m sw Montargis, and
of a steeple at a distance. The island is 30 e Orleans.
near 4 m long, and very narrow. Lon. Lossiemouth, a village of Scotland, in
159 0 E, lat. 31 36 n. Elginshire, at the mouth of tlie Lussic, 5
LOU
m XV. F.liiin, of ^vliicli it is tlie port. The
harbour will r.-reive vessels of 80 tons,
and ivnce much coni is exported.
Lot, a river of Frniire, which rises in tlie
depart uiciit of Lo7erc, passes by Meiuie,
Cahor.-!, aiifi Aeen, a;id enters the Garonne.
It heuiiis to he navi<ra!ile at Cahors.
l.oi, n department of France, including
the old province of Qiiorcy. It takes its
name from the river Lot, Cahors is the
capital.
Lot and Garonne, a depai'tment of
France, including part of the old province
ofGnienne. It is so called tVora two rivers,
Agcn is the capitnl.
J.othian, a district of Scotland, now di-
vided ii'.to East, Jlid, and West Lotliian,
or Hddijiglonshire, Edinburg>,/nre, and
Linlithf^ojailiire.
Lotzin, a town of Prnssia, witli a casile,
situate on a canal that joins the Anther-
burg and Leventin lakes, 78 ni se Komigs-
berg.
Loudecc, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cotes 'nti Nord, with aii iron
forge and a manufacture of thread, 20 m s
St. Brienc.
Loiidun, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Vienne, seated on an emi-
nence, 'M va Nw Poitiers, and 1.55 sw Paris.
Lougliboro'igh, a tov/n in Leicestershire,
■with a njaiket on Thursday. It has a
large chinch with a liandsome tower, and
four meeting-lionses.' 1 he chief manufac-
tures are wool-combing and liosiery ; and
it has a trade in coal, &c. by means of a
canal from the Trent. 1 he number of in-
habitants was 52J4 in 1811. It is seated
near the Soar, 11 m N Leicester, and 109
KKvv London.
Luvg /lb rich hind, a town of Ireland, in
Down county, near a small lake that
abounds with speckled trout, 11 m >;
Newry.
Loughrea, a town of Ireland, in Gal-
way county, situate on an eminence, close
to a fine lake cf the same name, 20 m r.SE
Gal way.
Loiifunix, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Saone and Loire, situate in a
kind of island between the rivers Seilles,
Salle, and Solnan, 18 m sf. Chalons.
Lovitxnano, a town of Naples, in Otranto,
12 ra ssw Briiidisi.
Louis, Fort, or Fort Vauhan, a toun
and fortress of France, in the department
of Lower Kliine, built by Louis xiv, on
an island formed by the Kliine. In 1793
it was taken by the Austrians, who were
obliged to evacuate it soon after. It is 12
m E Haguenau, and IS kke Strasburg.
L^ouis, St. a small island of Senegambia,
within the mouth of the river Senegal, wif h
a lort rjuiit by tne Irencti, ana tneir pnn-
LOU
cipal establishment. It was taken in 1758
by the Knirli>>h, and ceded to them in 1763.
Li the American war, it was taken by the
French, and kept by them after the peace
of 17 83, till the year 1801), when it was
again taken by the English, it is (lat and
nearly barren. Lon. 10 31 \v, lat. 15 53 ll.
Louis, St. a seaport and fortress of St.
Domingo, at the head of a bay of its
name, on the s side of tlie s peninsula. The
chief exports, are coffee, ci.tton, and indigo.
The fortress was denu)lished by admiral
Knowles in 17-17, hut since rebuilt. It is
48 in wsw Leogane. Lun. 73 31 w, lat.
18 15 X.
I^onis, St. a to-.vn of Louisiana, of which
it is deemed the capital, and is a place of
coiisiderable trade. The environs are rich
in garden grounds. It stands on the Mis-
sissippi, 16 m below theinllux of the Mis-
souri, and GOO wnw Frankfort, in Ken-
tucky. Lon. 89 28 w, lat. 28 18 N.
Louis, St. a city and seaport ol Brasii,
capjltal of the gcnernment of i\]araid)an,
and a bishop's see, with a strong castle.
It was founded by the French in 1612;
and is now the centre of the ccmmei'ce of
the three northern governments \\iih Eu-
rope, vessels of- burden seldom venturing
up to Para. It stands on the sw part of
the island Maranhan, and on the e side of
the river Mearim, near tiie Atlantic ocean.
Lon. 45 15 w, lat. 2 26 s.
Louisa, a town of Finland, in Xyland,
with a fortress, at the mouth of a river,
on a bay of the gulf of Finland, 30 m Eby
N Heisingfurs.
L.ouinburg, the capital of the island of
Cape Breton, with a citadel, and an ex-
cellent liurbour, 12 m in circuit. It stands
on a long strip of land, on the se part
of the island Lon. 59 54 w, lat. 45 57 N.
L^oui.sbnrg, a town of INi Carolina, cliief
of Franklin county. It is situate on the
river Tar, 30 m xbyE iialegh. Lon. 78
40 w, lat. 36 3 K.
Louisiana, or ]\Ii.=;souri Territoii/, a
country cf N Aimerica, estimated to ex-
tend 1400 m in length by 1100 in breadth;
bounded on the n by the 49th parallel of
latitude, e by the river Mississippi, s liy
the state of Louisiana, and w by iStw Spain
and JSew Mexico. It is situate between
the extremes of heat and Cold ; the climate
varying as it extends toward the N. The
timber is as fine as any in the world ; and
the quantities of oak, ash, n\ulberry, wal-
nut, cherry, cypress, and cedar, are asto-
nishing. The neighbourhood of the Jilis-
sissippi furnishes the richest fruits in great
variety ; and here are the chief settlements
of the white inhabitants, which at present
are f(;w. The soil is particularly adapted
ior iitnij), iiux, and tobacco , and .ndigo 1j
LOU
a staple commodity- Lead, iron, copper,
zinc, pyrites, limestone, marliie, gypsum,
alum, "nitre, salt, coal, and otber mineral
substances, abound in tliis country. It is
intersecred by a number of tine rivers,
among v>liicli are the Missouri, Arkansa,
Ited river, Moineona, and Natciiitocbes,
which all flow into the Mississippi. The
chief articles oF trade are indiijo, cotton,
rice, supar, wax, and lunii)er. This country
was discovered by Ferdin^'.ad de Soto, in
1541; traversed' by M. de la Salle, in
1682; and settled by Louis xiv, in the
be2:ir.nin<!; of the 18tli century. In 1763,
it was ceded to Spain ; restored to France
in 18U1, and by France transferred to the
United Slates in 1803. The population in
1310 was 20,845. St. Louis is the chief
town.
Louisiana, one of tiie United States of
America, 2 jO m long and 170 broad, ex-
clusive of the district of New Orleans,
which forms the se part. This state is
bounded on the n by the Missouri Terri-
tory, from wliich it is separated by the
33d parallel of latitude, e by the state of
Missis-ippi and the ^ulf of Mexico, s by
the same gulf, and w by New Spain, from
which it IS separated by the river Sabine.
The s coast to upward of 20 m from the
sea is a level morass, without trees or
shrubs ; the land then becomes more ele-
vated and fertile, and favorable to the
growth of niaise, rice, tobacco, indigo,
cotton, and sugar. It contains many lakes
and rivers; t-lie chief of the latter are tiie
Mississippi and the i\ed river. The popu-
lation in 1810 Wi\s 80,556, distributed
over 25 parishes. New Orleans is the
capital.
LouisvtUe, the capital of the state of
Georgia, and in Burke county. Ic has a
college, wiih ample and liberal endow-
ments ; and is seated on the n side of the
Ogoechee, 5C m sw Augusta, the late ca-
pital, and ItJO Nw Savanna. Lon. 82 1?
w, lat. 32 42 N.
Louisville, a town of Kentuchy, capital
of Jefferson county, seated on the Ohio,
just above its rapids, at the head of which
is a fort. A canal, 3 m in length, has been
cut on the side of the river, and by this
vessels ascend and descend without danger.
It is 50 m w Frai'.kfort. Lon. 85 52 w,
lat. 38 14 N.
Louie, a town of Portugal, in Algarva,
surrounded by antique wails, and seated
on the river Louie, 10 m kw Faro, and 22
wsw Travira.
Lou-ngini, a city of China, of the first
rank, in C!ian-si. It is situate near the
source of the I'so-tsang, 270 ra ssw Peking.
Lou. 1 12 34 u, lat. 36 42 n.
Loujcle, a town ot France, ui tlie depart-
LOW
ment of Upper Pyrenees, with a castle on
a rock, 12 m sw i'arbes.
Louriciil, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
28 m sby w Coimbra.
Louth, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Leinster, 29 in long and 13 broad;
bounded on the n by'Ariniigh and Ca: ling-
ford bay, E by the Irish sea, w by Mo-
naghan and E Meath, and s by F Aieath,
from which it is pa.ted by the river Bovne.
It is a fertile con. itry, contains 61 pari^^hes,
and about 57,700 iniiabitaiils, and sends
four members to parliament. The chief
rivers are the Boyne, Louth, and Dee.
Dundolk is the capital.
Louth, a town in the above county, an-
ciently considerable, but now a p^.ir place,
13 m NNW Drogheda.
Louth, a corporate town in Lincolnshire,
with a market on Wednesday a id Satur-
day, and a manut'acture of blankets and
carpets. Here is a noble Gothi: church,
with a lofty spire, an 1 afreescho )i, found-
ed by Edward vi. It has a navigation,
by means of the rivT?r Lud and a canal, to
the German ocean, at Tetney creek. It
is 28 m NE Liiiccdn, and 144 N London.
Loutzk ; see Lufko.
Louvain, a city of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, with an old castle, ajui a once
celebrated university. Its walls are nearly
7 m in circuit, but in a delapidated state,
and within them are many gardens and
vineyards. Tiie ciiurches and convents
are maguilicent, and many of the public
buildings indicate its former opulence.
Large quantities of cloth were formerly
made here, but it is now chiefly famous
for good beer. It was taken by the French
in 1746, 1792, and 1794. It is seated oa
the L)yie, 14 m Ebyisf Brussels, and 40 ne
Mons, Lon. 4 41 e, lat. 50 53 n.
Louviers, a fortilied town of France, in
the department of Fare, with a consider-
able manufacture of line cloths ; seated on
the Eure, 10 iii n Evreux, and oo nw
Paris.
Louvo, a town of the kingdom of Siam,
with a royal palace, 50 m n Siam. Lon.
100 52 E, lat. 14 56 N.
Louvres, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Oise, 21 m n Paris.
Lojoenburg, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Jauer, seated on the Bober,
21 in wsw Lignitz.
Loweuatein, a town of Franconia, capi-
tal ola county. It is 9 m ese Ileilbron,
and 21 InNE Stutgard.
Luncenstein, a fort and ancient castle of
the Netherlands, in S Holland, at the w
end of the island of Bomraelwert. In this
castle, in 1618, Hugo Grotius was con-
iined, and after three years imprisoiiiKent
was conveved away bv a stratagem of his
LUB
wife, in a returned box used for the pur-
pose of carrviiig books. It is 10 ni r.
Dort.
Lowestoff] or J.costoff] a town in Snfi'olk,
with a nuirkct on Wednesday- ^ lie chief
trade is in the nmckerel and herrinp; iishc-
ries ; and it is much frequented for sea-
bathing;. Here are forts and batteries for
protecting ships in tlic road. It stands on
a clilV, the most easterly point of Kngiaad.
10m s Yarinoutli, and 117 ne London.
Lon. 1 44 K, hit. 52 29 N.
Lozces-zcater, a lake in Cumberland, a
mile long and a quarter of a mile broad.
It is of no great depth, but abounds witli
pike and perch. In opposition to all the
other lakes, it has its course from N to s,
and, under the lofty Mellbreak, runs into
tlie N end of Cromach water.
Loioitz, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Rava, with a fortress ; seated
on the Bzura, 21ms Ploczko, and 30 nnw
Kava.
Loicositz, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Leutmeritz. In 1756, the greatest
part of it was burnt in an obstinate en-
gagement between the Saxons and Prus-
sians. It is seated on the Egra, 5 m wsw
Leutmeritz.
Loxa, or Lojn, a town of Spain, in Gra-
nada, with a P/Ioorisii castle, a royal salt-
work, and a copper forge; seated on the
side of a mountain, by the river Xenil, 28
m w Granada.
Loxa, or Loja, a town of Quito, capital
of a district famous for producing fine
Jesuits bark and cochineal. Carpets are
manufactured liere of reniarkable fineness.
It stands at the head of a iv w branch of the
Amazon, 180 m sse Guayaquil. Lon. 79
15 w, lat. 3 59 s.
Lo>/ne, or Lune, a river of England,
which rises in Westmorland, flows s by
Kirby Lonsdale to Lancaster, and soon
after enters the Irish sea.
Lozere, a department of France, includ-
ing the old territory of Gevaudan. It is
mountainous and barren, and has its name
from the principal ridge of mountains.
Mende is the capital.
Lu, a town of Piedmont, in Montferrat,
8ms Casal, and 8 w Alexandria.
Luarca, a town of Spain, in Asturias,
rear the seacoast, 30 m nw Oviedo.
Lubtm, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Livonia, seated near the n end of
a lake of the same name, 70 m e by s Riga.
Lon. 20 36 e, lat. 56 55 n.
Lubdn, a town of Lithuania, in the pa-
latinate of INovgrodeck, 20 m se Sluck.
Lubben, a town of Lusatia, capital of a
district. It lias several cluuxhes, a castle,
a noble hospital, and a large edifice where
the diets assemble. It is seated on the
LUC
Spree, in a swampy country, 40 m sse
Berlin. Lon. 13 55 r, lat. 52 0 i*.
Lubec, a free city and seaport of Lower
Saxony, in the duchy of Ilolsteln, and
lately the sec of a bishop, who was a prince
of the empire. It was the head of the
famous hanscatic league, formed here in
1164, and the most I'ommercial city of the
north ; but it now has lost great part of its
trade. The doors of the houses arc so
large as to admit carriages into the hall,
which frequently serves for a coachhouse.
The townhouse is a superb structure, and
has several towers ; there is aho a fine
council-house and an exchange. There are
four large churches, beside the cathedral,
in which are some fine paintings of the
earliest age, a curious ancient clock, and
a prodigious large organ. There were
formerly four convents ; that of St. John
has still some protestant girls, under the
governm.ent of an abbess; that of St. Marv
is turned into a hospital ; that of St. Ann
is made a liouse of correciion ; and that of
St. Catharine is now a handsome college.
The population 42,000. No Jews are per-
mitted to reside in the city, but they have a
village at 2 m distance. Lubec is seated
on theTrave, 14 m from the Baltic, and 35
KE Hamburg. Lon. 10 41 e, lat. 53 51 n.
Lubec, an island in the Indian ocean,
near the island of Madura. Lon. 112 22
E, lat. 5 50 s.
lAihecke, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Minden, with a trade in
yarn and linen, 14 m w Minden.
Lube.n, a town of Silesia, in the pnn-
cipality of Lignitz, seated on the Katzbach,
14 m N Lignitz.
iMhen, a town of Lusatia, with a castle,
on the river Spree, 20 m nw Cotbus.
iMbitz, a t(jwn of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg, on the river Elda,
23 m s Gustrow.
Lublenitz, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Oppelen, 32 in e Oppelen.
Lublin, a city of Poland, capital of a
palatinate, and a bishop's see, with a
citadel. Three annual fairs are held here,
each lasting a month, which are Irequented
by numerous German, Russian, Turkish,
and other traders and merchants. It is
seated on the Weiprz, 95 m se Warsaw.
Lon. 22 45 E, lat. 51 14 n.
Lubltjo, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Cracow, 56 m se Cracow.
Luc, a town of France, in the department
of Var, 25 in ne Toulon.
Luc, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Drome, on the river Drome, 34i
m sE Valence.
Luccmas, a town of Peru, in the diocese
of Guamanga, which gives name to a dis-
trict, containing rich silver mines, and
LUC
feeding great droves of cattle. It stands
near one of the head branches of the Apuri-
mac, 80 m s Guamanga. Lon. 74 3 w,
lat. 14 30 s.
Lucur, Cape St. the se end of the penin-
sula of California. Lon. 109 51 w, lat. 22
53 N.
Lucar de Barameda, St. a seaport of
Spain, in Andalusia, with a fine harbour,
well defended, at the mouth of the Gua-
dalquiver. It is 42 in ssw Seville, of which
it is the port. Lon. 5 54 w, lat. 36 58 n.
Lucar de Guadiuna, St. a strong town
of Spain, in Andalusia, on the river Gua-
diana, 76 m wuw Seville. Lon. 7 18 w,
lat. 37 28 N.
Lucar la Mayor, St. a town of Spain, in
Andalusia, seated on the Guadianiar, 14
m w Seville.
Lucaya Islands; see Bahama.
Lucca, a duchy of Italy (lately a re-
LUC
It is divided into two parts by a branch of
the Reuss, which here enters the lake of
Lucern. It has no manufactures of con-
sequence, and little commerce ; the mer-
chants being principally engaged in the
commission business, upon goods passing
between Italy and Germany, over Mount
St. Gothard and the Waldstadter see. In
the cathedral is an organ of an extraordi-
nary size ; the centre pipe is 40 feet long.
The bridges that skirt the town, round the
edge of the lake, are the fashionable walks
of the place ; being covered at the top, and
open at the sides, they afford a constant
view of the romantic country. Lucern is
30 m sw Zurich, and 35 e Bern. Lon. 8
14 E, lat. 47 On. See Waldstadter See.
Lucerna, a town of Piedmont, in a valley
of its name, 15 m sw Turin.
Luchow, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Luneburc, situate on the
public) lying on the e coast of the gulf of Jetze, 11 m sbyE Danneberg
Genoa. It is 40 ni long and 16 broad, and
in general mountainous ; but it produces
plenty of cattle, wine, oil, silk, wool, and
chestnuts; the oil, in particular, is in high
esteem. The common people usually eat
chestnuts instead of bread ; and they are
the most industrious of any in Italy, for
no spot of ground is neglected.
Lucca, the capital of the above duchy,
and an archbishop's see. It is nearly 3 m
in circuit, surrounded by a rampart plant-
ed with lofty trees, and contains 25,000
inhabitants. The state palace is a large
building, and includes the arsenal. Here
are considerable manufactures of oil, paper,
silk, and gold and siher stufl's. This city
was entered by the French in 1790, eva-
cuated in 1799, and re-entered in 1800. It
is seated in a fruitful plain, near the river
Serchic), 10 m ne Pisa, and 37 w Florence.
Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 43 50 N.
Luce, a spacious bay on the s coast of
Scotland, in Wigtonshire, lying e of the
promontory called the Mull of Galloway.
The river Luce enters its ke extremity, at
the town of Gleniuce.
Lucena, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
36 m ssE Cordova, and 42 wnw Granada.
Lucera, a city of Naples, capital of Ca-
pitanata, and a bishop's see. The town
is small but populous, and has a manufac-
ture of cloth. It is 75 ra ke Naples. Lon.
15 34 E, lat. 41 28 N.
L^ucern, a canton of Switzerland, SO m
long and 20 broad ; bounded on the N by
Argan, e by Zug, Scliweitz, and Under-
walden, and s aiul w by Bern. The air is
mild, and the soil uncommonly fertile.
Freedom and openness of manners cha-
racterize the inhabitants, who are Roman
catholics.
Jjuctrn, the capital of the above canton.
LucJwwice, a town nf Lithuania, in the
palatinate of Novgrodeck, 40 m sse Nov-
grodeck.
Lucia, St. one of the Caribe islands, 27
m long and 12 broad. It consists of plains
well watered with rivulets, and hills fur-
nished with timber; and has several good
bays and commodious harbours. This
island was discovered by the French, and
possessed by them and the British frequently
till 1763, when it was ceded to the French.
It has since been taken by the British in
1778, 1794, and 1803; and was ceded to
the FVench in 1814. There aie two high
mountains, by which tiiis island may be
known at a considerable distance. The N
end is 21 m s of Martinico. Lon. 60 59
w, lat. 14 5 N.
Lucia, St. one of the Cape Verd islands,
to the w of that of St. Nicholas. Lon. 24
32 w, lat. 16 45 N.
Lucia, St. a town of Paraquay, in the
province of Plata, on a river of the same
name, at its conflux with the Parana, 340
m N by w Buenos Ayres. Lon. 60 54 w,
lat. 29 30 s.
Lucia, St. a town of Sicily, in Val di
Deniona, on a river of the same name, 18
m whys Messina.
Luciana, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
8 m wjs'w Ecija.
Luciano, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, 19 m w Ciudad Ileal.
Lucito, a town of Naples, in the county
of Molise, 11 m ne Molise.
Luckau, the capital of Lower Lusatia.
The inhabitants, many of whom are Van-
dals, subsist by brewing and handicraft
businesses. It is seated in a swampy
country, on the rivulet Geila, 28 m WNW
Cotbus. Lon. 13 46 e, lat. 51 52 n.
Luckenwuld, a town of Brandenburg, in
LUC
the Middle maik, capital of a circle. It is
seated on ihc JSute, 23 lu s Potsdam.
Luckiiow, a city of lliiidoostaii, ciipital
of Odde. It is without walls, and tlie
chief palace df tlie iiahob stands (m a hi^li
hank near the (loonity. 'J he different
palaces of the nabob, the areat niosqne.s,
and the b'.iryintr places, disphiy consiiler-
aijle splendor. '! he houses ni' the mer-
chants are of brick, Infty andstroi!";; others
are chielly mud w ails. tA)vered wuh thatch,
and many aie tnti-ely of mats and bam-
boos, thatched with leaves or straw. Tiie
siroet* uhc re the lower classes reside are
criKiked and narrow ; olVensive in the dry-
season uitii dust, and in the rainy season
wiiii nnre. 'i he inhal)itanrs, in liiOO, were
cstiicated to exceed SOO.OOO. It is 110 ni
.^^\v Allahabad. Lon. 80 55 E,lat. 36 51 x.
l.iicko, or Loutzk, a town of Pt;land, ca-
pital of V'olhynia, and a bishop's see witli
a citadel. In 1752, the greatest part of
it was destroyed i)y iiie. it is seated fu
the iSter, 75 m isE Lemheis, and 175 se
Warsaw. Lon. 25 30 e, lat. 51 13 n.
Liickpui Bunder, a town and fort of
Hiudcio»tan, in Cutch. It stands on the
borders <»f Sindy, Ironi which it is sepa-
rated by a salt creek that was formerly the
most eastern branch of th« Indus. It is
90 m ]s^vv Maiidavie, and 110 sbyE
Hydrahad.
Luco, a town of Naples, in /\brnzzo
Citra, on the w bank of tlie lake Celano,
9 m ssw Celano.
Lv^on, a town of I'rance, in the depart-
ment of Vendee, lately an episcopal see.
It is seated in a morass, 17 ni n Rochelle,
and 50 s Nantes.
Lucvnia, (>r Luzon, the chief of the Phi-
lippine islands, in the Pacific ocean. It is
S50 m lonE and 140 broad, beside a penin-
sula of very irregular breadth that shoots
out 180 m at the .se angle. It is not so
hot as miiiht be expected, being \\ ell water-
ed by lakes and rivers, and the periodical
rains, which inundate the plains. There
are se\eial volcanos in the mountains, and
a variety of hot springs. The prodiace is
wax, cotton, silk, wild ciimamon, sulphur,
cocoa-nuts, rice, gold, copper, horses, buf-
falos, and game. Philip ii of Spain form-
ed a scheme of planting a colony in the
Philippine islands, which had been neg-
lected since the discovery of them by Ma-
gellan, in 1521. Manila, in this island,
was the station chosen for the capital of
the ntw establishment. Hence an active
commercial intercourse began with the
Chinese, a considerable number of whom
settled here, imder the iSpanibh protection.
These supplied the colonv so amplv with
tte va Uiitiic proiluctions and manufactures
of Asia, as enabled it to open a trade with
LUD
America, by a direct course of navigation,
more than on.e third of the circumference
of tlie globe. This trade, at first, was car-
ried oil with Callao, on the coast of Peru;
but it was afterward removed to Acapuico,
on the coast of New Spain. I'roni this
port formerly sailed two large ships, or
galleons, annually, one at a time, at stated
periods; but latterly smaller vessels are
used. The ships are permitted to carry
out silver to the amount of 500,000 ciowns,
in return for which they bring back from
Manila spices, drugs, China and Japan
wares, calicos, chiutz3s, muslins, silks, &c.
Lucoiiia is divided into provinces, most of
them subject to the Spaniards; the prin-
cipal are Illocos, Caniarinas, Paracale,
Cagayan, and Balayan ; and there are
several others, Pangasinan, Bahi, Balacan,
&c. The inhabitants are a mixture of
several nations, beside Spaniards ; and
they all produce a mixed breed, called
Mestes. The blacks have long hair, and
good features; and there is or.e tribe, called
Pintados, who prick their skins, and draw
iigures on them, as they do in most other
countries where the people go naked. See
Manila.
Lucrino; see Licola.
Ludr/munuli, a town. of Hindoostan, on
the N frontier of Delhi, and the bank qf
the Setlige. In 1808 a British force was
established here, lo coerce the adjacent
Seik chiefs. It is 116 m se Lahore, and
180 KNw Delhi. Lon. 75 32 e, lat. 30
53 X.
Ludcncheid, a town of Westphalia, in
the county of Mark, with manufactures of
iron and cloth, 44 ra Ebys Dusseldorf.
LudgcnhuU, a borough in Wiltshire,
which has now no market, 15 m >; Salis-
bury, and 71 Nbyw London.
Ludiow, a borough in Shropshire, with
a market on Monday. It is encompassed
by a wall, having seven gates ; and has a
castle, where all business was formerly
transacted for the principality of Wales.
This castle and town were held for empress
Maud against king Stephen, and besieged
by himr Edward v resided liere, at the
death of his father, and was carried hence
to London. Arthur, prince of Wales, son
of Henry vii, held a court, and died here.
Ludlow "has a stately church (formerly col-
legiate) and an elegant townhouse. It is
seated on the Tend, 20 m s Shrewsbury,
and 142 NW London. Lon. 2 42 w, lat.
52 23 N.
Lndwigsburg, a town of Wirtemberg,
with manutaciures of cloth, damask linen,
and marble paper. Here is a hunting seat
V.eloi.giiig to tne king, called Favorita.
It is 6 m N Stutgard.
Ludivigsburg, a town of liilher Fo-
Lur
uierania, near tlie Baltic sea, 10 m ene
Gripswalde.
Litga, a town of Russia, in tlic govern-
ment of Petersburg, on a river of the same
name, 80 m s Petersburg. Lon. 29 39 e,
lat. 5149N.
Lugan, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Voronctz. Here are iron-works
and a cannon foundry belonging to the
crown; and artillery is sent hence by water
to the Black sea. It is seated on the
Donetz, at the influx of the Lugan, 240
m s Voronetz. ■ Lon. 39 48 e, lat. 49 10 n.
Litgano, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Tesin, capital of district. It is
built round a gentle curve on a N arm of
the lake Lugano, and backed by an amphi-
theatre of hills. It is the emporium of the
greatest part of the merchandise that passes
from Italy over the mountains St. Gothard
and Bernardin. Most of the houses are
built of tuftstone, and on an eminence
above the town is the principal church. It
is 1'2 m sbyE Bellinzona, and 15 nnw
Como. Lon. 8 48 e, lat. 45 .04 N.
Lugano, a lake of Italy, 25 m long and
from 2 to 4 broad, bending into continual
sinuosities, and in some places of an im-
mense depth. It lies between the lakes
Como and Maggiore, but is 180 feet higher
than either of them. It is enclosed be-
tween two steep mountains, covered for the
most part with wood ; but their rocky
bases frequently descend so perpendicularly
into the water, as not to allow shelter for a
boat, or footing for a human being. Its out-
let is the river Tresa into the lake Maggiore.
Lugde, or Lude, a town of Westphalia,
in the principality of Paderborn, seated on
the Emmer, 24 tu n>.e Paderborn.
Lugo, a city of Spain, in Galicia, and a
bishop's see. It was once the metropolis
of Spain, Vjut is now chiefly celebrated for
hot medicinal springs. It is seated on the
Minho, 50 m ene Compostello. Lon. 7
32 w, hit. 43 4N.
Lugos, a town of Hungary, capital of
Krassov county, situate on the Temes.
Here the Bega canal begins, passes w
to Temesvar, and then sw between the
rivers Temes and Bega, to the entrance of
the latter into the Theisz, opposite Titul.
Lugos is 30 m e by s Temesvar. Lon. 22
16 e, lat. 45 38 N.
Luis, St. a town of Tucuraan, in the
province of Cordova, 140 m wsw Cordova.
Lon. G7 52 w, lat. 32 10 s.
Luis, St. a town of New Mexico, in
New Navarre, on the v'wcv St. Maria, 90
m s Casagrande.
Luis de la Fas^ St. a town of New Spain,
in the province of Mechoucwi, 120.m
X l<v i\ Mei»lK)acan,
LUN
Luis Potosi, St. a city of New Spain,
capital of the province of Panuco, or
Potosi, and the seat of an intendency,
which comprehends its owji province, and
those of New Leon, New Saiitander, Coha-
huila, and Texas. The city is of modern
structure, and the see of an archbishop.
The streets are neat and straight, the
churches magnificent, and the population
12,000. It stands in a valley, a little to
the w of the source of the Panuco, 130 m
SE Zacatecas. Lon. 100 0 w, lat. 22 4 n.
Lui-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Quang-tong. It is seated in a fer-
tile country, near the sea, 315 m sw Can-
ton. Lon. 109 25 e, lat. 20 58 N.
Lulea, a seaport of Sweden, in W Both-
nia, with a good harbour. Near it is a
mountain of iron ore. It stands on the river
I-ulea, at the nw extremity of the gulf of
Bothnia, 115 m nne Umea. Lon. 22 12
E, lat. 65 32 N.
Lumberton, a town of N Carolina, chief
of Robeson county. It is situate on Drown-
iug creek, 32 m s Fayetteville, and 64 NW
Wilmington.
Lumello, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
which gives name to a district called Lu-
melline. It was formerly the residence of
the kings of Lombardy, but is now a small
place, situate on the Gogna, 26 m ssw
Milan.
Lumza, a town of Poland, in Masovia,
situate on an eminence, by the river Na-
rew, 87 m NE Warsaw.
Lunan, a to\^n of Scotland, in Forfar-
shire, situate on a bay of its name, at the
influx of the river Lunan, 5 m ssw Mon-
trose.
Lunawara, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gujrat, on the river Mahy, 19 m ke Gu;
darah, 75 EbyN Ahraedabad.
Lund, a town of Sweden, capital of
Schonen, and a bishop's see. It is prin-
cipally supported by its university, founded
by Charles xi. Here likewise is a Royal
Physiographical Society, incorporated in-
1778. The cathedral is an ancient irre-
gular building. It is 25 ra E Copenhagen,'
and 44 sw Christianstadt. Lou. 13 12 e,
lat. 55 42 N.
Lunden, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Holstein, seated near the Edyer,
22 ni w Rendsburg.
Lundy, an island at the entrance of the
Bristol channel, about 12 m from the
Devonshire coast. It is 3 m long and a
mile broad, and supplies fowls and eggs
to the inhabitants of Devonshire. In.
the N part is a high pyramidical rock
called the Constable. Lon. 4 3U w, lat,
51 18 N.
l.vni ; see Loyne.
JiE
LUS
Lunehurg, a duchy of Germany, in
Lower Saxony, subject to the kin;! of
Hanover. Including Zell, it is bounded
on the N by the duchies of Iloistein and
I,awenburg, u by the marqviisate of IJran-
denbarg, s by the duchy of lirunswick, and
w by the ducliies of l^renicn and Verden.
It is 100 m long and 70 broad, watered by
the rivers Aller, Elbe, and Ihnenan. Part
of it is full of heaths and forests, wiiich
abound with wild boars ; but near the rivers
it is pretty fertile.
Luneburg, a fortified town, capital of
the above duchy. The chief public edi-
fices are three parish churches, the ducal
palace, the townhouse, the salt magazine,
the anatomical theatre, the academy, and
the conventual church of St. Michael, in
which are interred the ancient dukes. The
salt springs ?.ear this place produce great
quantities of salt ; and it has also a trade
in lime, wax, honey, wool, liax, and linen.
Luneburg is stated on the Ilmenau, 30 m
sic Hand>urg, and 45 sbyw Lubec. Lon,
K»39 E, lat. 53 1 N.
Lunel, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Herault, near the river Kidourle.
It produces excellent muscadine wine, and
is 12 m NE Montpellier.
Lunen, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Mark, sitnate at the conflux of
the Zesick with the Lippe, 20 m sbyw
Munster.
Lunevilky a town of France, in the de-
partment of Meurte. Its caitle, where
tlie dukes of Lorrain formerly kept their
court, as did afterward king Stanislaus, is
now converted into barracks. The church
of the late regular canons is very hand-
some; and here Stanislaus founded a mili-
tary school, a large library, and a fine
hospital. In 1801, a treaty of peace was
concluded here between France and Ger-
many. Luneville is seated in a plain be-
tween the rivers Vezouze and Meurte, 14
m EsE Nancy, and 62 w Strasburg. Lon.
6 30 E, lat. 48 36 N.
Lungro, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citra, chiefly inhabited by Greeks, 35 m
2.'Nw Cosenza.
Lupow, a town of Further Pomerania,
on a river of the same name, 15 m e
Stolpe.
Lure, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Saone, celebrated for a
late abbey of Benedictines, converted, in
1764, into a chapter of noble canons. It
is seated near the Ougnon, 30 m me Be-
sancon.
J^vrgun, a town of Ireland, in Armagh
county, with an extensive linen maimfac-
tUre, 17 m ne Armagh.
JLus, or Lussa, a province of Ballogistan,
100 m long and 60 broad, lying on the sea-
LUT
coast E of IMekran. It is the smallest pro-
vince in that country, but the most level,
and rich in grain, sheep, and goats. Bela
is the capital.
Lusatiu, a margravate of Germany, 90
ni long and 60 broad ; bounded on the n
by Brandenburg, k by Silesia, ^: by Bohe-
mia, and w by Misnia and the duchy of
Saxony, it is diviiled into Upper and
Lower. Up])er Lnsatia abounds more in
mountains and hills than the Lower, in
which r.'.-e many boggy and moorish tracts,
yet it is the most fruitful. The breeding
of cattle is very considerable, and there is
plenty of game ; but the products of the
country do not supply the necessities of
the inhabitants. This want is compen-
sated by its numerous manufactures, par-
ticularly those of cloths and linens. Baut-
zen and Luckau are the capitals.
lAmgnun, a town of France, in the de-
partment of X'ienne, seated on the Vonne,
15 m ?<sw Poiters.
Luso, a river of Italy, which rises in the
duchy of Urbino, crosses part of Romag-
nii, and enters the gulf of Venice, 10 m w
Rimini.
Lvtun<^e, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Moselle, 8 m se Thionville,
and 11 KNE Metz.
Lutkenburg, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Holstein, seated near the
Baltic, 11 ra i«byE Ploen.
Luton, a town in Bedfordshire, with a
market on Monday, and a manufacture of
straw hats, &c. On the edge of the downs,
a little to the s, is Luton Hoe park, th«
seat of the marquis of Bute. Luton is
situate on the river Lea, 18 m s Bedtbrd,
and 31 Nby w London.
Lnttenberg, a town of Germany, in
Stiria, seated on the Stantz, 42 ra e by N
Marchburg.
Luttcr, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Brunswick, 10 m kw Goslar.
Lutterberg, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Brunswick, 20 m s Goslar.
Lidterworlh, a town in Leicestershire,
with a market on Thursday. It has a
large chinxh, of which Wiclif, the first re-
farmer, was rector, and he died here iiv
1385. Here is ;m extensive cotton manu-
facture, and many hands are employed in
the stocking trade. It is seated on thw
river Swift, 14 m s Leicester, and 88 ^^T
London.
Lulzehtein, a town of France, in th»
department of Lower Rhine, with a strong
castle, seated on a mountain, 30 m kw
Strasburg.
Lutzen, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, with a castle. Near tins place,
in 1632, Gustavus Adolphus king of Swe-
den was killed in a battle, at the moment
LYM
of victory. It is seated on tlie Elster, 7 ra
wsw Leipzic.
Luxemburg, a grand duchy and province
of the Netherlands ; bounded on the e by
Treves, s by Lorrain, w by Champagne
and Liege, and n by Liege and Liniburg.
It lies in the forest of Ardennes, and in
some places is covered with mountains
and woods ; but, in ^.cneral, is fertile in
corn and wine, and has a p-eat number of
iron mines. The principal rivers are the
Moselle, Sour, Ourte, and Semoy. It be-
longed to the house of Austria; but the
whole country submitted to the French in
1795. By the congress of Vienna, in 1815,
this duchy was ceded to the king of the
Netherlands ; and declared to form one of
the states of the Germanic contt^deration,
in -compensation for the principalities of
Nassau-Dillenburg, Siegcn, and Dietz.
Luxemburg, a strong city, capital of the
above duchy. It is divided, by the Alsitz,
into the upper and lower towns ; the for-
mer almost surrounded by rocks, but ihe
lower sealed in a plain. It is 22 m wsw
Treves. Lcju. 6 12 e, lat.-19 3? n.
LuxeiiU, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Saone. Near it are
some mineral waters and warm baths ;
also an abbey, founded by St. Coluniban,
an Irishman. It is seated at the foot of
the Vosges, 14 m ne Vesoul.
Luzara, a strong town of Italy, in Man-
tnan, near the conflux of the Crostolo with
the Po. Here a battle was fought between
the Austrians and the French and Spani-
ards, in 170'2, when each side claimed the
victory. It is 18 m ssw Mantua.
Luzarches, a town of France, in the
department of Seine and Oise, 15 m n
Paris.
Luzon ; see Lvconin.
Luzzi, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citra, near the river Crate, 3ms Biaig-
nano.
Lyarea, a tosvn of Ballogistan, in Luss,
on the river Foorally, 38 m s Bcla.
Lydd, a town in Kent, with a market
on Thursday. It is a member of the
cinque port of Koraney, and seated in
Romney marsh, 25 m sw Dover, and 72
SE London.
Lifge, a town of Norway, near a lake
of tlie same name, 16 m nw Christiansand.
Li/gum, a town of Denmark, in the
duchy of Sleswick, 14 m w Apenrade.
Lyme, or Lyme Regis, a borough and
seaport in Dorsetshire, governed by a
mayor, with a market on Friday. It is
sealed on the side of a craggy hill, on the
river Lyme, at the head of a little inlet ;
and the harbour is formed by two very
thick walls, called the Cobbe. It has a
LYO
Newfoundland and coasting trade, and is
noted f(jr sea-bathing. Here the duke of
Monmouth landed, in 1685, for the exe-
cution of his design against James ii.
Lyme is the birthplace of Thomas Coram,
the benevolent patron and contriver of the
Foundling hospital. It is 28 m e by s
Exeter, and Ho whys London. Lou. 3
4 w, lat. 50 41 N.
Lymford, a gulf of Denmark, in N Jut-
land, which has a narrow entrance from
the Categat, at Hals, and extends 18 m
across the country, widening gradually,
and forming several branches. The w end
is 20 in long, and separated from the North
sea by a narrow bank.
Lymington, a borough in Hampshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Saturday. It is seated on a river of its
name, a mile from the sea, and ihe harbour
will admit vessels of 300 tons. The chief
trade is in salt ; and it has two sets of
batiis, much fre(|uented in the summer.
Near it are the remains of a lloman camp ;
and in 1744 two urns were discovered that
contained ne;irly 200 pounds weight of
their coins. It is 13 m ssw Southampton,
and 94 sw London. Lon. 1 42 w, lat. 50
45 ^f.
lAinchburg, a town of Virginia, in Bed-
ford county, on the s side and near the
head of James river, 120 m w Richmond.
Lyndhurst, a village in Hampshire, on
the N side of the New Forest, 8 m wsw
Southampton. Here are the king's house
and stables, the latter very large. All the
forest courts are held here.
Lynn, a town of Massachusets, in Essex
county, with a considerable manufacture
of women's silk and cloth shoes. It is 9 m
ssw Salem, and 10 ne Boston.
Lynn, or Lynn Regis, a borough and
seaport in Norfolk, governed by a mayor,
witli a market on Tuesday and Saturday.
It has two churches ; and a large market-
place, with an elegant cross. By the Ouse,
and its associated rivers, it supplies most
of the midland counties with coal, timber,
and wine; and, in return, exports malt
and corn in great quantities : it also par-
takes in the Baltic trade and Greenland
fishery. The population was 10,259 in
1811.' It is 42 m wnw Norwich, and 96
K by e London. Lon. 0 24 e, lat. 52
46 "n-.
[.yon, a city of France, capital of the
department of Rhone, and the see of an
arclibishop. Many antiquities evince its
Roman origin ; and it is deemed the next
city to Paris, in beauty, size, and popula-
tion, but superior to it in trade, commerce,
and manufactures. It contains above
100,000 inhabitants, and upward of 30,000
2 E2
MAG
ri tliem are employed in various manufac-
tures, particularly rich stufl? of the most
exquisite workmaiisliip, in silk, £;okl, sil-
ver, &:c. The quays are ailorued with
magnificent structures; the cathedral is u
majestic Moorish edifice, in which is a fa-
mous clock made in 1598 ; and the town-
house is one of the most heantilul in ]'",u-
rope. The other principal public buildings
arc the government house, the exchange,
the customhouse, the palace of justice, the
arsenal, u museum, a public library, two
colleges, and several charitable founda-
tions, one of which, the Grand Hospital,
has not its equal in France. The bridge,
■which unites the city w ith the suburb de la
Guillotiere, is 1560 feet long; and there
are three other principal suburbs, six gates,
and several fn e churches. Lyon in 1793
revolted against the national convention,
but was soon obliged to surrender; and
stibsequently sufiered many injuries and
calamities. This city is a grand depot of
grain and excellent wines. It is situate on
tlie Saone, a little above its conflux with
the Rhone, 15 m n Vienne, and 220 se
Paris. Lon. 4 49 e, lat. 45 46 n.
Lj/onnois, an old province of France,
lying on the w side of the Saone and Rhone,
130 m long and 17 broad. This province
and Beaujolois now form the department of
Rhone.
Li/se, a town of Norway, 3 ra ssw
Bergen.
Lywbi/ki, a town of Poland, in the pa-
latinate of Lublin, 20 m nnw Lublin.
Lyth, a village of N Yorkbhire, on the
seacoast, 4 m wnw Whitby, noted rfbr its
extensive alum works.
M.
Mubra, a town of the kingdom of Al-
giers, seated on the gulf of Bona, 10 m w
Bona.
Macao, a town of China, on an island,
at the entrance of the bay of Canton. It
is defended by four forts. Near the town
is the cave of the celebrated Camoens,
where he wrote the greatest part of the
Lusiad. The Portuguese have been in
possession of the harbour since 16,40 ; and
here is a Portuguese governor, as well as a
Chinese mandarin, to take care of the town
and the neighbouring country. Lon. 113
,37 E, lat. 22 12 N.
Macarsca, a seaport of Dalmatia, and
a bishop's see. In the vicinity are many
subterraneous grottos. It is seated on the
gulf of Venice, 42 m ese Spalatro. Lon.
17 20 E, lat. 43 25 n.
MacaSf a town of Quito, chief of a dis-
ta-ict that produces much fruit, tobacco,
MAC
sugar-canes, cotton, cinnamon, and copal.
It is seated on one of the sources of th*
Amazon, 170 m sbyE Quito. Lon. 78 15
w, lat. 2 30 s.
Macaaxar, the principal town of Cele-
bes, whence that island is sometimes culled
JNlacassar. It is a Dutch settltment, with
a good harbour, defended by Fort Rotter-
dam. The houses are of wood, and th«
roofs covered with very large leaves ; they
are built on thick posts, to guard against
Inundations, and are ascended by ladders.
The rajah of the Maloyos tribe resides
here, and pays tribute to the Dutch. The
tribe employs a great number of fishing
proas ; and their country abounds in sheep,
cattle, horses, and goats, iind produces
much rice. Macassar surrendered to the
British in 1810, without any resistance. It
is seated at the mouth of a river, on the
svv coast, and at the s end of the strait of
IMacassar, which separates Celebes from
Borneo. Lon. 119 34 e, lat. 5 2 s.
Macclesfield, a tovvn in Cheshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Monday. It has manufactures of cotton,
fustians, linen cloth, Sec. and mills for tha
winding of silk. Here are two churches,
and a grammar school founded by Edward
VI. The population was 12,299 in 1313.
It is seated at the edge of a forest, near the
river Bolin, 36 m e Chester, and 107 Nw
London. Lon. 2 17 w, lat. b'i 15 N.
Macduff, a town of Scotland, in Banft-
shire, with a good harbour, on the frith of
IMoray, 2 m e Banfi".
Macedonia, a province of Turkey in
Europe, bounded on the n by Servia and
Bulgaria, e by Romania and the Archipe-
lago, s by Livadia, and w by Albania.
Tlie soil is for the most part fertile, and
the coasts in particular abound in corn,
wine, oil, and every thing desirable for use
and pleasure. Salonica is the capital.
Mace'ua ; see Maziera.
Mucerata, an episcopal town of Italy,
in the marquisate of Ancona, with a uni-
versity. It is generally considered as tin;
capital of the province. The principal gate
is built in the form of a triumphal arch.
In 1797 it was taken by the French. It
is seated on a hill, by the river Chiento,
22 m sbyw Ancona. Lon. IS 27 e, lat.
43 20 N.
Macliala, a town of the kingdom of
Quito. The environs produce great quan-
tities of excellent cacao; also great num-
bers of large mangrove-trees, the wood of
which is very durable, and so heavy as to
sink in w ater. It stands near the bay of
Guayaquil, 80 m s Guayaquil.
Macliccoul, a tovvn of France, in tlie
department of Lower Loire, scaled on the
Tenu, 20 m sw Nantes,
MAC
Macherry ; see Alvar.
Machiu, a town of Naples, in the county
ef Mnlise, 12 m sw JMolise.
Macliiun, one of the MoUicca islands,
20 m in circuit, and the most fertile of
them all. It rises like a conic mountain
from the sea, and pro'luces tlie best cloves.
'J"he Dutch have here tiiree inaccessible
forts. I.on. 126 55 e, hit. 0 28 n.
JMcichius, a seaport of the district of
Maine, capital of Washington county, the
most eastern territory of the United States.
The harbour is defended by a fort and
battery. In 1792 Washins;ton academy
was established here. Ihe trade is consi-
derable in fish, lumber, boards, shingles,
;md hewed timber. It was taken by the
British in 1814. It stands on a river and
bay of its name, 65 m enk Castine. Lon.
67" 17 w, lat. 4148 n.
Machicaco, Cape, a promontory of Spain,
in the bav of Biscay. Lon. 2 43 w, lat. 43
28 N-. '
Machidas, an inland kingdom of Africa,
lying to the s of Abyssinia, between Ajan
and Gingiro. It is watered by the Ma-
gadoxa, but little known to the Euro-
peans.
Machlin, a town of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, with a castle ; seated on an emi-
nence near the river Ayr, 9 m exe Ayr.
Machynlcth, a town of Wales, in Mont-
gomeryshire, with a market on Wednes-
day ; seated on the Dysi, over which is a
bridge into Merionethshire, 37 m w Mont-
gomery, and 207 wnw London.
]\I(tcon, a city of France, capital of the
department of Saone and Loire, and lately
a bishop's see. Here is a fine quay, and
some handsome public edifices. It is ce-
lebrated for good wine, and seated on the
side of a hill, by the river Saone, 35 m n
Lyon, and 188 se Paris. Lon. 4 48 e, lat.
46 20 K.
3Iacreddin ; see Carysfort.
Macri, or Macuri, a town of Asiatic
Turkey, in Natolia, seated on a gulf of its
name, in the Mediterranean. Here are
considerable ruins, and numerous Greek
inscriptions ; supposed to be the remains
of the ancient Telmessus. Macri is tlie
port for expresses from Constantinople to
Egypt, and has a trade in firewood, tim-
ber, tar, cattle, and salt. It is 150 mssE
Smyrna. Lon. 29 9 E, lat. 36 37 N.
3Iacru, or Macroiiisi, an island of the
Archipelago, near the coast of Livadia,
20 m E Athens. Lon. 24 16 e, lat. 37
30 N.
Macroom, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, with an ancient castle, which was
partly burnt in the wars of 1641, and is
now altered into a neat mansion. It is
situate on the SuUaue, 18m w Cork,
MAD
Madan ; see Matan.
Macula, a seaport of Arabia, in tho
province of lladramaut, 150 m sw Shibam.
Lon. 47 50 e, lat. 13 25 N.
JMaczua, a small island in the Red sea,
near the coast of Abex.
3Iadagascur, a large island in the Indian
ocean, discovered by the Portuguese, in
1492. It lies 40 leagues e of the continent
of Africa, from which it is separated by
the strait of Mosambique. It extends 900
m from :." to s, and is from 200 to 300
broad. The inhabitants, upward of four
millions, are divided into a number of
tribes. They are commonly tall, well
made, of an olive complexion, and some of
them pretty black. Their hair is black,
but not woolly, and for the most part curls
naturally; their nose is sniall, though not
flat, and they have thin lips. They hav^
no cities nor towns, but a great number of
villages a small distance from each other.
Their houses are pitiful huts, without win-
dows or chimneys, and the roofs covered
with reeds or leaves. Those that are drest
in the best manner have a piece of cotton
cloth, or silk, wrapt round their middle;
but the common sort have scarce sufficient
to hide their nakedness. Both men and
women are fond of bracelets, necklaces,
and ear-rings. Their ordinary food con-
sists of rice, beans, peas, yams, oil, fruit,
cabbages, beef, mutton, goats, poultry, fish,
and porcupines. The flesh of hogs is only
eaten by hunters and their families; and
ginger, green leaves, garlic, and white pep-
per compose their sauces. They have little
knowledge of commerce, and exchange
among themselves goods for goods : gold
and silver coins brought by Europeans are
immediately melted down for ornaments,
and no currency of coin is established.
There are a great many petty kings, whose
riches consist in cattle and slaves, and
they are always at war with each other.
It is hard to say what their religion is, for
they have neither churches nor priests.
Here are a great number of locusts, cro-
codiles, cameleons, and other animals com-
mon to Africa, but no elephants, tigers,
lions, nor horses. Insects are numerous,
and many of them troublesome. Beside
the products already mentioned, tlie coim-
try yields several sorts of timber and many
articles of marine stores; also indigo, crys-
tals, tortoise-shell, ebony, gums, and honey.
There are only some parts of the coast yet
known ; for both the air and soil are de-
structive to strangers. The chief settle-
ment on the E coast is Port Dauphin, and
the place most visited by the Europeans is
Tamatave.
iluduin; see Modain.
]\J(ideira, an island in the Atlantic
>i
MAD MAD
ocean, 60 m lone; and 40 broad, and lying Tenda, on the f., by the river Nerico. Loin
2.50 > byr, of TeneriiT. The Portuy,uese 13 'J '2 w, lat. 14 27 n.
discovered this island in 1419, which they Madir, a toun of Abyssinia, in Dalcali,
found uninhabited and covered with wood, on the hay of Aniphila, 00 m sk Arena,
and on th;it account, called it Madeira. Mndra^i, a city of llindoostan, in the*
Prince Henry, ti)e next year, settled a Carnatic, and the nK:tro|jolis of the British
colony hero; and not only furnished it possessions in the ])eccan and Southern
with plants and doinefilic animals, but llindoostan. The fortress, called Fort St.
procured slips of the vine from Cyprus, George, is of great strength, and a regular
and plants of the sugar-cane from Sicily, srjuare, about 100 yards on each side. It
These throve so prosperously, that the stands in the middle of the VVhite or Eng-
sugar and wine of Madeira quickly became lish town, which has three straight streets
articles of some consequence in the cum- to the n, and the same number to tlie s of
merce of Portugal. The sugar-works have the fort. The houses are covered with a
since been removed, but the wine is now stucco called chunan, which is nearly as
in the highest estimation. This island is compact as marble, and bears as high a
also celebrated for sweetmeats, all kinds of polish: they consist of long colonades,
fruit being here candied in the most ex- witii open porticos, and flat roofs ; and
quisite perfection. The cedar-tree is found few of them exceed one floor. The inner
in great abundance, and the dragon-tree is apartments of the houses are not deco-
a native of this island. Flowers nursed in rated, presenting to the eye only white
the English greenhouses grow wild here in walls ; which, however, from the niarhle-
the fields; and the hedges are mostly like ap()earnnce of the stucco, give a fresh-
formed of the myrtle, rose, jasmin, and uess grateful in so hot a country. Ceilings
honey-suckle. There are few reptiles to are veiy unconmion in the rooms ; it being
be seen in the island ; the lizard is the impossible to lind any that will resist the
most common. Canary birds and gold- ravages of the white ants. Opposite the
finches are found in the mountains. Hogs w side of the fort is a barrack, for the sol-
are the food most relished ; they are suf- diers when oft" guard ; and adjoining it is
fered to range among the mountains, and a convenient hospital. At the other end of
are hunted and caught by dogs. Salted the barrack is a mint, for the coinages of
cod is imported from America, and is the gold and silver. On the s side stands the
chief diet of the poor. Madeira is well church, at the back of which is the resi-
vatered and populous; and the climate, deuce of the governor; and on the n is the
though hot for a great part of the year, is exchange, on which is erected a lighthouse,
so salubrious, that invalids resort to it The whole is surrounded by a strong wall,
from distant countries. The British fac- and defended by batteries, bastions, &c,
tory settled in this island consists of up- The Black town, which is also walled and
■ward of twenty commercial houses, and fortified, stands to the N of the fort, and is
have considerably more of its trade than inhabited by Gentoos, Mohamedaus, Ar-
the Portuguese. Funchal is the capital. minians, and Jews. 'I'he streets are wide,
Madeley Ma7'ket, a town in Shropshire, wkh trees planted in some of them, which
■with a market on Friday, held at the foot afford shelter from the sun. Some of the
of Colebrook Dale bridge. Here are some houses are of brick; the rest are mean
iron-works ; and a work for obtaining fos- cottages in external appearance, but all
sil tar, from the smoke of coal. It is 9 m within is neat and decent. The govern-
N Bridgenorth, and 147 NW London. ment house, which is large and handsome,
Modgheri/^ or Madhugiri, a town of stands on the Choultry plain, above a mile
Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a hill fort, svv of the fort; and near to it are Chepauk
In the vicinity much iron is smelted, and gardens, the residence of the nabob ot the
a great number of cattle are bred. Ifis Carnatic. From the Black town a navigable
seated amid hills and fertile vallies, 25 m canal extends 7 m n to Enore river; by
Ebys Sera. this channel boats go hence to PuUicat,
Madiun, ox Median, a town of Arabia and return with charcoal. The city stands
Petrea, on the e side of the eastern arm in a flat country, on a fine sandy beach,
of the Red sea. The Arabians call it and in common with all the European
Megar el Schnaid, the Grotto of Schuaid settlements on this coast, has no port
(or Jethro) and suppose it to be the place for shipping; the coast forming nearly a
where Moses tended the flocks of his father- straight line, and being incommoded also
in-law. It is 50 m n Moilah, and 80 s with a tremendous surf. The boats used
Acaba. for crossing the surf are large and light ;
Madina, a town near the right bank of and each is so dexterously managed by the
the Gambia, capital of the kingdom of coxswain and rowers, that by a tew suc-
WoolJi, which is separated from that of cessive surfs, the boat is dashed high and
MAD MAD
dry on the beach. Madras was settled by feasts. Casa del Cacnpo is a royal house
tile English aljout the year 1640, and car- of pleasure, about hal.t'a mile from Madrid,
ries on a great .and extensive commerce, with tine gardens, pleasant walks, and a
notwithstanding large vessels cannot ap- great many uncommon animals. La Retire
proach within 2 m of its shore. The po- is another royal palace near the city, and
pulation above 300,000. It was taken by is a pleasant retreat in the heat of summer,
the French in 1744, and restored in 1748, there being a great nnmber of fish-ponds,
greatly improved. In 1758-9 it sustained g'ottos, tents, groves, and hermitages : it
a severe siege of two months from the «^'so includes a fort called la China. Ma-
French, who then made a precipitate re- drid has royal manufactures of china, cards,
treat. The fort has since received addi- saltpetre, &c. but it has little trade, and
tional works, and is now one of the best chiefly prospers by the presence of the
fortresses in the possession of tiie British, court. It is seated on the river ]\Ianza-
It is 240 m E by n Seringapatam.
80 25 E, lat 13 5 .v.
Madre de Dios, an island in the Pacific
ocean, near the coa-t of Patagonia, 180 m
in circuit. Lon. 42 0 \v, lat. 510 s.
nares, which, though small, is adorned
with a magnificent bridge. Madrid, iu
1808, was entered by the French, under
Murat, and the royal family retired into
France : soon afterward, Joseph Bona-
Madre de Popa, a town of New Grana- parte entered it as king of Spain ; but the
da, iu the province of Carthagena. It has usurper and his adherents in a few days
a celebrated convent, much resorted to by deemed it prudent to retreat, taking with
pilgrims ; and they pretend that the image them such treasure as they had ihc means
of the V^irgin has dime a great many niira- of conveying; toward the end of the year it
cles in favour of seafaring people. It is surrendered, without resistance, to the
seated on the Magdalena, 50 m e Car- French, under Napoleon. In 1812, after
thagena. the battle of Salamanca, tlie city was en-
Madrid, the capital of Spain, in New tered by the allied army, and fort la China
Castile. It was formerly an inconsiderable capitulated ; but the army retreated after
place, ijelongiiig to the archbishop of To- the failure of the siege of Burgos. In 1813,
ledo; but the purity of the air engaged the
court to remove hither, and it is now die
largest and finest town in the kingdom ;
but its form of government does not admit
it to be termed a city. It stands in a plain ,
surrounded by mountains, and has a high
the French evacuated the city; and ia
1814, Ferdinand vii re-entered his capital.
Madrid is 265 m ne Lisbon, and 623 ssw
Paris. Lon 3 54 w, lat. 40 25 N.
Madrid, New, a town of Louisiana,
capital of a settlement. In 1810 it was
wall built of mud. It contains 77 churches, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, it is
60 convents, 15 gates of granite, and about seated on tlie Mississippi, 50 in below the
168,000 inhabitants. The houses are influx of the Ohio, and 260 wsw Frank-
nioslly built of stone, and lofty, but look for!, in Kentucky. Lon. 89 43 w, lat. 36
much like prisons, the windows being gi"at- 34 N.
ed with iron bars, particularly the lower Madrigal, a town of Spain, in Old Cas-
range, and sometimes the rest. Tha streets tile, seated in a plain, fertile in excellent
are long, broad, and straight, and some have wine, 10 m ne Medina del Campo.
handsome fountains. There are above 100 Madrigal, a town of New Granada, in
towers or steeples in different places, which the province of Popayan, 130 m s by e
contribute greatly to the embellishment of Popayan. Lon. ?5 45 w, lat 0 50 N.
the place. The royal palace stands on an Mudrisio, a town of Italy, in Fruili, 30
eininence, and consists of three courts : m n Venice.
each front is 470 feet long and 100 high, Madrogun, the capital of Mocaranga,
so that this immense pile towers over ali with a spacious royal palace. The upper
the country; and no palace in Europe is part of the houses is in the shape of a bell,
fitted up with more royal magnificence. Lon. 29 40 e, lat. 18 0 s.
Ihe churches and monasteries coritain Madura, a town of Hindoostan, in the
many paintings, by the most celebrated Carnatic, capital of a district. It is forti-
masters. The finest square in Madrid is fied with square towers and parapets, and
the Placa Mayor, 1536 feet in circuit, sur- has a most superb pagoda. It stands near
rounded by houses, five stories high, all of the Vagaroo, 90 m sw T^njore. Lon. 7S
an equal height; every story being adorned 13 e, lat. 9 31 N.
with a handsome balcony, and the fronts Madura, an island in the Indian ocean,
supported by columns, which form very 90 m long and 36 broad, lying to the n of
fine arcades. Here the auto de J'es were the e part of Java. It abounds in rice
formerly celebrated, with all their terrible and teak timber. In 1811, it was taken
apparatus; and it is still the theatre of by the British, out of the power of the
jjull-fights, which are giyen at the royal IVench and Dutch, who were all made
MAE
prisoners. It is governed by a prince, wlio
resides at Bankalan, at the w end of the
island ; but the chief place of commerce is
Sumenap, near the se end. Lon. 113 42
E, lat. 7 1s.
Macler, a lake of Sweden, 80 m lonp;
and '20 broad, cxtcndinp; from Kongsoeur,
in VVestmania, to Stockholm. It contains
several beautifnl islands. In winter it is
usually frozen over during a few weeks,
and then opens an easy communication, by
sledges, between the interior parts of Swe-
den and the city of Stockholm.
Maehtrom, a dangerous whirlpool on
the coast of Norway, at the s end of the
Loftbden islands, and near that of Moskoe,
whence it is also named Moskoestrom. It
is caused by a furious current, which runs
among these isles, flowing contrary to the
motion of the tide, in a kind of circular
stream; and here, when its violence is
greatest, the vortex is tremendous, and
roars equal to the loudest cataracts. The
intervals of tranquillity are only at the
turn of the ebb and Hood, and they last but
half an hour, its violence gradually return-
ing. When the stream is most boisterous,
and its fury heightened by a storm, vessels
have been reached by it at the distance of
5 m, and inevitably destroyed.
Maerna, a town of Gemiany, in Tyrol,
23 m wsw Trent.
Maes, a river ; see Meuse.
Maeseyk, a town of the Netherlands, in
MAG
became masters of it the following year.
It is 14 m NNF, Liege, and 58 n Brussels.
Lon. 5 48 K, lat. 5049 n.
Mtifra, a town of Portugal, in Estrema-
dura, with a college. Near this place, in
a sandy and barren spot, John v erected a
bnildnig of extraordinary magnificence.
This was done in pursuance of a vow,
made in a dangerous fit of illness, to found
a convent for the use of the poorest friary
in the kingdom ; vvliich was found at Ma-
fra, where twelve Franciscans lived toge-
ther in a hut. The town is seated near the
sea, 18 in nnw Lisbon.
Magadoxn, the capital of a kingdom of
the same name, on the coast of Ajan, with
a citadel, and good harbour. It stands at
the mouth of a river of its name, which is
supposed to have a long course, having
regular inundations that fertilize the coun-
try to a great extent. The king and his
court are Mohainedans : his subjects, of
what race soever (some being white, others
tawny and ohve, and others quite black)
all speak the Arabic tongue ; they are stout
and warlike, and among other weapons
use poisoned arrows and lances. This
city is a place of great commerce, receiving
from Adel and other parts cotton, silk,
spices, and drugs, in exchange for gold,
ivory, wax, and other commodities. Lon.
46 25 E, lat. 2 10 N.
Magdalen Islands, a group of seven
small isles, in the gulf of St. Lawrence,
the territory of Liege, on the river Maes, lying ne of the e point of the island of St
or Meuse, 10 m ssw Ruremonde.
Maeslandsluys, a town of the Nether-
lands, in S Holland, near the mouth of the
Meuse, 10 m vv Rotterdam.
Maestricht, a city of the Netherlands,
in Limburg. It is about 4 m in circuit,
seated on "the left bank of the Meuse, op-
posite Wick, with which it communicates
by a stone bridge. The population 18,000.
It has tine long streets, many churches and
convents, a college formerly belonging to
the Jesuits, a council-house, with its library,
aiui manufactures of cloth and fire-arms.
ISIear it is the lofty mountain of St. Peter,
with a fortress ; and a stone quarry, with
such a number of subterranean passages
as to be capable of containing 40,000 per-
sons. The other fortifications and the
situation of Maestricht are such, that it is
deemed one of the strongest places in Eu-
rope. This city was confirmed to the Dutch
m 1648. Louis xtv took it in 1673 ; Wil-
liam prince of Orange invested it in vam,
in 1676 ; but, in 1678, it was restored to
the Dutch. In 1748, the French were per-
mitted to take possession of it on condi-
tion of its being restored at the peace then
negociating. In 1793 it was unsuccess-
fully attacked by the French, but they
John. They arc inhabited by a few fami-
lies, whose chief support is derived from
fishing.
Magdalena, a river of New Granada,
Avhicli rises in the mountains to the e of
Popayan, flows n above 600 m, and enters
the Caribean sea, between Carthagena and
St. Martha. The cacao, or chocolate-tree,
grows abundantly on its banks, and is
highly esteemed.
Magdalena, a river of Louisiana, which
rises in the mountains that separate Loui-
siana from New Mexico, and runs into the
Pacific ocean, to the sw of the bay of St.
Louis. ,
Magdeburg, a duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the N
and E by Brandenburg, s by Anhalt and
Kalberstadt, and w by Brunswick. It is
divided into four circles, Holz, Saal, Je-
rich, and Ziesar. The country is in gene-
ral level, and the parts that are not marshy
and overgrown with wood are very fertile.
The salt springs are of such richness, that
they can supply all Genuany with salt.
Magdeburg, a fortified city, capital of
the above duchy. It has a handsome pa-
lace, a citadel with a fine arsenal, and a
magniticeut cathedral, which contains tke
MAG
superb mausoleum of Othn tlie izreat. Tlie
population 26,000. litre are manutac-
tures of cotton and linen goods, ^tockii<s:s,
gloves, porcelain, and tobacco; but the
principal are those of woollen and silk. It
is well situate for trade, on the lelt bank
of the Elbe, bv which it has a comuiunica-
tion with Hambure:. It was taken bv storm,
in 1031, bv the Austrians, who burnt the
town,eKcept the cathedral and a few houses
adjacent, and massacred above 10,000 of
the inhabitants ; but it was soon hand-
somely rebuilt. In 180(3 it surrendered to
the French. It is 40 m wsw Brandenburg,
and 120 sE Hamburg. Lon. 11 53 E, hit.
o> 10 N.
Magellan, a strait of S America, dis-
covered, in 1520, by Ferdinando ^Magellan,
a Portuguese in the service of Spain. It
aiFurds a passage from the Atlantic to the
Pacific ocean, between the island of Terra
del Fuebio and the mainland of America.
This strait has since been sailed through
by several navigators; but the passage,
upward of 300 m, being dangerous and
troublesome, they now sail throuirh the
strait of Le Maire and round Cape Horn.
Maggeri, or J\[agadi, a town of Hin-
doostan, in Mysore, seated in a hilly coun-
try, abounding in timber trees, stone, and
iron, 21 ni w I3angabi:e.
^Ltggeroe, 'or ^&^eron, a large island
of Norway, deemed the most northern
continental land in Europe. It is sepa-
rated from the continent, on the s, by a
very narrow channel ; and its n extremity
is an enormous rock, called North Cape.
Lon. 25 57 e, lat. 71 12 n.
Maggiore, or Verhano, a lake lying
principally in the duchy of Milan, in Italy,
and the n extremity in the canton of Tesin,
in Switzerland. It is 36 m long and 4
broad, but 7 where a branch on tlie w side
extends to the xw. The river Tesino runs
s through its whole length; and in the
widest part are the celebrated Borromean
isles, three in number ; which are covered
with orange and lemon-trees, and laid out
in gardens and pleasure grounds. The
mountains on its banks have an intermix-
ture of vineyard and forest, and the chain
is frequently broken by rich intervening
plains and expansive vallies.
Maghera, a town of Ireland, in London-
derry county, 28 m ese Londonderry.
MagheraJ'elt, a town of Ireland, in Lon-
donderry county, with a considerable linen
manufacture, 17 ra ^v Antrim, and 3G ese
Londonderry.
jMagia, a river of Switzerland, in the
canton of Tesin, which runs s, with rapi-
dity, through a narrow valley of its name,
and enters the lake Maggiore, near Lo-
carno.
MAH
]\ragia, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Tesin, on the river Magia, 10 m
NNw Locarno.
MaginJanao; see Mindanao.
Magliano, a town of Italy, capital of
the province of Sabina. It is seated on a
mountain, near the Tiber, 28 m N Rome.
Lon. 12 35 E, lat. 42 25 n.
Magnavacca, a town and fort of Italy,
in Ferrarese, at the mouth of the lake of
Comachio, in the gulf of Venice, 3 m s£
Comachio.
Magnisa ; see Ufanackln.
Magny, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seme and Oise, 32 m n\t
Paris.
Magotzo, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
at the w end of a small oval lake, which
by a streamlet communicates with that of
Maggiore. It is 12 m sse Domo d'Ossola,
and 36 nnw Novara.
Mugra, a river of Italy, which rises in
the Apennines, on the s confines of Parma,
and flows by Pontremoli and Sarsana into
the gulf of Genoa.
Mn/iu7uiddj/, a river of Hindoostan,
which rises in the ne part of Gundwana,
crosses Orissa, and enters the bay of Ben-
gal, by several mouths, below Cuttack.
These mouths form an assemblage of low
woody islands ; and at the mouth of the
principal channel, near False Point, is a
fortified island, named Coojung.
Mahaville, the largest river in Ceylon.
It has its source in the lofty mountain
called Adams Peak, flows n to Candy, and
there turns to the e ; it afterward resumes
a N course, and enters the sea by several
mouths, to the s of Trincomalee. It is
navigable within a few miles of Candy,
wtiere it is crossed by a ridge of rocks that
prevent the passing of the smallest boat ;
and the cun-ent below this ridge is so
strong, that the ascent of vessels is re-
tarded.
Malidia; see Medea.
Make, a town of Hindoostan, in Ma-
labar, taken from the French, in 1793, by
the English, and now the chief place of
the Company's commerce in the province.
Black pepper and cardnmons are the chief
articles of export; but the greater part of
these are brought from the country above
the Gauts. Mahe is situate on high
ground, at the mouth of a river navigable
a considerable way inland for boats, 30 m
XNW Cahcut. Lon. 75 38 e, lat. 11
42 X.
MdJiim, a town of Hindoostan, on the
coast of Aurungabad, belonging to ths
peshwa, 51 m n by w Bombay.
Mahlberg, a town and castle of Suabia,
in Brisgau, situate on a mountain, by the
river Sc.butter, 17 m N Fribui-^
MAI
MahwitJpoor, a tcnvn of Hiiidoostaii, \n
BcnrjEil, 88 m nt CalciUta.
jMu/iomdt/, ii town ol" Ilindoostan, in
Oucle, 40 111 xw Khyiiibad.
Million, a seaport ot" Miiutrca, at the
fir end of the island. The harbour, called
J'ort Mahoi), is deemed one of the finest in
Kiirope ; it is .5 in lonj^, and contains four
islands, covered with murine edifices. 'I'hc
town has about 7000 inhabitants, and
stands on a number of rocks on the w side
of the head of the harbnm-, 27 m se Citta-
dci'.a. Lon. 4 18 e, lat. 39 51 x,
Malioor, a town of Hindoo.stan, in Be-
nir, capital of a district inchiding many
iiatnrally strons; positions. It is situate on
the Chin Gonga, which flows to tiie Goda-
very, 96 in ssE EUichpoor, Lon. 78 33 e,
lat." 20 4 N.
Mahndtus, two powerful states of Hin-
doostan, which derive their name from
Mahrat, an ancient province of the Dec-
can. Ihey are called the Poonah, or
Western Mahrattas, and the Nagpoor, or
Eastern. Collectively, tjjey occupy all the
s part of Hiudoostau Proper, with a large
proportion of the Deccan, Malwab, (Jrissa,
Khaiidesh, and Bejapoor; a great part of
Berar and Ajmere; and a sinid! part of
Gujrat, Aurungabad, A!z;ra, and Allahabad.
These territories comprise their empire,
which extends from sea to sea, across the
s part of the Deccan ; and from the con-
lines of Agra northward to the river Kistna
southward. The Western state, the ca-
pital of w hich is Poonah, is divided among
a number of chiefs, or princes, whose obe-
dience to the peshwa, or head, is merely
nominal at any time ; and in some cases,
an opposition of interests produces wars,
not only between the members of the state,
but also between the members and the
head. Nagpoor is the capital of the East-
em Mahrattas. Both these states, in 1792,
were in alliance with the English, in the
war against Tippoo, from w hose territories
they gained some acquisitions, which were
ceded to them in 1799. Their armies are
principally composed of light horse.
Mahrburg ; see Murchburg.
Maidu, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra. On the plain near this place, in
1306, a victory was obtained by 5000
British troops over 8000 French. It is 9
m WNw Squillace.
Naideu/iead, a town in Berkshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Wednesday, and a good trade in malt,
meal, and timber. It is seated on the
Thames, over which is a bridge, 12 m
Eby^ Heading, and 26 wbyN London.
Maidenoi, an island in the Pacific ocean,
36 m long and 9 broad. In the nw part
2
MAT
of it native copper is found. Lon. 167 1(J
1'., lat. 54 40 N.
Mdiddone, a borough and the county-
town of Kent, governed by a mayor, with
a market on Thursday. It has a brisk
trade in exporting the commodities of the
county," particularly hfips, of vhich there
are numerous plantations around; here
are likewise paper-mills and a manufacture
of iiiKu. The church is very capacious,
and probably belonged to a monastery, of
which considerable fragments are remain-
ing. The population was 9) 13 in 1811,
It is seated on the Meriway, 20 m w Can-
terbury, and 34 ese London. Lon. 0 38
E, lat. 51 10 N.
Mailcotta, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Mysore, and one of the most celebrated
places of Hindoo worship. The large tem-
ple is a square building of great dimen-
sions, and the jewels belonging to it are
very valuable. Here, in 1772, Hyder was
completely routed by the iUahrattas. It
is situate on a high rocky hill, 14 m N
Seringapatam.
Maillezais, a town of France, in tlie
department of Vendee, seated in an island
formed by the Seure and Autize, 7ms
Fontenav le Comte, and 22 ke Rochelle.
JMaiiia, a seaport of European Turkey,
in iVIoiea, which gives name to a moun-
tainous district that lies between two bays
of the Mediterranean sea. Its products
are oil, silk, gall-nuts, honey, wax, cotton,
and kermes ; and considerable quantities
of v/ool and hides are exported. The
Mainotti could never be subdued by the
Turks, on account of their vigilance and
valour, and the defiles of their mountains.
Tlie town is seated on the se part of the
bay of Coron, 46 m sby w Misitra. Lon,
22 10 E, lat. 36 34 N.
Muinburg, a town of Bavaria, situate on
the Ambs, 18 m ese Ingoldstadt, and 32
NKE Munich.
jnauie, a river of Germany, which rises
in Franconia, flows by Bamberg, Wurtz-
burg, Aschart'enburg, Hanau, and Frank-
fjrt, and joins the Pvhine a little above
Mentz.
Maine, an old province of France,
bounded on the N by Normandy, e by
Orleanois, s by Touraine and Anjou, and
w by Bretagne. It now forms the depart-
ments of Mayenne and Sarte.
Maine, a district belonging to the state
of Mas&achpsets, 200 ro long and 12Q
broad; bounded on the N by Canada,
ke by New Brunswick, se by the Atlantic^
and sw by New Hampshire. It is divided
into live counties, York, Cumberland, Lin-
coln, Hancock, and Washington. The
chief rivers are the Penobscot, Kenneb^Cj
MAJ
Soco, Androscoe;gin, St. John, and St.
(>roix ; and it lias several suuill lakes.
Thout^li an elevated tract, it cannot be
called mountainous, and a great proportion
of the lands are arable and exceedingly
fertile. The crops generally cultivated are
wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, hemp, and
flax ; and hops grow spontaneously. '1 he
trees are white pine, spruce, maple, beech,
white and gray oak, and yellow birch ;
these, as ship tnnber, boards, and every
species t)f split lumber, are the principal
exports of the ctnintry. The heat in sum-
mer is intense, and the cold in winter ex-
treme; all the lakes and rivers are usually
passable on ice from Christmas till the
middle of March. In 1810, the population
was '228, TCj. Portland is the capital.
MaineviUe, a town of France, in the
department of Eure, 24 m kse Rouen.
Mainland, the largest and most southern
of the Shetland isles, CO m long and in
some places 10 broad; but it projects
many irregular promontories, and is in-
dented by numerous bays and harbours.
Tlie country consists of black craggy
mountains and marsliy plains, interspersed
with some verdant spots, which appear
s.mooth and fertile. jSeither tree nor ^hrub
is to be seen, except the juniper and the
heath. The mountains abound with va-
rious kinds of game. The hills are covered
with beeves and sheep of a small breed;
the horses arc also of a diminutive size,
but remarkably strong, and called Shet-
land ponies. Lotty chlis, impendin>i over
tiie ocean, are the hauntsof eagles, falcons,
and ravens. The deep caverns underneath
shelter seals and otters ; and to the wind-
ing bays resort swans, geese, scarfs, and
other aquatic birds. The rivulets and
lakes are rich in salmon, trout, &c The
seas abound with cod, turbot, and had-
dock ; and, at certain seasons, with shoals
of herrings. Lobsters, oysters, muscles,
Sec. are also plentiful. No mines have
been wrought, but there are visitile appear-
ances of various metallic ores. The inha-
bitants are hardy, docile, and ingeniims.
They manufacture linen and woollen cloth
for their own use ; and worsted stockings,
some of fine texture and great value, tor
exportation; but their principal occupa-
tion is fishing. Lerwick is the capital.
Mainland, the principal of the Orkney
islands. See Fomona.
]\Iain.t€non, a town of France, in the
department of Eure and Loire, with a col-
legiate church, and a priory, seated be-
tween two mountains, on the river Eure,
5 m N by e Chartres.
Mujarnbo, a country on the coast of
Guinea, between those of Brafra aud Ga-
bon, of which little is known.
MAK
Majorca, the largest of the Balearic
islands, 60 m long and 45 broad, lying ia
the Mediterranean sea, between Ivica and
Minorca. The whole coast is lined with
strong towers. The nw part is mountain-
ous ; the rest produces good com, olive-
trees, fine honey, Iruit, and delicate wine;
and it abimnds in rabbits, hares, quails,
partridges, snipes, and thrushes. It has
no rivers, though there are a great many
fine fountains and wells, llie inhabitants
are robust and lively, and make good sail-
ors. The capital is Palma.
Muire, Lc, a strait of S America, be-
tween Staten island and Terra del Fnego.
It was discovered, in 1(3 Iti, by Le Mai re,
a Dutchman, who passed through it and
round Cape Horn into the Pacific ocean.
This passage is now generally adopted by
navigators, being more safe than through
the strait of Magellan.
Mai.isore; see Myxore.
MaUy, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Calvados, 5 m n Isigni, and 27
WNw Caen.
Maito, a town of European Turkey, ia
llomania, seated on a deep bay in the
stir.it of Gallipoli, immediately above the
Dardanelles, 24 m sw Gallipoli.
Majnmbu ; see Mayamhu.
MuLrent, St. a town of France, in th»
department of Two Sevres, with a Bene-
dictine abbey, and a trade in corn, stock-
ings, and woollen stuffs ; seated on th«
Sevre, 26 m sw Poitiers.
Mukurev, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Nislmei Novgorod. Here is
a great annual fair at the end of July and
beginning of August, which regulates the
prices of manufactured goods throughout
the empire ; the silks and teas of China,
the productions of Persia, ccc. being here
exchanged for those of Russia and the w
of Europe. It is situate on the Volga, 24-
m j;sE Xishnei Novgorod.
Makaiief, or Makarcu, a town of Rus-
sia, capital of the province of Unza, in the
government of Kostroma, it is situate on
the river Unza, 80 m e Kostroma. L(m.
44 14 E, lat. 5S .50 n.
Maker, a village in Cornwall, 7 m se
St. Germains, on an eminence, forming th«
w point of the entrance of Hamoaze, at
iMymouth. On the heights is a very strong
battery ; and the steeple of the church,
called Maker Tower, is a noted seamark,
Lon. 4 JO w, lat. 50 21 n.
j\lak(j, a town of Hungary, capital of
Tsanad county, in which many horses are
bred. The population in 1815 was 6477.
It is situate near the Maros, 16 m £bys
Segedin.
Makoonda, a town of Ilindoostan, in the
country of Allahabad, 66 m s Allahabad,
INIAL
and 110 ^^l- Gunah. Lon. 84 o7 i, lat.
24 3;> N.
Makran; see Mekran.
J\l(ilabn7; a province on the w coast oi"
Soulliern llindoostiin, lying between those
ot'Canara and Cochin. Tiichidinjj; the dis-
tricts of Coorp; and Wynaad, above the
Gants, it is IGO m long and 60 broad. It
"was divided amonjj; several petty princes
who were subdued by Hyder ; Hn<l on the
termination of the war with Tippoo, in
179',', it was ceded to the British. 'Ihe
land is well cultivated; and there are many
forests. Oxen and buffalos are numerous,
but of a diminutive size. IS'o horses,
asses, sheep, nor ^oats are bred ; but com-
mon poultry are in abundance. It is well
••watered by rivers ; but none have any
peculiar appellation, each portion bein'^
called by the name of the remarkable
place near v.hich it flows. The capital is
Cahcut. The whole coast from the north-
ern part of this province to the southern
extremity of Hindoostan is called the
Coast of Malabar. The natives are all
blacks, or at least of a dark olive com-
plexion, with long black hair, and tolerable
features. They are distinguished into
casts, or tribes, of which the principal and
most remarkable are the Nairs, who are
the pure Sudras of Malabar, and rank next
to the Brahmins. The Naire all pretend
to be born soldiers ; but they are of various
ranks and professions: they form the mili-
tia of Malabar, directed by the Brahmins,
and jroverned by rajahs. The Nairs marry
before they are 10 years of ace, but the
husband never cohabits with his wife. He
allows her oil, clothing, ornaments, and
food ; but she remains in her mother's
house, or after her parents death with her
brothers, and cohabits with any person she
chooses of an equal or higher rank than
lier own. Bv this strange arrangement no
IS'air knows his father, and every man
considers liis sisters children as his heirs.
His mother manages the family, and after
her death the eldest sister takes the direc-
tion. The moveable property of a Nair,
on his decease, is equally divided among
the children of all his sisters. The Nairs,
generally, are excessively addicted to iji-
toxicating liquors; and are allowed to eat
-venison, goats, fowls, and fish. They use
very little clothing, and are remarkably
clean in their persons.
Mulucca, or Malaya, a peninsula of
Asia, 560 m long and 150 broad ; bounded
on tlie >; by Siam, to which it is connected
by the isthmus ofKravv, about 97 m broad,
and on all other sides by the sea ; tliat
part on the sw side being called the Strait
of Malacca, which separates it from Su-
Tjiutra. The chief commodities for trade
MAL
are tin and elephant teeth ; but there are
a great many excellent fruits and roots,
pc])per and other spices, with some pre-
cious gums and woods. 'Ihe pineapples
are the best in the world; and the cocoa-
nuts have shells that will hold an English
quart. There is but little corn, and sheep
and oxen are scarce ; but buffalos, hog?,
and poultry, arc plentiful. The peninsula
is inhabited by various races of people.
The seacoast is almost wholly possessed
by the Malays, who arc mixed in the n
with the Siamese, and in some places with
the Buggesses from Celebes. The Malays
are rather below the middle stature, their
limbs well shaped, but particularly slender
at the wrists and ancles. 'I heir complexion
is tawny, their eyes large, their noses rather
flat, and their hair long, black, and shining.
They are fond of na^igation, war, plunder,
emigration, adventures, and gallantry.
They talk incessantly of their honour and
bravery, and speak the softest language of
Asia; yet they are deemed the most trea-
cherous ferocious people on the face of the
globe. Their religion is a mixture of Mo-
hamedanism, not possessing the bigotry so
common among the western sects. The
inland parts are possessed by a savage and
barbarous people, who take delight in
doing mischief to their neighbours.
Mulaccu, the capital of a kingdom of
the same name, in the JJalaya peninsula.
The streets are broad and straight, and the
houses tolerably well built; but that part
inhabited by the natives is composed of
bamboo and mat huts. The road here is
safe, but the entrance of the river is ren-
dered intricate by a bar; and near the fort
is a harbour where, in the sw monsoon,
vessels not drawing more than 16 feet may
be secured. Many Chinese reside here,
and are the chief cultivators, distillers,
sugarmakers, and farmers of the customs.
The Portuguese had a settlement here,
which was taken by the Dutch in 1(340;
and it was taken from them by the British,
in 1795. Malacca is seated on the strait
of its name, 480 m SE /\cheen. Lon. 102
15 r, lat. 2 12 N.
Malaga, a city of Spain, in Granada,
and a bishop's see, with two castles, and
a good harbour. The cathedral is a stu-
pendous pile, begun by Philip ii while
married to Mary of England, and their
iniited anns are over the gate. Its com-
merce is principally in figs, raisins, oil, and
excellent wines ; and it has manufactures
of silks, velvet, shag, stockings, hats,
soap, paper, &c. T he population 54,000.
It is seated on the Mediterranean, at
the mouth of the Guadalmedina, 70 m
wsw Granada. Lon. 4 10 w, lat. 56
35 -N.
MAL
Mcdamocco, a small island and town in
the lasunes of Venice, 5 m s X'enice.
Malalia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Roam, and a bishop's sec ; seated in a fine
plain, between the Euphrates and the
iMelas, 100 ni se Sivas. Lon. 33 0 e, lat.
C>Q 28 N.
Malavilli/, a towji of Ilindoostan, in
Mysore, with a large mud fort, separated
into two parts by a tranverse wall. Near
the town iron ore is smelted, and hence
Serino;apatam receives its chief supply. It
is 27 m £ Serinu;apatani.
Malaya, a peninsula of Asia, whose
natives are called ^lalays. See Malacca.
Maluzkird, a town of Turkish Armenia,
situate on the Aras, near its conflux with
the Euphrates, 90 m se Ei-zeruni.
Malcliin, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Mecklenburg, on the river
Peene, where it forms the lake Camrow,
22 m ESE G astro w.
Mulcho, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Mecklenburg, between the
lakes Caipin and Plaii, 23 m sse Gus
trow.
Malda, a town of Ilindoostan, in Ben-
gal, situate on a river near its junction
with the Gan<:;es. It arose out of the ruins
of Gour, the ancient capital of Bengal, and
is a place of great trade for silk, and mixed
goods of silk and cotton. It is 61 m
Nbvw Moorshedabad. Lon. 88 4 e, lat.
Maiden, a borough in Essex, with a
market on Saturday, seated on an emi-
nence, by the river Blackwater. It has
two parish churches ; and a third, vvhich
it had fomierly, has been long converted
into a freeschool. Vessels of a moderate
l)urden come up to the- town, but large
•ihips are obliged to unload at a distance
below, in Blackwater bay. The custom
of Borough English is kept up here, by
which the youngest son succeeds to the
burgage tenure, on the death of his father.
This town carries on a considerable trade,
chiefly in corn, salt, coal, iron, deals, and
wine. It is 10 m e Chelmsford, and 37"
NE London.
Maldives, a cluster of small islands, in
the Indian ocean, lying to the sw of Cape
Comorin, The northernmost, called Head of
the Isles, or Kelly, is in lon. 73 4 E, lat. 7 5
N ; and Maldiva, m which the king resides,
is in lon. 75 35 e, lat. 4 15 N. They are
innumerable ; but all low and sandy, and
most of them uninhabited. They are
divided into 13 provinces, each having its
separate governor, who rules with great
oppression. The subjects ai-e miserably
poor, and appear to be a mixture of Arabs
und Hindoos from Malabar. Thcv supply
ihiph With sails and cojdage, cucDa-nuts,
MAL
oil, honey, dry fish, tortoise-shell, and espp,-'
cially courie.',. 'itie king assumes the title
of sultan of the Maldives, king of thirteen
provinces, and twelve thousand isles.
Maldonudo, a seaport of the govern-
ment of Buenos Ayres, chiefly noted for
its harbour, in which vessels trading to the
capital sometimes refit. It is situate on
the X shore of the mouth of the Plata, 200
niEbyx Buenos Ayres. Lon. 55 10 w,
lat. 34 25 s.
Maleslierhea, a town of France, in the
department of Loiret, 11 m .\e Pluviers.
Malestroit, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Morbihan, on the river Oust,
17 ra ENE Vannes.
Mallam, a village in W Yorkshire, G in
E Settle. It has mountains and rising
gronnds on every side, abounding in natural
curiosities ; and among them, ou a higk
moor, is a circular lake, about a mile in
diameter, which is the source of the river
Aire.
Malin, a village of Ireland, 23 m n
Londonderry. Heue is a mineral spring;
and to the ne is Malin Head, the most
northern cape of Ireland. Llii 7 25 w.
lat. 55 IG N.
Malin, a village of Ireland, in Donegal
county, on a bay of the same name, 15 m
w Killabegs. Here is a verj' ancient ec-
clesiastical building, said to have been a
monastery.
li la lines; see Mechlin.
Maiio, Cape, or St. Angela, a cape of
European Turkey, in Morea, at the s
entrance of the gulf of Napoii, 15 m £
Malvasia.
JMallevilee, a town of France, in ths
department of Lower Loire, 15 m >,w
Nantes.
JSIuUia, a town and fortress of Ilindoo-
stan, in Gujrat, situate on the Muclioo, 2
m above its entrance into the gulf of Cutcij,
and 35 ne Noanagur.
Mallicollo, one of the largest of die
New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. It
extends 20 leagues from kw to S£. The
inland mountains are very high, and clad
with forests. The vegetable productions
are luxuriant, and in great variety, cocoa-
nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, sugar-canes,
yams, eddoes, turmeric, and oranges.
Hogs and common poultry are tiie do-
mestic animals. The inhabitants, in their
form, language, and manners, are widely
ditferent from those of the Frieudly and
Society islands. They seem to correspond
in many particulars with the natives of
New Guinea, especially in their black
colour and woolly liair. They go almost
naked, are of a slender make, have lively,
but very irregular and ugly features,
and tie a rope ticjit round iti.eir belly.
MAL
They use bows and arrows as their prin
cipal weapons, and the arrows arc said to
be soraevinies poisoned. Tlieir bodies are
entirely free from pnnctures, which is one
pai'ticnhir tluit remarkably distiiis^uislies
them from the ottier tribes ot'tiie Paciiic
ocean. At the si; end of the island is a
port, named Sandwich Harbour. Lon. IGT
53 r, hu. 16 '25 s.
Mailing, West, a town in Kent, with a
market on Saturday, 6 ni w Maidstone,
and 20 Eby s London.
AIulloio,' a boronj^h of Ireland, in Cork
county. Here are considerable linen ma-
nufactures, and a Hue spring of tepid
water, which draws much company in
summer. It sends a member to parlia-
ment, and is seated on the Blackwater, 17
in NKW Cork.
AJaltnedti, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, with a Benedictine
abbey, and some naneral >prings equal to
those of Spa. It is seated ou the ilecht,
13 m ? by e Limburg^.
Malmo, a fortified seaport of Sweden,
in Schoncn, with a large harbour, and a
strons; ciiudel. It has fine streets, and
manuTactures of woollen ; and is seated
on the Sound, 10 m sw Lund, and 18
■E by s Copenhagen. Lon. 13 7 e, lat. 55
36 v.
JUalmsas, a town of Sweden, in Suder-
Tnania, '^3 m wxw Nikopinji.
Mutviiburrjy a borough in Wiltshire, with
a market on Saturday, and a wtjollen ma-
nufactinc. Here was formerly a large
abbey ; and at the end of the cemetery are
iwo "ancient churches. It is seated on a
iiill, almost surrour.ded i)y the Avon, over
ivhich it has six bridges, 26 mE byN
Bristol, and 96 w Loudon.
M(tlo, St. a seaport of France, in the
tlepartjnent of Ule and Vilaine, and lately
an episcopal see. It has a lars;e harbour,
difficalt of access, on account of the rocks
that surround it; aud is a trading place,
T)f great importance, defended by 10 bat-
teries. It was bombarded by the English
in 1693, but without success. In 1758,
they landed in CancaJe bay, went to the
harbour by land, and burnt above 100
ships. St. JVIalo is seated on an island,
united to the mainland by a causeway, 44
m NNW llennes. Lon. 2 2 w, lat. 48
39 X.
Malojaroslaul, a town of Russia, in
the government of Kaluga. Here, in 1812,
the French were defeated on their retreat
from Moscow ; the town was taken and
retaken eleven times, and finally burnt to
ashes. It is 36 m n Kaluga, and 66 sw
Moscow.
Malpartida, a town of Spuin, in Est)-«-
inadura, 24 m w Truxillo,
MAL
Mulpas, a town irt Cheshire, with a
market on Monday, seated on a high iiill,
near the river Dee, 13 m se Chester, and
165 NW London.
JShtlpluquet, a village of the Nether-
lands, in Hainault, 7 m sbyE Mons;
famous for a victory gained over the
French, by the duke of Marlborough, in
1709, and sometimes called the battle of
Blaregnies, from an adjacent village.
Mulsexena, a town of Italy, in Veronese,
18 m NNW Verona.
Malta, an island of the Mediterranean,
between Africa and Sicily, 60 m s of the
latter, and the most southern island in
Europe. It is 20 in long and 12 broad ;
contains two cities and 22 villages, and
h.is several good harbours on the coast
opposite Sicily. The port of St. Paul,
toward the ne end, is so called from a tradi-
tion that the vessel in which St. Paul was
sent prisoner to Kome was wrecked on the
N point of its entrance. The island is
divided into two very unequal parts; th©
one to the e, the other to the w, of the
old city. The western part, which is the
smallest, has no villages, and little land
capable of cultivation, but it abounds with
odoriferous plants, and has considerable
salt-works. The other part, containint^
two-thirds of the island, is fertile ; and
here are cultivated large quantities of cot-
ton, lemons, almonds, olives, and vines.
The population 75,000. The common
people speak Arabic, but the better sort
itahan. Emperor Charles v, in 1526,
gave this island (with the smaller one of
Gozo) to the order of St. John of Jerusa-
lem, or knights of Rhodes, who removed
hither in 1530, and hence they are now
called Knights of Malta. The island is
extremely well fortified ; the ditches, of a
vast size, are all cut out of the solid rock,
and extend nuuiy miles. See Citta VcC'
chia, and Valctta.
Maltoii, New, a borough in N York-
shire, with a market on Saturday. Here
are three churches, and some considerable
remains of a monastery. It is seated on
the Derwent, over which is ia stone bridge
to the village of Old Malton, 18 m ne
York, and 213 n by w London.
Mdltown, a town of Hindoostan, in
Malwah, with a stone fort, 110 m JiK
Bopal.
Mftlva, or Mallooihii, a river of Barbary,
which has its rise in the desert, and flows
N into the Mediterranean, separating the
kingdoms of Algiers and Fez. Thirteen
miles from its mouth are three uninhabited
islands, between which coasting vessels
may lie in safety.
Malvasia, a small island of European
Turkey, ou the e coast of Morea, celebratetl
MAN
for its rich wine, called Malmsey. See
Napoli di Malvasia.
Malvern, Great and TJttle, two villages
in Worcestershire. The former is 8 m
whys -Worcester, and had once an abbey,
ot" vvhich nothing; remains but the gatuway,
and the nave of the church, now parochial.
The latter is seated in a cavity of the
Malvern hills, 3 ni from Great Malvern.
Henry vii, his queen, and his two sons,
were" so delighted with tliis place, that
they adorned the church with painted silass
windows, part of which remain, though in
a mutilated state. Between Great and
Little Malvern are two luited dialybeate
springs, one of them called the Holy Well,
which IS secured by a convenient election,
with a bath and other accommodations.
M'llvern IJ'dls, a range of hills in the
sw of Worcestershire, extending from ^^ to
s about 7 m, and dividing this part of the
county from Herefordshire. The highest
joint is 1444 feet above the level of the
i)n the summit of one of these hills.
sea.
are the immense works of the Hereford-
shire Beacon, one of the strongest hill for-
tresses in this island ; its construction is
ascribed to the Britons, as a place of per-
manent security, in case of any sudden
emergency.
IMalung, a town of Sweden, in the pro-
vince of Dalecrtrlia, 55 m w iahhm. Lon.
15 20 E, lat. GO 30 x.
Maluah, a provin.ce of the Deccan of
Hindoostan, bounded on the w by Gujrat,
N by Ajmeer, e by Allahabad and Gund-
wana, and s by the latter and Kliandesh.
It is one of the most extensive, elevated,
and diversified tracts in Hindoostan, and
divided among the chiefs of the Poonah
Mahrattas. The chief tirticles of trade
are cottons, coarse stained and printed
cloths, and excellent tobacco. Oojain and
Bopal are the principal towns.
j\Ialzieu,. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lozere, 20 in kmw Mende.
Mamurs, a town of France, in the de-
partment of .Sarte, seated on the Dive,
14 m w Bellesme.
Muiiiora, a town and fort of the king-
dom of Fe/., seated on an eminence on the
s bank of the Seboo, near its entrance into
the Atlantic. The inliabitants subsist
chiefly by fishing for shehbel, a species of
salmon, of which they take an incredible
quantity. It is 15 m n>e Sallee, and 90
WNw Fez.
Man, an island in the Irish sea, 30 m
Jong and 12 broad. It contains 17 parishes ;
and the chief towns are Castletown, Doug-
las, Peel, and Ramsey. The air is liealthy,
and the soil produces more corn than is
sufticient to maintain the inhabitants, who
are denoniinaied Manx, and ttitimated at
MAN
28,000. Tliey have a bishop, called the
bishop of Sodor and Man ; but he has no
seat in the British parliament. The com-
modities of the island are wool, liides, but-
ter, tallow, black marble, slate, limestone,
lead, and copper. Some manufactures of
coarse hats, cotton iroods, and liuen cloth,
are carried on in different parts ; but the
principal trade arises from the herring
fisheiv. The duke of Athol was lord of
this island, the sovereignty of which he
sold, in 17G">, to tiie crowa ; but he re-
tained his territorial property. The island
stiil preserves some of its privileges, par-
ticularly that of freedom from debts con-
tracted in Enulaiid, and hence it is the
asylum of many insolvent debtors. It
is 37 m s Scotland, 37 N Wales, 27 W
England, and 47 e Ireland.
Mannar, a small island in the Indian'
ocean, on the nw sitle of Ceylon, from
which it is separated by a channel, 2 m
wide, that is nearly dry at low water. It
is 15 m long and 3 broad, and from the
w end a reef oi" nicks runs to the island of
ivainisseram on the continent of Hiudoo-
stan, called Adams Bridge, which can only
be passed by boats. The sea to the, s of
this, lietween the continent and the island
of Ceylon, is called the Gulf of Manaar,
in the XE pari of which is a celebrated
pearl fishery. The Portuguese got posses-
sion of the island of Manaar in 1560; the
Dutch took it from them in 1658 ; and the
English took it from the Dutch in 1795.
At the E end is a fort, where a garrison is
always maintained, and augmented during
the pearl-tishing season. Lon. 79 47 e,
lat. 3 53 N.
Manai/iia, or Magnisa, the ancient
Magnesia, a city of Natolia, and a bishop's
see, with a castle. It was formerly tiie
capital of the Ottoman empire, and is
seated at the foot of a mountain, on tl»e
river Sarabat, 22 ra N Smyrna. Lon. 27 6
E, lut. 38 45 N'.
Manan, an island in the middle of the
bay of I'undy, 9 m from the coast of tlie
district of Maine, but forms a part of
Charlotte county, in New Brunswick. It
is 14 m long and 7 broad, the soil in general
good, and well wooded with fir, birch,
beech, aud maple. its fisheries are in
great esteem, and it has safe harbours for
vessels of war. The northern point is in
lon. 6(j 45 w, lat. 44 54 n.
Manapar, a town of Hindoostan, in Tin-
nevellv, situate on a point of land project-
ing into the gulf of Manaar, 36 m SE
Tinnevelley.
Manapar, a town of Hindoostan, in th«
Carnatic, 23 m wsw Trichinopoly.
Manbe.d, a town of Persia, in the pro-
vince of Irak, 150 m ese Ispahan.
MAN
Munbona, the capital of the kingdom of
Sabia, situate on tlie seacoast, 86 m sby w
Sofala. Lon. Go 56 v., hit. 21 35 s.
Manceiter, a vilhiye in VVarwickshirp,
near Atherstonc and the river Anker. It
was a Roman station on the Watling-
street, and here se^'eral couis have been
duii up.
Mancha, a territory of Spain, in New
Castile, l>et\veen the river Guadiana and
Andalusia. It is nearly surrounded by
mountains, producing aaliniony, vermi-
lion, and mercury. The country is an
immense plain, intersected by ridges of
'low hills and rocks; not an enclosure of
any kind, except mud walls about the
villages, nor scaicely a tree to be seen ;
but it is well cultivated in corn and vines.
The inhabitants are affable, and lireat
lovers of music and dancinp ; aiid it was
here thai Cervantes made his hero, Don
Quixote, perform his chief exploits. The
capital is Ciudad Real.
Manchc, a department of France, in-
cluding the w part of the old province of
Normandy. It is almost surrounded by
the English channel. Coutances is the
capital.
Manchester, a large town in Lancashire,
with a market on Tuesday and Saturday,
seated between the rivers Irk and Irweil,
and a place of great antiquity, though nei-
ther a corporation nor a borough. It has
been long noted for various branches of the
linen, silk, and cotton manutactures ; and
is now principally conspicuous as the
centre of the cotton trade. The labours
of a very populous neighbourhood are col-
lected at Manchester, \% hence they are
sent to London, Liverpool, Iluil, &c.
These consist of a great variety of cotton^
and mixed goods, iitted for all sorts of
markets, both at home and abroad, spread-
ing over a great part of Europe, America,
and the coast of Guinea. The manufac-
tures of tapes and other small wares, of
silk goods, of wire cards, and of hats, are
also carried on at Manchester ; from which
various sources of wealth it has attained
a,reater opulence than almost any of the
tradnig towns in England. Its chief orna-
ments arc the college, the exchange, the
collegiate church, another large church,
and a spacious market-place. The churches
mid chapels of the estabhshment are 16 in
number, with twice as many places of
worship for different sects of dissenter^..
No town in the kingdom is more distin-
guished for its public charities; and it has
many handsome buildings for amusement
and "convenience. In respect to population
it ranks next to London, the number of
inhabitants being 98,573 in 1811 • By
tlie Irweli it has a communication w ith the
MAN
Mersey, and all the late various extensions
of inland navigation. Jt is 36 m EbyN
Liverpool,, and 182 NNW London. Lon.
2 10 w, hit. 53 27 N.
3Iu It c/i eater, a town of Vermont, in
Bennington county, situate on Batten river,
which flows into the Hudson, above Sara-
toga. It is 22 m N Bennington, and 35 s
Rutland.
Manchester, a town of Virginia, on
.Tames river, opposite Richmond, with
which it is connected by a bridge.
Muncict, a town of Trance, in the de-
partment of Gers, 17 m sw Condom.
Mandai, a town of Norway, capital of
a province, in the government of Bergen.
It is seated near the mouth of a river of
the same name, 60 m wsw Christiansand.
Lon. 7 42 E, hit. 58 2 n.
Ma7idavie, a large fortified seaport of
Ilindoostan, in the province of Cutch,
situate on the gulf of Cutch. It carries on
an extensive trade with Malabar and the
Arabian coast. Lon. 69 45 e, lat. 22
40 X.
Maiiderscheid, a town of Germany, in
the territory of Treves, 26 m nne Treves.
Manding, a country in the w part of
Nigritia, at the sources of the rivers Niger
and Senegal. Not only the inhabitants of
this state", but the bulk of the people in
other districts of western Africa, are called
Mandingos, probably from having origi-
nally emigrated from this country. The
Mandingos, in general, are of a mild,
sociable, and obliging disposition : the
men are above the middle size, welU
shaped, strong, and capable of enduring
great labour ; the women are goodnatured,
sprightly, and agreeable. The dress of
both sexes is composed of cotton cloth, of
their own manufacture : the men wear a
loose frock drawers, that reach half way
down the legs, a white cap on the head,
and sandals on the feet. The women's
dress consists of two pieces of cloth, about
six feet long and three wide; one of these
is put round the waist, and hangs down
to the ancles; the other is thrown negli-
gently over the bosom and shoulders. See
hamalia.
Mundorc, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Malwah, capital of a district lying among
the Vimihaya mountains. It was anciently
a city of prodigious extent, but is now
sunk into comparative obscurity. It is
situate on a mountain, 48 m ssw Oojain.
Lon. 75 31 E, lat. 24 35 N.
Mandozcee, a city of Ilindoostan, in
Lahore, possessed by chiefs tributary to
the Seiks, and situate near the Beyali,
138 m NE Lahore. Lon. 75 48 e, lat. 32
54 N.
Mtindozcce, a town of Ilindoostan, in
MAN
Gujrat, situate on tlic Tuptce, 24 m e
Nurat.
Jlaudafitirs, or ^lanchouR, a branch of/
the Mogul Tartars, whose ancestors con-
quered Ciiina in the thirteenth century,
}mt were expelled by tlie Chinese in 13(38.
They inhabit the three provinces of Eastern
Tartary, and retain the customs they
broujiht trcmi Cliina. The Manchon tra-
ders ciiiefly dispose of ginsentr, valuable
sable skins, and small pearls found in the
rivers that flow into llie Amour. The
Alanchou language is deemed the most
'earned and perfect of the Tartar tongues;
it is written in characteis that represent
sounds, and not things like that of the
Chinese.
Munfredoniu, a town of Naples, in
Capitanata, and an archbishop's see, with
a castle and a good harbour for small ves-
sels. Most of the corn exported from the
province is shipped here, and a consider-
able quantity of salt made in the sea-lake
lif Salpe to the s. It is seated at the head
of a gulf of the same name, 20 m £XE
Lucera. Lon. 16 12 e, lat.41 o5 x.
Mayigalore, a town of Ilmdoostan, capi-
tal of Canara. It is seated betr.cen the
two arms of a fine lake of salt water, each
of whicli receives a river from the Gacts ;
but the bar at the entrance into this harbour
will not admit, vesiiels drawing more than
ten feet. The town is built along the sides
of the peninsula, and in ilie elevated center
are the remains of a fort, which sultan
Tippoo ordered to be demolished. It is a
place of great trade, and the principal ex-
ports are rice, betel-nut, black pepper,
sandal wood (from the country above the
Gauts) ciniiamon, and turmeric. In this
town a treaty of peace was signed between
Tippoo and the Eng|i!:h in 1734. It is
12ij m xxw Calicut, and 210 SSE Goa.
Lon. 7b 0 E, lat. 12 49 n.
Mangupett, a to.vn of Ilindoostan, in
Iiydiabad, situate on the Godavery, 104 m
^"w ]{ajaniundry.
Mangeea, an island in the Pacific ocean,
15 m in circuit. In the interior parts it
rises into small lulls, and the inhabitants
seem to resemble those of Otaheite. Lon.
158 16 w, lat. 21 2? s.
Manlitiiii, a strong city of Germany,
capital of the palatinate of the Rhine,
almost surrounded by the Neckar and the
ilhine. The streets intersect each other at
right angles ; and it has three noble gates,
adorned with basso-relievos. The palace
is a magnificent structure, with a cabinet
of natural curiosities and a gallery of pic-
tures. The population 24,000. Manheim
has been frequently taken and retaken by
the Fi-eocU and Austrians in the Is^te wars.
MAN
In 180?, it was ceded to the margrave-
of Baden. It is 17 rn n Spire, and 42"
s Franiifort. Lon. 8 34 e, lat. 49 29 N.
Manica, an inland kingdom of Caffreria^
bounded on the N by Mocaranga, e by
Sofala and Sabia, and s and w by unknown,
regions. It is said to aijound with mines
of gold, and has a river and capital of the
same name; but it is little known to th&
Europeans .
MariicLpoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Allahabad, capital of a fertile district, be-,
longing to the nabob ofOude It is situate
on the left bank of the Ganges, 86 m
KW Allahabad. Lon. 81 25 e, lat. 25
47 N.
Manjee, a town of Ilindoostan, in Ba-
liar, situate on the lett bank of the Ganges
opposite the influx of the Gograli. Here is
a custondiouse, where boats going up or
down these two rivers are examined. It
is 13 m WNW Chuprah.
JJitiniVa, the capital of Luconia, as well
as of the otlier i'hilippine islands, and the
see of an archbishop, who is commonly
the Spanish viceroy. It is well tbrtitied,
and deiended by the castl*) of St. Philip.
The number of christian inhabitants is
estiniated at 12,000. Most of the p;iblic
structures are bailt of wood, on account
of the frequent earthquakes, by one of
which, in 1617, a mountain was levelled ^
and in 1625, a third part of the city was
overtiu'own by another, when 3C00 persons
perished in the ruins. Tliis city is ssatett
on the river Pasig, wliich issues from the
lake Bahia, 10 m to the e, and flows inta
the E side of a bay, on the svv coast. The
bay is a circular basin, 10 m in diameter,
and great part of it land-locked; but the
port peculiar to the city, called Cavite^
lies 9 m to the ssv, and is the usual statioa
of the ships employed in the Acapulco-
trade; for an actouiit of which, see Luco~
Ilia. This city abounds with convents;
and there is also an inquisition. On ac-
count of the pure and mild temperatiue of
the air, it is deemed the most healthy of
the European settlements in the East;
and all the necessaries of life are here tw
be met with in great abundance. In 17G2>
the B.itish took tlris city by storm, and
humanely sulVered the archbisliop to ran-
som it for about a million sterlmg; but
oreat part of the ransom ir,oney never was
paid. Lon. 120 5.2 e, lat. 14 36 >".
M/imiiuglree, a towa in Essex, with s
market on Tuesday. Ihe principal im-
ports are deals, corn, coal, and iron. It
is seated on a branch of the Stour, called^
Manningtree-water, 11 in \v Harwich, antt
60 ENE London.
M'lnosque, a toVn of France, in the
2F
MAN
department of Lfi\\er Alps, wiih a castle;
seated on the Durance, 'i5 n\ ke Aix.
Maitozili/, n town and tortot" Ilindoostan,
in Bejap<M>r, 22 m nnf Darwai.
Manrcsu, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
■with a castle and several convents; seated
at the conflux of the Cardenero with the
Lobhreu^at, 15 ni se Cardona, and 20 NW
Barcelona.
Mans, a city of France, capital of the
■department of Sarte, and the see of a
bishop. The CHth(drtd is a very hand-
some ediiice. The population 18,500. It
has excellent poultry, and its wax and
stuffs are famous. It is seated on a high
hill, by the Sarte, near the influx of the
Huisne, ,80 ra wbvN Orleans, and 115 sw
Paris. Lon. 0 9 e, lat. 48 0 n.
Mtinsa/itor,. a lake of Tibet, which is
said to he of an oval fonn, 00 m in circuit,
and to lie in about 81 e Ion. and 34 n Int.
on an elevatf:d plain, covered with long
grass. Pili^rims are five days in going
round it, and the place of worship is to
the SE, where are a few huts, and some
irregular steps down to the lake. Accord-
ing to the divines ofTibet four sacred rivers
issue from it, the Sanpoo, Ganiies, Indus,
and Sita. But the existence of tliis lake
at all is extremely doubtlul ; and it is
inown for certain, that the Ganges does
not proceed from it.
Alansf'eld, a town of Upper Saxony, in a
county of its name, with a decayed castle
on a high rock, 8 m nnw Eisleben.
Munsjield, a town in Nottinghamsliire,
with a market on Thursday. It has a
trade in corn and malt, manufactures of
atockines and thread, several cotton-mills,
and an iron foundery. The church is an
ancient structure ; and here is a freeschool
founded by queen Elisabeth. The popu-
lation was 6816 in 1811. It is seated on
the edj^e of the forest of Sherwood, 14 m
» Nottiniiham, and 138 ?; by w London.
Mansilla, a town of Spain, in the pro-
vince of Leon, 14 m sse Leon.
Munsora, a town of the kingdom of Fez,
seated near the mouth of the Guir, 60 m
"w Mequinez.
Mansouru, a town of ligypt, which has
a considerable trade in rice and sal ammo-
niac. Here are likewise vast chicken
ovens. It is seated on the e side of the
l>Jile, 24 ra ssw Damietta, and 60 a
Cairo.
Manstira, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Irak, situate on the Euphrates, at the in-
flux of a branch of the Tigris, 110 m
"WKW Bassora.
Mantaca ; see Mataca.
Mitntes, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Sein« and Oise, with a bridge
MAN
over the Seine, the great arch of which is
120 feet wide. 'I he wines of its vicinity
are famou'. It is 31 m nw ['aris.
]\hnilolte, a town of Ceylon, on the nw
«oast, opposite the e end of the isle of
Manaar. A few m to the be are the re-
mains of a large town, and also of an im-
mense tank, called the Giants Tank. It is
13 ni ^ by e Aripo.
Mantua, ovAluntuan, a duchy of Italy,^
lyinii along the river Po, which divides it
into tv»o parts. It is bounded on the w
by Cremonese, N by \'eronese, e by Fer-
rarese, and s by the duchies of Retigio,
Modena, and Mi ranch ila. It is 50 m long
and 30 broad, and fruitful in corn, pasture,
flax, fruit, and excellent wine. Chailes iv,
duke of Mantua, died in 1708, and having
no heirs, the house of Austria took posses-
sion of the duchy.
Mantua, a city, capital of the above
duchy, and an archbishop's see. It is
seated on an island in the middle of a lake,
20 m in circuit and two broad, formed by
the Mincio ; and so very strong by situa-
tion as well as by art, that it ife one of the
most considerable fortresses in Europe.
The only way into the city is by two
m(jles or bridges, each of which is defend-
ed by a fort and other works. In the heat
of summer, when the lake is low, the air
becomes noxious, and the better sort of
the inhabitants leave the city for some
time. The citadel is partly free from this
inconvenience, and in it is always kept a
strong garrison. The streets are in ge-
neral broad and straight, and the houses
handsome. The cathedral has a noble
dome, decorated with pilasters and fine
paintings; the church of St. Anthony is fa-
mous for relics ; and the Franciscan church
is one of the most elegant of that order in
Italy. Here are many other churches,
numerous convents, a synagogue for the
Jews who live in a distinct quarter, a
university, the ancient ducal palace, with
its gallery of paintings, &:c. It was greatly
noted for its silks, and silk manufactures,
which are now much decayed, and the in-
habitants reduced to about 12,000. Virgil
was born at a village near this city. Man-
tua surrendered to the French in 1797,
after a sieje of eight months ; and to the
Austrian and Russian army, in 1799, after
a short siege. It is 35 m ne Parma, and
90 ESE Milan. Lon. 10 50 e, lat. 45
10 K.
Manzcas, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Gundwana, capital of a very barren dis-
trict. It is 140 m Nbyw Ruttunpoor.
Lon. 82 5 e, lat. 24 13 K.
Manzanares, a town of Spain, in Nevr
Castile, near the source of a river of the
MAR
same name, Q7 m nkw Madrid. — Another,
in the district of Maiicha, famous for its
wine, seated near tlie Azuer, 28 ;n uby n
Ciudad Ileal.
JMaounu, one of the Navigators islands,
in tlie Pacific ocean. It produces abun-
dance of bread-fiiiit, cocoa-nuts, bananas,
guavas, and oransies. Here, m 1787,
Perouse met with liis first fatal accident ;
captain Lans!;!e, Lemanon the naturalist,
and nine sailors beins; massacred by the
natives. Lon. 169 0 w, lat. l4 19 s.
Mapimis, a town of New Spain, in
New Biscay, with a fortress, 130 m N
Durango.
]\hiriicai, a town of the province of
Caracas, near the e extremity of tiie lake
Tacariwua, 20 m kne Valencia.
Murucaibo, the nw province of the
government of Caracas. It is long and
narrow, extending s, from the Caribean sea,
along the w side of the gulf and lake of
Maracaibo, and then completely surround-
ing the lake, by passing along its s and e
borders. The confines of the province are
mountainous, and the chain on the w
separates it from St. Martha, in New Gra-
nada. On the E it is bounded by Coro and
Caracas. The ke part of this province is
famous for an extraordinary tree, of the
sapota family, called the palo de vaca, or
cow-tree, Avhich, on incisions being made
in the trunk, yields a great abunilance of
juice, which is a sweet and nourishing
milk.
Maracaibo, a lake of the above province,
of an oval form, 120 m long and 80 broad.
It is navigable for large vessels, and com-
municates on the N wiih the gulf of .^Jara-
caibo by a strait, which is defended by
strong forts. -Several Spanish towns are
seated on its borders. The Eside is mostly
sterile; and to the xe of its margin is a
hollow containing an inexhaustible quan-
tity of mineral pitch, which, mixed with
tallow, gives a good bottom to vessels.
The vapour that rises from this mine be-
comes inllamed in the air, and in the night
produces the eB'ect of phosphoric liglits,
w hich are called by sailors the Maracaibo
Lanterns.
Maracaibo, a city, and the capital of
the above province. It carries (ju a great
trade in skins, chocolate, and fine tobacco ;
and ships are built here which go to all
parts of America, and to Spain. . It is
seated on the w side of the outlet of the
lake of Maracaibo, 120 m wsw Coro. Lon.
21 22 w, lat. 10 48 n.
Maraga, a town of Persia, in Adcrbijan,
formerly a city. It is well built, has a
spacious L-azar, ana a giass manuiaciure;
and ni the vicinity are several mineral
MAR
springs. It is situate on the Saffee, 10 m E
of its mouth in the lake Urmia, and 50
sbyE T.ibnz. Lon. 47 23 e, lat. 37
20"n.
Marand, a town of Persia, in Aderbijan,
situate in a rich plain, 40 m nw T.d)riz.
Maranham, a northern government of
Brasii, which comprehends a populous
island, of the same name, 112 m in circuit,
at the inuuth of three rivers. The French
settled herein 1C12; but they were soon
expelled by the Portuguese. It produces
much rice and cotton. St. Louis is the
chief town.
Ufaraiio, a fortified seaport of Italy, in
Friuli, seated on the gulf of \'enice, 27 ni
sbyE Udina. Lon. 13 5 r, lat. 45
52 N.
Maranon ; see Amazon.
Marans, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Charente, with a con-
siderable trade in salt, malt, corn, and
meal. It is situate on the Sevre, in the
midst of salt marshes, 12 m n\e Rochelle,
and 21 w Niort.
MuranI, ov Amurant, a town of Persia,
in Aderbijan, containing 2500 houses each
with a garden, situate near a river, and
watered by sanals. Cochineal is tound in
the neighbourhood. The inhabitants say
that Noah was buried here. It is 50 m K
Tauris. Lon. 47 46 e, lat. 39 7 n.
Murasii, a town of Nigritia, in Wan-
gaia, on the n side of tlie ISiger, 160
m N£ Ghanara. Lon. 17 10 e, lat. 1.5
50 N.
Marasc/i, a town of A.=iatic Turkey, in
Roum, capital of a sangiacate, and the
see of a bishop. It is seated on the Ge-
houn, 80 in ene Adana. Lon. 36 20 E,
lat. 37 28 N.
Marathon, a village of European Tuikej,
in Livadia, formerly a city, 20 m kne
Athens. It is famous for the victory
obtained on its plain by Miltiades, with
10,000 Athenians, over 120,000 Persians,
who lost above 10,000 men, and also many
of their ships.
Maravi, a lake in the se part of Africa,
known to extend n 300 m in length, and
probably much more ; the breadth about
30 ni. At its s extremity is a town of
the same name. Lon. 33 10 e, lat. 13
10 s.
Marauina, a river of Guayana, which
separates Surinam from Cayenne. It is
noted for a curious pebble, laiown by ths
name of the Marawina diamond, which^
when polished, is often set in rings, kc.
It enters the Atlantic in lon. ."-S 48 w, lat.
5 58 N.
Maranon, or Market Jew, a town n>
Cornwall, with a market on Tiiiusday,
2F 2
MAR
.eipated on a creek of Mount hay, 4 m e
Penzance, aiuj !278 whys London.
Iil(irb(tcfi,i\ town of Wirteniber;::, seated
flO the Ncckar, 9 m nne Stutjiard.
IMarbelUi, a town of Spain, in Granada,
seated near the incnith of tlie Kio X'orde, at
rfie foot of higli mountains, 28 ni wsw
JMala<;a.
Marbleheud, a town of Massachuscts,
in Essex county, witli a harbour protected
by a sea wall, and defended by a battery
and citadel. It has three churches, and
.stands on a neck of land, in Massachusets
btv, 19 m m: Boston. Lon. 70 50 w, Jat.
42 27 N.
Marburg, a strong town of Germany,
capital of I'pper Ileise, with a ensile o"n
the top of a mountain, a university, and
ft? iicadeiny. I'lie church of St. Elisabeth
-is nf.ne edifice, and near it is the house of
the Teutoiiic order, in which the com-
■siiander over tiie canton of Ilessc resides.
Marljurc; was taken by the French in 1757,
fcut it surrendered to tlie allies in 1759;
suid in 17 CO, it was taken again by the
fteiich. It is seated on the Lahn, 47
«i sw Cassel. Lon. 8 50 r, lat. 50
48 N.
Mcncellir., St. a town of France, in the
(department of Isere, situate on the river
Isere, at the foot of a hill, in a country
that produces excellent wine, 30 m sse
Vienne.
j\larch, a town in Cambridgeshire, with
a market on Friday. In 1730, three urns
tull of burnt bones and some small Roman
coins were dug up near this place. It is
.teated on the Nen, in the middle of the
i.sle of Ely, 26 m kkw Cambridge, and 81
K Ivondon.
]\hirchhurg, or Muhrhurg, a town of
tjcrinany, in Stiria, capital of a circle, with
two castles. In tlie vicinity are good vine-
yards. It is seated on the Drave, £6 m
SSK Gratz. Lon, 15 38 e, lat. 46 38 N.
Ma7-chdorf, a town of Suabia, in the
territory of Constance, 12 m se Con-
stance.
Alarche, an old province of France,
fcounded on the N by Berry, e by Au-
vergne, w by Angoumois, and s by Limosin.
itjs55m long and 25 broad, and fertile
iu corn and wine. It now forms the de-
jjnrtment of Creuse.
Auirchc, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vosges, near the source of the
Mouzon, 20 m s ISicnfchateau, and 40
liby w ToijL
Marche en F(mte7}e., a town of the Ne-
therlands, in Luxemburg, seated on the
Marselte, 23 m SE Nainur.
Murchtck, a'towh of Austria, with
ail old castle, seated oh the Mhrch, on
MAR
the Frontiers of Hungary, 23 m e by n
Vienna.
Matcheiui, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, seated in the middle of a plain, fer-
tile in olives, 38 m ene Seville.
Marchie-inns, a town of the Netherlands,
in the territory of Liege, seated on the
Sambre, 4 m w Charleroy.
IMarchicnnes, a town of France, in
the department of Nord, seated in a
morass on th.c river Scarpe, 7 m exe
Douay.
Marcianisi, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Lavoro, 13 m xne Naples.
Maycigiii/, a town of France, in the
department of Saone and Loire, near ths
river Loire, 32 m w Macon, and 43 s by \t
Autun.
Marckoiiheinif a town of France, in thei
department of Lower Rhine, 25 m s
Strasburg.
Marco, St. a seaport of E Florida, on a
river of the same name, at its entrance into
Apalache bav, 180 m wnw St. Augustin.
Lon. 84 38 w, lat. 30 18 n.
Marco, St. a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Citra, seated on the Senito, 22 m v
Cosenza.
Marcou, St. two small islands, in ths
English channel, near the coast of France,
7 m r. Cape la Hogue.
Murdike, a village of France, in the
dep^artment of Nord, seated on a canal,
to which it gives name, 4 m whys
Dunkirk.
March, a town of Arabia, capital of a.
district, in the province of Yemen. It is
100 m SE Sanaa. Lon. 47 30 r, lat. 15
44 -\.
Maree, Lock, a lake of Scotland, ia
Rosshire, 18 in long and 4 where broadest.
It contains many small islands, and aboundi
with salmon, char, and trout.
Marengo, a village of Italy, in MiLinese^
seated iu a plain, 3 m se Alexandria. It
is hiuious for a decisive victory gained ove.'-
the Austrians in 1800, by which the Frenck
became masters of Italy.
Maretimo, an inland in the Mediterra-
nean, on the V,- coast of Sicily, 12 m it\
circuit. It has a castle, with a few farm-
houses, and produces much honey. Lon.
12 35 K, lat. 38 5 n. ^ .
]\[argam, a town of WiilesVIn Glamor-
ganshire, which has extensive copper-
works, a Saturday market holden adjacent
to them, and the remains of a iirg^e alihcy.
It is situate at the loot of a mountain
covered with oaks, 10 m SgE oSfeath, and
188 w London, r '",, ''''J' ''^''',
Margarita, an islarici in th^ CaVibeat*
sea, near the coast of Cumana, GO m long
and 20 brpad, discovered by ColUwljus iu
1408. The continual veidure renders it
pleasant, being rich in pasture; but it has
no fresh water. It was taken in 1626 by
the Dutch, -who demolished the castle;
but it has been restored, and has several
forts. It forms a particular government,
under the captain-general of Caracas, and
is principally inhabited by the natives.
The city of Assumption, in the center of
the island, is the capital. Lon. 61 10 v,
lat. 11 10 X,
Marguriti, a town of European Turkey,
in Albania, on the s side of a mountain, SO
m s\v Janina.
Margate, a seaport in Kent, at the x
extremity of the isle of Thanet, with a
market on Wednesday and Saturday. It
is built on the side of two hills, has a stone
pier, and is a member of the port of Dover.
It has a great resort of company for sea
bathing, and the buildings for their accom-
modation are numerous and handsome.
The pier, v.hich has a rampart breast high,
is t!ie fashioiiiible promenads; and the
harbour is defended by a firt. Great
quantities of corn are exported hence, and
there are regular passage boats to and from
London. It is 17 m ene Caisterbury, and
71 Ebys London. Lon. 1 !22 e, lat. 51
24 N.
Margozza, a town of Italy, in ^Milanese,
jiear a small lake of its name, 40 m nw
Milan.
M(iria,St. an island in the Indian ocean,
near the e side of Madagascar. It is 45 m
long and 7 broad, well watered, and sur-
rounded by rocks. The air is extremely
moist, for it rains almost every day. It
produces rice, sugar-canes, legumes, pine-
apples, tobacco, fee. and on the ccasts are
found wliite coral and ambergiise. The
inhabitants call it Ibrahim. Lon. 50 130
E, lat. 17 0 s.
2Iaria, St. the most southern island of
the Azores, \\ liich produces plenty of
wheat, aiid.has about 5000 inhabitants. It
has a to^vn of the same name. Lon. 25 9
w, lat. 26 57 ic.
JMarUi, St. a town of New Granada, in
Darien, built by the Spaniards after they
had discovered the gold mines that are
rear it, and soon after taken by the Eng-
lish.. It is seated Oil the gulf of St. Michael,
at the influx of a river of the same name,
110 m SE Panama. Lon. 78 10 w, lat,
8 20 N.
Maria, St a town of Congo, capital of
the kingdom of Matamba. It stands on
a river that flows into the Coanzo,
310 m E Loaisda Lon. 13 0 e, lat. 8
50 N.
Mnriagalaiite, one of the(,'aribe islands,
belonging to the P'rencli, 10 m long and 4
MAR
broad. On tl>e e shore are lofty perpen-.
dicular rocks ; and about half its surfat*
is barren mountains. It is indifterently
watered, but produces cotton, coffee, and
sugar. It was taken by a British frigate,
in 1808. Ihe s end is SO m n by e Domi-
nica. Lon. 61 18 w, lat. 15 55 n'.
Mariager., a seaport of Denmark, in N
Jutland. The chief trade is.in stone and
lime. It stands on the s side of a gulf of
the same name, 35 m k by w Arhusen.
Lon. 9 35 r, lat. '}Q 42 ^-.
Marian Islands; see Ladroncs.
JMaricello, a town of Naples, in Terra dfi
Eari, 6 m nw Gr;ivina.
lilarie aux Mines, a town of France, in
the department of V'osges, divided into two
parts by the river Leber. It is famous
for silver mines, and 25 m xw Net*
Brisach.
^lurienhurg, a strong town of W Prus-
sia, capital of a palatinate. It is seated-
on the e branch of the Vistula, 2G m &e
Dantzic. Lon. 19 8 E, lat. 59 9 n.
Maricnhurg, a toivn of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, near which are mines oF
silver, iron, vitriol, and sulphur. It has
manufactures of fine lace, and a medicinal
bath, and is 15 m sse Chemnitz.
Murienburg, a town of France, ih
the department of Ardennes, 12 m w
Rocroy.
Marieiizcerdcr, a town of W Prussir?,
with a spacious palace, built in the Gothic
style. I'he cathedral is the largest church
in Prussia, being 320 feet long; and bip
its strong breastworks seems to have for-
merly served as a fi)rtre>s. In 1709, Peter
the great and Fredrick i of Prussia had
an interview at this place. It is seate(f
near the Vistula, 38 m sse Dantzic. Lon.
18 52 E, lat. 53 50 N.
Mariestad, a town of Sweden, in W
Gothland, on the e side of the lake Wene»,
26 m nnf: Scara.
Marieita, a town of Ohio, chief of Wash-
ington county, situate on the Muskingum,
near its condux with the Ohio. Here is
the Campus Marti us, an elevated publit
square, founded and fortified by the Ohio
Company in 1718. Marietta is a com-
mercial place, an;! has a dockyard on the
Muskipcrum, at the mouth of which is a
fort I n the vicinity was discovered, in
1800, a tesselated pavement, a large human
skeleton, and other curious antiques.
It is 80 m ESE Columbus, and 80 sw Pitts-
burg. _ Lon. 81 37 w, lat. 39 16 n.
Mnrignano, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
seated on the Lainbro, 10 m se Milan.
Marina, a town of Italy, iti Campagna
di Homa, 10 m.ESERome.
2[(!rino, St. a strong town of Italy, in
MAR
the duchy of Urbiiio, capital of a very small
republic, under the protection of the pope.
It is seated on a mountain, 17 ui KW
Urbino. Lon. 1'2 33 i:, lat. 43 64 K.
Jllariquitii, a town of New Granada, in
Bagota, near wliich are some ricli t;old
mines. It is situate near the Magdalena,
66 m N\v St. Fe.
JMaiissa, or Maritz, a river of European
Turkey, wliich rises in Mount Scardus, in
the sw part of Bulgaria, ilows by Bazard-
gik, to Philippopoli, wliere it becomes
navigable; tlien enters Romania, and flows
■fey Adrianople, Trajanopoli, and Eno, into
the Arcliipelago.
Mark, a territory of Germany, in the
circle of Westphalia, bounded on the n by
tlie principality of Munster, e by the duchy
of Westphalia, and s and \v by that of
Berg. Ham is the capital.
Mark, St. a seaport of E Florida, situate
on a river cf the same name, near its en-
trance into a bay, 180 m wnw St. Augus-
tin. Lon. 84 26 w, lat. 30 16 x.
Mark, St. a seaport on tlie w side of
St. Domingo, en a bay to which it gives
name. 1 he houses are built of freestone,
which is abundant in the neighlioiirhocd.
It was taken by the English and royalists
in 1794, and is 58 m nw Port-au-1'rince.
Lon. 72 45 w, lat. 19 4 n.
Market Hill, a town of Ireland, in Ar-
magh county, 8 m Ebys Armagh.
Market Jew; see Marazion.
Marlborougfi, a borough in Wilt^hire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Saturday. In 1267, a parliament was'held
in the castle, which enacted several laws,
called the Statutes of Marlebridge. Of
the walls and flitch of this castle there are
still some remains; and it has been a
Roman station. The town contains two
churches, a:id is seated on the Kennct, 26
m N Salisbury, and 74 w London.
]^.Iarlbor<)2/g/i, a town of Massachusets,
in Middlesex county, with a manuiiicture
of Spanish brown, from a kind of ioain
found in the neiglu.ourhood. It is 25 m
whys Boston.
Marlborough, a town of New Hamp-
shire, in Cheshire county, 70 m whys
Portsmouth.
Marlborough, Fort, an English factory,
o!i tlie w coast ot the island of Sumatra,
3 ni E Bencoolen. i) . ■ •
Marlborough^' Lower, tsut&viu of Mary-
land, in Calvert. county, on the r side of
the F'atuxent, 24 m se Washington.
Marlborough, Upper, a town of Mary-
kmd, chief of Prince George county. It is
SHtuate on the Hatavisit, a principal branch
of the Patuxent, 15 m i: Washington.
Marloze,a borough in Buckinghamshire,
wi^h^ a market on Saturday.-, tit ivas a
MAR
trade in coal and timber ; ant! manufac-
tures of paper, black silk lace, and copper,
brass, and iron wire. It stands near the
Thames, over which is a bridge into Berk-
shire, 17 m s Aylesbury, and 31 w Lon-
don.
Marly, a village of France, near the
Seine, 4 ni n Versailles. Here was a royal
palace, wliich was demolished during the
revolutionary fury, and on its site is now
a col ton-mill ; but its tine gardens and
water-works still remain, and a machine
on the Seine not only supplies them witii
water, but also those rtf Versailles.
JManiiande, a town of France, in the
department of Lot and Garonne, which has
a great trade in corn, wine, and brandy.
It is seated on the Garonne, 28 m nw
Agen, and 46 se Bomdeanx,
Mitruiora, or White Sea, the ancient
Propontis, an inland sea between Europe
and Asia, 120 m long and 50 broad. It
communicates with the Black sea by the
strait of Constantinople, and with lh«
Archipelago by the strait of Galbpoli.
Marmora, an island in the sea of Mar-
morn, 30 m in circuit. Here are marble
quarries that supplied many of the public
edifices in Constantinople. It has a town
of the same name. Lon. 27 34 e, lat. 40
28 N.
Marmora, a town of Naules, in Calabria
Lltra, 16 m w St. Severino.
Marne, a department of I'rance, includ-
, ing the old province of Champagne. It
takes its name from a river, which rises
near Laugres, and Hows kw to the Seine,
a little above Paris, llheims is the archi-
episcopal sec, but ChaloEs is the capital.
Marne, Upper, u department of France,
including part of the old province of Cham-
pagne. " Chauniont is the capital.
Marne, a town of Persia, in Chorasan,
200 m i\ Herat.
Maro, a town of Italy, in the principality
of Onegiia, seated in a valley, 8 m kw
Oneglia.
?,I(irogna, a town of Eurfspean Turkey,
in Romania, and a Greek archbishop's
see; seated near I he Mediterranean, 70 m
sw Adrianople. Lon. 25 41 E,^Jat. 40
59 K. ' 'Vifu I n.'i
2Iarolh, a town of Hungary, where the
assembly of Barscii county is held. It is
30 m sw CromnitE.
Murquartstein,3.nyfin of Bavaria, ivifh
an anciQiit castle^ seated near the river i
Aclia, 22 m w Salzburg.; •. v >j ,.. *•
Marquesas, five islands in the Pacific,
ocean, named Christir.a, Magdalena, Do-
minica, St. Pedro, and Hood. The first four
were discovered by Quiros in 1595, the
last by Cook in 1774. Dominica is umcU v.
the largest, about 48 m in circuit, :,:C«^.
MAR
tain Cook, in his second voyage, lay some
time at Christina, in Ion. 139 0 w, and lat,
9 53 s. It is liiaii and steep, but lias
many valley?, which widen toward the sea,
and are covered with fine forests to tlie
summits of the interior mountains. The
products of these islands are bread-fruit,
bananas, plantains, cocoa-nuts, scarlet
beans, paper mulberries (of the bark of
which their cloth is made) casuarinas, with
other tropical plants and trees, and hosfs
and fowls. The JVIarquesans are of lart!;e
stature, well maJe, strong;, and active ; of
a tawny complexion, but look almost black,
by being tatooed over the wliole body.
The men always £;o naked ; for the small
piece of cloth, which some of them occa-
sionally wear round their loins, cannot be
considered as clothing. Their arms cnn-
.sist of clubs,, spears, and slings ; and the
persons killed and taken in war are de-
voured. Some of the women are nearly as
fair as Europeans, and among them tatoo-
ing is not common, and then only on the
hands and arms. Their drink is water
only, cocoa-nuts being rather scarce. Their
language much resembles that of the So-
ciety islands. To the IvNw of the Marque-
sas is a group sometimes called the IMew
Marquesas ; see Ingraham Islands.
Marsal, a .town of France, in the de-
partment of JMeurte, with considerable
salt-works ; seated on the Selle, in a marsh
difficult of access, 17 m ene JMancy.
Marsala, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Mazara, built on the ruins of the ancient
Lilybaeum, at the most western point of
the island, and surrounded by a wall with
six bastions. Its tine port was destroyed
by John of Austria, in 1562, to prevent
the entrance of the Turkish gallies ; but
a long reef of rocks still form a temporary
shelter for small vessels. The town is well
built, and of considerable importance from
the productive country around. It is 58 m
wsw Palermo. Lon. 12 34 e, lat. 37
55 N.
Marsnnne, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Drome, 8 m kne Monteli-
raar.
Marsaquiver, a strong seaport of Algiers,
in the province of Mascara, beli)nging to
the Spaniards, who took ic in 1732. It Js
seated on a njck, near a bay of the Medi-
terranean, 3 m from Oran.
Marsusousd, a seaport of Barbary, in
Barca, on a bay of the Mediterranean,
42 m w Derna. L(m^•'^^^-'2 z^ihi.. t^J
47 N. ' ■ '' 1' I'M. ■■ ..■^bi.^uAr.
Marsck; .see 'Moraw. if . 'f-^
Marsden, a village in W York sliiw^, near
the source of tfie Colne, and on the Hud-
dersfield canal, 4 ni sw Uudderstield. Here
are some extensive cotton mills; .lisgijil i>ii
MAR
Marseilles, a city of France, in tha
department of Mouths of the Rhone,
and lately an episcopal see. It was so
celebrated ii> the time of the Romans, that
Cicero styled it the Athens of the Gauls,
and Pliny called it the Mistress of Educa-
tion. It is seated on the Mediterranean,
at the upper end of a gulf, covered and de-
fended by many small islands. It is divid-
ed into the old town, or the city, and th»
new town. The first is built on the side
of a hill; but the houses are mean, and
the streets narrow, steep, full of angles,
and ill paved : in this part is the principal
church, built by the Goths, on the ruins of"
the temple of Diana. The new town is a
perfect contrast to the city, with which it
has a communication by one of the finest
streets imaginable; and the other streets^
squares, and public buildings are beautiful.
The population 1 11,000. With respect to
commerce, Marseilles has been called
Europe in Miniature^ on account of th«
variety of dresses and languages which ara
here seen and heard. The port is a spa-
cious basin, of an oval form, and is de-
fended by a citadel and fort ; but it will
only admit merchant vessels. In 1721,
the plague ra^^ed with great violence, and
carried otf 50,000 of the inhabitants. In
1793, Marseilles revolted against tha
French national convention, but was
soon reduced ; next to Lyon, no place
suffered more severely. It is 30 m wnw
Toulon, and 180 s by E Lyon. Lon. 5 22
E, lat. 43 18 N.
Mars/ijietd, a town in Gloucestershire,
with a market on Tuesday, seated on the
Coteswold hills, 1 1 m e Bristol, and 103
w London.
Marsico Nuovo, a town of Naples, in
Principato Citra, 21m nne Policastro.
Marsico Vecchio, a town of Naples, in
Basilicata, near the river Acre, 23 ra ne
Policastro.
Mursil/j/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Marne, 10 m s Suzanne.
Marsivan, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, situate ui a rich plain, and on tha
Kizillrmak, 2B mwNwAinasia.
Marsti-uiid, a rocky island of Sweden,
in the Categat, lying n of the mouths of
the Gotha. It is 2 m in circuit ; and on
account of its strength, is called the Gib-
raltar of Sweden. The town stands on
the F. side, and has a secure and commo-
dicms harbour. The castle stands on %
rock, and is used as a state prison. Tha
inhabitants subsist chiefly by the herring
fishery, by the number of ships that in bad
weather take refuge in the harbour, and by
a contraband trade. It is 20 m NW Go-
theborg. haa.. 11 50 E,lat. 57 52 N.
^iMarta^ a townef Italy, iu the patrimony
MAR
oEjSt.i-KeteryiSn a- riverof the ««ro« namel,
where! it issues^iVaoi 'Uie lake Bol&eiia^ 10
'^Martahm,^tt r:\if6i' P»i^u, capital of a
-province whicli is fertile in rice, li'uit, ;i!»d
■wine, li was u ricli iradinn place bol'ore
the kinj: of BiiniiUi com^iitrcd the countrv,
who caused a nuiulier of vessels to he. sunk
at tl>e mouth of the hurhotir, so that it is
iio'.v only to he entered by small vessels.
The chief trade is in eiuihen vvdre and fibh.
It is seated on the huy of Bengal, at the
mouth of the 'Ihaluan, ISO ja /SJi;P«gu.
Lon. 97 a(j E,lat. 16 80 N. '■. -^-ynf,-:-!"^.
Martago, u town of Spain, in Leon, 10 in
SSE Ciudad Rodrigo.
Martapura ;.see Metaimra.
llartel, a town of France, in the de-
"partment of Lot, seated near the Dardogne,
18 ni E SarhU. •
Martha, !St. a province of New Gra-
nada, bounded on tiie n by the Caiihean
sea, E by Maracaibo, s by St. Fe, and \v
bj Carthagena; It is a mountainous coun-
try, and the land very high. It abounds
iTrith fruits proper to the climate, and there
are mii:es of gold and precious stones, and
salt-vvoiks.
Marlhu, St. the capital of the above
province, and a bishop's see.- The harbour
is surrounded by high mountains. It was
once flouribhing and populous, but has
much declined since the Spanish fleets no
longer touch here. The houses are built
of canes, and covered mostly with pahneto
leaves. It has been iVerjuently pillaged
and ruined by the English, the Dutch, and
the buccaneers. It is seated at the e point
of a bay, in the Caribean sea, 110 m me
Carthagena. Lon. 74 7 w, hit. 11 16 n.
Martha Viiiei^ard, an island near the
s coast of i\Lissachusets, a little to the w
of Nantucket. It is 21 m long and C
broad; and with Chabaquiddic, Nomans
isle, and Elisabetii isles, constitute Duke
county. The iuliaUitants subsist by agri-
culture aE,4 'fis^iji)g^ ) Edgaii:ton i;^ Jhe Vihief
town. :,: -no! ii\(n<\ ,.-■, J-l/- "i.. r,H'^'
Marthalcny Ti \o\\\\ of Sivltzerlaud, in
the canton, of Zurich, seated near the
Hhine, 6 ni bSoairiiaiUsep..v!,, ;,,,., i,, . u-/-
Mui ligao, h' tc>wi,r bflPortHga],i(^ B^r4,
S2m,^"E-Coii»b|-a., M ; {,■-( -i!ii,o;:
Martignanu, a town of Piedmont, seated
near the i^o, 5 m w.Saluiszori v ,- >^^f
?Jartig)ij/, 0\- lihiiiina^h^ ft town, , of
Switzerlasid, in: iValuis,, rstiatejcl-oii: ^tjj^
Dreuse, near ,it^ /jiiig^ljqrt yvitife^Jlfe, Rl'QO^j
17m sw- Sioij* f., ,,; .;y,i,-.,| tj ,,r, 'i'., V^.;..u.,i
Murligues, a towji of France, in the de-
jjartment of AJouihs of thellhone. It is
seated near a lake, 12 ni.iong and o broad,
which produces excellent salt, <^IQ m ^w
JUarseiliesi ;.':
M'AJl/
Murtin, C^ipti a |iiouioiitoL*y of Spain,
in Valencia, which se(nuateS the 'gulf of
\"alencia from that of Alicaut. Lon. 0 36
E, hit. 33 5i .\.
Martin, St. a town of Franoe','in the isle
of He, with a harltour, and.,strons^cvt!\del,
12 m WNW KociielJei .Lojul/l'iSOi.wy lat.
46 13 N. •,!-;r...V
Martin, St. one of the Cnrilrt; islailds,
in the W Indies, 44 m in circuit. It has
neither harbour nor river, but several salt-
pits ; and its tobacco, the chief counnodlty
cultivated, is reckoned the best in the Ca-
ribe islands. It was long jointly possessed
by the French and Dutch. ; but was taken
by tiie British in 1810. Thew end is 5 ax
a AnguiUa. Lon. 63 8 w, lat. 18 4 N.
Murlinico, one of the Caribe islands,
40 m long and 26 broad. There are high
mountains covered with trees, several rivers,
and many fertile valleys, yet they will
nL-iihcr bear wheat nor vines ; but the
former is not much wanted, for the natives
pret'er cassava to wheat bread. It pro-
tluces sugar, cotTee, cotton, ginger, indigo,
chocolate, aloes, piniento, plantains, and
other tropical fruits ; but sugar is the prin-
cipal cjnnnodity, of which a considerable
quantity is exporttd. The island is popu-
lous ; and it has several safe and commo-
dious harbour.?, well fortified. The French
possessed it from 1635 to 1761, when it.
was taken by the British; it was restored
in 1763, taken in 1794, restored in 1801,
taken in 1809, and restored in 1814 Fort-
royal is the capitcd.
Murtimburg, a town of Virginia, capital
of Berkeley county. It has two churches,
Jiiid stands in a fertile country, 10 m vvnw
Sliei^her.'istown, aiKl 22 ne Winchester.
Murtinsvitle, -A town of \'irginia, chier
of Henry cou'p.ty. It is 25 m sby w Rocky
jVJouiit, and 66 w Halifax.
Murtinvitlc, a town of N Carolina, ca-
pital of Guiidi'ord county. It is seated
on Buffalo creek, a branch of Hawriver,
45 m ^fv,hyj* HiUiburough, and 50 xe Salis-
bury. ;!,■'. :j; ,
Mil f tad;, a town in Somersetshire, with
a market on Saturday, 7^m s Somerton,
and ISO why s London. , '•
Marlon, St. a t6'>vu-t)f Hungkry, Capital
Ct Thnrotz county ; situafe on a river that
Hows to the Waag, 25 ni nxw^ Neusohl.
Mnrtorano,', a tovia of Naples, iii Ca-
labria Citra,: 8 in fcoiautlie sea,r:iaind 15 s
Cosehza. ■, o. 'V-' - '.,,,>, - >
Mar lord, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
at the conflux of the Noya and Lobragal^
18 .rn xw Barcelona. ;
Murto-i, a town of Spaiu^ in Alidalusi*,
with a fortress on a rocky ilOtin.wbys.
Jaeu. hfiKh'vji'c •■ ^*t..;\>viNAFi
Jlwrw ; see JXc M.
MAli
MarrsOy a town of Portugal, in Alentejo,
San XE Portalegve.
]\Iar'iejols, a tov^n of France, in the de-
partment of Lozere, seated on the Coi.inge,
10 TO Nw Mcnde.
Marviile, a town' of France, in the de-
partment of Meu^e, seated on Use Oihein,
S m N Janietz.
Mart), St. a small seaport of the state of
Georgia, in Caniden county, near tlie
mouth of St. Mary river, 70 m sbyw New-
port. J.on. 81 40 w, lat. 30 45 x.
Mary River, St. a river cf the state of
Georgia, whicli rises in the Okefonoke
swamp, and thence forms the southern
boundary of the United States to tiie ocean,
'which it enters at tlie town of St. Mary,
tetween the points of Ameha and Cumber-
land iskmds. It is navigable for vessels of
considerable burden for 90 m, and its banks
afford i!:imense quantities of tine timber
suited to the W India market.
Man/ Strait, St. a strait in N America,
Tvhich forms the communication between
the lakes Superior and Huron. It is about
CO m long, containir.g a vai-iety of islands;
and at the upper end is a rapid, whicb, by
careful pilots, can be descended without
rfanger. At the foot of the rapid, on the
n side, is a factory belonging to a coni-
Eany at J.Iontrcal, consisting of store-
ouses, a sawmill, and a bateau-yard.
Maryborough, a borough of Ireland, ca-
pital of Queen county, with an ancient
castle. It has considerable woollen ma-
3iufactures, and is.seated on the Barrow,
47 m wsw Dublin. Lon. 7 12 w, lat.
53 0 N.
Maryburg, a village of Scotland, in In-
Ternessliire. See WiUlam, Fort.
Maryland, one of the United States cf
America, 170 m long and 110 broad;
bounded on tiie n by Pennsylvania, e by
the state of Delaware, s and w by Vir-
ginia, fiom uhich it is separated by the
Potomac. It is divided into 19 counties,
11 of which are on the western, and 8 on
the eastern shore of the Chesapeak : those
on the vv side arc Ilarttord, Baltimore,
Ann Arundel, Fredrick, Allegany, Wash-
ington, Montgomery, Prince George, Cal-
vert, Charles, and St. Mary ; those on the
E, Cecil, Kerit, ( Jiieeu Ann, Ctiroliiie, Tal-
bot, Somerset, Dorchester, and Worcester.
Beside the Ch^sapeak and Fotamac it has
numerous rivers aiici« creeks advantageous
to its commerce. Wheat and tobacco
are the staple commodities of this state,
Tvhidj, 111 most respects, resembles Virgi-
nia, in ICIO the population was oS0,54G.
Annapolis is the cfrpltai, but Baltimore is
the in;jrt oi' trade.
Maryport, a town in Cumberland, with
a jnarkct on Friday, and a good harbour.
MAS
Many vessels, from 50 to 250 tons, are
employed in the coal or coasting trade ;
and here are two ship-yards and a cotton
manufacture. Close by is the Roman sta-
tion Virosidum, where several altars tnitl
statues have been dug up. Marypovt is
situate at the mouth of the Ellen, in the
Irish sea, 27 m sw Carlisle, and ij97 Ni^w
Loudon. Lon. 3 22 w, lat. 54 85 N.
Murza Sirflco, a gulf on tii« se side of
the isle of Malta, the Turks landed here
in 1565, when they went to besiege Valetta.
It is now defended by three forts, two at
the entrance of the gulf, and one at the
point of land that advances into the mid-
die of it.
Marxilht, a town of Spain, in the pro-
vince cf Navarre, near the river yVragon,
S3 m s Pamj)lona.
Mas (VAccnois, a town of France, jn
the department of Lot and Garonne, on
the river Garonne, 24 m nw Agen, and 50
SE Bourdeaux.
Mas d'Asil, a town of France, in the
department of Arriege, with a Benedictine
abbey ; seated on the riv-alet Rise, 8 m sw
Pamiers.
MasaJ'uero, an island in the Pacific
ocean, 80 m w Juan Fernandez. It is^
high and mountainous, but lowest to the
N,"ai:d at a distance appears like one hill
or rock. It is of a triangular form, about
25 m in circuit, and uninhabited, except.
by numerous seals and goats. There is
also plenty of wood, but difficult to be got
off, as the heavy surf allovvs of no good
landing place. Lon. 81 40 w, lat. 33 40 s.
Mai,batc, one of the Philippine islands,
almost in the centre of them, 60 m long
and 17 broad. Lon. 122 25 e, lat. 11 36 N.
Masbrough, a village in W Yorkshire,
on the river Don, adjoining the bridge of
Rotherham. Here are considerable iron-
works, where all sorts of hammered and
cast iron goods are made. The iron-work,
for Southwark bridge was cast here.
Mascara, the western province of the
kingdom of Algiers, 370 m long and 130
broad. It is dry, barren, and mountainous,
except on the' N side, where there are
plains abounding in corn, fruit, and pasture _
The s parts -are inhabited by independent
wandering tribes, particularly the Angad.
trilie. ^'■-'!.'.m'-1 i; -".'■• i. ;,•; -^ .
Mascara, the-^ftnpital of the afeove pro-
vince, with a' S'trong castle in which the
bfey resides.' It is not so'large nsTremesan,
but surpasses 'it in beauty, having, a great
number of good houses and newly erected
mosque.?. It stands in the centre of a ler-
tile' and' po|>ti!aus district, 45 m ese Oran,
and IQO SNV'AIgierSi ; Leta''^ 40 e, lat. 8.5.
54 N.' ' ■ (■"■- 5-;':'i^^>^ «' ■
Mciscat, a seaport of Arabia Felix, and
MAS
the capital of the province of Oman, with
an excellent liarbour. It lias a castle on a
rock, and is strong both hy nature and art.
It was taken, in 1508, by the Portuguese,
who retained it for a century and a half.
The cathedral, built by the Fortui^uese, is
novT the king's palace. The conunerce of
this place is considerable ; and the king
has many tine vessels, which perform voy-
ages to Bengal, China, &c. 1 he bazars
are covered with the leaves of date-trees,
laid on beams that reach from the house
tops on one side to those of the other. It
is seated at the foot of a range of moun-
tains on a small bay of the Arabian sea.
Lon. 57 27 e, lat. 23 38 n.
Masham, a town in N Yorkshiie, with
a market on Tuesday, seated on the river
Ure, 9 ra nw Rippon, and 218 nnw
London.
Maahanagur, a town of Afghanistan, in
Cabul, situate on the Sewal, 26 m se
Bijore.
jSlaskelyne Isle, a small beautiful island
in the Pacific ocean, lying oft" the se point
of Mallicollo, one of the New Hebrides.
Lon. 167 .59 E, lat. 16 32 s.
Masmunster, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Rhine, 25 m ssw
Colmar.
Maso, the most northern seaport of Nor-
way, at tlie head of a bay, where vessels
may winter in perfect safety. It is 25 m
sw of the North Cape. Lon. 25 2 e, lat.
71 0 K.
Maaovia, a province of Great Poland,
containing the two palatinates of Czersk,
or Masovia Proper, and Ploczko. This
province was seized by Fruisia, in the gene-
ral division; at the peace of Tilfit it was
given to Saxony ; and at the congress of
Vienna, assigned to Russia. Warsaw is
the chief city.
Mciisa, a town of Italy, capital of a
small duchy, on the gulf of Genoa, which
is famous for its quarries of tine marble.
The town is seated on the Frigida, 3 m
from the sea, and 24 nkw Pisa. Lon. 10
10 E, lat. 44 2 N.
Maasa, a town of Tuscany, in Siennese.
Borax and lapis lazuli are found in the
neighbourhood. It is seated on an emi-
nence, 35 m sw Sienna. Lon. 11 3 e, lat.
43 5iv.
Massa, a town of Naples, m Terra di
Lavora, on the s side of the bay of Naples,
30 m wsw Salerno.
Massachusets, one of the United States
of America, 170 m long and from 70 to 90
broad ; bounded on the n by JVew Hamp-
shire and \'erniont, w bv New York, s by
Connecticut, Rhode Island, and the At-
lantic, and E by that ocean and oMassa-
husw? bay. ; hjs, divided into 12 couu-
MAS
ties ; namely, Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex,
Middlesex, llanipshire, Worcester, Ply-
mouth, Barnstable, Duke, Nantucket,
Bristol, and Berkshire. There are five
other counties in the district of Maine,
which district belongs to Massachusets.
This state is watered by the Connecticut,
Merrimac, and a number of small rivers;
produces plenty of maize, wlieat, rye, flax,
hemp, copper, and iron; and has nicinufac-
tures of iron, paper, leather, linen and
woollen cloth. In 1810 the population
was 700,745. Boston is the capital. See
Maine.
Massachusets Bay, a. bay of N America,
which spreads eastward of Boston, and is
comprehended between Cape Ann on th*
N, and Cape Cod on the s. It is so named,
as well as the state of Massachusets, from
a tribe of Indians that formerly lived round
this bay.
Massaj'ra, a town of Naples, in Terra
d'Otranto, 16 m nw Taranto.
Massaga?w, a town of Congo, in Angola,
capital of a province. It is seated on th*
Coanzo, 140 m ese Loanda. Lon. 14 30
E, lat. 9 40 s.
Massapa, a town of Mocaranga, near
which are rich mines of gold. The Por-
tuguese are settled here. It is seated on a
river, 300 m nw Sofala. Lon. 31 55 e,
lat. 18 5 s.
Masserano, a town of Piedmont, capital
of a small principality of the same name.
It is 40 m NN£ Turin. Lon. 8 14 e, lat.
45 38 N.
Masseuhe, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gers, 14 m s Audi.
Musso, a town of Further Pomerania,
with a castle, 10 m n New Stargaid.
Masuali, or Massozca, an island in the
bay of Arkeeko, at the n extremity of
Abyssinia, and near the coast. It is sub-
ject to the Turks, and has a town of the
same name, with an excellent harbour,
defended by a fort. The houses, in gene-
ral, are built of poles and bent grass, as in
the towns of Arabia; and a few are of
stone, some of them two stories high. The
exports are gold, ivory, corn, and slaves.
Lon. 39 38 e, lat. 15 37 N.
Masvaux, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Rhine, 10 m n Befort.
Masulipatum, a seaport of Hindoostan>
in the Circars, district of Condapilly. It
is a place of considei Ale trade tor chintzes
and painted linens, and the only port from
Cape Comorin on which the sea does not
beat with a strong surf. The fort, abova
a mile se of the town, stands in a salt
marsh, large in extent and strong by situa-
tion. In 1609 the French had a factory
here; and in 1731 they received posses-
sion of ths town' and fort, which they much
MAT
improved. In 1759 the British took it by
storm. It is seated near one of the moaths
of the Kistiia, 76 m sw Raj.imuiidry. Lon.
81 11 E, lat. 16 9 N.
Mata, a town of Spain, in Valentia.
Near it is a hike of the same name, noted
for tlie imiYiense quantity of salt that it
produces. The town stands on the seacoast,
28 m ssw Ahcant.
Mataca, or Mantaca, a commodious
bay on tlie N coast of the ishand of Cuba,
35 m E Havana. Lon. 81 IG w, hit. 23
12 N.
jMutala, a town and cape on tlie s coast
of the ishand of Candia, 30 m s Candia.
Lon. 2-t 58 E, lat. 34 46 \.
Maluinha, a kinodom of Coni^o, bounded
on the N by Congo Proper, k by parts un-
known, s by Bemba and Benguela, and
w by Angola. The chief town is Sr.
Maria.
Mutun, or Marfan, one of the Philip-
pine islands, on the e side of Zebu. It is
small, but i.oted for beins; the place where
Magellan was killed, in 1521, after he had
conquered Zebu.
Matanzax, a town of Cuba, situate on
the N coast, on a bay of the same name,
which is one of the most capacious and
safe ports in the W Indies, defended by a
castle. Ihe ^;own is small, and now of
poor commerce, thoudi formerly consider-
able. At the back of it is a very lofty
mountain in the shape of a su<;ur-loaf,
which is a seamark. It is 63 m e Havana.
Lon. 81 30 w, lat. 23 3 n.
JMatopan, Cape, the most southern pro-
montory of jMorea, between the gulf of
Coron and that of Colochina. Lon. 22 40
E, lat. 36 25 N.
Maturea ; see Heliopolis.
JMuturem, or Yugj/ul:erla, a town cf
Java, capital of the province of Matarem,
and the residence of the sultan of Java. It
is stroncly fortified, and nearly as large as
Solo, the native capital. The kratau,
like that of Solo, includes m.iny palaces ;
and the sultan's has nothing in it very mag-
nificent. The most remarkable palace is
an ancient edifice in the midst of a lake;
the only entrance being through a long
subaqueous passage, of which no more is
seen, above the water, than the tops of
some detached turrets with windows, to
give light to the vaults below. The Euro-
pean town, fort, and resident's house, are
handsome. The British took tliis place by
storm in 1812. It is situate on the Maii-
chingan, 18 in from its mouth, 40 wsw
Solo, and 64 s Samarang. I^n. 110 23
K, lat. 7 52 s.
Mataro, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
with manufactures of cotton, silk, lace,
and glass, and th«- best red wine inade in
MAT
the province ; seated on the Mediterra-
nean, 17 m NE Barcelona.
Mate oil- if z, a strong toW'b'^ oF'^Upper'
Hungary, in the county of Scepus, seated
on a mountain, 185 m nf, Presbiu'g.
Mafelica, a town of Italy, in the mar-
quisate of Ancona, 15 m s Jesi.
Matera, a town of Naples, in Terra
d'(Jtranto, the see of an archbishop. It is
seated on the C'anapro, 45 m wxw Turan-
to. Lon. 16 34 e, lat. 40 50 N.
Mut/nni, a town of the empire of Bor-
nou, with a royal palace, forming a kind
of citadel ; situate on a small river, 100 na
sw BfirHOu.
Mulhuru, or Matra, a town of Hindoo-
stan, in Agra, with a fort. It is venerated
by the Hindoos as the birthplace of their
favorite deity Krishna, and has several
rich temples. It stands on the Jumna,
30 m NNw Agra.
Mufluck, a village in Derbyshire, situate
on the Derwent, 4 m NbyE Wirksworth.
It is an extensive straggling place, built in
a romantic style, on the steep side of a
moiHitain; and near the bridge are tvvo
chalybeate springs. A little to the s is
Matlock-bath, famous for its warm baths,
which are much frequented from April to
October. Near the western bank of the
river is a petrifying spring ; and the poorer
inhabitants are supported by the sale of
petrifactions, spars, &c. On the heights
of Abraham is the Grand Rutland Cavern,
with other inferior caverns.
Malacfieviz, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Masovia, memtuMble for a
great victory obtained by the Russians
over the Poles in 1794. It is 32 m e
Warsaw.
I.lutsumuy, a seaport of the island of
Jesso, capital of a province, tributary to
Japan. It stimds on the v/ coast of the
narrow part of the island, and is the prin-
cipal settlement of the Japanese in this
usurped territory. Lon. 139 55 e, lat.
42 0 x. • t '
2Iultlieo, St. a town of Spainj'WV^-';
lencia, 10 m from the Mediterraiifean^^aml
58 NXE Valencia. -'^ ' ''; '■ '"^ '\ .a'^iAI.
MuUhezo, St. an island in the Atlantic,
420 ra sbyw of Cape Palmas, on the coast
of Guinea. It was planted by the Portu- ^
guese, but is now deserted. Lon. 8 10 ^y■, '
lat. 1 24 s. •■ ■' :'' '• "■■ -. ••— ' -
Matthew, Sfi'a S^alJ i^rid'Vti 'tfie^iW-''"
dian ocean. Lon. 123 51 fi,' lat.'sS^' s,'!
ISLittsee, a' t6wn' of Bavaria, in th«i
duchy of Salzburg,' 12 m n SaWiurg.
Matnra, a t^wn of Ceylon, with a fort,
and a harbour for small vessels. The '
country round is (sxceeding wild, and
abounds in elephants, which are here prin-
cipally caaght for feT^ftUtJon;^ It fs sitQotft*
MAU
*)n a river, nearly at the snutl)mo.-t poii-.i
of the island, 21 m rbys (Ja'.le. Lou. i:0
«7 E, lat. 5 55 N.
^laubul, a town of tlio: country of Can-
dahar, 70 in nnv, Cauilahar.
]\lutibcufiC, a fortified to>vn of I'rance,
in the department of i^ord. In 1703, tlie
Austrians fornud the blockade of this
place, bnt were driven from t!)eir position.
It is seated on tlie iSambre, 15 m s IMonr,
and 22 i.sr, \'alciH;iennc?.
Muule, a province of Ciiili, extending
from the Andes to ihe ocean, ISO m in
breadth. It abounds in grain, wine, fruit,
and gold ; and here is made the best cheese
in all Chili. The principal river is the
Maale, and the capital is Talea.
JMdukon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of \'endee, wiili an tmcient castle
on a rock; scaled near the river Oint, 52
m NE Kochejle, and 32 nw Poitiers.
Maulcon, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Lower Pyrenees, 20 m wsw
Pan.
Maulcon, a town of France, in tlie de-
partni«it of Upper Pyrenees, 213 m se
Tarbes.
Muurn, St, one of the Ionian islands in
the Mediterranean, about 50 m in circuit.
It is the ancient Leucadia, and lies near
the coast of AUiania, 15 m n Cefalonia.
The chief products are salt, oil, and wine.
The town of St. Maura stands at the n end
of the island, on a peninsula stretching
within 200 yards of the mainland, and is
defended by a castle and two fortresses.
It was taken by the British in 1810. ' Lon.
f.0 4.6 E, lat.SU 40 r;.
Iilaure, Si. a tov.n of France, in the
department of Indre and Loire, I7 m s
Tours, and 148 sw Paris.
j\lauriac, a town of France, in th.e de-
{)artment ol' Cantal, fnnous for excellent
lorses; seated near the Dordogne, 29 m e
Tulle, and 33 wxw St. Flour.
Maurice, Si. a town of Switzerland, in
Valais. It guards the entrance into Lower
Valais, from Bern ; and is situate on the
Rhone, between two hlgli mountains, 11)
m w Sion.
Mauritius,, an island in the Indian
ocean, 400 m e of Madagascar. It was
digcovered by the Poiti;gaese; hut the
first settlers wtre the Dutch, in 1598.
They called it ^Mauritius, in honour of
prince Maurire, their stadtholder^ but, on
their acquisition of the Cape of Good
Hope, they dcseited it ; and it continued
unsettled till the French landed in 1720,
and gave it the name of the Isle of Frauce.
In 1810, it was taken from tiiein by the
British, to whom it was ceded in 1811.
The island is 150 m in circuit, and the
climate heallhv, but tlie soil not very fer-
MAY
lile. There are many mountain?, some of
which have tlicir tops coveret^l with snow;
but they produce tiie best ebony in the
world. The valleys are watered by rivers,
and made productive by cultivation, of
which cclVee and indigo are the principaJ
objects ; and there .are a great number of
cattle, d: er, goats, and sheep. The town
and harboui', called Port Louis, are strong-
ly fortified ; but in tiie hurricane month&
the harbour cannot alford shelter for moro
than eight vessels. Here are large store-
liouses, and every th.ing necessary for the
equipsr.cni of fleets. Lon. 57 28 r, lat.
20 10 s.
jMuuruii, one of t'le Society islands, in
the Pacific ocean, 14 ni y.' Bolabola. Lon.
152 32 w, hit. Iti 25 s. '
Muuiern, a town of Austria, on the
s side of the Danube, opposite Stein, with
which it is connected by a long wooden
bridge. It is 11 ni n by w St. Polton.
2d(itvx, St. a borough in Cornwall, which
has no church, chapel, lujr market. Flemy
VIII budt a castle here, opposite Penden-
nis castle, for the lietter security of Fal-
mouth. It is seated on the e side of Fal-
mouth haven, 12 in ssw Grarapouiid, and
2G2 whys London.
2Tajen, a town of the kingdom of Sax-
ony, in Misnia. Here, in 1759, a victory-
was obtained by the Austrians over the
Prussians, when 20,000 sui'rendered as
prisoners of war. It is 10 m s Dresden.
Muximin, Si. a town of France, in the
dcpaitment of \^ar, seater! on the Argens,
21 m X Toulfin.
Jl/</j/, a small island of Scotland, at the.
mouth of the frith of Fortli, with a light-
liousc, 6 m iE Anstruilier, which is tlie
nearest part of the coast.
J/«j/, C'rt/;c, a cape of New Jersey, en
the N side of the entrance of Delaware
bay. Lon. 74 54 w, lat. 38 57 n.
JLnjarnba, or Majumba, a town of the-
kingdom of Loaugo, capital of a district.
The chief trade is iu logwood. It stands
on a bay of tlic same name, at the nioutli
of the Banna, 110 m i\W Loaugo. Lon.
9 50 E, lat. 3 20 s.
Mdi/bolc, a town of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, witii a manufacture of blankets,
seated on an eminetice, almost surrounded
by hills, am s Ayr.
Mayen, a town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Treves, with a castle and a col-
legiate church ; seated on the Nette, 20 m
w by N Coblentz.
Aiaj/cuce ; see Mentz.
Maijiune, a department of France, ii:-
cludmg part of the old province of Maine.
It takes it^ name from a river, which flows
s, by the cities of .Mayenne and Laval, to
that of An:,ersj v\licre it receives theSarte.
MAZ
and soon after joins the Loire. Laval is
the capital.
jSLn/cnnc, a city in the above depart-
laent, witli a castle on a rock. It is seated
on the river .Mayenne, 45 in wxw Mans.
Lon. 0 43 w, hit. 48 V6 n.
JSIaijeane and Loire, a department of
France, %vhicli includes the old province
of Anjoii. It has its name from two rivers,
whicii unite near Angers, the capital of the
department.
Marjnooth, a town of Ireland, in Kil-
dare county. Here is a royal collef^e for
students intended for the Romish church;
and a college fur lay students of the same
persuasion. It is 12 m w Dublin.
Muijo, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Connaught, 62 m lonj; and 52
broad ; bounded on the e by Sligo and
Roscommon, s by Gahvay, and w and N
by the Atlantic. It is divided into 68 pa-
rishes, contains about 140,000 inhabitants,
and sends two members to parliament.
The \v and n parts are mountainous, and
thinly inhabited; but tiie interior produces
excellent pasturage, and is watered by
several lakes and rivers. The principal
town is Castlebar.
Miii/o, a village of Ireland, once a city
and the capital of the above county, but
'now a poor place, 10 ra se Castlebar. The
ruins of the c^kthsdral, and some traces of
the stone wall that encompassed thie city,
still remsiia.
?iI(ii/o, one of the Cape Verd islands,
17 m in circuit. The x end is low, and the
land rises gradually till it arrives at a vol-
canic mountain, to the sw of which is ir-
regular ground, soon followed by a high
disorderly peak much more lofty tliaii the
volcanic cone, 'i'he soil in general is bar-
ren, and water scarce ; but there are many
goats and asses; also some corn, yams,
potatoes, plantains, figs, and watermelons.
The chief commodity is salt, with which
'na)iy English siiips arc freighted. Pinosa
is the pruicipal town. Lon. 23 5 w, lat.
15 10 N.
^.lui/urga, a town of Portugal, ia Estre-
madura, near the Atlantic, 20 m wbyN
i^eira, and 78 t, Lisbon.
Mriyorga, a town of Spain, in Leon, on
the Cea, S^m'ssELeon.
Muysvilie; see Liwcatone,, ,-.;iMl /J- .^
]\Iasaffran, a iiver of the kiiigdfofn of
Algiers, which runs/intOv thte Mediterra-
jican, o<5 m w Algiers. At its er.trance
into the sea it is a ccnslderable river, little
jnu riur to the Shellif.
Miizagan, a strong, town of the kingdom
of Morocco, seated at the s oxtiemity of a
bay (\f its name, 1'20 nt«w.M)"«"OCfty. .ii<oi)(
Sljvv, lat. 32 13>',' ' -J'). ' ^di -( - -^
ME A
j\laz(ilqntver, a seaport of Algiers, latelj
subject to Spain. See Oran.
Mdzaiidcruti, a province of Persia, th*
ancient !^Iauritania ; bounded on the n by
the Caspian sea, i: by Chorasan, s by Irak,
and w by Ghilan. The mount aiiis on the
S boundary are covered with timber trees;
and tlie vallies produce silk, fniit, much
sugar, and abundance of the finest rice.
Sari is the capital.
Mazara, a town of Sicily, in \'al di
Mazara, and a bishop's see. It stands
near the sea, on the ruins of the ancient
.Sesinuntum, and has numerous churches
and convents. Tlie exports are excellent
wine, brandy, oil, soda, &c. It is 58 m
sw Palermo. Lon. 12 .SS E, lat. o7 46 N.
Ivluzctrino, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Noto, 46 m \V3W Catania.
Mazatlaiif a seaport of New Spain, in
Coliacan, on a river of its name, at the
entrance of the gulf of Calif(n-nia, 120 m s
Culiacan. Lon. 106 53 w, lat. 23 15 n.
Maziera, or Muceira, an island in the
Arabian sea, on the coast of Oman, 50 m
long, and from 4 to 8 broad. Lon. 59 30
E, iat. 20 30 N.
Meadia, a town of Hungary, in th«
bannat of 'I'emeswar. It was taken by th«
Turks in 1738 and 1783, and is 13 m n
Orsova.
■ Meuo, a small island, one of the Moluc-
cas, in the Indian ocean, with a good har-
bour. Lon. 127 5 E, lat. 1 12 n.
J^IeaiJis; see Kincurdineshire.
Meath, or Had 21ea(h, a county of
Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 36
m long and 35 broad ; bounded on the >"
by Cavan and Louth, e by the Irish sea
and Dublin county, s, by that county and
Kildare, and w by W Meath. It is divided
into 147 parishes, contains about 112,400
inhabitants, and sends two members to
parliament. It formerly contained several
small bishoprics, which were gradually
united into one see, and received the name
of iMeath in the 12ih century. There is
no cathedral, and the episcopal palace is
at Ardbraccan, a village near Navan. The
county is divided i;early into tvro equal
parts by the river Boyne ; and the surface
is in general fiat, produciiig abundance of
corn, and feeding numerous sheep and
;^caft!c. Trini , is the capital. '' "
Meath, West, a cijiiiity 'of Ir^laifd',' in
the, pro vincei of Leinster, 33 \il long nnd
24 broad ; bounded on the K by Cavan,
NE and £ by E Meath, s by Kirlg coilnty,
\v by Iloscomtnon, froui which it is sepa-
rated by the Shannon, and kw by Long-
fqrd,, ,U is divided into 59 parishes,' con-
tains about 70,000 Inhabitants, t.i'id sends
three xuemljers to parliampivt. It is t^til*
MEC
m p;istura;je and corn, awl has sevcnil
siriall lakes and rivcM-s. MiiUin;;ar is tlie
comity- town.
Mtatir, a town of Franco, in t'le de-
partment of Seine and Marnc, and a hi-
■fhop's see. It was formerly well fortified,
and, in I'l'il, stood asieno of tliree montlis
njrainst the Eniiii>h. It is seated itn the
ilarne, 85 n\ em: Paris. L^n. '2 53 e,
lat. «)» 5a N.
Meicd, a city and tlie capital of Arabia
Deserta, tamous for being the birthplace
of Mohamed. It is seated hi a barren
valley, surrounded by many hills, consist-
int; of a blackish rock. It extends, in the
fornrt of a crescent, above a mile in length
and one third of a mile where broadL-st.
The j)rincipal streets are handsome, the
fronts of the houses being built of stone,
three and four stories high, with terraced
roofs. Many of the houses are decaying
within, the fronts aUuie being kept in good
order, to attract the numerous pilgrims
vho resort to Mecca, and are its chief
support. The temple of Mecca, in its
form, resembles the Royal Exchange in
London, but is near ten times as large.
The area in the middle is covered with
gravel, except in the places that lead to
the Kaaba, or Beith Allah, through certain
gates; and these are paved with short
stones. The Kaaba, in the middle of tlie
temple, is a square structure, and the
principal object of the pilgrims devotion.
The interior consists only of a hall, about
40 feet long, 30 broad, and 34 high, with
two columns that support the roof ; the
floor is paved vith the fme&t marble, the
walls to the height of six ieet are inlaid
with fine marble, and the other parts are
covered all over with a thick sort of red
silk, embroidered with silver; the door is
of bronze gilt, and silvered, and it is light-
ed by an infinite number of gold lamps.
Thishouse of God, affirmed to have been
erected by Abraham, is entirely covered
on the oiitside, except the door, with a
large black cloth suspended from the ter-
raced top, and is embroidered ;.t about
two thirds of its height with a belt of gold
two feet broad, with inscriptions ; the door
is covered with a magnificent curtain, being
entirely embroidered with gold and silver.
On the top of one of the neighbouring hills
is a cave, where they pretend Moliamed
usually retired to perforin his devolions ;
and liiat the greatest part of the Koran
■was brought to him here by the a'igel
Gabriel. Two m from the town is the hill
where they say Abraham went to oft'er up
his son Isaac. Mecca is governed by a
sheref, who is a temonral orin'ie, and Im
Teven'ip is increased Uy the cionatiCdis oi
Mohamedan sovereigns. In 1803, a war-
like fanatical sect called Wahabites, from
their founder Abdul-wehab, entered this
cilv, cfiim.itted great devastation, and de-
stroved the chapels and fondos (d the saints,
on tho pretence that they encouraged su-
perstition and idolatry. They extended
their power over a great part of the coun-
t.-y; but in 1813, alter two campaigns,
they were suppressed by the pashaw ot
Egypt, and driven to their desert recesses
in the interior. Mecca is 74 m iv by s. Jid-
da, its seaport, and 180 s Medina. Lon.
40 15 1, lat. 21 98 N.
Mcclnnlch, a town of Arabia, in Yemen,
7 '2 m s Sana. Lon. 44 15 i:, lat. 14 7 n.
Meciilin, or Mulines, a city of the Ne-
therlands, in Brabant, and an archbishop's
see. It is intersected by canals, oyer
which are a great many bridges. The
, cathedra! is a superb structure, with a very
high steeple. Here is a great fouiidery
for ordnance of all kinds; and the best
Brabant lace, fine linen, damasks, carpets,
and kather, are made here. iMechlin sub-
mitted to the duke of Marlborough in
1706, and was taken by the Trench in
1746, but restored in 1748. In 179'2, it
surrendered to the French. It is seated
on the Dyie, 10 m nne Brussels, and 15
SSF, Antwerp. Lon. 4 29 e, lat. 5! 2 n.
JMecboacuns a province of New Spain,
bounded on the N by New Biscay, e by
Panuco and Mexico,, s by the Pacific ocean,
and w by Gnadalaxara. It is very rich,
abounding in all the necessaries of life,
mines of silver and copper, plenty of cocoa,
iiiuch silk, Mechoacan ruot, and several
odoriferous gums and balsams.
Meci.oucun, or Valladoiid, a city, capital
of the above province, and u bishop's see.
The cathedral is of the Tuscan order, and
very handsome. The population 18,000.
It is supplied with potable water by a
modern aqueduct, and seated near the
source of a river, 130 m wbyN Mexico.
Lon. 100 52 w, lat. 19 42 N. "
Meckenheini, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Cologne, situate on the Erli't,
8 m svv Bonn.
AUcklenhurg, a duchy of Germany, in
the circle of Lower Saxony; bounded on
th(f N by the Baltic, e by Pomerania, s
by Brandenburg, and w by Hol=tein and
Luneburg. It is'l35 m long and 80 broad,
and abounds in corn, pasture, anti game.
The country was, forinany centuries, un-
der the government of one prince : but on
the death of the sovereign in 1592, it was
divided between his two sons; the eldest
retaining the duchy of Mecklenburg-
Schwerin, which is considerably the largest
share, aiA the youi.gti outaii.eO ti.e Oucny
or MecKienourg-Streiitz. bchwerm and
New Strelitz are the chief towns.
MED
Mecklenburg, a town of Virginia, ca-
pital of a county. It btanils near the head
of Roanoke river, 70 m sw Petersburg.
Lon. 78 30 w, lat. 36 42 u,
Bleckley; see Cassai/.
Mecoii, a river, which rises in the ne
part of Tibet, and flows sse throuah the
province of Yunan, in China, and thekintr-
doms of Lao and Cambodia, into theCliina
sea. At tlie city of Cambodia it divides
into two branches, which run nearly paral-
lel to each other for above 200 ni to the
sea ; the eastern branch is called Cambo-
dia, and the wesrern, Oubequeme.
Mecriiws, a town of Portugal, in Tra
los IVloiites, 15 m nne Torre de Moncove,
and 24 se iNIirandela.
Medea, a town of Algiers, in tiie pro-
vince of '}'iteri, seated in a country abound-
ing in corn, fruit, and sheep, 33 ra sw
Algiers.
jMedea, or Ma/idia, a town of Tunis,
fonnerlv a place of importance, seated on
a peninsula in the gulf of Cabes, 100 m
s by E Tunis.
JSledebacli, a town of the duchy of West-
phalia 9 m sw Corbach.
jMedellin, a town of Spain, in Estrema-
dura, the birthplace of the celebrated P"er-
nando Cortes. Here, in 1309, the French
gained a victorv over the Spaniards. It is
seated on the Guadiana, 24 m ese Merida.
Mede/padia, a province of Sweden, in
Nordland, on the gulf of Bothnia. It is
70 m long and 45 broad, very raouiitainous
and woody, but interspersed with lakes,
rivers, and fertile valleys. Sundswall is
the capital.
IMedenblick, a seaport of the Nether-
lands, in N Holland, with an old castle
and good harbour. The chief commerce
is in timber brought from Norway and
Sweden. It was taken by the English in
1799. It is seated on the Zuyder zee, 28
m KXE Amsterdam. Lon. 4 51 e, lat. 32
46 N.
IMedford, a town of Massachusets, in
Middlesex county, noted for distilleries
and brick works ; seated on the JNIystic,
3 m from its mouth, and 4 N Boston.
Median ; see 21adian. -
Medina, a town of Arabia Deserta, ce-
lebrated for being the burial-place of iVIo-
haraed. It is si small place, but walled
round, and has a large mosque. In one
corner of the mosque is a place 14 paces
square, with great windows, and brass
gates; and in the middle is the tomb of
Mohamed, enclosed with rich curtains, and
lighted by a great number ot lamps. Me-
dina is called the City of the Prophet, be-
cause here he was protected by the inha-
bitants whe'' he fied '. o:n y^bc'/.i: nuc.
heie ne was first invested with regal power.
MED
The time of his death was in 639; but the
Mohamedan epudi l)egins in 622, from the
time of his fhsilit. in 1803 this city was
entered by the Wehabites, who committed
the like devastation they had recently
done at Mecca. Medina is seated in a
sandy pla*n, abounding in palm-trees, 180
m N Mecca. Lon. 40 10 e, lat, 24 0 n.
Medijia, a town of Spain, in Estrema-
dura, at the foot of a mountain, 25 m wxvr
Lerena, and 46 sse Badajoz.
Medina del Cumpo, a town of Spain, in
Leon, seated in a country abounding with
corn and wine, 23 m ssw Valiadolid, and
48 E Salamanca.
Medina Celt, a town of Spain, in Old
Castile, seated near the Xalon, 40 m ne
Siguenza, and 88 sw Sara»ossa.
Medina de ilJaveto, a town of Spain, in
Leon, seated near the Sequillo, 21 m >ivf
Valiadolid, and 56 sse Leon.
Medina Sidonia, a town of Spain, in
Andalusia, with a castle, 24 m se Cadiz,
and 60 s Seville.
Medingen, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Luneburg, seated on the II-
menau, 14 m sse Luneburg.
Meditej-]-une.an Sea, an inland sea that
extends between Africa and Europe into
Asia; communicating with the Atlantic
ocean by tne strait ot Gibraltar, and with
the Black sea by the strait of Galipoli, the
sea of Marmora, and the strait of Con-
stantinople. It is above 2200 m in length,
from vv to e, but has little or no tide, and
a constant upper current sets in from the
Atlantic, through &e strait of Gibraltar.
It includes many islands, several of them
large, as Maj(n-ca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily,
Candia, and Cyprus. The eastern part of
it, bordering on Asia, is sometimes called
the Levant Sea.
Medniki, a town of Poland, in the pro-
vince of Samoiiitia, and a bishop's see;
seated on the Warwitz, 40 m e Memel.
Meduck, a town of Hindoostar), in Hy-
drabad, capital of a district. It is situate
on a river 9 m above its junctioji with the
Manzora, and 48 nxw Ilydrabad. Lon.
78 20 E, lat. 17 50 N.
Medway, a river that rises in Ashdown
forest, in Sussex ; entering Kent, it flows
by Tunbridge to Maidstone, and is naviga-
ble thence to Rochester; immediately be-
low which, at Chatham, it is a station for
the royal navy. Eight m lower it divides
into tVvo branches, which enter the Ger-
man ocean ; the northern and main branch
enters at Sheerness, close to the mouth
of the Thames ; and the eastern branch,
called the East Swale, passes by Queem-
borough and Milton, and enters at VVhit-
^'..abie.
Mr,dvn^ a towj* of Sweden, in E Goth-
MEI
iaiul, much tVequentetl on account of its
waters, which are vitriohc and sulpliuroiis.
The lo(h:;iiiti houses iorm one htroe; of uiii-
furiii wocxleii buiUliii^s painted rod. It
stands near the lake Wetter, 8 m from
Wadstena.
Medzibox, a town of Tolanri, in tlie
palatinate of Volhinia, on tiie river Bog,
*J0 in s tlonstantinovv.
Meelah, a town of Algiers, in the pro-
Tince of L'l.ustantina, snrrouudtd by gar-
dens producing abundance of herbs and
excellent truit, particularly pomegranates.
It is 14 ui ^w Constantina.
Meerut, a town of lliudoostan, in Aj-
ineer, 60 m e Joudpoor.
Mefiuru, 11 town of European Turkey,
ia Livadia, fornieriy very lar^e, but now
reduced. It has soine fine remains of an-
tiquity, and is seated near the gulf of En-
giii, i\ ni wbyN Athens.
Mcgen, a town of iho Netherlands, in
Dutch Brabant, seated on the Meuse, 15
m wsw Ninie^uen.
Megna, a river of lliudoostan, formed
by the junction of numerous streams is-
suing from the mountiuns on the N borders
of the district of Sylhet in Bengal. Its
course is short and bulk small, until its
conflux with the Erahinapoolra, about lat.
524 10, when it must unaccountably absorbs
the name of that rivtr, which is full ten
times larger, and retains its own. Eiiih-
teen ra sc of Dacca it is joined by the
Issamutty, and many smaller ones, the
aogreiiate forming an expanse of w ater re-
.sembPmg an inland sea, studded with
islands. Hence the course of the .Megna
is SSE until it approaches the sea, when its
▼olume is augmented by the great Ganges,
4ind they conjointly roll their muddy
streams "into the bay of Bengal. Many
islands are formed in the bay from^ the
sediment deposited by this vast body ot
water, among which the principal ure
Dakkinshabdzpoor (30 m hy 12) Ilattia,
bundeep, and Bamony.
Me/tun, a town ot France, in the de-
partment of Cher. Here are the ruins' of
a caitle bmlt by Charles vii, as a place
of retirement ; ;md here he starved him-
self, in the dreud of being poisoned by his
^<«, afterward Louis xi. It is seated on
the Yevrcj 10 m nw Bourges.
Mthun sur Loire, a town (f France, in
tii8 department of Loiret, seated on the
Loire, 10 m sw Orleans.
Meifiau, an iikmd in the middle lake of
ContliUkce, a mile, in length, which pro-
ducts excellent wine. It is 5 m ^w Con-
stauce.
MeinuTi^en^ a town of I pper baxony,
ill Ihmiu^ia, ci'.^ital oi the count v of Hea-
MEL -
ncberg, with a fine castle. It is situate
amid mountains, on the river Werra, 16
\i\ NW Ilildbnrghansen, and 'J3 s Gotha.
I^n. to 4-3 1, iat. £0 38 N.
Mi'isacn, or MiHiiia, a margravate of
Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, 100
in long and 80 broad ; bounded on the a
by the duchy of Saxony, e by Lusacia, »
by Bohemia, and w by Franconia and
Thuringia. It is a fine country, producing;
corn, wine, metals, and all the cuuveniences
oflife.
JMcisscn, the capital of the above mar-
gravate, with a castle, in which is a famous
manufacture of porcelain. The cathedral,
wliirh has a lolly steeple, is the buiial-
phico of the Sax(>n princes to the year
1539, The bridge over the Elbe, burned
down by the Prussians in 1757, has been
replaced by another of a very handsome
construction. Meissen is seated on the
rivulet Mei^so, at its junction with tho
Elbe, 12 in nnw Dresden. ' Lon. 13 31 e,
lut. 5111.S.
?,Ieis:<enhelm, a town of Germany, iii
the duchy of Deux Fonts, situate on th«
Glan, 34 m whyE Deux Poius, and 44
K Treves.
ivhkran, the largest province of Ballo-
gistan, extending above -100 m along the
coast of the Indian ocean, yet has not a
river that will admit a boat 20 in up the
country. Tiie southern part, between the
sea and the hiiis, produces abundance of
pasturage; tlie midule part is mountain-
ous, diverai(ied with vallics and plains,
some arid and others producing rice, dates,
wheat, bailey, and coiton; the noithern
part is less fertile. Kedge is the capital.
'Alelassa, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, situate on a fertile plain, near a
mountain abounding in white marble. It
was anciently a city, adorned with many
public buildings, especially temples ; and
is still a large place, but the houses are
mean. It is 90 m sse Smyrna. Lon. 2?
50 E, lat. 37 15 x.
Melazzo; see Milazzo.
Melbourn, a village in Derbysliire, 8 m
sbyE Derby. Here are the vestiges (if an
ancient castle; and it has a manufacture
of worsted stockings.
Mclck, a town of Austria, with a Bene-
dictine abbey on a high rock, near the
Danube, 10 m w St. Folten.
Melcmub Regis, a town in Dorsetshire,
united to Weymouth as a. port, corpora-
tion, ar.d market-town, but is a distinct
borough. It is seated on tlie n side of an
arm of the sea, luid joined to V/eyxnouth
by a timber bridge, wliich has a draw ia
the middle, to admit the passage of ships
iuto the ^vestern part ot tiie harbour. Md'
comb !ia3 good streets and yards for mer-
chandise, and is 127 m wsw London. Ste
fFey>noutft.
Meldek, a town of Italy, in Romagna,
0 m feW Ravenna.
Meldert, a town of tlie Netherlands, in
Brabant, 10 m se Louvain.
Meldojf, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Ilolstein, near the mouth of the Myla, 22
m NNW Gluckstadt.
Meldrum, a town of Scotland, in Aber-
deenshire, with a manufacture of liosiery
and a brewery, 17 m nnw Aberdeen.
Melji, a town of Naples,-in Basiiicata,
with a castle oh a rock, 20 ni nnw Ace-
renza.
Melgaza, a town of Portus^al, in Eutre
Douro e Minho, with a strong castle ;
seated on the Minho, 27 m n by e Braga.
Melida, an Island of Dalmatia, in the
gulf of Venice, belonging to the territory
of Ragusen. It is 30 m long, and abounds
in oranges, citrons, wine, and tish. It has
a Benedictine abbey, six villages, and se-
veral harbours.
Melilla, a town of the kingdom of Fez,
on the coast of the Mediterranean. It
was taken in 1496, by the Spaniards, who
built a citadel, and have a garrison here.
The vicinity abounds with wax and excel-
lent honey. It is 115 m ne Fez. Lon. 2
57 w, lat. 34 53 n.
Melinda, a kingdom on the coast of
Zanzebar. It produces gold, blaves, ele-
phant teeth, ostrich feathers, wax, aloes,
senna, and other drugs ; also plenty of
rice, sugar, cocoa-nutb, and other tropical
fruits.
Melinda, the capital of the above king-
dom. Here the Portuguese have 17
churches, nine convents, and warehouses
well provided with European goods. It is
surrounded by fine gardens, and has a good
harbour defended by a fort ; but the en-
trance is dangerous, on account of the
great number of shoals, and rocks under
water. The inhabitants are Christians
and Negroes, which last have their own
king and religion; and the number of both
is said to amount to above 200,000. Lon.
41 26 K, Int. 3 5 s.
Melipilla, a town of C'liili, capital of a
province abounding in wine and grain. In
the vicinity are several country liuuses
belonging to some of the principal inha-
bitants of St. Jago. It is beautifully si-
tuate, not far from the Maypo, 50 in sw
St. Jago. Lon. 70 50 w, lat. 33 40 s.
Meiiia; see Malta.
Meliteilo, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Noto, 8 m w Leontin"!.
Melitopol, a town of Ru£,oia, in the pro-
TJnce of Tiiuii.^, situate on it, iake> 12 ro
MEM
from the sea of Asoph, and 108 s Catlia-
rincnslaf. Lon. 83 10 e, lat. 46 22 n.
Mclh/iam, a town in Wiltshire, with a
market «very other Thursday for cattle,
and a manufacture of broad cloths, 11m
e Bath, and 96 w London.
Melle, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality ofOsnaburg, 15mEbys Os-
laburg. .
Mclle, a town of France, ih the depart-
ment of Two Sevres, 12 m sw Nioit.
Mellcr ; see Maeler.
MclUnccn, a town of Switzerland, m
the canton of Argau, near which is the
splendid and extensive convent ot Mun.
It is seated on the Reuss, 5 m sbyw
Baden.
Melnick, a town of Bohemia, m the cir-
cle of Buntzlau, with a castle. The vici-
nity yields excellent red and white wine ;
and near it stands the Augustine convent
of Schopka. It is seated on the Elbe, op-
posite the influx of the Muldau, 18 m N
Prague.
Meloui, a town of Egypt, seated on the
Nile, with a remarkable mosque, 3ms
Ashmunein.
Melrichstadf, a town of Franconia, in
the principahty of Wurtzburg, seated on
the Strat, 22 m Nby e Schweinfurt.
Melrose, a town of Scotland, in Kox-
burgshire, with manufactures of linen and
woollen cloth. Near it, on the s side of
the Tweed, are the magnificent remains ol
Melrose abbey, founded by David i ; part
of which is still used for divine service.
Alexander ii is said to be buried under the
great altar. Melrose is 1 1 m kw .Jedburg,
and 31 se Edinburg.
Mehunccn, a town of Germany, in
I^wer Hesse, seated on the Fulda, 12 in s
Cassel. . .
Melton Mowbrai/, a town in Leicester-
shire, with a market on Tuesday. The
fine cheese, called Stilton, is chielly made
in its neigiibourhood. It is seated on the
river Eye, 15 m ne Leicester, and 105
Nbyw London. • i r i
Mdun, a town of France, capital of the
department of Seine and Marne. It has
manufactures of glass, cotton thread, and
printed calicos ; and a tarde in corn, meal,
wine, and cheese. It is seated on the
Seine, 25 in se Paris. Lou. 2 35 e, lal.
48 30 N.
Membrio, a town of Spain, m Estrema-
dura, 21 m wsw Alcantara.
Me/ncl, a river ; see ]>Jkmen.
Me/ncl, a strong town of E Prussia, with
a castle, and a fine harbour formed by the
Uioutli of the river Dange, at the N ex-
tremity of the C.urisrh Half. Oii the nf.
side oi" the entrance into the harbour is a
2 G
MEN
lighthouse. This phice is the cjreat (kpol
of timhcr brous^ht down tlie Nicmcu in
immense rafts; and in the vicinity aro
numerous suw-n>ills. The oilier exports
are excellent linseed, hemp, lla\, hides, and
tallow, it is 70 m nkt. Koni>:sberg, and
140 NE Dant/.ic. Lon. '^1 16 e, lat. 55
4t) N.
]\Jcmi»gcii, a town of Snabia, defended
by art, and surrounded by a morass. It
lias a considerable trade in line linen, fus-
tian, c(jlton, paper, salt, and hops. Near
this place, in 179o, the French republicans
defeated the omiiirants under ihe prince of
Conde; and in 1800 the I'icnch defeated
the Au^trians, and took the town. It is
seated in a fertile plain, near the river
lUer, 28 m sbyi: Uhn. Lon. 10 12 E, lat.
48 0 N.
jSIenan, a river of the kinirdom of Siain,
which passes by the city of Siaiii, and en-
ters the gulf of Siam, below IJancock.
There are several siiiiiular fishes in it, and
crocodiles; and its fertile shores swarm
with monkeys, fue-flies, a\id inoskitos.
Jihnduli, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Kurdistan, the residence of a bey. It is
situate on the borders uf Irak Arabi and
Irak Agemi, surrounded with fine cardens,
80 m KNE Bagdad, and 100 ssk Kerkouk.
Mende, a town of France, capital of
tlie department of Lozere, and a bisliop's
.see. The fountains, and one of the steeples
of the cathedral, are remarkable. It has
mauufactures of seroes and other woollen
stuffs ; and is seated on the Lot, 33 m sw
Puy, and 210 sbyE Paris. Lon. 3 30 e,
lat! 44 31 X.
Mendip Hills, a lofty tract in the ne
of Somersetshire, abounding in coal, cala-
mine, and lead; the latter said to be of a
harder quality than that of other countries.
Copper, manganese, bole, and red ochre,
are also found in these hills. At the bot-
tom of a deep ravine, near the village of
Berringion, a cavern was discovered in
17P8, in which was a great number of
human bones, many of themincrusted with
a calcareous cement, and others incor-
porated with the solid rock.
JShndony a town of Massachusets, in
Worcester' county, 18 m se Worcester,
and 36 sw Boston.
Mendoxa, a city and the capital of Cujo,
with a church, four convents, and a college
that 'was csiablished by the Jesuits. In
the vicinity is a silver mine, and it has a
productive trade with Buenos Ayres in
fruit, vicuna wool, and wine. It stands
on a river of the same name, at the foot of
the Andes, in a plain adorned with plan-
tations, well watered by canals, 100 m ene
' St. Jago, in Chili, and 630 wnw^ Buenos
Ayres. Lon. 69 0 w, lat. 33 0 s.
Mcndrnh, a province of the kingdom of
Fe/./.an, much of which is a continued level
of haici and barren soil ; but the quantity
of troiia, a species of fossil alkali, that
floats on its numerous smoking lakes, has
given it a higher importance than that of
the most fertile districts. It has a town of
the same name, 60 m s Mour/.ouk.
]\Ieiitlrisio, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton ofTesin, capital of a district,
lying between the lakes of Como and Lu-
gano. It contains several convents, and
the inhabitants rear a great number of
silkworms. It is 7 m w.\w Corao.
j\lc7idi/g/irtiU, a town of Hindoostan, in
Agra, with two mud iorts and two bazars.
Indigo is cultivated in its vicinity to a very
great extent. It is situate near the Ganges,
63 in wbvN Luckuow.
^hiidiould, SL. a town of France, in
the department of iMarnc, with a castle on
a rock. It is seated in a morass, on the
river Aisne, between two rocks, 20 m eke.
Chalons.
HJoigen, a town of Suabia, in the j
county of llohenberg, seated on the Da- I
hube, 20 m ese llotlnveil. ■
Mcrigcriiigbmnen, a town and castle of
Germany, in the county of Waldeck, 8 m
XE Corbnch.
Mcnin, a town of the Netherlands, in
Flanders. It has been often taken ; the
last time by the French in 1794. it is
seated on the Lis, 3 m ese Ypres, and 10
X byE Lille.
Merilon, a town of Italy, in the prin-
cipality of Monaco, seated near the sea,
5 ra ENE Monaco.
jMe/itz, a territory of Germany, lately
an archbishopric, in the circle of Lower
Rhine ; bounded on the n by Hesse and
Wetteravia, e by Franconia, s by the pa-
latinate of the Rhine, and w by Treves. It
produces much corn, fine garden fruits,
and abundance of excellent wines. In
1798, this archbishopric, then the first
state of the empire, was moved to Ratis-
bon, and all other bishoprics were secu-
larized.
Mentz, or Maj/ence, a city and the
capital of the above territory. It is well
fortified, and deemed to be a barrier for-
tress. The palace, culled Martinsburg, is
a considerable building, partly ancient and
part!" modern ; and opposite the mouth
of the Maine is a castle, called Favorita,
with fine gardens and water-works. Ihe
university, founded in 1477, has lately
received considerable improvements. Of
the hospitals, tiiat cl' St. Koch is worthy
of notice for its printing-office and mauu-
factures of stuHs and stockings. The city
is built in an irregular manner, and pleu-
tiTully provided with churches. The ca-
MEQ
thedral is a large e;loomy fabric, and sur-
rounded with mean houses. Mentz is one
of the towns that claim the invention of
printing ; and the growth of the best rhe-
hish wine is limited to a circle of about
5 m round it. The French took this place
by surprise in 1792; and the next year it
stood a long blockade and siege before it
surrendered to the allies. In 1797 it was
taken possession of by the French. Meatz
is seated on the Rhine, just below the in-
flux of the Maine, and on the opposite side
is the town of Cassel, connected with it by
a bridge of boats. It is 22 m wsw Frank-
fort, and 70 Eby n Treves. Lon. 8 10 e,
lat. 49 58 N.
Menu/, a town of Egypt, in a well-
cultivated country, near that branch of
the Nile wliich flows to Rosetta, 40 ra
jixw Cairo.
Menzale/i, a town of Egypt, near a lake
of the same name, which is 60 ni long, and
separated from the Mediterranean and the
Damietta mouth of the Nile by a narrow
slip of land. It is 20 m Sse Damietta,
and 73 kke Cairo. Lon. 32 2 e, lat.
31 3 N.
Meppel, a town of the Netherlands, in
Overyssel, situate on the New Aa, 15 m
Ji by E ZwoU.
Meppen, a fortified town of Westphalia,
in the principality of Munster, seated at
the conflux of the Hase with the Ems, 10
m N Lingen.
Mequhien.za, a town of Spain, in Ara-
gon, with a castle ; seated at the conflux
of the Segra with the Ehro, 38 m ese Sa-
ragossa, and 180 ene Madrid.
Mequinez, a city of the kingdom of Fez,
and a capital of the empire of Morocco.
It is seated in a delightful plain, having a
serene and clear air; for which reason the
emperor resides in this place in preference
to Fez. The population 110,000. In the
middle of the city, the Jews have a place
to themselves, the gates of which are lock-
ed every night, and guarded. Close by
Mequinez, on the sw side, is a large Negro
town, which takes up as much ground as
the city : the inhabitants are all blacks,
or of a dark tawny colour; and hence tiie
emperor recruits the soldiers fur his court.
The imperial palace stands on the s side,
and is larger than that of Fez. The streets
of Mequinez are exceedingly narrow; but
the houses are very good, and built round
a square court, with a fountain in the
middle if the house belong to a person of
any rank. They have flat roofs; and the
women, who live in the upper apartments,
often visit each other from the tops of the
houses. Their customs and manners are
much the same as those of other Moha-
MER
medans ; but they are much more affable
than in the southern provinces. Mequinez
is seated near a river of the same name,
32 m whys Fez. Lon. 5 30 w, lat. 33
38 N.
Mcr, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loir and Cher, 11 m nnw Blois.
Meran, a town of Germany, in Tyrol,
of which it was formerly the capital. It
has six churches and convents, and stands
on the Passer, near its conflux with the
Adige, 12 ra NNW Botzen. Lon. 11 5 E,
lat. 46 39 N.
Merangha, a town of Persia, in Ader-
bijan, where a great quantity of the marble
of Tabriz is got along the coast of the lake
Urmia. It stands near the SE border of
the lake, 60 m ssw Tabriz.
Mcr at, a town of Hindoostan, in Delhi,
and one of the principal British military
stations in the doab of the Ganges and
Jumna. It is 34 m ne Delhi. Lon. 77
33 F, lat, 29 2 N.
Mercara, a town of Hindoostan, in
Malabar, capital of the Coorg district,
lying above the Gauts. It is 62 m wbyN
Seringapatam. Lon. 75 57 e, lat. 12
30 N.
Merdin, a city of Asiatic Turkey, m
Diarbek, and an archbishop's see. It
stands on the s side of a rocky mountaui,
not far from the top, and on the summit is
a castle. The vicinity produces much
wine, brandy, and cotton. It is 35 m sse
Diarbekar. 'Lon. 39 59 e, lat. 37 26 N.
Mere, a town in Wiltshire, with a mar-
ket on Tuesday, 28 m w Salisbury, and
100 whys London.
Merecz, a town of Lithuania, seated at
the conflux of the Berezino and Merecz,
30 m N Grodno.
Mereegn, a town of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Mascara, celebrated for its warm
baths, 25msE Shershel, and 50 sw Al-
giers,
Mergenthdm, a town of Franconia, ca-
pita) of a district subject to the grand mas-
ter of the Teutonic order. On the Kitz.-
bers;, a mountain in its vicinity, is the
castle of Nevvenhaus, the residence ot tlie
grand master. The order of Teut^omc
knights was instituted on occasion of the
crusades in Palestine, in 1190; and the
grand master has resided here ever since
die 16t!i century. Mergentheim is seated
on tlie Tauber, 28 m ssw VVurtzburg. Lon.
9 52 E, lat. 49 30 N.
Mcrg/ien, or Mei-guen, a city of East-
ern Tar^ary, in the province of Tcitcicar,
seated on the Nonni, 140 m :; byE Tqitci^
car. Lon. 124 55 E, lat. 49 10 \.
Mergui, a seaport on the w coast of
Siam, with an excellent harbour, Th»
2 G 2
MER
chief exports are rice, ivory, and tin.
In
1759 the Birmans wrested it from the
Siamese. It is iJ08 m sw Siara. Lon. 98
9 E, lat. 12 12 N.
Merida, a province of New Granada,
bounded on the n by Miiracaibo, k by
Varinas, s by Llanos and St. Tc, and w
by St. Martha. It is a mountainous
country, but produces plenty of corn and
fruit, and has plantations of sujjar, cacao,
and coffee.
Merida, a city, capital of the above pro-
vince, and the see of a bishop. It was
nearly destroyed by the great earthquake
that overwhelmed tlie city of Caracas, but
has been rebuilt, and the population in-
creased to upward of 1J,000. It has ma-
nufactures of cotton and woollen goods,
and stands in a rich vale, surrounded by
mountains, 176 m sbyE Maracaibo. Lon.
70 58 w, lat. 8 UN.
Merida, a strong town of Spain, in
Estremadura, built by the Romans, before
the birth of Christ. Here are fine remains
of antiquity, particularly a triumphal arch.
It is seated in an extensive fertile plain, on
the river Guadiana, over which is a noble
Roman bridge, 42 m E Badajoz. Lon. 5
68 w, lat. 38 47 n.
Merida, a city of New Spain, capital of
Jucatan, aini a bishop's see. The popula-
tion 10,000, and the trade by sea is at the
port of Sisal. The city stands, in an arid
plain, 30 m s of the gulf of Mexico. Lon.
89 35 w, lat. 20 56 N.
Merionethshire, a county of Wales,
bounded on the N by Carnarvonshire and
Denbighshire, e by the latter and Mont-
gomeryshire, s by Cardiganshire, and w
by the Irish sea. It is 36 m long and 34
broad, containing 442,240 acres; is di-
vided into five hundreds, and 23 parishes ;
has four market-towns, and sends one
member to parliament. The population
-was 30,924 in 1811. The face of this county
is varied throughout with a romantic mix-
ture of all the peculiar scenery belonging
to a wild and mountainous region. The
prmcipal rivers are the Dee and Dysijaiid
it has a great mountain, named Cader
Idris, one of the highest in Wales. ,IItar-
lech is the county-town, and Dol^elly the.
largest.
Merk, a river of the Netheriands, which
runs N by Breda, afterward turns w, atid
enters one of the mouths^of the river Meuse,
opposite the island of Overflackee, in
Holland.
Mero, a strong town of the kingdom of
Pegu, 110 m sw Pegu. Lon. 98 36 e, lat.
16 0 n.
Merou, a town of Persia, in Chorasan,
seated in a fertile country, which produces
MER
salt, 112 m sw Bokhara. Lon. 64 25 i^
lat. 37 40 N.
Mcrrimuc, a river of the United States,
formed by the junction of the Pemigewas-
set and Winnipiseogee, in the centre of
New Hampshire. Its course is s till it
enters Massachusets; it then turns E, and
passes into tho ocean at Newbury. It is
navigable for vessels of burden 20 m from
its mouth, where it is obstructed by the
first rapids, called Mitchell's Eddy, a little
above Haverhill.
Merritch, a town and fortress of Hin-
doostan, in Bcjapoor, chief of the district
of INlortizabad, and the residence of a
Mahratta chief. It is of considerable ex-
tent and importance ; and was taken by
Hyder in 1778, but not retained by him.
It stands on the Kistna, 48 m wsw Beja-
poor. Lon. 75 0 e, lat. 16 56 N.
Mcrs ; see Berwickshire.
Mershurg, a town of Upper Saxony, m
Thuringia, lately a bishopric. The prin-
cipal buildings are the castle, the cathedral,
and the academy. The brewing and ex-
portation of strong beer is the chief em-
ployment of the iniiabitants. It is seated
on the Saal, 10 m kw Leipzic. Lon. 12
13 E, lat. 51 23 N.
Mershurg, a town of Suabia, with a
castle, an academy for secular clergy, and
a Dominican convent. It is seated on the
N side of the lake of Constance, 6 m ne
Constance.
Mersei/, a river of England, which rises
in the n extremity of the Peak in Derby-
shire, receives the Tame at Stockport, and
lower down, the Irwell ; it then passes by
Warrington, and receives the Weaver, at
prodsham, where it forms a broad estuary,
that contracts on its approach to Liver-
pool, below which it enters the Irish sea.
This river not only affords salmon, but it
is visited by annual shoals of smelts, here
railed sparlings, of a remarkable size and
flavour.
Mersey, an island in Essex, between the
mouth of the Coin and the entrance of
Blackwater bay. It has two parishes, called
East and Wesi Mersey, 7ms Colchester.
Mcrthyr Tudfyl, a" town of Wales, in
^Glamorganshire, with a market on Wed-
nesday and Saturday. It has a canal to
Carditi', mines of iron and coal, and con-
siderable iron-works. Three m to the n
are the remains ot' Morlas castle, formerly
a strong place, it is seated on the Tali.
24 m NNw Cardiff, and 171 w London.
Mertola, a strong town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, seated near the Guadiana, OU in
s Evora, and 100 se Lisbon. Lon. 7 37
w, lat. 37 41 K.
Mertm, a villni^e in Surry, seated on
MES MES
the Wandle, 7 m sw London. It had a of a canal drawn from the Euphrates. Near
celebrated abbey, where Henry in, in 123G, this place Ilossein, the son of Ali, was
lield a parliament, at which were enacted slain; and since his interment here, numer
the Provisions of Merton, the most ancient
body of laws after Magna Charta. No-
thing remains of this abbey, except the e
window of a chapel ; but the walls that
surrojind the premises include about 60
acres. Upon the site of this abbey are
calico manufactures, and a cop',jer mill
ous pilgrims of the sect of Ali flock from
all quarters to visit the shrine. It is 6b m
ssw Bagdad.
JMeschede, a town of the duchy of West-
phalia, with a collegiate church, on the
river lloer, 7 m se Arensberg.
ALeserisc/i, a town of Moravia, in the
Mcrv, or Meru Sha/ijeitun, n town of circle of Iglau, 17 m e Iglau
Persia, in Chorasau. It was formerly a
magnificent city, and the residence of many
sultans ; but laid waste by the Turcomans,
after the defeat of sultan Sargiar, in the
12th century. It is situate on the Murgal,
240 m N Herat.
2Ieru at Rud, a town of Persia, in Cho-
rasan, situate on the Murgab, 1 iO m n by e
Herat.
JMerud, a town of Hindoostan, in Beja-
poor, surrounded by a high wall, and com-
manded by a fort on the n side. It is 44
m ESE Poonah.
Merie, the north branch of the river
IMeuse, in Holland, which separates at
Dort, passes by Rotterdam, and after-
ward rejoins the Meuse at its estuary.
The two branches form the island of Yssel-
monde.
Meseriscfi, a town of Moravia, in the
circle of Frerau, 30 m Ebys Olmutz.
Meseritz, a town of Poland, in the duchy
of Posen, situate on the Ubra, 40 m w
Posen.
Meskirch, a town of Suabia, in the
county of Furstenburg, 17 m N Uber-
lingen.
ii/essfl, a town of Morocco, on a river
of the same name, not far from the Att
lantic. Near it is a mosque, in which are
the bones of a whale, which the inhabit"
ants consider as the bones of the whale that
swallowed Jonah. It is 165 m s^Y M.o»
rocco. Lon. 10 46 w, lat. 28 58 N.
Messalonge, a town of European Tur-
key, in Livadia, on the se side of a salt
marsh, 20 m wby s Lepanto.
Messina, a city and seaport of Sicily, in
Merville, a town of France, in the de- Val di Demona, and the see of an arcb
partment of Nord, seated on the Lis, 10 bishop, with a strong citadel and several
m SE Cassel, and 24 sw Menin. forts. It is 5 m in circuit, and has four
Mesched, or Mesghid, a city of Persia, large suburbs. Beside the cathedral, ad-
capital of Chorasan. It is surrounded by mired for a ilne gothic front, there are
a strong wall, 10 m in circuit, and divided about fifty other churches, many of them
into 12 districts, of which five are in ruins, adorned with pictures, chiefly by Messi-
Tlie population 50,000. llje houses are nian painters. The numerous convents
meanly built, and the ark, or palace, is are in general large, and richly ornamented,
unworthy of the name. The city is go- The royal palace and the senate-house are
verned by a prince ; and is famous for the fijie edifices. The harbour is one of the
magnificent sepulchre of Iman Risa, of safest in Europe, and has a quay above a
the family of Ali. Here are manufactures mile in length. It has a trade in silk, oil,
of the finest velvet, beautiful pottery, and fruit, corn, and excellent wine. In 1780,
skins. The bazar extends through the it suffered much by an earthquake; and
city from e to w, 3 m in length, and is in 1783, was half destroyed by the same
well supplied with fruits and provisions, calamity ; since which it has been rebuilt,
Caravans are continually passing through with elegant houses, only two stories high,
this city from Bokharia," Balk, Candahar, The population 90,000. It is seated on
Hindoostan, and all parts of Persia. It the farq or strait of Messina, which sepa-.
is situate on a river of its name, in a rich rates Sicily from Calabria, 125 m e Pal?r-
plain, 170 m ene Asterabad, and 470 ne mo. Lon. 15 56 i;, lat. 38 10 s.
Ispahan. Lon. 57 20 E, lat. 37 36 N. Messing, a town of Frauconia, in the
Mesched Ali, or ]Sejiff,atown of Asiatic principality of Aichstat, 14 m nke Aich-
Turkey, in Irak, near the lake Nejift', or stat
Rahema, which communicates with the
Euphrates by a canal. Here Ali, the son-
in-law, and one of the successors of Mo-
hained was interred ; and his tomb is an-
nually visited by a great number of Per-
sian pilgrims. U is 110 m s Bagdad. Lon.
44 50 E, lat. 32 5 N.
Mestre, a town of It;\ly, in Pogado, 3
m >w Venice.
Mesurata, a town of Barbary, in Tri-
poli, capital of a district, with an old cas-
tle, where the governor resides. It stands^
on Cape Mesurata, the w point ol'the gulf
of Sibra, under which is good anchorage
Mesched Hossein, or Kerbela, a town of in westerly winds. Caravans travel hence
Asiatic Turkey, in Irak, at the extremity tpFezz^u andotherinterior parts of Africa.
MEU
It is 120 m ESE Tripoli. Lon. 14 58 e, lat.
32 6 N.
Metapura, a town of the isle of Borneo,
in the kingdom of Banjermai-sin, 72 m ne
Banjennassin, and 100 sr. Nef>;ra.
Mete/en, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of M mister, 19 ni Nw Minister.
Metelin, or MyiUenc, an island of the
Archipelago, anciently called Lesbos, to
th^ N of Scio, and almost at the entrance
of the gulf of Guestro. It is 40 m long and
24 broad, somewhat mountainous, and has
many hot springs. The soil ib very good,
and the mountains are covered with wood
in many places. It produces good wlieat,
wine, and oil, and the bcbt figs in the Ar-
chipelago. The capital is Castro.
MethiL a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire,
with a sale harbour on the frith of Forth,
whence much salt and coal is exported. It
is 8 m NE Kirkaldy.
Methven, a town of Scotland, in Perth-
shire, with an ancient castle, and manu-
factures of linen. In 1306, king Robert
Bruce was defeated here by the English
under the earl of Pembroke. It is 6 m
1VNW Perth-
Methzvold, a town in Norfolk, with' a
market on Tuesday, 15 m nw Thetford,
and 84 NNE London.
Metling, or Mottling, a strong town of
Germany, in Carniola, seated on the Kulp,
on the frontiers of Croatia, 13 m nw Carl-
stadt, and 40 se Laubach.
Metro, a river of Italy, which rises on
the frontiers of Tuscany, crosses the duchy
of Urbino, and enters the gulf of Venice,
near Fano.
Metropeli, a town of the island of Can-
dia, on the site of the ancient Gortinia, of
which many vestiges remain. It is 22 m
ssw Candia.
Met2, a city of France, capital of the
department of Moselle, and a bishop's see.
The fortifications are excellent, and it has
three citadels and noble barracks. The
cathedi-al is one of the finest in Europe.
The Jews, about 3000,. live in a part of the
town by themselves, and have a synagogue.
The sweetmeats made here are in high
esteem. It. is seated at the conflux of the
Mos.ejle and Seille, 25 m uhyw Nancy,
and 190 ne Paris. Lon. 6 10 e, lat. 49 7 ic.
Melzdvo,vi, town of European Turkey, in
Albania, situate on thfe side of a steep and
lefty hill, in a deep valley, and on one of
the sources of the Arta, 30 m ne Janina.
Meudon, a village of France, with a
magnifieent palace oh the Seine, G m se
Paris
Mfulan, 3 town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Oise, built in the
form of an amphitheatre, on the ri\ er Seine,
over which are two bridges, 20 m >w Paris.
MEX
Mcurs, or Moers, a town of Germany,
in the territory of Cologne, with a castle.
It was formerly a place of strength, but
the fortificaticms were destroyed in 1764.
It is 17 m SE Gelders.
Meurte, a department of France, in-
cluding part of the old province of Lorrain.
It is so called from a river, which rises in
the department of Vosges, and flows by
Luneville and Nancy into the Moselle.
Nancy is the capital.
Meuiie, or Maes, a river that rises in
France, in the department of Upper Marnc,
passes by Neuchateau, St. Michael, Ver-
dun, Sedan, Mezieres, Charleville, Givet,
and Charlemont ; then enters the Nether-
lands and flows by Dinant, Namur, Huy,
Liege, Maestricht, Ruremonde, Venlo,
Grave, Ravestein, Battenburg, Worcum
(where it receives the Waal) and Gorcura,
below which it forms a lake called Bies
Bosch. On leaving this lake, at Dort it
divides into two branches, the most northern
is called the Merve ; and the other, at Wii-
liamstadt, divides into two more. These
four streams form the islands of Yssel-
monde, Voorn, and Overflackee, and enter
the German ocean below Briel, Helvoet-
sluys, and Browershaven.
Meitse, a department of France, in-
cluding the old duchy of Bar. It takes its
name irom the river Meuse, which flows
through its whole length. Bar le Due is
the capital.
Mtxkuiio, or Adayes, a river of New
Spain, on the confines of Louisiana, which
runs into the gulf of Mexico.
Mexico, or New Spain, an extensive
kingdom ofN America, belonging to Spain;
bounded on the N b}' New Navarre, New
Mexico, and countries unknown, e by
Louisiana, the gulf of Mexico, the Cari-
bcan sea, and Panama, s by the Pacific
ocean, and w by the same and the gulf of
California. It lies between 81 and 110 w
lon. and extends irom 7 to 32 n lat. being
2000 m long, and in the n part above 300
broad, but it decreases thence consider-
ably, and in some of tlie s parts is only
from 40 to 120 broad. In general, it is
a mountainous country, intermixed with
lofty plains and many rich valleys ; but
the highest mountains are near the coast
of the Pacific ocean, many of which are
volcauos. The eastern shore is a flat
country, full of imjienetrable forests, with
bogs and morasses, overflowed in the rainy
season, wliich is from April to September.
Although Mexico is within the torrid zone,
the climate is temperate and healthy. No
country abouiids more with grain, fruits,
roots, and vegetables; ami it is singularly
fertile in plants that yield balsams, gums,
resins, and oils. The mines produce sul-
MEX
phur, alum, vitriol, cinnabar, ocbrc, quicks
silver, iron, lead, tin, copper, silver, and
gold. Diamonds are still toiind, though
but few ; and there are amethysts, cats-
eyes, turquoises, ct)rnelians, and some
green stones not much inferior to emeralds.
There are mountains of loadstone ; and
great abundance of the famous stone called
itztli, which is seniitransparent, of a glossy
substance, and generally black, of which
the Indians make looking-glasses, &:c. there
are also quarries of jasper, porphyry, and
exquisite marble. Cochineal is almost
peculiar to this country ; its indigo and
cocoa are superior to any in America ; and
its logwood has been long an important
article of commerce. Among the qua-
drupeds are the puma, jaquar, bear, elk,
wolf, fox, deer, ^c. The domestic animals
of Europe, particularly horned cattle, have
multiplied here abundantly ; they raniie
over the immense plains, in herds of from
30 to 40,000, and ai-e killed merely for the
sake of their hides, which are exported in
vast (juantities to Europe. Birds are very
numerous ; above 200 species are peculiar
to the country, and many of them super-
latively beautiful for their plumage. The
inhabitants consist of native Spaniards ;
Creole*, who are descendants of Spaniards;
^lulattos, the issue of an European and an
African slave; Metifs, born of an Euro-
pean and an Indian; Mestizes, the olF-
spring of the ^^letifs; their descendants
Terceroens, and Quarteroens ; after whom
the fifth generation enjoys all the benefit
of Creoles. New Spain is divided into
three audiences, Guadalaxara, IVIexico, and
Guatimala; and subdivided into the fol-
lowing provinces : namely, Guadalaxara,
Culiacau, Cinaloa, Sonora, New Biscay,
and Zacatecas ; Mexico, Mechoacan, Co-
hahuila, Texas, New Leon, Panuco, Tlas-
cala, Guaxaca, Vera Cruz, andJucatan;
Guatimala, Soconusco, Chiapa, Vera Paz,
Hondurds, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and
Veragua. The whole country is governed
by a viceroy.
Mexico, one of the three audiences of
New Spain, and a province. The pro-
vince is bounded on the n by Guasteca, e
by Tlascala, s by the Pacific ocean, and w
by Mechoacan. The greatest part is moun-
tainous ; but there are immense plains and
extensive vallies, the soil of which is so
fruitful that all the necessaries of life are
exceedingly reasonable, and its silver mines
are richer than those of any other province,
liie richiiess of the country furnishes every
urticle of commerce, and the roads, lakes,
smd rivers every requisite of domestic in-
tercourse.
Mexico, the capital of the above province
and audience, and of all New Spain, It
MEX
was a flourishing city before the Spaniards,
^entered the country, and was seated on
several islands, in a salt-water lake, called
Tezcuco, to which there was no entrance,
but by three causeways, each 3 m long.
The circuit of the city, exclusive of the
suburbs was S m; and it contained at least
50,000 houses, with several large temples,
full of rich idols, and three palaces. Mexico
was taken by Cortez, in lo'Jl, after a siege
of near three months. As the Mexicans de-
fended themselves from street to street, it
^was almost ruined, but afterward rebuilt
by the Spaniards. The streets are very
spacious, and so exactly dirposed, that in
point of regularity it is tin; finest city in
the world ; and the great causeways and
large avenues of elms and poplars leading
to it, with the want of walls, gates, and
artillery, render Mexico extremely remark-
able. The great sfpiare in the centre of
the city, and the public buidings, are niag-
nihcent. There are 31 public churches,
and 3(3 monasteries and 29 nunneries, with
each a church ; of the riches of these an
idea may be formed from the revenues of
the grand cathedral amounting to 80,000/.
a year, of which the archbishop has
20,000/; and the great convent of St.
Francis, from alms alone, possesses an an-
nual revenue of near 21,000/. There are
also a tribunal of the inijuisition, a trea-
sury, a mint, and a university. This dty
contains about 140,000 inhabitants; and
though it has no communication with the
sea, by navigable rivers, it carries on a
great trade to Europe by \'era Cruz, and
to Asia by Acapulco. In 1629, it suflered
by an inundation, in which 40,000 persons
were drowned. This induced the Spaniards
to make a great conduit through a moun-
tain, in order to reduce the lake ; by which,
and other canals since done, the town is
now seated on dry land, 2 m from the sw
extremity of the lake. On this lake, and
the fresti-water lakes of Xochimilco and
Chalco (which lie C m to the s of Tezcuco)
are chinampas, or floating gardens : they
are generally about 40 yards long and 15
broad, with less than a foot of elevation
above the surface of the water, and are
easily moved to a ditTerent station at the
pleasure of the owner. Mexico is supplied
with freshwater by two aqueducts; and
at all seasons of the year is abundantly
provided with all the gilts of patiire,
brought into it by means of canals. Jt is
180 m XNK Acapulco, and 200 w by N Vera
Cruz. Lon. 99 G w, lat. 19 2ti k.
Mexico, Nerc, a country of N America,
extending along Rio del Norte, from SO to
41 N lat. and from 90 to i 50 m in breadth ;
bounded on the r. by Louisiana, s by New
Spain, and on other parts by uiiknowu
MEZ
countries. Great encoinitims have been
lavished on the fertility of its soil, and
the variety of its vulimble products; hut it
is trenerally deemed to he destitute of me-
tallic wealth, except a few copper mines.
The animals are deer, ellis, bulTiilos, sheep,
beeves, and horses. '1 he raoimtainous dis-
trict on the N border is deemed the highest
land in this partof the continent, for hence
issue the Rio del Norto,Colenid(>, Arkansa,
Platte, and other rivers, which flow in
various directions. One of the mountains,
near the source of the Arkansa, is found
to be 10,581 feet above the plain through
which the river flows, and the plain is sup-
posed to be 8000 feet above the sea. Tlie
country is chiefly inhabited by the native
Americans, hitherto unsubdued by the
Spaniards. St. Fe is tlie capital.
Mexico, Guff of, that part of the At-
lantic ocean, on the coast of N America,
bounded on the s and w by the audience
of Mexico, and on the n by Florida; the
entrance lying to the e, between the s
point of E Florida and the ne point of
Jucatan.
Mejjahoun, a city of Pegu, with numer-
ous gilded temples and spacious monaste-
ries. The vicinity is uncommonly fertile
in rice ; and here arc capacious granaries
belonging to the king of Birmali, always
stored with grain ready to be transported
to any part of the empire in whicii there
happens to be a scarcity. It stretches 2
m on the right bank of the Irrawaddy,
and is 85 nw Pegu. Lon. 95 8 e, lat. 18
18 N.
Meyenberg, a town of BraHdenburg, in
the mark of Fregnitz, 21 m ke J'erleberg,
and 60 nnw Berlin.
Mcjjevfeld, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Orisons. It is a kind of
staple for goods passing between Oermany
and Italy ; and stands on the Rhine, in a
country fertile in excellent wine, 15 m
N by E "Colre. Lon. 9 37 e, lat. 40 59 n.
Mej/rivgen, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Bern, seated in a romantic
and pictoresque valley, on the river Aar,
36 m r.sE Bern.
Meyrveis, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lcziere, 23 m s Mende, and
27 w Alais.
Meyuar; see Oudipoor.
Mezana, a town of Naples, in Basilicata,
17 m ssw Tursi.
Mezemna, a seaport of Fez, at the mouth
of the Nocor, in the Mediterranean, 98 m
ESE Tetuan. Lon. 3 45 w, hit. 35 13 x.
Mezen, a town of Russia, capital of a
province, in the government of Archangel.
It is seated (in s river of the suirte naine,
160 m UNE Archangel. Lon. l-l 58 e, lat.
65 25 N.
MIC
Mezieres, a town of France, fcapital of
the department of Ardennes, with a citadel.
It is seated on an island formed hy the river
Meuse, over which it has two bridges, 60
ni NKE Chalons, and 1'25 KE Paris. Lon.
4 40 E, lat. 49 47 N.
Mezin, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lot and Garonne, 9 m NW Con-
dom.
Miacoy a city of Japan, in Niphon, with
a fortified palace. It is the spiritual capi-
tal of the empire, the seat of the impenal
mint and principal manufactures, and the
chief mart of trade. The dairo's court
being literary, all books are printed here.
The population 600,000. It is seated in-
land, on a tine plain and the river Gava,
34 m from its mouth at Osaca, which is its
port, and 160 wsw Jedo. Lon. 136 10 £,
hit. 35 SO N.
Miami, Little and Great, two rivers of
the s ate of Ohio, which run s into the
Ohio; the former just above Columbia, and
the latter 21 m below Cincinnati. The
Little Miami is 60 m to its source, but
generally so shallow as to alTord no navi-
gation. The Great Miami has a navigation,
like the Muskingum, that approaches near
the navigable waters of Lake Erie. Tlie
country between these two rivers is called
the Miamis, and is reckoned among the
richest belonging to the United States;
JMiaini of t/ie Lake, a navigable river of
the state of Ohio, which has its head waters
near those of the Wabash, and from their
junction in lat. 41 20 takes a ne course of
90 m, and enters a bay at the \v extremity
of Lake Erie, called Miamis Bay. A
s branch of this river communicates with
the Great Miami, hy a portage of 5 m.
Miuna, or Miunth, a town of Persia, in
Aderbijan. Here the celebrated traveller
Thevenot died, on his return from Ispahan.
It is 80 m SE Tabriz.
Micha, a cape of Dalmatia, which ad-
vances into the gulf of Venice, near the
town of Zara.
Michatl, St. the largest island of the
Azores ; 51m long and from 6 to 15 broad,
and contains nearly 80,000 inhabitants.
In a valley on the eastern side are a num-
ber of l-ioiliiig fountains; also many sul-
j)!iurous springs, some of a hot, and others
of a cold temperature. In 1811, one mile
to the NW, a vulcanic island arose with a
tremendous eruption ;' and when it became
quiescent, was from 200 to 300 feet high
and a mile in circuit; but in four months
it gradually disappeared, leaving an exten-
sive shoal. The principal towns are Punta
del Gucia and \'illu Franca : the former is
the capital of the island. Lon. 25 42 vfy
lat. 37 47 N.
Michael, St. a boroagh in Cernwall,
MIC
which has neither market nor fair, 8 ni sw
St. Columb, and 250 whys London.
Michael, iit. a town of France, in the
department otMeuse, with a tine hosj/itai,
and the rich library of a Benedictine ab-
bey ; seated on the iMense, surrounded by
mountains, 20 m ne Bur le Due.
Mufuiel, St. a town of New Spain, in
Nicarugua, on the river St. Miciiael, 110
m Nw Leon. Lon. 87 45 \v, lat. 12 25 n'.
Michael, St. a town of New Spain, in
Culi&can, near the mouth of the Sigutalan,
iJOm ESE Cuiiacuu. Lon. 107 40 w, lat.
24 10 N-.
Michael, St. a town of New Spain, in
!Meclioacan, celebrated for its cotton ma-
nutaciures, 20 m E Guanaxuato.
Michael, St. a city and the capital of
Tucuman, See Tucuinan.
Michael de Ibarra, St. a town of Quito,
capital of a district. It has a lartre and
elet;;ant church, a college, and several con-
vents ; and stands ou a plain, between two
rivers, 70 m he Quito. Lon. 77 30 vv,
lat. 0 25 \.
Michael de Piiira, St. a town of Peru,
capital of a district in the province of
TruKillo. It was the first Spanish colony
in Peru, founded by Pizarro in 1531, and
its territory produces much cotton, sugar,
maize, and fruit. It stands on the right
bankof the Piura, 7 m from the sea, and 245
^^wT^uxdlo. Lon. 80 35 w, lat. 5 lis.
Michael, Gulf (>f' St. a small gulf on the
F, side of tlie bay of Panama ; and that
part of the Pacific ocean, to the e of Pa-
nama, which was first discovered by the
Spaniards, after their march across the
isthmus of Panama.
Michigan, a territory of the United
States of America, 210 m long rnd 130
broad ; bounded on the n by lake Superior,
E by the lakes Huron, St. Clare, and Erie,
s by the state of Ohio and territory of
Indiana, and w by the territory of Illinois.
It includes the grpat lake of the same
name, from which, and the grand lakes on
its boundaries, this country possesses im-
mense advantages resulting from naviga-
tion and fisheries ; but the soil is marshy
and poor, and great part of it inundated for
six months in the year. The population in
1810 was 5485, and in 1816 it was esti-
mated at 12,000. The chief town is De-
troit.
Michigan, a lake of N America, the
largest that is wholly within the United
States. It is 280 in long, and from 50 to
(iO broad, and navigable for vessels of any
burden. On the kw part the waters
branch out into two bays, one to the N
called Noquet Bay, the other to the .?5
Green Bay. Tins lake, at the ne extre-
mity communicates with the nw end of
MID
Lake Huron, by the strait of Michili-
inakinac.
Michilimakinac, a strait of N America,
winch unites ll»e lakes Michigan and
Huron. It is (> m wide ; and on its se side,
in Litke Huron, is an island, with a fort
and village of the same name. The fort
was taken by the British in 1812. Lon. 84:
30 w, lat. 45 48 .\.
Middleborotigh, a town of Massachusets,
in Plymouth county. Great quantities of
nails are made here, particularly in the
winter. It is 40 m sby e Boston.
Middlcburg, a strong city of the Nether-
lands, capital of the island of VValcheren,
and of all Zealand. The squares, streets^
and public buildings are magnificent; par-
ticularly the townhouse (formerly a cele-
br.'ited abbey) which is decorated with th«
statues of the ancient counts and countesses
of Holland. The population 30,000. Tha
liarbiiur is commodious, and has a commu-
nication with Flushing by a canal, which
will bear the largest vessels. In 1809, it
surrendered to the British, but was soon
after evacuated. It is 30 m nnw Giient,
and 72 sw Amsterdam. Lon. 3 37 e, lat.
51 29 N.
Middleburg, a town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, 5 in se Sluys.
Middleburg, one of the Friendly islands.
See Eaoozcc.
Middlebury, a town of Vermont, chief
of Addison county. It has several saw-
mills, and stands on the e side of Otter
creek, 37 ra s Burlington, and 100 » Ben-
nington.
Middlehnm, a town in N Yorkshire, with
a market on Monday, and a woollen ma-
nufacture. Here was a stately castle, now
in ruins, in which Richard in was bfrrn.
It is seated on the Ure, 11 m sby w Rich-
mond, and 255 >'xw London.
Middlesex, a county of England, hound-
ed on the N by Hertfordshire, e bv Essex,
s by Kent and Surry, and w by Bucking-
hamshire. It is 22 m long and 17 broad,
containing 190,080 acres; is divided into
six hundreds, and 98 parishes, beside
those in London and Westminster ; has
those two cities and six market-towns ;
and sends eight members to parl'::<inent.
The population was 953,276 in 1811. Tlie
air is healthy ; but the soil, in general, be-
ing gravelly, is not naturally fertile; though
by means of the vicinity to the metropolii;
many parts of it are converted into rich
fields by manure, clothed almost witii per-
petual verdure. There are still, however,
very extensive tract:? of uncultivated heath.
Beside the Thame>^, Lea, and Coin, which
are its boundaries to the s, e, and w, Mid-
dlesex is watered by several small streams ;
one of which, called the New River, is
MIK
artificially brought from near Hertford to
London, to supply it with water.
Miildlelon, a town of Connecticut, capi-
tal of Middlesex county, witli two clunclies,
and a naval oHico. It has a sonsidcrahio
trade, and stands on the w side of Con-
necticut river, 14 ni s Hartford, And 'J6
NbyE Newhaven. J. on. 7 '2 34 w, hit. 11
34 N.
Middleton, a town oi'Dehiware, in New-
castle county, situate on Apuiiuininw creek,
21 m ssw Wihnini;ton.
Middleton, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Dauphin county. It has a i^veat trade in
corn, and stands on Swatara creek, 2 ni
from its entrance info the Susrjueliana, and
62 wbyN Philadelphia. Lon. 7t> 44 vv,
lat. 10 13 X.
Middleton, a town of New Jersey, in
Monmouth county, on the sw side of the
bay within Sandy Hook, 14 m Kw Shrews-
bury, and 52 exe Trenton.
Middleton, a town in Lancashire, with
a market on Friday. It has tlie cotton
trade in all its branches, a larij;e twist
manufacture, and considerable bleaching
works. It stands on ihe llochduie canal,
6 m NbyE Manchester, and IBU nxw
London.
Middleton, a borough of Ireland, in
Cork county. Here are some large build-
ings for manufactures, of which one for
fine woollens is very extensive. It is situate
at the NE angle of Cork harbour, 14 m e
Cork.
Middkzcich, a town in Cheshire, with a
market on Tiicsday, and manufactures of
salt and cotton ; seated on the Croke, 24
m E Chester, and 167 nw I>oudon.
Midhunt, a borough in Sussex, with a
market on Thui-sday, seated on the Arun,
11 m KbyE Chichester, and oU whys
London.
Midnapoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Orissa, capital of a district that has be-
longed to the British since 1761, and now
may be deemed a part of Bengal. This
place formerly had a fort, which has been
converted into a criminal prison. It is
seated near the Cassai, which ilows into
the Hoogly, 70 m whys Calcutta. Lon.
87 25 c, lat. 22 25 N.
Mies, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Pilsen,on the river Misa, 18 m \v Pilsen.
AIigliatio,i\ town of Naples, in Princi-
pato Ultra, lo m NMi Conza.
il A7i«/;V/i, or ilii/i«/j7e«, a town of Asiatic
Turkey, in Matolia, on a river of the same
name, which flows to the sea of Marmora.
Two m down the river is a fort ; and at
Us mouth is a port, whence silk, wool,
Grain, and fruit are exported. Jt is 53 m
■WNW Bursa. Lon. 28 42 e, lat. 40 18 n.
Mtklv<f 1st. a town of Hungary, capital
MIL
of Liptau county; situate on the Waag,
28 m NE Neusohl.
Milan, or Milanese, a duchy of Italy,
150 m long and 78 broad ; bounded on the
N by Switzerland, e by Bergamasco, Man-
tua, and Parma, s by Parma and Genoa,
and w by Piedmont. Ths soil is every
where fertile in corn, wine, fruit, rice, and
olives; ami there are tine canals for the
purpose of irrigation. Sheep are few and
poor, but the cattle and cheese are excel-
lent. Here are some mines of copper and
lead. The rivers are the Sesia, Tesin,
Adda, Oglio, and Po ; and it is famous
for lakes, the principal of which are those
of Maggiore, Como, and Lugano. This
coimtry was subdued by the French in
1796, and reconquered by the allies in
1799. The French became n)asters of it
agum in loOO, and was retained to 1811,
when it was restored to Austria.
jMilau, a city, capital of the above
duchy, and the see of an archbishop. It
was the ancient capital of Lombardy, and
lately the ca})ital of the kingdom of Italy,
Napoleon Bonaparte being here crowned
king of Italy in 1805. The city is 10 m
in circuit ; but the garden grounds are so
extensive, that it does not contain above
150,000 inhabitants. It stands in a plaiu
between the rivers Adda and Tesin, which
conmiunicate with the city, by means of
two canals. The town itself has no other
fortifications than a high wall and ram-
parts; but the citadel, called Castellodi
i'orta Zobia, is a place of great strength.
Here are 22 gates, a university, several
colleges, many fine palaces, 230 churches,
of wiiich 96 are parocial, 90 convents, 100
religious fraternities, and a great number
of hospitals. The cathedral is in the centre
of the city, and next to St. Peter's at
Rome, the most extensive in Italy, but
not so lofty in the interior as that at Flo-
rence. This vast fabric is built entirely of
white marble, supported by 52 columns;
and in fret-work, carving, and statues,
surpasses all churches in the universe.
The most remarkable object in the interior
is the subterranean chapel, in which is the
tomb of St. Charles Borromeo : it is imme-
diately under the dome, in form octangular,
and lined with silver pannels representing
the principal actions of the life of this vir-
tuous arclibishop; and his body lies in a
shrine of rock crystal, behind the altar,
drest in pontificals. The Ambrosian li-
brary contains 45,000 printed books, and
15,000 manusciipts; also a gallery of pic-
tures, statues, aud gems. Milau has con-
siderable connnerce in grain (especially
rice) cattle, and cheese ; and has manufac-
tures of silk and velvet stufts, stockings,
handkerchiefs, ribands, gold and silver lace
MIL
and embroideries, woollen and linen cloths,
glass, porcelain, and curious works in steel,
crystal, agate, hyacinths, and other <i;ems.
It has been many times taken in the wars
that have desolated Italy. It is 165 m ^w
Florence, Lon. 9 12 e, hit. 45 28 n.
Milazzo or Melozzo, a seaport of Sicily,
in V'al di Demoua. It is divided into the
upper and lower town : the upper, on the
isthmus of a lofty peninsula, is very strong;
and the lower, on a ricli plain, has a fine
square, with a superb fountain. It stands
on the w side of a bay of the same name,
18 m whyN Messina. Lon. 15 31 k, lat.
38 13 N.
Milborn-port, a borough in Somerset-
shire, which has no market. It has ma-
nufactures of woollen cloth, linen, and
hosiery ; and is seated on a branch of the
Parret, 2 m f. by n Sherborn, and 114
whys London.
Ulildcnhall, a town in Suffolk, with a
market on Friday, seated on the Larke, a
branch of the Ouse, 12 m kw Bury, and
70 NNE London.
Mileto, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra. In 1783, it was nearly destroyed
by an earthquake. It is 8 m e by n Ni-
cotera .
J\Iilets, the ancient ^liletus, a town of
Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 64 m s Smyrna,
Lon. 27 14 E, lat. 38 22 N.
MUford, a town of Wales, in Pembroke-
shire, with a market oil Tuesday and Sa-
turday. It is seated on the N side of a
deep inlet of the Irisii sea, called Milford
Haven, which branches off into so many
creeks, secured from all winds, that it is
esteemed the safest and most capacious
harbour in Britain. The earl of Richmond,
afterward Henry vii, landed here on his
enterprise against Kiciiard in. Here is a
dock-yard for constructing king's ships; but
this establishment, and the town, have de-
clined greatly. A packet-boat sails hence
every day, except Tuesday, for Waterford,
in Ireland. It is 7 m sbyw Haverford-
west, and 2G2 wbyN London. Lon. 5 3
w, lat. 51 44 X.
Milford, a town of Delaware, in Sus-
sex county, on the N side of Muspilion
creek, 12 m w of its mouth in Delaware
bay, and 19 sbvE Dover.
Milford, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Xorthampton county, on the vv side of
Delaware river, 120 m above Philadel-
phia.
Milford, a town of Connecticut, in
Zvewhaven county, on a creek of Long-
island sound, 10 m sw Newhaven.
Milford, New, a town of Connecticut, in
Lichfield county, on the k side of the
Housatonic, 20 m sw Lichfield.
Milhaud, a town of France, in the de-
MIL
partment of Aveiron, seated on the Tarn,
28 ra sE Rhodes, and 50 Kw MontpeU
lier.
Militsch, a town of Silesia, capital of a
lordship ; situate on the river Bartsch, and
frontiers of Poland, 27 m nne Breslau.
Millerstoivn, a town of Pennsylvania,
in Northampton county, on a branch of
Little Leigh river, 26 m sw Easton, and
44 XNW Philadelphia.
Milhlj-ect, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, on the river Blackwater, 28 m
WNW Cork.
Milltoion, a town of Ireland, in Kerry
county, near the river Mang, 7 m sbyw
Tralee.
Milo, the ancient Melos, an island of
the Archipelago, 50 m in circuit, with one
of the best and largest harbours in the
Mediterranean. It produces excellent fruit
and wine; abounds in good cattle, espe-
cially goats : and has mines of iron and
sulphur. In this island are curious sub-
terranean galleries, the roofs of which are
covered with genuine capillary or pluma
alum, and the crevices of the rocks filled
with pure sulphur. Here are two bishops;
one of the Greek, and the other of the
Latin church. On the r, side of the island
is a town of the same name, 60 m n Can-
dia. Lon. 25 0 e, lat. 36 41 n.
Milos ; see Ixrna.
Milfenberg, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Mentz, with a castle on a hill;
seated on the Maine, 26 m sse Aschaffen-
burg.
Milthorp, a town in Westmorland, with
a market on Tuesday, seated on the Betha,
near the mouth of the Ken. As the navi-
gation of the Ken is obstructed by a catar-
act near its mouth, Milthorp is the only-
port in the county, and hence the fine
Westmorland slates and other commodi-
ties are exported. It is 8 m s Kendal, anc^
i!55 NNW London.
Milton, a town of Massachusets, ia
Norfolk county, seated near the Naponset,
7ms Boston.
Milton, a town of V^irginia, in Albemarle
county, situate on the llivanna, 76 m wnw
Richmond.
Milton, a town in Kent, with a market
on Saturday. It is noted for excellent
oysters; and much corn, &c. is shipped
here for the London markets. It stands
on the E branch of the Medway, 16 ra
WNW Canterbury, and 40 ese London.
Milton, or Abbei/ Milton, a village in
Dorsetsliire, 7 m sw Blandford. It had
an abb'V, founded by king Athelstan,
which was swept away, except the church,
in 1771, by the earl of Dorchester, who
erected on its site a large Gothic mansion,
to which the abbey church is now a private
MIN
cliapel. The village, with its church ami
an ahushnuse, were built by the sauie
nohlcriKin.
Mina, a town of Persia, in Kennan, with
a strons; tort. The houses are well buili,
and the country lor many miles round
abounds in cattle, dates, and grain. It is
seated on the Ibrahim, near its entrance
into the strait ofOrnuis, 190 m s Kermau.
Lon. 56 40 i:, hit. (.'6 40 >'.
Minc/i, -A sound, or channel, on the w
coa^t of >*5cotIand. It has the islands of
Lewis, N and S Uist, and Bara on the w,
and the isle of Syke, Kosshire, and Suther-
landshire on the e.
21incio, a river cf Italy, which issues
from the lake Garda, at Peschiera, forms
the lake that surround.-; the city of Mantua,
and afterward (lows into the Po.
j\lincke7>dorf, a town uf Austria, situate
on the Triessing, 6 m pne Baden.
Mindanao, or J\Iagindanao, the lary;est
of the Philippine islands, next to Luconia.
It is of an iiTe;^ular figure, estimated at
SOD m in length by 100 in breadth, abounds
in hills and valleys, and the mould generally
deep, black, and fruitful. The sides of the
hills are stony, and yet there are tall trees,
of kinds not known in Europe; some of
the mountains yield very good gold, and
the valley.s are well watered with rivulets.
It produces the bread-fruit trees, and all
sorts of fruit proper to the climate, beside
plenty of rice. Here are horses, beeves,
buffalos, poultry, hiigs, goats, deer, mon-
teys, guanas, bats of a large size, lizards,
and snakes, The winds are easterly one
part of the year, and westerly the other :
■while the former blow, it is fair weather ;
but during the latter, rainy, stormy, and
tempestuous. In the s there is a volcano
of constant eruption, which serves as a sea-
mark ; and others in different parts are the
cause of frequent earthquakes. Near the
centre is a lake, called Lano, about 60 m
in circuit. The Spaniards have some set-
tlements on the coasts, of v\hich Samboanga
in the .sw estremiuy is the chief. The
isJand is governed by a sultan, who is ab-
solute. The natives, called Karasoras, are
of a mean low stature, with small hmbs
and little heads. Their faces are oval,
■with flat foreheads, black small eyes, short
low noses, and large mouths. Tlif.ir hair
is black and straight, and their complexion
tawny, but more inclined to yellow than
that of other Indians. The chief trades
are goldsmiths, blacksmiths, and carpen-
ters, and they can build pretty good vessels
for the sea. J he sultan has a queen, be-
side other women; and all the men have
several wives; for their religion is Moha-
medaiiism. Their houses are built on
pqtts, and ascended by ladders ; they have
RUN
but one floor, which is divided into several
rooms, and the roofs are covered with
palmeto leaves. The capital is a large
city, of the same name, seated near the
mouth of a river, on the l coast. Lon. 125
0 w, lat. 6 0 N.
Mindel/tcim, a tuwn of Suabia, with a
castle on a mountain. It is the capital of
a lordship, between the rivers lUer and
Lech, and 23 m sw Augsburg.
j\Ii>uh'n, a fortified town of Westphalia,
capital of a principality. The cathedral is
a large structure, and near it is a noble
chapterhouse. Its convenient situation for
trade and na\igation, its breweries, sugar-
hoinrcs, and wax-manufacture, are great
advantages to the inhabitants. Near this
town prince Ferdinand of Brunswick de-
feated the French in 1759. It is seated
on the Weser, 43 in y. Osnaburg. Lon.
8 56 E, lat. 52 19 u.
Mmdoro, one of the Philippine islands,
1 10 111 long and 25 broad, separated on
the ^ from Luconia, by a channel 20 miles
wide. It is full of mountains, which
abound in palm-trees, and all sorts of
fruit. 'I he inhabitants are pagans, and
pay tribute to the Spaniards, who have
few settlements here.
Mmehead, a borough and seaport in
Somersetshire, with a market on Wednes-
day. It has a good harbour on the Bristol
channel, for ships of large burden, and
carries on a trade in wool, coal, and her-
rings. It is 31 in N Exeter, and 163
whys London. Lon. 3 34 w, lat. 51
Vl "n.
Minco, a town of Sicily, in Val di NotH,
36 m NNw Noto.
jMingrelia, a province of Asia, which
formerly was a part of Georgia ; bounded
on the N by Circajsia, e by Imerethi, s by
Guriel, and w by the Black sea. It is go-
verned by a prince, who was tributary to
the sovereign of Imerethi, hot in 1783, he
put himself under the protection of Russia.
The face of this country, its products, and
the customs and manners of the inhabi-
tants, are similar to those of Imerethi.
The capital is Ruki.
Minlto, a river of Spain, which rises in
the >;e part of Galicia, passes by Lugo,
Orense, and Tuy, and dividing Galicia
from Portugal, enters the Atlantic, at
Caminha.
Minie, a town of Egypt, on the left bank
of the Nile, 90 m s Fayoum.
Alinorvino, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Bari, '24 m wsw Trani.
Minorca, an island of the Mediterra-
nfan, lying 50 m to the ne of Majorca.
It is 34 m long and 12 broad; and is a
hilly country, with some fruitful • valleys.
Wheat, barley, and maize are cultivated j
MIR
but much corn is imported from Sardinia.
Vei;etables are produced ui abundaricc,
and wild fowl are found in great number.
The island contains several vestiges of the
llomans and Moors. Minorca was taken
from the Spaniards, in 1708, by the British,
and coiifirnietl to them by the treaty of
Utrecht. The French took it in 1756;
but it was restored in 1763. It was taken
by the Spaniards in 1782, and confirmed
to them by the peace of 1783. It was
again taken by the Britisli in 1798, and
given up by the peace of 1802. Cittadelia
is the capital ; but Mahon claims greater
consequence, on account of its excellent
liarboiir.
Minor i, a town of Naples, in Principato
Citra, on the gulf of Salerno, 4 m ne
Amalfi.
Minxk, a town of Lithuania, capital of a
palatinate, with two citadels. Tlie conn-
try is pretty fertile, and has forests con-
taining vast numbers of bees, whose honey
makes part of its riches. iNlinsk contains
7000 inhabitants,nearly halfof them Jews.
It is 80 m ENE Novgrodeck, and 100 SE
Wilna. Lon. 27 58 e, lat. 53 46 N.
Mintaon, an island in the Indian ocean,
40 m long and 14 broad, on the w coast of
the island of Sumatra. Lon. 97 38 e,
lat. 0 25 s.
Miolans, a town and fortress of France,
in the department of Lower Alps, seated
on a craggy rock, 6 m ne Montmelian.
Mioss, a lake of Norway, in the province
of Iledemarke, 90 m in circuit. It is almost
divided by a peninsula, and contains a
fertile island 10 m in compass.
Miquelon, a small desert island, near
the s coast of Newfoundland, ceded to the
F'rench in 1763, for drying and curing their
fish. Lon. 56 10 w, lat. 46 42 N.
Mira, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 16
m Nw Coimbra.
Miraka, a town of European Turkey, in
Morea, on the river Alpheus, and the
ruins of the ancient Olympia, 36 m nw
Tripolizza.
Miranda, a town of Portugal, capital of
Tra los Montes, and a bishop's see. It
was once a fortress, but in 1762, when
besieged by the Spaniards, the powder
magazine blew up, and destroyed the foi-
litications. It is seated on a rock, by the
river Douro, 32 ra ese Braganza, and 115
ENE Oporto. Ix)n. 6 32 w, lat. 41 46 n.
Miranda de Corvo, a town of Portugal,
in Beira, 15 m se Coimbra.
Miranda de Ebro, a town of Spain, in
Old Castile, with a castle ; seated' in a
country that produces excellent wine, on
the river Ebro, over which is a bridge, 37
m NE Burgos, and 46 s Bilboa.
Miiande, a town of France, in the de-
MIS
parlment of Cers. Wool, down, and the
feathers of geese, are the princijial articles
of trade . It is seated on an eminence, near
the river Baise, 15 m sw Audi.
Mira7idela, a town of Porluaal, in Tra
los Montes, 28 m ne Lamego, and 30 sw
Braganza.
Mirandola, a city of Italy, in Modenese,
capital of a duchy, and a bishop's see,
with a citadel and a fort. Beside the
cathedral, it contains many fine churches
and convents. It is 20 m kne Modcna.
Lon. 11 19 E, lat. 44 52 N.
Miravcl, a town of Spain, in Estrema-
dura, with a strong castle; seated on the
side of a hill, 16 m sby w Placentia, and
38 ENE Alcantara.
Mirebeuu, a town of France, in tlie
department of Vieniie, famous for the
beauty and strength of its asses. It is 14
m N by w Poitiers.
Mirecourt, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vosges, ncted for its violins
and line lace ; seated on the Modon, 15 m
WNW Epinal.
Miremont, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Dordogne. Near it is a
remarkable cavern, called Cluseau. it is
seated near the Vizere, 15 m e Bergerac.
JMirepoix, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Arriege, and lately an episco-
pal see ; seated on the Gers, 15 m ene
Foix, and 43 sse Toulouse.
Mirow, a town of Lower Saxony, in tli«
duchy of Mecklenburg, with a castle, 11
m w Strelitz.
Mirzupour, a town of Hindoostan, in
Allahabad, neatly built, and including
many Hindoo temples. It is the mart of
all the cotton from Agra and the Mah-
ratta countries; and a great quantity of
siJk from Bengal, passes hence into tha
interior of India. In the vicinity are made
carpeting and various fabrics of cotton.
It is situate on the right bank of the Gan-
ges, 30 m wsw Benares. Lon. 82 35 t,
lat. '25 10 N.
JMisagiio, a town of Naples, in Otrauto,
9 m .SSE Ostuni,
Miselmtri, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Mazara, at the foot of a chain of bills, 9 m
SSE Palermo.
Misitra, a town of European Turkey,
the largest in Morea, and an archbishop's
see, with a citadel. Ihe principal church
is one of the finest in the world, and near
it is a magnificent hospital. Here are a
great nun;ber of Cliristians imd Jews. In
its vicinity are tiie ruins of the anc'^nt
Sparta. Misitra was taken by the Ktis-
siaiis in ITJOu It stands on the side of u.
mountain, near the Iri, a branch of the
Vasiiipotamo, 30 m s^ Trii?oliz;.:a. Lon.1'2
36 E. lat. '.\7 14 .V. , .
MIS
UTiskoh, a to%vii of HuHeary, capital of
Borsod county, wliicl) is rich in ail natural
products. Tlie population was 13,554 in
1815. It is situate on the Sajo, 24 in ^j:
Agria. Lon. 20 5'2 e, lat. 48 6 N.
Misnia; see Meissen.
Mississippi, a large river of N America,
which separates the United States from
tlie Missouri territory, or country of Loui-
siana. Its source is from the e side of
Eed Cedar lake, in lon. 95 2 w, lat. 47 28
K ; and its Icniith thence to the gulf of
Mexico is about 2500 miles. The tributary
streams are numerous, the largest of which
are the Missouri, Arkanza, and Ked river
from the w, and the Idinois and Ohio from
the E. The j;eneral course of the Missi-
sippi is from n to s ; and its water is clear
till it receives the Missouri. Below the
influx of the Ohio it is exceedingly crooked,
and includes many small islands. It is
navigable, without any material obstruc-
tions, to St. Anthony Falls, in lat. 44,
where the stream, more than iiOO yards
■wide, falls perpendicularly 16 feel ; and
the rapid below, in the space of 300 yards,
renders the descent 58 feet more, and the
width is here contracted to 210 yards.
Above these falls the river is confined be-
tween high hills, and has a number of
rapids and hard ripples, caused by rocks
and islands. Higher up, the country is
more open, with line meadows, to the fall
of Pakagama in lat. 47 18, where the river
.is only 20 yards wide, and its navigation
terminates. On both sides the river are
salt springs, which produce excellent salt;
and the adjacent country is equal in good-
ness to any in N America. Below the in-
flux of the Red river the country is nearly
a dead level, through which the Mississippi
forms a delta of streams to the gulf of
Mexico. The w branch, called Chafalia,
diverges from the parent stream about oOO
m from its mouth, in Chafalia bay, and
150 m w of the principal mouth of the
Mississippi. The e and main stream flows
SE by New Orleans, and enters the gulf by
three mouths; the principal one, and most
eastern, at the island <it Halaise.
Alississippi, one of the United States of
America, 340 m long and 150 broad;
bounded on the n by Tennessee, e by Ala-
bama territory, s by the gulf of Mexico,
and w by the state of Louisiana and the
Missouri territory. The s })art is swampy
on the coast, then sandy and covered with
pine; but above tliis again the surface
rises, and has a soil adapted for corn, in-
digo, cotton, esculent vegetables, and fruit.
The chief livers are the Mississippi, Mo-
bile, Yaioo, Pearl, and Lascagouia. It is
divided into 12 counties; Adan^.s, Jeff'er-
MIT
son, Clairborne, Wilkinson, Amise, War-
ren, Franklin, Marion, Pike, Hancock,
Lawrence, and Wayne. The population
at tlie end of 1816, previous to its admis-
sion into the Union, was 44,397. The
cliief town is Psatches.
Missouri, a large river of Louisiana,
formed by the junction of three streams in
lon. 110 5 w,'lat. 45 23 N. It flows up-
ward of 3000 in in a very flexions ese
direction, to the Mississippi, which it joins
in lon. 90 0, lat. 38 55, but is there a
broader and deeper river, and in fact the
principal stream. In 1804-5, by direction
of the government of the United States, it
was ascended its whole length by captains
Lewis and Clarke, who gave the names of
Jeiferson, Madison, and Ciallatin, to the"
three rivers that foiiii the head of the
Missouri; and they ascended Jefferson to
its source 105 m, 80 of which is navigable
for canoes. The Missouri is deep and
rapid, and receives numerous ri\ers in its
course, many of thein of considerable ex-
tent. It contains many islands and sand-
banks, and some rapids; and about 2300
m up are some cascades and falls; the
fn-st and largest AiU 98 feet, and tlie whole
363 feet in the space of 17 m. The banks,
except a sterile district below the falls, are
in general rich and beautiful : in some
parts are extensive meadows, with hills
beyond them covered with trees ; in others,
lower down, are long chains of high hills
ot a dark colour, great quantities of which
are washed into the river by rains, and the
force of the current, which causes a mud-
diness that never subsides. If this river
be regarded as the principal river that
constitutes what is called the Mississippi,
the Missouri will be above 4000 m in
length.
Missouri Territory, an extensive coun-
try of N America, belonging to the United
States, and now so called by them. It is
the territory ceded by Spain to the United
States, in 1803, by the name of Louisiana^
which see.
]\Iistassin Lake, a lake of New Britain,
lying e of the s part of .Fames bay, and
surrounded by mountains called the Great
Mistassins. It is above 250 m in circuit,
and of a very irregular shape, being much
intersected by long and narrow projections
of land. It contains several islands. It
is formed of the Mistassin and other rivers
from the mountains, and its outlet is the
river Rupert.
Misiretto, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Demona, and a bisiiop's see; seated on
the Sacanalle, 60 m ese Palermo, and 72
vvsw Messina.
Milchuin, a vijlage in Surry, 7 m sw
MOC
London. It is seated on the VVandle, on
which are some snuft-inills, and calico-
printinu!; maiiutactui'cs.
Jllitc/icldean, a town in Gloucestershire,
\vith a market on Monday, seated at the
N extremity of the forest of Dean, 12 m
\v Gloucester, and ll(j wbyN London
IMitclielstoicn, a town of Irehincl, in Cork
county. Here is a collei'e for tlie support
of 12 decayed gentlemen and 16 gentle-
women. It is 27 m NbyE Cork, and 28
wsw Clonniel.
Mitfdu, a city and the capital of Cour-
Jand, with a larjre ducal palace. The wails
and ninats of the town are decayed ; the
honsf s, for the most part, have no parti-
cuhir elegance ; and a great many siardens
and open places are contained witiiin its
area. Here are two Lutheran churclies,
a beautiful Calviniat churcli, and a popisii
church. It is seated on the Aa, 25 m sw
l?i2;a, and 150 Nxw Wilna. Lon. 23 50 e,
lat. 50 40 N.
2Iittlezvald, a town of Siberia, in the
county of Glatz, seated on the Neisse, near
its source, 18 m s Glaiz.
MUleiifCfthi, a town of Bavaria, in the
county of Werdenfels, on the river Iser,
12 m X Inspruc,
Mittemcald, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Middle mark, IG m sse Berlin.
JMilto-burg, a town of Istria, capita! of
a county, with a castle on a rock, 15 m w
Fiume, and 30 sf. Triest.
Mobile, a river of Alabama territory,
formed by thejunction of the Tond)eciibee
and Alabama, a few miles above Fort
Stodditrt. Beli)\v this place it separates
into two streams ; that to the w retains
the name of Mobile, and that to the e takes
the name of Tensaw ; botii are equally na-
vigable, and they run nearly parallel into
the head of Mobile bay, which is G in wide,
and extends 1 1 leagues s to the gulf of
Mexico.
Alohile, the chief town of Alabama ter-
ritory, with a re<i;ular fortress of brick, a
neat sfjiiare ot' barracks, and some good
houses. The f(ut was taken from the
Americans by the British in 1815. It
stanfis on the \v side of the mouth of the
river of the same name, GO m wnw Pensa-
cola, and 130 enh New Orleans. Lon. 83
18 w, lat. 30 3r N.
Mocuraiigd, or Mocara, a kingdom on
the ciiast olCaiireria, sometimes mistaken-
ly called Mouomotapa, which is tne title
of the monarch. It is bounded on the n
by Monoenuigi, e by the Mosambique
channel, s by Sofala and Manica, and w
by unknown regions. It has several rivers,
. of winch the Zambera is the chief; is fer-
tde m rice, millet, and sugar-canes, which
last grow wilhuut cultivation ; and the pas-
MOD
tures feed vast multitudes of cattle, espe-
cially of the larger sort, but not any horses.
There are a great many ostriches, wild
beasts, and elephants; and several mines
of gold and silver. The natives are all
black, with woolly hair, and go naked
above the loins, but thence downward are
covered with a piece of cloth of various
colours. That of the common people is of
died cotton; but persons of quality wear
Indian silks, or cotton, embroidered with
gold, over v\hich they commonly have the
skin of some wild beast, with the tail
hanging behind, and trailing on the ground.
The men have as many wives as they choose
to take. Their reiigu)n is paganism ; but
they believe in one God who created the
world. The Portuguese had a settlement
here in 15G0, but they were all murdered,
or forced away. The houses are built of
wood, and covered with plaster ; but there
are very few towns. Madrogan is the
capital.
Mocha, or Moka, a town of Arabia, ia
Yemen, seated on a small bay of the lied
sea, near the strait of Babelmandeb. On
each of the points of land, which enclose
the road, is a small fort. The town is of a
circular Ibrm, surrounded by a wail, in
which are six gates ; and it has a great
trade, especially in cotlee. T'he popula-
tion 18,C'00, without including the Jews,
who inhabit the suburbs. I'he women,
except a small nNuiber of the common sort,
never appiar in the streets in the day-
time, but visit each other in the evening;
they have little buskins of morocco leather,
and over their diess wear a large veil of
painted calico. The British, from Hin-
doostan, engross almost e.xclusively the
trade of this place. It stands in a barren
plain, 140 m ssw Sana, and o30 sse Mec-
ca. Lon. 43 21 E, lat. 13 18 n.
Mocurra, a town of Abyssinia, near the
lake Afhangee, 65 m s Antalo.
Mui-waiipoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Nepaul, capital of a district, with a strong
hill turt. It is situate in a fertile valley,
45 m SSE Catmandoo, and 130 N Patna.
Lon. 85 18 e, lat. 27 28 n.
Moduin, or Madain, a town of Asiatic
Turkey, in Irak, on the site of the ancient
Cresipon, by the river Tigris, 22 m sse
Bagdad.
Alodbury, a town in Devonshire, with
a market on Ihursday, and a manufacture
of plush ; seated between two hills, 3G m
ssw Exeter, and 208 wsw London.
Modena, or Mudenese, a duchy of Italy,
65 m long and 35 broad ; bounded on the
w by Parma, N by Mantua, e by Ferrarese,
Bolognese, and 'iubcauv, and s by Lucca.
It includes the duchies of Mirandoia and
Ivcggio, The soil is fertile in cum, wine^
MOG
oil, and fruit of different kinds. It also
feeds a preat number of cattle.
Modfna, a fortified city, rapital of (lie
above duchy, and a bishop's sec, witli a
citadel, aiid a magnificent college. I he
cathedral, several of the churche?, and
some of the monasteries, are handst^me
structures. 1 he ducal palace is of vast
size, richly furnished, and contains fine
paintings. ' The inhabitants, about 30,000,
are said to make the best masks in all
Italy. It is seated between the rivers
Secchia and Panaro, 31 ra sbyE Maiitua,
and 60 nxw Florence. Lon. 11 12 E, lat.
44 34 X.
Modica, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Noto, capital of a county. It has nvo
handsome churches, several convents, pa-
laces for the t;ovcrnor, and other public
edifices. The vicinity is rich in corn,
herap, soda, fruit, wine, and oil, and
abounds in sheep and cattle. The inhabi-
tants, about '24,000, have a considerable
trade with Malta. It is sealed on the
Acellaro, 17 m wbyK Noto. Lon. 14 54
I, lat. 06 00 N.
Modon, a strong town of European Tur-
key, in Morea, and a bisliop's see, with a
sate harbonr. It is seated on a promon-
tory projecting into the sea of Sapienza,
15 m w Coron. Lou. 21 31 e, lat. 36
.52 N.
Moers ; see Meurx.
Moesklrch, a town of Suabia, in the
principality of Furstenburg, 13 ui n Con-
stance.
Moffat, a town of Scotland, in Duui-
frieshire, near the river Annan, encom-
passed on all sides, except the s, by hills.
Its delightful situation and mineral springs
attract much company. It is 20 ni >; i)y e
Dumfries.
Moffat HilU, the hii^hest mountains of
tlie s of Scotland, on the n border of Dum-
frieshire. Hartfel, the most elevated, is
S900 feet above tlve level of the sea.
They feed numerous ilocks of sheep ; and
from them descend, iu dilVorent directions,
the Tweed, Clyde, and Annan, whose
sources are but little distant from each
other.
Mogador, or Souera, a city of the king-
dom of INIorocco, with a harbour for ves-
sels of a middling size. It is surrounded
by walls, with batteries, and at high tides
is almost encompassed by the sea. Ihe
streets are all in straight lines, and contain
many handsome houses. The port is
formed by a channel, between the main-
land ayid' an island of the same name,
above a mile in length, on which is a strong
castle. The foreign trade of Uie country
is almost entirely centered here: and the
fiiicf exports are aUnonds, datrs, gums,
MOH
wax, olive oil, wool, hides, and gnat-skir».
It is 120 m w Morocco. Lon. 9 35 w,
lat. 3133 N.
Moguer, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
near the mouth of the Tinto, 48 m w
Seville.
Mogul Tartars; see Mongols.
Mo/iacs, a town) of Hungary, in Barany
county. Here Louis if, in 15'i6, was de-
feated by the Turks with the loss of 22,000
men, and after the bsttle suffocated by the
fall of his hor^e in a muddy brook. In
16^7, another battle was fought here, in
which the Christians, under prince Charles
of Lorraiu, defeated the Turks, who lost
10,000 men, their cannon and baggage. It
is seated at the conflux of the Corasse
with the Danube, 24 m Ebys Funfkirchen,
and 32 x Essek.
Mohmck, a river of New York, which
rises 25 m to the x of Fort Stanwix, passes
by that fort, Johnstown, and ?>kenectady,
and enters nudj.on river, 8 m above Al-
bany. Three m above its junction with
the Hudson it has a cataract, where the
stream, above 300 yards wide, has a rapid
descent of SO feet, and then falls perpen-
dicularly about 40 feet. A mile below the
falls is a handsome bridge, and immedi-
ately below it the river divides into three
branches, and forms several islands. This
river is navigable for boats from Skenecta-
dy to Utica ; and the produce that is con-
veyed down the river is landed at Ske-
ncctady, and thence sent by land 16 ra
to Albany.
Mohita, one of the Comora islands,
between the x end of Madagascar and the
continent of Africa. The inland parts are
monntuinofjs and woody, and there are
several villages, built of reeds and straw.
The people are black, with great heads,
large lips, llat noses, sharp chins, and
strong limbs. Some of the inhabitants
are Mohamedans, who have a few mean
mosques. This island produces plenty of
rice, peas, honey, cocoa-nuts, plantains,
oranges, lemons, citrons, pineapples, cu-
cumbers, tamarinds, and sugar-canes. It
has a good road for ships. Lou. 43 50 e,
lat. 12 25 s.
MohileJ, or Mogilev, a government of
the Russian empire, comprising a part of
Lithuania, dismembered from Poland ip
1772.
MMlef, the capital of the above go-
vernment, and the see of an archbishop of
the Itoman church, with an assistant bi-
shop. It has a considerable trade, and is
situate on the Dniej;(?r. 340 m ene Wnr-
scuT, and 3G4' s Petersburg. Lon. 30 14
E, lat. 53 b'i X.
Mohill, a town of Ireland, in Leitrim
county, 9 m e Carrick,
- MOL
IMoJiriri, a town of Brandenburg, in the
New mark,- 18 in knw Cnstrin.
Moliiiiutien, :i town of i'l-ussia, in the
province of Oberland, situate on a lake of
the same name, which almost surrounds it.
Here is an old castle, formerly a convent,
belonging to the knights of the Teutonic
order, in consequence of whose wars the
town has frequently suffered. It is 56 m
ssw KonijisberLi, and 5(3 Si; Dantzic.
Alojaisk, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Moscow, situate on the side
of a hill, near the Moskva, GO m wsw
]Mosco\v .
Moilali,i\ town and fort of Arabia Pe-
trea, on the coast of the Red sea, 120 m
sby E Acaba. Lon. 34 56 e, lat. 27 28 x.
Moiru, a town of Ireland, in Down
county, with a linen manufacture, and a
beautiful seat belonging to earl Moira, 15
m sw Belfast.
Moirans, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Isere, on the river Isere, 25 ra
SE Vienne.
Moissac, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot, with a trade in oil and
ilour ; seated on the Tarn, near its conflux
with the Garonne, 30 m sw Cahors.
JMola di Buri, a town of Naples, in
Terra di Bari, on the gulf of \'enice, 17 ra
E Bari.
Muia di Gacta, a town of Naples, in
Terra di Lavora, seated near the sea, 3 m
HE Gaeta.
j\iold, a town of Wales, in Flintshire,
with a market on Saturday. The assizes
are held here. The population was 5083
in 1811. It stands at the foot of a lofty
mount, on which was formerly a castle,
5 m ssE Flint, and 188 nw London. Lon.
2 59 w, lat. 53 12 N.
Moldavia, a province of Turkey in Eu-
rope, 280 m long and from 30 to 130
broad ; bounded on the N by Poland, from
which it is also divided on the ne by the
Dniester, E by New Russia and Bessarabia,
s by Wallaciiia, and w by Transylvania.
The other principal rivers are the Pruth
and Sereth. The w part is mountainous,
and there are some uncultivated deserts ;
but it abounds in good pastures, which feed
a great number of horses, oxen, and sheep ;
it also produces corn, pulse, honey, wax,
fruit, with plenty of game and fowls. The
inhabitants are Christians of the Greek
church. By the treaty of peace, in 1812,
the part of this country E of the river
Prutli was ceded to Russia. Jafly and
Chotzin are the principal towns.
jMole, a river in Surry, which rises on
the borders of Sussex, flows n by Dorking,
and passing beneath Box hill, is said to
tlisappear and re-appear in its vicinity ; it
MOL
then flows by Leatherhead and Cobham,
and enters the Thames, opposite Hampton
Court.
Mole, a cape of St. Domingo. See
Nicholas, St.
Molfttta, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Bari, seated on lhe«;ulf of Venice, 10 in
w by N Bari .
Motieres, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot, 11 m s Montauban, and
It) s Cahors.
Molina, a strong town of Spain, in New
Castile, seated on the Gallo, in a territory
abounding in pastures, 50 m ene Siguenza.
Lon. 1 53 w, lat. 41 10 -\.
Molise, a county of Naples, in the form
of a triangle, whose sides are 39 m long,
lying between Terra di Lavora, Abruzzo,
Citra, Capitanata, and Principato Ultra.
It is a mountainous country, but fertile in
corn, wine, satfron, and silk. It suftered
much damage by an earthquake in 1805,
and upward of 20,000 of the inhabitants
perished.
Molise, the capital of the above county,
with a castle. It is 50 m kne Naples.
Lon. 14 43 e, lat. 41 36 n.
Mollen, a strong town of Lower Sax-
ony, in the duchy of Lauenburg, seated on
the Steckenitz, 14 m s Lubec.
Molodegno, a town of Lithuania, in the
palatinate of Wilna, 38 m Kw Minsk, and
72 ESE Wilna.
Mohheim, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Rhine, seated on the
Brusch, 10 m whys Strasburg.
Moluccas, or Spice Islands, a number
of islands in the Indian ocean, lying e of
Celebes. They include those from Mortay
in the N to Banda m the s, and from Mj-
sol in the e to Bouro in the w. The other
principal ones are Ceram, Gilolo, Amboy-
na, Ouby, Ternate, Tidore, Motir, Ma-
chian, and Bachian: the last five, lying w
of Gilolo, are the original Moluccas strictly
so called ; but the appellation is now ex-
tended. Except Gilolo, they produce nei-
ther corn, rice, nor cattle, but have abun-
dance of sago, which grows wild; also
oranges, lemons, and other fruits, and are
remarkable for spices, especially cloves
and nutmegs. They have large snakes,
and very dangerous land crocodiles. On
the shores there are large rocks of coral,
of great variety and beauty. The natives
are idolaters ; but there are many Moha-
medans. They were discovered in 1511,
by the Portuguese, who formed some set-
tlements; but the butch drove them away,
about the year 1607. By a treaty in 1619,
the English had one third of the produce,
and the Dutch two thirds; but in three
years after, the latter forged a plot of the
2H - • • "
MON MON
English against their lives and liberties, Hfonastereven, a town of IrelanH, i^if.
and put them to death by exquisite tor- Kildarc county, on the river Barrow, where
turcs. The chief settlement of the Dutch
is in Amboyna.
JMobcitz, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Brieg, where a battle was gained
by the Prussians over the Austrians in
ir41. It is 4 m w Brieij.
Mombozd, a city on the coast of Zanzi-
bar. It was seated on a peninsula, which
is now turned into an island, by ciittinj; a
canal tlirotigh the isthmus. It is defended
by a strong citadel, has a counnodious har-
bour for large vessels, and carries on
it is intersected by the grand canal from
Dublin, 7 ni wbvs Kildare.
Mondsfir, or ToH, a town of European
Turkey, in Macedonia. It has a good
trade, and the vicinity produces abundance
of cotton. It is situate on one of the
sources of the \'ardari, 70 m wkw Salo-
nica. Lon. 21 42 k, hit. 41 2 N.
]\loiibla)ic, a town of S|)ain, in Catalo-
nia, on the river Francoli, 16 m .\nw Tar-
ragona.
Moncullier, a town of Piedmont, seat-
great commerce with the islands and king- ed on an eminence near the Po, 5 m se
donis adjacent. Hence the Portuguese Turin.
export slaves, gold, ivorv, rice, llesh, and ]\loiicalvn, a town of Piedmont, in
otiier provisions, with which they supply Montferrat, seated on a mountain, 12 m
the settlements in Brasil. The king of sw Casal.
Melinda took the castle by assault, and ]\foncn()n, a town of Portugal, in Entre
murdered all the Christians, in 1631; but in Douro e Minho, with a strong castle. Tha
1729, the Portuguese became masters of Spaniards have often attemjited to take it,
this territory again. Mouibaza is 75 msw but in vain. It is seated near the Minho,
Melinda. Lon. 40 30 e, lat. 3 55 s. 24 m n Braga.
Momjiot, a town of Egypt, with manu- Monchabao, a city of the kingdom of
factures of" linen, on the left bank of the Eirmah, which was only a small town in
ISilc, 20mNNwSiout. 1752, under the government of Alompra,
JShmipo, a town of New Granada, in the who soon afterward became the deliverer
province of Carthagena, on the left bank of his country, and the conqueror of Peru,
of the Magdalena, 115 m sl Carthagena. It is 40 m N Ummerapoor.
Mona, j&n island of Denmark, in the Moiicon, a town of Spain, in Aragon,
Baltic, to the se of the isle of Zealand, with a castle ; seated at the conflux of the
from which it is separated by a narrow Sola with the Cinca, 10 m sse Balbastro,
channel, called Wolf Sound. It is 16 m and 50 e Saragossa.
long and 4 broad, and produces abundance Moncontour, a town of France, in the
of corn. Stege is the chief town. department of Cotes du Nord, 12 m sss
Monaco, a seaport of Italy, capital of a St. Brieuc.
small principality, between the county of jMoncmitozir, a town of France, in the
Nice and the duchy of Genoa. The har- department of Vienne, 27 m nw Poitiers,
bour is good, but not deep enough for large JMondego, a river of Portugal, which
vessels; and the principal export is olive has its source near Gnarda, crosses Beira,
oil. Beside the citadel and other fortifica- by Coirabra, and enters the Atlantic, near
lions, it is naturally very strong, being a cape of the same name,
seated on a craggy rock that projects into Mondonncdo, a city of Spain, in Galicia,
the sea. It is f2 m ene Nice. Lon. 7 30 and a bishop's see: seated in a fertile
<«, lat. 43 44 N. country, on a small river, GO m ^E
Monaghun, a county of Ireland, in the Compostella. Lon. 7 10 w, lat. 43
province of Ulster, 32 m long and 22 broad, 30 N .
bounded on the n by Tyrone, i: by Ar- Ahmdouhleau, a town of France, in tha
magh, SE by Louth, sw by Cavan, and w department of Loir and Cher, with u cas-
by Fermanagh. . It contains 21 parishes, tie, 15 m nnw Vendomc.
and about 117,000 inhabitants, and sends Mendovi, a fortiiied town of Piedmont,
two members to parliament. It is en- and a bisliop's see. Beside the cathedral,
cumbered with bogs and mountains, but it has five churches, a university, and la
many parts are highly cultivated. The convents. The vicinity yields excellent
linen manufacture flourishes here in all its wine, good chestnuts, and tine marble.^ In
branches.
]\Ionaghan, a borough and the capital
of the above county, with a castle. It is
21 m sbyw Dungannon, and 76 kkw
Dublin. Lon. 7 14 w, lat. 61 16 N.
Monasteer, a town on the e coast of
Tunis, seated near a cape of its nau»e, 15
.Ml tbys Susa.
1796, the French gained a victory her*
over the Austrians. It is seated on a
mountam, near the river Elero, 14 m k
Coni. Lon. 8 3 e, lat. 44 25 N.
Mondragon, a town of Spain, in Biscay,
near which are some medicinal springs,
and a famous mine of excellent iron, it
i« 24 m sbW^ St. Sebastian.
MON
Mondragon, a town of France, in the
department of Tarn, 12 m nnw Castres.
Mondragone, a town of Naples, hi
Terra di Lavora, celebrated for its medi-
cinal waters ; seated near the sea, 13 m
KW Capua.
JMonembasia ; see Napoli di JMalvaaia.
Monei/gall, a town of Ireland, in King
county, 23 m wsw Maryborough, and 38
sw Pliiliptown.
Monei/more, a town of Ireland, in Lon-
donderry county, 13 m Kby f, Dungannon,
and 35 se Londonderry.
Monjia, an island on the coast of Zan-
zibar, to the N of Quiola, tributary to
Portugal. Lon. 39 40 e, lat. 7 30 s.
Alonjlanguin, a town of France, in the
department of Lot and Garonne, 27 m
KNE Agen.
Mov forte, a town of Spain, in Galicia,
witli a castle, 19 m nne Orense.
MonJ'orte^ a town of Portugal, in Beira,
17 m SE (Pastel Branco.
Monforte, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, 21ms Portalegre.
Monforte, a town of Portugal, in Tra
los Montes, 20 m wbyN Braganza.
Monghir, a town and fortress of Hin-
doostan, in Bahar, capital of a large and
fertile district. The protruding point of a
rock here, which stems the force of the
river, is deemed a sacred bathmg-place by
the Hindoos, and visited by great numbers
during the season. It is seated on the
right bank of the Ganges, 78 m ese Patna.
Lon. 86 28 e, lat. 25 21 N.
JV/o«/ie»«, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Berg, with a castle, seated near
the Rhine, 11m sse Dusseldorp.
Mo)tgois, Countri/ of the, or Jf'estern
Chinese Turtary, a region in the interior
of Asia, bounded on tlie n by Siberia, e by
Eastern Tartary, s by the great wall of
China and Leao-tong, and vv by Inde-
pendent Tartary. The Mongols, or Mogul
Tartars, have neither towns, villages, nor
houses ; they are wandering hordes, and
live in tents, which they remove from one
place to another, as the different seasons,
or the wants of their flocks, rerjuire : they
pass the summer on the banks of rivers,
-and the winter at the foot of some moun-
tain, w'ich shelters them from the cutting
N wind. They are dirty in their dress, as
well as in their tents, where they live amid
the dung of their flocks, which, when dried,
they use for fuel. They choose rather to
be satisfied with the food that their flocks
supply, than take the trouble of cultivating
the earth ; it even appears that they neg-
lect agriculture from pride. During the
summer, they Hve only on milk, using
without distinctiou that of tlie cow, mare,
MON
ewe, goat, and camel. Their ordinary
drink is warm water, in which a little
coarse tea has been infused ; with this
they mix cream, milk, or butter, accordint^
to their circumstances. They also make
a kind of spirituous liquor of sour milk,
especially of that of the mare. The skins
which they use for clothin<: are generally
those of their sheep, and they wear the
wool inmost. The Mongols are free, open,
and sincere. They pride themselves chiefly
on their dexterity in handling the bow and
arrow, mounting on horseback, and hunt-
ing wild beasts. Polygamy is permitted
among them ; but they generally have only
one wife. They burn the bodies of their
dead, and inter the ashes on eminences,
where the tombs are sometimes walled
round, and ornamented with small stand-
ards. They are unacquainted with the
use of money, and trade only by barter,
exchanging their cattle for cloth, silk,
stuffs, and other apparel and ornaments.
The religion of the Mogul Tartars is con-
fined to the worship of Fo. They have
the most superstitious veneration for their
lamas, who are ignorant and licentious
priests, to whom they attribute the power
of calling down bailor rain: to these lamas
they give the most valuable of their effects
in return for prayers, which they go about
reciting from tent to tent. These people
are very devout, and continually wear
hanging at their necks a kind of chaplet,
over which they say their prayers. All
the Mongols are governed by khans, or
particular princes, independent of each
other; but all subject to the emperor of
China, whom they consider as the grand
khan of the Tartars. The whole nation
may be divided into four principal tribes;
the Mongols, properly so called, the Kal-
kas, Ortous, and Eluths.
Monheim, a town of Bavaria, in the
principality of Neuburg, 8 m n Dona-
wert.
Monikendam, a town of the Nether-
lands, in N Holland, which has manufac-
tures of soap and silk ; seated on a gut or
frith of the Zuider zee, 8 m ne Amster-
dam.
Monishzcar, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bejapoor, 27 ni se Poonah, and 42 wnw
Assodnagur.
Monistrol, a town of France, in'the de-
partment of Upper Loire, 14 ra svv St.
Etienne.
Monmouth, a town of New Jersey. See
Freehold.
Monmouth, a town of the district of
Maine, in Lincoln county, on the e side of
the Androscoggin, 15 m whys Ilarriflgton^
aiid 48 N Portland.
fiH2
MON
Monmouth, a borough of En;j,lan(l, ca-
pital of Monmouthshire, with a market on
JSatunlay. It is |;ovcrned by a mayor, and
seated on the M<innow, which here joins
the Wye. Over the former is a very an-
cient bridge and gateway, once a barrier
against the Welsli. It was formerly de-
fended by a wall and a dilrh, and in the
centre isa castle in ruins. IJcre was born
the warlike Henry v, called Henry of l\Ion-
nioutli. It contains two j^arisb churches,
one of them engrafted on part of the ruins
of a priory, and both are curious struc-
tures. The population was 3503 in 1811.
The town has no manufactures ; but there
are iron and tin works in the neighbour-
hood, and some trade is carried on with
Hertford and Bristol by the Wye. It is
18 m s Hereford, and 129 w by k London.
JLon. 2 46 w, lat. 51 49 N.
Monmouthshire, a county of England,
bounded on the n by Herefordshire, e by
Gloucestershire, sc'by the mouth of the
Severn, and w and sw by the counties of
Brecknock and Glamorgan. It is 24 m
long and 20 broad, containing 380,220
acres; is divided into six hundreds, and
122 parishes; has seven market-towns; and
sends three members to parliament. The
population was 62,127 in 1811. The chief
manufacture is flannels. Beside the ^^'ye,
Monnow, and Rumney, which flow on its
borders, this county has almost peculiar to
itself the river Usk, which divides it into
two unequal portions. The eastern part,
and the largest, is a tract fertile in corn
and pasture, and well wooded ; and it
abounds with limestone, coal, and iron..
The western portion is mountainous, and
chiefly devoted to the feeding of sheep and
goats. Monmouthshire was formerly reck-
oned one of the counties of Wales. Th«
higher ranks generally speak English, but
the common people use the Welsh lan-
guage.
Monoemugi, or Kimeama, a region in
the interior of Africa, said to be of vast
extent; bounded on the n by Abyssinia,
£ by Zanzibar, s by Mocaranga, and w by
Congo. This country is very little known
to the Europeans.
Monomotapa-; see Mocaranga.
Mono-nguhela, a river of the United
States, which rises in \'irginia, at the f(jot
of Laurel mountain, flows n by Morgan-
town, where it becomes navigable, then
enters Pennsylvania, and passes by Red-
stone to Pittsburg, where it joins the
Allegany, and their united stream assumes
the name of Ohio.
Monopoli, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, with a castle ; situate on an emi-
nence, surrounded by a. wall, and on the
^ulf of Venice, 28 mESB Bari.
MON
3foiijw:ia\ a town of France, in the
department of Dordogne, 18 m sw Sarlat.
Monqucgna, or Monqucga, a town of
Peru, in the diocese of Are']uipa, and tho
capital of a territory, adorned with largo
vineyards. Its w hole counnerce is in wine
and brandy, which are greatly valued. It
is 100 m sK Areqnipa. Loii. 7 I 40 e, lat.
17 34 s.
jMohvcuIc, a town of Sicily, in Ya] di
Mazara, and an archbishop's see. The
cathedral is very spacious, and richly or-
namented : it suffered considerably, by a
fire in 1811, but the d;*mages done have
been restored. Near it is tht famous con-
vent of St. Martino, so richly decorated
that it might be deemed a superb palace.
The town is neatly built, and stands on n
luftv hill, 4 m vTbys Palermo.
Mo7is, a city of the Netherlands, capital
ofllainault. The principal buildings are
the castle, the arsenal, the townhouse, and
the great church. It is a place of good
trade, has considerable manufactures ot'
lace and woollen stuffs, and contains 20,000
inhabitants. The vicmity abounds in coal,
which is of immense advantage to tho
country. Mous has been often taken, th»
la?»t time by the French in 1792, after the
battle of Jemappe. It stands partly on a
hill, and partly on a plain, on the river
Trouille, 30 m ssw Brussels. Lon. 3 57 e,
lat. 50 27 N.
Monsaras, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, setited on the Guadiana, 25 m sw
Elvas.
^lonsol, a town of Guinea, in the coun-
try of Auziko, and the residence of the
micoco, or king. It is 380 m ne St. Sai*
vador. Lon. 17 16 e, lat. 0 40 s.
MonstieT ; see 31outier.
Mont Blanc, a mountain of the Pennine
Alps, in Savoy, 15,662 feet above the level
of the sea, and the highest in Europe. It
is so called from its white appearance ;
the top and sides, to the depth of aboxe
4000 feet, being covered with snow.
Mont de Marsun, a town of France,
capital of the department of Landes. Tint
canal of Landes extends from this place to
BayorHie. Here are medicinal mineral
waters ; and manufactures of druggets,
counterpanes, and leather. It is seated on
the Douse, at the influx of the Midan, 60
m s Bourdeaux. Lon. 0 34 w , lat. 43 57 ^ .
]\lont St. Jean, a village of the Nether-
. lands, in Brabant, 11 m sbyE Brussels.
Here, in 1815, the French were totally de-
feared by the British aud Prussians. See
Waterloo.
Mont St. Michel, a strong town of
France, in the department of Manche,
built on a rock in the sea, which is acces-
sible at low water. Its Benedictine abbe/
MON
served at once for a castle of defence,
tiud a state prison. This place gave luiine
to the military order of St. Michael, found-
ed by Louis xi. Il is 10 m sw Avanches.
Lon. 1 30 w, lat. 48 37 n.
Mont Totinerre, a ridge of mountains,
in the circle of Upper Rhine, which com-
mences 12 m to the w of Mentz, and ex-
tends 50 m to the ssw.
]\lontabaur, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Treves, with a fine palace, 7 m
K Nassau.
j\[o>it(igu Island, one of the New He-
brides, in tile Paciric ocean, near Sandwich
island. Lon. 168 31 e, lat. 17 26 s.
j\Ionfagu Islitnd, an island in the Pa-
cific ocean, 50 m long and \1 broad, near
the w coast of N America, at the entrance
of Prince William sound. Lon. 137 30 w,
lat. 60 0 X.
Montaigu, a town of France, in the de-
partment of \'endee, 18 in sse Nantes, and
40 NNW Fontenay le Compte.
Montaigu, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Puy de Dome, 33 m nnw
Clermont.
JMontaigue, or Scherpenheul, a town of
the Netherlands, in Brabant, famous for
an image of the Virgin, visited by a great
number of people. It is 14 m nl Louvain.
Montalegre, a town of Portugal, in Tra
los Monies, 25 m ke Braga, and 42 vv
Braganza.
^lontalvan, a town of Spain, in Aragon,
with a strong citadel, seated on the Rio
Martin, 44 in s Saragossa, and 92 Kbyw
Valencia.
JSIontalvao, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, on the borders of Spain, 18 m nne
Portalegre.
jMontanches, a town of Spain, in Estre-
madura, at the foot of a chain of moun-
tains, 18 m x by E Merida.
Montagril, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, 28 m se Santarem, and 33 nnw
Evora.
Montargis, a town of France, in the
department of Loiret. Its mustard and
cutlery are excellent ; and the chief trade
is in wood and grain. It is seated near a
fine forest, and the river Loiiig, where the
canals of Orleans and Briare unite, 40 m
E bvN Orleans, and 62 sbyE Paris.
Monlauban, a town of France, in the
department of Lot, and lately an episcopal
see. Here are ma.iufactures of silk stock-
ings and stuffs, serges, shalloons, &c. This
town was taken from the Huguenots in
1629, and the fortifications were demo-
lished. It is seated on an eminence, by
the river Tarn, 30 m N by w Toulouse, and
32 s by w Cahors.
JJontbazorif a, towa of France, in the
department of Indre and Loire, at the foot
of a hill, on which is an ancient castle, 8 m
s Tours.
MontheUard, the capital of a principa-
lity, which, though insulated by France
and Switzerland, belongs to the circle of
Upper Rhine. It has a large castle on a
rock, and a good trade in linen, leather,
and cutlery. In the vicinity is a consi-
derable iron-mine. It stands on the Sa-
voureuse, at its conflux with the Luzine
(which soon after joins the Doubs) 16 m
w'Nw Porentru, and 47 ene Besan^on.
Lon. 6 56 E, lat. 47 30 N.
Montlrison, a town of France, capital
of the department of Loire. It is cele-
brated for medicinal waters, and seated on
the \'ezize, 40 m wsw Lyon, and 76 ssE
Moulins. Lon. 4 7 e, laC. 45 34 n.
Montdauphin, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Alps, on a craggy
mountain, almost surrounded by the Du-
rance, 12 ra NE Embrun.
Montdidier, a town of France, in the
department of Somme, where the kings of
France formerly had a palace. It is seated
on a mountain, 22 m sse Amiens, and 58
N by E Paris.
Monte Alcino, a town of Tuscany, in
Sienese, famous for producing the best
wine in Italy, 24 m .sse Srena.
Molte Alto, a town of Italy, in the
marquisate of Ancona, 14 m ssw Fermo.
Monte Cassino, a town of Naples, in
Terra di Lavoro, with a celebrated Bene-
dictine abbey, 18 m sse Sora.
Monte Christo, a town, bay, and cape on
the N side of St. Domingo. The cape is a
high hill, in the form of a tent, called by
the French Cape la Grange. Lon. 71 44
w, lat. 19 51 N.
Monte Falco, a town of Italy, in the
duchy of Spoleto, near the river Clitunno,
12 ra w Spoleto.
Monte Falcone, a town of Italy, in
I"riuli, with a castle, near the river Pon-
zano, 18 m wnw Triest.
Monte Fiascone, a town of Italy, in the
patrimony of St. Peter, near the lake Bol-
sena, 12 m xnw Viterbo.
Monte FossoH, a town of Tuscany, in
Pisano, 18 m EbyN Leghorn.
Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in Ca-
labria Ultra, 12 m ^•^E Nicotera. *»
Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in
Principato Ultra, 9 m n Benevento.
Monte Maruno, a town of Naples, in
Principato Ultra, near the river Calore,
18 m s Benevento.
Monte Feloso, a town of Naples, in
Basilicata, near the river Basiento, 14 m
E Acerenza.
Monte Fulciano, a town of Tuscany, in
MON
S'lenese, seated near the Chiana, in a
country noted for excellent wine, 28 in se
Siena.
Monte. St. Anf^elo, a town of Naples, in
Capitanata, 7 ni n Manfredonia.
Monte Santo, forineily Mount Athos, a
lofty niouiitain ol" European Turkey, in
Macedonia, on the gulf of Coutessa, in-
habited by Greek monks, who have seven
convents built like forts. It is 17 m s of
isalonichi.
Alonle Veliiio, a mountain of Italy, the
most lofty of the Apennines, and sup-
posed to be 8400 feet above the level of
the Mediterraueau. It is 46 ni ke of
Rome.
Monte Verde, a town of Naples, in
Principato Ultra, 16 ni ke Conza.
J\lonte Video, a city of the government
of Buenos Ayres, with a fort, and sur-
rounded l»y a strong wall. Tlie principal
trade consists in hides, tallow, and salted
beef. 'I he population 20,000. Monte
Video was taken by the British in 1807 ;
but soon evacuated. In 1817, the Portu-
guese took possession of the town and its
territory, whirl) they still retain. It is
seated at the foot of a conical mountain,
on the N side of the Plata, 60 m from its
jnouth, and 140 e Buenos Ayres. Lon.
56 25 vv, fat. 34 50 s.
Monteehio, a town of Italy, in Mode-
neae. 1 he French defeated the Austrians
pear this place in 1736. It is 8 m Kw
JReggiq.
Montrgo, a seaport, on a hay of the
^anie name, on the n coast of Jamaica. In
1795, a tire consumed an immense quan-
tity of stoies, and great part of the town.
Lon. 78 5 w, lat. 18 40 N.
Monteimurt, a town of France, in the
department of Drome, witii an ancient
pitadel, and manufactures of sdk, skins,
and leal her. It is seated on the side and
foot of a lull, where the Kouhion and Ja-
bon unite, and soon after join the Rhone,
25 m s \ alence, and 30 n Orange.
Moiiteioviz, a town of New Spain, ca-
pital of the province of Cohaluiila. It has
seven churches and two public squares,
iind is the principal military depot for this
province and Texas. It is situate on a
rivulet, 310 m x Zacatecas. Lon. 101 30
w, lat. 26 33 N.
Montcmor v ^ovo, a town of Portugal,
in Alentejo, seated on the Canna, 15 ni
WNw Evora, and 50 Ebys Lisbon.
Monteniur o Vellw, a town of Portugal,
in Beii a, with a castle, seated on the Mon-
dego, 10 m sw Cohnbra, and 83 n by e
Lisbon.
Montereuii, a town of Fr.-^nce, in the de-
partment pf Seine and Marne, with a trade
ju corn and ciieese ; seated on the Seine,
MON
opposite the influx of the Yonne, 15 m SE
Melun.
j\lonferei/, a seaport and the capital of
New Albion. It comprehends an area of
300 vards long by 250 uide, is walled
round, and has a fort, with a small kind of
block-house, at each corner of the wall.
It stands on the sf. part of a spacious
open bay of the same name. Lon. 121
51 w, lat. 36 36 N.
Monterev, a town of New Spain, capital
of New Leon, and a bishop's see. It
stands near the somre of the Tigre, which '■
flows into the gulf of Mexico, 230 ni nne ■
Zacatecas. Lon. 100 0 w, lat. 26 10 n.
Monterosso, a town of Sicily, in V'al di
Noto, on the brow of a mountain, 28 m w
Syracuse.
]\loutesa, a town and fortress of Spain,
in Valencia. It is the seat of an order of
knighthood of the same name, and 9 m
ssw Xativa.
Montesquiev, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Garonne, 12 m sse
Toulouse.
Montesquiou, a town of France, in the
department of Gers, 11m wsw Auch.
MontJ errand , a town of France, now a
suburb to Clermont.
Montferrat, a duchy of Piedmont, to
the w of Milanese, and N of the duchy of
Genoa, from which u is separated by the
Apennines. It is fertile and well cultivated,
abounding in corn, wine, oil, and silk. The
capital is Casal.
Monifort, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Oise, 16 m w Ver-
sailles.
Montfort, a town of I" ranee, in the de-
partment of llle and Vilaine, 12 m w
Kennes.
Montfort, a fortified town of the Ne-
therlands, in Utrecht, seated on the Yssel,
7 m sw Utrecht.
Montfort, a town of Germany, in Tyrol,
6 m N Feldkirch.
Montgomcrii, a town of Maryland, chief
of a county, it is 12 m N VVashington,
and 23 sw Baltimore.
Montgomery, a borough of Wales, capi-
tal of Montgomeryshire, with a market on
Thursday. " It had walls and a castle,
which were demolished in the civil wars,
and is now a small place. The population
was 932 in 1811. It stands on the side of
a hill, near the river Severn, 24 m sw
Shrewsbury, and 168 NW London. Lon. 3
5 w, lat. 52 26 N.
J^lontgomeryshire, a county of Wales,
bounded on the n by Merionethshire and
Denbighshire, ne and e by Shropshire, s
by Radnorshire, sw by Cardiganshire, and
Av by Merionethshire. It is 36 m long and
34 broad, containing 628;480 acres ; is di»
MON
vlded into r.ine hundreds, and 53 pavislies ;
has rive market-tciuns; and sends two
members to pailiciiuent. The population
was 51,931 in 1811. Though ibarren and
mountainous in maiiy parts, it has a greater
mixture of fertile vale and plain than
several of the Wekh counties. Its riclies
proceed from sheep and wcoJ, the hilly
tracts feedins; numerous ilocks duruii^ the
sunjmer. This county also affords mineral
treasures, particularly lead, and it abounds
with slate and lime; but there is no coal.
The p^rincipal rivers are the Severn, Vyrn-
vvy, and j'annat. The assizes are held
at Welshpo.il.
Montgiiyon, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Charente, 43- m sse
Saintes.
Montil, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, 22 m w Alcaraz, and 70 ese Cala.-
trava.
Montii:7Hi<-, a town of France, in the
department of Dordogne, 21 m ese Peri-
gueus.
MontlUa, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
18 m SSE Cordova.
MontJGi/, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Juliers, with a fortified castle on
a hill ; situate among rugged rocks, 19 m s
Juliers.
Montivilliers, a town of France, in the
department ' of Lower Seine, ti ni n
Havre.
Montilieu, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Charente, 40 m sse
Saintes.
Montlouis, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Eastern Pyrenees, with a
regular fortress, on a rock at the foot of
the Pyrenees, for the protection of the
frontiers. It is 40 m whys P«rpignan,
and 430 s Paris. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 42
SO X.
IMontlou^on, a town of France, in the
department of Allier, seated on the Cher,
35 m wsw Moulins.
JXlontluel, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ain, seated on the Seraine,
0 in SE Trevoux.
jMontinaraxiH, a town of France, in
the department of Allier, 28 m sw Mou-
lins.
Montmedy, a town of France, in the
department of Mouse, seated on the Cher,
which divides it into the upper azid lower
town, 2 1 m N Verdun.
^luntmelian, a town of Savov, with a
castle ; taken by the French in 1705. who
demolished the fortlficacions. It is 8 ra
SE Chambery, and 27 ne Grenoble.
Montmirel, a town of France, in the
department of Marne, 40 m w by s Chalons,
and 55 E Paris.
Jlontmorencj/, a town of France, in the
MON
department of Seine and Oise, seated near
the Seine, 10 m n Paris.
]\]on'nioiil/on, a town of France in tlie
department ol' X'ieinie, seated on the ®ar-
tempe, over which is a bridge, 25 m se
Poitiers.
J\iuntpcllier, a city of France, capital of
the department of IJeiault, and a bishop's
see, with a citadel, and a university, in
which is a school of medicine. Ihe cathe-
dral was ruined by the Huguenots, but
lias been partly rebuilt. The population
33,000 ; and the trade consists in silks,
blankets, carpets, cotton goods, printed
calicos, gauzes, hides, oil, brandy, cordials,
perfumed waters, and verdigrise. The air
is extremely healthy, and many invalids
resort hither from distant parts. Mont-
pellier is seated 5 m from the Mediterra-
nean, on the side of a hill, at the foot of
which are two rivulets, the Lez and the
Merdaiiion, the last of which is conveyed
into different parts of the city, by subter-
raneous canals. It is 30 m sw Nismes,
and 53 ke Narbonne. Lon. 3 52 E, lat.
43 3fi N.
Montpensier, a town of France, in the
department of Puy de Dome, 20 m ne
Clermont.
Montreal, a fertile island of Lower
Canada, in the river St. Lawrence, at the
ijiflux of the Utawas. It is 28 m long and
10 broad ; and takes the name of a lofty
mountain, called Mont Ileal by the French,
which rises iu the middle of the island, and
is covered with trees and shrubs, except
toward its base, where some parts have
been cleared and cultivated.
Moiitreal, a city of Low-er Canada, next
in rank to Quebec, situate on the e side ol
the above island. The lower part of it
extends along the St. Lawrence, which is
here 3 m broad, and ships can lie close to
the sliore, which is elevated, and forms a
wharf. From the river there is a gradual
asceut to what is called the upper town, in
which is the cathedral of the catholics, the
Englij.h churcl), a spacious court-house,
and the government house. Th« inhabi-
tants were estimated at 12,<)00 in 1806;
but the tbrtitications and walls of the city
being now demolished, it is, improving in
extension. The chiet commerce is in furs,
which are scut to England ; and it is the
emporium of the trade carried on between
Britain and the United States. Goods and
merchandise for the upper country are
ciirted hence to the vilia^e of Chine, 8 ni
higher up the river, where they are put on
board batteaux ; the na^ igation of the
river, 4 m above the city, being inter-
rupted by the rapids of Si. Louis. Alon-
treal was surrendered by the French to thf>
Enghsh in ilUM. ll i: 110 m N Crowi-.
MON
Point, and 170 sw Quebec. Lon, 73 18
w, lat. 46 33 N.
Montreal, a town of Spain, in Aiagon,
with a castle, seated en tlic Xildca, '25
m NKw Terruel, and 10 sbyK C'aUitayud.
Montreal, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Freves, seated on the El-i, 20
m w byN Coblentz.
Montreal, m Sicily; see Monreale.
Montreuil, a strong town in I'rance, in
tlie department of Pas de Calais, seated
on a hill, near the mouth of the Canche,
3G m s Calais, and 42 wkw Arras.
3Ion(reuil BcUar/, a town of Krance, in
tlie department of JMaycnne and Loire,
seated on the Touet, 10 m ss\v Sauniur.
Montrictiard, a town of France, in tlie
department of Loir and Cher, witii a
castle, seated nejir the Cher, 12 m se
Amboise.
2Iontrose, a borough and seaport of
Scotland, in Forfarshire, at the mouth of
the S Esk, over which is a bridge. See
Jnclthruijock. A little above the town
the river expands into a wide lake, called
the Basin, into which the tide flows, that
at high water the town is almost surround-
ed by the sea. The harbour is very com-
modious, and has a dry and wet dock. A
great quantity of malt is made here, and
it has considerable manufactures of can-
vas, ropes, sheeting, linen, and thread.
The salmon fisheries of the N and S Esk
form a valuable branch of commerce.
The population was 8955 in 1311. At
this place the Pretender landed in Decem-
ber 1715, and embarked in February
following. Montrose is 28 m ke Dundee.
Lon. 2 22 w, lat. 5G41 n.
Montsavjeon, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Marne, 15 m s
Langres.
Montserrat, a mountain of Spain, in
Catalonia, singular for its situation, form,
nnd composition. It stands in a vast
plain, about 30 m kw from Barcelona, and
lias the appearance of an infinite number of
rocks cut into conical forms, and built one
above another, so as to seem like a pile of
Gothic spires; the whole composing an
enormous mass about 14 ni in circuit, and
3S00 feet above the level of the sea. On
this mountain is a large monasterv, with a
chapel, dedicated to the Virgin,' resorted
to by numbers of pilgrims. It is inhabited
by noble Benedictine monks of several
nations, who entertain all that come out
of devotion or curiosity, for three clays
gratis. Here are also thirteen hermitages,
in romantic situations ; the most beautiful
is that of Santa Ana, the residence of the
father of all the hermits, or mountain
vicar. In 1808, the French made two
attacks on this place, but were defeated by
MOO
the monks and peasantry ; in laOf), they
succeeded in entering the monastery, but
were forced to retreat the next morninsj;
and in 1811, they again obtained posses-
sion, but soon after evacuated it, having
first burned the churcli, and committed
other devastations.
Montserrat, one of the Caribe islands,
so named by Columbus, from its resem-
blance to the mountain mentioned in the
preceding article. It is of an otal form,
9 m long and 6 broad. The hiils are
rf)vered with cedar and other trees ; and
the chief exports are sugai-, rum, and
cotton. It belongs to the English, and is
30 m sw Antigua. Lon. 62 17 w, lat. 16
45 N.
Montzingen, a town of Germany, in
the circle of Upper Ithine, seated on the
Nahe, 18 m w by s Creutzuach.
JMunza, a town of Italy, in Milanese. It
is famous for the treasury of St. John the
baptist; where, among other things, is the
iron crown with which the ancient Italian
kings were crowned, and afterward the
emperors of Germany whenever they were
disposed to assert their rights, as kings of
Lombardy. Cliarleinagne was crowned
here in 774, after taking Desiderious king
of Lombardy prisoner. It is seated on
the Lambio, 8 m ne Milan,
Monzon ; see Mon^on.
Moudgul, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Bejapoor, capital of a district belonging
to the nizam. It is 148 ni wsw llvdrubad.
Lon. 7(3 47 E, lat. 16 6 x.
Mooltan, a province of Ilindoostan, an-
ciently of great extent, but now one of the
smallest, and its limits still uncertain. It
is bounded on the n by Afghanistan and
Laliore, e by Lahore and Ajnieer, s by
Ajincer and Sinde, asid w by Ballogistan.
The i\ and E parts are fertile, being watered
by the Punjab rivers ; but on approaching
the Indus it becomes more sandy and
barren, and to the w of that river the steri-
lity increases. It is possessed by ditTerent
petty chiefs, at variance with each other,
and harassed from without by the Afghans^
Seiks, and the ameers of Sinde; and to the
latter, in 1809, the nabob of Mooltan sub-
mitted to pay tribute.
Mooltan, a city and the capital of the
above province. It is a large walled town,
with a strong citadel, and for many years
was scarcely more than nominally subject
to the Afghan sovereign of Cabul. In 1806
it was taken and plundered by the Seik
chief of Lahore, who was compelled to
evacuate it for want of corn. This city is
supposed to have been the Malli of Alex-
ander. It is situate near the Ravey, 20 ra
from its conflux witii the Indus, and 172
wsw Lahore. Lon. 71 19 e, lat. 30 35 ^.
MOR
Moon, Mountains of' the, mountains of
Africa, extending from Nigritia, tlirough
Abyssinia, to the Indian sea. They are
irrtier than those of Atlas.
Moorfulds, a town of Virginia, chief of
Hardy county. It is situate on the s
branch of the Potomac, 45 ni whys Win-
chester. Lon. 79 20 w, lat. 39 8 n.
Moorlej/, or Jessore, a town of Ilindoo-
stan, in Bengal, capital of the district of
Jessore, which extends into the Sunder-
bunds. It is 62 m Ise Calcutta. Lon. 89
15 E, lat. 23 7 X.
Moorshcdubud, a city of Hindoostan,
the capital of Bengal in 1704, and till the
establishment of the British power. It
still continues the residence of the nabob,
whose palace has a mean appearance, and
he receives an annual allowance. Tiie city
extends 8 ni on botli sides theCossinibazar
ri\er, the streets narrow, and the buildings
in general bad ; but it is a place of great
inland trathc, and the chief seat of the
manufacture of wove bilk, of various kinds.
It. is 112 m N Calcutta. Lon. 88 14 e,
lat. 24 11 N.
Moos/i, or Moiish, a town of Asiatic
Turkey, in Kurdistan, which has a trade in
tobacco and manna. It is seated on an
ejuinence, washed by the Euphrates, over
which is a bridge, 40 m nnw Betlis.
Mootapilli/, a town of Hindoostan, in
tiie Circars, district of Guntoor, at the
mouth of the Gnndezama, 41 m sbyw
Guntoor. Lon. SO 10 e, lat. 15 '65 x.
Moquehua, a town of Peru, in the pro-
vince of Arequipa, chief of a district, rich
in fruits and adorned witli large vineyards,
It is 80 in SSE Arennipa.
Mora, a town of Sweden, in Dalecarlia,
near which is a stone, famous for being the
spot whence Guslavus \ asa harangued tiie
Daiecariians, and assembled the troops
with wliich he drove Christian ir, of Den-
mark, from Stockholm. It is seated near
the w end of lake Siijan, CO m nw Fahlun.
Mora, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, on the river Odivor, 29 m xw
Evora.
^htra, a fo\vn of Spain, in Catalonia, on
the river Ebro, 18 m N Tortosa.
Mora, u town of Spain, in Nev? Castile,
18 m SE Tuledo.
^luiadabad, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, seated on a brancii of the Kam-
goiii^a, 48 m xw Bareily.
Movant Point, the most easterly pro-
niuntory of Jaiuaica. On the sw side of
the point is a harbour of the same name.
Lon. 76 7 w, lat. 17 57 x.
Morat, or Murtcn, a town of Switzer-
land, in the canton of Bern, with a castle.
It stands on the e side of a lake of its
name, lying parallel with the x part of
MOR
the lake of Xeuchatcl, into which it flows
by the Broye. This town sustained a
siege against the duke of Bursinndy, in
1 176, in which his army of 30,000 men
were all slain; and their bones are kept
here in a charnel-house. It is 12 m x by w
Friburg, and 16 w Bern.
Moratulaz, a town of Spain, in Nenr
Castile, 22 m i: Ciudad Real.
ISlorataUa, a town of Spain, in Murcia,
34 m ssvv Chinchilla.
^loruva, a river of European Turkey,
which rises in Bulgaria, flows through Ser-
via, by Nissa, and joins tlie Danube, at
Semendria.
Moravia, a marqnisate of Germany,
bounded on the w by E'lhemia, n by Silesia,
E by Hunsary, and s by Austria. It is a
mountainous country, yet very fertile and
populous, and watered by numerous rivers
and brooks. More corn is grown than the
inhabitants consume ; and it produces
much hemp and llax. The principal ma-
nufactures are clolh, ii-cn, glass, paper,
and gunpowder. From this country a sect
of Christians, called Moravians, take thpir
name, their doctrine.s having been first
taught here ; but the inhabitants in general
are Roman catholics. This marrjuisate
belongs to the kingdom of Bohemia, but
has its own form of government; and is
divided into seven circles, Olmutz, Brim,
Iglau, Znaym, Hradisch, Prerau, and Tes-
chen, so called from their chief towns.
Olmutz is the capital.
JMoi-uzc, or Marscli, a river of Germany,
which has its source in the mountains be-
tween Bohemia and Silesia, crosses Mo-
ravia by Olmutz and Hradisch, and receiv-
ing the Teya, on the confines of Austria
and Hungary, separates these two coun-
tries as tar as the Danube, into which it
enters, 15 m above Presburg. It has
commonly the latter appellation till it re-
ceives the Teya.
Moray, or Murray, an ancient province
of Scotland, which comprehended the
shires of Nairn, Moray Proper or Ehdn,
and a great part of the shire of Banff. Jt
was then a bishoprick ; the seat of the
see at Elgin, and the chief residence of the
bishop at Spynie.
Moray Frith, a considerable inlet of the
German ocean, on the coast of Scotland,
between the shires of Ross and Elgin. It
extends in a sw direction as far as Inver-
ness, and thence xw to Beauley, where it
receives the river of that name. Between
Fortroso an! Fort George it is contracted
to about 2 m; above which it expand.s,
form.ing the line harbour oi' Inverness, and
then becomes again contracted.
Morayshire ; see Elginshire.
JMurbegno, a town of Switzerland, capi-
MOR
lul of a district in Valteliiie. It is the hnnd-
^omest and most conuiurcial town in \'al-
teltne; and seated on the Adda, 12 m sf.
Cliiavenna, and aO n Utrgamo. Lon. 9
Sfi v., lat. 4() 8 N.
J\lo>bci/s, or Oinmirahih, a river of Bar-
bary, wliich rises in Monnt Atlas, scpa-
vates the kingdom ot' Morocco from that
of Fez, and enters the Atlanti<: at Azanior.
Moibihuii, a department of Irance, in-
cluding t art of the ohi province of Bre-
tagne. Vannes is the capital of this de-
partment, vvliicli takes its name from a
gnlf and hay, between that town and the
island of Bellisle. The entrance of the
gulf is narrow ; but it extends within, and
contains several islets.
Marcoue, a town of Naples, in the county
of Molise, 19 m ssi. Molise.
Alo7ea, the ancient Peloponnesus, a
peninsula forming the se part of Turkey
in Europe, to wlii. h it is joined by the
isthmus of Corinth, lying between the gulfs
of Lepanto and Kngia. It is 1 80 m long
and ISO broad, and divided into three
provinces. The soil is fertile, except in
the middle, where there are many moun-
tains ; and it abounds with mulberry trees,
•which are cultivated tor the feeding of silk-
worms. It is watered by several rivers, of
which the Aljjheus, Vasili Potamo, and
Stro)nio are the chief. It was taken by
the Venetians from the Turks in 1687, and
retaken in 1715. The hirgest town is Mi-
sitra, but the capital is Tripolizza.
Morelia, a towii of Spain, in Valencia,
which was almost destroyed, in 1705, by
the army of Philip v. It is seated among
high mountains, 32 m sw Tortosa, and 57
KXE Segorbe.
Moresby, a village in Cumberland, with
a harbour, 2 m n Whitehaven. In and
near it many remains of antiquity have
been dug up, such as altars and stones,
with inscriptions on them ; and several
caverns have been found, called Picts
Holes.
Moret, a town of France, hi the depart-
ment of Seine and Marne, on the canal of
Orleans, near the Seine, 12 u) sse Melun.
Moreton Hampstead, a town in Devon-
shire, with a market on Saturday, and ma-
nufactures of woollen cloth and yarn. It
has the vestiges of two castles or forts ;
and in the vicinity are a Druidical temple
and a cromlech. It is 12 m wsw Exeter,
and 185 whys London.
Moretta, a town of Piedmont, on a
small river tliat runs into the Po, 16 m s
Turin.
JSlorgan, a western district of N Caro-
lina, comprehending the counties of Burke,
Wilkes, Kutherford, Lincohi, and Buu-
eomb.
MOR
UTorganlon, a town of N Carolina, in
Burke county, capital of Morgan district.
It stands near Catabaw river, (58 m w Salis-
bury. Lon. 81 53 w, lat. 35 47 N.
^Mo?-^antfl>i, a town of Virginia, chief
of Monongalia county. It stands on the
K side of the Monoiignhela, 30 in sbyw
Brownsville. Lon. 80 10 vv, lat. 39 34 N.
]\lor<iunza, a. town of Pennsylvania, in
Washington county, at die union of the e
and w branches of C.!hartier river, which
runs N by r. into the Ohio, 5 m below Pitt.--
burg. Boats, carrying from 2 to 300 bar-
rels of flour, have been built and laden
iiere, and sent down to New Orleans; to
which place the ex])orts hence are consi-
derable alsi) in bacon, butter, cheese, cider,
and apple spirits, it is 13 m sw Pittsburg.
Alorgca, a town of Switzerlanil, in tho
canton of Vaud, with a castie. By its
canal, goods are sent to other parts from
the lake of Geneva, on which the town is
seated, 5 in wsw Lausanne.
JMorhanfie, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Moselle, 21 m sse Mentz.
Moiingen, a town of Suabia, in the
principality of Fursteuburg, 14 m kne
Schatt'liausen.
Moringen, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, situate on the
Molir, 12 m >.'nw Gottingen.
Moi-ilz, St. a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of (Prisons, with a famous mineral
spring, 25 m nne Chiavenna.
Morlachid, a mountainous country in
Hungarian Dalmatia, the inhabitants of
which are called Morlacks, or Morlachi.
They inhabit the pleasant valleys of Koter,
along the rivers Kerha, Cettina, Narenta,
and among the inland mountains of Dal-
matia. The most pleasing trait of character
among the Morlachi is friendship. They
have even made it a kind of religious article;
for the Sclavonian ritual contains a particu-
lar benediction, for the solemn union of two
male, or two female friends, in the presence
of the congregation. '1 he Morlachi are ex-
tremely sensible of mild treatment, and
when they meet with it are ready to per-
form every possible service ; but are im-
placable if injured or insulted. Their hos-
pitality is equally conspicuous among the
poor, as among the opulent ; nor is their
generosity confined to strangers, but ex-
tends itself to all who are in want. They
have singular ideas about religion, and the
ignorance of their teachers daily augments
this evil : they are as hrmly persuaded of
the reality of witches, fairies, enchant-
ments, nocturnal apparitions, and sorti-
leges, as if they had seen a thousand ex-
amples of them. Segna is the capital.
Muilaix, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Finisterre, with a ciistle and
MOil
a tide harbour. Tlie church of Notre
Dame is a singular structure, and the hos-
pital very handsome. It has a consider-
able trade in cattle, linen, hemp, honey,
and tallow. It is seated on a ri\ er of the
same name, 6 m from its mouth, and 30
EKE Brest. Lon. 3 51 w, hit. 4B 'JiS N.
Morlundu, a town of Sweden, in tiie
province of Smoland, 41 m N Cahnar.
Mornington Isle, an island of New
South Wales, and the w point of the en-
trance of the gulf of Carpentaria. Cape
Van Dieii:an, its n point, was for ajjes
deemed the extremity of the mainland;
but in 1812, capt. Flinders ascertained it
to he insulated, and s^ave it the present
name. It is 35 m long and 85 in circuit ;
the surface rocky, and covered with bushes
and trees. It was deemed inhabited, as
several smokes and some natives were
seen. The se extremity is in lon. 139 49
E, lat 16 32 s.
JMorocco, an^empire of Africa, compre-
hending a considerable part of the ancient
Mauritania, lying between 28 and 3o n
lat. It is bounded on the w by the At-
lantic, N by the Mediterranean, E by Al-
giers and Tafilet, and s by Darah. Its
greatest length is above 600 m, and from
200 to 380 in breadth. The three grand
divisions of t!ie empire are the kingdoms
<)f Sus, Morocco, and Fez. The soil of
Morocco, though sandy and dry in some
■ places, is fertile in others ; and the fruits,
MOR
several kinds. The fruits are dates, fig?,
almonds, lemons, orar.ges, pomegranates,
and many others. There is also flax anu
hemp, but little timber. The emperor is
absolute, his will b'ing a law, and he often
exercises great cruelties. His naval force
consists chiefly of rovers, who now and
then take large prizes. He can bring
100,000 men into the field, half of which
are foot and half horse ; hut they are
poorly armed, and know little of the art of
wr,r.
Alorocco, a city of the kingdom of Mo-
rocco, seated in a beautiful plain, formed
by a chain of mountains on the x, and
those of Atlas on the s and e. Though
one of the capitals of the empire (for there
are two otliers, Mequinez and Fez) it has
nothing to recommend it bilt its great ex-
teat and the royal palace, in which the
emperor spends the fast-days during the
months of October and November. Jt is
enclosed by strong walls, 7 m in circuit,
in wliich are nine gates; they are flanked
with square towers, and surrounded by a
wide and deep ditch. The mosques, cara-
vansaries,public baths, squares, and palaces
of the xerili'es are numerous, but in a state
of dilapidation. The best liouses are en-
closed in gardens ; but the generality of
them, with the ruins of many, serve only
to impress the traveller with the idea of a
miserable and deserted city. The streets
are very uneven in width, and toe same
as well as the pastures, are excellent, hut street is in some places broad and in otheis
the country is not properly cidtivated
1"he inhabitants are Mohamedans, of a
tawny complexion, robust, and very skil-
ful ni managing a horse, and wielding a
lance : they are jealous, deceitful, super-
stitious, and cruel. There are two sorts
of inhabitants ; the Arabs, who dwell in
moveable villages, composed of about 100
tents ; ami the Eereberies, who are the
ancient inhabitants, and live in cities and
towns. There are a great number of
christian slaves, and some merchants upon
the coast, beside a multitude of Jews, who
carry on almost all the trade ; especially
by land with the Negros, to whonj they
send large caravans, which travel over vast
deserts almost destitute of water. They
carry with them woollen goods, silk, salt,
&c. and in return, have slaves, gold-dust,
and elephant teeth. They also send large
caravans to Mecca every year, partly out
narrow. The e«itries to houses of conse-
quence are through lanes so narrow and
crooked that a horse can with difficulty
pass thein. The inhabitants, in the time
of its prosperity, were 700^000; but wars,
the plague, and the removal of the court
to Fez and Mequinez, reduced them under
half that number; and it now contains
hardly 30,000. The Jews, who are numer-
ous, have a separate town, walled in, and
under liie charge of an alcaid ; it has two
gates, which are shut every evening at
nine ; after which no person can enter or
depart till they are opened thiTnext morn-
ing. The sultan's palace is without the
city, on the se side; it is composed of a
group of vast buildings, squares, and gar-
dens, abou! 3 m in circuit. Morocco is
120 m e Mogador, and 340 ssw Gibraltar.
Lon. 7 35 w, lat. 31 38 N.
Moron, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
of devotion, and partly for trade, consist- near which is a mine of precious stones,
jng of several thousand camels, horses, and It is 30 in se Seville.
mules. Beside woollen goods, their com-
modities are Morocco leather, indigo,
cochineal, and ostrich feathers ; in return
tor which they have silks, muslins, calicos,
colVee, and drugs. In the deserts are lions,
tigers, leopards, hyenas, and serpents of
Aloroloi, one of the Sandwich isles, 7 m
WNW Mowee. Yams are the principal
produce; but it has little wood. The
coast, on the s and w sides, forms several
bays. Lon. 117 14 w, lat. 21 10 n.
Morpet/i, a borough in Northumberland,
MOR
T»ith a marlict on Wednesilny. It stands
on tiic N b;inU ot tlic Wanspock, and on
I he opposite side i? tlie churcli, and a caslle
in ruins. Near the Ijridsie is the county
f:<ial ; and here is a treeschool, founded by
r.dward vi. It is 16 m n Ncvvcastle, and
289 N by w Londuii.
]\lorrii;toiin, a town ot' New Jersey, ca-
pital of i\J(ivris county, in which are rich
i;on mines. Here are two churches, and
tvo incorporated academics. It is 19 ni
Nw Newark, and 50 xbyr, Trenton.
3ibrA't)«rt, a town of Naples, in the
CJunty of Molise, 14m NEMolise.
Idortagne, a town of Trance, in the de-
partment of Orne, fainoiis for its serges
and tanneries, 19 ni ese Seez, and 70 wsw
Paris.
Mortagne, a tov.-n of Franco, in the de-
partment of Nord, at tlie conflux of tlie
bcarpe and Scheld, 8 m SE Tournay.
Mortdgne, a tow n of P'rance, in the de-
partment of Lower Charcnte, seated on
the Gironde, 24 m ssw Saintes.
Moflagne, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vendee, where a battle was
fought in 1793, between the royalists and
republicans, in which the former are said
to have lost 20,000 men. It is 36 m k
Fontenay le Compte.
Mortaiuy a town of France, in the de-
partment of Manche,on the rivulet Lances,
almost surrounded by craggy rocks, 20 m
E Avranches.
Mortura, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
and in the di^trict of Lu.iiclin, 22 m sw
Milan.
Alortay, an island, the most northern of
the Moluccas, subject to the sultan of
Ternate. It is 80 m in circuit, and thinly
inhabited, but full of sa'^o trees, which are
cut by the people of Gilolo. Lon. 128 0 e,
Lat. s'on.
JMortbner Crom, a village in Hereford-
siiire, 6 m aw Leominster. Here is a
pedestal with an inscviution, in memory
of the battle between the houses of York
and Lancaster in 1461.
MortLkb, a village of Scotland, in Banff-
shire, 6 m sw^ Keith, litre Malcolm ii,
in memory of a victory gained over the
Danes, fouiided a bishopric, v.hich was
translated to Aberdeen by David i.
31orvied7o, a tov.m of Spain, in \ alencia,
on the site of the ancient Saguntum, with
a strong castie, called Sagunta, which was
taken bv the French in 1811. Here are
ruins of a roraan amphitheatre, &c. It
lias a trade in brandy, and stands on a
ri\er of the same name, 4 m from the sea,
and 16 n by e V^alencia.
2Jinv>ig, a province of Northern Hin-
doostan, tributary to tlie Nepanlesc, lying
between the rivers Cosah and 'lecSta, and
MOS
l)oundcd on the s by Beniial. It is un-
conimonlv n)(nnitainoiis, and abounds in
timber, which is occasionally lluatid down
tlie Cosali and other rivers ; and the
climate being singularly unhealthy, the in-
terior hiis been l)Ut little explored.
Mosu, a town of .Arabia, in Ycmei\, 25
m N by I, INIociia.
Mostniihiijuc, a strait or channel of tha
Indian ocean, between the coast ot Africa
and the island of Madagascar. It is nar-
rowest in the middle, where it is 240 m
over ; and in this parr, on the continent,
is a kingdom, island, and city of the sama
name.
Mosambigue, a kingdom on the coast of
CaiTreria, opposite the island of Mada-
gascar. The capital is of the same name,
situate on an island, chief of three islands
rtt the entrance of tlie harbour. The larg-
est, called Mosanibique, is near 3 m long
and lialf a mile broad, extending from n
to s across tiie mouth of a deep bay, with
a strong fort at the K end to defend th»
entrance. The other two, called St. George
and St. James, lie to the e of it, in tlw
ocean. The islands are in general sandy,
but in some parts produce citrons, oranges,
and other fruits. 1 he soil on the continent
is fertile in rice, millet, fruit, pulse, roots,
and other esculents ; and it feeds vast
quantities of cattle, large and small, parti-
cularly sheep with large tails. Here ar«
wild beasts of various kinds, as stags,
boars, and elephants, which last are so
lierce and destructive, that the inliabitant*
are obliged to kindle large firesjround their
sown fields, to prevent their being devoured
Viy ciiem. The country is also rich in gold,
which is washed down by the rivers in
great fjuantities, and makes a chief part of
its commerce. Ivory, ebony, slaves, and
cattle, are likewise cfianged for European
goods. The natives stand in awe of the
Portuguese, wim are the only Europeans
admitted into some of their ports, whenc*
they export the commodities already men-
tioned, also siher, copper, and wax. 'J'he
city of Mosainbi(|ue contains haudsoma
buildings, and well constructed, especially
the churches and convents. Tlie fort be-
longs to the P<M-tuguese, wlio have gene-
rally a good garrison here, a well stored
inaeazine, and a large hospital for sick
sailors. Their ships always call here in
Sioing to the E Indies ; and the harbour
is so cnmmodioas, that whole lleets may
anchor and provide themselves with all
necessaries. Lon. 40 44 e, lat. 14 38 S.
^losbacli, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, with a castle. It
has manufactures of ckith and salt, and i>>
seated on the Neckar, 18 m £ HeideP^
berg>.
MOS
Moahurg, a town of Germany, in Ca-
fliitliia, 0 111 NW Claizcnfiirt.
^Joaburg, a town of Bin aria, at the con-
flux of tlie Amber with the Iscr, 9 in w
Xandshut.
MoscoTJi/; see Russia,
Moscozc, or JMoskov, formerly a ducliy,
but now a government ot Russia ; bounded
on tlie N by tlie iiovenimetit of 'rvc-r, e by
that of great Volodiniir, s by the govern-
ment* of Kalut^o and Kesan, and w by
those of I'ver and Smolensko. It is a
fruitful country, and produces abundance
«f asparagus.
JMoscow, a city of Russia, capital of the
govern uienc of iloscow, and formerly of
the whole empire. It is the largest city in
Europe ; the circuit, %vithin the rampart
that encloses the suburbs, being 26 m ;
but the population does not corresponrl
^vith the extent, though it is still the most
populous city in the empire, and has the
most immense esrablislnnents of the nobi-
lity, notwithstaniling the chief residence
of the court is at Petersiiurg, Moscow is
distributed into five divisions ; the Krem-
lin, Khitaigorod, Bielgorod,Seuilainogorod,
and Sloboda. The Kremlin is the central
and highest part of the city, surrounded
by high walls of stone and bride, nearly 2
ni in circuit. This division is not deformed
by wooden houses : it includes die ancient
palace of the czars in which Peter the
great was born, the cathedral with seven
towers, several churches with beautiful
spires, two convents, the patriarchal
palace, and the arsenal. The Khitaigorod
Js much larger than the Kremlin : it con-
tains the university, the printing-house,
ftiid many other public buildings, with all
the tradesmen's shops; and it has the pnly
streets in Moscow in which tiie houses
itand close to each other. The Bielgorod,
or White Town, runs round the two pre-
ceding divisions: it takes its name from a
white wall, by which it was Ibrmerly sur-
rounded. The Seinlainogorod environs all
tlie other three divisions, and is so deno-
minated from a circular rampart of earth
by which it is encompassed. Tlie last two
divisions exhibit a grol'esque group of
churches, convet.ti, palaces, brick and
wooden houses, and mean hovels. The
Sloboda, or suburbs, form a vast exterior
CTcle round all the parts already described,
and are invested by a low rampart and
ditch. These suburbs contain, beside build-
ings pf all kinds, orchards, gardens, corn-
fields, much open pasture, and some small
lakes, nhich give rise to the Neghua. The
river Moskva, from which the city takes
its name, flows through it in a winding
channel ; but, excepting in spring, is only
navigable for raits. It receives the Yousa
Bros
in the Sem'ainogorod, and the Neahun at
the western extremity of the Kremlm ; but
the beds of both these rivulets are nearlj
dry in summer. Moscow exhibits aa
astonishing degree of extent and variety,
irregularity and contrast: some parts hav«
the appearance of a sequestered desert j
others, of a populous town ; some, of a
contemptible village; others, of a great
capital. The streets, in getcral, are very
long and broad ; some of them are paved,
otliers, particularly in the suburbs, are
formed with trunks of trees, or boarded
with planks like the floor of a room. Th«
places of diTine \Torsh;p, including chapels,
aiiiount to above 1.500 ; some built of
brick, stuccoed ©r whitewashed, but th©
greater part are of wood, painted red i
some hare domes of copper, others of tin,
gilt or painted green, and many are roofed
with wood. The public churches are
richly ornaraented within ; and the pic-
ture% of the saints are decorated with gold,
silver, and precious stones. Some of their
beiJs are of a stupendous si/.a : they hans;*
in belfries detached from the church, are
fixed immoveably to the beams, and rung
by means of a rope tied to the clapper.
Boris Godono gave a bell of l!36,000 pounds
weight to the cathedral of AIoscow ; and
empress Ann founded a bell that weighed
443,000 pounds, which is the largest in
the world. This last remains in the pit
where it was cast ; its height is 19 feet,
the circumference at the bottom 6-i feet,
tlie greatest thickness 23 inches; and a
triangular piece is broken off from its peri-
phery : on festival days this bell is visited
by the natives, who regard it vvith super-
stitious veneration. In the cathedral of
St. Michael, the sovereigns of Russia were
formerly interred : their bodies are depo-
sited in raised sepulchres, mostly of brick,
in the shape of a cofiin, above the pave-
ment ; each having, at the lower extremity,
a silver plate containing the name of the
prince and the time of his death : on great
festivals they are all covered with palls of
gold or siiver brocade, studded with pearls
and jewels. The cathedral of the Assump-
tion of the Virgin Mary is the most mag-
nificent in ttie city, and has been long ap-
propriated to the coronation of the Rus-
sian sovereigns. Between these two ca]
thedrals, and nearly in the centre of the
Kremlin, is the church of St. Ivan ; ic
has a circular tower, termhiated by a coni j
cal shaped cupola richly gilt, about 30i>
feet high, and is the loftiest building ia
Moscow. The foundling-hospital, founded
by Catherine ii, is an immense pile of
building, of a quadrangular shape, and will-
contain 8000 foundlings. Two m n of tl e
city is the palace of Petrovsky, a resi-
MOS
t!ence of tlie Russian sovereigns during
tlieir visits to IMosruw : it is a large edifice
«.t l)vick-w<irk, ai.d lias m\ ap^iearance uf
liieat magniliceu'-e, but the stvle oi'aich-
itccturc is cuuibrmis and heavy. Moscow
was entered by the French, under INapo-
leon, in 1812; |>rince Kutusoll' and count;
Rastoncliin the governor having destroyed
the nuiwazines previous to its evacuation.
A dreadful conllict ensued between the
French and the remaining inhabitants and
troops, who set the outer paits of tiie city
<,n tire in all quarters; and it continued
burning till little remained without the
Bielgorod division. Napoleon, after a
severe afiair of out-posts, fniding it im-
possible to tubbist in the city, attempted
a negociation, which was relnsed by Ku-
tusotT, who had made a movement with
his anny to the s. 'J lie whole French
army then cummenced its retreat, except
a t!;arrisoii left in the Kremlin, which blew
lip several edifices previous to its being
forced by the Russians, who regained pos-
session. The reno\ ution of Moscow was
immediately begun ; and in 1816 it was
visited by the emperor, wh-j found it jiut-
tin" on the appearance of a splendid and
populous city, lie also erected a pyramid,
composed of 160 pieces of cannon .<eft by
Napoleon in his iiisht from lUissia. In
lai?, the emperor held his court in the
palace of the Kremlin for some time. At
the commencement of 1818 the popula-
tion was 1U2,000, including 21, 'X)0 mili-
tary. Moscow is the centre of the inland
commerce of Russia, paitlcnlarly connect-
ing the trade between Europe and Siberia.
The naviiiation from this city is formed by
the Moskva, which liows into the Occa,
near Kolomna, and that river communi-
rates with the Vol^a ; and also by a canal
to the Ton, which river flows to the sea
t.fAsopli. Moscow IS -325 m SE Feters-
buig. Lon. 37 36 e, lat. 55 46 N.
Mofduck, a town of Russia, in the jrro-
\ince of Caucasia, with a fortress. It lias
a Russian church, two belonging to the
Arminians, and one to the catholics ; and
is sealed ou the Terek, 65 m ese Gcoi-
giewsk.
Moselle, a department of France, in-
cluding part of the old province of Lor-
rain. It takes its name from a river, which
rises in the Vosecs, waters Epinal and Toul,
receives the Meurte below Mancy, and
passing by Metz, Thionvilie, and 'Ireves,
entersthe Rhine at Coblentz. Metz is the
capital.
Mosenia, a town ot Persia, in the pro-
vince of Kusistan, 2'2 m sw Suster.
Jiloskoestrom ; see Maeb.trtnn.
i\Jas(]Vitokltore,i\ country of New Spain,
o„ jlie AtlaiiLic t,cean, containing the
MOS
eastern part of the provinces of Honduras
and Nicaragua. In magnitude it exceeds
Portugal ; is well watered by navigable
rivers and lakes; clothed wiih woods pro-
ducing timber lor every purpose at land or
sea ; abounfis in game and provisions of
all sorts ; and furnishes every necessary
for raising caiile and stock. The soil is
superior to that of the W India islands;
tiie climate is more salubrious ; and the
des t ructivc ravages of hurricanes and eartli-
f|uakes have never been known here. The
iVio^()uito Indians are so situate between
morasses and inaccessible mountains, and
a coast full of rocks and shoals, tliat no
a''tempts against ihem by the Spaniards
ever succeeded. When the duke of Albe-
marle was governor of Jamaica, they spon-
taneously put themselves under the pro-
tection of Great 13ritain, and their king
received a commission from the duke. But
this connexion no longer subsists ; fiir by a
convention with Spain, in 1786, the Eng-
lish, in consideialion of sonie cessions on
the coast of Jucataii, agreed to evacuate
this country.
Moss, a seaport of Norway, in the pro-
vince of Aggerhuys, at the mouth of a
river of the same name, on the e side of
Chnstiania bay. Here are many saw-inills,
and a large irou-foundeiy. It is 28 m s
Ghristiama. Lon. lU 48 e, lat. 58 S8 N.
Mosscl Bay, a l>ay on the s coast of
Africa, which affords good anchorage, but
lies open to the se winds. '1 he coasts are
bushy, and aloes grow in great abundance
on the surrminding hills. At the entrance,
on tiie v/ point, is a high rock, called Cape
St. Blaise. Lon. 21 58 e, lat. 34 16 s.
Jlo.ssJdrch, a town of Suabia, with a fine
castle, 21 m N Constance.
Mosmla, a town of the kingdom of
Congo, at the mouth of the Ouzo, 220 m
sw St. Salvador. Lon. 12 10 e, lat. 7 50 s.
]\Jostagan, a seaport of Algiers, in the
province of .Mascara, with a castle, and a
good harbour, 50 m ene Gran. Lon. 0 SO
E, lat. 36 20 N.
Mostur, a seaport of Turkish Dalmatia,
and a Greek archbishop's see; seated on
the Narenza, 20 m ke Narenza. Lon.
18 37 E, lat. 43 48 N.
Mosul, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in
D.arbek, surrounded by high walls, and
defended by a castle and citadel. The
liouses are in several places gone to ruin ;
but it has a great trade, particularly in
cloth, and all sorts of cottons and silks.
At some distance is a mosque, in which
they say the prophet Jonah lies ; and they
btlieve this tovMi stands on part of the site
of the ancient Nineveh. In 1743, it sus-
tained a siejie by the Persians. In 1758»
the ctty and adjacent country were visited
MOU
by a dreadful famine. The inhabitants
are about 32,000 Moliamedans and 1'2,000
Christians. It is seated on the Tiiiris,
190 m SE Diarbekar, and 2.20 wnw Ikig-
dad. Lon. 43 5 e, lat. 36 21 N.
MotaUi, a town of Sweden, in E Goth-
land, situate on tlie NE side of the river
Motala, wiiere it issues from the lake
Wetter, 20 m wxw Linkopiug.
Motala, a river of Sweden, which issues ILuiover, and 50 NiW/ Portsmouth,
from tlie xt part of the lake Wetter, tiows Mount Ray, a bay in tlie Euglisb clian-
to Nordkoping, and soon atterw ard enters nel, on the s coast of Cornwall, between
a bay of the Baltic. In its course, through ttie Lauds-end and the Lizard Point,
one of tlie richest vallics in Sweden, it Within it rises a lofty peninsulated rock,
forms some lakes and receives several called Jvlouut St. Michael, near the town
MOU
reign of Edward i. Much lime is. macfs
in the neighbourhood, and it has manufac-
tures of serges, shalloons, and felts. It is
seated on an eminence, by the river Moule,
12 m SE liarnstaple, and 178 why*
London.
Moultovborough, a town of New Hamp-
shire, in Straftiird county, situate at the
Nw corner of Winnipiscogee lake, 40 in e
rivers. See JSIordkoping.
Motir, one of the Molucca islands, 20
ni in circuit, and valuable for its spices.
Lon. 127 0 E, lat. 0 10 N.
AlotoUt, a town of Naples, in Terra
d'Otranto, 15 m nw Taranto.
of Marazion, to which there is a dry pas
sage at low water.
Aiount Charles, a town of Ireland, in
Donegal county, 4 ni wsw Donegal.
Mount jJesert, a fertile island on tlie
coast of the district of Maine, in Hancock.
J/o/?/co, a town of Spain, in Guipuscoa, county, 15 ni long and 12 broad. It is
on the bay of Biscay, lU m w St. Sebas- intersected in the middle, by tiie wnters
tian. flowing into the s side from the sea; and
Motr'd, a town of Spain, in Granada, the n pait is separated from Trenton, on
with a good harbour; sealed near the the mainland, by a strait 9 in wdde.
Mediterranean, 37 m se Granada. Lon. Mount Hoilij, a town of New Jersey,
3 28 w, lat. 30 32 N. in Burlington county, on the N side of
Mottu, a town of Italy, in Trevisano, Anocous creek, 7 in se Burlington.
at tiie conflux of the Mottigano and Li- Mountmeliick, a town of Ireland, in
venza, 18 ni ke Treviso. Queen county. The wcKil-combiiig, malt-
jV/o^/«, a town of Naples, iu Capitanata, ing, and tanning businesses, the cottou
3 m ESE Voltutara. manufacture, and bleaching, are carried ou
Mottling ; see Mctling. _ here, it is seated on the Barrow, 5 m s
Mouab, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, MarvboixMicrh.
the residence of a prince; seated in a fertile
country, 90 m se Sana. Lon. 4G 35 k,
lat. 14 20 N.
ALvuittraitt, a town of Ireland, in Queeu
county. In the neighbourhood are some
ironvvorks; but the woollen manufacture
Mouclon, a town of Switzerland, in the forms the principal trade. It is ti m wsw
canton of \ aud, with a castle on the sum
init of a mountain, by the river Broye,
13 m NNF, Lausanne.
Moug-den ; see Chcn-yang,
Moulins, a town of trance, capital of
the department of Allier, and lately a
bisliop's see. Its manufacture of cutlery
is in great esteem ; and the houses of the
Chartreux, and of the X'isitation, are
Maryborough, and 23 N Kilkenny.
Mountiurrel, a town m Leicestershire,
Tvitli a market on I\!onday, seated on the
Suar, at the foot of a iiigii mount or rock,
of a sorrel-colouied stone, with which the
town is chiefly built and paved. It is 20
m ssE Derby, and 105 nnw London.
Moura, a town of PortuL'al, in Alentejo,
witli an old castle: seated nearthe conflux
magnihccnt. It is seated on the Allier, of the Ardila with the Guidiana, 34 m sse
over which is a line bridge, 3U m s Nevers, Evora.
and 55 n Clermont. Lon. 3 20 r, lat.
4t) 34 N.
MouUns en Gilbert, a town of Trance,
in the department of Nievre, at the foot of
Jl/t)«rco?«, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo,
with acastle :seated on the liordersotSpam
and near the Guadiana, 28 m Ebys Evora.
Mourzouk, the capital of lezzaii, with
the mountains of Morvan, 5 m sw Chateau a fortress, in which is the sultan's palace.
Chinon. It is situate on a rivulet, and supplied with
MouUns la Marche, a town of France, water from a multitude of springs and
in the department of Orne, 24 in xe wells, IT.e inediey which it presents to
Alencon. ^ the eye, of the vast rums of ancient build-
Moulton, South, a town in Devonshire, ings, and the humble cottages of eartli and
governed by a mayor, with a market on sand that f(u-m the dwellings of its present
Saturday. It was anciently, witli North Arab inhabitants, is singularly grotes(jue
Moulton (2 m distant) a royal demesne, and strange, it is surrounded by a iimh
mA sent members to parliament in the wail, uicii three gates, at which is collected
IMSC
ft tax on all fijnotls (provisious excepted)
tluit are Ill-ought for the supply ot" its'
people. Tlio commerco is c<m>ideral)lc,
Ijui consists luerely of" foroigti mcrcliiuidise
bn)UL:;lit hv the cariiviuis tVom Cairo, Bor-
iioii, Mesaratu, and other small troops of
traders. Mour/onk is 290 in s iMesuiata,
and TOO nw Bornoii. J.on. 15 35 li, hit.
ill 51 K.
JMoHs/i, a town of Tarki:^h Armenia,
capital of a small pashalic, seated on the
Teleboas, 70 m ssE Erzcruni.
Moutier, or Monalkr, a town of Savov,
lateiv an archbishop's see. In the nci;;ii-
lionrhood good salt is made. It is i^itiiate
amid cra^jry iiiounfains, at theic^WftSt of
the Doiron with the Isere, 27 m Ehys
t iiaiiibeiv. I.( n. 6 32 r., hit. 45 32 JV.
Mouticis, a town of Fiance, in the de-
partment of Lower Alps, with a mamifao
tnre of porcelain: seated between two
frailly mountains, 9 m k llicz.
Moiizon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ardennes, with a manufacture
of serges; seated on the Meuse, 9 m se
Jsedan.
Morr, a town of iruidoostan, in Allaha-
bnd, on the river Souijew, 27 m n by e
Cazypoor. — Another, in Gundwana, 35 m
E Kcwah. — Another, in Agra, 20 m nnw
Fiuiuckabad. — Another, in Bahar, 12 m
Sy. Ilajjpoor.
Mowalt, a town of IJindoostan, in Bahar,
56 ra ESE llfijcpoor.
Mozcet; one of the Sandwich islands,
162 m in circuit. A low isthmus divides it
into two circular peninsulas, of which the
eastern is double the size of the western.
The hills in both rise to a ^rcat height,
but the country presents an appearance ot
verdure ai.d fertility. Near the w point
of the smaller peninsula is a spacious bay,,
with a sandy beach shaded with cocoa-nut
trees. Lon' 175 56 w, lat. 20 53 n.
Moxos, n province of Charcas, which is
an extensive territory lying to the k of that
of St. Cruz de Sierra between the fron-
tiers of Peru and Brasil. It is watered by
several large rivers; and is chieily inhabit-
ed by warlike and vvauder)ug tribes of
Indians, who forbid access to its inte-
rior.
Moijenric, a town of France, in the de-
partment of fvleurte, noted for its salt
spring, 2 m ese Vic, and 16 e Nancy.
ilJui/r, a tov.ji of Lithuania, in the pala-
tinate of Minsk, on the river Pripet,
140 m ssE Wmsk, Lon. 29 30 e, lat. 52
10 N.
Mschet/ia, a town of Asiatic Georgia,
anciently the capital of the country, and
then a magnificent city, of which extensive
ruius remain. Here many of the kings
and princes Iia\e been interred, and the
MUH
old church is one of the finest structure?
in Georgia. It is situate on the Kur, im-
mediately below the influx of the Aragivi,
15 m NNw Tedis.
Mscislaxc, a town of Lithuania, lately
the capital of a palatinate, but now subject
to Russia, and in the government of Mold-
lief. It is seated on the Sotz, 50 m s
Smolensk, and 64 ene Mohilef. Lon. 32
32 r, lat. 51 28 N.
Aiuc/ieln, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, 8 m wsw iNJersburg.
Mucidati, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Uordogne, on the liver llle,
18 in sw Peiigueux.
]\fitck, an island of Scotland, one of the
Hebrides, 4 m sw of that of Eigg. It is
3 in long and a mile broad ; the soil in
general good, and beeves thrive well. Kelp
is burnt on its shores, and much oil ex-
tracted from the liveis of the suutish.
Muckealah, a town of Hindoostan, in
Lahore, seated among hills in which are
salt mines, 82 m nw Lahore.
Muckenbe7-g, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia,. 22 in Ki: Meissen.
3!uihinia, or Mundunia, a town of Asia-
tic Tlirkev, in Natolia, on a gulf of the sea
of Marmora. The commerce is very con-
siderable in grain, fruit, wine, saltpetre,
silk, and the manufactures of Bursa, which
are brought here for exportation. It is 17
ni N Bursa. Lon. 29 10 e, lat. 40 27 n.
Muddi, a town and fort of Hindoostan,
in the country of Cutch, and the chief
place of export; seated at the mouth of
a small river, in the gulf of Cutch, 20 in
sw Booje.
Mucr, or Much7\a river that rises in the
duchy of Salzburg, crosses Stiria, by Mue-
ran, judenburg, Muer, Gratz, and Lutten-
burg, and joins the Drave, near Canischa,
iu Hungary.
Mnevy a town of Germany, in Stiria,
on the river Muer, 25 m nw Gratz.
Mueruu, a town of Germany, in Stiria,
with a citadel on an eminence, by tlie river
Muer, 22 m w Judenburg.
Mtigcln, Nezo, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle called
Rugetlial. Not far hence is the village of
Old Mugeln. It is 18 m wbyN Meissen.
-MMgia, a town of Spain, in Galicia, on
the w coast, 40 iii w.\w Compostelia.
Mitglia, a town of Italy, in Istria, with
a castle, and a harbour for barges, 5 m se
Tries t.
Mtig/itz, a town of Moravia, in the cir-
cle of Ohimtz, 22 m nnw Olmutz.
Mtihtberg, a town of the kingdom of
Saxunv, in Misnia, with a castle, situate
on the I^lbe, 30 in nw Dresden.
Muhlhcim, a town of Westphalia, in
the duciiv of Beig, seated on the Rhine .
MUN
over which is a Hying brldgej 3 m ne
Coloijne.
}fiuldorf, a town of Bavaria, on tlie N
bank ot the Inn, 23 in sse Luiidshut.
Mujacar, a seaport ofSpain, in Granada, 30 m w\w Malaga
MUN
Munchenberg, a town of Brandenburg,
in the Middle mark, with silk and woollen
manufactures, 34 m e Berlin.
Munda, a town of Spain, in Granada,
with a strong custle on a mountain ; seated
on a bay of the Mediterranean, 40 m ne
Ahneria. Lon 1 55 \v, lat. 37 7 n.
Muirkirk, a town of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, With considerable manufactures of
iron and coal tar ; situate on the river Ayr,
25 ni E Ayr, and 51 sw Edinburg.
Muldau, or Moldau, a river of Bohemia,
which rises on the contiiies of Bavaria, and
flows by Budweis and Prague into the Elbe,
opposite Melnick.
MuUiausen, a city of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, capital o^ a fertile territory.
Here are some flourishing schools, and a
MundattaJ'al, a town of Hindoostan, in
Khandesh, situate on a small island formed
by the Nerbuddah, 77 m N Boorhan-
poor.
Munden, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, situate on the
Werra, at the influx of the Fulda, where
their united stream forms the Weser.
Good millstones are found in the neigh-
bourhood. In the war of 1756 it was
several times in the hands of the French,
who did not evacuate it till llQi^. It is
10 m NECassel, and 13 sw Gottingen.
Miinder, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Munderkingen, a town of Suabia, seated
en the Danube, 9 m n Buchau.
Mundlah, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gundwana, capital of a district of its name,
and anciently i;f the province. It is situate
on a small island formed by the Nerbudda,
68 m sE Gurrah. Lon. 81 10 e, lat. 22 44N.
Mnndu ; see Mandoio.
Mungalwara, a town of Hindoostan, in
convent of Augustine imns. The popula- the duchy of Brunswick, on the river Ha-
jion 9000. It is seated on the Unatrut, niel, 8 ra nne Hamelin.
17 m NNW Gotha. Lon. 10 37 e, lat. 51
10 N.
Mulhausen, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Rhine, with manu-
factures of printed linens and cottons ;
seated on the 111, 24 m s Cohnar.
Midi, one of the Hebrides of Scotland,
27 m in length, and in some places of equal
breadth, separated from the mainland of
Argyleshire by a channel called the sound Bejapoor, fortihed with a stone wall, and
of iVluU. Here are many good natural situate on the Mun, 19 m knw Beja»
harbours, and the ruins ol several ancient poor.
castles. The soil is, fur the most part, Munglore, a town of Afganistan, ia
rocky and barren; but the hills abound Cabul, near the river Sewal, 28 m EbyN
with springs, and are co\ered with sheep Bijore.
and cattle j these, with the fishery, and a Mungulhaut, a town of Hindoostan, in
considerable quantity of kelp, are the ar- Bengal, with a manufacture of coarse cot-
ticles of commerce. The principal place ton cloths, situate on the Durlah, 20 m
is Tobermory. ne Rungpoor.
A/i<//ing«r, a borough of Ireland, capital 7Jfa/uc/i, a fortified city, capital of Ba-
of W Meath county. It holds a great varia, and one of the finest towns in Ger-
wool mart, and is a place of good trade, many. It contains near 48,000 inhabit-
situate on a river and on the royal canal, ants. The houses are liigh, and the streets
46 m wbyN Dublin. Lon. 7 15 w, lat. spacious, with canals in many of them.
53 SON. The palace is a stupendous structure,
Mullungur, a town of Ilidoostan, in magnificently adorned : the cabinet of cu-
Hydrabad, capital of a district. It is 84 riosities, the museiun, the library, and the
NE Hydrabad. Lon. 79 32 e, lat. 18 arsenal, merit attention. The cathedral
12 N. contains the tomb of one of the emperors,
MuUuvia, a river that rises in Mount of black marble, adorned with statues of
Atlas, divides the empire of Morocco from bronze. Among the numerous convents,
the kingd')m of Algiers, and enters the the college formerly belonging to tlie
AJediterranean sea. Jesuits, and the convent of the Theatines,
ilfu/z-ose, a town of Brandenburg, in the are most worthy of notice. The Lirge
Middle mark, on a canal between the market place, in which is the townhouse,
Spree and Oder, 10 m sw Frankfort. is very beautiful. Here are manuliictures
^[ultappi/, a town of Hindoostan, in of silk, veiv«r, woollen cloth, and tapestry.
Berar, on the nvtr Tuptee, 114 m nw Near the city are two other palaces, Nym-
Nagponr. phenburg and SchlealiGim. Munich has
^lunchberg, a town of Franconia, in often been taken in the wars of Germany ;
the principality gf Bayrtuth, 10 m t Culm- and in 1796 and 1800, it was taken by the
^iich. French It is soated on the Iser, l!3 m l^*
MUN
Augsburg;, and GQ sbyw Ratisboii. I.on,
11 30 i-,lat.48 10 N.
Munkuts, a town of Hungary, and a
bishop's see, with a strong castle, on an
insulated rock, now used as a state prison.
It is situate on the Latort/.a, 18 ni N by e
Bereghsznsz, and '25 ese Unglivar.
Miinnerstadt, a town of Tranconia, in
the principality of Wurt/burg, situate on
the Laucr, 13 m m Schweinfurt.
Munnipoor, the capital of Cassay. It
was taken and pillaged by the Birnians in
1774. It is 210 m nnw Ummerapoor.
Lon. 04 40 F, hit. 24 30 n.
Munsiv^cn, a town of Wirtemberg, with
a castle, 20 m w Ulm.
Munster, a province of Ireland, 135 m
long and 120 broad ; bounded on the k by
Connaught, E by Leinster, and s and w by
the Atlantic. It contains the counties of
Clare, Tipperary, Waterford, Cork, Limer-
ick, and Kerry. The principal place is
Cork.
Munsttr, a principality (late bishopric)
of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia ;
bounded on the n by E Friesland and
Oldenburg, e by Osnaburg and the counties
of DIepholtz, Lingen, Tecklenburg, Ila>-
vensburg, and Lippe, s by the duchy of
Westphalia, county of Mark, and duchy of
Cleve, and w by the Netherlands and the
county of Bentheim. It contains 1360
square m, and is divided into the upper
and lower principality. The chief rivers
are the Emis, Lippe, Vecht, and Berkel.
The country is level, with some agreeable
lieights, but no mountains; and it has fruit-
ful plains, fine woods, extensive heaths
that feed many cattle, and good quarries of
stone. In 1802, the bishopric was secular-
ised, and given as an indemnity to the king
of Prussia.
Munster, the capital of the upper prin-
cipality of Munster, and the chief city of
VVestphalia. It is environed with double
ditches and ramparts, and had also a strong
citadel, which was demolished in 1705,
and replaced by a magnificent palace. Ihe
catliedral, the library of the chapter, and
many antiquities are worthy of notice.
In 1535, a tailor, called John of Leyden,
king of the anabaptists, made himself
master of the city y but it was retaken in
1536, after 14 months' siege, and this
fanatic was tortured to death with redhot
pi)icers. 1 he famous treaty, called the
treaty of Westphalia, was concluded here
in 1048, which ended the religious wars of
SO years continuance. In the war of 1750
this city sustained several sieges, and was
taken in 1759. It is seated on a branch
of the Embs, 50 m tke Wcsel, and 52 wnw
Padcrborn. Lon. 7 49 E, lat. 51 55 N.
MUR
Munster, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Lucerne, 12 m nnw Lu-
cerne.
3Iuns/cr, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton o)"(irisons, 15 n) n IJormio.
Munster, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Rhine, 9 m wsw
Colmar. .
Munster Ej/ffil, a town of Germany,
in the duchy of Juliers, 10 m ssw Co-
logne.
JMunster Meinfeld, a town of Germany,
in the territory of Treves, 12 n) sw Cob-
lentz.
Mimsterberg, a town of Silesia, capital
of a principality, rich in grain, flax, hemp,
and hops. It is seated on the Ohlau, 13 n\
NW Neisse. Lon. 17 3 f, lat. 50 31 n.
JMunzenberp, a town of Germany, ii»
Wettcravia, with an ancient castle, 8 m s
Giessen.
3Iur de Barrez, a town of France, in
the department of Aveiron, 32 m n by e
lUiodez.
Murano, a town of Italy, on an island of
the same name, one of the largest of the
Lagunes of Venice. Here the famous
Venetian looking-glasses are inade. It is
3 m N by e Venice.
Murat, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cantal, seated on the Alaignou,
near its source, 12 m kw St. Flour.
Murciu, a province, formerly a kingdom,
of Spain, bounded on the n by New Castile,
e by Valencia, w by Andalusia and Gra-
nada, and s by the Mediterranean. It is
62 m long and 58 broad : and the princi-
pal river is Segura. The soil is dry, and
it produces little corn or wine ; but there
is plenty of oranges, citrons, lemons, olives,
almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse, and sugar.
It has also a great deal of silk. The vale
of Murcia is celebrated for the variety and
richness of its culture; and the mountains
are covered with shrubs and odoriferous
plants.
Murcia, a city, capital of t!ie above pro-
vince, and a bishop's see. It has a lofty
cathedral, and the altar is of massive sil-
ver. The population 50,000. Here are
manufactures of silk; and fine gardens
that produce the best fruits in Spain. It
is seated on the Segura, over which is a
brid"-e, 27 m n Carthagena, and 212 SE
Madrid. Lon. 1 16 w, lat. 37 58 N.
Muref, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Garonne, seated on the
Garonne, 10 m s Toulouse.
Murfreesboroui^h, a town f)f N Caro-
lina, cliief of Gates county. It stands on
the Meherrin, 30 m EbyN Halifax, and 40
NNW Edenton.
Murhard, a town of Wirtemberg, with
MYC
a Benedictine abbey, on the river Mur, 8
m s Halle.
Muro, a town of Naples, in Basilicata,
at tlie foot of the Apennines, 12 m se
Coiiza.
Muroa, a town of Spain, in Gaiicia, at
the mouth of the Tambro, 29 \\\ whys
Compostella.
Murray, in Scotland ; see Moray.
JMurten ; see Moral,
Musa, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, sur-
rounded by walls, 18 m e Mocha.
Muscat ; see Muscat.
Musca, a town of Lusatia, capital of a
lordship, with a castle; seated oa the
l^eisse, 25 ni nnw Gorlit/.
Musliin^uvi, a river of the state of Ohio,
which runs s into the Ohio, at Marietta,
where it is 230 yards wide. It is navigable
by lar^e borj^es 110 n\ from its mouth, and
by small boats 45 m further, to the lake at
its head, whence by a short portage, a com-
munication is opened to Lake Erie. See
Cayahaga.
Muso, a town of New Granada, in the
province of St. Fe. It is celebrated for
mines of emeralds, and seated on the Mag-
dalena, 70 m nnw St. Fe.
Musselburg, a seaport of Scotland, in
Edinburgshire, near the mouth of the Esk,
over which is a bridge to the suburb of
Fisherrow. It enjoys many privileges, and
has seven incorporated trades. It is 5 m e
Edinburg.
Mustagam, or Musti/gannim, a seaport
of Algiers, in the province of Mascata, with
a castle, 140 m wsw Algiers. Lon. 0 SO
j=:, lat. 36 20 N.
Mustapliubad, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, of a considerable size, and surround-
ed by a wall, 114 m Nbyw Delhi.
Musuelu, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
situate on the Guadalquiver, 7 m ne Jaen,
and 50 n Granada.
Muteudu, a small town of Hindoostan,
in Mysore, noted for its manufacture of
the glass used for making the rings that are
worn on the wrists of the native women.
It is 34 m w Sera.
Mutschen, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, near which are found
a kind of crystals, called Mutschen dia-
monds. It is 20 m E Leipzic.
Muyden,a fortified town of the Nether-
lands, in S Holland, with a castle, situate
on the Zulder zee, at the influx of the
Vecht, G m f.se Amsterdam.
Muzafernagur, a town of Hindoostan,
in Beeder, capital of a district. It is
situate on a river, 25 m se Ilydrabad.
Lon. 78 25 E, lat. 17 1 n.
Myconi, an island of the Archipelago,
30 m in circuit, Jhe soil is dry, and the
MYS
mountains are of great height. Here are
plenty of partridges, quails, woodcocks,
turtledoves, rabbits, and wheatears; also
excellent grapes and figg. Almost all the
inhabitants are Greeks. Water is very
scarce in summer; but in the town is a
large well, the only one in the island. The
harbour is open and deep enough for the
largest ships to ride secure from the N
wind. Lon. 25 21 E, lat. 37 38 N.
Mycoondali, a town of Hindoostan, in
Mysore, with a fort that defends the en-
trance of a pass leading up to Chitteldroog.
It is 23 m wbyN Chitteldroog.
Myf'od, a town of Wales, in Montgomery-
shire, with a market on Friday ; seated on
the Fyrnwy, 12 m nnw Montgomery, and
190 NW London.
Myra, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Caramania, once a celebrated city, of
which considerable ruins remain. It is
seated in a rich plain, on the river Andraki,
3 m from its mouth in the Mediterranean,
and 60 sw Satalia.
Mysol, an island, the most eastern of
the Moluccas, of a triangular form, with a
bold sliore. At certain seasons it is visited
by flocks of the birds of paradise, which
are caught in great numbers. On the se
coast is the harbour of Ef be, formed by an
islet of the same name. Lon. 130 10 E,
lat. 2 10 s.
Mysore, a province of Southern Hindoo-
stan, 210 m long and 140 broad ; lying be-
tween the E and w ridges of the Gauts,
and forming a high table land, near 7000
feet above the level of the sea. From this
elevated plain rise many hills and clusters
of hills, which contain the sources of nearly
all the rivers that fertilize the south of
India. The climate is temperate and
healthy, though within the tropics; for the
Gauts break the force of the monsoons,
that they enter either side into the interior
only in frequent showers, which preserve
the verdure of the country. In the forests
are many elephants, and tigers are com-
mon. Oxen, buffalos, and goats are numer-
ous, and in the ne part many sheep are
bred; but horses and asses are few. The
chief products are rice, cotton, pepper,
cocoa and betel-nut, sugar-cane, butter,
and oil ; and iron ore abounds in every
part. The whole of this country, with
some other territories to the n and e, and
the provinces of Coimbetore, Malabar, and
Canara, were subdued by Hyder Ally, who
usurped the throne of Mysore, in 1759, and
made Seringapatara his capital. He was
succeeded by his son, Tippoo Sultaun, who,
on the termination of a war in 1792, agreed
to pay 30 lacks of rupees, and to cede one
half of his uominions to the British and
2 I 2
KAD NAH
their allies. In 1799 a new war takins; a steep mountain. Nailonc is situate on-
place, his capital was taken by the Briliiii, the Beyah, lUi ni EbyN Lahore. Lon.
and himselt killed in the assault. A par- 75 17 k, iitn. 31 59 n.
tition ot his reniaininj; territories took
place ; and Kistna Kajah (then six years of
age) was placed by the Bntibh on the iiius-
nud ot" his fathers, at Mysore, and that
town remade the capital ot his tk>minions
Nuef'ch, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Claris. In 13}>8, a victory was
painud near this place, by 350 troops of
Glaris assisted by 50 .Schweitzcrs, over
15,000 Austrians; and, in memory of this
The island of Serins;aj)atam was retained transaction, a chapel was built on the spot,
by the British for provision of the fami- which was rebuilt in 1799. INaefels is
lies of Hyder and Tippoo. The domi- seated on the Lintli,4 m n Glaris.
nions of the rajah of Mysore are now Nuerden, a strong town of the Nether-
divided into three districts, Patana to the lands, in S Holland, at the head of the
s, Bednore to the N w, and Chatrakal to the canals of the province, of which it is con-
KE, so called from the three places where sidered the key. In 157'2, it was taken by
the chief offices are situate. The Patana Fernando de Toledo, son of the duke of
district is by tar the largest, and alone con- Alva, and all the inhabitants were massa-
tains a greater extent of territory than was cred. It has manufactures of cloth and
originally subject to the Mysore family. velvet, and is seated on the Zuider zee, 14
Ml/sore, a city of llindoostan, capital of in ese Amsterdam. Lon. 5 11 e, lat. 52
the above province, or the dominions of 19 n.
the rajah. It was ruined by the late two NagcnHingalaw, a square town of Iliii-
sultans ; but since the British restored the doostan, in Mysore, with a citadel in the
ancient iamily in 1799, and made it the centre, both fortified with mud walls. In ths
rajah's seat of government, numerous build- outer town a wide street extends all round,
ings have been erected. The principal with short lanes on each side to the outer
street is about a mile long, the fort is well and inner wall. In the fort are two large
built, and the palace is small and neat, temples, and a ruinous palace. Itis30mjr
It is seated in a valley, 11ms Seringapa- Seringapatam.
tam. Lon. 7b 52 e, lat. 12 16 ^'. Jsugera, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
Mytilene; see Metelin. with a fort, 3 m xw Calahorra, and 138 a
Madrid.
Nagold, a town of Wirtemberg, with a
ruined castle, situate on a river of the sam«
name, 15 ni w Tubingen.
Nagore, a town of llindoostan, in Aj-
^''aas, a borough of Ireland, in Kildare mere, capital of a Rajpoot district, in the
county, where the assizes are held alter- e part of the provmce. It is 4i) m KW
nately with Athy. It was formerly the Ajmere. Lon. 74 15 e, lat. 27 0 n.
residence of the kings of Leinster; and Nagore, a town of llindoostan, in Ben-
several parliaments have been holden here, gal, capital of the district of Birbooin, and
It is situate on a branch of the LilVey, 12 anciently a Mohamedan fortress, it i»
m EbyN Kildare, and 20 sw Dublin. 63 m wsw Moorshedabad. Lon. 87 18 Ej,
JSub, a river of Germany, which issues lat. 23 56 N.
from Mount Fichielburg, in the principality JSJugore, a town of llindoostan, on th»
ofBayreuth, flows through the palatinate coast of Tanjore. It has an extensive ex.-
of Bavaria, and enters the Danube a little port of piece goods, and is 14 m s Tran-
above Ratisbon. quebar.
Nubal, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, l^ugpoor, a city of Hindoostan, capital
celebrated lor its potteries. Near it are of the e partofBerar, and the metropolis
several remains of antiquity. It is seated of the Eastern Mahrattas. It is extensive,
near the sea, 32 m sse Tunis. Lon. 10 19 but meanly built ; and, excepting a small
E, lat. 53 13 N. ciadel, is open and defenceless. The po-
Nabburg, a town of the palatinate of pulalion, including the suburbs, 80,000. It
Bavaria, on the river Nab, 10 m esE is 280 m n by e liydrabad, and 580 why s
Ambeig.
2\ublous ; see Napolose.
isadeegsda ; see Kurilcs.
NadoTie, a town of llindoostan, in La-
hore, chief of the district of Kangrah, or
Catochin, a mountainous woody tract, on
the E borders of the province. Six m to
tiie »E is a fort, named Kanjyah, built ou
N.
Calcutta. Lon. 79 45 t, lat. 21 9 N.
Nahe, a river of Germany, which rises
in the circle of Upper Kliine, above Bir-
keut'eld, flows thence by Oberstcin, Kirn,
Montzinger, Sobernlieim, and Creutiuach,
and enters the Rhine at Bingen.
Nairn, a town of llindoostan, iu Serin-
ag'ir, capital of a disuict, which is chiefly-
NAN
tvtn)Jv and mountainous. It is situate on
tlie fop of a mountain, 1124 m wbyN Serin-
agur. Lon. 77 7 r., lat. ^30 41 N.
Najeja, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
35 m w Calahoira, and 47 e Bursjos.
Nairn, a borout;h of Scotland, the capi-
tal of Nairnsliiie, with a small harbour.
The whole of the trades make but one cor-
poration. The population was 2504 in
3811. It is seated at the mouth of the
rs'airn, on the Moray frith, 15 m ne Inver-
ness, and 120 N Edinburg. Lon. 3 6 w,
lat. 57 38 N.
Nairnshire, a county of Scotland, 15 ni
long and 10 broad ; bounded on the n by
the Moray frith, and enclosed on every
other side by the counties of Inverness and
Elgin. It is divided into six parishes, and
sends one member to parliament alter-
nately, with Cromarty. The population
was 8251 in 1811. The s part is moun-
tainous, but toward the N it is level, and
the soil abundantly fertile.
Nakhjuwan, a town of Persian Armenia,
in Erivan. It was formerly a large city,
but ruined by Abbas i, who removed the
inhabitants into the interior parts of Persia.
Here are now some considerable bazars,
caravansaries, public baths, and other
buildings. It is 80 m sse Erivan, and 110
Kw Tabriz. Lon. 46 0 e, lat. 39 12 n.
Nuksivan, a town of Russia, in the pro-
vince of llastof, and an Arminian settle-
ment, founded by Catharine ii. It has
four churches, and two large bazars well
stored with Turkish goods and other ar-
ticles, in which a considerable inland trade
is carried on. It is seated on the Don, 2 m
z llastof
Namslau, a town of Silesia, m the prin-
cipality of Breslau, with a castle, situate
among morasses, on the river VVeyda, 23 m
ESE Breslau.
Namur, a county and province of the
Netherlands, 30 m long and 20 broad;
bounded on the n by Brabant, and on all
the other sides by the territory of Liege
and a small part of Haiuault. It is pretty
fertile ; has several forests, marble quar-
ries, and mines of iron, lead, and coal. I he
rivers Meuse and .Sambre divide it into
three parts, nearly of equal extent.
Namur, the capital of the above county,
and a bishop's see. It has a castle in the
middle of the city, on a craggy rock, and
several forts. The population 20,000. Fire-
arms, swords, knives, and many other
kinds o*' cutlery are made here. It is seat-
ed between two mountains, at the conilux
of the Meuse and Sambre, 24 m wsw
Liege, and 32 se Brussels. Lon. 4 45 e,
lat. 50 29 N.
Nnncy, a city of France, capital of the
department of Meurte, and a bishop's see.
NAN
It is divided, by a canal, into the old and
new town. The first, though irregularly
built, is rich and populous, aid contains
the palace of the ancient dukes of Loi rain ;
and their tombs are in a ricli saloon, w'.iich
adjoins the church of the Cordeliers. The
new town, whose streets are peifectly
straight, is one of the finest in Europe.
The cathedral is a superb structure. Nancy
is seated in a delightful plain, near the
river Meurte, 92 in nw Basel, and 175 E
Paris. Lon. 6 10 e, lat. 48 42 N.
Nundere, a province of the Deccan of
Hindoostan, 150 m long and 35 broad;
bounded on the n by Berar, e by Gund-
wana, s bv Hydrabad and Bceder, and w
by Arungbadab It is fertile and well
watered.
Nandere, the capital of the above pro-
vince. It stands near the left bank of the
Godavery, 146 m nnw Hydrabad. Lon.
77 36 E,"lat. 19 11 n.
Nandidroog, a strong fortress of Hin-
doostan, in Mysore. Since the restoration -
of the rajah, in 1799, it has been garrisoned
by British troops. It is 30 m n by e Ban-
galore.
Nansio, an island of the Archipelago, a
little to the e of that of Santoriiii. It is
16 m in circuit, but has no harbour, nor
springs sudicient to water the fields. The
inhabitants are all Greeks, and their trade
is in onions, wax, and ho^'ey. Some ruins
of the temple of Apollo are yet to be seen,
and consist chietly of marble columns.
Lon. 26 10 E, lat. 36 15 n.
Nungasuki, a city of Japan, in the island
of Ximo, with a iiarbour, the only one in
the empire that foreign ships are permitted
to enter. The inhabitants carry on a great
trade with the Dutch ^nd Russians; but
tliey are never sutVered to enter the city,
unless when their ships arrive, and then
they deliver up their guns and sails as
pledges of their good behaviour. The har-
bour contains three did'erent roads, all
perfectly safe, the inner one in front of the
city, which extends along the shore, at the
foot of mountains. Lon. 130 15 e, lat. 32
45 N.
Nangis, a town of France, iu the de-
partment of Seine and Marne, 12 in w
Proviiis, and 14 e McIuu.
Nan kang, a city of China, of the first
rank, m Kiang-si. It is seated o:i«he lake
Po-yang, 637 jn s Peking. Lon. 113 58 E,
lat. "29 33 N.
Nanking, or Kiang-ning, a city of
China, capital of Kiang nan. It is the
largest iu China, the walls being 17 m in
circuit ; but it is of an irregular hgure, from
the hills within its area. It stands 3 m
from the Kian ku, from which canals are
cut, so large, that vessels may enter thi
NAN
town. It was formerly the imperial city,
whence it was called NsinkinE;, which sigiii-
iies Southern Court, and this name it re-
tains in common tliscourse; but since the
six strand tribunals have been \no\cd hence
to Peking, it is called Kiang-nins; in all the
public acts. This place is greatly fallen
from its ancient, splendour, for it had a
jnagnilicent palace, which is quite destroy-
ed, as well as many ancient monuments;
and a third part of the city itself is deso-
late. The streets are narrow, hut hand-
some and well paved. The public build-
ings are mean, except a few temples, the
city gates, and a famous tower of porce-
lain, 228 feet high, deemed the most asto-
nishing erection in the world. The well-
known cloth called nankeen derives its
name from this city. It is 500 m sbyE
Peking. Lon. 118 57 e, lat. 32 5 n.
Nan-ngan, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Kiang-si. It stands among plan-
tations of sugar-cane, near the source of
the Kan-kiang, and the foot of the moun-
tain Me-lin, 200 m ne Canton, and 900
ssw Peking. Lon. 113 38 e, lat. 24
48 -v.
Nan-ning, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Quang-si. It is 1145 ra ssw
Peking. Lon 107 45 e, lat. 22 44 n.
Nan-icftang, a city of China, capital of
Kiang-si. It has no trade but that of
porcelain, which is made in the vicinity of
Jaa-tcheou. The country is so much cul-
tivated, that the pastures are barely suffi-
cient for the flocks. It is seated on the
Kan-kiang, which flows hence into the
lake Fo-yang, 695 m s Peking. Lon. 115
30e, lat.28 36 n.
Nantes, a city of France, capital of the
department of Lower Loire, and a bishop's
see, with a university. It was formerly
the residence of the dukes of Bretagne,
■who built a strong castle on the side of the
Loire; which still exists. The cathedral
contains the tombs of the ancient dukes ;
beside which there are a collegiate church
and 11 parish-churches. The bridges over
the river, in which are snnie islands, are
almost a league in length. Large vessels
can come no higher than Painboeuf, which
is 22 m below Nantes. The inhabitants
are estimated at 75,000. A great quati-
tity of salt is made m the territory of
Nantes, hnth at the bay of Ijourgneuf, and
in the salt marshes of Gueraude and Croi-
sic. In this city Hem-y iv promulgated
the famous edict, in 1598, in favour of the
protestants, which was revoked in 1685,
by Louis xiv. It is 65 m s Reimes, and
217 sw Paris. Lon. 1 33 w, lat. 47
13 N.
Nuntua, a town of France, in the de-
partment of All), with manufactures of
NAP
gauzes, taffetas, chintzes, nankeen, and
stockings; situate on a lake of the same
name, 18 mE Bourg.
Nunlucket, an island and county of-the
state of Massachnsets, uliich lies to the s
of Cape Cod. It is 15 m long and 11
broad, including Sandy Point, which makes
a fine road for ships. A considerable
whale fishery is carried on here ; and there
are several spermaceti works, and a duck
manufacture. It has only one town, for-
merly called Sherburne, but now Nantuc-
ket, which is 93 m sse Boston. Lon. 70
30 w, lat. 41 20n.
Nautwich, or Namptwic/i, a town in
Cheshire, witli a market on Saturday.
Here are salt springs, from which are made
great quantities of salt ; also a manufac-
ture of cotton and shoes. The principal
dairies of Cheshire are about this town,
and it has a considerable trade in cheese.
It is seated on the Weaver, and by the
Chester canal, which here forms a broad
basin, 26 m se Chester, and 164 nw
London.
Nan-yang, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Honan. It is seated on a small
river, and surrounded by mountains, 160
m s Honan.
Nan-yong, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Qiiang-ttmg. It is seated on the
Pei-kiang, near its source, 170 m kke
Canton.
Naples, a kingdom comprehending the
s part of Italy ; bounded on the nw by
the Ecclesiastical State, ne by the gulf
of Venice, and every where else by th^
Mediterranean. It is 300 miles in length,
by 100 in breadth, and divided into twelve
provinces ; namely, Terra di Lavoro, Prin-
cipato Citra and Ultra, Molise, Basilicata,
Calabria Citra and Ultra, Abruzzo Citra
and Ultra, Capitanata, Terra di Bari, and
Terra d'Otranto ; the last three forming
the ancient Apulia, now called Puglia, on
the E side of the kingdom. After many
revolutions, the Normans became masters
of this country, in the 11th century ; and
the sovereigns were called counts, then
dukes, and afterward kings of Puglia. In
1282, Peter iii, king of Aragon, caused
all the Normans in the island of Sicily to
be massacred ; and lliis massacre was call-
ed the Sicilian Vespers. After this, Puglia
was joined to Sicily; and hence the so-
vereigns took the title of King of tiie Two
Sicilies. It has also been called the king-
dom of Naples, from its capital. France
and Spain contended for the sovereignty
in the sequel, and bloody wars and revo-
lutions were the consequence. The French
being defeated by the Spaniards in 1504,
Louis XII formally renounced all preten-
sions to the crown, and the country was
NAP
governed by Spanish viceroys. In 1647
happened the dreadful insurrection of Mas-
sanielio in the city of Naples, by which
the Spaniards were nearly expelled. The
people, however, returning to their allegi-
ance, on the assassination of Massauiello,
the Spaniards continued in peaceable pos-
session of the kingdom till 1707, when it
was conquered by prince Eugfue, and
ceded to the emperor by the treaty of Rad-
stadt in 1714. It was recovered, however,
by the Spaniards in 17S4 ; and Ferdinand
IV, a prince of Spain, became king of Na-
ples and Sicily. In 1799, on the French
gaining the ascendency in this country, the
royal family of Naples retired to Palermo,
in Sicily, there to maintain their sove-
reignty ; and this kingdom was first given
to Joseph Bonaparte, v. ho being afterward
made king of Spain, it was then conferred
on Joachim Murat. In 1815 Murat in-
vaded the pope's territories, but at last
was driven back and his army broke up
by the Austrians, who entered Naples ;
and soon afterward Ferdinand iv re-entered
his capital. Murat escaped by sea, and
in a short time returned with a small force,
part of which he landed near Pizzo, where
the iiiliabitants killed some, and took
Murat and others, who were soon after-
ward condemned and shot. The restora-
tion of Ferdinand was attended with great
apparent joy ; but it does not appear that
the school of adversity has instructed him
to improve the government. The climate
of this country is extremely hot, especially
in July, August, and September ; and is
eaid to be one of the most inconstant and
unfavorable to valetudinarians. In some
seasons it rains every day for six or seven
weeks together ; but the most disagreeable
part of the climate is the siroco, or se
wind, which is very common in May, and
extremely relaxing. In winter there is
seldom any ice or snow, except on the
mountains. The country abounds with
grain, the finest fruits and vegetables, rice,
flax, oil, wine, saffron, and manna ; and
affords alum, vitriol, sulphur, rock crystal,
marble, minerals, and fine wool and silk.
Beside the manufactures noticed in the
account of the city of Naples, waistcoats,
caps, stockings, and gloves are also made
ot the hair or tilaments of a shellfish, which
are warmer than those of wool, and of a
beautifiil glossy green. The principal
mountains are the Apennines, which tra-
verse this country from n to s, branching
out to the two extremities ; and the cele-
brated volcano, mount Vesuvius. The
rivers are numerous, but inconsiderable;
the chief are the Garigliano and VoJturno.
One ot the greatest inconveniences to which
ihis kingdom is exposed is earthquakes.
NAP
The established religion is the Roman ca-
tholic, and the clergy and convents possess
two thirds of the whole kingdom; but
protestants and Jews are allowed to settle
here. The people of this country have, at
all times, borne but an indifferent character
among other nations; gluttony is a predo-
minant vice, while instances of ebriety are
comparatively rare. In the female sex,
the passion for finery is almost superior to
any other ; and though chastity is not the
characteristic virtue of the country, yet a
Neapolitan woman would, for the most
part, prefer a present to a lover. That
furious jealousy, for which the nation was
once so remarkable, is now greatly abated.
The breach of the conjugal vow sometimes
occasions quarrels and assassinations
among people of an inferior rank ; and, in
the metropolis, assassinations are oftea
perpetrated from much less cogent motives.
Naples, the capital cif the above king-
dom, and an archbishop's see, with a uni-
versity. It is seated on the bay of Naples,
and built on the side of hills sloping to-
ward the bay, which is one of the finest in
the world, almost of a circular figure 30 m
in diameter, and three parts of it sheltered
by a noble circuit of woods and mountains.
The harbour is spacious, and protected by
a mole, two castles, and several batteries.
The stile of architecture in Naples is in-
ferior to what prevails at Rome, and it
cannot vie with that city in the number of
palaces, yet the private houses are better
built, and the streets broader and better
paved. The Strada Toledo is a mile in
length, and with the quay, which is exten-
sive and well-built, forms the grand and
distinguishing features of the city. The
houses are principally five or six stories
high, and flat at the top ; on which are
placed numbers of flower vases, or fruit
trees, in boxes of earth. Castel Nuova
is a large fortress, and contains 'a fine
arsenal. The fortress of St. Elmo is built
on a mountain of the same name, and has
the entire command of the town. Lower
down on the same mountain, in a delight-
fid situation, is a convent of the Carthu-
sians, on which much expense has been
lavished, to render the building and the
gardens equal to the situation. Naples
is well situate for commerce, and has all
the necessaries and luxuries of life in great
profusion ; but the inhabitants are notori-
ous for haziness aiid dishonesty, that trade
is iu a languishing condition. The chief
articles manufactured are fine porcelain,
silk stockings, soap, snuff-boxes of tortoise-
shell and lava, and tables and ornamental
furniture of marble. They are thought to
embroider here better than in France ; and
their macaronij confections, and cordials
NAP
are in the hig;hest esteem. The inhabitants
are computed to be 400,tOO within the
walls., and lOO.oOO in the !»u!.Mibb, which
stretch in a niagnilicent swi( p from I'oitici
to the pronumtorv ot' ]Mi~<nuni, and till a
spaciiJiis line of U\ in along the slmre.
Many of its streets arc more crowded than
in London, anil a t;reat proportion of the
poorest sort s])en(l the night in them, tor
want of habitations. There is not a city
in the world, perhaps, «ith the same num-
ber of inhabitants, in which so few contri-
bute to the wealth of the connnunity, by
useful and prodoctive labour, as Naples;
for the number of priests, monks, fidiers,
jawyers, nobility, t'ootnien, and la/^aroni,
or vagrants, surpasses all reasonable pro-
portion ; the last alone are computed :it
above 30,000. The nobility are very
numerous, and excessively fond of splen-
dour and show, particularly tlie prmces
and dukes who have ]ar*;e estates; but
many of them can ill support their dignity ;
and of the inferior orders, many counts
and marquises enjoy the title without any
estate whatever. The churches and con-
vents of Maples, though inferior to those
at Rome in point of architecture, surpass
them in magnitude, and in the quantity of
silver and golden crucifixes, vessels, and
other ornaments. The cathedral is a noble
Gothic edifice; and in a chapel under the
altar is deposited the body of St. Jannarius,
the tutelary saintof Naples ; but his head,
and some of his blood in two crystal vials,
they pretend to preserve in the treasury,
and on some extraordinary occasions they
are publicly shown with great solemnity.
Of all the palaces, that of the king is not
enly the most magnificent, but in the best
style of architecture ; those of the nobility
are in general too much encumbered with
crnameuts, though in many the apart-
ments are on a grand scalp, and adorned
with many fine paintings. The hospitals
and charitable foundations are very numer-
«us; many of them are well endowed, and
all clean and well regulated. Naples was
taken by the French in 1790, and retaken
by the Austrians and Russians, aided by
a British fleet ; but the French shortly
afterward regained the possession, and
retained it till 1815, when they were
driven out by the Austrians. in 1803, the
city sufiered much damage by an earth-
«iuake. It is 110 m se Rome. Ton. 14
14 £, lat. 40 30 N.
Aktfoli di Mulvusiuy a seaport of Euro-
pean Turkey, in iMorea, on the island of
iVIalvasia, and the see of an archbishop.
It is called iMonetnbasia by tlie Turks. It
Jias a tine harbour, defended by a good
citadel; a long wooden bridge, wiiich joins
it tp the iaainland ; and is famous for ex-
NAR
cellent wine, called Malmsey. It stands
on a rock, at the entrance of the bay of
Napoli di Romania, 38 m SE i\lisitiu. Lon.
22 (ii\ F, lat. 30 53 N.
H^apuli di Ixnmania, or Ndiijilli, a sea-
port ot' lMno|)tian Turkey, in Moiea, and
an archbishop's see, seated on a peninsula,
at the head of a bay of the same name.
It is inhabited by Turks, Greeks, and
people of dillerent nations ; and has a large
haibonr, with a narrow entrance defended
by a tort on an isolated rock, and a battery
on tiie shore. The town and port are also
commanded by numerous batteries planted
on the side of a mountain, wli(!se summit
is crowned v\ith a strong citadel. It has a
trade in oil, wine, ai,il sponges. Less than
2 m to the N stood the city ot Tiryns,
whose de-truction is of such remote anti-
quity, that J500 years B. C. its marvwllous
walls, formed of prodigious stones without
cement, then existed nearly as they do at
present. Nauplia, still so called by the
Greeks, was taken by the iurks in 1715.
It is 31 m EbyN Tripoli/za. Lon. 22 44
E, lat. 37 42 N.
A^tpu/ose, a town of Syria, in Palestine,
the ancient Sichem, the capital of -Samaria.
It stands in a valley, surrounded by rich
gardens, and in a country abounding
with all the neccesaries of life. Near
it is Jacob's well; also many ancient sepul-
chres, as durable as the rocks in which
they are hewn ; and travellers m^y con-
template the spot where the remains of
Joseph, Eleazar, and Joshua were severally
deposited. Tlie town is governed by a
sheik, subject to the pashaw of Damascus,
and the inhabitants are deemed the richest
people in Syria. Its manulactures, and
other articles of trade, are sent to a great
distance upon camels. It is 30 m n Jeru-
salem.
Aura, a town of Japan, in the island of
Niphon, with a magnificent castle, 25 m
Kw Meacow.
Nurusiiig/iapoor, a town of Hindoostan,
in Mysore, with two considerable temples,
situate on the Capini, at its junction with
the Cavery, 24 m ese Seringapatam.
Aa7(ii/o)igunge, a town of Hindoostan,
in Bengal, which has a great trade in salt,
grain, tobacco, and lime. It stands on the
Luckia, near its entrance into the Megna,
10 m SE Dacca.
Nurberth, a town of Wales, in Pem-
brokeshire, with a market on Thursday,
seated on a hill, 12 m ne Pembroke, and
242 w by n London.
Narbuniie, a city of France, in the de-
partment of Aude, and lately an archiepis-
copal see. In the time of the Romans, it
was the capital of that part of Gaul called
Gallia Karbonensisi and here emperor
NAR
Marcus Aurelius was born. Some Roman
inscriptions are still visible; and the canal
from the river Aude, throufih the city to
the Mediterranean, was cnt by the Uoinans.
The catiiedral is remarkable tor its noble
choir, and the town is lanious for honey.
It IS 5 m from the Mediterranean, and 80
ESE Toulouse. Lon. 3 0 e, hit. 4.'3 11 k.
Nurburuugh. an island in the Pacific
ocean, on the coast of Chili, where sir .lohn
Narborougii refreshed Jiis men, when sent
to the South sea, in the reign ot Charles ii.
Lon. 74 35 w, lat. 45 On.
Nurc/o, a town of Naples, in Terra
d'Otraiito, '22 m \v by n Otranto.
Nurenza, a town of Dalmatia, and a
bishop's sea ; seated on a river of the same
name, 42 m nnw Raijnsa.
Narim, a town of Siberia, in the govern-
ment ot Tobolsk, surrounded by palisades
and wooden towers. The environs abound
with foxes, ermines, and sables, it is seated
at the conflux of the Ket with the Oby,
400 m Kby N Tobolsk. Lon. 81 15 e, lat.
59 10 N.
Narnalla, a town and fortress of Hin-
cloostan, in Berar, belonging to the Nag-
poor rajah, 11 in xw Ellictipoor.
Na7'itif a town of Italy, in the ducliy of
Spoleto. Here are the ruins of a. marble
bridge, built by Augustus; and of an atjue-
duct that brought water from a spring at
tlie distance of 15 m. It is seated on the
summit of a high hill, whose sides are
clotlied with olives, and its base washed
by the Nar, or jSera, 20 m ssw Spoleto,
and 40 n Rome.
Narnoui, a town of Oindoostan, in Agra,
capital of a district bordering on Ajmere
and Delhi. It is 75 m s\v Delhi. Lon.
76 8 E, lat. 28 4 n.
Narova, a river of Russia, which issues
from the lake Peipus, flows by Narva, and
8 m below enters the gulf of Finland. It
has two cataracts, but they are far inferior
to that of the Rhine, at Lauffen.
Narraganset Bai/,\n the state of Rhode
Island, makes up from s to n, between the
mainland on the E and w. It embosoms
many fruitful and beautiful i-^lands, the
principal of which are Rhode, Canonicut,
Prudence, Patience, Hope, Dyers, and
Hog. This capacious bay affords plenty
of lobsters. On Beaver tail, the end of
Canonicut island, is a lighthouse. Lon,
71 20 w, lat. 41 22 s.
Nuf-raguugus, a town of the district of
Maine, in Washington county, situate on
a bay of the same name, 16 m ne Golds-
borough.
Nursingah, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Orissa, district of Cuttack, 59 m w by n
Cuttack.
Narsipuorf a town of Hindoobtan, in the
NAS
Circars, district of EUore, situate on th»
s branch of the Godavery, 8 m from its
mouth, and 49 ene JVlasuiipatam.
Najvii, a strong town of Russia, in In-
gria, or the government of Petersburg.
The houses are built of brick stuccoed
white, entirely in the Dutch style. In the
suburbs, called Ivaiigorod, are the stupend-
ous remains of an ancient fortress, built
by Ivan Basilowitz tlie great, which im-
pend over the steep banks of the Narova.
In 1700, Charles xii of Sweden obtained
a victory here over Peter the great. Tive
years alter, the czar took the town by as-
sault-; and, by his own personal exertions,
saved it from pillage and massacre. The
principal exports are hemp, flax, timber,
and corn. It is situate on the Narova, 3
m from its mouth, and 90 wsw Petersburg.
Lon. 27 52 e, lat. 59 18 N.
Narwui-, a town and fort of Ilindoostan,
in Agra, capital of a hilly and woody dis-
trict, but the soil in many parts rich. It
is seated on the Sinde, 104 m sbyE Agra.
Lon. 78 12 E, lat. 25 41 x.
Nusca, a seaport of Peru, in the audi-
ence (jf Lima, it has a good harbour, and
stands in a territory fertile in wine and
sugar, 220 m sse Lima, Lon. 75 10 \v,
lat. 14 45 s.
Xusebj/, a village in Northamptonshire,
12 m .NNW Northampton. Here a decisive
victory was gained by the army of the par-
liament over that of Charles i, in 1645.
Nus/iviUe, a town of Tennessee, chief of
Davidson county. It is seated on Cumber-
land river, where it is 200 yards broad,
170 m w Knoxvilie. Lon. 86 53 w, lat.
36 3 N.
Nassau, a princely county of Germany,
in Westerwald ; bounded on the N by the
duchy of Westphalia, e by the county of
Sohnes, s by the territory of Mentz, and
w by that of Treves. It contains mines of
iron, copper, and lead ; and the soil is
fertile in some places, but the surface is
for the most part woody and mountainous.
The house of^ Nassau is divided into many
branches, which have their distinctive
titles from the principal towns in the seve-
ral districts.
Nassau, a town of Germany, in Wester-
wald, and county of Nassau-Deitz, on the
river Lahn. Opposite the town, on the
other side of the river, and on a high
mountain, formerly stood Nassauberg, ^
place of" great antiquity, and the original
seat of the Nassau tamily. Nassau is 3iJ
m WNW Frankfort. Lon. 7 52 e, lat. 5Q
16 N.
Nassau, an island in the Indian oce;m,
on the w side of Sumatra, about 120 m ir^
circuit. It is separated on the u by a^
naJTOvif channel from a smaller island.
NAT
called Posrgy, nnd both of them consist of
mountains covered with trees to their
fKHunits. The inhabitants are dissimilar
from the Sumatrans ; tor tliey approacli
the amiable simplicity of manners and per-
sonal appearance of the Otahcitans, while
their colour is like that of the Malays. The
channel between the two islands affords
safe anchorage for ships. Lon. 99 30 r,
lat. '2 30 s.
Ndssuck, a town of Ilindoostan, in An-
niiigabad, 90 m :^ Poonah. Lon. 73 5(3
I, iat. 19 49 N.
J^'astadt, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, 38 m w by n Frank-
fort.
Nufa, a seaport of New Granada, in
the province of Panama, seated in a fertile
country, on the bay of Panama, 68 m sw
Panama. Lon. 81 5 w, Iat. 8 36 n.
Natal, a country on the se coast of
Africa, so called by the Portuguese, who
discovered it on Chistmas day, 1498. It
originally extended from theChanitoo river
to belogoa bay, 500 m along the coast,
and is a beautiful country. The southern
half being now included in the colony of
the Cape, the name is generally restricted
to the other part lying in CafFreria. It has
a river and bay of the same name. Lon.
31 SO r, Iat. 20 0 s.
Natul, a town of Brasil, capital of the
government of liio Grande, with a castle.
It is situate on the Rio Grande, 9 m from
its mouth. Lon. 25 20 w, Iat. 5 30 s.
Natches, the chief town of the state of
Mississippi, with a strong fort. It has a
trade in cotton, grown in the vicinity, and
is seated near the Mississippi, 130 m nxw
New Orleans. Lon. 91 39 w, Iat. 31 34 x.
Natchitoches, a town of the state of
Louisiana, with a fort. It is stated on the
Red river, 130 m wnw Natches, and 250
Kw New Orleans. Lon. 93 22 w, Iat. 31
56 N.
Natividad, a seaport of New Spain, in
Guadalaxara, on a bay of the Pacific ocean,
150 m svv Guadalaxara. Lon. 105 53 w,
iat. 19 48 N.
Natolia, a province, and the west-
ern part, of Asiatic Turkey ; bounded on
the K by the Black sea, e by Carama-
nia, s by the Mediterranean, and w by
the Archipelago and the sea of Marmora.
The soil is generally fertile, producing fruit
of various kinds, corn, tobacco, cotton, and
ilk. It is crossed, from w to e, by a chain
oi mountains formerly called Taurus, and
waterea by a great number of rivers. Kiu-
taja is the capital.
Natolico, a town of European Turkey,
in Livadia, seated at the n part of a salt
marsh, 20 m w Lepanto.
Nattam, a town and fortress of Ilindoo-
Nav
Stan, in the Carnatic, 53 m sw Trichino-
poly.
Natlnre, a town of Ilindoostan, in Ben-
gal, capital of the district of Bcttooriah.
it i'^ 43 m INF. Moorshedabad. Lon. 88
55 r, Iat. 21 25 n.
Ndtuiiz, a town of Persia, in Irak, with
a fort. It is situate in a valley, 8 m long,
which is a continued garden of fruit trees,
watered \>y numerous rivulets from th«
surrounding mountains. Silk is produced
here of the finest quality. It is 63 m nnw
Ispahan.
NiiV(i7i, a town of Ireland, in Heath
cfunty, which has a considerable trade.
Here was formerly an abbey, on the site
of wiiich horse-barracks are now erected.
It is seated on the Boyno, at the influx of
the I^lackwater, 28 m Nw Dublin.
Navarin, a fortified seajiort of European
Turkey, on the w coast of Morea. It is
the residence of a bey, and has a large
harbour defended by two forts. In 1770,
it was taken by the Russians. It is seated
on a hill, 10 mis by r. Modon,and 17 WKW
Coron. Lon. 21 34 e, hit. 37 2 N.
Navarre, a kingdom of Europe, lying
between France and Spain, and divided
inro the Upper and Lower. The Upper
belongs to Spain, and is 75 m long and CO
broad. Though a mountainous country,
a'bounding in game and iron mines, some
valleys produce good corn and excellent
wine". It is divided into five districts,
whose chief towns are Pamplona, Estella,
Tudela, Olita, and St. Guesca. Lower
Navarre belongs to France, and is now
the department of Lower Pyrenees. It
is separated from Spanish Navarre by the
Pyrenees, and is a mountainous, barren
country, 20 m long and 12 broad. From
this country the kings of France take the
title of king of Navarre. See Palais, St.
Navarre, New ; see Sonora.
Navarreins, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Pyrenees, seated on
the Gave d'Oleron, 26 m se Bayoime.
Nauen, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark, 11 m wnw Berlin.
Navigators Islands, a cluster of 10 is-
lands in the Pacific ocean, discovered by
Bougainville, and explored by Perouse in
1787. They are called by the natives
Opoun, Leone, Fanfoue, Maouna, Oyolava,
Calinasse, Pola, Shika, Ossamo, and Ouero.
Opoun, the most southerly and easterly of
the islands, lies in lon. 169 7 w, Iat. 14 7 s.
Seven of them are small; but Maouna, Oyo-
lava, and Pola, may be numbered among
the largest and most beautiful islands of the
S Pacific ocean. They combine the ad-
vantages of a soil fruitful without culture,
and a climate that lenders clothing unne-
cessary. The inhabitants go almost naked,
NAX
and have their bodies thickly tattooed ;
they are a strong and lusty race, scarcely a
man less than six feet high, and the women
are in proportion. In disposition they are
thievish, treacherous, and i'erocious. Their
villages are sitiiate on creeks, by the sea-
side, and have no paths between them ;
that they pass from one to anotlier in their
canoes, and thus are almost constantly on
the water. Their canoes, houses, &c. are
well constructed ; and tiiey are much
more advanced in internal policy than any
of the islands in this ocean. See Maounu.
Naumber'g, a town of Germany, in
Lower Hesse, situate on the Eider, 11m
wsw Cassel.v
Nmimburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, capital of a bishopric, united
to tiie House of Saxony. It has a small
citadel, and the cattiedral is noted for tine
altars, paintings, and subterranean chapels.
Here are manufactures of stockings and
turnery wares; and vineyards that yield an
excellent red wine. It is seated on the
Saai, 37 m ene Erfurt, and 60 w Dresden.
Lon. ig 0 E, lat. 51 11 n.
Nmimburg, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Sagan, on the river Bober,
14 m N by w Sagan.
Nauniburg, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Jauer, on the river Queiss,
37 m WNw Jauer.
Nauplia; see Napoli di Romania.
Nuutpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, situate near the Cosah, -12 m nnw
Purneah.
Naxia, or Naxos, the most fertile island
in the Archipelago, 15 m long and 50 in
circuit. It produces excellent wine ; and
the plains abound with orange, olive,
lemon, cedar, citron, pomegranate, fig, and
mulberry trees. The highest mountain is
Zia, whence the island was formerly
named ; and it is famous for rich mines of
emery. Here are few antiquities, except
some remains of a temple of Bacchus. It
is inhabited both by Greeks and Latins,
and has a great many villages ; the whole
island containing abdve 18,000 inhabitants.
The women paint, blacken their eyebrows^
and cover their faces with patches, made
of a black shining tale found in the island.
Naxia, the capital of the above island,
and one of the most beautiful places in the
Archipelago. It has two archiepiscopal
sees, the one Greek and the other Latin.
The trude is considerable in barley, wine,
oil, figs, emery, cotton, silk, flax, cheese,
salt, oxen, sheep, and mules. It stands on
the s side of the island, and is defended
by a castle. Lon. 25 32 e, lat. 37 8 n.
Naxkow, a town of Denmark, capital of
the isle of Lahuid, with a harbour com-
modious for trade, It is encompassed by
NEC
a wall, and is 70 m sw Copenhagen. Lon.
11 31 r, lat. 54 52 N.
Nazareth, a town of Syria, in Palestine,
famous for being the residence of Christ,
in the early part of his life,' and tlien a
city, the capital of Galilee. It stands en
the E side of a rocky eminence, and is now
a snudl place, where the Franciscan monks
have a convent, built on the site of the
house where the virgin Mary received the
visit of the angel Gabriel. It is 18 ni ese
Acre^ and GO NbyE Jerusalem.
Nazareth, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Northampton county, and a settlement of
the Moravians, 10 m N Bethlehem, and 63
K by w Philadelphia.
Naze, or Lindenesx, the most southern
promontory of Norway, on which are two
lighthouses. Lon. 7 17 e, lat. 58 1 n.
Neugh, Lough, a lake of Ireland, of a
square form, 16 m long and 10 broad,
lying in the counties of Armagh, Down,
Antrim, Londonderry, and Tyrone. It is
the largest lake in the island, but very de-
ficient from others in pictoresque effect:
the shores are Hat, and it contains only two
islands; one near the influx of the Black-
water, and the other near the Antrim
shore, called Ram island, on which is an
ancient round lower. The water and th&
soil on some parts of the Antrim shore are
of a petrifying quality. The river Bann
Hows through this lake.
Neath, a corporate town of Wales, in
Glamorganshire, with a market on Wed-
nesday and Saturday ; situate on the river
Neath, near the Bristol channel. In the
neighbourhood are iron forges, smelting
works for copper, and coal mines; and on
the other side of the river are the extensive
remains of an abbey. A great quantity of
coal is exported hence in small vessels-
It is 27 m sw Brecknock, a.nd 198 w
London.
Neath, a river of Wales, which rises in
Brecknockshire, and runs through Glamor-
ganshire, by the town of Neath, into the
Bristol channel.
Neb, a river of the isle of Man, which
runs, into the Irish sea, at Peel castle.
Nebio, or Nebbio, a ruined city on the N
side of the island of Corsica, a mile from
St. Fiorenzo.
Nebra, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, situate on the Unstrut, 12 m
KNW iSaumburg.
Necau, a town of Barbary, in Biledul-
(rend, 140 m whys Gademis, and 170 ssb
Tuggurt. Lon. 7 45 e, lat. 30 30 n.
Ncckar, a river of Germany, which rises
in the county of Hohenburg, m Suabia,
Hows by Hoihweil, Tubingen, Esshngen,
lleilbron, and Heidelberg, and enters the
Ithiiie at Muaheim.
NEG
'Ncclcftreh, a town of Germany, in tlic
eircle of Lower Rhine, scaled on tlic
!Neckar, 20 ni v, IJeildelberg.
?*eckttrgemuiul, a town ot (jennany, in
the circle ot" Lower l\l)inc, seated on the
Neckar, 6 m k lleidelbert!;.
Necku7\su/ni, a town of Siiabia, at the
conliux of the Neckar and Sulni, 5 m e
lieilbron.
Nedro'iia, a town of Al;j,iers, in the pro-
vince of Mascara, surrounded with nias;-
nificent ruins. It is 50 m wsw Oran. Lon.
0 J8 w, lat. 35 40 N.
Ncdsjed, an extensi\e province of Ara-
bia ; bounded on the n by the desert of
Syria, b by Lachsa, s by lladramaut and
Yemen, and w by Ilcdsjaz. The soil is
various, in many parts very fertile, and in
otiiers mountainous. 'Ihe hts»ib-uins in-
habit a great part of this province ; and it
contains a great number of towns, almost
every one of which has its own schiech.
Needham, a town in Suft'olk, with a
market on Wednesday, seated on the
Orwel, 10 m Nw Ipswich, and 74 ne
London.
Neehechow, one of the Sandwich islands,
in the Pacific ocean, 15 m to tUc. vv of
Atooi. The e coast is high, and rises
abruptly from the sea ; the rest of it con-
sists of low ground, except a round bluft-
head on the se point. Lon. IGO 15 w, lat.
21 50 N.
Neerwinden, a villa<;e of the Nether-
lands, in Brabant, a little N by w of Landen.
Hence the celebrated battles of Landen
are sometimes called by the name of Neer-
winden. See Landen.
Nefta, a town of the kingdom of Tunis,
250 ra sbyw Tunis. Lou. 9 25 E, l^t.
SOON.
Nefyn, a corporate town of Wales, in
Carnarvonshire, with a market on Satur-
day. Here Edward i, in 1284, held his
triumph on the conquest of Wales. It is
situate on the Irish sea, and has a small
pier, 21 m sbyw Carmarthen, and 249
nw London.
Negupalam, a town of Hindoostan, on
the coast of Tanjore. It was a colony of
the Portuguese, but taken by the Dutch
jn ICGO; and the latter were dispossessed
of it by the British in 1782. The port is
not extraordinary, and the trade is now
inconsijlerable ; but ships frequently touch
here for refreshments, which are plentilul.
It is 49 m E Tanjore, and 160 sbyw Ma-
dras. Lon. 79 55 E, lat. 10 45 n.
Negara, a tf>wii c^f the isle of Borneo,
capital of the kingdom of Banjermassin ;
gituate on the E side of tlie Banjer, 90 m
51 of its mouth, at the town of Banjer-
Ijiiissin. Lon. 114 0 e, lat. 1 40 s.
i)kgo7nbOf a towa on the yv aoast of
NEI
Ceylon, with a fort, and a harbour fnt
small vessels. Jt is 19 ni N Columbo.
Ncgrais, an island on the e side of thr
bay ol' Bengal, at the mouth of liassien
river, the nuist western branch of the Irra-
waddy, with an excellent harbour. Lon.
94 27"e, lat. Id 0 N.
Negril Foint, the most westerly pro-
montory of the island of Jamaica It pro-
jects into two points, called North and
South, 9 m apart ; the m point in lon. 78
17 w, lat. 18 27 N.
Neg7-o, Cape, a. promontory of Africa, on
the coast of Benguela. Lon. 11 40 e, lat.
16 15 .\-.
Negrolund; see Nigritia.
Negropont, the largest island in the
Archipelaiio, aucientl) called Euboea. It
is separated from the Nt coast of Livadia
by the strait of Negropont, the nncient
Euripus, over the narrowest part of which
is a bridge to the mainhmd. It is 100 m
long and 18 broad, though in some places
much narrower. It abounds in corn, wine,
oil, and fruit; but a ridge of mountains
extends through its whole length, many of
them continually covered with snow.
Negropont, or Egripa, a strong city,
capital of the above island, and a Greek
archbishop's see. It has a good harbour,
which is commonly the station of the
Turkish ships. The wails of the city, m
which the -Turks and Jews reside, are 2 m
and a half in circuit; but the suburbs,
wiiere the Christians live, are much larger.
It was taken, in 14(39, from the Venetians,
who attempted to retake it in 1688, with-
out effect. It is seated on a broad Hat
peninsula, which I'orms the narrowest part
of the strait of its name, 30 m ke Athens.
Lon. 24 8 E, lat. 38 30 N.
Nehavend, or Ne/iaund, a town of Per-
sia, in Irak, famous for a battle between
the califf (Jmar and Jezdegerd king of Per-
sia, in 638, ill which the latter lost his
life and kingdom. It is 50 m s Ilamadan,
and 90 nbys Kirmansha.
Neidenlurg, a town of Prussia, with a
castle on a mountain, 75 m E Culm. Lon.
20 20 E, lat. 53 22 s.
Neidcmteiu, a tov^n of Germany, in
Lower Hesse, 9 m ssw Cassel.
Nejiff; see Meached All.
Neil a, one of the Banda islands, and
the seat of their government, it has a
spacious harbour, but dithcult to be en-
tered ; and ships anchor under the cannon
of two forts. Lon. 129 30 e, lat. 4 50 s.
Neisabtir ; see Nisapour.
Neisne, a city of Sdesia, capital of a
principality, and a place of great strength.
Here is a maguiticent palace, with several
olfices for the principality ; but the seat of
goveiumcnt is the castle of the adjacent
NEO
small town of Ottniachau. The inliabit-
ants carry on a coll^lderablc trade in linens
and nine, 'lliis place was taken by tlie
Prussians in 1741, who, alter the peace in
174'2, built a citadel, to which they gave
the name of Prussia. In 17 J8 it was be-
sieged by the Austriaus, but intlfectually.
In 1807 It surrendered to the Irtrich. It
is seated on a river of the same name, 48
NER
portion as die ancient city of Pa^ahm has
decayed, and stand* on the Irrawaddy, 4
ni KisE of that city.
Nepaul, a province of Northern Ilin-
doostan, bountltd on the n by the moun-
tains of liimalf'h, which separate it from
'Jibet, E by an unexplored 'ract toward
the leesta, s by Muckwanny and Mocwan-
poor, and w by Gorcah. It is mountain-
m sbyE Breslaw. Lon. 17 50 E, lat. 30 ous and woody, with mines of copper and
24 N. iron, and lias uiany fertile valleys. The
Nelisurum, a town of Ilindoostan, in chief articles sent iience to British India
llalabar, situate near the coast, 30 m xw are elephants, elephant teeth, rice, timber,
Tellicherry. hides, gini^er, wax, honey, resin of th«
Nellenburg, a town of Suabia, capital pine, walnuts, oranges, cardamums, long
of a landgravate, with a citadel on amoun- pepper, and lainpoil ; also a great variety
tain. It is 22 m N Constance. Lon. 9 5 of articles produced in Tibet. This coun-
E, lat. 47 37 N. try was never under the dominion of tha
Nelloor, a town and fort of Hindoostan, Mohamedans, and now is governed by a
in the Carnatic, on the right bank of the rajah. Tlie natives are peculiarly super-
Pennar, 98 m Nbyw Madras, Lon. 79 stitious, and consist principally of the two
37 E, lat. 14 26 N. superior classes of Hindoos, and of a
Nemea, a town of European Turkey, in Tartar or Chinese race denominated Ne-
Morea, anciently celebrated for its games, wars : the last are chieHy found in th«
and a magniticent temple of Jupiter, some valley of Nepaul ; the former are scattered
ruins of which still exist. It is 10 m N over the country, and engross all situai-
./irgos. tions of trust, vviiether civil or mihtary,
Nemi, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Catmandoo is the capital. Nepaul, with
Roma, with a castle; seated on a lake of its tributary provinces, is now one of the
the same name, and on a high rock, from most extensive independant sovereignties
the base of which gushes the fountain of \<\ India, comprehending the whole of
Egeria, one of the sources of the lake, 7 Northern Ilindoostan, except Cashmere
m SSE Rome.
Nemours, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Marne, with iui old
castle ; seated on the Loini:, between two
bills, 43 m sse Paris.
1(1 lk)otan.
Xepeuu Island, a small island in the S
Pacitic ocean, opposite Port Hunter, ou
the s coast of Norfolk island.
Nepi, a town of Italy, in the patrimoBy
is'en, a river that rises in tlie w part of of 8t. Peter, seated on the Triglia, 20 ni
Northamptonshire, and is made navigable k iloine.
at Northampton. It leaves the county at iS^e/ac, a town of France, in thedepart-
Peterborougl), crosses the isle of Ely, forms ment of Lot and Garonne, divided by the
part of the w boundary of Norfolk, and river Baise into great and little Nerac.
enters the Lincolnshire Wash. Ic al>o In the feudal times, this was the residence
communicates, by several channels, with of the lords of Albert, whose stupendous
the Great Ouse. castle is now in ruins. It is Iti m wsvr
A'e/iwg//, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary Ageu, and d7 se Bourdeaux. Lon, 0 18
county, with a strong castle, seated on a r, hit. 44 8 n.
river that tlows to the Shannon, SO m wsw Aerbudduh, a river of Ilindoostan, which
Cashel, and 40 vvsw iSiaryborough. has its source on a mountain in the kw
iVeofWiiro, a town and i'ort of European part of Gundwana, close to that of the
Turkey, in Romania, on the strait of Con- .Soane, where there is a temple, visited by
Stantinople, 12 m n Constantinople. Hindoos in pilgrimage. Tlie Nerbuddah
NeogTud, a town of Hungary, in the issues from a small well, and glides along
£ounty of the same name, with a castle; the surface till it is precipitated from thw
situate on a mountain 17 m ssw lialassa w end of the mountain into a valley, where.
Gyarmath, and 18 ke Gran. being joined by other streams, it' assumes
jSeot, St. a town in Huntingdonshire, the appt-uraiice of a river. Ilence it Hows
with a market on Thursday, and a consi- w for 760 m with fewer curvatures than
derable trade in coal ; seuteu on the Uuse, most Indian rivers, through part of Gund-
over which is a stone budge, 20 m wsw wana, Khandtsh, MaUvah, and Gujrat,
Cambridge, and oG N>.vv London. and enters the gull of Cambay, below
ISioundjh, a town of the kingdom of Broach. This river receives few contri-
Birmah, with a large manufacture of butary streams, and forms the boundary be-r
japanned waie. It has nourished m pry. twceu liindooitau Proper and the Deccau,
NET
i^ercshe^m, a town of Siiabia, in the
county of Ottiniicn, with a Penedictiiie
abbey on a mountain, 15 ra wnw Dona-
weit.
Ncricia, a province of Sweden, in tlie
division ot" Sweden Proper; hounded by
Sudermaiiia, SVesVniania, Wcrndand, and
W and E (Jdthhnid. A considerable part
is covered with forests of pnie and birch ;
and it ahoumls in forges and mines. Ore-
bro is the capital, and the only consider-
able place.
Nerondc, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Loire, 18 in nkk JNlontbrison.
^erondes, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cher, 20 m r:sE Bourses.
Nershinak, a town and fort of Siberiii,
capital of a province of the same name,
but sometimes called Daouria, in the
government of Irkutsk. The adjacent
country is mountainous, but yields excel-
lent pasture for cattle; and there are some
considerable lead and silver mines. It is
seated at the conflux of the Nercha with
the Shilka, 440 m e Irkutsk. Lon. 117
34 E, lat. 51 6J N.
AVs/e, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Somme, seated on the Lingon, 25
m ESE Amiens, and 66 NbyE Paris.
Ness, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in In-
vernesshire, 22 m long, nearly 2 broad,
and 120 Hithoms deep. The high hills on
each side present a delightful view of wood,
pasture, cultivated lands, and rugged pre-
cipices. It never freezes, and is navigated
by a king's galley, which supplies the gar-
rison of Fort Augustus, at its s extremity,
with stores. Its outlet, at the n extre-
mity, is the river Ness, which runs 6 m
and enters the Moray frith, below Inver-
ness. It now constitutes a prominent fea-
ture in the line of the Caledonian canal.
Nestled, a town of Denmark, in the is-
land of Zealand, on the river IMess, 38 m
sw Copenhagen.
Net/ierlands, or Low Countries, a king-
dom of Europe, anciently a country called
GaUia Belgica. It is 260 m long, and from
100 to 200 broad; bounded on the w and
N by the German ocean, e by Germany,
and s by France. In the ninth century,
the sons of emperor Louis tlie pious, hav-
ing divided the dominions of their father,
■who possessed Germany, France, and Italy,
a new kingdom was formed, comprehend-
ing Germany and France, and a part of the
Netherlands. It was called Lotharia, but
did not long subsist ; for it was soon di-
vided into two: that part seated near the
Mediterranean was called the kingdom of
Burgundy ; and the other to the n, had the
name of Austrasia. Neither did this last
continue long; it being divided into 17
provinces, under different names, exclusive
NET
of tlie territories of Liege and Upper Gel-
derland ; but they still depended on the
cmjiire of Germany, and weVe called Lower
Germany. In process of time, the house
of Burgundy purchased many of ihem, and
was about to form them, with Burgandy,
into a kingdom ; but Charles the bold, the
last duke of Burgundy, being killed by the
Swiss in I'lr?, his part of the Netherlands
devolved on Mary, his only child ; by whose
marriage with emperor Maximilian, the
Netherlands were an acquisition to the
house of Austria. Emperor Charles v,
king of Spain, in 1555, abdicated tbe so-
vereignty of the Netherlands, and, soon
after, the Spanish crown, in favour of his
son Philip. The tyranny of this cruel bigot,
Philip II, who endeavoured to introduce
the inquisition into the Low Countries, with
the barbarities exercised by the duke of
Alva, exasperated the people to such a de-
gree, that they threw off the Spanish yoke;
and, under the conduct of William i, prince
of Orange, formed the famous league of
Utrecht, in 1579, which proved the foun-
dation of the republic of the United Pro-
vinces; these were seven, namely, Holland,
Gelderland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland,
Overyssel, and Groningen. For a further
account of this republic, see Holland, or
Dutch Netherlands. After a long war
Cvvith the interval of a truce of twelve
years) Philip iv expressly acknowledged
the independence of these seven provinces,
by the treaty of Westphalia, in 1648. Tiie
other ten provinces, namely, Brabant,
Antwerp, Malines, Naniur, Limburg, Lux-
emburg, Hainault, Flanders, Artois, and
Cambresis, returned under the dominion
of Spain, but with very favorable stipula-
tions in respect to their ancient liber-
ties. On the accession of a branch of the
house of Bourbon to the Spanish monar-
chy, it was stipulated, in 1714, that the
Spanish, or Belgian Netherlands, should re-
' turn to the German branch of the house of
Austria; but some considerable parts were
obtained, by conquest or cession, by the
French and Dutch. The Dutch had part
of Brabant, Limburg, and Flanders: the
French had Artois and Cambresis; with
part of Hiiinault, Flanders, and Luxem-
burg: Austria held the rest; and the pro-
vinces of Antwerp and Malines were in-
cluded under the name of Austrian Bra-
bant. In 1788, emperor Joseph ii, having
prc'jected many innovations, and enforcing
them with violence, a univei'^al spirit ot re-
volt broke out; an army of 40,000 men,
rose, as if by magic, to support the renun-
ciation of all allegiance, which several of
the provinces openly made; a congress
was formed from the different states, in
whom the supreme government was vested;
NET
and by the end of 1789 tlie Austrians were
expelled. The new government, however,
was not of long duration ; for Leopold it
(the successor of Joseph) was enabled,
partly by conciliatory measures, and partly
by the mediation of Britain, I'russia, and
Holland, to recover the entire possession of
his authority ; the mediating courts having
guaranteed the restoration of the ancient
Belgic constitution. In 170-2 the French
over-ran the Austrian Netherlands : they
were driven out of the country in 1793;
but they returned in 1794, and subdued
every part of it; and in 1795 decreed it,
with the territories of Liege and Upper
Oeldc-land, an integral part of the French
republic. To this country they gave the
name of Belgium. It is 170 m long and
90 broad ; bounded on the N by Holland,
K by Germany, sw by France, and nw by
the German ocean. The principal rivers
are the Scheld, Mense, Dyle, Sairibre, and
Lis; and there are many tine navigable
canals. The air is temperate, and the soil
extremely fertile ; but the mouths of the
rivers and harbours are frozen in winter.
Tlie Roman catholic religion is predomi-
nant. Brussels is the chief town. The
whole of this country, in 1815, was again
united, and made a kingdom, at the con-
gress of Vienna, nnrler the sovereignty of
the nrince of Orange Nassau, the last
stadtholder of Holland. On .luly 18, the
king, William i, issued a proclamation,
notifying the union of Holland with Bel-
gium, as agreed upon by the allied powers
and accepted by himself. The two coun-
tries are to form one state, governed by the
constitution alreadyestablished in Holland,
modified by consent, according to the new
slateof things ; and the Belgium provinces
to be duly represented in the states-gene-
ral, which are to be held alternately in a
town of Holland and of Belgium. On
Sept. 21, the inauguration of the king was
performed at Brussels with all due solem-
nity; and the first sitting of the states at
Brussels, opened on the 25th. In 1816, for-
tifications were erected on several points
of the frontiers ; and the line of custom-
houses between the Dutch and Belgian
provinces was abolished.
Nelhes, Great and Little, two rivers of
the Netherlands in Brabant. The Great
Nethes rises on the e border, and flows w
to Liege, where it receives the other river
from the ne, and the united stream then
flows sw to the Dyle.
J\etsc/ikiiu, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Voigtland, situate on the
Golsch, 12 m sw Zwickau.
Nelluno, a town of Italy, in Carapagna
di Roma, near the ruins of the ancient
NEtr
Antium, at the month of the Loracina, 24
m sby E Rome.
Neva, a river of Russia, which issues
from the lake Ladoga, and Hows to Peters-
burg, where it divides into several branches,
and enters the gulf of Finland. It is one
third of a mile broad, from 12 to 24 feet
deep, and extremely transparent. Its
course from the lake to the gulf is nearly
50 miles.
Xeuburg, a fortified town of Bavaria,
capital of a principality. It stands on a
hill, by the Danube, and has two gates,
but the fortifications are chiefly gone to
decny. The castle is a large building, and
contains a hall of extraordinary size, em-
bellished with portraits. Itis"32m xxE
Augsburg, and 60 sw Amberg. Lon. 11
13 E, !;»t.'48 43 N.
Neuburg, a town of the palatinate of
Bavaria, seated on the Schwarza, 17 m
ESE Amberg.
Neuburg a town of Suabia, in Bris-
gau, seated near the Rnine, 12 m s
Brisach.
Neuburg, a town of Wirtemberg, seated
on the Entz, 25 m w Stutgard.
Neuchuteiiu, a town of France, in the
department of V'osges, seated in a soil rich
in corn and good wine, on the river Meuse,
25 m sw Nancy,
Neuckateau, a town of the Netherlands,
in Luxemburg, 16 m sw Bastognc,
Neucluttet, a lake of Switzerland, 26 m
long and 4 broad, extending from the town
of Vverdun to that of Neuchatel, in a
direction from sw to ne, at which extre-
mity it has a communication with the lake
of Biel by a narrow outlet.
Neuchutel, a canton of Switzerland, be-
tween the lake of Neuchatel and the bor-
ders of France ; extending 36 m from n to
s, and 18 in its greatest breadth. This
territory was formerly a principality, and
in 1707 became the right of the king of
Prussia; who, in 1806, ceded it to the
French; but at the peace of 1814 it was
restored to Switzerland, and the next year
incorporated as a canton. The inhabitants
are chiefly protestants. It is a hilly coun-
try, watered by several lakes and rivers.
The soil is not equally fertile; but ther*
are large vineyards that produce white and
red wine, which last is excellent. The
pasture on the mountains feeds a great
number of cattle, and there are plenty of
deer in the forests.
Neuchatel, the capital of the above can-
ton, situate partly on a plain near the
lake of Neuchatel, and partly on a hill,
where stand the church and castle. The
chief article of exportation is wine, pro-
duced from the neighbouring vineyards,
NEV
and much esteemed ; and it has mamifac-
tures of printed liiiens and cottons. Many
public works have been lately executtil,
aiuoui; wiiich are the mw tt)wnl)ousf, and
ft snpcrb causeway, leadin^i toward tiie
talley of St. Iniior. Neucbalcl is '23 ni
KE Liiusanuc, and '23 w Burn. l.on. 7 0
E, lat. 4? a N.
Neuc/ialel, a town of France, m the de-
partment of JAiwcr Seine, noted for ex-
cellent cheese, and seated on the Arques,
20 ni SE Dieppe.
Naaisleiii, a town and castle ot I'ran-
conia, in the priiifipality of llohenloc, b
ni WNW llalL', in Suabia.
Xeveni, a vilhige of Wales, in Pem-
hrokebhire, near a river of the sanit- name,
2 m NE Newport. lu the churchyard
stands a square stone, 13 feet hii^li and
2 broad; the top is circubir, char-i.ed wiili
a cross, and all the bides are carved with
kjiot-work.
Neversy a town of France, capital of the
department of JNievre, and lately a bishop's
see. Here are several line buildings ; par-
ticularly the ancient ducal palace, in
which John Casimir, kin.s:; of Poland, ex-
pired in 1672. The chief manuhictures
are china, glass, and works of enamel ;
and there are numerous forges tor all sorts
of iron-work ior ships. It stands on the
side of a hill by the river Iajivc, at the
jnriux of the Nievre, 15 ra MvW Moulms,
and 145 sbyE Paris. Lon. 3 9 e, lat.
40 59 N. . , . ,
Ncitfen, atown ofWirtemberiZ, with a
fortress, called lioheneuiVen, 1? m s£
Stutgard.
Newarten, a town of Further Pome-
rania, with a strong castle, 15 m ^ New
Stargard. .
Isiiiliaits, a town of Bohcjma, in tlie
circle of Bechin, with a castle, 27 m i:by s
Bechin.
Neuhaus, a town of Lower S-axony, i"
the duchy of Bremen, near the mouth ot
the Oste. It was once a plaie ot great
trade, but a ^aud bank arismg m the har-
bour, at the entrance of the (.)=te into the
Elbe, it is now much less frequented. It
is 19 m NW Stade.
ISeuhauscl, a town of Hungary, seated
in a marshy plain, on the nver Neutra,
43 m ESE Presburg. • i ,
2\evis, one vl' the Caribe inlands, divided
from the E end of St. Christopher by a
narrow channel. It is 7 m long and (i
broad, and has but one mountain, which
is in the middle, and covered v^ith large
trees to the top. Here is a hot bath, much
af the same nature of those ot Bath, in
England. It is very fruitful, and subject
to tiie British. Chiirleston is the capital.
NEU
on tlie sw side, defended by a fort. Lon,
0^ 40 w, lat. 17 8 N.
Niitkirc/ien, a town of Germany, in tho
principality of Hesse Cassel, on the river
Fulda, 32 m sse Cassel.
Ncujnaiien, a town of Germany, in th«
territory of Treves, seated on the Moselle,
17 m NE Treves.
Iseumurk, a town of the palatinate of
Bavaria, !."2 ni sw Aniberg.
JScuiiiuil;, a town of Bavaria, 30 m N\v
Ilatisbon. — Another, on the river Ross,
17 m SE Landbhut.
Neiunark, a town of Germany, in Car-
niola, 28 in Nw Laubach.
Neumnrkt, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Breslaii, near which, at the
village of Leuthen, the Prussians gained a
decisive victory over the Austriaus in
1757. It is 20 111 why N Breslau.
Neurodc, a town of Silesia, in the county
ofGUitz, on the river Wotitz, 8 m nnw
Glatz.
Neus, a river of N Carolina, which
enters Pamlico sound, below Newbern,
where it is a mile and a half broad.
Neusaltz, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Ulogau, on the river Oder, 17 m
Nw Glogau.
XcuHutz, a strong town and fortress of
Hungary, and a bishop's see. The popu-
lation was 13,395 in 1815. It stands on
the Danube, opposite Peterwardin, la
Sclavonia, oO m s by e Tlierescopol.
Nci(sidic7-see, a lake of Hungary,^ 25 m
long and trom 4 to 7 broad. It is too
shallow to admit of navigation, but the
depth varies considerably, as wet or dry
weather predominates. The water i*
brackish, and sometimes salt crystal-
lizes on the shores, which are flat and
marshy. The k end is 20 m ssw Pres-
burg.
Neusohl, a town of Hungary, capital of
Sold county, and a bisiiop's see, with a
large cattle, m which is a church, covered
witli copper. The population was 10,0t>9
in 11315. In the adjacent mountains are
the greatest copper mines in Hungary.
It is seated on tlie Gran, 23 m nnl
Scheinnitz. Lon. 19 13 e, lat. 48 41 .\.
Xcuss, a town of Germany, in the terri-
tory of Cologne, seated on the Erft, near
its conflux With the llhine, 5 m sw Dussel-
dorf, and 22 nnw Cologne.
jSeustadt, a town t)f Austria, with a
castle, and an arsenal. It has the stapl«
right over all goods coming Irom Italy,
and stands on the iVontiers of Hungary,
28 insbyw \ icnna. Lon. 16 18 £, lut.
47 50>.
Neiisladt, a town of I'"ranconia, capital
of the lower part of the principality of
NEU
Boyreutli, with a castle. The Hbrary be-
k)ii2;in"' to the church contains many curio-
sitiep. It stands on tlie river Aisch, 32 m
XSE VVurtzburg. Lon. 10 43 k, lat. 49
38 N-.
Neuataclf, a town of Franconia, in tlie
principality of Wurtzburg, seated on the
;;aal, 10 m Nby e Schweinfurt.
Neuxladt, a town of Wirtemberg, seated
on the Koclier, 12 m xkf, Ilailbron.
Neitstadt, a town of the kingdom of
Saxonv, in Misnia, capital of a circle. It
has a castle, two churches and a nune
ollice ; and on a mountain near it is another
castle, called Arnshaug. It is seated on
the Orla, 46 m ssw Leipzic. Lon. 1149
i:, lat. 50 45 N.
Neustadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in
the principality of Coburg, 8 ni ne Co-
bnrg.
Neustodt, a town of Brandenburg, in tiie
Middle mark, with e.itensive breweries,
a:id manufactures of cloth and cutlery;
seated on the Finow canal, 31 m ke
Berlin.
Neustadt, a town of Brandenburg, in the
mark of Pregnitz, celebrated tor a manu-
facture of plate glass; seated on the Dosse,
8 m ENE liavelberg.
Neustadt, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Holstein, with a castle, and
a spacious harbour on the Baltic, 20 ra n
bvE Lubec. Lon. 10 57 e, lat. 54 10 n.
Neustadt, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the ducliy of Mecklenburg, with a castle,
17 m s Schwerin.
Neustadt, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick Luneburg, with a
castle, seated on the Leine, 15 m nnw
Hanover.
Neustadt, a town of Bavaria, at the
conflux of the Abenst with the Danube,
15 m E by X Ingolstadt.
Neustadt, a town of the palatinate of
Bavaria, with a castle on the river Nab,
27 m NNE Amberg.
Neustadt, a town of Moravia, in the
circle of Ulmutz, with the largest woollen
manufacture in the country, 14 m Nxw
Olmutz.
Neustadt. a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Oppeln, 14 m se !Neisse.
Neustadt, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Pilsen, 35 m whys Pilscu.
Neustadt, a town of Bohemia, on the
frontiers of the county of Glatz, 13 m xe
Konigingratz.
Neustadt, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Mark, at the foot of a mountain,
50 m ESE Dusseldorf.
Neustadt, a town of Germany, in the
palatir.ate of tlie Rhine, seated on the
Spirebachj 14 m w Spire,
NEW
Ncustadtel, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Glogau, 14 m w Glogau,
and 17 EbyN Sagan.
Neutra, a town of Hungary, capital of
a county, and a bishop's see, with a castle
and a college. It is situate on two hills,
near a river of the same name, 54 m ene
Presburg. Lon. 18 8 e, lat. 48 18 isi.
iS^ezi7.'i//t', a town of France, in the de-
partment of Loiret, 11 m kne Orleans.
NcuviKe, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, 9 m ne Neucliatel.
]\cituied, a town of Westpiialia, capital
of the lower county of Wied, with a fine
castle, in which are deposited many Ro-
man antiquities found in the vicinity. It
has a trade in iron, potash, arid pipe-clay;
and is seated on the lUiine, 9 m kw
Cobletz.
Nevyn, or Newin, a town of Wales, ia
Carnarvonshire, with a market on Satur-
day. Here Edward i, in 1284, held his
triumph on the conquest of Wales. It is
seated on St. George channel, 21 m sbyw
Carnarvon, and 249 wkw London.
New Forest, a forest in Hampshire, lying;
between Southampton water and the river
Avon. It is 20 m long and 15 broad; and
has advantages of situation, with respect
to conveyance by w ater carriage, and vici-
nity to the dockyards, superior to every
other forest. It was afforested by Willianx
I, and was then 10 m longer. His son.
William ir, when hunting in this forest,
was shot by an arrow that accidently
glanced against a tree; and the site i*
now pointed out by a triangular stone.
The lord warden of this forest is appointed
during the king's pleasure, and all the
courts of jurisdiction are held at Lynd-
hurst.
Nero Vdrer, an artificial river of Eng-
land, originally brought from Amwell, in
Hertfordshire, to Islington, for the supply
of the metropolis with water. It was
finished in 1613, by sir Hugh Middleton,
a citizen of London, who expended his
whole fortune in tlic undertaking. It has
since been extended to a spring neai"
Hertford, called Chadwell, where the streanv
is also increased by a cut from the river
Lea. This river, with all its windings, is
42 m in length, and is under the manage-
ment of a corporation called the NewRivei*
Company.
New Year Harbour, a good harbour on
the N coast of Staten Land. Lon 04 11 w,
lat. 54 49 s.
Newark, a town of New Jersey, capital
of Essex county, with two churches, and
an academy. It is celebrated for cider,
and has a considerable manufacture of
shoes, It stands on the w side of thePas-
2K
NEW
saick, near its mouth in Newark bay, 9 ni
w New York. Lon. 74 18 w, lat. 40
40 N.
NcKark, a town of Upper Canada, on
tlie w side of tlie river Niagara, at its en-
trance into tlie lake Ontario. At a little
distance to the s is Fort George ; and at
the N point of the town, wiiere the river
enters the lake, is Fort Misslsaga, built
opposite Fort Niagara, in the state of
New York. Newark was almost destroy-
ed by tlie Americans in 1812, but has been
rebuilt. It is 24 m Kbyw Fort Erie.
Lon. 79 6 w, lat. 43 16 x.
Nezvark, a borough in Nottinghamshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Wednesday. It is seated on the Trent,
over which is a bridge, and once had a
large castle, now in ruins. The church,
reckoned one of the finest in the kingdom,
was erected by lienry :v. liere, in the
midst ot" troubles, died king John ; and
here Charles i, after his defeat at jNaseby,
put himself into the hands of the Scotch
army, who afterward gave him up to his
worst enemies. Newark has a good trade.
The population was T236 in 1811. It is
17 m KE Nottingham, and 120 ^'byw
london. Lon. 0 45 w, lat. 53 6 N.
Nezcbern, a maritime district of N Caro-
lina, comprehending the counties of Car-
teret, Jones, Craven, Beaufort, Hyde,
Pitt, Wayne, Glasgow, Lenoir, and John-
ston.
Newbern, a town of N Carolina, in
Craven county, capital of the above dis-
trict. It is the largest town in the state,
and has a considerable trade in tar, pitch,
turpentine, lumber, corn, &c. It stands
ou a sandy point of land, formed by the
conflux of the Neus and Trent, 96 m ese
Halegh, Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 35 10 n.
Newbiggen, a fishing town in Northum-
berland, on the N side of a bay to which it
gives name, 7 m e Morpeth.
Nezcborough, a town of Wales, in An-
glesey, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Tuesday ; situate near the
liraint, 10 m sw Beaumaris, and 250
KW London.
Neuboroiigh, or Gorei/, a borough of
Ireland, in Wexford county, 25 m NbyE
Wexford, and 47 s Dublin.
Newburg, a village of Scotland, 14 m
IS'NE Aberdeen, at the mouth of the Ythen.
The exportation of grain and meal hence
is considerable, and great quantities of
lime, coal, and wood are imported.
Isexcburg, a town of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, with a good harbour on the s side of
the Tay. Here the large vessels belonging
to Perth unload their goods into lighters ;
amd a passage-boat goes hence every tide
NEW
to Errol, on the opposite shore. The
principal manufacture is linen. It is 10 m
ESE Perth, and 18 w St. Andrew.
Ktwbiag, a town of New York, in Ul-
ster county, on the w side of Hudson river.
Ships of considerable burden may unload
at the wharfs, and many vessels are built
here. It is 32 m s Kingston, and 54 N
ISew York.
NeTcbnrr/, a town in Berkshire, governed
by a mayor, with a market on Thursday.
It has manufactures of druggets, shaloons,
and broad cloths; and a considerable traf-
fic in malt by the Kennet and Avon crmai.
Two battles Avere fought near this town
with dubious success, between the forces
of Charles i and the parliament, in 1643
and 1644. It is seated on the Kennet, 26
m s Oxford, and 56 w London.
Nezcbuiy, a town of Vermont, capital of
Orange county. It is situate on the Con-
necticut, opposite Haverhill in New Hamp-
shire, and 50 m n Windsor. Lon. 72 2 w,
lat. 44 5 N.
Newbury Fort, a seaport of Massachu-
sets, in Essex county, with six churches
and a court-house. Large quantities of
ruin are distilled here, and the inhabitants
have a considerable trade with the W In-
dies and the southern states. The harbour
is safe and commodious, but difficult to
entei', and shipbuildmg is carried on large-
ly. It is situate on the Merrimac, 2 m
from the sea, and 35 nne Boston. Lon.
70 50 w, lat. 42 48 n.
xsezccastle, a borougli of Ireland, in
Dublin county, 11 in wsw Dublin.
Newcastle, a town of Ireland, in Lime-
rick county, neatly built, and situate on
the Deel, 26 ni sw Limerick.
Nezocustle, or Newcastle in JSmlj/n, a
town of Wales, in Cariwarthenshire, with
a market on Fridaj'. It had a fine castle,
now in ruins; and is seated on the Tyvy,
17 m NNW Cannarthen, and 230 wnw
London.
Newcastle, or Newcastle uyider Li/me,
a borough in Staffordshire, governed by a
mayor, with a market on Monday, and
manufactures of hats. It had four churches,
now reduced to one ; and the castle, whence
it had its name, is quite demolished. The
population was 6175 in 1811. In the vici-
nity are considerable potteries and glass-
works. It stands on a branch of the
Trent, 15 m ubyw Stafford, and 149
K\w London.
Nezvcastle, or Newcastle upon Tyne, a
borough and seaport of Northumberland,
situate on the N side of the Tyne, over
which IS a bridge to Gatesnead on the
Durham side. It is governed by a mayor,
and has a market on Tuesday and Satur-
NEW
day. The population was 27,5C7 in 1811.
The river aduiits ships under 400 tons to
come up to the town, and lar<!,er ones are
stationed below, at Shields. The town is
defended by a strong wall, above 2 m m
circuit, in whicli are seven gates, and has
many turrets, with several casements bomb-
prooi"; but the castle is old ar.d ruinous.
The wall on the s side runs parallel with
the river, leaving a spacious piece of ground
between them both which forms a long and
noble quay. Here are four parish churches,
and that of St. J^icliolas, which stands on a
hill, has a loftv steeple of curious arcliitec-
ture. Among the other public buildings
are a mansion-house for the mayor, an
exchange, and a large hospital for the
maintenance of poor keehnen ; also
several charitable foundations situate in
the centre of the great collieries, which
liave for centuries supplied London and
most of the southern parts of the kingdom
with coal. This trade has been the source
of great opulence to Newcastle ; it also
possesses manufactures of steel, iron, glass,
soap, tine and coarse earthen ware, and
copperas ; and it exports large quantities
of lead, salt, salmon, butter, talluw, and
grindstones. Ships are sent hence to the
Greenland fishery. The streets in the old
part of the town are narrow, and the build-
ings crowded togethei;; but some of the
newer parts are handsome and commodious.
It is 14 in X Durham, and 270 x by v.' Lon-
don. Lon. 1 14 w, lat. 54 57 n.
Newcastle, a town of Delaware, capital
of a county, with two churches. It was
settled by t^e Swedes in IG'27, and called
.Stockholm ; afterward taken by the Butch,
and called New Amsterdam ; and falling
into the Ininds of the English, it was called
Newcastle. It is the oldest town on the
river Delaware, and 35 ra sw Philadelphia.
Lon. 75 38 w, lat. 39 40 x.
i^ewcastle^ a town of Virginia, in Han-
over county, seated on the Pamunky, a
branch of York river, 24 in ne Rich-
mond.
Nezt-enlerg, a town of Germany, in
Tyrol, 3 ra xw Feldkirch.
Newenliam, Cape, a lofty promontory,
on the w coast of N America, forming the
>■ point of Bristol bay. Lon. 162 24 \v,
lat. 58 42 N.
2sewent, a town in Gloucestershire, with
a market on Friday, seated on a branch of
the Severn, 8 m kw Gloucester, and 112
wxw London.
Nezofane, a town of Vermont, cliief of
"Windham county. It is situate on West
river, 38 m exe Bennington, and 9tJ wxw
Boston.
Newfoundland, an island on the e coast
NEW
of N America, lying between 47 and 52 x
lat. It was discovered by Sebastian Cabot,
in 1497, in an English squadron fitted out
by Henry VII ; and in 1583 it was for-
mally took possession of, by sir Humphrey
Gilbert, in the name of queen Eliiabeth.
After many disputes with the Trench, it
vvas ceded to the English in 1713. The
form is triangular ; the x point is separated
from Labrador by the strait of Belicisle,
and from this apex it is 350 m to the base,
which is 300 in length. It has numerous
bays and harbours ; and is a mountainous,
woody country, and very cold, being covered
with snow five months in the year. The
inhabitants of the interior are a savage
race called Red Indians, from their skins
being daubed or stained with that colour;
but they are now supposed not to be nu-
merous, for though often heard, they are
rarely seen. A few Micmac and other
Indians are scattered along the coasts.
About 500 British families continue here
all the year, beside the garrison of St. John,
Placeutia, and other forts. In the fishing
season for cod, which begins in xMay and
ends in September, many of its bays and
harbours a:e resorted to by at least 10,000
people ; for here they cure and pack the
fish, which are sent not only to England,
but to the ^Mediterranean and the Vv' In-
dies, in immense quantities. The great
fishing-bank, which lies se of the island,
is a heap of sand 580 m long and 230
broad, with a depth of water varying from
15 to GO fathoms, and abounding with
small fish serving as food for the cod, the
numbers of wliich are incredible. The
fishery for cod was formerly confined to
this bank, but it is now equally productive
along the shores of the island. Tlie sal-
mon and seal fishery are also very pro-
ductive. In winter the chief employ of
the inhabitants is to cut wood ; and the
smallest kind, used for fuel, is drawn by
their large dogs, trained up and harnessed
for that purpose. There is great plenty
of game, hut very little corn, poultry, and
cattle; that provisions, chiefly brought from
Nova Scotia, are at a high price. St. John
is the principal settlement.
Newhavcn, a town in Sussex, near the
mouth of the Ouse, with a small harbour,
defended by a bat'.ery. Ic is 7 m shyE
Lewes and 57 London.
Newkuven, a seaport of Connecticut,
capital of a county, and the serai-capital of.
the state. Near "the centre is the public
square, in which are the state-house, two
college edifices, and a chapel, three churches
for congregationalists, and one for episco-
palians. The population was 5772 in
1810. Here are manufactures of arms,
2 K 2
NEW
linen, metal buttons, cotton, and paper.
Tlio harbour has good anchorage, mid is
defended by a fort. It has a trade wiili
New York and the W India ishmds ; and
t^tands at tlio liead of a bay, -l in k Long-
island sound, aiul 132 .ne ]\e\v York. Lon.
72 53 w, lat. 41 16 N.
±\czowarket, a town in Suffolk, with a
market on Thursday. It is the most cele-
brated place in Ens;land for horseraces ;
and here Charles ii built a house for the
sake of this diversion. It is 13 m w Burv,
:uid Gl X by e Loudon.
Neumarket, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, on the river Dalua, 31 m a\w
Cork."
Nezcmarkct, a town of Viroinia, in Am-
Iierst county, on the n side of James river,
at tlie influx of t!ie Tye, 100 ni w Ilich-
uiond.
Ncivmills, a town of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, with the remains of an ancient
castle. It has some man.ufactures, and is
situate near the river Irvine, 10 m i:bys
Kilmarnock.
Newnhai/i, a town in Gloucestershire,
with a maikst on Friday, seated on the
Severn, 12 m wsw Gloucester, and I'iO
>VKW London.
Newport, a borougli in Hampshire, and
the chief town in the isle of Wight, govern-
ed by a mayor, with a market on Wednes-
day ami Saturday, and a manufacture of
starch. It is seated on the river Cowes,
■which is navigable for small vessels, 17 m
sbyE Southampton, and 91 sw London.
Lon. 1 16 w, lat. 50 42 n.
Nczi-port, a borough in Cornwall, ^^'hich
lias no market, 3 m \ Launceston, and
214 whys London.
Newport, or Newport Pagnel, a town
in Euckingham.'^hire, with a market on
Saturday, and a manufacture of bonelace;
seated on the Ouse, 14 m eke Bucking-
bam, and 50 ^'^"w London.
Newport^ a town in Shropshire, with a
market on Saturday, 17, uiE Shrewsbury,
and 139 Nw London.
Ncicport, a town in Monmouthshire,
-with a market on Saturday. It was for-
merly walled round, and defended by a
castle, of which there are considerable
remains. Near it are the vestiges of a
camp, it is seated on the river Lsk, over
■which is a modern stone bridge, 19 m ssw
Monmouth, and 118 wbyx London.
Ncicport, i\ town of Wales, in Pembroke-
shire, governed by a mayor, with a market
on Saturday, and the ruins of a castle. It
IS seated on a bay of the same name, at
the mouth of the Nefern, 18 m ke St.
David, and 250 v/NW London.
J^eivport, a town of Ireland, in Mayo
NEW
county, situate at the r. end of a bay of its
name, called also Clew bay, which in this
part, contains a great niunber of small
islands. It has but little trade, and is G m
w Castkbar.
Newport, a town oflrcland, in Tipperary
county, situate on a rivulet that ilows to
the Shannon, 9 m 5e Limerick.
Newport, a seaport of the state of Rhode
Island, chief town of a county, and the
semi-capital of the state. It stands at the
sw end of Rhode island, on a gradual as-
cent, about 5 m from the sea, and has 10
edifices for public worship, a flourishing
academy, an elegant state-house, and a
handsome public library. The harbour,
one of the finest in the world, extends v/
of the town between Rhode island and
Goat island ; and on the latter is fort
Vv'ashington. Newport has a considerable
trade, and is 80 m ne New York. Lon.
71 15 vv, lat. 4125 N.
Newport, a town of Delaware, in New-
castle county, on the :^• side of Christiana
creek, 31 m sw Philadelphia.
Newport, a town of Maryland, in Charles
county, 11 m ne Port Tobacco, and 22
ssE Washington.
Newport, or Newpo?'t Bridge, a town of
the state of Georgia, in Liberty county, on
a navigable creek, 8 ni above Sunbury,
and 34 ssw Savanna.
Nezcrj/, a river of Ireland, which sepa-
rates the counties of Armagh and Down,
and enters Carlingford bay, 2 m below the
town of Newry.
Ncwri/, a borough of Ireland, in Down
county, situate on the side of a steep hill,
and the river Newry. Vessels of 200 tons
can come up to the town; and by means
of th.e Newry canal, to the river Bann, it
has a communication with Lough Neagh.
Here is a considerable linen manufacture,
and a trade in shipping. Newry was
burned by the duke of Berwick in 1G89;
but is nov.' become the largest town in the
county. It sends a m.ember to parliament,
and is CO m \ Dublin. Lon. 6 20 w, lat.
54 15 N.
Newton, a borough in Lancashire, whose
market is now disused. The Sankey canal
from St. Helena to the JMersey passes near
this place. It is 5 m N Warrington, and
193 Kw London.
Newton, a borough in Hampshire, in
the isle of Wight, governed by a mayor.
Tlie market is now disused. It stands
on a bay of its name, which at high
water will admit vessels of 500 tons,
but is little frequented. It is 5 m w
Newport.
Neictori Ardes, a borough of Ireland,
in Down county, with a considerable
KEY
diaper mainifacture; situate on tlie point
of Lougti Stratigfnrd, 8 m E Belfast.
j^eufo/i Bus/icl, a town of Devonshire,
M-ith a t-narket on Wednesday, and a ma-
nufacture of woollen cloths; seated on
theTcign, 15 ra sbyw Exeter, and 183
wsw London.
Nezctoii Liinavach; a borough of Ireland,
in Londonderry county, widi a liucn manu-
facture; situate on the river Roc, near the
E side of Lough Foyle, 17 m enk London-
derry.
Newton Stezearf, a town of Ireland, in
Tyrone county, on the river INIuurne, 9 m
KNw Omagh.
]S\'iiion"Stezcart, a town cf Scotland, u\
Wigtonshire, situate on the Cree, oyer
which is a bridge into Kircudbriglitshire.
The river is na\ igable for small vessels to
•within 2 m of the tov/n. Here are manu-
factures of cotton and carpets, and several
tan--.v()iks. It is 7 m kne Wigton, and
28 ENE Port Patrick.
Nesrtcizcn, a to-.vn of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, with a trade in coaLand ship-build-
ing. It possesses several communities,
4ind stands on the N bank of the Ayr,
over which is a bridge to the town of
^iyr.
Nczotoam, a town of Wales, in JMont-
'goiEeryshire, with a market on Saturday,
and a' trade in flannel; seated on the
Severn, 7 in sw Montgomery, and 177
wxw London.
Kactozcn, a town of Pennsylvania, ca-
pital of Bucks county, with a church, a
court-house, and an academy. It stands
^ m from the Delaware, and 20 xne
Philadelphia. Lou 75 1 w, iat. 40
14 N.
Neictozcn, a town of New Jersey, chief
-of Sussex count)'. It is seated near the
Delaware, (30 m x Trenton. Lou. 75 2
VI, Iat. 41 3 X.
Neictozcn, a town of New York, in
Tioga county, where the judicial courts
are held in February. It is situate near
Tioga river, 50 m w by n Union, and 70 se
"Williamsburg.
Nczctozcn, a town of Connecticut, in
Pairheld county, 9 m EbjNDanbury, and
26 N\v Newhaven.
Kei/land, a town in Suffolk, with a
market on Friday, and a manufacture of
says and bays , seated on the Stour, 10 m
sw Ipswicli, and 57 ne London.
Ner/rac, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aveiron, 18 m n llcdcz.
Nei/va, a river and bay of St. Domingo :
the river rises in the mountains near the
centre of the island, flows w to St. Juan,
and then s, through a beautiful valley, into
ihe head of the bay.
JS'eyva, a towu of New Granada, in the
NIA
province of Popayan. It is the chief of
a district, and situate on the Magdalena,
120 m sw St. Fc. Lon. 75 12 w, Iat. G
27 N.
Kezin, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Tchernigof, considerable for its
fur trade, 23 m se Tchernigof.
Ngan-ch(i7>, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Koei-tcheou. Its territory is very
mountainous, and contains several garri-
soned forts, to keep in awe the inhabitants,
who are independent, and live on the moun-
tains. It is lOCO m ssw Peking. Lon.
105 32 E, Iat. 20 12 N.
Kgaji-khig, a cityofCliina, capital, of
the w part of Kiang-nan. It is defended
by a fort, and seated cm the Kiaivku, 575
ni s Peking. Lon. 116 45 e, Iat. SO ;37 x..
Ngzm-lo, a city of China, of the first;
rank, in Ilou-qnaug. It has a consider-
able trade, and stands in a vast plain, on
tlie river Han,- 575 m ssw Peking. Lon.
112 3 e, Iat. 31 14 n.
Niagara, a river of N America, whicli
forms the "communication between the
lakes Erie and Ontario, and flows from s
to V about 34 m. At the head of the
river, on th.e w bank, is Fort Erie ;^and 1^
m below this, on the e bank, is Fort Slu-
sher, where commences the cataracts thaC
are reckoned among tlic greatest natural
curiosities in the wcrtd. The river is hera
740 yards wide. The half mile imme-
diately above the cataracts is a rapid, in
Avhich the water talis 50 feet; it is then
thj-own, with astonishing grandeur, down
a perpendicular precipice of 140 ieei; in
three distinct and collateral sheets; and
in a rapid that extends to the distance of
6 m beiov/, falls 100 feef more. The river
then flows in a deep channel till it enters
Lake Ontario, at forts ]Siagara and Mis-
sisaga. The great pitch of this vast body
of water produces a, sOund that- is fre-
quently heard at the distance of 20 m, and
in a clear day with a fair wind even 40 m.
From the descent of this river t!ie surface
of Lake Erie is above 300 feet higher than
Lake Ontario. This high land coPitinues
eastward, and the same ridge causes the
falls of tiie river Genesse,
Niag(!7-a, a town t\nd. fort b/ New York,
in Ontario county, on the' e side of tbo
river Niagara, at its entrance into Lake
Ontario, and opposite Newark, in Upper
Canada. The fort was erected by the
French, in 1751; taken by the English in
1759; ceded to the United"^States in 1794;
and taken by a British force, by surprise,
in 1813. It is 10 m below the cataracts,
and 80 nw Williamsburg. Lon. 79 4 w,
Iat. 43 10 N.
Nias, a small island near the w coast
of Sumatra, remarkable for the beauty
NIC
of its women, who arc pnrcliascd by llie
Dutch and rortugiiese. Lon. 97 O i., hit.
0 40 >.
Nibe, a town of Denmark, in N Julhnu!,
9 ni wsw Alburtj.
NIC
month of the Var, and 83 sbyw Turhi.
Lon. 7 16 i;, lat. 43 42 M.
Xkc, a chy of Natolia. See Isnik.
Niclidluirf!, a town of Persia, famous
for a mine of tuniuois-stones in its ueigh-
A'i6i«??o, a town of Italy, in the diuhy bnurliood. It is 37 m s Meschcd.
of Piaceuza, 10 u\ sw riaccnza. jA'a/^ o/as, Si. one of the hu-!j;est and
]\'ic(iragiia, a provhicc of New Spain, m.ost pleasant of the Cape Verd islands,
bounded on the N by Honduras, e by the between St. Lucia and St. Jvigo. It is
Atlantic ocean, .sf. by Costa Ilicn, and sw 75 m long, and the residence of the
by the Pacific ocean. It is a woody bishop of the isles. Lon. 14 19 w, lat.
country, well watered by lakes and rivers, 16 3-2 n.
and where cultivated, produces plenty of NichohtK, SL a town of France, in the
sui;ar, cijchinval, and line chocoUite. Leon department of Menrte, with a handsome
is t"lie capital. ciuircli, to which pilgrims formerly re-
i\';Va;Y;^-«u/, a lake in the above province, sorted. It is seated on the Meurte, 7 m
a.^iO m in circuit. It is interspersed with sk Nancy
islands, and abounds in fishes ; but is
infested by crocodiles. The sw extre-
mity is only a few leagues from the
Pacific ocean, and the se ¥nd cnminuni-
cates with the Atlantic ocean by the river
St. Juan.
Nicaragua, a city in the province of
the same ^laule. It stands at some dis-
Nicliolas, Si. or Mole, a town, harbour,
and cape, at the nw extremity of St. Do-
mingo. The cape, commonly called the
Mole, is strongly (brtified by nature and
art, ami commands the strait called the
Windward Passage; and 4 m to the sse
of it is cape St. Nicholas. The town
stands at the head of the harbour, which
tauce sw of the lake, and near the mouth extends 4 m between the l^vo capes; and
of a river, in the Pacific ocean, 120 m ships of any burden may ride at anchor in
SELeon. Lon. 86 10 w, lat= 11 15n. the basin. It was taken by the English,
.Nicaria, an island of the Archipelago, aided by the French royalists, in 1793 ;
between Samos and Tina, anciently called and was evacuated in 1798. Lon. 73 26
Icaria. It is 50 m in circuit, and full of w, lat. 19 50 N. See Domingo, St. the
rocks. Lon. 26 30 i , lat. 37 40 >.
l^icadi'O, a town of Naples, in (,'alabria
Ultra, with au ancient castle, 17 m sse
Cosenzu.
island.
Nicholas Island, a small island on the n
coast (if Cuba. Lon. 79 40 w, lat. 33 50 N.
Nicobar Isla7i(h, several islands on the
i\ice, a county of Italy, CO m long, and e side of the bay of Bengal. They are almost
SO broad; bounded on ttie n by Piedmont, entirely uncultivated ; hue the cocoa-nut,
e by the duchy of Genoa, s liy the Medi- the mellori or lerum (a kind of bread-
terranean, luid w by the river Var and fruit) and other tropical fruits, grow spon-
the Maritime Alps, which divide it from taneously ; there are also yams and sweet
France. It was anciently au appendage potatoes, and the bird-nests so mucli
of Provence, in France : and now belongs ' ^'
to the king of Sardinia. In 1792 it was
conquered by the French, but restored in
1815. ,
Nice, a! city and seapoit, capital of tli
esteemed in China. Dogs and hogs are
the principal animals. The inhabitants
are few, and their indolence extreme.
They are tall, and well proportioned, with
black eves, black lank hair, and dark
above county," and a bishop's see. It is of copper-coloured skins. They have no
a triangular form, and co.nfmed in its situa-
tion, hrrviiig a high rock on the e, tiie
river Paglion on the w, r.nd the Mediterra-
nean on the b ; from which last it is separ-
ateti bv a beautiful and extensive teirace,
towns, but live in little huts, and go quite
naked except a cloth about the waist with
a small string hanging down behind. These
islands extend northward, from the x point
of Sumatra. The la'-gest, wiiicli gives
used as, a public walk. It has a strong name to the group, is 25 ni long and 10
citadel, built on the rock, and on the w it broad. Its s extremity is in lon. 94 23 e,
is fortiried with a wall and a ditch. The lat. 6 30 N.
liarboiir is on the e side of the rock, and Nicolaef, a city of Russia, in the go-
called Limpiii, from a small river that vernment' of Catherinenslaf,^ founded by
enters into it. The exports are silk, sweet Catherine ii, oh the s side of the Ing-d, at
oil, wme, cordials, rice, oranges, lemons, its conflux with the Bog. The pubiic
and all sorts of dried fruits, 'it has been buildings and a number of private houses
several times taken by the French, and are constructed of a white calcareous stone,
last of ail in 1792. It was retaken by the but the rest of the houses are of wood.
Austrians in li>00, but thev evacuated it This place, being of easier access by watt-r
iu a v.cek aftervvard. It is' 4 m e of the than Cherson, is now the capital of thii
NIC
marine establishment: of the BUick sea.
The admiralty, with a long line of maga-
zines and docks, and every necessary de-
partment for shipping, are placed along
the banks of the Ingnl. Twelve ra to the
s, at the entrance of the Bog into the
Dnieper, are the remains of the Greek
city of Olbiopolis. Nicolaef is 30 m nne
Oczakof, and 42 NW Cherson. Lou. 30
46 i:, lat. 46 58 n.
Nicolo, St. the most considerable of the
isles of Tremeti, in the gnlf of Venice.
It has a harbour, defended by a fortress,
in which is an abbey and a church, Lon.
15 37 E, lat. 42 10 n.
Xicohburg, a town of Moravia, on the
frontiers of Austria, with a castle on a
mountam, 12 m ene Laab.
ISIicopoli, a town of European Turkey,
in Bulgaria, famous for the first battle
fought IjetweeH the Turks and the Christ-
ians in 1396, when emperor Sigismund was
defeated, and had 20,000 men killed. It
is seated on the Danube, at the iuHux ot
the Osina, 60 m ssw Bucliorest, and 150
KNW Adrianople. Lon. 25 43 e, lat. 44
16 N. , .
■ NicopoU, or Glanish, a town of Turkish
Armenia, built by Pompey, in memory of
a victory gained over Mithridates. It is
15 m s Erzerum.
Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, seated
in a noble plain, bounded by lofty moun-
tains. From the time of Coiistantine the
great, till 1567, it was 9 m in circuit ; but
the Venetians reduced it to three, and for-
tified it with eleven bastions and three
gates; all the rest they razed to the
foundation, demolishing temples, palaces,
and the most beautiful nionuments. In
1570, it was besieged 45 days by the Turks,
and then taken by assault. The governor
resides in the ancient palace of the kings
<;f Cyprus ; but it is much altered from
its original form. The Greek arclibishop
has an extensive palace, capable of accom-
modating all the bishops and priests in the
island. There are citron, lemon, orange,
fig, vine, and pomegranate trees, inter-
spersed among the houses. The cathedral
of St. Sophia, a magnificent structure, the
Turks have turned into a mosque ; and in
that of St. Nicholas, the principal mer-
chants assemble to transact commercial
business. The bazar is extensive, well
supplied with provisions, and remarkably
clean. Lon. 33 40 e, lat. 35 13 n.
Nicosia, a town of Sicily, in Val di De-
mona, 50 m whys Taorraina.
Nicotera, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Ultra, on the coast of the Mediterra-
nean, 35 m XNE Regio, and 55 sbyw
Cosenza.
Nicoj/Uf a town of New Spain, in Costa
NIE
Rica, situate on the Dispensa, which flows
into the bay of Salinas, where there is a
pearl fishery. It is 98 in wxw Cartago.
Lon. 85 40 w, lat. 10 40 n.
Nicsara, or Niksar, a town of Asiatic
Turkey, in Roum, with a ruined fort. It;
stands near the river Kelki, in a rich valley,
watered by a stream from the hills that
turns many mills for cutting pines into
planks,' 26 m nne Tocat.
Nidau, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, with a castle; situate oa
the lake of Biel, 15 m nw Bern. --■:
Nidda, a town of Germany, in Wette-
ravia, on a river of the same name, 20 ul
J.E Frankfort.
Nidechen, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Juliers, situate on a rock, and
surrounded by rocks, 12 m sse Juliers. _
Niehla, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with a castle ; seated on the Tinto, 40 la
w Seville.
Niemeck, a town of the duchy of Saxony,
on the river Ada, 18 m N Wittenberg.
Nieinecz, a strong town of European
Turkey, in Moldax^ia, situate on a moun-
tain, by a river of the same name, 76 ra.
wsw Jassy. Lon. 26 16 e, lat. 46 58 N.
Niemeii, a river that rises in Lithuania,
and passes by Bielica and Grodnr. ; it then
runs through part of Samogitia into E.
Prussia, where it flows by Tilsit, and be-
low that place separates into two branches,
the Gilge to the sw and the Russe to the
Kw, both of which enter the Curisch Haff
by several mouths. This river, in Prussia,
is generally called the Memel.
Nienlurg, a strong town of Westphalia,
in the county of Hoya, with a considerable
trade in corn and wool ; seated on the
Weser, 37 m sse Bremen. Lon. 9 15 e,
lat. 52 39 X.
Nienburg, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Munster, seated on the
Dinkel, 33 m Kw^ Munster.
Nienburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in
the principality of Aniialt-Cothen, with a
palace belonging to the prince; seated on
the Saal, 8 ra nw Cothen.
Nienluius, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Bentheim, w ith the ruins of a
citadel; sealed on the Dinkel, 16 ra nnw
Bentheim.
2sienhaus, a town of Westphalia, in the
principaUty of Paderborn, with a castle,
tiie residence of the prince; seated on the
Lippe, 2 m nne Paderborn.
xsieper; see Dnieper.
Niester; see Dniealer.
Nieuport, a town of the Netherlands
in Flanders, at the mouth of the Yperlee,
with a tide haven. Here are sluices, by
which the country can be laid mider water.
The inhabitants principally subsist by the
NIG
lierring fisliery, and by making net* and
ropes. In 1600, prince Ma,iirice htro
gained a great victory over llic Spaniards.
Jt is 9 m s\v Ostend.
Nicuport, a town of Holland, on the
liver Leek, 15 m k Rotterdam.
Nierre, a department of France, includ-
ing the old province of Mivernois. It taVes
its name from a small river, wliich rises
near Ciiamplcmy, and riuiB into (he Loire,
at Nevers, the "chief town of the depart-
ment.
Niger, ovJolila, a large river of Africa,
ivhicii rises in the feame mountains a§ the
Senegal, in the w part of Nigritia. It
flows M through the coumry of iManding,
and then takes' an easterly course thruu;;h
the kingdoms of Bambarra, Tombuctofi,
Trocur, and Ghana, to Wangara, where it
ilivides into several branches, and is sup-
posed to lose itself iii the lakes and sandy
deserts to the e and s of that country. It
contains many hippopotami and crocc-
diJes; and in the rainy season it inundates
the adjacent lands.
Nigimo, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Modena, 2'2 m sw Modena.
Kigritui, a large country in the interior
of Africa, through which the river Niger
flows from w to e. It is called by the
Arabs Sou Jan, a word of similar import
to the European Negrohtnd, to express
the Land of the Blacks. It extends from
Ion. 10 w to 27 £, and from lat. 10 to 25
3M ; bounded on the N by Zaiu-a and the
■mountains which separate it from Barbary, ^
X by Nubia and Abyssinia, s by countries
•unknown and Guinea, and w by Sene-
gambia. C)f this vast country little more
is known than the names ofsojneof the
towns and kingdcims of which it is com-
posed. ISome parts, particularly on the
Niger, are said to be exceediniily fertile;
either parts are represented as sandy and
jdesert. That it is very populous is evi-
dent, from the gi-eat supply of slaves it has
afforded to the traders. The principal
territory known is- Bonioit. The general
character of the Negros, who are the inha-
bitants of this region, is that of levity ;
and that they do not sutfer llveir gayety to
be distm-bfcd by events, which, in other
countries, are productive of much unhap-
pinesSi ' Tlicy do not appear to want the
feelings of^iiumauity, nor are they more
destitute of sagacity than other people
<;f an equal degree of education; but as
their country supplies them with food by
a very sl'ght degree of industry, and the
little occasion there is for clothing amid
the lietvfc of their 'climate, they have a
general habit of seeking present pleasure,
and no care for tjie future. The only ne-
cessary of life that appei\is to-be'^eflcieiit
NIL
is salt, whicli is the more wanted among
them in consequence of their subsisting
cliielly on vegetable food; and it is a pro-
verbial expression of a man's riches to
say, that he eats salt to his food. This
important article they receive from Zaara
by caravans of trading Arabs. They also
receive arms, hardware, glasses, and trin-
kets, from the w, by the Europeans; and,
in the interior,, by the caravans of Cairo,
Fezzan, and Morocco. For these they
give in return gold, ivory, and slaves. The
kind of government that exists among the
Negro nations is by no means uniform.
In many districts the country is governed
by a great multitude of independent petty
chiefs, who are engaged in frequent wars
with each other. In other places the
talents of individual chieftains have been
able to reduce considerable tracts of terri-
tory under their dominion ; and hence
some flourishing towns have sprung up.
i\lany of the towns are fortified with ditches
and high walls ; the latter and the houses
being constructed of clay and stone. Do-
mestic slavery prevails in a very great de-
gree among all the Negro states. When,
the tropical rains fail, or are so deficient
that the sun burns up the face of the
country, it is not uncommon for parents to
sell their children, and e%'en themselves,,
for bread. A freeman may also lose hjs
liberty by being taken ])risoner in war, or
on account of the crimes of murder and
sorcery ; and also in consequence of in-
solvency. The knowledge of the Negros
with regard to religion and all speculative
subjects is extremelv limited ; they only
pray once in twenty-ibur hours, when they
see the moon, and when she is not seen
they do not pray at all ; but they have
much superstition, and are implicit be-
lievers in witchcraft and magic.
Nllcunda, a town of liindoostan, in
Hydvabad, capital of a small rugged dis-
trict. It is 42 m SE Ilydrabad. Lon. 79
15 E, lat. 16 55 N.
JSile, a celebrated river formed by two
great streams from Abyssinia, the White
and the Blue river, or the western and the
eastern Nile, which unite in Nubia, ICO
m to the X of Sennar. The first and prin-
cipal stream rises in the mountains of the
moon, near Donga, in about ion. 24 40 e,:
lat. 7 20 X, and tfows e and ae into Nubia.
The eastern Nile rises near Geesh, in lon.
.'3(i 55 E, lat. 10 59 N ; it fiows n, then e
through the lake Dembea, and after
makiiig a circuit to the s and w, passes
Nw by Sennar, to its junction with the
former stream. Through Nubia the Nile
makes a flesuous course, and forms some
cataracts, the last of them innnediately
before it enters I'^gypt, at Syene. In i^jypt
NIN
it flows almost directly N till it arrives at
Cairo ; and a little below that city it di-
vides into two great branches, which, with
tlie Mediterranean sea, form the island
called Delta. The ancients reckoned
eleven mouths of the Nile, of which seven
yvere considerable ; but now there are only
two that are navigable at all times; and
those are at llosctta and Damietta. In
the middle of this river, between Old Cairo
and Gizeh, lies the island of Uodda, which
is almost as long as Old Cairo, and 500
paces broad in the middle ; and the front
«f the Melvias takes up all tfie breadth of
the southern part. This is the work of the
Saracens, and derives its name from its
use, for it signifies Measure. Here they
observe every day> by means of a gra-
duated column, the increase or decrease
of the waters of the Nile. This river in-
creases annually from the middle of Jane
to the middle of September, when it begins
to decrease. The fertility of Egypt de-
pends upon the water of the Nile; and they
reckon it will be a bad year when it rises
less than 14 cubits, or above IB; but 1(3
cubits is the proper height. During the
inundation, the little towns standing upon
eminences, look like so many islands, and
they go from one to the other by boats.
In Cai.-o there is a canal called Khalis,
which is opdned when the water is high
enough; thence it is conveyed into reser-
voirs and cisterns, and is afterward distri-
buted into the fields and gardens, as occa-
sion requires. This inundation of the
Nile is caused by the periodical rains that
fall between the tropics, and particularly
in Abyssinia, which is full of high moini-
tains. The whole length of the course of
the Nile (from Donga) may be esthnated
at 2300 miles.
Is'iiticama ; see JlLonoemviyi.
Nimegnen, a strong city of the Nether-
lands, capital of Gelderland, with a citadel,
an ancient palace, and several forts. It is
also the capital of a county of its name,
or of the island of Betuwe, the ancient
Batavia. The churches are, in general,
liandsome structures ; and the townhouse
is magnificent. The inhabitants, about
12,000, subsist chiefly by brewing ale, and
their trade with Germany. Several trea-
t!«s of peace were concluded here in 1678.
This city was taken by the French in 1794.
It stands on the Waal, 10 m wnw Cleve,
and i>5 ese Utrecht. Lon. 51 53 e, lat.
51 51 N.
JSiimptscIi, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Brieg, with a castle on an emi-
nence, 15 m LSE Schweidnitz.
Xineti/-sir, a district of S Carolina, com-
prehending the counties of Edgefield, Ab-
fc.e.viJle; Laurens, and Newbury. It pro-
NIP
duces considerable quantities of tobacco^
The chief town was formerly of the same
name, but is now called Cambridge,
j\'iiig-koue, a city of China, of the fi.-^t
rank, in Kiang-nan, noted for its nuuin-
factnres of paper, made of a species of
reed. Its district is very liilly, but plea-
sant; and the surrounding mountains,
covered with woods, produce medicinal
plants. It is seated on a river, which runs
into the Kiang-hu, 537 in sbyE Peking,
Lon. 118 25 E, lat. 31 2 n.
Ning-po, called by the Europeans Li-
anipo, an excellent seaport of China, and
a city of the first rank, in Tche-kiang.
The silks manufactured here are much
esteemed in foreign countries, especially
in Japan, where they are exchanged by the
Chinese for copper, gold, and silver. It is
seated on the e coast, opposite Japan,
060 m SSE Peking. Lon. 120 18 e, lat.
29 58 X.
Ninguta a city of Eastern Tartary, in
the province of Kirin, and the seat of accn-
sidcrable trade, particularly in the valuable
plant ginseng, which abounds in the neigh-
bourhood. It is seated on the Ilurha, 110
m .\E Kirin, Lon. 124 40 e, lat. 44 30 n.
Niniari, St. a town of Scotland, in Stir-
lingshire, with manufactures of leather,
cotton cloth, and nails, 2 m se Stirling.
Ninove, a town of the Netherlands, in
Flanders, on the river Dender, with an ab-
bey, 13 m w Brussels.
Nio, an island of the Archipelago, to
the s of Naxia, anciently called los. It
is 35 m in circuit, and fertile in corn, but
has little wood or oil. The regular manners
of the inhabitants, who are Greeks, revive
an idea of the simplicity of the primitive
ages. Lon. 25 35 w, lat. 30 43 n.
Nlon, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of V'aud, with a manufacture of beau-
tiful porcelain; seated on the lake of Ge-
neva, 12 m xbyE Go.neva.
I\'ions, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Drome, at the foot of a chain of
mountains, on the river Aigues, with a
lot'iy bridge of one arch, the work of the
Jtoraaus. Here is a mineral spring, called
Ponlias, and some manufactures of soap
and v.oollen cloth. It is 21 m ESE Monte-
limar, and 38 sse Valence.
A'iort, a town of France, capital of the
department of Two Sevres. Hei-e are made
druggets, serges, and other coarse woollen
goods ; and its dry sweetmeats are much
esteemed. It is seated on the Sevre Nior—
toise, 31m ene Rochelle, and 40 wsw
Poitiers. Lon. 0 33 w, lat. 40 20 n.
Nipfion, the largest and most northern
island of Japan, 750 m long and from GO
to J 50 broad, containing 55 provinces. Its
sw part is separated from Corca by a nar-
NITj
row Channel. The chief town, and the
metropolis of the empire, is Jedo.
Nirua, a town of Caracas, in the
province of V^enezuela, IJO m se Vene-
jzuela.
Nisao, a river of St. Douiingo, which is
a niahugauy port, and admits vessels that
draw under '^0 feet. It enters the sea, on
the w side of a cape to wliich it <;;ives name,
28 m vvsw ISt. Uoniinfjo.
J^isapour, or NcUubu?; a city of Persia,
in Korasan, formerly very extensive, but
has been often taken and pillaged by the
Tartars. The inhabitants, about 15,000,
onlv occupy a single quarter of the city,
and the remainder is in ruins. The most
delicious fruits are here to be found in the
utmost abundance. It is 90 ni sby e Mes-
ched, and 140 w Bistau.
IS^isibin, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Diarbek, seated amid the ruins of the
famous city of Nisibis, in a vast plain, on
the river Mygdonis, SO m sse Merdiu.
ISisida, a small island in the gulf of Na-
ples, very fertile, and laid out in slopes
and terraces like a large garden. It has a
harbour, called Porto Pavone, 5 m wsw
Naples.
Js'ismes, a city of France, capital of the
department of Gard, and lately a bishop's
see. Here are several monuments of anti-
quity, of which an amphitheatre is the
principal. There are likewise the ruins of
a temple of Diana, and a grand tower.
The Maison Quartee, or the square house,
is a temple of the Corinthian order, and
one of the finest in the world for its ele-
gant architectural proportions : the inte-
rior of this beautiful structure has been
repaired in a bad taste, in order to adopt
it to the purposes i^f christian worship.
Nine Di to the ive is a lofty Roman aque-
tluct, called Pont du Gard, which, passing
across a valley and the river Gard, serves
to convey the spring of Eure, near Uzes,
to this city. ISiismes has a citadel, built
by I.onis xiv, and consists of alabyrintli
of narrow streets; but the suburbs are
more airy, with abundance of handsome
liouses, and some fnie nioderu buildings.
The population 40,000, and the chief ma-
nufactures are silk stockings and clotli.
It is seated in a plain, abounding in wine
and oil, 140 m sby vv Lyon. Lon.-4 19 e,
lat. 43 50 N.
A'jsitf, a strong town of European Tur-
key, in Servia. It was taken by the Hun-
garians in 1737, but retaken by the Turks
the following year. It is seated on a river
of the same name, '20 ui e Precop, and
120 SE Belgrade. Lon. '^'i :i2 e, hit. 43 32 n.
iSit/iy a river of Scotland, which rises in
Ayrshire, gives the name of iNithsdaie to
that part of Duuifriesliire through wliich it
NOC
flows, and 3 m below Dumfries enters the
Solway frith.
Nit/ia, a desert of Egypt, 37 m long, on
the coast of the Mediterranean sea. It
had ibrmerly a great munber of monaste-
ries, which are now reduced to lour; and
it contains some lakes, from wliich is pro-
cured the natrum of the ancients.
]\ivelle, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, with a manufacture of cand)rics;
seated on the Thiene, 15 m s Brussels.
Nive7'?iois, an old province of Prance, be-
tween Burgundy, Boiu'bonnois, and Berry.
It is pretty fertile, contains mines of iron,
and has a great number of rivers, of whicii
the Loire, Ailier, and Yonne, are the prin-
cipal. It now forms the departn^ent of
Nievre.
JSjurunda, a town of Sweden, in Medal-
padia ; situate on a noble river of the same
name, 12 m from its mouth in the gulf of
Bothnia, and 18 sse Sundswall.
Nixahour, a town of Persia, in Korasan,
80 ni sE Mesched. Lon. Gl 32 e, lat. 35
40 N.
Nixapa, a town of New Spain, in Gua-
xaca, with a rich Dominican convent. The
vicinity produces a great deal of indigo,
cochineal, and sugar. It is 30 m se Aute-
quiera. Lon. 97 15 w, lat. 16 42 n.
Nixonton, a town of N Carohna, chief
of Pasquotank county. It stands on a
northern water of Albemarle sound, 28 ni
ENE Edenton.
Nizampatam, a town of Plindoostan, in
the Circars, district of Guntonr, at the w
mouth of the Kistnah, 41 m wsw Masuli-
patam.
j\^izza della Paglia, a tow n of Piedmont,
in ]Montferrat, seated on the Belbo, 14 m
SE Asti.
Xouilles, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Vienne, C in sse Poitiers.
Koahote, a town of Hindoostan, in Ne-
paul, with a temple on the brow of a hill.
It stands in a rich valley, watered by a
river, 37 m se Catmandoo.
yoanagur, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gujrat, capital of a district on the s
coast of the gulf of Cutch. It is defended^
by a wall, and the chief is styled Jam of
Noanagur. A considerable quantity of
coarse and fine cloth is wove here; and it
is celebrated for tiie dying of cloth. It
stands on the Badaman, 3 a\ from its
mouth, and 15C wsw Amedabad. Lon. 70
15 E, lat. 22 21 N..
^Sobber, a town of Ireland, in Meath
county, 19 m N Trim.
Nocera, a town of Italy, in the duchy, of
Spoleto, at the foot of the Apennines, IS
m NE Spoleto.
Nocera delli Pagani, a town of Naples^
in Principatu Citra, 8 n\ >w Salerno.
NOO
Noga7'(i, a town of France, in the cle-
partnient of Gers, 21 m sw Condom, and
'J7 wNw Auch.
I^ogarcat, a town of Hindoostan, in Ne-
paul, with a celebrated pagoda, 62 m e
Catir.andoo.
JKogent Ic Rotrou, a town of France, in
the department of Eure and Loir, seated
on the riuisne, 32 m wsw Chartres, and
35 NE Mans.
Nogenl sur Seine, a town of France, in
the department of Aube, seated on the
.'^cine, 25 m wxw Troyes.
Noir, Cape, a promontory on the sw
coast of Terra del Fuego, at the entrance
of the strait of Magellan. Lon. 73 13 w,
lat. 54 SO s.
Noiniiputier, an island on the coast of
France, lying s of the month of the river
Loire. It is 12 m long and 3 broad, and
has good pastures. The English made an
nnsuccessful attack on it in 1795. Tlie
principal town is of the same name, on the
E side, defended by a fort. Lon. 2 8 w,
lat. 47 1 N.
Nola, a town of Naple?, in Terra di
Lavoro, once a rich Roman colony, and
yet a handsome place. The silk spun in
the neighbourhood is much esteemed. It
is 12 m ENE Naples.
Noli, a town of the duchy of Genoa,
with a fort and a good harbour, 30 m sw
Genoa. Lon. 8 41 e, lat. 44 18 x.
No/i,bi-e lie Dion, a town of New Gra-
nada, in the province of Panama, formerly
a place of considerable trade. It is 30 m
E Porto Beilo.
JS'ombre de Dios, a town of New Spain,
in New Biscay, 45 m se Durango.
Noinan/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Meurte, on the river Seille,
15 m N Nancy.
Noil. Cape, a promontory of the kingdom
of Sns, opposite the Canary islands. The
Portuguese, in their first attempts to ex-
plore the w coast of Africa, long conjider-
ed tills promontory as an impassable
boundary, 'ihis its name imports; but
they doubled it, at last, in 1412. Lon. 11
50 w, lat. 23 38 ^-.
Nona, a town of Dalmatia, and a
bishop's see. It was once a splendid city,
but is now a mean place, and the harbour
not capable of receiving large vessels. It
is almost surrounded by the sea, 7 m N by
w Zara.
Nontron, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Dordogne, 21 m N Perigueux,
and 30 ssw Limoges.
Nuo/dzoog, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bejapoor, capital of a district in the
nizain's territories. It is 72 m ene Beja-
poor, and 77 w Beeder. Lon. 7G 37 r,
lat. ir 42 X..
NOR
Nootha ; see King George Sound.
Nora, a town of Sweden, in Westma-
nia, 17 m KNW Oretro, and 56 whys
Westeras.
Norherg, a town of Sweden, in West-
mania. Here are the best iron mines in
the province, and the ore is principally
sent by a canal to Stroemsholm. It is 30
m NSW Westeras.
Norcia, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
Spoleto, seated among mountains, on the
river Frcdarn, 20 m st. Spoleto.
Nord, a department of France, so named
from being the most northern in situation.
It includes the old French provinces of
llainault, Flanders, and Cambresis. Douay
is the capital.
Nordburg, a town of Denmark, at the
N extremity of the isle of Alsen, with a
castle, 9 m nnw Sunderburg.
Norden, a town of Westphalia, in E
Friesland, with a good harbour, 4 m troni
the German ocean, and 14 n Emden.
Nordgau; see Bavaria, Palatinate of.
Nordhausen, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, with seven Lutheran churches,
and a well-built orphan-house. It has a
considerable trade in corn, brandy, and
rape and linseed oil, with manufactures of
marble and alabaster. It is seated on the
Zorge, 35 m xne Erfurt. Lon. 10 56 e,
lat. 51 30 N.
Nordheim, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, situate on the
Rhume, at its conflux with the Leina, 10
m N Gottingen.
Nordkoping, a seaport of Sweden, in E
Gothland. It is 8 m in circuit, but the
houses are scattered, and the inhabitants
do not exceed 10,1)00. The river Motala
enters it by four distinct streams, which
form a series of cateracts, and encircle
several rocky islan.ds, covered with build-
ings ; but the middle of the town, and a
little below the main bridge, it is naviga-
ble for small vessels 'to the Bi"onie, a long
and narrov.' bay of the Baltic. Here are
manofactures of woollen cioth, paper, and
fire-arms; s(nne sugar-houses, and a brass
foundery. P.Iuch iron, copper, corn, and
flour are exported ; and a salmon fishery
gives eninioy'ment to manyof the inhabit-
ai:is. It is 24 m xe Linkoping, and 90
sw Stockiioim. Lon. 16 10 e, lat. 58 35 N.
Nordlatid, one of the four grand divi-
sions of Sweden, bounded on the n by
Lapland, e by the gulf of Bothnia, s by
Sweden Proper, and w by the same and
Norway. It confams six provinces.
Nordlingeji, a town of Suabia, fortified
in the ancient manner. Here the league
of the five Western fcircles of Germany was
concluded in 1702. In 1796, it was taken
by the French. Itis a commercial place,
NOR
seated on tlie Eser, 33 m xxw Augsburg.
Xon. 10 34 E, lat. 48 50 N.
Nordmuling:. a town of Sweden, in An-
gerniania, near a bay (iftiie gulf of Both-
nia, 24 m s\v Unia, and 70 m: Ileinosand.
Xordstrftnd, an island of Denmavk, on
the w coast of S Jutland, 11* m long and
6 broad. It has a town called Ilam,
28 m w Sleswick. Lon. 9' '0' 1^'';la'tr/54
NorfoU:, a county of I'.ngland, bounded
on the >; and i: by the German ocean, sc
and s by Suffolk, and \v by Cambridgeshire
and Lincoinsliire. It is 77 m long and -15
broad, containing 1,288,320 acres; is di-
vided into 82 hundreds, and 724 parislies;
has one city and 32 market-towns ; and
sends 1^ jneinbers to [;nr! lament. The
population was 291, 9P9 in 1811. It is in
general a flat country; and the products
vary according to the soil and situatioi}.
The light arable lands produce barley and
buck-wheat in great plenty ; wheat is cul-
tivated in the strongest soils, and turnips
are grown in great quantities. The fenny
parts yield abundance of butter; whicii is
sent to London under the name of Cam-
bridge butter. The sheep are a hardy
small breed, much valued for their mutton.
Turkeys are reared here to a larger size
than elsewhere ; rabbits are extremely
numerous on the sandy heaths; and there
is abundance of game, e-pecially of phea-
sants. The manufactures of Norfolk are
worsted, woollen, and silks. The principal
rivers are the Great Ouse, Nen, Little
Ouse, Waveney, Yare, and Bure. Nor-
wich is the capital,
Norfolk, a seaport of Virginia, capital
of a couiity. It was burnt, in 177G, by
order of the British governor ; but is now
the most considerable connnercial town in
the state. Tiie' chief exports are tobacco,
flour, com, staves, and lumber. Here are
two churches, an academy, and a theatre ;
and ti)8 harbour is large enough to contain
300 ships. The town stands on the e side
of Elisabeth river, near its entrance into
the estuary of James rivei;, 108 m ese
Eichmond." Lon. 7G 23 w, lat. 36 55 S'.
Norfolk Island, an island in the Pacific
ocean, lying \: of New S Wales, discovered
by Cook in 1774, who found it uninhabited.
It is very hilly, but some of the valleys are
tolerably large ; and there are many
streams of good water, which abound with
fine eels. The whole i;;!and is covered by
a thick forest, but has not much under-
wood ; and the principal timber tree is the
pine. The cliffs along the coast arc 240
feet high, quite perpendicular; and the
anchorage is safe all round, on taking the
lee side ; but there is no harbour. A set-
tlement was made here, in 1788, by a de-
NOR
tachmont from Port Jackson, in Sydney
bay, on the s coast, but it was abandoned
in"l812. Lon. 168 12 r, lat. '29 4 s.
Norliam, a village iu the detached part
of Durham, called Noihamshirc, seated
on the Tweed, G m sw Berwick. It is sup-
posed to have been built by the bishop of
I,indisfarnc ; and the church had the pri-
vilege of sanctuary. Its castle, on the edge
of a rock above tlie Tweed, has been many
times taken and destroyed by the Scots,
and as often rebuilt by the English.
Norhohn, a ttjwn of Norway, in th.e
diocese of Chrlstiansand, IG m :;xe Christ-
iansand.
Normandi/, an old province of France,
bounded on the w by the Atlantic, x by
the English channel, e by Picardy and the
isle of France, and s by Pcrche, i\Ia':ne,
and Bretagne. It is very fertile, abound-
ing in all things except wine, but that de-
fect is supphed by cider and perry. It
contains iron, copper, and a great number
of rivers and harbours. This province
now forms tlie departtnents of Calvados,
Euro, Manche, Orne, and Lower Seine.
Norrld^eicock, a town of the district of
INIaine, in Lincoln county, situate on the
Kennebeck, 10 m wbyN Canaan,
Norriton, a town of Pennsylvania, capi-
tal of Montgomery connty. Here is a
handsome stone edifice for the preservation
of records; also an observatory, in which
tlie celebrated Dr. Rittenhouse was in-
terred, agreeably to his request. It is seated
on the Schuylkill, 12 m ^•^v Philadelphia^
Lon. 75 24 w, lat. 40 10 x.^ '• ;.
Kortelga, or Ncr Telge. a seaport of
Sweden, in Upland. It suffered much
from ravages committed by the Russians
in 1719. Near it is a forge for making
fire-arms. It is 30 m ne Stockholm. Lou.
10 32 E, lat. 50 44 N.
North Cape, an enormous rock at the n'
end of the island Maggeroe, on the coast
of Norway, and the most northern pro-
montory of Europe. Lon. 25'|57 r, lat.
7112N. ;j^ /.HM
North Sea, a name given to that part of
tbei Atlantic ocean, lying to the x of Bri-
tain ; and sometimes to that part lying e
of Great Britain, more generally called
the British or German ocean.
Northallerton, a borongh in N York-
shire, with a market on Wednesday. Near
this place was fought the battle between
the English and Scots, called the Battle
of the Standard, in 1138. It is seated on
a rivulet, which a mile below joins the
river Whisk, 32 m ^x^v York, and 222
xby w Loudon.
Northatnptoii, a town of Massachusets,
capital of Hampshire county. It has a
considerable inland trade, and is situate
NOR
on the Connecticut, 100 m w Boston.
Lon. 72 38 w, lat. 42 24 x.
Korthiimpton, a town of Pennsylvania,
in the county of its name, situate on the
Leiijh, 18 m wsw Easton.
Northampton^ a borough and the capital
of Northamptonshire, i^overned by a mayor,
with a market on Saturda}'. It was tor-
iiierly surrounded by a wall, and had a
castle; the outer walls of t!ie latter are
kept up, and the interior part is cultivated.
The town was almost entirely destroyed
by fire in 1075, but was soon rebuilt. It
has four churches, a spacious market-place,
and a county infirmary and gaol. The
principal manufacture is boots and shoes,
of which many are exported. The popu-
lation was 8427 in 181 1. In the meadows
below the town, a battle v.as fought in
1460, between Henry Vi and the Yorkists,
in which the former was defeated and
njade prisoner. Two miles to the s is
Queen's Cross, erected by Edward i in
memory of his queen Eleanor. North-
ampton is seated on the Nen, over which
is a modem stone bridge, 30 m se Co-
ventry, and 66 kw London. Lon. Ill w,
iat. 52 11 N.
ISorthamptonshire, a county of England,
bounded on the s by Buckinghamshire and
Oxfordshire, w by the latter and Warwick-
shire, xw by Leicestershire and Rutland-
shire, N by Lincolnshire, and e by the
counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, and
Bedford. It is CO m long and 22 where
broadest, containing 617,000 acres; is di-
vided into 20 hundreds, and 304 parishes ;
lias one city and 11 market-towns; and
sends nine members to parliament. The
population was 141,353 in 1811. Lithe
KE part, near Peterborough, commences a
fenny tract, extending to the Lincolnshire
Wash. With this single exception, North-
amptonshire is said to contain less waste
ground, and more seats of the nobihty and
gentry, than any other county. The great-
est defect is a scarcity of fuel, which is
but scantily supplied by its woods; and
though coal is brought by the river Nen,
it is at a very dear rate. This county,
however, possesses some considerable re-
mains of its old forests, particularly those
of Rockingham on the ^w, and of Salcey
imd V\ hittlebury on the s. The products
^re, in general, the same with tliose of
other farming counties ; but it is peculiarly
celebrated for grazing land. Horned cat-
Jle, and other animals, are fed to extra-
ordinary sizes; and many horses of the
large black breed are reared. Woad for
the diers is cultivated here ; but the county
is not distinguished for manufactures. The
principal rivers are the Nen aiwl Welland;
NOR
beside which it is partly watered -by the
Ouse, Leam, Cherwell, and Avon.
:Sortlifleet, a village in Kent, seatefl on
the Thames, 2 m w Gravesend. The
church is very large, and contains frag-
ments of monuments as ancient as the I4th
century, Wst quantities of lime are
made here, and great numbers of extrane-
ous fossils iiave been dug up.
Xort/ileac?:, a town in Gloucestershire,
with a mnrket on Wednesday ; seated in
the centre of the Cotesv. old-hills, near the
source of the L^ch, 23 m E Gloucester,
and 81 why N London.
Nort/iop, a town of Wales, in Flintshire,
with a market on Saturday, and manufac-
tures of coarse earthen ware, fire-bricks,
,&c. It is 3 m sn Flint, and 190 xw London.
Northorn,a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Bentheim, on the river Vecht,
10 m K Bentheim.
Norlimmherland, the most northern
county of England. In the .'^axon hep-
tarchy it was a part of the kingdom of the
Northumbrians, which contained also the
counties of York, Lancaster, Durham,
Ciimberiand, and Westmoriand, and re-
ceived its name from lying x of the Hum-
ber. It is of a triangular form, 64 ui the
greatest length, and 50 the greatest breadth;
bounded on the e by the German ocean,
s by the bishopric of Durham, w by Cum-
beriand and Scotland, and x by the de-
taclied part of Durham called Norham-
shire and Islandshire. Itcontains 1,157,760
acres ; is divided into six wards, and 83
parishes ; has 10 market towns ; and sends
eight nn^mbers to parliament. The popu-
pulation was 164,415 in 1811. The soil is
various ; the z part fruitful in most sorts
of corn, with rich meadows on the banks
of the rivers ; but the w part is heathy and
mountainous. The se part abounds with
thick seams of coal ; and the s\v angle has
rich lead mines. Limestone and iron ore
abound in various parts. The chief rivers
are the Tyne, Coquet, xVln, and Blyth.
Alnwick is the couniy-town, but the largest
town is Newcastle.
Northumberland, a town of Pennsylvar:
nia, in the county of its name, seated in
the angle formed by the junction of the e
and w brandies of the Susquehana, 2 m-
above Sunbury, and 112 xw Philadelphia.:
Northumberland Islands, a chain of is-
lands in the Pacific ocean, near the kr.
coast of Terra Australis. Lon. 152.£,,lat»
"^ *■; : • ' ; ■-.:. •; ■ .-'..nA Arm:} i:-
jS ort/iumberl(ind &rxj,if,lhe ^ part of ,tW
gulf of St. Lawrence, between tlie island
of St. John and the coast of New Bruns-
wick and Nqvu Scotia. ■■..-:>■(!•■.
Nortlm(4i. Territory, a large 'p§mHf^
NOR
beloncinu; to the United States of America,
so named tVom its bituation. It lies be-
tween lou. 8t aiul 97 w, and lat. 4'i oO
and 49 o7 n ; boiuuicd on tlie N by Upper
Canada and Lake 8upevior, e by the clianncl
between tbatlakeand the Union and Lake
Micliiiian, s by the state of lUnioi.s, and wby
the Missouri territory. Its dimensions are
very unequal ; but its greatest breadth, in
lat. "jG, is 480 m. Thisterritory, extendiii<:
over so mauv degrees of longitude and la-
titude, encircled and interi^ected by lakes
luid large risers, has a great variety of
soil. The nortliwcstein part must be the
most elevated land between Hudson bay,
tiie Atlantic ocean, and the gulf of
Mexico; for here, within 530 m of each
other, the lied lake, the Rain lake, and
the Mississippi vivcr have their sources,
from which they flow K, e, ands, to those
seas respectively. Tlie country is chiefly
possessed by the Chipawas awd other tribes
of Indians ; for, at present, there are but
few settlements of white inhabitants, and
no enumeration was made in iSlO.
I^ortJizoich, a town in Cheshire, with a
market on Friday, a cotton manufacture,
and considerable salt ^vorks. Mines of
solid rock salt have been dug here to a
great depth, from which immense quanti-
ties are raised; and much of it, in its crude
state, is conveyed to Liverpool to be ex-
ported, Northwich is seated on the Dan,
at its junction with the Weever, 20 m xe
Chester, and 174 is-w London.
Norton, a town of Massachusets, in
Bristol county. A great quantity of nails_
is made here, and it has a manufacture of
ochre, similar to that of Taunton, it is
28 m s Boston.
Norton, or Chipping Norton, a town m
Oxfordshire, with a market on Wednesday.
Here is a freeschool founded by Edward
VI and a manufacture of horse-cloths,
tilling, &c. It is 12 m sw Banbury, and
73 xw London.
Norton Sound, an inlet of the sea, on
the w coast of N America, discovered by
Cook in his last voyage. The entrance is
between Cape Denbigh on the k, and Cape
Danby on the w, about 70 m distance;
both lying in the same latitude, and the
latter in Ion. 162 55 w, lat. 64 30 n.
Norufdk, a town of Connecticut, in
Fairfield county, with two churches, and
some iron-works. It has a small trade to
New York and the W Indies, and is si-
tuate on an inlet of Long-island sound, 50
m NENew York, Lon. 73 25 w, lat, 41
8n.
Norway, a kingdom of Europe, the
most westerly part" of the ancient Scandi-
navia. It is bounded on the w and n by the
NOR
Northern ocean, r- by Swedish Lapland
and Sweden, and s by the Categat; ex-
tending from the Naze in lat. 57 30, to the
Nortl^Cape in lat. 71 12. Its breadth,
wiiichis very unecjualjis from 10 to 220 m.
It is divided into the four governments of
Aggerlmys, or Christiania, Bergen, Dron-
theim, and Wardhuys. From its rocky
soil and northern position, Norway is not
populous in proportion to its extent. The
Norwegians maintain their own army,
which consists of 24,000 foot and 6,000
cavalry. Their troops are much estcemtd
for their bravery; and, like the Swiss
mountaineers, are exceedingly attached to
their country. Norway is blessed with a
particular code, called the Norway law,
compiled by Griefl'elseld, at the command
of Christian v of Denmark, the great
legislator of his country. By this law,
peasants are free, a few only excepted ru
some noble estates nearFredricstadt. The
Norwegian peasants possess much spirit
and lire in their manner; are frank, open,
and undaunted, but not insolent ; never
fawning to their superiors, yet paying pro-
per respect to those above them. The
same causes which affect the population oi
Norway, operate likewise on the state of
tillage, "for the country does not produce
sufficient corn for its own consumption j
but it is rich in pasture, and feeds many
cattle, sheep, and goats. The lislieries,
particularly on the w coast, And employ-
ment and wealth for the natives, and sup-
ply the finest sailors for ships of Vv'ar. Ihe
principal fish are salmon, cod, ling, and
whiting: tlie smallest are given as winter
fodder to tiie cattle; and their livers yield
train-oil. The extensive forests of oak,
elm, fir, and pine, produce timber, spars,
beams, planks, beside charcoal, turpentine,
bark, fuel, and even manure; and tlie
birch (the bark of which is used as a co-
vering for the roofs of houses) not only
supphes fuel, but also a kind of Vv'iue.
The general exports are tallow, butter,
salt, dried fish, Umber, planks, horses,
horned cattle, silver, cobalt, alum, Prus-
sian blue, copper, and iron. It abounds in
lakes and rivers ; the former so large that
they appear like inlets of the sea; but the
rivers are in general of a short course, ex-
cept the Glomme. The mountains are
numerous, and generally clothed with pines
and firs: the grand Scandinavian chain
which runs from stoK, dividing this king-
dom from Sweden, is known by disUnct
appellations; the chief are the ridges of
Langfial, Dofrafial, Kolen, and Severnoi.
The wild animals are the elk, bear, lynx,
wolf, glutton, fox, and hare ; but the most
singular creature is the leraing, or Nor-
NOR
wes;ian mouse, of a reddish colour, and
about five inches long. These animals^
proceed in vast numbers from the ridge of
kolen toward the sea, devouring every
product of the soil in their course, and at
last seem to devour each other. Norway
was formerly governed by its own heredi-
tary sovereigns. On the demise of liagen v,
in 1319, without male issue, his grand-
son in the female line, Magnus Smek,
united in his person the kingdoms of Swe-
den and Norw ay. Magnus was succeeded
in the kingdom of Norway by his son
liagen vi, iiu&band of the celebrated Mar-
garet, and, at his decease, in 1380, Nor-
way was united to Denmark by their son
Olof V, who dying without issue, Margaret
herself was raised to the throne by the
unanimous voice of the nation. On her'
death it descended, with Denmark and
Sweden, to her nephew Eric. Sweden
was afterward separated from Denmark by
the valour and address of Gustavus Vasa ;
but Norway continued united to Denmark,
till 1814, when it was transferred to Swe-
den, to be holden as an integral state, under
a stadtholder. The religion of Norway is
Lutheranism, and four bishoprics are esta-
blished. The language is the Danish, with
u mixture of Swedish words, and Swedish
pronunciation. The capital is Christiania,
but Bergen is the most populous city.
Norzvic/i, a city, capital of Norfolk, and
a bishop's see, with a market on Wednes-
day, Friday, and Saturday. It is sur-
rounded by a wall, now much decayed,
and seated on the Yare, which is navigable
to Yarmouth. It is a county of itself, go-
verned by a mayor, and of considerable
extent, but contains a number of gardens
and orchards within the walls. There are,
beside the cathedral, 36 parish-churches,
two churches for the Flemings, some dis-
senting meeting-houses, and a Roman ca-
tholic chapel. It has a stately castle, on a
hill, which is the shire-house and the county
gaol ; also a city and county -hospital, a
lofty market-house of freestone, a free-
school founded by Edward vi, and several
charitable foundations. The ancient dukes
of Norfolk had a palace here, which is
still in existence as a workhouse. Near
this city are the ruins of the castle of Rett,
the tanner, by whose rebellion, in the reign
of Edw ard vi, the city was reduced to a
ruinous state. Noiwich lias manufactures
of crapes, bombazines, and stuffs of various
kinds. The population was 37,255 in
1811. It is 43 m N Ipswich, and 108 ke
London. Lon. 1 20 e, lat. 52 40 N.
Norwich, a city of Connecticut, in New
London county, it 1^ in three divisions,
namely Chelsea, the Town, and Bean inll ;
and it has three churches. The executive
NOT
courts of law^ are held at this j)lace and
New London alternately. Here are made
paper of all kinds, stockings, buttons, stone
and earthen ware, and all kinds of forge-
work. It is seated on the Shetucket, at its
junction with the Quinabang, whose
united stream forms the Thames, 12 m
N New London. Lon. 72 3 w, lat, 41
29 K.
No7'uic/i, a town of Vermont, in Wind-
sor county, seated on the Connecticut, op-
posite Hanover in New Hampshire, and
20 m N Windsor.
Xossen, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, situate on the Frey-
burg Muldau, 18 m w Dresden.
Notchurg, a town of Ilussia, in the
government of Petersburg, seated on an
island in the lake Ladoga, at the place
where the Neva issues. It has a good
citadel, and was the capital of Ingria, be-
fore Petersburg was built. It is 25 m e
Petersburg. Lon. 31 9 e, lat. 59 56 N.
Noto, a city of Sicily, capital of Valdi
Noto. It was ruined by an earthquake in
1693, and rebuilt on a better site. It has
good streets and handsome buildings, and
contains nearly 16,000 inhabitants. The
vicinity produces excellent wines, and
abundance of all the necessaries of life.
It is 100 m ssw Messina. Lon. 15 14 e,
lat. 36 53 N.
Nottingham, a borough and the capital
of Nottinghamshire, governed by a mayor,
with a market on Wednesday and Saturday.
It stands on the side and suniniitof a rock,
into which are cut some small habitations,
and numerous vaults or cellars. At the w
end, on a rocky eminence, is the castle, a
magnificent modern structure, belonging
to the duke of Newcastle, built on the site
of an ancient fortress, celebrated in Eng-
lish history. It is a handsome town, dis-
tinguished by its spacious market-place,
and noted for its excellent ale. The popu-
lation was 34,253 in 1811. It is one of
the principal seats of the stocking manu-
facture, particularly of the finer kinds, as
those of silk and cotton ; and has also a
manufacture of coarse earthen ware. The
malting business is likewise considerable,
and ill the neighbourhood are many coal-
pits. It has three parish-churches, and
many meeting-houses for dissenters. Here
Charles i set up his standard at the com-
mencement of the civil war, which termi-
nated in his destruction. Nottingham is
seated on a river, which communicates
with the Trent, a mile to the s. It is 16
m E Derby, and 124 x by w London. Lon.
1 2 w, lat. 52 58 N.
Nottingham, a town of Maryland, in
Prince George county, situate on the Pa-
tu.xent, 20 m se Wasiiington.
NOV
Noitiiii;ham, a town of New Hampshire,
in Rockinsibam couDty, 14 m nnw I'ACter.
]\'vtliiiii/iaTns/iirc, a county of Eiiiilancl,
bouiifled on tiic n by Vorksiiire and l.in-
colnsliire, r. by the latter county, s by Le\-
cestershirc, and vv by Derbybhire and
Yorkshire. It is 4Q m lonp; and 20 broad,
containing 495,300 acres; is divided inio
seven luiiidicds, and COS piwislies ; has
nine market-towns; and sends eit;ht mem-
bers to parliament. Tlic population was
102,900 in ICll. It enjoys such a tem-
perature of soil and clinuite, as to render
it one of the most fertile and pleasant
counties in Enaland. The principal rivers
are the Trent and Idle. Almost the whole
of the middle and western parts were for-
merly occupied by the extensive forest of
Shirwood, which is the only royal forest N
of the Trent ; but the wood has in most
parts been cleared, and the extent of the
tbrest much contracted by enclosures.
This county produces a kind of stone some-
what like" alabaster, but not so hard,
which, when burnt, makes a plaster ex-
ceedingly hard, and with this the inhabi-
tants generally lay the floors of their upper
rooms: its other commodities are malt,
hops, wool, licorice, wc^d, and plenty of
coal. The manufactures chiefly consist of
framework-knitting, glass, and earthen
ware. •
Xova Scotia, a British province of N
America, which formerly, till 1784, in-
cluded the province of New Brunswick.
It is bounded on the s andsEby the Atlan-
tic, E by the gut of Canso, n by Northum-
berland strait, and Nw by New Brunswick
and the bay of Fundy. Its length is 235
m, from Cape Sable on the sw to Cape
Canso on the ke; its extreme breadth is
88 m, but the mean of the peninsular
part is not more than '15. It has several
lakes, and a^ast number of small rivers.
The French settled here before they made
any establishment in Canada, and culled
it Acadia. The first grant of lands was
made by James i, of England, from Avhom
it received the name of Nova Scotia.
Since the first settlement it has more than
once changed rulers and proprietors, nor
was it contirmed to England till the peace
of Utrecht, in 1713. Though situate in a
favorable part of the temperate zone, the
atmosphere, for a great part of the year, is
clouded with athick fog, which rendersit un-
lieakhy ; and for four months it is intensely
<:old. A great part of the country lies in
forest ; and the soil (except on the banks
rf)f the rivers) is thin and barren. Halifax
is the capital.
Nova Zemhla, an island in the Frozen
ocean, separated from the continent of
Russia by the strait of Waigatz. It is 50Q
NOV
m long and from 100 to 200 broad, and
was discovered by the English in 1533.
In l.'')95, a Dutch vessel beiiig cast away
on the coast, tiie crew were obliged to
winter here, and with great difiiculty prc-
scr\ed their lives. Since that, some Uns-
sians have passed a winter wiihout suflcr-
ing so much. The country is represented
as extremely desolate, producing no tree,
nor any vegetable but moss and some few-
arctic plants. It is not supposed to have
any human inhabitants. The animalo seen
there are white bears, white foxes, elks,
reindeer, and rabbits. Lon 52 to 78 e,
lat. 70 to 7ii N.
]\'ovalese, a town of Piedmont, at the
foot of Mount Cenis and the source of the
Doria, 40 m x\v Turin,
Novulle, a town of Italy, in Trevisano,
10 m sw Treviso.
^ovara, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
which contains 17 churches beside the
cathedral. It is sealed on an eminence,
near the Agogna, 30 m whys Milan. Lon.
15 0 E, lat. 45 18 n.
Kovcllara, a town of Italy, in Modenesc,
capital of a small principality, with a
castle. It is 17 m Eby^ Parma, and 18
KNW Modena.
Novgorod, a city of Russia, capital of
a government of -the same name, and for-
merly called Great Novgorod, to distin-
guish it from other towns of the same appel-
lation. It was for a long time governed
by its own dukes; and was, in fact, a
republic, under the jurisdiction of a nomi-
nal sovereign. Its territory extended to
the N as far as the frontiers of Livonia
and Finland ; comprising great part of the
province of Archangel, and a large district
beyond the KW limits of Siberia, This
city was the great mart of trade between
Russia and the hanscatic cities, and made
the most rapid advances in opulence and
population. Its power was so great, and
Its situation so impregnable, as to give rise
to a proverb, Who can resist the Gods and
Great Novgorod.? But in the 15th cen-
tury, this independent republic was obliged
to submit to Ivan i, grand duke of Russia.
It continued, nevertheless, the largest and
most commercial city in Russia, and con-
tained at least 400,000 souls. It was first de-
solated, in a manner, by the cruelties of IvaR
I II, but its splendour was not totally eclipsed
until Peter the great built Petersburg, to
which he transferred all the commerce of
the Baltic that had before centered here. It
now contains scarcely 7000 souls; and avast
number of decayed churches and convents
are melancholy monuments of its former
magnificence. The town stretches on both
sides of the Volkof, a river of considerable
depth and rapidity, which separates it iuto
NOU
the Trading Part and the f]'iarter of St.
Sophia: in the latter is a large fortress,
including the cathedral of St. Sophia, in
which several of the princes of the ducal
family of Russia are interred. Novgorod
is situate near the x end of the lake Ilinen,
125 m ssE Petersburg. Lon. 31 15 e,
lat. 58 25 N.
Novgorod Kkhnei, a city of Pussia,
capital of a government of the same name,
and an archbishop's see. It has a castle,
surrounded by stone walls; also two cathe-
drals, 28 parish-churches, and five con-
vents. The trade is considerable, and the
shops richly furnished with all kinds of
foreign and home goods. It is seated at
the conflux of the Oka with the Volga,
280 m rbyN Moscow. Lon. 44 18 E,
Jat. 56 16 N.
Novgorod Sieversk, a town of Russia,
capital of a government of the same name.
It is seated on the Desna, 310 m sw Mos-
cow. Lon. 33 40 E, lat. 52 10 n.
NoTgrodek, a town of Lithuania, capital
of a palatinate. In the center are a few
mean brick houses, and the remains of an
old citadel. The inhabitants are chiefly
Jews. It stands on a hill in a vast plain,
80 m sbyE Wilna. Lon. 26 8 e, lat.
53 25 N.
Novi, a town of the duchy of Genoa,
with a strong castle on a mountain. It is
the principal depot for goods going from
Genoa to the N part of Italy and into
Germany. Near this place, in 1799, the
Austrians and Russians defeated the
French, who lost nearly 10,000 raen. It
is 27 m Kxw Genoa.
Novi, a fortified town of Turkish Croa-
tia, on the river Unna. in 1789, it was
taken by the Austrians. It is 40 vsx wxw
Banjaluka.
Aort Bazar, a town of European Tur-
key, in Servia, seated near the Oresco, 72
m w Nissa, and 103 s Belgrade. Lon. 21
1 E, lat. 43 35 X.
Novigrad, a town of Dalmatia, with a
castle; seated on a lake of the same name,
communicating with the gulf of Venice, 25
m Nw Zara.
Novigrad, a strong place of European
Turkey, in Servia, seated near the Danube,
35 m N Nissa.
Novmirgorod, n town of Russia, in the
government of Catharinenslaf, 136 m
wxw Catharinenslaf. Lon. 31 44 e, lat.
48 40 X.
Nous, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Caramania, seated on the Kizil Irmak,
55 m wxw Kaisarich, and 125 xe Cogni.
Lon. 34 10 e, lat. 39 0 n.
Noutra, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Cracow, near which are
NUD
mines of gold and silver. It is 30 m s
Cracow.
Nowagur, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gundwana, at the junction of the Hutso«*
with the Mahanuddy, 30 m sse Ruttun-
poor.
Nowidwor, a town of Lithuania, in tlie
palatinate of Novgrodek, 80 m sw Nov-
grodek.
Nowigrod, a town of Lithuania, in the
palatinate of Masovia, situate on the
Narew, 80 m xne Warsaw.
Noxan, or Noxonton, a town of Dela-
ware, in Newcastle county, 17 ni s Wil-
mington, and 21 X Dover.
Noya, a town of Spain, in Galicia. The
chief trade is in ship-building. It stands
at the mouth of the Tambro, 15 m w
Compostella.
Noj/ers, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Yonne, seated on the Serin, 19 ra
ESE Auxerre.
Noi^on, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Oise. It gave birth to the
famous Calvin ; and was lately an episco-
pal see. It is seated near the Oise, 22 m
xw Soissons, and 60 x by e Paris.
Nozeroy, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Jura, with a castle, seated oa-
a mountain, 20 m se Salins.
Nubia, a country of Africa, bounded on
the X by Egypt, e by the Red sea, s by
Abyssinia and Darfoor, and w by Bornou.
It is 600 m long and 450 broad. The Nile
runs through it; on the banks of which it
is fruitful, but in other places barren,
sandy, and destitute of water. The x part
of the country-, formerly called Turkish
Nubia, is inhabited by a people called
Barabras. They make their bread and-
drink of a small round seed called doca, or
sefl", which is a kind of millet. Their houses
have mud walls, are very low, and covered
with reeds ; they are scattered among date
trees, and rarely accumulate in number to
form a village or town. The dress of the
better sort is a vest without sleeves, and
they have no coverings for their heads, legs,
and feet. The common people wrap »
piece of linen cloth about them, and the
children go quite naked. They have a
peculiar language, and profess to be Mo-
hamedans. The productions of the coun-
try are gold, elephant teeth, civet, dates, and
sandal-wood ; and a great many slaves are
sent into Egypt. It is divided into several
kingdoms ; those best known to the Euro-
peans are Sennar and Dongola. The chief
town of the country of the Barabras is
Dehr.
Nuddea, a town of Hindoostan, in Ben-
gal, situate on the left bamc of the Hooghly,
immediately below its formation by tiie
2L
NUR
NYI.
junction of the Cosslmbn/.iir and Jellinghv, formerly so flourishiii" in its manufactures
60 m X Calcutta. '; •; and tradf, and where sculpture, painting,
?,'ucz, u town of Spaili^ . in die j)rovince and all the sciences were fostcrcnl, is. now
of Leon, on the liordcrs of iPortugal, 15 m reduced to a tributary town ; beiuf^ ii^iven
t Biap;an/a, and -18 w Zaniora. to Bavaria, by ihe treaty of Tilsit, in iy07.
Kvg/iz, a city of Afgliunistan, in Cabul, Since then iti tn.de has declined, the arts
capital of a district, it is situate near the hecunie noiilecled, aud tin; ijreator part of
Coumul, 100 ni ssr. Cabid. Ldu. 69 '28 r., its valiud)le rolKclions of bonks, paintings,
lat. 1)3 17 N. nnd antiquities have been (hsperscd. It
Niijibiilai:!, a town of Hindoostan, in is 93 m r<byw Miuiich, and 260 wkw
Delhi, which has an extensive tratlic ni Vienna. Lou. 11 i i", lat. -i'J i27 n.
wood, bamboos, iron, copper, and tincal. J^'i/rpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
It is 32 m KW lleher, and !) 1 ne ]3elhi. Lahore, capital of a small district; , It
iViijV^, a town of France, in the depart- stands on the top of a brll, which issas-
inent of Cote d'Or, famous for excellent cended by steps, 75 m £M£.Lak«»]|0«rllXi£nf
wines; seated on the Muzin, at the foot of 75 3 e, lat. 32 11 n. 'i ,,': -.^ .:/
« hill, 15 ni ssw Dijon. Nurrafi, a town of Hindoostan, in Gund-
NukahiuHi; see Ingraham Islunds. wana, near the river Mal-.auuddy, 75 ni
A'«/f5, a town of Spain, in Valencia, near shy k Ruttunpoor. , >,../...ti
the seacoast, 30 m .n^e Valencia. Nuttiiigen, a townof.,Wirt€inbe*!g, witli
Nun, or Vied de Nun, a provuice in the a hospital, founded in 1481, said to be the
s part of the kingdom of bus. The em- richest foundation in tlie kingdom. It is
peror ot Morocco arrogates to himself the situate on the Neckar, 14 ai si: Stut-
:jOvere;gniy, but his real authority is ex- gard.
tremely feeble. This desert province is Nnsco, a town of Naples, in Principato
inhabite<l by dilVcrent tribes of Arabs, whose
camps arc scattered over such interior parts
of the country as are capable of cultivation.
It has a river of the same name, which en-
ters the Atlantic on the x side of Cape
Non.
Ultra, 8 m N by \v Conza.
iVusser/ioor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Sindy, situate on a branch of the Indus,
46 m NNF, Ilydrabad.
Nut/s, a town of Germany, in the terri-
tory of Cologne. It has a college of Au~
JS^Jittf/^'f/roog, a strong fortress of Hindoo- gustine canons, and a trade in coal and
Stan, in Mysore, built on the summit of a deals. It was taken by the French in
mountain, 1700 feet in height, the greater 1791; and is seated on the EriTt, near
part inaccessible ; but it was besieged and its condux with the llhine, 22 m knw
taken by the English, in 1792. It is 30 Cologne.
HI KbyE Bangalore. N/bvrgy a seaport of Denmark, on the
Nuneaton, a town in Warwickshire, with e coast of the isle of Funen. The remains
a market on Saturday, and manufactures of the old palace, in which Christian ii
of woollen cloth and ribands. It was foi'- was born, now serves for a magazine and
nieriy noted for a nunneiy, and is seated arsenal. It is seated on a V)ay of the
on the river Anker, 9 m ^byE Coventry, Great Belt, 10 m e Odensee. Lou. 10 40
and 98 nw London. e, lat. 55 30 n.
Nunny, a village in Somersetshire, 3 m Ni/Jwping, a town of Denmark, in N
sw Frome. Here are the remains of a Jutland, with a good harbour, on the gulf
strong castle, which was burnt by the par- ofLymlbrd. It stands on the e side of
liament forces in 1645. the island of Mors, which is formed by
IVjirewierg-, a city of Franconia, capital branches of the gulf, 40 m wsw Alburg.
of a territory, with a university. It is 6 Lon. 8 36 e, lat. 56 52 n.
m in circuit, surrounded by walls, flanked Ni/koping, a town of Denmark, capital
with 365 towers; and through the middle of the isle of Falster, with a royal palace,
of it flows the Pegnitz, over which are and one of the best endowed hospitals in
several bridges of stone and wood. The
population 30,000. Here is an academy
tor painting, an anatomical theatre, and
a public library. The ancient casUe or
palace is at thfe extremity of the city ; and
the arsenal is one of the best in Germany.
the kingdom. It stands on Ciuldborg
sound, opposite the isle t)f Laland, 60 m
ssw Coucnhagcn. Lon. 11 58 e, lat. 54
50 N. '
Nykoping, a town of Sweden, capital of
Sudtrmania, with a harbour, and the re-
The houses arc built of freestone, and are mains of a strong castle. It is seated on
four or fivf stories high. Though the reli- a river of the same name, near the Baltic,
gion is the Lutheran, tlie church of the 70 m s\v Stockholm. Lon. 17 27 E, lat.
Holy Ghost has a variety of relics, and 58 35 N.
other antiquitici. This or.ce free city, j\^j//a«f/, a province of Finland, lying on
OBA
the gulf of Finland, to the w of Carelia.
It is 120 m long and from SO to 60 broad,
and a fertile pleasant country, being better
peopled and cultivated than the neighbour-
in% provinces. The chief trade is in corn,
cattle, planks, linen, and dried fish. The
see qfBorgo is hi this province, but Hel-
:'«iiigfOis is the capital.
J] Ni/s(ot, a town of Russia, in the govern-
' metit of Wiburg, on the lake Saiina. The
castle, which stands on a rock in a river,
near the town, is strongly fortified by nature
-■•-and art. It was taken from the Swedes,
'in 1714, by the Russians, who restored it
at the peace of Nystadt; but it was given
up to the Russians by the ti-eaty of Abo.
. i'lt is 50 m >w Wiburg.
ITT Ni/slof, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Livonia, with a castle; seatetl on
the Narova, among large marshes, 20 m
s by w Narva.
Nystadt, a town of Finland, in Finland
Proper, with a commodious harbour, and
a considerable trade in all kinds of wooden
vessels. In 1721 a peace was concluded
here, between Russia and Sweden. It is
sealed on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia,
55 m Nw Abo. Lon. 21 31 e, lat. 61
10 N.
"ti Nystcd, a town of Denmark, on the se
• icoast of the isle of Laland. It carries on
a considerable trade to the northern pro-
vinces of Germany, and is 19 ra ese
Naxkow.
O.
Oaka, a town of Hindoostan, in Gujrat,
situate in a wild and uncouth district at
the w extremity of the peninsula, 47 m
whys Noanagur.
Oakham, the chief town of Rutlandshire,
with a market on Saturday. Near the
■churcli are the remains of an old castle ;
and four silver pennies of the latter Mer-
cian kings were found here in 1749. It
has a canal to Melton Mowbray, and
stands in the centre of a fertile district,
called the Vale of Catmose, 28 m sbyE
Nottingham, and 95 Nbyw London. Lon.
0 46w, lat. 52 42 w.
Oakhainpton, a borough in Devonshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Saturday. It has a manufacture of serges,
and the remains of a castle, dismantled
by Henry viii. It stands on the river
Oak, 24 m w Exeter, and 195 wbys
London.
Oakinghfim; see JVokiiighum.
Oaks Creek : see Caniuderago.
Oaxaca ; see Gxia.vaca.
Oban, a town of Scotland, in Argyle-
OCA
shire, on a bay 3 in to the s of the entrance
of Loch Etive. Here is a custom-house, and
a harbour capable of receiving 500 mer-
chantmen, defended from the westerly-
winds, by the island of Kerera. It is 22
m NW Inverary. Lon. 5 22 vv, lat. 5S
28 N.
Obdach, a town of Germany, in Stiria,
at the conflux of the Achza and Traun,
9 m SE Judenburg.
Oberkirch, a town of Suabia, 15 ra e
Strasburg, and 50 wbys Stutgard.
Ohernberg, a town of Bavaria, with a
castle, seated on the Inn, 12 m ssw
Passau.
Oberndorf, a town of Suabia, in the
county of Hohenberg, seated on the Nec-
kar, 8 m nxe Rothweil.
Obernkirchen, a town of Westphalia, ia
the county of Schauenbuig, 5 m £ Bucke-
burg.
Obidos, a town of Portugal, in Estreraa-
dura, with a strong castle on a rock, 13 m
E Peniche, and 38 xne Lisbon.
Obojan, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Kursk, at the conflux of the
Obojanka with the Psiol, 39 m s by \r
Kursk.
Obollnh, a strong town of Persia, ia
Irak, seated on a branch of the Tigris^^
near Bassora.
Obikaia, a gulf or bay of Siberia, in the
Frozen ocean, about 360 m from n to s,
and from 45 to 60 in breadth. Near the
middle of its e side branches out the gulf
of Tazowskaia, about 140 m long and 30
broad. The sw extremity of the gulf of
Obskaia, where the river Oby enters it, is
in lon. 69 15 e, lat. 66 55 N.
Obvinsk, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Perm, situate on the Kama,
60 m N Perm. Lon. 56 0 e, lat. 58-
14 N.
Oby, or Ob, the largest river of Siberia^
and of the Russian empire. It issues from
the lake Altyn, in the desert of Ischimska,.
and runs Nw and w, by Kolivan, Narim,
and Surgut, till it receives the Irtysh from
Tobolsk, when it flows N and ne till it
enters the gulf of Obskaia, after a course
of 1900 in. It is navigable almost to its
source, and is a smooth stream, abounding
in fish. In its course, especially after the
influx of the Irtysh, it forms a great num-
ber of islands.
Ocanna, a town of Spain, in New
Castile, seated on a plain, 24 in ene.
Toledo, and 27 sbyE Madrid.
Ocanna, a town of New Granada, ia
the province of St. Martha, on the Rio
de Oro, which flows to the Magdalena. It
is 240 m sbyE St. Martha. 'Lon. 73 26
w, lat. 7 40 IN.
2L2
ODE
Ocha, Ochoifk; see Oka, Ohotsk.
Ochridu, a strong; town of" Etiropenn
Turkey, in Albania, and an uirlibishop's
see. it !?tands on the nk side of a lake
to \*hich it gives name, formed by the
river Drino, 76 m e Durazzo. Lon. 21 o
I, lat.4143K.
OchseTifurt, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Wiirtvbiirg, seated on the
Maine, 10 ni sr. Wm't/burg.
Ochseii/idunen, a town of Suabia, near
•whicli is a rich abbey. It is 14 m s Ulni,
and 40 wsv>' Aiigsburg.
Ocker, a river of Lower Saxony, which
rises in the s part of the dncliy of Bruns
OEP
nels, called Peene, Swin, and Diwenow;
between which lie the islands of Usedom
and Wollin.
Oderberi:, a town of Moravia, on the
confines ot Silesia, with a castle ; seated
on the Oder, at the intiux of the Elsa, 13
in NNw Teschen.
Oderberg, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Middle mark, situate on the Oder, 26 m
Nw Custrin,
Oderii/ieiin, a town of Germany, in tha
jialatinate of the Rhine, seated on iha
Scltz, 14 n» s Mentz.
Odc.rnheim, a town of Germany, in ths
duchy of Deux Fonts, seated on the Glan,
>vick, flows by Goslar, Wolfen'butlle, and near its conflux with the Nahe, Sjy m sw
Brunswick, and joins the Aller, E of Mentz.
Odessa, a seaport of Russia, in the go-
vernmert of Catherinenslaf, with a fortress.
Corn is the principal article of export.
In 1817 it was declared to be a free port-
It is seated on a gulf of the Black sea,
44 m whys Oczakow. Lon. 29 24 X,.
lat. 46 28 "-a.
Odeypoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gundwana, near the river Gunduda, 73 m
ENE Ruttunpoor. Lon. 83 40 e, lat. 23
Zell.
Ocoa, a seaport of St. Domingo, on a
river and bay of its name. Here is plenty
of fresh water, large salt-works, and abun-
dance of beeves, sheep, and hogs. It is
-43 m w St. Domingo. Lon. 70 56 vv, lat.
18 15 N.
Oczakow, or Otchakof, a strong seaport
and fortress of Russia, in the government
of Catharinenslaf. It has been frequently
an object of contest between the Turks 37
-and the Russians, many thousands of whom Odeypoor, or Meyzcar ; see Oiidipoor.
have fallen in the ditferent sieges it lias Odiharn, a town in Hampshire, with a
undergone. It was taken by storm by the market on Saturday. Here are the re-
Unssians, in 1788, and confirmed to them mains of an ancient castle, and of a royaJ
by the subsequent peace. This place is palace, barns, &c. It is seated on the
the key to both the Bog and Dnieper, Basingstoke canal, 24 m ke Winchester,
rivers of great consequence to this part of and 42 whys London.
the empire. It is seated near the Black Oebsfeld, a town of Lower Saxony, in
sea, on the n side of the estuary of the the duchy of Magdeburg; seated on the
Dnieper, opposite Kinburn, 50 m w Cher-
son, and 190 n by e Constantinople. Lon.
30 30 E, lat. 46 35 N.
Odenbcich, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Deux Fonts, seated on the Glan,
34 m sw Mentz
Aller, 22 m ne Brunswick.
Oederan, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, situate near the Flohe,
9 m ENE Chemnitz.
Oeland, an island of Sweden, in the
Baltic, 80 m long and 9 broad, separated
Odensee, a town of Denmark, capital of from the coast of Gothland, by a strait 12
the isle of Funen, and a bishop's see. m broad in the narrowest part. The n
It supplies the greatest part of the army part has fine forests and quarries of excel-
-with all their leather accoutrements, and lent freestone; the s part is more level and
is particularly famous for gloves. Here very fertile; and they both abound in aluni
are also manufactures of cloth, sugar, and mines. Bogholin, an ancient royal palace,
soap. It is situate on a river, 6 m from with a village adjoining, is the chiej^ place.
the bay of Stegestrand, and 90 whys
from Copenhagen. Lon. 10 17 e, lat. 55
590^
seated on die strait, 22 m eke Calmar.
Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 56 48 N. ' •\
Oeh, a town of Silesia, capital of a prin-
'^''•* OdSri tl!"^ivert)f GeWnany, which has cipality, with a castle. It stands on the
•Its 'fe6urcfe m the mountains of Moravia, river Oels, 17 m ene Breslau. :Lp^. 17
and flows N to Oderberg ; then passes • by 31 e, lat. 51 12 N. ,;.■.?• . ■>- -jonjisii ?i
Hatibor, Oppelii, Breslau, and Glogau, in OehnUz, a town of- thfe 4tn8^«(tvOt
^'' 'Silesia ; CroBsen, Frankfort, Lebus, Custrin, Saxony, in V^oigtland, BjeAtedioa^tbesfiljSler,,
'%d Frinwalt, in Brandenburg; and Gartz, 6 m sby e Plauen. ,i , ,»,'(' ''->j'"><|-<' \'
Stettin, Camin, Wollin, Usedom, and Wol- Oepen, or Eupen,a town.Qf-.thoWether-
'■^sf, InToinerania. Below Stettin it forms lands, in Limburs;^ witk.cpiwidovftble^l]|ia-
'-'kilai'ge lake or bay, called Gross Haff, and nufactures of cloth;}<->8ituaftfi(ioniUil©*W.«ze,
th^ii enters the Baltic sea by three chan- 4 m t^E Limburgi^i; Si;; .irA ,w m^ OoJ
OHI
Oesel, an island in tlie Baltic, fonning
tlie N side of the gulf of Riga. It is 60 ni
long and 30 broad, and produces some
corn and flax for export, as well as cattle.
l-Arensbui-g is thecapittd.
' Getting, a town of Bavaria, seated on
tlie Inn, 8 m n\v Burkliausen.
Oetthigen, a town of Suabia, capital of
a county, witli a well-endowed college. It
is seated on the Wirnitz, 12 m nnw Dona-
f wert, and 28 s Anspacli. Lon, 10 40 e,
elat. 48 56 K.
Offas Dike, an entrenchment of Eng-
land, cast up by OtVa, a haxon king, to
A.riefend England from the incursions of the
*Welsh. It extends through Hcrefordshirt,
Shropshire, Montgomeryshiie, Denbigh-
shire, and I'lintsiiire, from the Wye to the
Dee.
Off'unto, a river of Naples, which rises
in the Appennines, passes by Conza and
Monte ^'erde, separates Capitanata from
Basilicata and Terra di Bari, and enters
the gulf of Venice, near Barletta. It is
■ the ancient Aiihdus.
o Off'en ; see Budu.
&■ Offenbach, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine and county of Isen-
bergy on ' the s side of the Maine, 3 m e
«s Frankfort,
'•■ Offenburg, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau,
tsseated on theXintzig, 24 mssw Baden.
«■ Ofjlda, a town of Italy, in the marquisate
of Ancona, 26 m s Loreto.
Ogeeclicc, a river of the state of Georgia,
which llows SE by Georgetown, Louisville,
Elberton, and Hard wick, and enters the
ocean opposite the n end of Ossabaw
island, 18 m s Savanna.
Ogerslieim, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, situate on the
llhine, 12 m n Spir«.
Oglio, a river that rises in the princi-
pality of Trent, enters Italy, and flows
between the provinces of Bergamasco and
Bresciano, through the lake of Isero, to
tiie borders of Milanese, and turning sk
enters Mantuan, where it joins the Po,
above Borgoforte.
OgJiiO, a town of the kingdom of
Siam, at the ke point of the gulf of
Siam, 56 m se Siam. Lon. 101 28 e,
Jat. 13 3.3 K.
Oheteroa, an island in the Pacific ocean,
13 m in circuit. It has no harbour, and
is neither so populous nor fertile as the
islands to the n of it ; yet the manufac-
tures are of a superior kind. The cloth is
of a better die, and the spears and clubs
are better carved and polished. The peo-
ple are lusty and well made, and rather
browner than those of Otaheite. Lon.
150 47 w, lat, 22 27 s.
Ohio, a river of the United States, which
01 a
has its source In the Allegany mountains^
in Pennsylvania, and is called the Allegany
during its wsw course to Pittsburg, where
it receives the Monongahela, and there
takes the name of Ohio. It bounds the
states of Ohio, Virginia, and Kentuchy in
its whole lengtli ; and the only disadvan-
tage it has, is a rapid, just below Louisville,
a mile and a half long,, and about 480 ni
from its mouth. In this place the river
runs over a rocky bottom a mile broad ;
and when the stream is low, empty boats
only can pass, but when high, boats of any
burden may pass in safety. The Ohi»
carries a great uniformity of breadth, frota
400 to 600 yards, except the last liO in.
where it is from 800 to 900 yards. Aftec
a course of 1188 ni from Pittsburg, in
which it receives many large and small
rivers, it enters the Mississippi in lat. SS.
58 N.
Ohio, one of the United States of Ame-
rica, 226 m long and 200 broad ; bounded
on the N by the territory of Michigan and.
Lake Erie, e by Pennsylvania and Virginia^
s by Kentuchy, and w by Indiana. Tiiis
country, affirmed to be the most healthy
and fertile spot in America, is divided into
43 counties, which are in an improving;
state. The mineral productions are iron,
lead, and coal. It is crossed in the mid-
dle by a chain of hills, from whichi
the waters flow in opposite directions.^
The principal rivers are the IMuskingum^
INliami, Hockhocking, and Sciota, -which
run into the Ohio; and the Miami of the
Lake, Sandusky, and Cayahoga, which run
into Lake Erie. In 1310 the population,
was 230,760. Columbus is the capital^
but Cincinnati is the mart of trade.
Ohlau, a town of Silesia, in the princi-
pality of Brieg, with a line castle. Great
([uantities of tobacco are produced in the
neighbourhood. It stands on the Ohla^
10 m SE Breslau.
Olirdruf, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, witli a castle, and numerous
manufactures, 8 m sse Gotha.
Oliringcn, a town of Franconia, capital
of the principality of Hohenlohe, with an:
academy. In the vicinity many Roman
antiquities have been found since 1741-
It stands on the river Ohrn, which divides
it into the old and new town, 28 m ssvw
Mergentheim. Lon. 9 42 e, lat. 44
11 N.
Oich, Loch, a lake of Scotland, In Inrer-
nesshire, 4 m long, and from 60 to lOO
fathoms broad. It contains some little
wooded islands ; and its outlet at the n
end is the river Oich, which flows by Fort
Augustus into the s extremity of Loct
Ness.
Oira, a town of Naples, in Terr.*-
OLD
il'Otranto^with an old ca«tle ; seated at the
foot of the Appennine?, 23 ni nk Taiento.
Oise, a department of Fiance, including
part of the old province of the Isle of
France. It takes its name from a river,
which has its source in the Ardennes, and
joins the Seine, below Pontoise. Beauvais
is the capital.
Oka, a river of Russia, which rises -10
m s of Orel, passes by tliat town, Kaluga,
Kolomna, and Uiazan, and joins the \'olga,
at ]Sisnei Novi^orod.
Okotak, a town of Siberia, capital of a
province, in the j:;overnincnt of Irkutsk.
It is seateil at the mouth of the Okota, in
« bay of the Pacific ocean, called the sea
of Okotsk, 490 m ese Yakutsk. Lon. 143
12 E, lat. 59 20 N.
Oldcastlc, a town of Ireland, in Meath
county, 22 m nw Trim.
Oldenlmrg, a duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Westphalia, bounded on tiie v, by
the duchy of Bremen, s by the principality
of Munster, w by E Frieslaiid, and n by
the German ocean. It was formerly a
county, united with Delmenhorst, and
-when the line of its counts became extinct,
in 1607, it devolved to the royal family of
Denmark. In 1773 it was exchanged by
Denmark with the f^rand duke of Russia,
for the district of Kiel in Holstein ; and
in 1777, the emperor of Germany raised
Oldenburg and Delmenhorst to the rank of
a duchy. The inhabitants are of the Lu-
theran religion.
Oldenburg, a fortified town, capital of
the above duchy, with a citadel, in which
a. governor resides. The church of St.
Lambert contains the tonibs of the last
^counts of Oldenburg, which are very
curious. It is seated on the Hunta, 22 m
■»v Bremen. Lon. 8 6 e, lat. 53 7 N.
Oldenburg^ a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Holstein, seated near the
Baltic, 28 m k Lubec.
Oldendorf, a town of Westphalia, in
the county of Schauenburg, seated on the
Weser, 5 m e Rinteln.
Oldensael, a town of the Netherlands,
in Overyssel, capital of the district of
Twent. It is 30 m e Deventer.
Oldeslohe, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Holstein, seated on the Trave,
17 m w Lubec.
Oldham, a town in Lancashire, seated
<in £, branch of the Medlock and near tlie
Irk, whose streams carry on the machinery,
&.c. of numerous manufactures. The po-
pulation was 16,690 in 1811. It is 7 m
j;e Manchester.
Oldtown, a town of Maryland,' in Alle-
pany county, on the n side of the Potomac,
14 ra SE Cumberland, and 140. why ^r
Baltimore. "OJ a ,s)ii34tU
OLM
Olenr, a town of the duchy of Westpha-
lia, with considerable iron-works, on the
river Bigge, 32 m s Arcnsberg.
Oleroii, an island of France, 5 m from
the w coast, opposite the mouth of the
Charentc. It is 14 m Icjiig and 5 broad,
produces wine and corn, and has some pro-
fitable salt-works. This island was for-
merly in the possession of the English ;
and here Richard r compiled the code of
maritime laws, called the Laws of Oleron,
which are received by all nations in Europe,
as the basis ofall their marine constitutions.
Oleron, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Charcnte, with a castle;
seated on the Esideof the island of Oleron,
13 m wsw Rochefort. Lon. 1 15 w, lat.
45 48 N.
Oleron, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Pyrenees, and lately a
bishop's see ; seated on the Gave, 10 m
sw Pan.
Olesko, a town of Poland, in the palati-
nate of Beltz, 48 m ese Beltz.
OUhato ; see Libatta.
Olika, a town of Poland, in Volhinia,
with a citadel, 20 m e Lucko.
0/<?K/rt, a city of Brasil, in Pernambuco,
and the see of a bishop, whose jurisdiction
is very extensive. Here are tlie bishop's
palace, the ecclesiastical court, a public
seminary, and several convents and fine
churches; but it has long been in a de-
clining state. It is situate on a hill, close
to the sea, 4 m n Pernambuco.
Olite, a town of Spain, in Navarre,,
where their kings formerly resided, but
now much reduced. It is seated in a fer-
tile country, 22 m s Pamplona.
Oliva, a town of VV Prussia, on a bay of
the gulfof Dantzic. Here is a large monas-
tery, which contains several tombs of the
dukes of Pomerania ; and in it a peace was
concluded in 1660, between Germany, Swe-
den, and Poland. It is 10 ra w^w Dantzic.
Olivenca, a tow n and fortress of Spain,
in Estreniadura. This place, with its ter-
ritory, belonged to Portugal, but was ceded
to Spain in 1801. It surrendered to the
French in 1811. It is 15 m sse Elvas, and
16 ssw Badajoz. n - .;
Ollcrton, a town' in NtJttinghamshire,
with a market on Friday, seated on the
river Maun, 13 m uw Newark, and 137
N by w London.
Olmedo, a town of Spain, iti Leon, seated
on an eminence, near the Adaja,; 23 m s
Valladolid. v ; ! _. - ) v;'
Otmutz, the capital of Mdraviay and an
archbishop's see, with a university, and a
strong castle, used as a state prison. It is
fortified, well built, and entirely surrounded
by the river Morau. This city was taken
in 1741, by the king of Prussia; aod iii
OMA
1758 he attempted it again, but was ob-
liged to raise tiie siege, llie emperors of
Russia and Austria met here in I8O0,
previous to the battle of Austerhtz. It is
80 m X by k Vienna, and 97 s Breshut.
Loii. 17 15 E, lat. 49 33 N.
Olney, a town in Buckinghamshire,
wltli a market on Monday, and a manu-
facture of bnnelace ; seated on the Ouse,
12 m SE Northampton, and 35 nnw
London.
Olonctz, a govennnent of Russia, in-
cluded formerly in the government of
Novgorod. In this district are mines of
copper and iron. The capital is of the
same name, and near it is a mineral spring
and an iron forge. It is situate on the
river Olonza, near its entrance into the
lake Ladoga, 100 m, cross the lake, nf.
Petersburg. Lon. 34 20 e, lat. 61 '.IQ n.
Otonetz Mountains, a chain of moun-
tains in tiie Kw part of Russia, which ex-
tends 500 m in a N direction, from the xw
part of the lake Lafloga.
Olonne, a town of France, in the de-
partment of \'endee, 35 m w Fontenay
le Compte.
Olphen, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Munster, 17 m ssw Mun-
ster.
Ollen, a town of Switzerland, in tlie
canton of Soleure, seated on the Aar, 17 m
rNE Soleure.
Olympus, a celebrated mountain of
Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia. The ancients
supposed its top reached the heavens ;
and from that circumstance placed the
residence of the gods there, and made it
the court of .Tupiter. The ascent, however,
is practicable in tlie summer; and a small
Greek chapel has been erected near the
summit, where service is performed once
a year, with singular contrast to the an-
cient mythology of the spot. It is 10 m to
the SE of -Btfrjff.
Owuiih, a town of Ireland, in Tyrone
county, wliere the assizes are held. It is
situate on the Mourne, at the indux of the
Carnov.n, "24 m wbyN Dungannonaii-J-'Oat'
7 46 w, lat. 54 32 s. -J 'i'-cr v.T
Oman, a province of Arabia Felix,
bounded an the' xw by the Persian gulf,
KE and SE by the ocean, and sw by exten-
sive deserts. It is possessed by a number
ot petty sovereigns, the most considerable
of whom is the iman of Oman, or Mascat.
The chief products are horses, dates and
other Unds of fruit, several valuable gums,
brimstone, coftue, and ruinos, a root that
dies red-. The irhabitants are Mohame-
dans ; yet, contrary to- the custom of
the Turks, they sutfet any one to enter
their uiosfKics. ''Th&iciiref town is
ONE
Omho, a town of Egypt, on the right
bank of the Nile, 26 m n Esne.
Ombrone, a town of Tuscany, in Sie-
nese, at the mouth of the river Ombrone,
5ms Grossetto.
Omegnu, a town of Italy, .in Milanese,
seated near the N end of the lake Orta,
32 m NNVV No vara.
Omer, St. a fortified town of France, ia
the departnient of Pas dc Calais, lately a
bishop's see. It owes its name and im-
portance to a saint, who built a great
monastery here in the seventh century.
The principal church, and that of St. Berlin,
are magniticent. It is seated on the Aa,
on the side of a hill, 8 m nw Aire, and
135 N Paris. Lon. 2 15 e, lat. 50 44 n.
Omerpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Berar, 82 m eke Aurungabad.
Ommen, a town of the Netherlands, in
Overyssel, seated on the Veclit, 17 m ne
Deventer.
Ommlrahlh ; see 2Iuihei/s.
Omou, a town of New Spain, in Hondu-
ras, with a strong fortress. It was taken
by the British, in 1779, by escalade; but;
the garrison left could not remain long in
possession. The valuable conmiodities of
Guatimala are received here to be era-
barked for Europe. It is seated on the
bay of Honduras, 80 m nnw Valladolid.
Lon. 00 47 w, lat. 15 40 K.
Omruttee, a fortified town of Hindoo-
stan, in Berar. A considerable quantity
of cotton is sent hence into Bengal by land
carriage. It is 31 m sse Ellich{!Oor.
Omsk, a town and foi tress of Russia, in
the government of Tobolsk, at the con-
fluxoftiie (Jm with the Irtysh, 3.30 m se
Tobolsk. Lon. 74 54 e, lat. 54 14 N.
Onate, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with
a university, 22 m ssw Tolosa, and 32 se
Bilboa.
Onecote, a village ir. Staffdrdshxe, 8 ni
NbyEdieadle, noted for the ricli copper
mines iu its vicinity.
Oneehouu, one of the Sandwich islands,
in the Pacific ocean, 15 m w Atooi. The
E coast is high, and rises abruptly from the
sea, but the other parts consist of low
ground, except a round bluff head on tlie
SE point. It produces plenty of yams, ami
of a sweet root called Tee. Lon. 161 0 w,
lat. 21 50 .>c.
Onci^a, a river and lake of R'jssia, in
the government of Olouetz. The lake is
SO m long and 30 broad, exclusive of two
arms that branch out 60 m from the n end ;
and at the sw extremity^ by the river Svir,
it has communication with the lake La-
doga. Tlie river rises -above 80 m to
the E of the lake, and flows knw, through
a-country full of woods, into the White sea.
Oneida, a town of Russia, in thegovern-
ment of Archangel, on tlie river Onega,
near tire White sea, 80 ni ssw Archangel.
Lon. 57 24 1-., lat. Cf? :\i> n.
OiiCi^lid, a ^imr^ll principality of Italy,
surronndoil hy the dncliy of Genoa and the
sea. It ah(iuucl-iinoli\e-oil,fruit, an J uine.
Oncf^lia, or Onei'ilc, a seaport, capital
of the above principality. In 179'2, the
French took it hy storm, and set it on fire
in several places. It is seated at the
mouth of the Imperiale, 55' iti^ sw Genoa.
Lon. 7 57 Y, lat. 43 58 N. ■ ' , ' "
Oneida, a narrow lake of New York, in
the county of its name. The e end is 20
in to tiie w of Rome, and it extends w
about '20 m, where its outlet, the river
OnondagO; runs into the lake Ontario, at
Oswesjo. At the \f. corner of this lake is
Wood creek, and at the sw corner is Oneida
creek ; on the banks of which live a tribe
of Indians, called OneId;is,
Oneida, a town of New York, chief of
the county of its name, witli a fort. It is
seated on Oneida creek, which flows ^w
into Oneida lake, 22 m svv Home, and 34 nw
Cooperstown. Lon. 75 20 w, lat. 42 56 n,
Ongtir, or Cliipping Ongar, a town in
£ssex, with a market on Saturday, 12 m w
Chelmsford, and 21ene London.
Ongolc, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, capital of a fertile district. It
is 170 in Nbyw Madras. Lon. 80 1 t,
lat, 15 30 N.
Onohhach; see Ainpach.
Onoiidago, a town of New York, in the
county of its name, with a castle, and for-
nierlj the chief town of a tribe of Indians,
called Onondagos. It is seated on Onon-
dago lake, 32 m sby e Oswego, and 38 wsw
Oneida. Lon. 7G 26 w, latr42 48 n.
Onoiidugo, or Salt Lake, a Like of New
York, in Onondago county, 5 ni long and
a mile broad. Its waters proceed from
salt springs, which are capable of producing
immense quantities of salt, and it sends
tiiera to Seneca river.
Onondago, or Osivego, a river of New
York, which issues from the w end of lake
Oneida, and flows 74 ni to lake Ontario,
at the town of Oswego. It is boutable,
except a fail, that occasions a portage of "iO
pnpre, a seaport of Hindoostan, in Ca-
nara, oil, an inlet of the sea that spreads
into a )ake, and includes a number of
islaiijjl.s. It was formerly a place of great
comraerce, and had a dock -yard; but was
demobshed by Tippoo, after lie had re-
covered it by the treaty of Mangalore.
Her^, is now a custondiouse, and part of
ihfttpwn lias been i'ebuilt ; some merchants
also liv'e scattered near the banks of the
lake, and sell nee, pepper, cocoa and beteV
^ts,,jvc, to the tia4ifi;;,ves^^ft^^j«n^|^
OON
from (Joa and Ilajapoor. ItisldUJ m nne
Mangalore. Lon. 74 25 E, lat. 14:18N;; nd
Oniiist, a small island near the coastiefi
Java, at the mouth of llio harbour of Bata--
via. Here the Dutch repair their ships
and have large warehouses.
Ontario, a lake of N America, situatei;
between 75 and 79 w lon. and 43 and 44!
N lat. It is 180 m long, 50 broad, ami 500
in circuit. On its sw part it receives the
waters of Lake Erie, by the river Niagara;
and near the se the Onondago river, by
which it conununicutes, lhron!:,h Oneida
lake and up \Vood creek, with Mohaw*b
river. On the ke is its outlet, the river
Iroquois, or St. Lawrence. It abounds
with fish, among wh.ich are the Oswego
bass, weighing three or four pounds. The
islands are all at the e end, the chief of
which are Wolf, Andierst, Gage, and Howe.
The w extremity is called Burlington bay. /
Ontinientc, a town ofSpain, in Valencia^ !
30 m NNw Alicaut.
Oojain, a celebrated city o^" Hindoostan,
in Malwah, capital of the dominions of the
Sindia Mahratta family. It stands a mile
to the s of the ancient city, which is said
to have been overwhelmed by a convulsion
of nature, and is G m in circuit, surrounded
by a stone wall with round towers. Here-
are four mosques, mariy Hindoo temples,'
and a palace; and on the s wall is au ob-
servatory, which is considered by Hindoo
geographers and astronomers as the first
meridian. It is a place of considerable
traffic, and situate on the Sipperah, which '•
flows N to the Chuiiibal, 220 m ne Scirat,
Lon. 75 48 e, lat. 23 11 -\.
Ooiui'asLa, one of the islanrls of the
Northern Archipelago, visited by Cookia
his last voyage. 'Ihe natives appeared to
be very peaceable, having been restrained
by the liussians, who now keep them in a
state of subjection. As the island fur-
nishes them with s<d)sistence, so it does in
some measure, with clothing, which is
chiefly composed of skins. The upper
garment, which is made like a wagoner's
frock, reaches down to the knees. Beside
this, they wear a waistcoat or two, a pair
of breeches, a fur cap, and a pair of boots,
the legs of which are formed of some kind •
of strong gut, but the soles and upper lea-
thers are of Russia leather. Fish and
other sea animals, birds, roots, bevri.es, and
even sea weed, compose their food. They
did not appear to be,very desiroua of iron,
nor to want any pther instrufnent e.xqept
sevving needles, tJieir own Viemg forj(i>6d qf
bone,. , With these Uiey sew tiieir„ca»oes, >
niake their clothes, and woifk , cpi'J«tBs, ^ini*' -
broidery. Instead of thread, they, ttse,ti*ei
fibix's , of .plants, split to th-^:, t|\ig|:BfiS&nH
females, whoare slioeraakers, tailors, and
boatbuilders. TlieV manufacture mats, and
baskets of grass, which are both strong
and beautiful. The neatness and perfec-
tion in most of their Yvorks show they are
not deficient in ingenuity and persever-
ance. The E extremity of the island is
called Cape Providence. Lon. 16(i 30 \t,
Jat. 53 40 N, •
Oonemak, the largest island of the
Northern Archipelago, about 200 m in
circuit, separated from the extremity of
tlie peninsula of Alaska, by a channel 5
in broad. Here the Russians have their
chief establishments for the deposit of all
the furs collected in t!ie other islands. At
.its w end is a cape of ti)e same name.
Lon. 1G5 30 w, lat. oi SO N. See Fox
IsldJids. •" "■
Ooniahai/^ A'-i'tawn of liindoostan, in
Ajmere, the residence of a Rajpoot rajah.
It is surrounded by a wall of mud and
stone, and 85 m se Ajmere.
Ooscut, a town <jf Asiatic Turkey, in
Roum, almost entirely built by the late
pashaw U^iu, who in 1813 was the most
powerful chief in Asia Minor. The houses
are small, but; neatly constructed of brick
xmd wood, painted in the manner of those
at Constantinople. Here is a handsome
mosque erected of hewn stone in imita-
tion of St. Sophia ; and the palace, with
its various courts and gardens, all sur-
rounded by high walls, occupy an im-
jiiense area in the centre of the town.
The population 10,000, It is situate in a
liollow, surrounded by naked hills, 98
)n w I'ocat, and 140 Ehys Angora. Lon.
35 17 r, lat. 39 4'2 x.
Ooitborch, a town and fort of the Ne-
therlands, in the isle of Cadsand, 4 m ne
Sluys.
Ooslenbi/, a town of Sweden, in the isle
of Oeland, 27 m s Burkholm.
Ootampaliain, a town and fort of Hin-
doostan, in the district of Dindigul, 54 m
bw Dindigul.
Ootatore, a town of Ilindoostan, in the
Caniatic, 22 ra iJx'# Tatijore, atid 8b sV.
Pondicberry. ' w JiiooJ^u;-/ i; •.j;37f Y"';^'
Ophehn, a town of Norway, in tn8 t^rp-
vince of Bergen, 45 m nne Bergen. ' ''-*'=" °
Oporto, or i'orto, a city and seaport of
Portugal, in Entre Douro e ]\Iinho, and a
lt)ishop's soe. It is by nature almost im-
pregnable ; and is noted for its strong
wines, of which large fjuantities are ex-
jjoited to Engl'and ; whence all red wines
from SpAin or Portugal are called. Port
vtines. The other chief exports are orangrs,
leinons,-&c. andiinen cloth to Brasil. Its
comni^rtte a;i-eutiy ii1ci^ease<l alter the earth-
quake flt'Lifclion, in 1755 ; before that
nuiech«^o|iaiatio|j'Wa? 80,<XJG, ifnd '\iM
ORA
now 50,000. It is seated on the side of a
mountain, near the river Douro, which
forms an excellent harbour, 147 m NbyE
Lisbon. Lon. 8 22 w, lat. 4 1 10 n.
Oppeln, a strong town of Silesia, capital
of a principality, with a catholic collegiate
church. It has a great trade in wool,
and stands on the Oder, 50 m se Breslau.
Lon. 18 0 E, lat. 50 39 n.
Oppen/ichti, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine. The vicinity
produces excellent wine. It is seated on
the side of a hill, 12 m sse Mentz.
Oppido, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, at the foot of the Appennines, 25
m NE Reggio.
Oppido, a town of Naples, in Basili-
cata, 5 m sse Acerenza.
Oppiag, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle, 4 ra wsw
Neustadt.
Orach, a town of European Turkey, in
Bosnia, near the river Drino, 60 m sw
Belgrade.
Oran, a city and seaport of Algiers, in
the province of Mascara. It has a tole-
rably good road on the Mediterranean,
and within a few m to the e a fine bay ca-
pable of receiving the largest fleets. It is
built on the side and at the foot of a
mountain, which overlooks it from the
N and :nw ; and on its ridge are two cas-
tles that command the city on one side and
the town of Mazalquiver on the other.
To the s and se are two other castles, on a
level with the lower part of the city, but
separated from it by a deep winding val-
ley, through which riows a rivulet of ex-
cellent water. Oran was taken by the
Spaniards in 1509, and retaken in 1708.
In 1732 the Spaniards became masters of
it again. In 1790, it was destroyed by an
earthquake, little beside the exterior walls
being left standing; and 2,000 persons pe-
rished. It has since been evacuated by
the Spaniards, who when they were first
masters of the place built several churches
and other edihces in the manner and style
'of the Roman architecture. It is 210 m
"Vsw Algiers. Lon. 0 24 w, lat. 35 54 N.
^j'" Orange, a city of France, in the depart-
'raentof Vaucleuse, lately a bisiiop's see.
"It is the ancient Arausio, and was an im-
portant place in the time of the Romans.
A triumphal arch, 200 paces s of the
■ town, was l"ormerly within its limits; and
here are also the remains of a line amphi-
theatre, some aqueducts, &.C. The fortifi-
catioub were demohshed by Louis xiv,_m
1632. Orange was the capital of a prin-
cipality of the same name, 17 m long and
12 broad, given by Charlemagne to Wil-
liam an Oornct! It was possessed suc-
tessn^ely tiy tlie TVouses' of Beaux, Chalou?,
ORB
and Nassau; aiul on the 'Jcatli of Wil-
liam iir of England, in UO'i, iMeclrick
William of Prussia claimed this principa-
lity as his heir. Louis xiv had seized it
durins; the war with king William ; bat he
exchanged it in 1713, with the king of
Prussia, for the town of GeUlres. The
city is seated in a fme plain, on the river
Aigues, 14 ni n Avignon, and 57 s Va-
lence. Lcm. 4 40 i:, lat. 44 9 \.
Orange, or Orangedidc, a town of New
Jersey, in Essex county, with an academy,
C m Kw Newark.
Oi-ungcburg, an inland district of S
Carolina, comprehending the counties of
Lcwisburg, Orange, Lexington, and Win-
ton.
Orangeburg, the capital of the above
district, in Orange county. It stands on
the X branch or' the Edisto, 75 m kw
Charleston. Lon. 80 42 w, kt. .33 23 n.
Orangttoum, a town of New York, in
Orange county, on the w side of the Hud-
son, opposite Pliilipsburg, and 27 m N
New York.
Orangetown, a town of the district of
Maine, in Washington county, seated near
the coast, 19 m from Machias.
Orunienbcntvi, a town of Upper Saxony,
in the duchy of Anhault Dessau, 6 m se
Dessau.
Oranienhanrn, a town of Russia, in In-
gria. Here is a royal palace, built by
prince Menzikolt, afterward converted
into a hospital; but much used as a resi-
dence by Peter iir. It is seated on the
gulf of Finland, 20 ra w Petersburg.
Oranienhurg, a town of Brandenburg,
in the Middle mark, anciently called Bret-
zow. It takes its present name from a
villa built by the margrave, and is situate
on the Havel, 18 m n Berlin.
Oranmore, a town of Ireland, in Gal-
way county, at the ne extremity of Gal-
way bay, 7 m e by s Galway.
Oratuva, a town on the w side of the
island of Tcneritf, and the chief place of
trade. It is seated at the bottom of an
aniphitl'.eatre of mountains, out of which
rises the Pike of Tenerift". Near the town
is a botanical garden, belonging to tiie go-
vernment. The port of Oratava is at 3 m
distance. Lon. IG 24 w, lat. 28 23 K.
Orbassan, a town of Piedmont, G m sw
Turin: : ■i;;'ji. ',,-'
Orbi:, a to*vri'of 'Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Vaud, with a bold single-arched
bridge over the river Orbe, 6 m w Yver-
dun. M :
Orbe,atov!n oft OeriRany, in the terri-
tory of Mentz, celebrated for salt-works,
26 ni V. Frankfort*
1- Or/'jVe//y, a seaport of Italy, capital of
Stato delli Presidii, with a good .harbour
protected by several forts. It is almost
surrounded by a lake, and seated near the
mouth of the Albegna, ti« m shy w Siena.
Lon. 11 6 E, lat. 42 28 N
Orbre, a river of France, which rises
inthe Ccvenncs, flows by Beziers, and en-
ters the gulf of Lyon, at Scrignan.
Or cades; see Orknci/s.
Orchies, a town of Franco in the depart-
ment of Nord, 12 m sse Lisle.
OrchiUa, a small island of the Caribean
sea, 80 m n of the coast of Caracas. Lon,
65 20 r, lat. 12 0 N.
Orcliirnont, a town of the Netherlands,
in tlie duchy of Luxemburg, situate on the
Semoy, 18 na n Sedan.
Ordingen, a town of Germany, in tl)e
territory of Cologne, seated on the Rhine,
36 m NXE Cologne.
Ordujina, a city of Spain, in Biscay.
It stands in a valley, surrounded by high
mountains, 22 m s Bilboa. Lon. 2 50 w,
lat. 42.55 N.
Orchro, a town of Sweden, capital of
Nericia. Ihe river Swart tlows ihrough
it, and 2 m below enters the lake Ilielmar.
In the middle of the town, on an island
formed by the river, stands the castle,
formerly a royal residence ; and here the
diet of the kingdom assembles. It has a
considerable trade with Stockholm, by
means of the lakes Hielmar and jlaheler,
and the ri\ er and canal of Arboga ; send-
ing iron, vitriol, and rerl paint, in particu-
lar, to that capital. Orebro is 56 m wsw
Westerns, and 100 w Stockholm. Lon.
15 12 E, lat. 59 18 N.
Oregrund, a seaport of Sweden, in Up-
land, on the gulf of Bothnia, opposite
the island of Grason. The liarbour is de-
fended by a mole. It is 46 m NE Upsal,
and 70 N by E Stockholm. Lon. 18 15 e,
lat. 60 20 N. -
Orel, or Orlaf, a government of Russia,
once a province of tlie government of Biel-
gorod. The capital is of the same name,
seated between the Oka and the Oriik, and
beyond these two streams are the suburbs.
In the centre of the city is the market-
house, the shops of which are stocked with
all sorts of Russian aivl Greek commodi-
ties. The^Oka here begins to be navigable,
and the chief trade is in corn, hemp, and
glass. Orel is 200 m ssw Moscow. Lon.
35 20 E, lat. 53 0 x.
Orellana, a town of Spain, in Estrema-
dtu'a, seated near the Guadiana, 28 m e
Merida.
Orenburg, a town and fortress of Sibe-
ria, capital of a provincein the government
of Ufa. It is a place of considerable
commerce, and seated on the Ursl, 260 m
SSE Ufa. Lon. 55 4 e, lat. 51 46 N.
Orense, a city pf Spain,^ in Galicia, and
ORI
a bishop's see. Here are some celebrated
tepid and hot springs. It is seated attlie
foot of a mountain, on the river Minho,
47 m SE Compostelia. Lon. 7 48 w, lat.
42 24 N.
Orfa, or TXoha, a city of Asiatic Tur-
key, in Diarbek, formerly called Edessa
by'the Greeks, and said to be the Ur of
the Chnldees. The mtiUs are 3 m in cir-
cuit, defended by square towers, and on a
rocky liill to the s is a stately castle. It
has a good trade, particularly in carpets
and yellow leather, and is a great tho-
roughfare from Syria into Persia. It has
a canal to the Euphrates, and the country
round is fertile in com and fruit. It is
seated near the Scirtus, 85 m sw Diarbe-
kir, and 120 nk Aleppo. Lou. 38 46 e,
lat. 37 5 N.
Orford, a town of New Hampshire, in
Grafton county. The soap-rock, v.hich
has the property of fullers earth in cleans-
ing cloth, is found in its neighbourhood ;
also a gray stone, in great demand for mill-
stones. It is situate on the Connecticut,
11 m N Hanover.
Orford, a borough in Suffolk, governed
by a mayor, with a market on Monday.
Here are the remains of a castle, which,
■with the church, are a seamark. It is
seated on the Ore, at its conflux with the
Ahies, 18 m EbyN Ipswich, and- 88 ke
London.
Orford Ness, a cape of England, on the
SE coast of Sussex, where a lighthouse is
erected for the direction of ships. Lon. 1
6 E, lat. 52 4 K.
Orgciz, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, with a castle, 15 ms Toledo.
Orgelet, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Jura, at the source of the
Valouse, 30 m ssw Salins.
Orgiva, a town of Spain, in the province
of Granada, 25 m s Granada.
Oria, a town of Naples, in Terra
d'Otranto, with an ancient castle, 20 m e
Tarento.
Orient, a fortified seaport of France, in
the department of Morbihan, seated on
Louis bay, at the mouth of the Scorf. The
population 20,000 ;- and the principal ex-
ports are salt and wine. It was formerly
the depot of the French E India Com-
pany. The harbour, defended by a citadel
opposite Port Louis on the same bay, can
contain but a small number of men of war.
The English attempted to become masters
of it in 174(5, but miscarried. It is 24
m wbyN Vannes. j.Lqd&S 20 w, lat, 47
Orihuela, a cityof Spain, in Valencia,
and a bishop's see, with a university, and
a citadel built on a rock. Here are made
tiurious snuff-boxes, with the root? of the
ORK
terebinthus, much esteemed for preserving
Spanish snufl". It is seated in a fertile
country, on the Segura, 3G m N Carthagena,
and 96 ssw Valencia. Lon. 1 3 w, lat. 38
8 N.
Orinoco, a large river of Caracas, which
issues from the small lake Ipava, in Guay-
ana, flows e and se to the lake Parinna,
from which it runs toward the w ; but after
receiving theGuaviari, it bends N, then ne
and e till it enters the Atlantic by an ex-
tended delta of mouths. Seven of these
branches are navigable, but only the two
extreme ones are proper tor large vessels ;^
the first, called the ^lanamo, branches oft"
opposite the town of St. Thomas, and flows
N to the gulf of Paria ; the other w iiich is
the main stream, continues its course to
the E, and enters the ocean in lat. 8 30 n.
The Orinoco in its singular circuitous-
course, estimated at 1400 m, receives
many large rivers ; and its chief estuary is
so deep and impetuous, that it stems the
tide, and preserves the freshness of its
water to within 12 leagues of the sea. In
September it overflows its banks, and fer-
tilizes the adjacent plains. See Parima.
Orio, a town of Spain, in Biscay, at the
mouth of the Orio, 3 m wsw St.-Sebastian.
Orissa, a province of the Deccan of
Ilindoostan 530 m long and 90 broad ;.
bounded on the n by Bahar and Ben-
gal, E by the bay of Bengal, s by
Hydrabad, and w by Gundwaua. The
interior part consists of rugged hills, unin-
habited jungles, and deep watercourses,
surrounded by pathless deserts, forests, or
valleys; forming a strong natural barrier
to the fertile maritime districts, which be-
long to the British. All the rest belongs
to the Nagpoor Mahrattas.
Oristuynl, or Oristano, a fortified sea-
port of Sardinia, and an archbishop's see,,
with a good harbour. It is but thinly in-
habited, and seated on the w coast, on a
gulf of the same name, 42 m Kw Cagluiri.
Lon. 8 51 E, lat. 39 53 N.
Orizaba, a town of New Spain, in Vera
Cruz. It has manufactures of clotli, and
the vicinity produces abundance of to-
bacco. To the yw is the Pike of Orizaba,
a volcano, and after Popocatepest, the
most elevated mountain in New Spain,
being 17,371 feet above the level of the
sea. Orizaba is seated near the Blanco,
which flows to the lake of Alvarudo, 50
ra wsw Vera Cruz. : ; . ' -
Orketied, a town of Sweded) iaSchoiieny
24 ni N Christianstadt.
Orknej/s, or Orkney Tslartds, the ancient
Orcades, a cluster of islands to the Nof
Scotland, from which they are separated
by the Pentland frith. . They lie between
57 35 and 49 16 jr lat. and ai'e upward- of
ORK
so in number, of wliicli one grratly exceeds
any other in extent. This, like the prin-
cipal one of Shetltnifl, is sometimes dij^ni-
f>€cl with the appellation of Mainland, but
is more tVeqncntiy called I'omoua. Be-
yond this island, to the ni; are seen, aniong
others, Uowsa, E<Jisha, Westra, Shappin-
sha, Kda, Stronsn, Sanda, and N Honal-
sha; and to the s appear Hoy, and S Ro-
nalsha, with others of infifcrior note, many
of them small and wholly appropriated to
the pasturaize of sheep. The whole grouj)
contained 'J3,'238 inhabitants in 1811.
The cnrrents and tides which flow between
these islands are rapid and daiiirerous ;
and near the small isle of Swinna are two
whirlpools, very dangerous to mariners,
especially in a calm. Ihe seacoast swarms
"with seals and otters, and is visited by
tvhalcs, cod, ling, haddocks, and herrin|;s ;
and tin the shores are found oysters, nms-
cles, cockles, Sec. The islands are visited
by eagles, falcons, wild goese, ducks in
great variety, herons, hawks, gulls, &C.
Springs of pure water are found in all the
mountainous parts of these islands; and
there are numerous lakes and rivulets
abounding in lish. The heath, on the
mountains, shelters grouse, plovers, snipes,
&c. but there are no partridges, hares, nor
fo-xes. There are great numbers of small
sheep and beeves. The products of the
valleys and plains are bigg and oats, but
jio other sort of grain. Except juniper,
■wild myrtle, lieath, and a shrub called
cyor-hordon, tliere is scarce a tree or plant
to be seen ; but this nakedness cannot
Jiave been their former state, as many
trunks of large oaks are to be found in all
tlie mosses. The climate of these islands
in summer is moist and cold ; but in winter
there is never nnich snow, and that lies
only a shDrt time. Preceding the autunmal
€quinox, they are visited by dreadful
storms of wind, rain, and thunder. For
• about three weeks in midsummer, they en-
joy the ravs of the sun almost without in-
termission ; but for the same space in
xvinter, that luminary hardly rises above
the horizon, and is connnmdy obscured
by clouds and mists. In this gloomy sea-
son, the absence of day is supplied partly
by moonlight, and partly by the radiance
■of the Aurora Borealis, which here gives
a light nearly equal to that of the moon.
The coasts airord numerous bays and har-
bours for the fisheries. The chief exports
are linen and woollen yarn, stockings,
butter, dried fish, herrings, oil, feathers and
skins of various kinds, and kelp. The
English language prevails in all these is-
lands, although there are many words in
the ISIorse, or Norwegian, still in use. The
inhabitants have the general character of
ORL
being frugal, sagacious, circumspect, reli-
gious, and hospitable. The population
was 4(),15;{ in 1811. The islands of Ork-
ney and Shetland constitute one of the
counties of Scotland, and it sends a mem-
ber to parliament.
Orldiiiundu, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Thuringia, seated on the Saai, opposite
the influx of the Orla, 40 m wsw Alten-
burg.
Orlando, a cape on the N coast of Sicily,
15 m wbyN Patti. Lon. 15 4 E, lat. 38
14 N.
Orleanois, an old province of France,
divided by tlie river Loire into the Upper
and Lower. It is a very j)lentiful coun-
try, and now forms the department of
Loiret.
Orlains, a city of France, capital of the
department of Loiret, and a bishop's see.
It is seated on the Loire, and has a cai;al
thence to the Loing, near Montargis.
Under the sons of Clovis, it was the capi-
tal of a kingdom. In 1428, it stood a me-
morable siege against tiie Eugiisb, which
was raised by the celebrated .loan of Art,
called the Maid of Orleans. It is now one
of the largest and most pleasant cities in
France. The population 42,000. The
cathedral is partly ancient and partly mo-
dern; and the view from its magnificent:
towers is a boundless extent of vineyards.
The commerce consists in stockings, caps,
linen cloth, wine, bratidy, corn, wood, and
particularly sugar, which is brought raw
from Nantes and Rochelle. The faux-
bourg of Paris is of a prodigious length,
and that of Olivet, on the left side of the
Loire, has a connnunication with the city
by a bridge of nine arches. Near the city
is a forest, containing 9 1,000 acres, plant-
ed with oak and other valuable trees. Or-
leans is 70 m ssw Paris. Lon. 1 54 e, lat.
47 54 X.
Orleans, an island and town of Lower
Canada, in the river St. L;iwrence, a lit-
tle below Quebec. Lon. G9 50 w, lat.
47 0 N.
Orleans, Netc, a district of the United
States, about 100 m square, lying on the^
gulf of Mexico, and including the delta of
months of the Mississippi. It now forms
the SE part of the state of Louisiana, and
is the most populous diutrict belonging to
the United States. The population in
1810 was 76,350.
Orleans, New, the capital of the above
district and of the state of Louisiana. Ic^
was built in 1720, under the regency of
the duke of Orleans, and iatended to have^
been the metropolis of tbo country of
Louisiana. In 1788, i't was destroyed by
fire, but soon rebuilt oa a 7e£;uUr plan,
and is VH)w a ^U^ of considerable liu-
ORN
portance, both on account of its commerce
iind population. It is fortified on the sides
exposed to the land, and lias a canal that
passes 6 m n to the lake Pontcliartran,
where there is a fort. On the side next the
river it is open, and secured from inunda-
tions by a raised bank, to which vessels can
lie close, and receive or discharge their car-
goes as at a wharf. From the advantages
of its situation, it is becoming a general
receptacle for the produce of the extensive
counti'ies on the Mississippi and its vari-
ous branches, which are shipped hence
for Mexico and the W India Islands.
The chief exports are sugar, cotton, in-
digo, tobacco, flour, lead, and lumber. The
inhabitants are about 25,000. In 1812,
the buildings of the city, vessels in the river,
and country around, suffered great damage
by a hurricane. At the commencement
of 1815 it was attacked by the British,
who retreated with the loss of two generals
and many soldiers. It is seated on the
left bank of the e and main branch of the
Mississippi, 80 m from its mouth. Lon.
90 0 w, lat. 29 58 N.
OrlcJigu, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Irkutsk, situate on the Lena,
235 m N Irkutsk. Lon. 105 40 e, lat.
56 0 N.
Orlof; see Orel.
Ormea, a town of Piedmont, on the river
Tanaro, 12 m s Mondovi.
Ormskirk, a town in Lancashire, with a
market on Tuesday. The church is re-
markable for its two steeples, placed con-
tiguous, one a tower and the other a short
spire. It is 11m KbyE Liverpool, and
209 NNW London.
Onnus, a celebrated island, in a strait of
the same name, at the entrance of the gulf
of Persia, 9 m se Gombron. It is about
12 m in circuit, and seems to be a mass
of rocks and shells thrown up by a violent
convulsion of nature. In 1507, the Por-
tuguese were permitted to form a settle-
ment here ; and it was afterward frequented
by a number of rich merchants. In 1622,
the Persians, aided by the English, ex-
pelled the Portuguese, and demolished the
buildings. Some time after, the Persians
rebuilt the fort, and though they could
never bring it to be a place of trade as be-
fore, it is still the key of the gulf of Persia,
on account of the commodiousness of
the harbour. The island is almost de-
serted; for it produces nothing. b,ut salt,
Tvhich sometimes is.tvvq,j^c^!fK^ep^--Xflp.
o6 2^5 A, 'lat. 27 12 2s-,,,oy.- .--".,, '. „<•
Ortia/is,,;:^ town of France, in the depart-
iii£Dtof Uouts, seated .00 the Louvre,jlO
iJniff ..it. dtp<i^-tra^t;(j>f Jfgflc^Kjncj4td-
ii^g lh^,aI^;p^«\;inBp of, Pe|ch«iia4i(ia)?;-^spf
ORT
that of Normandy. It takes its name from
a river that ri^es in the department, and
runs into the English channel, 8 m below-
Caen. The capital is Alencon.
Oro.wko ; see Orinoco.
Orursa, a small fertile island of Scot-
land, one of the Hebrides, to the s of Co-
lonsa, from which it is separated by a nar-
row channel that is dry at low water.
Here are the ruins of an abbey, with many
sepulchral statues, and some curious aii-
cient sculpture.
Orontes, a river of Syria, which rises in
the mountains to the n of Damascus, flows
N by Iloms and llama to Antioch, where
it bends to the w and sw, and enters the
INIedilerranean. The Arabs call it the
Aassi.
Oropesa, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
with a castle, on a cape of its name, in
tlie Mediterranean, 55 ra nne Valencia.
Lon. 0 5 E, lat. 40 8 x.
Oropesa, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
34 m ESE Placentia, and 63 w Toledo.
Oropesa, in Charcas ; see Cochabamba.
Orosei, a town on the w coast of Sardi-
nia, at the entrance of a gulf of the same
name, 75 m ese Sassari.
Orouinieh; see Urmia.
Orr, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcud-
brightshire, which issues from a small lake
to the e of New Galloway, and flows to
the Solway frith, at Dalbeattie.
Orsha, a town of Lithuania, in the go-
vernment of Mohilef, with a castle, seated
on the Dnieper, 42 m n Mohilef
Orsova, a town and fortress of Hungary,
on the confines of Servia and Wallachia,
subject to the Turks. The fortress was
besieged by the Austrians in 1790, but
without success. It stands on the n side
of the Danube, 100 m se Temesvar, and
105 E Belgrade. Lon. 22 40 e, lat. 44
45 N.
Orsoi/, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Cieve, seated on the lihine, 20 in SK
CleVe. , 1^,,;;,,;; ,,. ,- •,,, : . .. _
Orta, a, |tp,\yn .pfi Italyy in the patiimony
of St. Peter,; seated inpas'ntheTiijefxtilO^Ba
E Viterbo.:-, ,,,,,,:,,." ,, i.,;^- .i-jiN-ivuJ 9.1U
Orta, a town of Italy, iu Milanese,
seated on a lake of the same name, 26 m
jjxw Novara.
Ortegal, a cape and castle of Spain, on
the ,N' coast of Galicia, 30 m ..HtfiEiFjearrol.
Lon. 7 39 w, lat. 43 46 3s.v,;v<; t5>i.- /,• -nrr
. Qricnberg,W'towi\oi,^rva:^nyj,:'%y,^ei.'
.t^fi.via, with;f\ pa$f4c(, si^yate on tlie JMidder,
v.iy ui SK Gieseh,,, ,,:.,-, .,,; ■„ . , ,■-.,, ,■:,.>
■ .Ortenburg, a town and citadel of Ba-
varia, in a county of the same name, seat-
.,94 neai- the liver \'il?, 10 m w Pa,-^au. .
..,\'li)vlfiuburg, a t.uv.u oi' Gerniaiiy, in Ca-
OSN
posite tlie influx of the Liser, 0'2 m v
Clnwenrmt.
Oii/ua, a tt)wii of France, in the dopart-
ment of Lower Pyrenees. Here, in 1814,
the allied army from Spain, nndcr lord
Wellinsrton, defeated tlie French under
marshal Soidt. It is seated on the side of
a hill, by the river Pau, '20 ni ^w Fan.
Orton, a town in Westmorland, ^vith a
market on Wednesday, 10m sw Appleby,
and 276 >NW London.
Otiona a Mare, a town of Naples, in
Abrir//o Citra, on the j^ulf of \'enice, 13
m E Civita di Chieti.
Ortraiid, a town of the kinj^dom of
Saxony, in Misnia, on the borders of Lii-
*ntia,l(j m NE Meissen.
Orvkto, a fortified town of Italy, in the
patrimony of St. Peter, capital of a terri-
tory, and a bishop's see, with a magnificent
palace and a tine Gothic cathedral. It is
seated on a craggy rock, near the conflux
of the Paglia and Chiana, 50 m >nw
Rome. Lon. 12 20 e, lat. 42 42 N.
Oruro, a city of Charcas, capital of a
•district, which "abounds in cattle, sheep,
and camels, and has many gold and silver
mines. It is 150 m kw Plata. Lon. G8
SOW, lat. 18 IDS.
Orueel, a river in Suffolk, which flows se
by Ipswich, and uniting with the Stour,
forms the tine harbour of Harwich. Above
Ipswich, it is called the Gipping.
Ostica, a city of Japan, in the island of
Niphcn, with a magnificent castle. It has
a liarbour, at the mouth of the Gava, the
!ar<^est river in the island, and is the port
fif'^Miaco. The city is intersected by
canals, over which are several bridges of
cedar. It is 34 m sbyw Miaco. Lon.
136 5 E, lat. 35 5 n. '
Oschatz, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with a college, and
some maimiactures of cloth ; seated on
the Chemnitz, 16 m NW Meissen.
Osero, an island ; see Cherso.
Oshmiana ; see Oszmianfi.
0.u?)w, a town of Italy, in the marqui-
aate of Aucona, seated on the Musone, 12
m ssw Ancona.
Osiot ; see Siout.
Oanut, a city of Spain, in Old Castile,
and a bishop's see, with a university. It
is almost gone to ruin, and the cathedral
and episcopal palace are at Borgo d' Osma,
a little to tiie v.. It stands on the Douro,
48 m SE Burgos, and 112 eke Madrid.
Lon. 2 52 w, iat. 41 50 N. ^
Osmanjik, u town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, with a castle on an insulated rock,
and a fme bridge over the Kizil Irmak, 50
m WNVv' Amasia.
Osuuburg, or Omuhriick, a principality
(lately u blbbopric) of Germany, in the
OST
circle of Westphalia, between tlie territo-
ries of Munster, llavevisberg, 'Jecklenburg,
Lingen, Diepholtz, and Miiulen. It is 40
m long and 20 broad, produces much corn
and flax, and plenty of turf, coal, and mar-
ble. The most beneficial mannlacture is
a coarse kinrl of linen, «hich is exported
to distant ))arts. In 11(15, this princi-
pality was giving to the king of Hanover.
Osnaburs, a fortified town, capital of
the above principality, with a castle and a
university. It is celebrated ior a treaty
of peace concluded between Germany
and Sweden, in 1648, in favour of the
])r()testant religion. The catholics and
protcstants have each two churches ; and
the magistrates are Lutherans. It is seat-
ed on the Ilase, 25 m N by e Munster. Lon.
7 54 e, lat. 52 18 N.
Osorno, a town of Chili, seated on the
llio Bucno, in a territory where there are
mines of gold, 80 in s Valdivia. Lon. 73
20 w, lat. 40 58 s.
Os/us/ma, a town of Western Tartary,
in Turkestan, capital of a province. It is
80 m KNE Samarcand, and 260 s Taraz.
Lon. 66 20 e, lat. 40 40 n.
Ossi, or Osseti, one of the seven Can-
casian nations, between the Black sea and
the Caspian ; bounded on the N by Great
Kabardah, e by the Lesguis Tartars, and
s and w by Imeritia, It contains 19 dis-
tricts, of which one is subject to Imeritia,
and the others to Georgia. These districts
are of very unequal size ; some containing
only five, and others 50 villages, each of
which comprise from 20 to 100 families.
Their language has some analogy with that
of the Persian. Their history is entirely
unknown. The Circassians and Tartars
call them Kusha.
Ossola ; see Dumo d'Ossola.
Onsory, the western division of Queen
county, in Ireland. It gives name to a
bishopric, but the cathedral is now at Irish-
town, m the county of Kilkenny.
Ossurui, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with a university. It was formerly strong,
but less by its ramparts than by a fountain
of water, while the country for 8 m round
is totally deprived of that article. It is
50 m EbyN Seville. Lon. 5 8 w, lat. 37
22ri. ■
Obtulric, a town of Spain, in Catalonia.
It had a strong castle, which was taken by
the French, and demolished in 1695. It
is seated ou the Tordera, 28 m ke Barce-
lona.
Ostend, a fortified seaport of the Nether-
land?, in Flanders. It is seated among a
number of canals, and almost surrounded
by two of th.e largest, nito which ships of
oreat burden may enter with the tide. The
pnpulalion 10,000 ; and its commerce i's
OST
very considerable. It is famous for the
long siege it sustained iigaiiist the Spa-
niards, from July 1601 to ^September 1G04,
when it surrendered by a honorai)le capitu-
lation- Since then it has been often taken ;
tlie last time by the rrencli, in 17 94. In
1798, t!ie English landed here, and de-
stroyed the works of the Bruges canal; but
the wind shifting before they could re-em-
bark, they were obliged to surrender to the
French. Ostend is 10 m w Bruges, aud
2-2 KE Dunkirk. Lon. 2 56 e, lat. 51 14 N.
Osterbt/, a town of Sweden, in Upland.
Here are smelting-houses and forges; and
near it is the iron mine of Dannemora, the
most celebrated in Sweden. It is 30 m
BKE Upsal.
Oslerlwfen, a town of Lower Bavaria,
seated on the Danube, 20 m wnw Passau.
Osterode, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the principality of Grubenhagen. Here
is a manufacture of woollen stulfs ; also a
magazine for corn, which is delivered out
to the miners of Harz forest, at a fixed
price. It is seated on the Saal, 18 m nxe
Gottin<ien,
Oaterode, a town of W Prussia, with a
castle, situate on the Dribentz, 46 m se
JMarienburg.
Osiersund, a town of Sweden, capital of
Jemptia. It is seated on the e side of the
lake Storsio, 76 m xw Sundswald. Lon.
16 10 E, lat. 63 10 K.
Osteruick, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the principality of Halberstadt, with good
woollen n)anufactures; situate on the Use,
17 m wbyx Halberstadt.
OstiKunmar, a town of Sweden, in Up-
land. It had formerly a good harbour,
which is now become shallow, and stands
on a rocky island, S6 m xe Upsal.
Ost'ui, a decayed seaport of Italy, in
Campagna di Roma, and the see of a
bishop, who resides at Veletri. The old
town was destroyed by the Saracens ; and
the new one consists oidy of the cathedral
and a few mean houses. It stands near the
eastern mouth of the Tiber (nov/ so shallow
that the harbour is ruined) 12 ra s\v liome.
Ostiglia, a town of Italy, in Mantuan,
seated on the Po, 15 m se Mantua.
Oatinghuusen, a town of the duchy of
Westphalia, situate on the Alst, 8 m w
Lipstadt.
Ostrog, a town of Poland, in VoUiynia,
near the river Horin, 44 ni xxw Constan-
tinow.
Ostrow, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Masovia, on the river Bug, 75 m
ENE Warsaw.
Ostuni, a town of Naples, in Terra
d'Otranto, with a fort ; seated on a mon.n-
tain, near the gulf of Venice, 16 m vn.nvv
Bruid:ci.
OTA
Oswald, St. a village in Northumber-
land, on the Picts wall, 4 m x Hexham.
Here Oswald defeated Cedwall, a British
usurper, who was killed on the tirst onset;
and here he set up the first cross in tlie
kingdom of Northumberland.
Oswego, a town and fort of New York,
seated on the se side of Lake Ontario, at
the mouth of a river of the same name,
more commonly called Onondago. It was
taken from the French, in 1756, l)y the
British, who delivered it up to the United
States, in 1796. In 1814 it was stormed
by the Briti?h, who destroyed the works
and then retreated. It is 120 m Ebyif
Niagara, and 130 wxw Albany. Lon. 76
46 w, lat. 13 13 X.
Osweiczen, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Cracow, seated on the, Vis-
tula, 35 m whys Cracow.
Oswestri/, a town in Shropshire, govern-
ed by a mayor, with a market on VVednes-
day. It had a wall and a castle, long ago
demolished ; and has some trade from
Wales in liannels. It is 18 m xw Shrews-
bury and 179 London,
Oszmiana, or Osluniana, a town of Li-
thuania, in the palatinate of Wilna, situate
on the Berezina, 32 m se Wilna.
Otaba'io, a town of Quito, chief of a
district, wliich abounds in sheep, beeves,
and horses. It has manufactures of bed
furniture and carpets, and is 30 ni n
Quito.
Otuha, one of the Society islands, in the
Pacitic ocean. It lies n of Ulitea ; and
is divided from it by a strait, which, in the
narrowest part, is not more than 2 m.
This island is smaller and more barren than
Ulitea, but has two good harbours.
Otaheitee, an island in tiie Pacific ocean,
discovered in 1767, by captain WaUis, who
called it George the Third Island. Captaia
Cook came hither in 1768, to observe the
transit of Venus ; and it was visited twice
afterward by that celebrated navigator.
It consists of two peninsulas, connected
by a low neck of land 2 m over, and is
about 30 leagues in circuit. Great part of
it is covered with woods, consisting partly
of bread-fruit trees, palms, cocoa-nut trees,
plantains, bananas, mulberries, sugar-
canes, and others peculiar to the climate,
particularly a kind of pineapple and the
dragon-tree. The birds most common are
two sorts of paroquets, one of a sapplnrine
blue, another of u greenish colour, with a
few red spots ; a kingfisher, of a dark
green, with a collar of the same hue round
its white throat ; a large cuckoo ; several
sorts of pigeons or doves; and a bluish
heron. The only quadrupeds found on
the island were iMgs, dogs, and rats. The
people iiave mild features and a pleusinj^
OTR
countenance. They are about the ordi-
nary size of European*, of a jnile n.aho-
gany brown, with fine black hair and eyes,
and wear a piece of cloth round their mid-
dle, and another wrajjped about the head,
like a turban. The women wear a piece
of cloth, with a hole in the middle, through
which tliey pass their heads, and it hangs
down to the knees ; a fine white cloth, Uke
muslin, passes over this in various elegant
turns round the body, a little below the
breast, forming a kind of tunic, of which
one turn somenmes falls gracefully across
the shoulder. Botli sexes are marked with
black stair.s, occasioned by puncturing the
skin, and rubbing a black colour into the
wounds. Long nails on the fingers are a
mark of distinction among them, as among
the Chinese, liie climate being very hot,
their houses have seldom any walls, but
consist only of a roof, thatched with the
long prickly leaves of the palm-nut tree,
and supported by a few pillars made of the
bread-fruit tree. Their cloth is made ot the
fibrous bark of the mulberry tree, which is
beaten with a kind of mallet; and a glue,
made of the hibiscus esculentus, is em-
ployed to make the bark cohere. Some of
these pieces are two or three yards wide,
and 50 yards long. Though the natives
far excel most of the Americans in the
knowledge and practice of the arts of in-
genuity, yet they had not invented any
method of boiling water. The two sexes
eat separately; and their provisions are
chiefly fish, pork, cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit,
and bananas ; and they employ sea-water
as a sauce both to fish and pork. Nothing
can exceed their agility in swimming, div-
ing, and climbing trees: and they are
praised for their gentleness, goodnature,
and hospitality. Omai, a native of this
island, was brought over to England by
captain Cook, and carried back by him in
his last voyage. Point Venus, at the N
end, is in Ion. 149 36 w, lat. IT 40 s.
Otchakof; see Oczahow.
Otley, a town in W Yorkshire, with a
market on Friday, seated on the Wharf,
nnder a craggy cliff, 25 m w York, and
203 NNw London.
Otoque, an island in the bay of Panama,
Lon. 80 10 w, lat. 8 10 N.
Otranto, or Terra cTOtranto, a province
rrf Naples, 70 m long and 30 broad ;
bounded on the k by Terra di Bari and all
other parts by the sea. It is a mountainous
country, abounding in olives, figs, and wine.
Here is a kind of spider, called Tarantula,
whose bite is venemous ; and the country
is often visited by locusts. See Lecce.
Otranto, a city and seaport of Naples,
capital of Terra d'Otranto, and an arch-
bishop's see; with a castle that commands
OUD
the harbour. It has some trade with the
Levant, and is seated at the entrance of
tne gulf of Venice, 140 m se Bari. Lon.
18 35 E, lat. 40 20 N.
Otrar, a town of Western Tartary, in
Turkestan, near the river Sirr, 70 m wsw
Taraz.
Otricoli, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Spoleto, seated on a hill, near the Tiber,
7 m NbyK Magliano.
Otsej^o, a lake of New York, in the
county of its name, 9 n» long and a mile
broad. Its outlet, at Cooperstown, is the
E branch of the Susquehana.
Ottemdorf, a town cf Lower Saxony, iu
the duchy of Bremen, with a castle ; situate
near the mouth of the Meden, 27 m >w
Stade.
Ottenheim, a town of Austria, on the k
side of the Danube, 5 m wnw Lintz.
Olterbtirg, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, 5 m N Kayser-
slautern.
Otterburn, a village in Northumberland,
on the river Reed, 22 m wbyN Morpeth.
It is noted for a battle in 1388, between
the English under the earl of Northum-
berland and his two sons, and the Scots
under sir William Douglas, who was slaiu
by Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur ; but
tiie Scots obtained the victory, and the two
Percies were made prisoners. On this bat-
tle the ballad of Chevy Chase was founded.
Ottetsberg, a. lown of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Bremen, with a fort, 17 m ke
Bremen.
Ottery, St. Mary, a town in Devonshire^
with a market on Tuesday, and manufac-
tures of flannels, serges, &c. It has a large
church with two square towers, and is
seated on the rivulet Otter, 10 m e Exeter,
and 131 whys London.
Ottmuchau, a town of Silesia, in the
principality ot Niesse, with a castle ; seat-
ed on the river Niesse, 7 m whys Niesse.
Ottone, a town of the duchy of Genoa^
21 m NE Genoa.
Ottweiler, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Rhine, with an ancient
castle ; seated among mountains, 16 m
KNE Sarbruck.
Ouhy, an island, one of the Moluccas,
lying to the s of Gilolo. It is subject to
the sultan of Bachian, and abounds in
clove trees. The Dutch have a small fort
on the w side. Lon. 126 50 e, lat. 1 30 s.
Oude, a province of Hindoostan Proper,.
250. m long and 100 broad ; bounded on
the N by peity districts tributary to NepauJ^
E by Bahar, s by Allahabad, and w by
A"ra and Dellii. The whole surface is flat
and extremely fertile. It is intersected by
the Gograh, and the Ganges flows on its
%v border. It is subject to a nabob, whose
OUE
tlominions, in 1790, occupied itll the flat
counlrv lying on both sides of the Ganges
(with the exception of the district of Ram-
poor) between that river and the northern
mountains, as well as the principal part
of that fertile tract lying between the
Ganges and Jumna (the Doab) to within
40 m of the city of Delhi. The nabob is
in alliance with the British, who protected
these dominions from external enemies by
a subsidiary force, at his expense, till
1801, when several towns and districts
were ceded to the British, in commutation
of the subsidy and every other claim ; and
the British engaged, in consequence of
these cessions, to defend the nabob's re-
maining territories from all foreign and
domestic enemies, without any further
demand whatever. The capital is Lucknow.
Oude, a decayed city of the above pro-
vince, said to have been the capital of a
great kingdom, 1200 years before the
Christian era. It is frequently mentioned
in the Mahaberat, a famous Hindoo work
in Sanscrit, mider the name of Adjudiah.
Whatever may have been its former mag-
nificence, no traces of it are left ; but it
is considered as a place of sanctity, to
which the Hindoos come in pilgrimaiie.
It is seated on the Gograh, nearly adjoin-
ing Fyzabad.
Oudenard, a town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, with a furt. Here is a manu-
facture of very fine linen, and of cuiious
tapestry. This town was besieged by the
French in 1708, but the duke of Marl-
borough entirely routed their army. In
1745, it was taken by the French, w'ho re-
stored it by the peace of 1748 ; and in
1794 it surrendered to the French. It is
seated on both sides of the Scheld, 12 m s
Ghent, and 27 w Brussels.
Oudenburg, a town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, 8 m se ()i,tend.
Oudemt-ater, a funihed town of the Ne-
therlands, in S Holland, the birthplace of
the celebrated James Arminius; seated
on the Little Yssel, 10 m wsw Utrecht.
Oudipoor, or Mej/tair, a territory of
Hindoostan, in the pnwince of Ajmeer,
belonging to the Rajpuots, and lying e of
the river Pudda. It consists, in' general,
of mountains, divided by narrow vallies,
and abounds with furirt-sses. See Cheitore.
^ Oudipoor, the cauiKd of the above ter-
ritory. It stands near the river Banass,
■withiji an amphitheatie of hil'.s, which has
only three narrow p.i^ses. The rana is
deemed the most ncbie of the Rajpoot
chiefs, and is also cali< d the rana of Chei-
tore. Oudipoor is 9am ssw Ajmeer. Lon.
74 3 E, lat. 25 28 n.
Oiien-icJieou, a city '-f China, of the first
OtfS
rank, in Tche-klan. It stands at the mouth
of a river, and has a good harbour, 300
m ssE Nanking. Lon. 121 10 e, lat,
28 2 N,
Overjlackee, an island of the Nether-
lands, in S Holland, between the mouths
of the Meuse. Sommerdyck is the prin-
cipal town.
Overi/sche, a town of the Netherlands,
in Brabant, seated on the Ysche, 6 m ne
Brussels.
Orcn/xse/, a province of the Nether-
lands, bounded on the n by Friesland and
Groningen, e by Westphalia, s by the
county of Zutphen, and w by that of Arn-
heim and the Zuyder zee. It is divided
into three districts, called Drent, Salland,
and Twent. There are many morasses in
this province, and but few inhabitants, in
comparison with the rest. Its greatest
riches consist in turf, which is dug up, and
sent to the neighbouring provinces. De^
venter is the capital.
Ougcin ; see Oojain.
Ovidopol, a town and fort of Russia, in
the government of Catherinenslaf. In
digging the foundation of the fort, in 1795^
a curious antique tomb was discovered,
supposed to be that of the poet Ovid ; from
which circumstance the town had its name^.
It is seated on the e side of the moutjbi.
of the Dniester, 60 wsw Oczakow. Lon.'
30 12 E, lat. 46 10 K. ;
Oviedo, a city of Spain, capital of As^
turias d'Oviedo, and a bishop's see, with
a university. Near it are the hot springs
of Rivera de Abajo, which bear some re-
semblance to those of Bath. It is seated
at the conflux of the Ove and Deva, which
form the Asta, 55 m nnw Leon. Lon. 5
53 w, lat. 43 20 N. l
Oulz, a town of Piedmont, seated in a'
valley, 12 m sw Susa. ^
Oundle, a town in Northamptonshire,'
with a market on Saturday, seated on the
Nen, over which are two bridges, 26 m ne
Northampton, and 78 Nbyw London.
Ourem, a town of Portugal, in Estre-
madura, seated on a mountain, 12 m,'^'
lomar. r .,.,. ,- -,-i
Ourique, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, celebrated for a victory obtained by
Alphonso, king of Portugal, over five
Moorish kings, in 1 139. The heads of these
five kings are the arms of Portugal. Itis_;
26 m sw Beja . ^'^
Ourthe, or Ourt, a river of the Nether^'
lands, which rises in the duchy of Luxem<»_
buri, and flows into the Meuse, above
Liege.
Ouse, a river in Yorkshire, formed of
the Ure and Swale, which rise near each
cthef in tiie romantic tract called Rich-
Si iM
PWII
Miondsluro, and unite a little below Ald-
borcniu,li- The Ouse ikms to York, where
•it is navig-able for considerable vessels ;
-procecdinfi thence bv Cawood, Selby, and
Howden, "it receives "the Wiiarf, Derwent,
Aire, and Don, and then mcits the Trent
on the borders of Linct-inshire, where
dieir united stream forms the Ilumber.
Ousc, a river in Sussex, formed of tvo
branclies, one of which rises in St. Leo-_
Bard fi.rest, the other in the forest of
Worth, and they unite above Lewes. It
flows bv that town to ^'ewhaven, below
which it forms a considerable haven, and
enters the Fuj^lish chamicl.
Quae, Greut, a river that rises in North-
amptoiisbire, near Bracklcy, and Ihuvs to
Buckiiiahnm, Stoney Stratford, Newport,
Cflnev, and Bedford, where it is navigable.
Thence it proceeds to St. Neot, Iluntlng-
dcn, St. Ives, Ely, and Lynn, below- which
it enters the Lincolnshire Wash.
Ouse, Little, a river that rises in the s
part of Norfolk, and dividing that county
from Suilblk, as it flows westward, be-
comes navigable at Thetford, and afterward
joins the Great Oase.
Oussoor, a town and fort oi Hindoostan,
i*'. Mvsore, 50 m se Bangalore.
Oidciro, a town ar.d fortress of Portugal,
in Tra los Montes, seated on a mountain,
9 m sf, Braganza, and '^1 ^w Miranda.
Ouego, a town ef Ne-.v York, in Tioga
county, on the e branch of the Susquehana,
20 m w Union.
Ozchyhee, the largest and most eastern
o^' the Sandwich islands, in the Paciiic
oce&n. Its length from n to s is 84 m,
Atid its bixadth"'70. Near the middle is
Mowna Roa, a ir.ountain that rises in three
peaks, perpetually covered with snow, and
may be seen at 40 leagues distance. To
the K of this mountain, the coast consists
of high and abrupt cliffs, down which^fall
many beautiful cascades ; and the whole
country is covered with cocoa-nnt and
bread-fruit trees. The peaks of the moun-_
iain on the ke side appear to be about half
a milf high. To the s of this mountain, the
(ground is covered with cinders, and in
many places has black streaks, winch seem
fco mark the course of a lava, that has
flowed fr.un the mountain to the shore.
The southern prom.ontory looks like the
mere dregs of a volcano. The projecting
headland re composed of broken ar.d craggy
rocks piled irregularly on one another, and
ferminatiij^ in sharp points; yet, amid
these ruins, are many patches of rich soil,
careuiUy laid out in plantations. The
fields are enclosed by stone fences, and
are interspersed with groves of cocoa-nut
trees. Here captain Cook, in 1779, fell
OXF
a victim to a sudden resontmcnt of the
natives, with whom he unfortunately had
a dispute. Cajjtain Vancouver afterward
visited this island, and left a breed ()f
cattle, horses, and sheep, which have in-
creased abundantly. In 17B8, the king of
Owhyhce, wjth the assistance of a ship
carpenter, built a small tender ; and soon
afterward ho constructed a first decked
vessel. In lOlO this king had reduced
nearly all the Sandwich islands under his
dominion, and had removed his residence
to Jf'oulivo. The K point of Owhyhee is
in Ion. 154 00 vf, \at. 19 34 N. [
Chi'ruw, ISorth, a town of \V Yorkshire,
with various woollen manufactures. Ihe
population was 5uOG in 1811. It ig 3 m
KE Halifax. South Ouram, svitli 331.') in-
habitants, is 2 m SE Halifax.
Oxford, a tiiwn of New York, in Tioga
county, with an academy, 45 m ke U^mon.
Oxford, a town of Maryland, in Talbot
county, seated on an inlet of Chesapeake
bay, 12 m s Easton.
Oxford, the capital of Oxfordshire, and
a bishop's see, with a market on Wednes-
day and Saturday. It is seated on the
Thames, at the inilax of the Cherwell, and
has a canal to Braunstcn, in Northamp-
tonshire. The city, with the suburbs, is
3 m in circuit, and was anciently surround-
ed by walls, of which there are consider-
able remains ; as aho of its extensive
castle, the tower of which nov/ serves for
a county gaol. The population was 12,931
in 1811. It has, beside the cathedral, 13
pariih churches, a famous university, a
jioble market-place, and a magnificent
bridge. The university is supposed to
have been a seminary foi^-'learning before
the time of i\ifred, although it owed its
revival and consequence to his liberal
patronage. It has 90 colleges and five
halls, several of which stand in the streets,
and give the city an air of magniiiceuce.
The colleges Iiave sufficient revenues for
the maintenance of a master, fellow, and
students. In the halls the students live,
either wholly, oi' in part, at their own ex-
pense. The colleges are. University, Bal-
liol, Merton, Exeter, Oriel, Queens, New,
Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, Biasenose,
Corpus Christi, Christ Church, Trinity, St.
.[ohn Baptist, Jesus, Vv adham, Pembroke,
Worcester, and Hertford. Of these, the
most ancient is University college, found-
ed before the year 872; and to Christ
Church college, begun by cai'dinal Wolsey,
and finished by lienry viii, belongs the
cathedral. The" hulls are, Alban, Edmund,
St. Mary, New Inn, and St. Mary Mag-
dalen. Among the libraries in the univer-
sity, the inost diitiuguisiied arc the Bod-
OZA
leian, All Souls, Christ Church, Queens,
New, St. John, Exeter, and Corpus Christ! •
Among other public buildings, are the
theatre, the Ashmolcan museum, the Cla-
rendon printing-house, the liadciitl'e in-
firmary, and an observatory. Magdalen
bridge is noted lor the beauty of its arch-
itecture, and covers two small stripes of
the Charwell. At Oxford, king John, com-
pelled by his barons, suinmoned a parlia-
ment to meet, in 1258 ; tiie proceedings
of which were so disorderly, that it was
known afterward by the name of the Mad
Parliament. Charles i assembled a par-
liament here, in 1G25, in consequence of
the plague then raging in London ; and, in
1644, he summoned such of the members
of both houses as were devoted to his in-
terest, and secedcrs from the parliament
then sitting at Westminster. This city
was distinguished for its attachment to
that unfortunate king, who here held his
court during the whole civil war. With-
out the town are many ruins of the fortili-
cations erected in that war. Oxi'ord is go-
verned by a mayor, and sends four mem-
bers to parliament, two for the university,
and two for the city. It is 50 ms by e
Coventry, and 54 wnw London. Lon. 1
15 w, lat. 51 40 N.
Oxfordf,hi]C, a county of England,
bounded on the e by Buckinghamshire, w
by Gloucestt-rshire, s by Berkshire, and N
by Warwickshire and Northamptonshire.
The extreuje length is 48 m, and breadth
26, but its form is very irregular. It con-,
tains 474,880 acres; is divided into 14
hundreds, and 219 parishes ; has one city
and 12 market-towns; and sends nine
members to parliament. The population
was 119,191 in 1811. The soil, though
various, is fertile in coi'n and grass. The
SE part is hilly and woody, liaving a con-
tinuation of the Chiltern hills running
through it. The nw part is also elevated
and stony. The middle is, in general, a
rich country, watered by numerous streams
running from n to s, and terminating in
the Thames : of these, the most consider-
able are the Windrusti, Evenlode, Char-
well, and Thame. The products of Ox-
fordshire are chiefly those common to the
midland farming counties. Its liills yield
ociire, pipe-clay, and other earths, useful
for various purposes. Corn and m;,ilt are
conveyed from it, by tke Thames, to the
/uetropolis,
Oxus; see Anm.
Ozama, a river of St. Domingo, which
enters the sea at the city of St. Domingo.
It is navigable 30 in ; but has a rock at
its mouth, which prevents the entrance of
vessels drawiijg more than 18 feet.
PAD
P.
Faca&mayu, a river of Peru, which issues
from the mountains of Caxamarca, and
flows w to the Pacific ocean, vvhere it forms
a bay in lat. 7 '24 s.
FuccDi, a town in the n part of Sumatra,
capital of a kingdom. It is I'-IO m se
Acheen. Lon. 97 15 e, lat. 5 0 n.
Fachacamac, a town of Peru, in the
audience of Lima, situate in a valley of its
name, formei'ly beautitied with a niagmti-
cent temple, in which the Spaniards, whew
they conquered Peru, found immense:
riches. It is 22 m sse Lima.
Puchete, a town and tort of Hindoostan,
in Bengal, which gives name to a district*
It is 8 in NE Rogonatpoor.
Fachuca, a town of New Spain, in the
province of Mexico, famous for the rich
silver mines in its vicinity. It is 45 ni
N by E Mexico. Lon. 100 14 w, lat. 20
42 N.
Fucijlc, or Fucific Ocean, extending be-
tween Asia and America, and upward of
10,000 ni in breadth. The Spaniards, on
passing the isthmus of Panama, from k
to s, at the first discovery of this ocean,,
named it the South Sea ; and the part ex-
tending s of the isthmus is yet sometime*
so called. When Magellan entered this,
ocean, through the dangerous strait that,
bears his name, he sailed three months and
20 days in a uniform direction to the KW^
without discovering land. In the distress
suffered in tliis voyage, before he discover-
ed the Ladrone islands, he had the conso-
lation of enjoying such uninterrupted line
weather, with fair winds, that he gave this
ocean the name of Pacific. On one sida
of the equator, it is called the North Pa-
ciiic Ocean ; and on the other, the Sout'u
Pacific Ocean.
Pan/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eure, on the river Eure, 8 ni sby
E Vernon.
Fudang, a seaport on the w coast of
Sumatra. In 1797, I'i was almost totally-
destroyed by an earthquake, and upward
of SOO lives were lost. Lon. 99 46 e, lat.
0 50 s.
Faddington, a village in I'diddlesex, a.
mile why N .lA)ndon. Though so near to
the metropolis, it contains many beautiful
rural spots,, and handsome seats. A canal
passes hence to t!ie Grand Junction canal,
6 m above Brentford.
Fadcrbovdy a principality (lately a bi-
shopric) of Germany, in the circle of West-
phalia, 40 m long and 25 broad, lying s
of the duchy of Westphalia and county of
ii ISI 2
PAD
A^'^aldec•k. The piincc's castle is at Nicn-
liaus. There are liigh inouiitaiiis, and ircm
mines in the nuddle oftlio coiiiitry ; other
parts are fertile in corn and j>ustiire; and
it is famous for hacim and venison.
Paderborn, a fortified town, capital of
the above principality, witli a celebrated
university. The rivulet Tadcr rises under
tiie high altar of the catliedral ; and in the
collegiate church are the remains of St.
Blase. The most remarkable of the con-
vents is the coHegc formerly belonging to
the Jesuits. It is 32 m esf. Munster. Lon.
8 55 r, lat. 51 11 n.
Padron, a town of Spain, in Galicia,
seated (.n the L'lla, \1 ni s (,'ompostclla.
Padstow, a town in Cornwall, with a
market on Saturday, a convenient harbour,
and some coasting trade. It is seated at
the mouth of the Camel, on the Bristol
channel, 30 ra w Launceston, and G4G w
fcys London.
Padua, a fortified city of Italy, capital
of I'aduano, and a bishop's see. It is 7 m
in circuit, but much less considerable than
formerly ; for great part of the area with-
in the walls is unbuilt, and the town in
general so thinly inhabited, that grass
grows in many of the streets. The houses
are built on piazzas, wliich formerly may
liave had a magnificent appearance, but
they now give it a gloomy air. The cathe-
<lrai is one of the richest in Italy ; and in
the sacristy is a statue of the celebrated
Petrarch, who was a canon, and left to it
a part of his library. The Franciscan
cluirch is dedicated to St. Antonio, the
patron of the city, whose body is enclosed
in a sarcophagus, under an altar in the
middle of the chapel. IS ear this church is
the school of St. Antonio, where many of
the actions of the saint are painted in
fresco ; some of them by Titian. The
church of St. Justma is noted for a rich
Mosaic pavement. The hall of the town-
house is the largest in Europe, and con-
tains the cenotaph of Livy, who was a
native of Padua. The university, once so
celebrated, is now on the decline. Here
is a considerable cloth maimfacture ; btlt
tiie city swarms with beggars, who ask
jcharity in the name of St. Antonio. Padua
-tyas taken by the French in 1706. It is
seated on the Brenta and Bachiglione, in
a fine plain, '10 m w'-bj'S"\''enicei.""l!.6?r.' lil
^3 K, lat. 45 w N."'^^^^'" "^, ;"'-'';/''"
Pudnuiio, a ,|)r6vinc6 of lir'dly^- irt'-the
territory of Vcinice, 40 rii long and 55
broad ; b<)uiided on the i: by iJogado, s by
Pole^ina di Rovigo, w"^ by Veronese, and N
"by Vicqritlrio. It is well watered, and dtie
of the liiost fertile countries in Italy.
Padua'is.th'ectiyitab r" 'i ^ ' ' ' '; '
■10.1 asfi^ut iiiiiH ijJtoja^w (i asiiyf
PAI
P(idu!ti, a town of Naples, in Principato-
Citra, 14 ni N Policastro.
J^ugdfnn, a decayed city of Birmah, ca-
j)ital of a province. It is said to have
been abandoned in the lytli century in con-
sequence of a divine admonition. The
remains of its ancient s[)lendoui' are numer-
ous mouldering temples, and the vestiges
of a fort. It is seated on the Irrawaddy,
110 ni sw Ummerapoor. Lon. 94 84 k,
lat. 21 10 N.
Fagliatio, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ultro, 15 m lsk. A'juilla.
Pugo, an island in the gulf of Venice,
separated from Croatia by a narrow chan-
nel. It is '20 m long and 0 broad, chiefly-
barren, and the soil stony ; but it is well
peopled, has salt-works, and produces
wine and honey. The chief town is of the
same name. Lon. 15 10 r, lat. 44 40 N.
Pahang, a seaport on the i; coast of Ma-
lacca, capital of a kingdom, famous for a,
great number of elephants, and for plenty
of pepper. It is 140 m ne Malacca. Lon.
103 30 K, lat. 3 55 n.
Painhoeuf, a. seaport of France, in the
department of Lower Loire, near the
mouth of the Loire. Hence all the ships
belonging to Nantes take their departure,
and here all large vessels anchor on their
arrival. It is 2'2 m why x Nantes. Lon.
1 50 w, lat. 47 17 x.
Painswick, a village in Gloucestershire,
on the side of a hill, 7 m s?5E Gloucester.
It has a manufacture of white cloths for
the army, and for the India and Turkey
trade.
Paisley, a town of Scotland, the larg-
est in Renfrewshire. It has considerable
manufactures of silk and linen gauze, lawn,
nmslin, cambric, thread, fee. also exten-
sive soap, candle, and cotton works; and
is deemed the first manufacturing town in
Scotland. The river White Cart divides
it into two parts, which communicate by
three bridges. The part on the e side of
the river is called the Abbey parish, and
contains the magnificent remains of an
abbey church, the only one which Paisley
formerly required. The other part, now
designated by Paisley, has three parish-
churches, and several meeting-houses for
dissenting congregations. By means of the
river, and a canal, vessels of 40 tons can
come 'np and unload at the quay. In
5811 the population was 10,937 in the
town, and 16,785 in the abbey parish. It
is 10 m w Glasgow. Lon. 4 ','6 w, lat. Six
■52-Kf. ■■' '.:-.■..--. \,
Paita, a seaport of Peru, witb art escel-
lertt • harbour. ■ It has frequently been
plundered by the buccaneers ; and in 1741,
it Svas piufi^fereU and burnt , by tcrmmtiidore
atiJil R tGsrj/jI;iA aril no fa-jJcaa ,9liJeB3'
PAL
Anson. The b;iy is defended by a fort.
It is 270 m Nw Truxillo. Lon. 80 34 w,
lat. 5 0 s.
Paluchy, a town of Ilindoostaii, in Co-
inabetore, with a small fort. In the vici-
nity was lately dug up a pot containini;
liuman silver coins of Augustus and Tibe-
rius. It is 14 ni s Coimbetore.
Pulucios, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
12 m s Seville.
Palucios, a (own of Spain, in the pro-
vince of Leon, 32 m wsw Leon.
Palais, a town of France, capital of the
■island of Belleisle, with a strong citadel.
It surrendered to the English in 1761, after
a long siege. It stands on the ne side of
ihe island, 30 m ssE Orient. Lon. 3 9 w,
lat. 47 19 K.
Palais, Si. a town and district of France,
in the department of Lower Pyrenees,
which, with the town and district of St.
Jean I'led de Port, forms nearly the whole
of the old province of I.Dwer Navarre. St.
Palais is seated on the Bidciuse, 15 m se
Bayonne. Lon. 1 4 w, lat. 43 21 n.
PuluDicotta, a town of Hindoostan, in
the Caruatic, which gives name to a dis-
trict ; situate on a small lake, 41 m sw
Pondicherry.
Palamos, a seaport of Spain, in Catalo-
nia, seated on the Mediterranean, 58 m
iNE Barcelona. Lon. 3 4 e, lat. 41 50 n.
Pulamuzi), a town of Hindoostan, capital
of a iiilly and woody district, bordering on
•Gundwana. It is situate on the Cayle,
:132 Ml ssw Patna. Lon. 84 2G e, lat.' 23
52 X.
Palankn, a town and fortress of Hun-
gary, on the river Karass, near its conflux
with the Danube, 60 ni s Temesvar.
Pulunka, a town of European Turkey,
in Bessarabia, seated on the Dniester, 40
m sr. Bender.
Puluo^; sec Pelew Islavth.
Polar, a river of Hindoostan, which
rises in Mysore, not far from that of the
'Penn;\r, ilows s and then e through My-
sore and the Carnatie, and enters the sea
4iear Madras.
Palauan ; see Paragoa.
Paluzuola, a town of Italy, in Bres-
ciano, seated on the Oglio, 20 m wnw
Brescia.
Pulencia, a city of Spain, in Leon, and
a bishop's see, with live churches, 11 con-
vents, and two hospitals. The chief nia-
imtactures are woollen coverlets, flannels,
and serges. It is seated on the Carrion,
53 m NNE Valladolid, and 70 se Leon.
Lon. 4 ^8 w, lat. 41 59 X.
Pulcno, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Citra, 9 m ese Solmona.
Palotzuela, a town of Spain, in Old
Castile, seated on the Arlanza, a little
PAL
above the in^ux of the Arlanzon, 30 m sw
Burgos.
Palermo, a fortified city of Sicily, ia
Val di Mazara, capital of the island, and
an archbishop's see, with a universiiy. It
stands on'^a bay of the same name, on the
N coast, near the extremity of a kind of
natural amphitheatre, formed by high and
rocky mountains. The country between
the city and the niomitains is one of the
richest plains in the world ; the whole aj3—
pearing a magnificent garden, filled with
fruitful trees, and watered by fountains
and rivulets. The population 120,000.
Two great streets, the Cassaro and Ma-
qneda, intersect each other in the centre
of the city, where is a handsome square,
called the Ottango'o ; from the centre of
this is seen the whole of these nr)ble streets,
and the four gates that terminate them,
each at the distance oi" half a mile. The
Porto Felice opens to the Marino, a delight-
ful walk, which has on one side the wall
of the city, and on the other the sea ; and
in the centre is a kind of temple, frequently
made use of as an orchestra. The royat
residence is at the top (;f the Cassaro, and
commands a view of the city and sur.''ound-
ing scenery ; it is an extensive and irre-
gular building, but the ao'irtmeuts are
elegantly decorated. The palaces belong-
ing to the princes are much admired for
their situation and elegance. The houses
of the nobility are fine buildings, but their
outward eflect is destroyed by coiuerting
their lower part into stables aiirl coach-
houses. Palermo has upward of 100
churches, many oithem lich and magnifi-
cent; also 96 convents, with superb chapels
to each, and innumerable spot* dedicated
to some favourite saint. The cathedral is
a large Golliic structure, supported within
by 80 columns of oriental granite, and
divided into a great number of chapels;
someofchem are extremely rich, particu-
larly that of St. Kosolia, the patroness of
Palermo, whose relics are preserved in a
large box of silver, eririched with precious
stones. Here are also the tombs of several
of the ancient Norman kings, and of the
emperors Henry vi and Fredrick ii, of the
finest porphyry. The city is crowded with
statues of sovereigns and tutelar saints,
placed in small courts and squares upon
pedestals of colossal prop')rtion and taste-
less form. In the streets womtm hide their
heads in black veils ; a very ancient mode
of dress in this island. This city has suf-
fered greatly, at ditlerent periods, by earth-
tpjakes and inundations. The harbour,
defended by a mule and two castles, is
open to the sea from the ne ; and even at
the anchoring place, ships are in danger
when a westerly wind rushes through the
PAL
yalley of Colli between the mountains.
About the middle of the 11th century, the
Norman kins: Koucr established silk niann-
factnres in tiiis city, by means of prisoners
taken in his war with the Greeks, and they
still flonrish, thonL,h not so lucrative smco
the manufacture has extended to Italy. A
mile fioin Palermo is a celebrated convent
of capuchins, in which is a vault made use
of us a receptacle for tJie dead. It con-
gists of four wide pas?a<;es, each about 40
fcet long, with niches ;-vlonii the sides, in
-which the bodies are set u]iri;j,ht. clothed
in coarse garments; in some of the hisiher
niches they are laid out at iiiU lenj;th ; and
on the floor are handsome trunks, contain-
ing the bodies of persons of distinction.
Palermo, in 1799, became the residence
of the court, when the French made them-
selves masters of ISiaples ; and here it con-
tinneil till 1315, when Naples was regained,
and the court returned to that city. It is
110 m w Messina, and 180 sby w Naples.
Ion. 13 34 E, lat 38 12 n.
Palestine, a country in the sw part of
Syria, so called from the Phihstines, who
inhabited the seacoast. In the scrip-
tures it is styled the Land of Canaan, and
the Promised Land ; it is also called the
Holy Land, as coiisecrated by the residence
of the Deity throui^h all a<^cs of Jewish
history, and as havmp; been tiie scene of
the ministry of Jesus Christ. It is divided
from the other parts of .Syria on the n by
Mount Libanus, and on the e by the river
Jordan anrl the Dead sea ; on the s it is
bounded by Arabia }'etra?a, and on tlie w
by the Mediterranean sea. It is fertile in
general, abounding, where cultivated, with
corn, wine, honey, and oil; and it might
supply the neighbouring country with all
these,' as it anciently dirl, were the present fishery is carried on in it, on the s side.
PAL
pagna di Roma, situate on a hill, 20 m r
Rome.
Palii^tiut, or Palicaudclwrri/, a fort of
Ilindoostan, in Malabar, built by llyder
on his conquest of that province. Around
it are scattered many villages, which con-
tain a considerable population, and have
some trade. It stands between two rivulets,
near their junction, at the loot of the
southern extremity of the Gauts, 21 ra
wsw Ciiimbetore, and 50 i:by>i I'aniany.
Paliiiibang, the capital of u kingdom ol
the same name, in the se part of Sumatra.
It stands on the left bank of the Palim-
bang, 60 m from its mouth, at the n end
of the strait of Banca. The city is inter-
sected by several branches of the river,
and defended liy a fort and an extensive
battery. The sultan's palace is surrounded
by a higli wall, aiid behind it there is a
royal mosque. The houses of tlie common
people are made of bamboos, with mats,
and thvttchcd ; and some are constructed
on rafts that float on the river, and are
fastened to the shore with ropes ol raUan.
The inhabitants are principally Malays,
and it is the cinporiuin of the inland com-
merce of the island. On the opposite
bank is a Chinese settlement ; and the re-
mains of a Dutch factory, which was razed
and the people massacred by order of the
late sultan. To revenge this, and other
atrocious acts, the ciiy was taken by sur-
prise in 1812 by the British, who deposed
the cruel sultan, and raised his brotlier to
the throne. It is 130 m lne Bencoolen.
Lou. 104 54 E, lat. 2 56 s.
Palk Strait, a strait at the N end of
Ceylon, in the bay of Bengal, which sepa-
rates that island from the coast of Tanjore,
in Hindoostan. A considen.ble chank
inhabitants equally industrious. This
country was by seditions, in the reign of
llehoboham, divided into the kingdoms of
Judah and Israel ; and after the return of
the Jews from the Babylonish captivity, it
Avas divided into tliree parts, called Juilea,
Samaria, and GaHIee. E\eu yet it is con-
iidered as divided into the same three
parts, the capitals of which are Jerusalem,
!Napolose, and Nazareth.
Paleatrina, one of the largest of the
islands called the Lagunes, near Venice.
It has a town of tlie same name, (J in s
Venice.
Pulcsirina, anciently Prajneste, an epis-
copal tosvn of Italy, in Campagna di Roma,
"with the title of a principality. Here
formerly stood a temple dedicated to For-
tune, the ruins of which may yet be seen.
It is 25 iiij.Eb>-.p J^paie., , Lqu. 13(5 r., lat.
41 52 X. ,,,;;i >;, ,,.,,,,- ,; „,., „\v , .^
PuUam, a t;^j„4^f . , lt^J> : in. ^^m:-
Pul/ixer Islanch, a group of islands in
the Pacific ocean ; the largest about 15 m
long .and 10 broad. Lon. 1 IG 30 w, lat.
15 38 s.
Pa/ma, one of the Canary island, to the
N of Ferro, 50 m in circuit, and very fer-
tile. It has a town of the same name,
much frequented for its excellent wine,
and safe harbour. J.X)n. 17 50 w, lat. 28
37 N.
Palum, a strong city, capital of the
island of Majorca, and a bishop's see. The_
public squares, the cathedral, the palace of
the ancient kings, and the episcopal palace,
are magnificent. It contains above 6000
houses, built after the antique manner ; a
university, more ancient than celebrated ;
seven parochial churches, beside the cathe-
dral; and many convents. The townhouse
is a noble building, and the exchange a
curious Gothic structure. The harbour,
tUoiigh small, is safe and coinmQdious.
PAL
Pa]ma was taken by the English in 170G,
and retaken in 1715. It stands at the
head ota bay on the svv part of the island,
Lon. 2 45 E, Jat. 30 35 n.
Pulma, a town of Spain, in Andahisia,
seated on the Xenil, near its conflux with
the Guadalqulver, 30 ni sw Cordova.
Palma, a town of Portugal, in Estre-
madura, on the river Cadoan, 20 ni e
Setuval.
Palma, a town of Sicily, in Val di Ma-
zara, near which is a rich sulphur mine.
It is 15 in SE Giigenti.
Palma, a town of New Granada, with
manufactures of cotton, linen, and sugai',
and very fine copper mines, 51 m kw
St. Ft'.
Palma, or Palma Kuova, a strong fron-
tier town of Italy, in Friuli, on a canal that
communicates with the Lizonzo, 10 ni se
IJdina, and 55 ke Venice. Lon. 13 15 e,
lat. 46 2 N.
Palma di Solo, a seaport of Sandinia,
on the sw coast, 38 m sw Cagliari. Lon.
8 56 E, lat. 39 5 n.
Paliiias, a river (jf New Spain, formed
by the junction of tlie Nassas and Sauceda,
in New Biscay ; it flows e about 200 m,
between the provinces of Panuco and New
Leon, into the gulf of Mexico.
Palinas, one of the Philippine islands,
16 leagues, se of Mindanao. Lon. 12/0
E, lat. 5 S3 N.
Palmas, Cape, a promontory on the
Ivory coast of Guinea. Lon. 5 34 w, lat.
4 26 N.
Palmela, u town of Portugal, in Estrc-
madurn, Avith a castle on a rock, 0 m >iisE
Setuval.
Palmcrston Isle, an island in the Pacific
ocean, discovered by Cook in 1774. It
consists of about ten islets, connected by
II reef of coral rocks, and lying in a cir-
cular direction ; the principal one not ex-
ceeding a mile in circuit, nor more than
three feet above the level of the sea. It
abounds wirh cocoa-nuts, scurvygrass, and
the wharra-tree, but has no inhabitants.
Lon, 162 57 w, lat. 18 0 s.
Pali.'ios; see Canan/.
Palmyra, or Tad/nor, once a magnifi-
cent city of Syria, originally built by king
Solomon. On the decline of the Macedo-
nian empire in the eastj it became the
capital of a principality, under the' name
of Palinyra ; and it declared for the Ro-
mans, on Adrian marching his army through
Syria to Egypt. 'i"he city flourished and
increased to the time of A'urelian, when it
resisted the Roman power, under queen
Zenobia, who held it oat a long time, but
'wa5;'at 'lengih taken captive, and sent to
Kom^'.'"/Soon aftertvard the inhabitants
iiiJtj'sia'cir^d'tlie "bbldfei^ vA^a \itiA' bcert lelt
PAM
in garrison; which outrage occasioned the
return of Auielius, who, having ina.de him-
self master of the place, caused all the m-
habitants to be destroyed, and gave the
pillage of the city to the soldiers. The
stupendous ruins of this city are in the
midst of a sandy desert, bounded on three
sides by high mountains. They were
visited, in 1751, by Mr. Wood, who
published a splendid account of them in
1753. The inhabitants then consisted of
about forty families, living in mud cot-
tages, erected within the spacious court of
a once magnitirent temple. Palmyra is
100 m SE Aleppo. Lon. 38 50 e, lat. 33
20 N.
Palnaud, a district of Ilindoostan, bo-
longing to the Carnatic, lying between the
river Kistna and the Guntoor circar. Ti-
merycotta is the principal place.
Palos, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with a tolerable harbour; celebrated for
being the place whence Columbus sailed
on his first adventurous voyage in 149a,
It is seated at the nu>uth of the Tinto, 5&
m whys Seville. Lon. 6 52 w, lat. 3?
10 N.
Palos, Cape, a promontory of Spain, ia
Muicia, 19 m e Carthagena. Lon. 0 40
w, lat. 37 37 n.
Paluta, a town of Hungary, with a castle,
15 m w Stuiilweisserburg.
Palpah, a town of Ilindoostan, capital
of a (iistrictin the Nepaul territories, on
the borders of Oude. It is 94 m whys
Goreah. Lon. 82 53 e, lat. 28 10 iv.
Palte, a singular lake of" Tibet, lying to
the sw of Lassa, about 12 m s of the river
Sanpoo. It is represented as a :noat of
about 6 m broad, surrounding an oval is-
land 30 m long a:id 20 broad.
Pultz, a town of New York, in Ulster
county, on the w side of tiie Hudson, 20
ni \by w Newburg.
Pumicrs, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Arriege, and lately a bishops
see. In the vicinity is a mineral spring.
It is seated on the Arriege, 36 m s by k
Toulouse. Lon. 1 35 e, lat. 43 6 n.
Pamlico Sound, a kind of inland sea, on
the coast of N Carolina. It is 100 mi loiig
and from 10 to 20 broad, separated, in its
whole length, from the Atlantic, by a beach
of sand, hardly a mile wide. It has several
inlets; "but th-Vt of Oerecoke is the on)»y
one that will admit vessels of burden, and
it lies in lat. 34 5-i N".
PailipeloTiiie, a town ijf France, in the
department of Tarn, 15 m xbyE Alby.
Paniprr, a touii cif Hindoo-tan, in Cas^<-
mere, chief of the district of Vehy, situate
on the Jhyluih,' 10 m'Avbys Cashmere.
Pampliega,^a town of Spaiil, ill OM
eiJ^i(?;'i!^m'iw'Bui^(M; '^ V'*^^'^ • •
PAN
Pamplona, or Patnpehma, a city of Spain,
capital of Upper Navarre, and a bishop's
see, with a strong citadel, and a university.
The squares are handsome, and adt)rned
with shops full of rich merchandise. In
1813, the French garrison in this city sur-
rendered to the Spaniards, after a blockade
of three months. It is seated on the Ar<;a,
47 m » Bayonne, and 197 ne Madrid. Lon.
1 4C w, lat. 4'2 4? N.
Fiuiiplona, a city of New Granada, in
the province of ^lerida. Here are manu-
factures of co'tun anil sugar, mines of gold
and copper, and abundance of cattle. It
stands in a fertile plain, surrounded by
mountains, 180 m ^E St. IV. Lon. 72 20
•w, lat. 7 1 N.
Fanagia, a town of European Turkey,
in Homania, 14 m x GaUipoli.
FanavHi, the nw province of New Gra-
nada, lying on the coasts of the Atlantic
and Pacific oceans, and particularly dis-
tinguished by the name of the Isthnms of
Panama. In the narrowest part it is not
above 25 m !)road ; and it extends 360 m
in the form of a crescent round ihe bay of
Panama on the s, having the gulf of
Mexico on the x, tlie province of Daricn
on the .St, and that of X'eragua in New
Spam on the w. This isthtnus, which
unites the continents of Nortli and South
America, has a cl'.nin of mountains stretch-
ing tlirough its whole extcr.t, which renders
it a barrier of solidity sufficient to resist
the impulse of two opposite oceans. The
mountains are covered with forests; and
the \al!eys are marshy and often overflow-
ed, for it rains here two thirds of the
year. The chief river is the Ch;igre, in
which are many aligators. The natives
go naked ; and in many places build their
houses upon trees, to be elevated from
the dauip soil, and the odious reptiles en-
gendered in the putrid waters.
Punaiiiu, a city, seaport, and the capital
of the above piovince. It stands oi» the
bay of the same name, on the s coast of
the isthmus and is the see of a bishop.
Before the abolition of the trade by the
galleons, it was the emporium for all the
merchaudise of Chili ami Peru, intended
for Europe. See Fuiio Bella. The trade
and coumierce is btill considerable, and
in the harbour is a pearl fishery. 1 he city
is;Surrown(led by a wall and other fortifi-
cations, and is 40 in .sby,^,Il9,vt(u,,|}3iBU9j
Lon. 79 lJJ"\y,.lat. y 0 n. .:^>n■>yM\:Y 'ij-'.
^Fuitaragci, i\ town of Java, capital, of a
district, tiO in sbyN JNJataram,.,!, , , „ ,,
-iFi>ntir-iayt,i\c i.ii the Lipari islands, be-
twei^i) Lipari and Stroniboli, 9 m in circuit,
0Myi£(i>« to ii(jif-.iilni yiii I'lii; .'^ijuuvr.) dlilj '■
PAN
coast of Java, in the e part of the island,
at the mouth of a river, 8 m ksj: Sourabaya.
Panui/, one of the IMiilippine islands,
between those of Paragoa and Negros. It
is of a triangular form, 2o0 m in circuit,
and watered by nianv rivers and brooks.
The cliief commodity for exportation is
rice. Iloila is the capital.
Pancraa, a village in Middlesex, 2 m.
KW London. It has a cluirtb dedicated to
St. Pancras ; and tiie churchyard is tlie
principal place of interment for the Ilontan
catholics. Here is a medicinal si)ring ;
also a Veterinary College, established in
1791, for the improvement of farriery.
Pancsuvtt, a town and fortress of Hun-
gary, seated near the Danube, 10 m e.ne
Belgrade, and 68 ssw Teniesvar..
Puiif^anenu, one of the Molucca islands,
in the E Indies, 45 m long and 10 broad,
lying between Celebes and Bouton.
Paiigo, a town of the kingdom of Congo,
capital of a jnovince of the same name.
It stands on the Barbela, 95 m nke St.
Salvador. Lon. 14 45 e, lat. 4 20 s.
Pa Ilia tn/, a town of Hindoostan, in Ma-
labar, near the mouth of a river of the
same name. It contains above 40 mosques,.
oOO houses belonging to traders, and 1000
huts inhabited by the lower orders. The
port is frequented by small \eisel5, and
the exports are rice, cocoa-nuts, teak, and
iron. The town is scattered over a sandy
plain, 40 m shyi-; Calicut. Lon. 76 0 e,
lat. 10 44 K.
Pannali, a town of Hindoostan. in Al-
lahabad, celebrated for the rich diamond
mines in its vicinity. It is 20 m ssw Cal-
linger, and 29 si: Chatterpoor.
Pannatiacli, a \i!lage of Scotland, in
Aberdeenshire, a little below the waterfall,
called the Lin of Dee, 38 m w Aberdeen.
It is noted for mineral waters, and has
houses and baths for the acconimodatiou
of company.
Pamiipul, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, celebrated for a battle, in 1761, be-
tween an array of 200,000 Alahrattas and
150,000 Mohaniedans, in which the former
were defeated. It is situate in an exten-
sive plain, 49 m .NNW Delhi.
Punoini, a town of European Turkey, in
Macedonia, 16 n\ s Salonichi.
Punortiio, a tov\n of European Turkey,
in Albania,, on a gulf of the Adriatic, op-
posite, the island of Corfu, 45 m sse Va- ;.
lona. L<jn. 20 2 e, bit. 40 On. .:».
PuntnUuia, an island in the Mediterra-
nean, between Sicily arid the coast of
Tixnis^ 34 m in circuit. It abounds iu .
cotton, fruit, corn, and wine. A nuinbeciii
of convicts from Sicily are- .6en,t; . to. l thi% I
island. It has a town of the S£l»iai,«aS3S«I
( Lttn. 12 31 e, lat. 06 :.3 ^. - ..--^ .nv/V
PAR
Pnntika, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, on the ke coast of tlie sea of Mar-
mora, 12 m SE Constantinople.
Pnnuco, Poloci, or Guasteca, a province
of New Spain, bounded on the n by New
XfCon, E by the gulf of iMexico, s by \'eia
Cruz and Mechuaciui, and w by Zacatecas.
The s part abounds with provisions, and
has son)e veins of <^(ild and mines of salt ;
but the N is poor and barren. The capital
is St. Luis Potoci.
Punitco, a town of the above province,
and formerly its capital. It is situate on
the river I'einuco, 40 from the sea, and
140 Eby^■ St. Luis Potoci. Lon. 97 66 e,
Jat. 22 "l8 N.
Pumcell, a town of Iiindoostan, in Au-
runsiabnd, which has a considerable trade.
It stands on tiie river Pan, 7 m from the
harbour, and 27 EbyN Bombay.
Puo-king, a city of China, of the first
rank, in llou-quani;;. it is 830 m ssw
Peking. Lon. Ill 6 e, lat. 27 5 N.
Pao-ning, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Se-tchuen. It stands on the
Kialing, 700 m sw Peking. Lon. 105 3,5
E, lat. 313 N.
Piioom, one of the New Hebrides, in
the Pacific ocean, tw the s of Mallicctllo.
Lon. 1(38 29 w, lat. 16 SO s.
Pau-tiiig, a city of China, the most con-
siderable in Pe-tcheli, r.e\t to Peking. The
country aroimd is pleasant, and fertile as
any part of China. It is 78 m ssw Peking.
Lon. 115 25 E, lat. 38 34 ^.
Papa, a town of Hungary, with a castle
and a jirotestant college, 25 m s Raab,
and 27 aw Veszprim.
Pupuntia, a town of iVew Spain, in \'era
Cruz. Near it, in the midst of a forest, is
a pyramidal edifice of great antiquity, con-
structed of immense stt)nes, remarkable
lor their polish and regularity of cut, and
carved in relief with hieroglyphics. It is
80 m ANW Xaiapa.
Papoul, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aude, seated on the Lembe,
13 m A'w Carcassone, and 35 SE Toulouse.
Puppenlmrg, a town of Westphalia, in
E Priesiand, with two churches, and seve-
ral yards for ship-building. It is seated
•on a canal that connnunicates with the
river Ems, 23 m s Emden.
Poppcn/ieim, a town of Suabia, capital
of a county, on the frontiers of Franconia.
It is seated on a hill, near the Altmal, 11
■m WNW Aichstadt. "-* '^'
P/ipva ; see Guinea, Netc. is>^i^^«J>*i
Papiido, a povt of Chili, freqtlfe'rt^ed'tjy
vessels from Peru, for the iiides, tallow,
and rigging of the neighbouring settlr r.ients.
It is 200 m jiKW St. Jago. Lon. 71 10 w,
lat. 32 3{>s.
Pcaa, a river of Brasil; which is the aif
PAR
boundary of that country, and gives nanoe
to a government. It is, properly sf>saking,
the eastern mouth of the Amazon, being a
branch from its estuary that flows se and
then NE to the ocean, where its mouth i«
40 ni wide. The space included by them
and the ocean is an island, 150 m in dia-
meter, called Rlaraso, or Joanes.
Para, or Ee/fw,'a^city of Brasil, capital
of the government of Para, and a bishop's
see. It has a strong citadel and a castle,
and is adorned with beautiful edifices. The
chief business is cultivating tobacco, in-
digo, sugar-canes, and cotton. It is seated
on the estuary of the Para, at the influx
of the Muja, 80 m from the ocean. Lon.
48 33 w, lat. 1 30 s.
Parccels, or Prucels, a vast multitude
of small islands and rocks in the China
sea, lying oiT the coast of Cochinchina.
They extend 300 m in length by 60 in
breadth, and the intercurrents among them
render tiieir navigation dangerous.
Parudella, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
12 m si; Lamego.
Purui;ua, av Puhnvan, the most wester-
ly of the Philippine ii-lands, 180 m long
and from 20 to 40 broad. It is divided
between the king of Borneo and the Spa-
niards, with some independent natives in
the interior parts, wlio are black, and have
no fixed place of abode. The Spaniards
have a garrison at the n end of the island,
at a place called Tatay. Lon. 118 45 E,
lat. 11 0 N.
Paragong, a town and fort of Hindoos-
tan, in Bootan, capital of a district. It
is fansous for the manufacture of images,
swords, and daggers, and situa'e in the
valley of Paro, 12 m sw Tassisudon.
Paruiiuay, a large river of Buenos Ayres,
whicli is formed of several considerable
streams tluit have their sources in the
mountains of Brasil, and successively
unite in one on the N border of the vice-
royalty. Hence it flows s about 900 ra,
receiving nnmeious rivers in its qoui-jc, ot
which the Pilcomayo and Vermejo from the
w are the chief, to its junction ssith the Pa-
nama, a little above tiie city of Corriennes.
Puritguuy, a government of the vice-
royalty of Buenos Ayres ; bou;ided on the
Kand i: by Brasil, s by Buenos Ayres, and
w by Tncuman and Cliarcas. It has nu-
merous lakes and rivers • of the latter, the
two principal at'e. the Paraguay and Pa-
rana. Thisvastcountryappcarsto he moun-
tainous to tlie N and :nw; but many parts
are still unknown. The plains are extreme-
ly fertile, producing cotton in great abund-
ance, tobacco, and the valuable herb called
matt^, Of Paraguay tea, which is peculiar
to this country, and the infusion of which
is drfttik in a41 ■ th«"Spat>i^h' prdvlfttfe«'<yf S
PAR
America. Here are also a variety of fruit?,
and very rich pasture that feed abiuidaucc
of cattle, sheep, horse?, and im'.li s ; of
the latter many thousands are aiuuially
sent to Peru. In liie monntnins toward
Tucuman, the condor, the largest hird of
the vulture tribe, is udt nnfr('f|uent ; and
.the o^trich is found in tlie wide plains.
In 1515, the Spaniards discovered this
country hy sailin;^ up the Plata and Pa-
rana. In 1580, the Jesuits were admitted
i«to these fertile rei'ions, and in the next
century founded the fa\nous missions of
Paraguay : these were a number of colo-
nies, each p;overned by two Jesuits, one of
wlioni was rector, the other his curate;
and in process of time they ac<[uired an
absolute dominion, both spiritual and tem-
poral, over the natives. In 17G?, the court
expelled the Jesuits, and the natives were
put upon the same footing with the other
Indians of the Spanish part of S America.
Paraguay is divided into several provinces,
and though no mines arc worked in it, its
various vegetable productions and innume-
rable herds of cattle render it very opulent.
Assumjition is the capital.
Pa7-uiba, a government of Brasil, sepa-
rated from that of Rio Grande on the n,
by the river Paraiba. It produces sugar,
tobacco, cotton, dying-woods, and drugs.
The entrance of the river is 3 m broad, de-
fended by the fort of Cabcdello; and
■withinits mouth is theisland of St. Antonio.
Paraiba, the capital of the above go-
vernment, with a fort, a magnificient ca-
tliedral, and many stately houses. It is
situate on the river Paraiba, 2i m fioin its
mouth. Lon. 35 11 w, lat. G 57 s.
Parcmiaribo, the capital of Surinam, in
Guayana, and the chief place of the Dutch
colonies in S America. It has a small but
strong citadel; and a road for shipping,
where there are seldom less than 80 ves-
sels loading coffee, sugar, cotton, and in-
digo. The streets are straight, and lined
with orange, shaddock, tamarind, and le-
mon trees, in continual bloom. It sur-
rendered to the English in 179^', and in
1803. It is situate on the w side of the
river Surinam, l(j m from its mouth. Lom.
55 low, lat. 5 53 n.
Paramit/tia, u town of Europ,eaii Tnr-
key, in Albania, chief place of a moun-
tainous district of the same name, 24 m
sw .Janina. '•""'
Parana, a large river, which habits
source m the mduntains on the w border
of Ilio Janeiro in Brasil, where it flows w
andsw and becomes a considerable stream.
It then enters the .Spanisli territories, and
coiitintiing its s\v course through the colo-
nies of the Jesuits to the city of Corrientes,
there receixes the Paraguay, and becomes
PAR
'2 m broad. Its course to this place is up-
ward of 900 m, and henc:e it flows s (300
more to its junction with the Uraguay,
where tlieir united stream forms the great
river I'lata.
Parchim, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Mecklenburg, seated on the
Eida, 20 m SE Schvvcrin.
PurchzcUz, a town and castle of Silesia,
in the principality of Lignit?,, with a consi-
derable manufacture of cloth ; seated on
the Katzliach. 10 m Nt Lignit/.
Parduhitz, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Chrudin, with a fortiiied castle.
It has a manufiicture of knives and sword
blades, and stands on the Elbe, 43 m i; by s
Prague. Lon. 15 4 1 e, lat. 49 58 n.
Pmechia ; see Pares.
Pareuza, a seaport of Istria, on a pe-
ninsula in the gulf of Venice, with a har-
bour for large vessels. It is 20 m s by w
Capo d'Istria. Lon. 13 50 e, lat. 45 18 n.
Par^a, a fortified seaport of European
Turkey, in Albania, with two harbourSj
formed by a small island, and defended by
a strong fortress. This town and its terri-
tory belonged to the republic of the Ionian
Islands, and in 1814 repelled an attempt
of the pashaw of Albania to take it with
an army of 20,000 men; but in 1819 it
was given up to the Turks. It stands on a
peninsula, 3G ni' ssvv Jatiina. Lon. 20 50
E, lat. 29 20 X.
Paria, or Nezc AndalusUi, a district of
Cuinana, in the se part of that province,
including the delta of the Orinoco. On
the jc of this district, between tl'.e conti-
nent and the islan„d of Trinidad, is a large
bay called the Gulf of Paria, which forms
one of the finest harbours in the world.
The K entrance into the gulf is called
Boca del Draco [Dragon's Mouth] on ac-
count of the adverse currents and tempes-
tuous waves encountered here, when the
island and continent were discovered by
Columbus iti 1498.
Paria, a town of Charcas, capital of a
district. Here are some silver n.ines, and
its cheeses are in high esteem. It is 140
ni w'N w Plata. Lon. 63 32 w, lat. 18 50 s.
Parkbon-^, or Phari, a strong town of
Tibet, garrisoned by the Chinese; situate
on a mountain, on the borders of Bootan,
30 m w^^v Tassisudon, and 78 s by li Tes-
hoo Loomboo.
■'^:-Parilla,ov Santa, a town of Peru, in
'the audience of lima, near the mouth ot
a ra])id river of the sanie name, 80 m se
Truxilio, and 280 ^\v Lima. Lon. 78 30
w,lat. 9 Os. ■'■ • •^^-"-;."'^ "'■'';* ' ■'
Parma, n'lkk^'' of ^{i^ylini«i , MT'-fhW
borders of Ama-zonia, of a sq'uarc form,
80 m long and 40 broad. It seems to be
a kind of inundation forrncd by the Gri-
PAR PAPx.
iioco- for that river enters on the n and tiuns, called also Mazarin, from tlie cardi-
issues on the w side of tlie lake, near its nal, its founder. Among the public libra-
>'vv angle. From the se of ^his lake issues ries, that called the royal holds the frst
the White river, called also the Parima, rank, in respect both to the extent of the
which flows s to the Black river, and thence buildings, and the number of volumes.
SE to the river Amazon. To the w of this 'Ihe royal observatory is built of freesttmCy
lake, before the main stream of the Ori- and neither iron nor wood has been em-
noco turns to the n, there are two other ployed in the erection. The botanical gar-
branches that flaw from it to the Black den includes the productions of every cli-
river. Hence there are three communica- mate. The four principal palaces are tlie
tions between those two great rivers, the Louvre, the Tuileries, the Palais lloyal,
Orinoco and the Amazon. and the Luxembourg^ Li the Louvre is
Paris, the metropohs of France, the see the central museum of the arts, in which
of an archbishop, and the seat of a uni- were deposited the finest collection of
versity. The river Seine, which crosses, it, painiings and statues in the world; but
forms'two small islands, called Lie du Pa- the principal of them, lately^ brought by
lais and Isle Notre Dame ; the first is the conquest from various parts of Italy, Ger-
ancient city of Paris, and had its name many, and the Netherlands, have been re-
from a building that was formerly the re- claimed by conquest, anri taken away in
sidence of the kings, and afterward re- 1315. The garden of the Tuileries, in
signed to tlie parliament. Paris has 10 front of the palace and on the banks of
gates, and is 15 m in circuit, including the the Seine, is the finest public walk in Paris,
suburbs. Tiiat part of it called the Ville The Palais Royal was long the property
is situate to the north, the university to the of the dukes of Orleans; and the interior
south, and the city in the centre. The courts have been embellished with many
streets in the middle of the city are nar- beautiful buildings, with shops, coffee-
row and dirty, and without accommoda- houses, and a garden, which render it like
tion for foot !)assengers ; but near to the a perpetual fair. The Luxembourg is
walls they are wider and more airy. The famous for its gallery, in which are twenty
houses are built of freestone, many of exquisite painiings by Rubens. Beside
them seven stories high, and often, contain the nuiseum in the Louvre there are many
a different family on every Hoor.'yThe po- others, of which the museum of French
pulation was 547,756 in 1810. -There are monuments is the most interesting : it con-
nine principal bridges in Paris, but only tains the mouldering altars of the Goths,
threeoccupythi; whole breadth of the Seine, the tom.b of Clovis, and other relics of
which is not half so large as the Thames remote ages, down to the 18th century;
at London. There are a great number of the various pieces being classed accord-
public fountains, and- some triumphal ing to tlieir ages in different apartments,
arches. Of the squares, the finest is the each containing the relics of a century.
Place de Louis XV, of an octagon form, in The hospitals and charitable institutions
which was an equestrian statue, in bronze, of Paris are numerous, and supported
of that monarch. This square (then call- by the government. The Hospital de la
ed the Place de la Revolution) was the Saltpetriere is a noble foundation for the
scene of the execution of Louis xvi, his female sex; near 7000 of whom are here
consort, and his sister. Beside the calhe- provided for, and live under the inspection
dral of Notre Dame, one of the largest in of sixty sisters. To this foundation be-
Europe, Paris has many fine churches. h)ngs the castle of Bicestre defended on
The abbey of St. Genevieve was founded all sides by a wall of considerable circuit,
by king Clovis, and has a library of 24,000 which, includes many large buildings and
printed books and 2,000 manuscripts, also several open places ; and here near 4000^
a valuable cabinet of antiquities and natu- persons of the other sex are maintained.
ral curiosities. The new church of St. The Hospital de la Pietie, wliere poor
Genevieve, now called the Pantheon, was children are brought up, constitutes also a
destined by the national assembly, in part of the Hospital-general. These tlu'ee
1791, to receive the remains of such great ibundations, with the Hotel Dieu, have
men as had merited well of their country, one common fund, amounting to full two
The Bastlle, built as a fortress by Charles millions of livres a year. The Hotel des
V, lately served for a state prison ; but it Invahdes, for the wounded and superan-
w\is destroyed by the people, in the be- nuatcd soldiery, built by Louis xrv, is a
ginning of the revolution. The university, magnificent structure; as is the military
founded by Charles the fat, consists of school in tlie Champ de Mars, fiiunded by
four faculties ; namely, divinity, the civil Louis xv. The two prineijjai theatres are
and canpu law, physic, and the sciences, the French and the Italian theatre ; which,
Xlie ^nest college is that of the Fotir. Na- in point of elegance and convenience, are
PAR
wortliy of the capital of a great nation.
The Monnoie, or mint, is a nol)le building;,
situate on tliat side of tlie Seine, opposite
the Louvre. The Samaritan is a hcautinil
etlifu'C, at tlie end of th<; hri(lf;e Icarling to
the Louvre, and contains an engine for
coiix eying the water of the Seine to all tiie
parts oftheville. The Hotel de Ville is
^n ancient strnctnre ; tliis tribunal stands
in tlie Place de Greve, where all public
rejoicings are celtbratcd, and common
malefactors executed. The most interest-
ing of the manufactures of Paris are tapes-
try, mirrors, and carpets. L» the environs
are excellent freestone and abund.mce of
gypsum. Without the Barriere d' Enfer
is the entrance, above (30 feet deep, to the
Catacombs, which ccnisist of many caverns
find excavations that cxtendBseveral miles
in every direction. They were originally
the conmion stone quarries whence the
materials f)f Paris were extracted ; but in
1786 they were consecrated, and at'ternard
turned to their present use. Till lolO the
bones were merely heaped together, dirty
as they came tVom the burying grounds ;
but they have since attained their present
numerous and eccentric modes of arrango
jnent. The principal cavern contains up-
ward of 2,850,000 skulls, with a propor-
tionable number of tlie other bones; these
are ranged along the %arious avenues,
and so closely packed as to form solid
•walls ; the outer surface consisting of the
ends of thigh bones, with skulls so inter-
mixed as to form crosses, squares, waving
lines, &c. Paris now forms, with a small
district round it, one of the departments
of France. 'Jhis city, on March 31, 1S14,
surrendered to the emperor of Russia and
iiis allies; and treaties of peace between
France and Austiia, Russia, Britain, and
Prussia were solemnly proclaimed the day
following. It is 210 m Sse London, 6'15 w
Vienna, and 6C0 kne Madrid. Lon. 2 22
£, hit. 48 50 X.
Paru, a town of Kentucliy, chief of
Bourbon county. It is situate in a fine
plain, watered by a small river, SO ni E
Frankfort.
Pa7 k<,'(ite, a village in Cheshire, on the
estuary of tlu- Dee, 12 m nw Chester. It
lias a strong pier and a com'nodions ter-
race, and packet-boats frequently sail
bence to Ireland.
Parma, or Parmesuti, a duchy of Italy,
under w hich name are ii'cluded the duchies
of Parma Proper, Piacenza, and Guas-
talla. It is bounded on the w and n by
Milanese, e by Modenese, and s by Tus-
cany and Genoa. The soil is fertile in
corn, wine, oil, hemp, and pasture ; and
there are some inconsiderable mines of
cupper and silver. Tlie celebrated I'ar-
PAR
mesan cheese is no longer made in this
country, but at Lodi in iMilanesc, and
some other places. This duchyri" 1814,
was assigned ro the einpixs* Mari:i.
Louisa.
Parma, a fortified city, capital !)f the
above duc-hy, and a bishop's sec, with a
citadel, and a university. It has a magni-
ficent cathedral, many beautiful chiiiT>.es,
and handsome streets. The cupola of rlie
cathedral, and the church of St. .fohn, an?
painted by the famous Correggio, who wag
a native of this place. In the cluirch of
the Capuchins, is tlie tomb of the cele-
brated Alexander rarnese. The other
most remarkable places are the ducal
palace, with its gallery and collection of
artificial curiosities; a i'amous theatre,
capable of containing 14,001* spectators ;
a large Benedictine convent, in \%hich
12,000 soldiers were quartered in 17.'54;
the Palazzo Giardino, a ducal palace con-
nected with the town ; and the prome-
nade between the town and citadel. The
inhabitants, about r)8,000, trade in silk
and silk stockings. In 17o4, a battle was
fought here between the Aostrians and the
French and Sardinians, in v.hicli the for-
mer were defeated. Parma is situate on a
river of the same name, which divides it
into two yjarts, united by tliree bridges,
40 m Kw Modena, and 60 ?e Milan. Lon.
10 30 E, lat. 44 50 n.
Parnassus, a mountain of European Tur-
key, in Livadia, the liighest in Greece. The
s side, to a considerable height, is covered
witii rich vineyards; and several villages,
monasteries, and ruins, are spread among the
cultivated parts. Higher up are some craters,
and vegetation begins to disapper. The sum-
mit is a plain, with a crater containing a
pool of water frozen over ; and on the
sides are glaciers that rise in ridges around
the plain. This mountain gives source to
several streams, particularly the Cachaks
torrent and the Castaiiau spring. The
latter issues from a chasm between the two
lofty summits of a precipice, 100 feet high,
and thence descends to Delphi ; from
which town no other part of Parnassus is
visible, that the two crags have sometimes
bcei; erroneously described as the tops of
the mountain. It is IS m wnw Livadia.
Pnrudla, a town of HinJtiostan, in Be-
japoor, which gives name to a district. In
1701, the English E India Company tailed
in a negociation with Aurengzebe, then
encamped here. It is 50 m whys Mer-
ritch.
Paro, a river. See Ucai/ale.
Paro, or Porrogon;^, a town of Eootan,
with a castle, tiic residence of a governor.
It is famous for the manufacture of idols,
and the forj^ing of swords, daggers, and
PAR
arrows. It stands on tlie Patcliieu, in a
fertile valley, i^O n\ sby r. Tassasudon.
Parox, an island of the Archipelago, one
of the Cyclades, to the w of Naxia. It is
10 m lon<; and 8 broad, and the soil well
cultivated. The trade consists in wiieat,
barley, wine, and pulse, and in calicos. It
once produced a ^reat deal of oil, but the
Venetian army burnt all the olive trees.
This island was anciently dedicated to
Bacchus, on account of its excellent wines ;
and has been so fanjons for its white mar-
hie, that the best carvers would make use
of no other. Those excellent statuaries,
Phidias and Praxiteles, were natives of this
island ; and the famous Arundelian or
Parian marble, at Oxford, was brought from
this place : see Zia.
Paros, or Parechia, the capital of the
above island, and a bisliop's see. It was
once tlie largest and most powerful town of
the Cyclades; but is greatly decayed. The
•walls of the castle are built of ancient
pieces of marble, and most of the columns
are placed longwise ; some of them that
stand upright support cornices of amazin";
size. The natives build their houses of
marble, whicii they find ready cut to their
hands; their fields likewise are enclosed
-with friezes, altars, and basso-relievos.
The inhabitants formerly were great sculp-
tors and skilful architects, but now are
mere carvers of mortars and salt-cellars.
Paros is situate on the w coast of the
island. Lon. 25 44 e, lat. 37 8 K.
Parras, a town of New Spain, in New
Biscay, in a beautiful situation, where
a species of wild vine is cultivated. It
stands near a lake of the same name, 7G m
w Saltillo.
Parret, a river that rises in the s part
of Somersetshire, receives the Ivel and
Thone, and enters the Bristol channel, at
Bridgewater bay.
Paramatta, a town of New S Wales,
with a church, court-house, and gaol;
seated near the head of the harbour of Port
Jackson, 13 m w Sydney.
Pursonstown ; see Birr.
Partenkir^ch, a town of Bavaria, in the
county of Werdeufels, 20 m sbyE Weil-
heim.
Partheuay, a town of France, in the
department of Two Sevres, with a con-
Siiderabletrade in cattle and corn ; seated on
the Thoue, 21 m s Thours, and 28 na ENiort,
Partoncraig, a ferry- town of .Scotland,
in Fifeshire,.near the mouth of the fritb of
Tay, 9 m xkw St. Andrew.
Paru, a town and fort of Brasii, in the
goverunoent of Para. It is situate on the
u side of the head of the estuary of the
AiBazon, 200 ja iiom the oceiin. Lon. if
^Wf,l^^^i.'APM).u^ 'v! 2«i"io'i am fane
PAS
Parvpanada, a town of Hindoostan, in
Malabar, containing about 700 houses,
mostly built of stone. It lias a trade in
teak timber, and stands near the mouth of
a river, 12 m s by e Calicut.
Puryx, a mountain of Wales, on the nw
coast oftho isle of Anglesea, famous for
a copper mine, which is wrought similar
to a stone quarry, open to day. 1 he quan-
tity of ore is prodigious, and the purest
part is exported raw to the smelting
works at Swansea and other places : the
most impure is deprived of its sulphur on
the spot ; which sulphur is sublimed, and
afterward formed into rolls of brimstone.
Quantities of nearly pure copper are ob-
tained from the waters lodged beneath the
bed of ore, by the intervention of iron. A.
lead ore, rich in silver, is also found in tliis
mountain. In the valley below, near the
sea, are smelting and boiling houses; and
at Andwich is a haven for vessels employed
in the copper and brimstone trade.
Prt.s-, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Pas de Calais, 12 m sw Arras.
Pas de Calais, a department of France,
containing the late provinces of Artois and
Boulonnois. Arras is the capital.
Pasa, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, 80
m SE Shiras.
Pascagula; a river of the state of Mis-
sissippi, which has its source near that of
Pearl river, ami flows s 250 m to the gulf
of Mexico, where it forms a broad but
shallow bay.
Pascuaro, or Patzquaro, a town of New
Spain, in IMechoacau, celebrated for con-
tainiiig the ashes of the famous V'asco,
first bishop of Mechoaca-j, who died in
1556, and whom the indigenous still call
their father. It stands on the e bank of a
pictoresque lake of the same name, 25 m
wsw Mechoacan.
Pasewalk, a town of Hither Pomerania,
near which are some iron-works. It stands
on the Ucker, 28 m w Stettin.
Pusqua, a town of New Spain, in
Xalisco, situate at the mouth of a river,
100 m ssw Compostella. ,^.~[^^^
Pasquura, a town of Newr Sp£^in„,in([
Mechoacan, on the n side of a lake of ([he
same name, 36 m wsw ValladoJid. ,.
Pusquiaro, a town of New Spain, iiB^j
New Biscay, 70 mwbyN Durango. ,,..{
Passage, a seaport of Spain, in Biacay,:
with a castle, and the best harbour on the
bay of Biscay for large ships. The town,
is small, and situate on the w shore of it§^,
extensive basin, between iHwuarajbia ^()^t
St. Sebastian, 4 m e of tl^e latter. w-3ru:liM
Passage^n town of Jamaica, >vitji,;a fptifka
at the mouth of the CobiT, between Porfo
lioyalaud Spauisluo\vn,7 ir^acof tUela;^:efl.j
PAS
of Maine, in Washington ronnty, on a b;iv
of the stune name, at the inlhix of" the
Cobscook, 20 m nne Macliius.
I'assuo, Cope, a cape ot" tlie kingdoni of
Quito. Lon. 80 50 w, hit. OVA) s.
PassdJV Cape, anciently called I'aciii-
nuni, the se jx)int, of Sicily. Oil' this cape,
sir George J>yng, in 1735, defeated a
Spanish squadron. The cape is vatlier a
low point, and separated from the island
by a narrow channel ; and on it there is a
fort. Lon, 15 17 k, lat. o6 40 >\.
Fussiirowit^, a town of European Tur-
key, in Servia, where a peace was con-
cluded, in 1718, between Charles VI and
Acluuet III. It is situate near the Mo-
rava, ;i3 ni tsK Belgrade.
Fossuu, a fortified city of Bavaria, caj*i-
tal of a principality (late bishopric) of the
bame name. It stands on the Danube,
vhere it receives the Inn and ilz; and by
these rivers is divided into four parts ;
namely, I'assau, Instadt, llstadt, and tlie
fortilied cnstle of Oberhaus, on the moun-
tain St. George. Passau is on the s side
of the Danube, separated by the Inn on
the E. from Instadt ; the other two are on
the K side of the Danube, parted by the
Ilz, and the fortress is united to Passau by
a bridge. This city is celebrated for the
treaty, or religious peace, concluded here
in 1552. In 106'i, the cafhcdral and
greatest part of the town were consumed
bv fire, but they have been handsomely
rebuilt. It is 65 m ese Racisbon, and 135
^vbyN Vienna. Lon. 13 3'i E, lat. 48
34 N.
Passenlieim, h town of Prussia, In the
province of Oberland, 40 m s iieils-
berg.
FassignanO; a town of Italy, in Peru-
gino, on the K coast of the lake Pfvugia,
17 m KW Perugia.
Fassir^ a town on the e coast of Borneo,
40 m up a river of the same name. On
the s side of tLe river is tlie house and
'.vcoden fort of the sultan ; and on the n
side is the town, cbieiiy inhabited by Bug-
gess merchants, v,ho carry on a great trade
in gold and gther merchandise, particularly
spices. Lon. 116 10 e, lat. 1 58 s.
Fasso del ]S!orte, a town of New Mexico,
with a fortress. The environs produce
abundance of corn, wine, and fruit, and
feed great nundiers of shtcp and cows. It
stands on the right bank of the ilio del
Norte, near the borders of New Biscay,
240 m K Chihuahua, and 270 s St. Pe.
Lon. 104 41 w, lat. 32 14 N.
Fassi/, a village of Irauac. in the de-
partment of Paris, near the town of St.
Denys. Here is a considerable manufac-
ture for speedily bleaching cotton and
linen cloth.
PAT
Pasto, a town of New Granada, in Po«
payan. Here are wootlen manufactures,
varnished so as to resemble ja])an, and
highly esteemed. It stands in a plain, at,
the skirt of a ioity mountain, P20 in k by E
Quito. I,on. 75 5 w, lat. 1 13 N.
Pustranu, a town of Sjuiin, in New Cas-
tile, 32 m E JMadrid.
Fusuniini, a town and fort in the xi:
part of Java, situate near the mouth of a
river, which is navigable for brigs of con-
siderable burden, 32 :n sse Surabaya.
Pulaguiiia, a country in the most south-
ern part of S America, bounded on the k
by Paraguay and Chili, and extending
1100 m on the eastern coast, from the
river Plata to the strait of Magellan. The
natives of Patagonia are tall, stout, and
well made, some of them six feet live in-
ches in height; but their hands and feet
are remarkably small. Their colour is a
kind of bronze. They are all painted nearly
in the same manner ; the circi(:'S round th»-
two eyes are, some white and red, and
some red and black. Their teeth are re-
markably white and well set. They have
no other clothing than skins, vvhicli they
wear with the hair inward. This country
has no timber in the s parts, though the
N contains an immense quantity, and nu-
merous flocks of cattle. The e coast is
generally low. The principal harbour is
Port St. Julian.
Fatah, a town of Hungary, with a pro-
testant college, situate on the Bodrog, 5 m
ssw Ujhely, and 17 kxe Tokay.
Putana, a city and district of ^lysore.
See Seringapatam.
Falani, a town on the ke coast of the
iMalaya per.insula, capital of a kingdom,
with a well defended harbour. The inha-
bitants have some trade with the Chinese.
It is 300 m K by w Malacca. Lon. 100 SQ
E, lat. 7 5 N.
Patutj, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loiret, where the English were
defeated in 1429, by Joan of Arc. It is
15 m KW Orleans.
Fateli ; see Putala.
Faterno, a town of Sicily, in Val dl
Demona, built on the ruins of Ilybla, so
celebrated for its hcaiey. It is 15 m w
Catania.
Puicry, a town of Ilindoostan, in Berar,
capital of a hilly and woody district. It
is situate on the Godavery, 78 m ESii
Aurungabad. Lon. 77 8 e, hit. 19 18 x.
Futgong, a town of liindoQstan, in Ben-
gal, 3o m knw Rungpoor.
Pathlieud, a village of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, 2 m w Dysart. It has long been
famous for a manufacture of nails, and
now includes ditVercat branches of weavinj^
woollen and lir.en.
PAT
Patinos or Paiino^ an island of the
Archipelago, lying '20 m s of the isle of
Samos. It is 20 n\ i:i t Ircuir, and oue of
the most banen in the Archipelago; tut
famous for being the place where St. John
composed the book of Revelation. A few
valHes only are capable of some cultivation ;
but it abounds with partridges, rabbits,
and goats. In the midst of the island is a
steep muuntain, terminated by the town of
Patmos and the fortified monastery of St.
John ; the abbot of which is the prince of
the country, and pays a certain tribute to
the grand seignior. The hermitage of the
Apocalypse is on the w side of the moun-
tain, between the convent and the port of
Scala. it leads to the church of the
Apocalypse, which is built against a grotto
in a rock, pointed out as the asylum of St.
John, during his exile. The inlnibitants
are chiefly Greek Christians, sailors or
ship-builders ; and have some trade in
cotton, and stockings of their own manu-
facture. The women are generally pretty,
and tJieir houses are kept very clean. Loii.
20 24 E, lat. 37 2i n.
Fatna, a city of Ilindoostan, capital of
Bahar, seated on the right bank of the
Ganges, opposite the influx of the Gun-
duck. It was formerly fortified wdth a
wall and citadel, which are long gone to
decay. The iiouses of the natives r-re
generally of njud, but those of the Europeans
are of brick. The population 150,000.
Chintzes, dnnities, and cloths resembling
diaper and damask linen are made here ;
and a large quantity of saltpetre is annually
sent to Calcutta. Here are the remains
of the British factory, where the massacre
of 200 prisoners was perpetrated by Somro,
a German, then in the service of the nabob
of Bengal ; immediately after which the
city was taken by the British, and has ever
since remained in their possession. It is
2&0 m Kw Calcutta. Lon. 85 15, lat. 25
Fatras, a seaport of European Turkey,
"I Morea, and a Greek archbishop's sec,
with a castle. The Jews, who aie one
third of the inhabitants, have four syna-
gogues, and there are several handsome
mosques and Greek chuiciies. Several
European consnlsresideliere. The principal
articles of trade are silk, leather, honey,
wax, grain, manna, currants, pomegranates,
citrous, and oranges. It is seated on the
skirt of a'mountain, near the entrance of
the gulf of Lepauto, 14 m sw Lepanto.
Lon.' 21 45 E, lat. '38 17 N.
Fatree,a. town of Hindoostan, in Gujrat,
defended by three distinct wails, and the
inner one enclosed by a wet ditch, but
they are now in a state of decay. It is
Glm'wbya AhmcJabaJ.
PAT
Fatria, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, near a lake of the same name, 13
m NW Naples.
Fatrica, a town of Italy, in Campagna
di Koma, 1.3 m s liomc.
Fatrkk, St. a town of the state of
Georgia, chief of Camden county. It is
situate on the Gieat Sitilla, 30 m from its
mouth, and 32 isw of the port of St.
Mary.
Fatrimony of St. Fcter, a province of
Italy, ill the Ecclesiastical State, 43 m
long and 30 broad ; bounded on the N
by Orvietto, e by Spoleto and Sabina, s
by Campagna di Koma, and sw by the
sfca. It is said to be so called, because it
was granted by emperor Constantino, to
support a church he had built in lujuour of
St. f eter, and ibr the use of the pope. The
country is fertile in corn and fruit, and
produces much alum. Viterbo is the
capital.
Fatrbigton, a town in E Yorkshire,
with a market on Saturday. Here the
iioinan road Irom the Picts w^ll ended. It;
is seated at the mouth of the Humber, 18
m ESE Hull, and 188 n London.
Fatadikau, a town of Silesia, on the
river Neisse, 13 m w Neisse.
Futta,an island on the coast of Zanzebar,
10 m in circuit, at the mouth of a river of
the same name. It is inhabited chiefly by
Arabians, who trade in ivory and slaves.
Lon. 43 0 E, lat. 1 56 s.
Futtan, a city of iiindoostan, in Nepaul,
2 m ssE of the capital, Catmandoo, aiid
near the Bogmutty, w hich flows w between
the two cities. It is not so large as Cat-
mandoo, but is a neater town, and contains
some handsome edifices.
Faitcm, a town of Hindoostan, in Gnj-
rat, capital of a district. It is the ancient
Nelirwalla, then the capital of the pro-
vince, and stands on the Sursvvutty, 96 m
N Ahmedabad. Lon. 72 28 e, lat. 94
24 .\.
Futtealuh, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, and the most flourishing in the
district of Sirhind. It is surrounded by a
nmd wall, and has a square citadel in tlie
centre, in which the Seik ra-jah resides. lit
is 134 m i\\v Delhi. Lon. 75 55 e, lat.
30 18 N.
Fattenscn, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the principality of Calenberg, 7 m sbyE
Hanover.
Paiti, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di
Demona, and a bishop's see. Here are
many churches and I'ich convents, and a
considerable manufiacture of earthen ware.
Four miles to the ne, oh a lofty dope,
covered with white olive trees, are soma
ruina of the once famous city ofTindari.
Tlie town is seated ou tha gulf of Pattv,
PAU
38 m w Messina. I.oii. 15 17 e, lat. 38
9 k.
Vutuxtnt, a navi;:al)le river of Mary-
iand, wliicl) rises 10 m nf. of Washiiiiitoii,
aud flows into the w side of Cliesapeak
bav, 15 ni x of the month of tlie Poto-
mac.
Patzon', a town of Holiemia, in the cir-
cle of Becliiii, TMt!) :i Carnu'lite convent
and uood cliith manufacture, 17 ni r.Tahor.
Puu, a town of Fiance, capital of the
department of Lower Pyrenees, with u
castle, where Ileiiry iv was born. It was
the ancient residence of the kings of Na-
varre; and before the revohition, the capi-
tal of Beam. Here are manufactures of
doth, linen. Sec. and in the environs are
vineyards. It is seated on an eminence,
bv tiie river Pau, 107 ni s Bordeaux, Lon.
0 22 w, lat. 43 15 N.
Paucartumbo, a town of Peru, in the
province of Cusco, on the e side of a river
of the same name, G3 m r.NK Cusco.
Pavia, a citv of Italy, in Milanese, and
a bishop's see, with a celebrated university
and a citadel. Beside the cathedral, there
are 18 churches, and numerous convents.
The chief articles of commerce are corn,
hemp, cheese, and wine. Four m from the
citv is the abbey of Chiaravalle, celebrated
for its magnificence and rich ornaments.
Pavia has often been taken, the last time
by the French in 1800. It is seated in a
beautiful plain, on the Tesino, near its
conflux with the Po, 24 m sbyt Milan.
Lon. 9 15 F, lat. 45 13 >'.
Puukputtuii, a town of Hindoostan, in
]VIooltan, on the right bank of the Setlidge.
A little to the w is the tomb of Sheik Fur-
rud, which was \isited by Timour. It is
130 m Ebys Mooltun. Lon. 73 30 e, lat.
50 20 N.
Paul, St. an island ; see Amsterdam.
Paul, St. a government of Brasil, and the
most southern one, except that of Key.
The chief productions are grain and cotton;
and there are mines of gold. It has no
port, or place of consequence, on the
coast. See St. Viiiceni.
Paul, St. the capital of the above go-
vernment. It was founded m 1570, by
some malefactors transported from Portu-
gal, and became a hind of independent
republic, but at last submitted to the Por-
tuguese. Here are eight churches, and u
small palace. The population 18,000. It
is eituate on an eminence, amid rich mea-
dows, intersected by rivulets, 200 m wsw
St. Sebastian. Lon. 4(5 38 w, lat. 23
30 s.
Paul, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, 18 m wxvv
Anas.
J'ml, St. a town of France, in the de-
PAVV
partnient of Tapper Vienne, 10 m su Li-
mog(!S.
Paul, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gar, on tlie river Egli, 10 m
NE Uses.
Paul, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of \'ar, 7 m w >sice.
Paul lie Pcnouillcdcs, St. a town of
I'raiire, in the department of Kasteni
Pyrenees, 18 m wnw Perpi^nan.
Paul de Leon, St. a town of France, in
the department of Finisterre, on a bay of
the English channel, 30 m jce Brest. Lon.
4 0 \v,'lat. 48 41 N.
Paul de Omaguas, St. u town of Amazo-
nia, on the s side of the river Amazon, and
on the borders of Peru. Lon. 69 10 w,
lat. 4 10 s.
Paul Troii Chateaux, St. a town of
l^rance, in the defiartment of Drome, on
the side of a hill, 42 m s V'alence.
Pauin, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citra, seated near the sea, 12 m wnw
Cosenza.
Paulograd, a town of Russia, in the
government of Catharinenslaf, 32 m E
Catharinenslaf. Lon. 35 54 f, lat. 47
10 N.
Paulovskoi, a town of Russia, in the
government of Voronetz ; seated on a high
sandy bank of the Don, 98 m sse Voro-
netz.
Pavoasan, the capital of the isle of
St. Thomas, in the gulf of Guinea, and the
see of a bishop, with a fort and a good
harbour. It is situate on the ke coast,
180 m w from the mouth of the Gabon on
the continent. Lon. 6 40 e, lat. 0 30 n.
Pausa, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Voigtland, 7 m nnw Plauen.
Pausilippo, a mountain 5 m w Naples,
celebrated for a grotto, which is a passage
cut through the mountain near a mile in
length, 20 feet in breadth, and 30 in
height. People of fashion generally drive
through this passage with torches; but
the country people find their way by
the light which enters at the extremities,
and at tivo holes pierced through the
mountain, near the middle of the grotto.
On the top of this mountain is the tomb of
Viriiil; and the N and e sides are covered
with villas and gardens,
Puuzk, a town of W Prussia, in Pome-
relia, near i\\e w coast of th« gulf of
Dantzic, 25 m >w Dantzic.
Pawangw, a fortified town of Hindoo-
stan, in Bejapoor, capital of the district of
Parnella. It is situate on the Gutpurba,
42 ra whys Merritch. Lon. 72 22 e,
lat. 16 52 N.
Paivtuxet, a town of Rhode Island, in
Providence county, situate on both sides
ot a river ot t!ie same name, at its en-
FED
trance into Providence river, 5 m s Pro-
vidence.
Pa.ro, one of the Ionian island?, in the
Mediterranean, 18 m in circuit, a iittle to
the s of that of Corfu. It produces excel-
lent wine and oil. The only t;)wn is of the
same name, situate on the e side, and has
a uood harbour. Lon. 20 0_,e, lat. 39
12'n.
Fai/erne, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Geneva, on the river Broye,
24 m KE Lausanne.
Pai/mogo, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
near the river Chauza and frontiers of Por-
tuE;al, 42 in » by e Ayamonte, and 73 Kw
Seville.
Pays de Valid, a district of Switzerland,
formerly under the dominion of the canton
of Bern, and now constituting the new
canton of Vaud.
Paz, a city of Charcas, capital of a
small province, and a bishop's see. Beside
the cathedral, it contains four churches, a
hospital, a college, and several convents.
It is seated at tlic foot of a mountain, on
a fine river that flows through a valley
abounding in corn and cattle, 220 m nw
Plata. Lon. QS 26 w, lat. 17 30 s.
Paz, a town of New Spain, in Mecho-
acan, capital of a district abounding in
maize and vines. It is 130 m nw Mexico.
Lon. 100 28 w, lat. 20 59 n.
Pazzy, a town of European Turkey, in
Romania, and a bishop's see, 8 na sw
Gallipoli.
Peak, a mountainous district in the nw
part of Derbyshire, which abounds in lead,
iron, millstones, marble, alabaster, coal,
and a coarse sort of crystals. It is much visit-
ed on account of its extraordinary caverns,
perforations, and other curiosities. The
* Wonders of the Peak' have ^)een cele-
brated both in prose and verse ; and they
are noticed in this work under the articles
Buxton, Castleton, Chatsworth, and Tides-
well.
Pearl River, in the state of Mississippi,
has its source near the centre of the
country, and flows s above 200 m to lake
Borgne, an inlet of the gulf of Mexico. It
is navigable 150 m from its mouth, but the
entrance is obstructed by trees and logs,
and has only 7 feet water.
Peclilarn, a town of Austria, on the
right bank of the Danube. The river is
very wide ; and here the Romans, who
called it Prsclara, had a harbour for their
navy. ' It is 14 m w St. Polten, and 48 e
Lintz,
Pecquencour, a town of France, in the
department of Nord, seated on the Scarpe,
5 m E Douay.
Pcdupuur, a town ot Hindoostan, in the
PEE .
Circars, district of Rajamundry. Sugar iV
cultivated in the vicinity to a great ex-
tent. In 1758 a battle was fought here
between the French and Englisli, in which
the former were totally defeated. It is
situate on the Eliseram, 24 m ene Raja-
mundry.
Peddahulaharam, or Doda Balcipura, a
town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, surround-
ed by a mud wall and a hedge, and has a
strong mud fort. The English call it
Great Balapoor. Here are manufactures
of cloth and sugar. It is 23 m n Banga-
loor, and 85 ne Seringapatam.
Pedee, a river that rises in N Carolina,
and is there called the Yadkin : on entering
S Carolina, it takes the name of Pedee,
and flows into Wynyaw bay, at George-
town.
Pedena, a town of Italy, in Istria, 25 m
se Capo d'Istria.
Pederneira, a town of Portugal, in Es-
treinadura, where small men of war are
built, and sent to Lisbon to be equipped.
It is situate at the mouth of the Alcoa, 33
m sw Leiria.
Pedir, a town of Sumatra, on the N
coast. The chief exports are betel-nut^
pepper, gold dust, canes, wax, camphor,
and benzoin. It is 40 m ese Acheen.
Lon. 96 36 e, lat. 5 22 n.
Pedrasa, a town of Spain, in Old Cas-
tile, with a castle. It is the birthplace of
emperor Trajan, and stands on the Cega,
near its source, 25 m ne Segovia.
Pedro, St. a seaport of Brasil, and the
principal town in the government of Iley.
It has a large harbour, or lake, at the
mouth of a river of the same name, which
has sometimes the prefix of Rio Grande,
and is defended by many forts, some of
which are upon islets. The vicinity is
extremely populous; and hence great
quantities of corn, hides, tallow, and dried
beef are exported. Lon. 52 3 w, lat. 32
20 s.
Peebles, a borough of Scotland, capital
of Peeblesshire, seated on the Tweed, over
which is an elegant bridge. It has manu-
factures of carpets and serges, and is noted
for excellent beer. The population was
2185 in 1811. On a projecting rock, near
the Tweed, stands Nidpath castle ; and on
an eminence on the e stands Horseburg
castle. Peebles is 22 m s Edinburg. Lon.
3 7 vv, lat. 55 40 N,
Peeblesshire, a county of Scotland, 30 m
long and 12 broad; bounded on the k by
Edinburghshire, e by Selkirkshire, s by
Dumfriesshire, and w by Lanerkshire. It
is divided into 16 parishes, and sends a
member to parliament. The population
was 9935 in loll. In this county there
2N
PEG PEG
isnotmucharaWelaiul. Tlic hills (among Pcg7iagarcia, a town of rorlns;^!, in
which are those of Twcedsmuir) aboiuui Beira, on the frontiers of Spain, 3(3 m e
with siilubrions springs, and feed numbers Caslel Branco.
of sheep and cattle. Tlie principal rivers Pegniniiucor, a fortified town of Portu-
are the Tweed and Lvne ; the former i!;al, in Beira, with a castle on the frontiers
divides the county nearlv into two equal of Spain, 31 in iae Castel Branco. Lon.
parts, and hence' it is sometimes called (3 52 w, hit. 40 (j n.
Tweedaie. FegiKiranda, a town of Spain, in Old
Pcekskill, a town of New York, in W Castile, 41 m ssi: Burgos.— Another, 33
Chester county, on the n side of a creek m nw Avila.
of the same name, 5 m from its entrance Fegriilz, a town of Franconia, in the
into Hudson river, and 50 n New principality of Bayreuth, on a river of the
"York. same name, near its source, 10 m s Bay-
Pee/, a town on the w coast of the isle reuth.
Pegnon de Velcz, a seaport and fortress
of t!ie kinu;dom of Fez, seated on a rock in
the Mediterranean, near the town of Ve-
lez. It was built by the Spaniards in 1508,
of Man, situate on a spacious bay. At
the s extremity of tlie bay is Peel isle, a
rock of great magnicude and height, on the
summit of which is a castle, and the cathe-
dral of the isle (very ruinous) dedicated to taken by the Moors in 1522, and retaken
St. Germain, tlie first bishop, who lived in in 1(564. It is 73 m se Ceuta. Lon. 4 IG
the fifth centurv. The town is much de- w, lat. 35 12 N.
caved, and the inhabitants are indolent Pegu, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on
and poor. It is 10 m wnw Douglas, the n by Binnah, w and s by the bay of
Lon. 4 40 wr, lat. 54 13 N. Bengal, and e by Siam. It is very rich
Peer, a town of the Netherlands, in in corn, roots, pulse, and fruit; and tlie
the territory of Liege, 24 m nkw Maes- other products are teak, elephant teeth,
^richt. " honey, wax, lac, saltpetre, iron, tin, petro-
Pef«e, a river of Germany, which issues leum, fine rubies, small diamonds, and
from some lakes in Mecklenburg, flows plenty of lead, of which is marie their
through Hither Pomerania to the western money. In the low flat part of the country,
branch of the Oder, which is thence called the houses are built upon stakes, and in
Peene, and runs by Wolgast into the Baltic time of floods the communication is by
sea, at'Peencmunde. In the latter part of boats. The inhabitants are thinly clad,
its course it separates Hither and Further and none wear shoes nor stockings. The
Porneraiiia. women are much fairer than the men,
Peenemunde, a town and fort of Further small, but well proportioned. If the wife
Pomerania, in the isle of Usedom, and the proves false, tlie husiiand may sell her for
residence ofthe governor of the island. It a slave. There are numerous temples in
commands the entrance and mouth of the this country, mostly of wood, varnished and
Peene, near which it stands, G m Nby£ gilt : they contain idols in a sitting posture.
Wolgast. Lon. 13 55 e, lat. 54 3 N.
Pegau, a town of the kingdom of Saxony,
in Misnia, situate on the Elster, 10 m ssvv
Leipzic.
cross-legged, and with very large ears.
The priests have ground allowed them,
which they cultivate for their subsistence :
they are called Talapoins, and inculcate
Pesau, a town of Germany, in Stiria, charity as the highest virtue; athrming that
^ ■ ■ • ...,,■■ religion to he the best which teaches men
to do the most good. Pegu was long an
independent kingdom, and in ^762, con-
ijuered the kingdom of Birmah; butAkim-
pra, whom thcking of Pegu had continued
as chief at Monchabou, soon alterward
near which are considerable lead mines.
It is seated near the Muer, 9 m k^w
Gratz.
Pegna de Francia, a town of Spain, in
Leon, 27 m sse Ciudad Rodrigo.
Pegnajiel, a town of Spain, in Leon,
%vith a palace, and a strong castle. It is revolted, and in 1757, reduced I egu to a
seated at the foot of a mountain, near the dependeut province on Birmah.
Douro, 38 m ESE ^'a!lado!lid. Lon 4 0 w, Pegu, a city of the^ above kingdom.
lat. 41 S3 N.
PegnufiDiie, a town of Portugal, in Es-
tremadura, at the mouth of the Mongola,
3G m ^;.Nvv Lisbon. t^ ._, . . n ■
Pegnafior, a town of Spain, in Asturias, half, and surrounded uy strong wails aurt
seated on the Pravia, 8 m Nw Oviedo. other Jortifcations, now in rums
erected on the site of the former city,
which was totally ruined, in 1757, by the
king of Birmah'. The ancient city was
(quadrangle, each side nearly a mile and
and surrounded by strong walls
The
Pe''^rtfl/?07-,atownofSpain,iu Andalusia, present city occupies about one-fourth of
seated on the Guada!<iuiver, 48 m -;e the former area ; the n and e sides border-
Seville, ir.gen thccld wa
id tlie ethers fenced
PEK
round with a stockade. The houses are
all made of mats, or of sheathing boards,
supported on bamboos or posts. Here is
a g^raiid temple, 361 feet in heii^ht. The
viceroy of the king of Birmah resides in
the fort. It is seated on a river of the same
name, 300 m s Ummerapoor. Lon. 90 11
E, lat. 17 40 N.
Pei-ho, a river of China, in Pe-tche-li,
which passes near Peking, and by the cities
of Tong-tciiou and Tieii-sing, into the
Yellow sea. The tide flows 110 m, and
frequently submerges the flat country on
its banks. The entrance is defended by a
fort on the s point. Lon. 117 49 e, lat.
38 .56 N.
Pei?i(i, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
principaUty of Hildesheim, with a palace,
and a capuchin convent. It was for-
merly deemed a fortress, and stands in a
marshy country, on the river Fuse, 16 m
w Brunswick.
Peipus, or Tchudikoi, a lake of Russia,
60 m long and 30 broad, between the go-
vernments of Petersburg and Riga. The
river Narova issues from the ne extremity
of this lake, by which it has communica-
tion, at Narva, with the gulf of Finland.
Pehkretscham, a town of Silesia, in the
principaUty of Oppeln, 30 m se Oppeln.
Peitz, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Ucker mark. It has manufactures of cloth
and yarn ; and in the neighbourhood are
iron-works. It stands on the Maukse,
which runs into the Spree, 10 m nne Cot-
bus, and 37 sse Frankfort.
Peking, the capital of the empire of
China, in the province of Pe-tche-li. Its
namesignities the Northern Court, to dis-
tinguish it from Nanking, the Southern
Court, where the emperor formerly resided.
This capital forms an oblong square, and
■is divided into two cities; one inhabited
by Chinese, the other by Tartars. These
two cities, exclusive of the suburbs, are
nearly 14 m in circuit. The walls are '2Q
feet iiigh, ^4 thick at the base, and 12 at
the top ; and there are spacious towers at
70 feet distance from each other. The
gates are high, and well arched, supporting
buildings of nine stories high; the lowest
of which is for the soldiers when they come
off guard : they are nine in number, three
in the s wall, and two in each of the other
sides. The middle gate, on the s side,
opens into the Tartar, or imperial city,
which is a space within the general enclo-
sure, about a mile from N to s, and three-
fourths of a mile fi'om r, to w, with a rivu-
let winding through it. A wall of large
■ red polished bricks, ^0 feet iiigh, covered
with a roof of tiles painted yellow and
varnished, surrounds this place, in which
PEK
are contained the imperial palace and gar-
dens, the public otlices, lodgings for the
ministers, the eunuchs, artificers, and
tradesmen belonging to the court. Be-
tween the other two gates in the s wall,
and the opposite ones on the n side of the
city, run two straight streets, each 4 nt
long and 120 feet wide. One street of the
same width runs from one of the eastera
to the corresponding western gate, but the
other is interrupted by the imperial city^
round the walls of which it is carried. The
other streets branch from these maia
streets at right angles, and are very nar-
row. The houses have no windows nor
openings to the street, except the great
shops ; most of them are poorly built, and
have only a ground floor. It is astonishing
to see the concourse of people that aret
in the main streets, yet not one Chinese
woman among them, and the confusioiz
occasioned by the number of horses,
camels, mules, asses, wagons, carts, and
chairs; without reckoning the several mobs
which gather about the jugglers, ballad-
singers, &c. Persons of distinction have
always a horseman to go before them and
clear the way. All the great streets are
guarded by soldiers, who patrole night and
day with swords by their sides, and whips
in their hands, to chastise those who make
any disturbance, or take them into custody-
The little streets have latticed gates at
their entrance from the great streets, which
are shut at night, and guarded by soldiers,
who softer no assemblies in the streets at
that time. The emperor's palace and gar-
dens occupy two-thirds of the Tartar city,_
and are surrounded by a brick wall, 2 m.
in length, with pavilions at each corner
encompassed by galleries, supported by co-
lumns. The architecture of the stupendous,
buildings of svhich the palace consists, is en-
tirely ditferent from that of the Europeans;
and they are covered with tiles of a shining;
yellow. The temples and the towers of Pe-
king are so numerous that it is ditiicult to^
count them. Provisions of all kinds are plen-
tiful, they being, as well as the merchandise^
brought from all parts by canals from the
rivers; and within the walls are many-
acres of land under cultivation . An earth-
quake that happened here in 1731, buried
above 100,000 persons in the ruins of the
houses. The inhabitants are estimated at
near 3,000,000. A Russian church is es-
tablibhed here, with a seminary, in whiclt
students reside to learn the Chinese lan-
guage ; tiiid many jnteresting publica-
tions have since appeared at Petersburg,
translated from the originals published at
Peking. This city stands in a fertile
plain, 60 m s of the great wall, and uQd
2 N 2
PEL
ubyw Nanking. Lon. 116 27 e, lat.
89 54 N.
Peldiinisi, an island in tlie Grecian
-Archipelago, about 8 m in circuit. Lon.
24 12 E, hit. 39 30 .\.
PclegriiWf a mountain on the n coast
of Sicily, near 'i ni w of Palermo. On this
mount is a cavern, in which is tlie image
of St. Rosoiia, the patroness of Palermo,
•who is said to have died here ; and round
the cave of this saint a church is built,
where priests attend, to watch the precious
relics, and receive the olVerings of the
pilgrims.
Pelezo Islands, or Paluus, a group of
islands in the Pacific ocean, lying be-
tween 134 and 136 e lon. and 6 and 8
If lat. They are encircled on the w side
"by a reef of coral; and the names of the
principal are Babelthouap, Oroolong, An-
goor, Caroora, and Pelelew. They are
"well covered with the tall palon and other
trees of various kinds and sizes ; some
Jarge enough to form canoes capable of
carrying 30 persons. Captain Wilson, of
the Antelope E India packet, who was
"wrecked near the island of Oroolong in
1783, found the natives so kind and bene-
volent in their conduct to his crew, as to
entitle them to a high place in the moral
.scale. But during three months continu-
ance with them, they never saw any par-
ticular ceremonies, nor observed aught that
liad the appearance of public worship ; and
the incessant wars between the different
islands, with the practice of massacreing
their prisoners indicate a disposition san-
guinary and ferocious. The latter custom
they attempted te extenuate by the plea
of political necessity. Their principal arms
consist of bamboo darts, from five to eight
ieet long, pointed with the wood of the
i)etel-nut tree ; but there are short ones
ibr ditTerent marks, which are thrown by
means of a stick two feet long. The chiefs
"wear a bone round one of their wrists,
which, being a mark of honour conferred
by the king, is never to be parted with but
■with life. The natives subsist chiefly on
yams and cocoa-nuts, and the milk of the
latter is their common drink; on particular
occasions they add sweetmeats, and a
sweet beverage extracted from the palm-
tree or sugar-cane. The houses are raised
about three feet from the ground, formed
of timbers grooved together, and fastened
hy wooden pins ; the intermediate space
and the roof being closely filled up with
bamboos and palm-tree leaves, plaited
together : the inside is without any divi-
sion, Ibrming one great room. The domes-
tic implements are little baskets woven
irom slips oi the plantatn-tree; wooden
PEM
baskets with covers, carved and inlaid with
shells ; and earthen vessels, of a redish
brown colour, in which fish, yams, &c. are
boiled, 'Ihe best knives are made of a
piece of the large mother-of-pearl oyster ;
combs, of the orange-tree; fishing-hooks,
of tortoise-shell; and twine, cord, and tish-
ing-nets, of the husks of the cocoa-nut.
The shell of the tortoise is remarkably
beautiful ; and the natives have the art of
moulding it into little trays or disiies, and
spoons : some of the great ladies have also
bracelets of the same manufacture, and
earrings inlaid with shell. The natives, in
general, are stout and well made, rather
above the middle stature, and of a deep
copper colour. Their hair is long, and
generally formed into one large loose curl
round the head, Tlie men are entirely
naked; but the women wear two little
aprons, one before, the other behind. Both
sexes are tattowed, have their teeth made
black by art, and the cartilage between the
nostrils bored, through which, they fre-
quently put a sprig of some plant or shrub.
Abba ThuUe, the king of Pelew, in the
island of Caroora, entertained such an
opinion of the English, that he gave thena
the island of Oroolong, where they built a
small vessel, to carry them to China ; and,
on their departure, he permitted his second
son, Lee Boo, to accompany them to Eng-
land, where they arrived in 1784. In a
few months after, this hopeful youth died
of the smallpox, and the E India Company
erected a monument over his grave in
Rotherhithe churchyard. The E India
Company, in return for the kindness shown
to the crew of the Antelope, equipped two
vessels at Bombay, which arrived at these
islands in 1791. Abba ThuUe bore the
inteUigence of the death of Lee Boo with
great fortitude ; and when the presents were
landed, consisting' of cattle, sheep, goats,
pigs, poultry, &c. together with arras,
grindstones, shovels, saws, and other uten-
sils, he was at a loss how to express his
gratitude. The two ships afterward sailed
to New Guinea and Bencoolen, and re-
turned with two full c.irgoes of cattle and
stores. In 1802, the live stock that had
been left was greatly multiplied, with the
exception of the sheep, which had failed. A
small trade is now carried on occasionally
by the British between Pelew and China.
Pelisxane, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mouths of the Rhone, 13. nt
w.NwAix.
Pellerin, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Loire, situate on the
Loire, with a harbour for small vesselsyiK-:
10 m N Nantes, and 13 se Painbosuf.
Pcml'd, an island near the coast of Zw
PEN
PEN
zebar, to the ne of that of Zanzebar, about of the coast; and on the opposite side of
100 m in circuit, governed by a king, the bay is another called St. Maws. It is
tributary to the Portuguese. Lon. 40 50 a little to the se of Falmouth, the harbour
E, lat. 5 0 s.
Pemba, a town of the kingdom of Congo,
capital of a province. It is seated on the
Loze, 90 m sse St. Salvador. Lon. 14 40
11, lat. 6 45 s.
Femhlemeer, a lake of Wales, in Me-
rionethshire, lying s of Bala, whence it is
sometimes called the Lake of Bala. It
abounds with a species of fish called gui-
nard, resembling a salmon in shape, and
tasting like a trout. The lake is 3 m long
and a mile broad, and its outlet, at the x
end, is the source of the river Dee.
Pembridge, a town in Herefordshire,
whose market is now disused. It has a
of which it defends,
Pendleton, a large village in Lancashire,
2 m KW Manchester, employed in the
trade aud manufactures of the various
Manchester goods.
Penella, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
on the river Esa, 24 m sse Coimbra.
Pengepiir; see Punjgoor.
Pcnicfie, a strong seaport of Portugal,
in Estremadura, with a good harbour and
a citadel ; seated on a peninsula, 48 ra
Nbyw Lisbon. Lon. 9 20 w, lat. 39
22 K.
Penig, a town and castle of the king-
dom of Saxony, in Misnia, with a manu-
manufacture of woollen cloth, and is seated facture of woollen stuffs and pottery; seat-
on the Arrow, 7 ra w Leominster, and 144 ed on the Mulda, 11 m nw Chemnitz.
WKW London. Peniscola, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
Pembroke, a town of Massachusets, in with an old castle and a strong fort ; seated
Plymouth county, situate on North river, on a high point of land, surrounded on
which has a great depth of water, though three sides by the sea, and of difficult ac-
in some places not more than 50 feet wide, cess by land. It is 30 m sby w Tortosa,
Vessels of 300 tons are built here, and dc- and 80 xne Valencia.
scend to Massachusets bay. It is 18 m Penjshehr, a town of iAfi^hanistan, in
from the sea, and 51 SSE Boston. the province of Cabul, 52 m Nbyw
Pembroke, a borough of Wales, capital Cabul.
of Pembrokeshire, governed by a mayor, Peniston, a town in Yorkshire, with a
with a market on Wednesday and Satur-
day. It stands at the e extremity of a
creek of Milford-haven, over which are
two bridges, but the harbour is injured by
market ou Thursday, seated on the Don^,
13 m SSE Huddeistield, and 176 nnw
London.
Penkridge, a town in Staffordshire, with
the rubbish of the neighbouring limestone a market on Tuesday, seated on the Penk^
quarries. It is surrounded by a wall (part 6ms Stafford, and 129 nw London.
in ruins) with three gates, has a castle in Penkum, a town of Hither Pomerania^
which Henry vii was born, and three seated on a lake, 15 m sw Stettin,
churches. The population was 2415 in Penrnaenmazcr, a mountain of Wales,
1811. It is 10 m sbyE Harerfordwest, in Carnarvonshire, overhanging the sea»
and 263 wbyN London. Lon. 4 48 w. It is 4 m whys Aberconway ; and along
lat. 51 43 N. its side the road to Holyhead is carried orL
Pembrokeshire, a county of Wales, sur- arches nearly 300 feet above the sea.,
rounded on all sides by the sea, except on The mountain is 1540 feet above the leveL
the j;, where it is bounded by Carmarthen- of the sea; and on the summit are the ruins
shire and Cardiganshire. It is 37 m long of extensive fortifications, constructed of
and 28 broad, containing 308,000 acres ; unhewn stones, without mortar,
is divided into seven hundreds, and 142 Pennar, a river of Hindoostan, which.
parishes; has one city and seven market- rises in Mysore, in the hills near Nundy-
towns ; and sends three members to parlia- droog, flov/s n and then e through Ballagaut
ment. The population was 60,615 in into the Carnatic, which it crosses by the
1811. The rivers are inconsiderable. A fort of Nelloor, and enters the bay of
great part of the county is plain, and to- Bengal by two mouths,
lerably fertile, consisting of rich meadow Pennaranda, a town of Spain, in Old
and arable land. The ne part alone is Castile, on the borders of Leon, 34 m nw-
mountainous ; which, however, yields good Avila.
The assizes
pasture for sheep and cattle,
are held ac Haverfordwest.
Penang ; see Prince of Wales Island.
Penauiier, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aude, 4 m N Carcassonne.
Pennon de Velez; see Pegnan,
Pennsylvania, one of the United States
of America, 288 ra long and 156 broad ;
bounded on the n by New York, e by
that state and New Jersey, s by Delaware,
Pendennis, a castle in Cornwall, on a Maryland, and Virginia, w by the state of
hill of the same name, on Falmouth bay. Ohio, and nw by Lake Erie, on which it
It was built by Henry viii for the security has a good porti It is divided iuto 3*
PEN
bounties; namely, Philadelpliln, Chester,
Delaware, Bucks, INIontgomcry, Berks,
Xiancaster, Dauplun, Nortliampton, hu-
zerue, York, C'liiiiherland, Northumber-
land, Franklin, Bedford, Iluntin<;don, Mif-
fliii, Westmorland, ISomersot, Fayette,
Washini^ton, AUepmy, and Lycominjj;. It
5s watered by the Dehiware, Schiiylkil,
4Susquehana, Monongaliela, Allegany, and
Other navigable rivers. The cluel" pro-
ducts are corn, cattle, potash, wax, skins,
and I'urs ; and the principal manufactures
are iron, copper, tin, leather, paper, gun-
powder, hats, cotton, sugar, and tobacco.
In 1810 the population was 810,108. Fhl-
ladelphia is the capital.
Pennygarit, a mountain in Yorkshire,
7 m N of Settle. The summit is 2270 feet
above the level of the sea. On the sides
ure two awful orifices, called Hulpit and
Huntpit holes: through each of them runs
t. brook, both of which pass under ground
for about a mile, and cross each other in
the bowels of the earth without mixing
their waters.
Penobscot, ahay of the district of Maine,
at the mouth of the river Penobscot. It is
long and capacious ; and the e side is lined
with a cluster of small islands.
Penrice, a town in Wales, in Glamor-
ganshire, with a market on Thursday.
Here are the ruins of a Norman castle.
Three m to the n, on a mountain, is a
Druidical monument, called Arthur's stone.
Penrice is seated on the Bristol channel,
20 m SE Carmarthen, and 220 w London.
Penrith, a town of Cumberland, with a
market on Tuesday, and manufactures of
checks and fancy waiscoat pieces. Here
are the ruins of a castle ; and in the church-
ya.Td is a singular monument of antiquity,
called the Giant's Grave. It is seated
under a hill, near the river Eamont, 18 m
s Carlisle, and 280 xnw London.
Pettn/??, a borough in Cornwall, governed
ly a mayor, with a market on Wednesday,
Priday, "and Saturday. Here are large
Avarehouses for flour and grain, and several
good breweries, which supply the shipping
at Falmouth ; and it has a great trade in
the pilchard and Newfoundland fisheries.
It stands on a creek of Falmouth haven,
Sm Nw Falmouth, and 265 whys London.
Pcnsacolct, a city and the capital of W
Florida, on a bay of the gulf' of Mexico,
TA'hich forms a safe and commodious har-
bour. It was a place of great commerce while
in possession of the English, but since the
conquest of the Spaniards it has been on
the decline. The entrance into the bay is
defended by a small fort and a battery.
Ion. 87 14 \v, lat. 30 24 k.
Pemford, a town in Somersetshire, with
a market on Tuesday, and a manufacture
PER
of hats; seated on the Chew, Gm sbyE
Bristol, and 117 whys London.
Pcnthtnd Fril/i, a strait which divides
the Orkney islandb from Caithness, in Scot-
land. It is 24 m long and from 10 to 15
broad, and very dangerous to those who
are not acquainted with its tides and cur-
rents ; especially in passing the island of
Stroma, and the Pentland Skerries, a
cluster of rocks at the k end of the frith.
On the largest of these rocks is a light-
house. Lon. 2 42 w, lat. .58 3;") n.
Penza, a government of Russia, for-
merly a pi-ovince of Kasan. The capital,
of the same name, is seated on the ^Jura,
where it receives the rivulet Peiiza, 220 m
sw Kasan. Lon. 45 38 k, lat. 53 30 n.
Penzance, u seaport in Cornwall, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Thursday. It was burnt by the Spaniards
in 1598, but soon rebuilt, and made one
of the tin-coinage towns. It is seated on
a creek of Mount bay, 10 m ne of the
Lands-end, and 280 w by s London. Lon.
5 35 w, lat. 50 11 N.
Pe?2z/t«,atown of Lower Saxony, in the
principality of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 12
m NNW Strelitz.
Pequigny, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Somme ; memorable for an
interview and treaty between Lewis xi ot
France, and Edward iv of England, in
1475, on a bridge built for that purpose.
It is seated on the river Somrae, 15 m se
Abbeville.
Perak, a seaport of the Malaya penin-
sula, capital of a kingdom on the w coast.
It is seated on a river of the same name,
180 ra NW Malacca. Lon. 100 0 e, lat.
4 23 N.
Per alt a, a town of Spain, in Navarre,
celebrated for its wine; seated on the Arga,
30 m s Pamplona.
Peray, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ardeche, noted for its wine ;
seated on Rhone, opposite Valence, 32 m
N Viviers.
Perche, an old territory of France, in
Orleanois, which takes its name from a
forest, and is pretty fertile. It now forms,
with part of Normandy, the department
of Orne.
Perdu, Mount, the highest mountain
of the Pyrenees, deemed to be 11,700
feet above the sea. It is of very difficult
access, as the calcareous rock often as-
sumes the form of perpendicular walls,
from 100 to (300 feet in height ; and gla-
ciers increase the difficulty. About 2000
feet from the summit is a lake, which sends
its waters e, into the Spanish valley of
Beoussa.
Perekop ; see Precop.
PergUf a tow^n of European Turkey, in
PER
ji^lbaula, on the gulf of Venice, ^5 m wkw
Ann.
Vcr^umar, a town of European Turkey,
in Romania, and a bishop's see, 60 m sw
Adrianople. Lon. 25 55 e, lat. 41 10 n.
Pe7-gamino, a town of Paraguay, in the
province of Buenos Ayres, with a frontier
fortress, on the road from the capital to
Cordova, 110 m wxw Buenos Ayres. Lon.
CO 4 '3 w, lat. 33 53 N.
Fergamu, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
NatoHa, and a bishop's see, with a palace
and a castle. It is not so considerable
as formerly, but has nine mosques, and
occupies an oblong circuit of 3 m, at the
foot of a mountain. Here parchment was
invented. It is seated on the Germasti,
15 m from its mouth, and 37 n Smyrna.
Lon. 27 27 e, lat. 39 5 N.
Pcriu, a town of Persia, in the province
of Irak, 90 m w Ispahan. Lon. 51 25 e,
lat. 32 20 K.
Ferine, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aude, celebrated for its salt works,
6 m sw Narbonne.
Periapatari), a town of Hindoostan, in
Mysore, but in the country of the Coorg-
rajah, of vvhich it was formerly the capital.
The fortifications are quite ruinous, Tippoo
having blown up the best works, and
ruins occupy much of the suburbs; but
it is recovering fast, and is an entrepot
of trade between the Coorg and Mysore
rajahs. The environs are rich and beauti-
ful, and produce abundance of the best
sandal wood. It is SI m whys Seringa-
patam, and 33 ese Mercara.
Perlcrs, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Manche, 9 m x Coutanccs.
Perigord, an old province of France,
83 m long and 60 broad ; bounded on the
N by Augoumois and Marche, Ehy Quercy
and Limosin, s by Agenois and Bazodois,
and vv by Bourdelois, Angoumois, and
Saintonge. It abounds in iron-mines, and
now forms the department of Dordogne.
Perigtieux, a town of France, capital of
the department of Dordogne, and lately a
bishop's see. Here are the ruins of a
temple of Venus, and an amphitheatre. It
is seated on the Ille, 50 m sw Limoges.
Lon. 0 43 E, lat. 45 11 n.
Perinda; see Barcnda.
Perija, a town of Caracas, in the pro-
Tince of Maracaibo, on a river of the same
name, 25 iir from its mouth in the lake of
Maracaibo, and 45 ssw Maracaibo.
Perlebtrg, a town of Brandenburg, ca-
pital of the mark of Pregnitz. It has con-
siderable cloth manufactures, and stands
on the Stepenitz, 42 m wnw Ruppin. Lon.
12 3 E, lat. 53 8 N.
Perm, a government of Russia, formerly
a province of Kasun, It is divided into two
PER
provinces, Perm and Catharinenburg, the
capitals of which are of the same name.
Perm, the capital of the above govern-
ment and province. It is seated on the
Kama, at the influx of the Zegochekha,
620 m EbyN Moscow, and 810 Ebys
Petersburg. Lon. 55 10 e, lat. 57 55 n.
I'ermacoil, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, with a fort on a high re)ck, 20
m Kxw Pondicherry.
Pernalla, a town of Hindoostan, in
Guzerat, 38 m s Surat.
Pernambuco, a government of Brasil,
separated from that of Sergippy on the s,
by the river St. Francis. It extends far
into the interior, produces excellent cotton,
sugar, and brasil wood ; and its immense
plains feed a great number of cattle.
Fernumhuco, the capital of the above
government, with four forts. It consists
of three towns, Recife, St. Antonio, and
Boa Vista, which are all situate on sandy
flats. St. Antonio, the middle division,
includes the governor's palace, witli other
public edifices, and is connected by a
bridge on the w side to Boa Vista, and
by another on the e to Recife. The last
place is nearly surrounded by the inner
harbour, which is guarded from the sea by
a leef of rocks ; but large vessels can
anchor only in the outer harbour, which
extends 3 m N to the city oi Olinda, and
is rather exposed to the ocean. Per-
nambuco, frequently called Recife, has a
considerable trade, and exports much cot-
ton to England. Lon. 35 0 w, lat. 3 14 s.
Pcrnau, a town of Russia, in Livonia,
with a castle ; seated near tiie mouth of
a river of the same name, in the gulf of
Livonia, 95 m >; by e Riga. Lon. 24 30 e,
lat. 58 30 X.
Femes, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mouths of the Rhone, the
birthplace of the celehratedorator Flechicr,
bishop of Nismes. It is 12 "m EbyN
■ Avignon.
Femes, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, seated on the
Clarence, 17 m kw Arras.
Perno, a town of Finland, in the pro-
vince of Nyland, on the coast of the Baltic,
36 m E llelsingfors.
Peronnc, a strong town of France, in
the department of Somme. It is called
Pucellc, because it has never been taken,
though often besieged. The castle was
the miprisonment of Charles the simple,
who here miserably died ; and in this cas-
tle the duke of Burgundy detained Louis
XI three days, till lie consented to sign a
disadvantageous treaty. It is seated on
the Somme, 27 m ssw Cambray, and 80
Kby E Paris. Lon. 3 2 e, lat. 49 55 n
Perote, a town of New Spain, in Vera
PER
Cruz, with a small fortress. Twelve m to
the SE is the C'olTre of ]\iote, which is
13,414 feet above the level of tiie sea, and
serves for a mark to sailors on entering the
port of Vera Cruz. I'erotc is 15 ni w
Xalapa.
Perousri, a town and fort of Piedmont,
on the river Cliison, U ni nw Piiincroi.
Ferpi<:}iau, a fortified town of France,
capital of the department of Eastern Py-re-
nees, with a good citadel and a university.
It was lately a bishop's see, and is seated
on the Tet, near the Mediterranean, 95 m
SE Toulouse. Lon. 2 54 e, lat. 42 42 N.
Ferunin ; see Basaien.
Persepolis, anciently tlic capital of the
Persian empire. It was taken by Alex-
ander the great, who s-et it on fire. Its
magnificent ruins are 50 m NEShiras.
Per shore, a towvjn Worcestershire, with
a market on 'I'uesday, and a manufacture
ot stockings. Here are two churches, and
that ot Holy Cross contains several an-
cient monuments. It is seated on the
Avon, 9 m rsE Worcester, and 106 wnw
iondoi;.
Persia, a country of Asia, consisting of
several provinces, which, at different times,
have had their particular kings. Its boun-
daries have undergone many chan'^es : the
Jimits m Us most prosperous periods were,
the Caucasian mountains and th.e Caspian
sea on the n, the Oxus and Indus on the
KE and E, the Arabian sea and Persian gulf
on the s, and the Euphrates on the w. It
is now bounded on the n by Georgia, the
Caspian sea, and Usbec Tartary, e by the
latter, Afghanistan, and Ballogistan, s by
the Arabian sea and the Persian gulf,
and w by Arabia and Turkey. In the n
p«rt it is mountainous and cold; in the
middle and se parts, sandy and desert;
in rile s and w, level and extremely fertile,
though for several months very hot. Tne
ch'.ef rivers are the Tigris, Kur, and Kizil
Ozan : there are many others, but none
• of them navigable to any great distance
from, their mouths ; and also seveixil in the
i'Vierior that become lost in the sandy de-
serts. The soil produces all sorts of pulse
and corn, except oats and rye; hut agri-
culture is in a depressed state, as the go-
vernment affords no protection to private
property, and offers no encouragement to
industry. In several places naphtha rises
, out of the ground ; and there are mines of
silver, copper, lead, iron, turcois, and salt ;
but some of these are not worked, on ac-
count of the scarcity of wood, or rather
the indolence of the people. Among the
products of Persia that are peculiarly ex-
cellent, are dates, pistachio-nuts, and pop-
pies tlu-it produce the finest opium ; cotton,
indigo, and tobacco are also raised J and
PER
no country can exceed this either in the
variety or flavour of its fruits. There are
extensive plantations of mulberry trees for
silkworms; and large flocks of sheep,
which constitute tlie wealth of the wander-
ing tribes. The camels, horses, mules,
asses, oxen, and butlalos, are the best of
their kind, and are indilferently used for
carrying passengers or burdens, the horses
excepted, which arc only used for the
satlfile. The |)rincipal mauuf"actures are
satins, tabbies, taffetas, silk mixed with
cotton, or with camels or goats hair, brj--
cades, gold tissues, gold velvet, carpets,
calicos, camlets, and fire-arms. During
most of the 18th century, Persia was de-
solated by competitors for the sovereignty.
On the assassination of the usurper. Nadir
Shah, in 1747', Ahmed Abdalia, one of his
generals, founded the kingdom of Can-
dahar ; to v>'hich he annexed the provinces
of Korasan and Segestan, in tlie e part of
Persia, and those provinces of ilindoostan,
w of the Indus, that had been ceded by
the great mogul, in 1737, to Nadir Shah.
Kerim Khan, another of Nadir's ofhcers,
obtained the sovereignty of all the southern
provinces. He held the seat of govern-
ment at Shiras ; but refused the title of
Shah, or king, being satisfied with that of
Vakeel, or protector. He was a mild
prince, beloved by his subjects, and re-
spected by foreign powers. On his death,
in 1779, Zuckee Khan and other competi-
tors for the throne sprung up, and caused
another period of slaughter and desolation
till 1794, when Aga Mohamed Khan be-
came sole monarch, and founder of tlie
reigning family. The government is highly
despotic, and its functions exercised by the
king and his two principal ministers, the
grand vizier and the lord treasurer. Tiie
executive government is in tiie han.ds of
these two men, and, while they continue in
favour w ith a tyrant, their authority is with-
out control. Subordinate to the ministry is
a regular gradation of officers ; and venality
and extortion pervade every class, from the
throne to the cottage. The standing army of
the empire consists of the king's bodyguard^
about 10,000 men, and the royal slavesv
about GOOO. But the number and bravery
of the wandering tribes cojusjtitute the mili-
tary force of the country ; and from these
the king could assemble an army of about
200,000 men, chieliy consisting of cavalry,
whose evolutions and movements are very
rapid. The armies seldom receive either
clothing or pay, and are only kept together
by the liopc of plunder; it is therefoi-e
deemed in;:umbent on the king to take the
field once a year, either against the Rus-
s\a,Wj, Afgans, or Turcomans, his imme-
fViate neighbours. The Persians are gene-.
PER
rally Mohamedans, of tlie sect of All, and
more tulerant in their principles tha.n the
Turks. Tliey are commonly fat, with black
hair, high foreliead, atjuiline nose, full
cheeks, and a large chin; the form of the
countenance being frequently oval. The
general complexion is fair, somewhat tinged
with olive; but those in the s, and the
provinces toward India, are of a dark
brown. The men are strong, robust, anu
inclined to martial exercises ; they shave
the head, and wear high crimson bonnets;
but the beard is sacred, and alnui.'st univer-
sally died black, but some prefer blue.
They often wear three or four light dresses,
fastened round the waist with a sash, in
wliich a small dagger is stuck; and they
are fond of large clokes of thick cloth;
they also wear linen trowsers, loose boots,
and slippers. In their dresses and equi-
pages they are very ostentatious ; nor are
they less jealous of their women than the
Turks. The women cover the head with
a large black turban, over which a Cash-
merian shawl is thrown, to answer the
purpose of a veil ; and their robes are
rather shorter than those of the men, fast-
ened in front by large gold buttons. The
Persians are generally gay, polite, and hos-
pitable ; yet are deceitful, treacherous,
and cruel. They do not recline on cushions,
in the manner of the Turks, but sit in an
erect posture on a thick felt, called a
numud. They are passi(jnately fond of to-
bacco, which they smoke almost inces-
santly. Wuie they never taste before com-
puny ; hut in private they indulge to ex-
cess, and invariably drink before they eat.
They take coiiee in the morning, and dine
about noon, but the chief repast is the
supper. The most usual dish is boiled
rice, variously prepared. The meat is
boiled to excess, and the meal is enlarged
With pot-herbs, roots, fruits, cakes, hard
eggs, and sweetmeats, of which last they
are extremely fond. They seldom change
their linen, but accustom themselves to
frequent ablutions, and are remarkable
for cleanliness in their habitations. The
Persic language is perhaps the most cele-
brated of all the oriental tongues for
strength, beauty, and melody. Ispahan is
t!ie chief city, but Teheran is the present
jcapital.
Persia, Gulf of, a sea between Persia
and Arabia. The entrance near Ormus is
jDot above 50 m over ; but within it is from
120 to 230 in breadth, and the length from
Ormus to the mouth of the Euphrates is 500
ni. 'Ihe Arabian side is particularly cele-
brated for its pearl fishery, and iias many
sandbanks and shoals ; the Persian side is
deeper, and in general has regular soundings.
i'irih, a borough of Scotland, capital oi'
PER
Perthsljire, once tlie residence of the so-
vereigns of Scotland, and the seat of the
parliament. It has two parish-churches,
one of which belonged formerly to a fine
abbey, and contains three places of worship
for so many parishes. Here, in 1559, the
reformed religion was first publicly avowed,
after .Tohn Knox had preached a sermon in
the church against idolatry. Perth is seated
on a large verdant plain, on the sw side
of the Tay, which is navigable for vessels
of 120 tons to the quays, but larger vessels
unload ut Newburg. Over the river is a
modern bridge of 10 arches, the most
beautiful in Scotland, to the town of Kin-
noul. On the se side of the town stands
Govvrie castle, the scene of a strange con-
spiracy in IGOO, which caused its forfei-
ture ; and it has since served as barracks
for the royal artillery. Perth has several
incorporated trades, some of which have
halls. The salmon fishery is a great article
of trade ; and it has considerable manu-
fiictures of linen and cotton goods, leather,
boots, slioes, and gloves. The popula-
tion was 16,913 in" 1811. It is 35 m
K by w Edinburg. Lon. 3 20 w, lat. 56 24 N.
Perth Amhoy, a city and seaport of New
Jersey, in Middlesex county, seated on a
neck of land between the river Rariton
and Arthur Cull sound. It lies open to
Sandy Hook, and has one of the best har-
bours on the continent. It is 30 m sw
New York, and 64 ne Philadelphia. Lon.
74 25 w, lat. 40 31 N.
Perthes, a town of France, in tlie depart-
ment of Seine and Marne, 6 m ssw Melun.
Perthes, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Marne, 6 m kw St.
Dizier.
Perthshire, a county of Scotland, 76 ra
long and 68 broad ; bounded on the w by
Argyleshire, » by the shires of Inverness
and Aberdeen, e by Forfarshire, se by the
frith of Tay and the counties of Fife and
Kinross, and s by the frith of Forth, and
the counties of Clackmanon, Stirling, and
Dumbarton. It contains 4,068,640 acres,
is divided into 68 parishes, and sends a
member to parliament. The population
was 135,093 in 1811. The country exhi-
bits scenes of rugged and striking magni-
ficence, contrasted with the most beautiful
ones of cultivation. The Grampian moun-
tains cross it from sw to ke, the higliest of
which is Benlavvers. The country nw of
this ridge is mountainous, and contains
several lakes ; but the opposite side, though
not free from hills, is more low and fertile.
The principal rivers are the Forth andTay»
Perth is the capital.
Pertigi, a town of the island of Sardi-
nia, 19 m SE Castel Aragonese.
Pertuis, ^ tQ'.Ya of Fraace, in the depart-
PER
ment of Vaucluse, near tlio Durance, 1 1
m nAIx, and SS i:si: Aviirnon.
Feiu, a coiuitrv of S Amciic:i, })otnule(l
on tlie N by Quito, i: by tbe Portuguese
possessions and tlie province of Buenos
Ayres, s by the latter and Chili, and w
by the Pacific ocean. It was formerly the
ricliest and most extensi\(> kingdom in s
America; but in 1718 the provinces of
Quito on the n, were annexed to the vice-
royalty of New Granada; and in 1773,
Charcas, and several other of its richest
districts in the s, were annexed to the
viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres. Its present
extent on the coast is between lat. 3 and
20 s, from tlie river Tumbez to the s ex-
tremity of the province of Arequipa, or
1500 m, by a medial breadth of 250 m.
It never rains in the south parts; but in
the north, on the e side of the Andes, it
often rains excessively. There are large
forests on the sides of the mountains, which
advance near the sea ; but none of the
trees are like those in Europe. Peru has
been long celebrated for mines of gold and
silver, which are the chief source of its
riches. Beside the produce of the mines,
the commodities exported are sugar, cotton,
Peruvian wool and bark, pnnewto, sugar,
and salt. The fiercest beasts of prey in
Peru are the puma and jaquar, inaccurately
called lions and tigers by the Europeans,
for they possess neither the undaunted
courage of tlie former, nor the ravenous
cruelty of the latter. A quadruped called
the lama, peculiar to this country, in form
bears some resemblance to a camel, but
in size is little larger than a sheep ; its
■wool furnishes the Peruvians with clothing,
and its flesh with food. Among the birds,
the most remarkable is the condor, which
is entitled to preeminence over the flying
tribe, in bulk, strength, and courage. When
the Spaniards landed in this country, in
1530, they found it governed by sovereigns
called incas, who were revered by their
subjects as divinities ; and the inhabitants
were found to be much more polished than
the natives of other parts of America, those
ot Mexico excepted. These were soon
subdued by a few Spaniards, under the
command of Francis Pizarro. Peru is in-
habited by the Spaniards, the native Ame-
ricans, and a mixture arising from both,
called Mestics. Tiie native Americans,
who live among the forests, form as it were
so many small republics, which are direct-
ed by a Spanish priest, and by their go-
vernor, assisted by the original natives, who
serve as officers. They go naked, and
paint their bodies witli a red drug, called
rocu. I'hey have no distrust, for the doors
of their huts are always open, though they
have cotton, calabashes, a sort ot* aloes
PES
of which they make thread, and several
other matters that they trade with, which
might be easily stolen. The same man
is of all trades, for he builds his hut, con-
structs his canoe, and weaves his cloth ;
but if a large house is to be built for
common use, every one lends a helping
hand. Their skin is of a red cofiper co-
lour; and they have no beard nor hair on
any part of their bodies except their heads,
where it is black, long, and coarse. Those
that are not much exposed to the weather
are ol"a lighter colour than the rest. Their
garment is a sort of a sack, with holes to
put their arms through ; and this is given
them by their masters as part of their
wages. The Mestics, though illegitimate,
have all the privileges of a Spaniard, and
are the persons who carry on all trades ;
for the Spaniards think it beneath them to
trade in any thing. Peru is under the go-
vernment of a viceroy. It is divided into
two audiences, Lima and Cusco ; and sub-
divided into seven provinces, Truxillo,
Tarrna, Guancavelica, Lima, Guamanga,
Arequipa, and Cusco. The capital is
Lima.
Perugia, a city of Italy, capital of
Perugino, and a bishop's see, with a strong
citadel, a university, and several acade-
mies. The churches, and many other
buildings public and private, are very hand-
some. It is seated on a hill, near the river
Tiber, 75 ra n Ptome. Lon. 12 20 e, lat.
43 G X.
Perugia, the ancient Trasimenus, a lake
of Italy, 10 m w of the city of Perugia.
It is 9 m long and 7 broad, and includes
three islands, on one of which is a church.
On its N border was fought a battle be-
tween Hanibal and Flarainius, in which
the consul and 15,000 Romans were slain.
Perugino, a province of Italy, in the
Ecclesiastical State, 25 m long and '2-i
broad ; bounded on the w by Tuscany, s by
the territory of Orviero, e by the duchies
of Spoleto and Urbino, and n by the
county of Citta di Castello. The soil is
fertile in corn and good wine. The capital
is Perugia.
Pesaro,a fortified seaport of Italy, in the
duchy of Urbino, and a bishop's see. The
cathedral is magnificent, and it has hand-
some churches, .convents, and palaces, with
exquisite paintings. The environs abound
in olives and excellent figs. It is seated
on an eminence, at the mouth of the Fog-
lia, on the gulf of Venice, 17 m ene Ur-
bino. Lon. 13 2 E, lat. 43 52 N.
Pescara, a strong town of Naples, in
Abruzzo Citra. It was taken by the French
in 1793, and stands at the mouth of a river
of the same name, on the gulf of Venice,
10^ m UNE Civita di Chieti.
PET
Pesckiera, a strong town of Italy, in
Veronese. It was taken by the French in
1796; and the garrison surrendered to tlie
Austrians in 1799. It is seated on the
river Mincio, where it proceeds from the
lake Garda, 16 m w Verona.
Pesciu, a town of Tuscany, in Floren-
tino, celebrated for its fine oil ; seated on
a river of the same name, over wliich is a
handsome bridge, 27 m wbyN Florence.
Fescina, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ultra, near the lake Celano, 20msbyE
Aquila.
Peseiiax, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Hersult, on the river Herault,
12 m NE Be/iers.
Peshazver, a town of Afghanistan, in
Cabul, capital of a district. It is an en-
trepot between Persia and Hindoostan,
and the residence of many wealthy mer-
chants, especially of shawl dealers. It is
situate on the Kameh, surrounded by
morasses, 142 m S£ Cabul. Lon. 70 36 e,
lat. 33 18 N.
Pest, a city of Hungary, capital of a
county, with a fortress. It is an improving
place, and has many fine edifices, among
which are a royal palace, a national mu-
seum, and a rich university, the only one
in the kingdom. The population in 1815
was 41,882. It has many good streets
and handsome houses; and here are many
Greek merchants, who conduct the Levant
trade to Germany and the northern nations.
It is seated in a plain, on the e side of
the Danube, over which is a long bridge
of boats to Buda, 137 ra ese Presburg.
Lon. 19 13 e, lat. 47 28 ^-.
Pcsti, a town of Naples, in Principato
Citra, near the magnificent ruins of the
ancient Psestum, 20 m se Salerno.
Peffipa, a town of New Spain, in the
province of Guatimala, 25 m se Guatimala.
Pe-tche-li, the prmcipal province of
China, bounded on the n by the great wall
and part of Tartary, e by the Yellow sea,
s by Chan-tong and Ho-nan, and w by the
mountains of Chan-si. It contains nine
cities of the first class, which have many
others under their jurisdiction. Althougli
it extends no further than the 42d degree
K, yet the rivers are so much frozen dur-
ing four months in the year, that wagons
with the heaviest loads may safely pass
them. The soil is sandy, and produces
very little rice , but it abounds with all
other kind of grain, and with the greater
part of the fruit trees common in Europe.
But this province enjoys the riches of the
whole empire, the southern provinces fur-
nishing it with every thing they produce,
that is most uncommon and delicious. The
inhabitants, in general, are reckoned not
so polite, nor so apt to learn the sciences,
PET
as those of the southern provinces ; but
they are stronger and moi-e warlike, in
which they resemble the people who in-
habit the northern provinces. Peking is
the capital.
Peter and Paid, St. or Petropauloskoiy
a seaport of Russia, in Kamtschatka. It
consists of log-houses and a few conical
huts; and its harbour, deemed one of the
best on the globe, is open for vessels from
April to November. (Captain Gierke, who
succeeded captain Cook, and died at sea,
was interred here. It is seated in a valley,
on the E side of Awatska bay. Lon. 158
48 E, lat. 53 1 N.
Peterborough, a city in Northampton-
shire, and a bishop's see, with a market on.
Saturday. It is governed by a mayor, and
has but one church, beside the cathedral,
which was formerly a monastery. The
market-place is spacious, and the streets
regular. It has a manufacture of stockings,
and a trade in corn, coal, and timber. The
population was 3674 in 1811. It is seated
on tlie Nen, over which is a bridge into
Huntingdonshire, 42 m ne Northampton,
and 81 n London. Lon. 0 4 w, lat. 52 30 N.
Peterhead, a seaport of Scotland, in
Aberdeenshire, situate on a peninsula,
which forms the most eastern point of
Scotland. It has two harbours, defended
by piers ; a considerable trade in the
fishery, and to the Baltic ; and manufac-
tures of thread, woollen cloth, and cotton.
Upon the Keith Inch, the e part of the
peninsula, are many elegant houses; and
on the s side is an old castle, now used as
a storehouse, and near it is a small fort
and a battery. A mineral spring, of a
povverfid diuretic quality, and the sea-
bathing, bring a great resort of company.
It is 34 m NE Aberdeen. Lon. 1 17 w,
lat. 57 27 N.
Petersburg, a town of New Hampshire,
in Hillsborough county, 18 m e Keene,
and 73 why s Portsmouth.
Petersburg, a town of Pennsylvania, in
York county, 25 m sw York, and 58 N
Washington.
Petersburg, a town of Virginia, in Din-
widdle county, with a considerable trade,
particularly in tobacco and fiour. It
stands on the s side of the Appamatox,
25 m s Richmond.
Petersburg, a town of the state of
Georgia, in Elbert county, situate at the
conflux of 'the Broad river with the Sa-
vanna, 50 m WNW Augusta.
Petersburg, or St. Petersburg, the me-
tropolis of the empire of Russia, in a go-
vernment of the same name, and an arch-
bishop's see, with a university. It is seat-
ed on the Neva, near the gulf of Finland, '
and built partly on some islands formed by
PET
the river, and partly upon tlje continent.
The ground on whicli Petersburi;; now
stands was a vast morass, occupied by a
few fishermen's liuts. Tetcr the j^rcat tirst
began this city by the erection of a citade.l
witli six bastionsj in n03 ; he built also
a small hut for himself, and some wooden
hovels. In 1710, count Golovkin built
the first house of brick ; and tiie next
year, the emperor, with his own hands,
laid the foundation of a liouse of the same
materials. From these small hcginniniis
rose the imperial city of Petersburg; and
in less than nine years, after the wooden
liovcls were erected, the seat of empire
ivas transferred to it from Moscow. The
streets are straiglit, and generally broad
and long, frequently intersecting each
■Other in abrupt and sharp corners; and
three of the principal ones, which meet in
a point at the admiralty, are above 2 m in
length ; most of them are neatly paved,
some have a gravel walk along the middle
shaded^ by poplars, and canals, from one
part of the river to another, pass through
many of them, by which the inhabitants
are supplied with water. In several parts,
wooden houses, scarcely superior to com-
mon cottages, are blended with the public
buildings ; but as they are not suffered to
be repaired, or if burnt down to be rebuilt,
the number of them is now greatly re-
duced : however, the mother of all that ex-
ists in the city, the first wooden cottage of
Peter the great, lias a brick building on
arches erected -over it, to preserve it as a
-sacred relic of that monarch. The brick
houses are covered with stucco, painted
of a pink, yellow, or green colour; the
roofs are nearly flat, formed of sheet or
cast iron, or sheet copper, commonly
painted green or red : tiles are only used
for outhouses and the meaner sort of
buildings. The mansions of the nobility
are vast piles of building, furnished in the
most elegant style ; and the public edifices
are of magnificence agreeing with the
mighty concerns of this vast empire. Pe-
tersburg, though more compact than the
other Russian cities, is built in a very
straggling manner. On the s and sf, it has
a boundary formed by the town ditch,
•which is dug far beyond the built parts ;
and on the ne and n flows the naost north-
ern branch of the Neva, called the Nevka,
which includes a still more ample inter-
stice. The circuit by these and the sea is
nearly 20 m; but the part properly built
upon occupies not more than half of this
space. The inhabitants are computed to
be 286,000. The main stream of the
Neva has its banks lined on each side with
a continued range of handsome buildings.
On the N side are the grand ducal palace,
PET
the fortress, the customhouse, theacademy
of sciences, and the academy of arts. On
the s side are the imperial palace, the mar-
ble palace, the admiralty, the arsenal, thfr
bank, the mansions of many Kussian no-
bles, and the English-line, so called, be-
cause the whole row is almost wholly occu-
pied by English merchants. In the front
of these buildings is the quay, which ex-
tends 3 in, except where it is interrupted
by the admiralty; and the Neva, during
the whole of that space, is embanked by a
wall, parapet, and pavement of hewn gra-
nite. The opposite division^ of Peters-
burg, situate on each side of the Neva,
are connected by two bridges, on pontoons;
and there arc several others over the dif-
ferent arms of the river. These bridges,
on account of the masses of ic,e driven
down the stream from the lake Ladoga,
are usually removed when they fiist make
their appearance ; and for a few days, till
the river is frozen hard enough to bear car-
riages, there is no communication between
the opposite parts of the town. Among
the ornaments of Petersburg, is an eques-
trian statue of Peter the great, in bronze,
of a colossal size ; the peclestal of which is
a huge rock, brought to the spot at a great
expense. Within the walls of the citadel
is the church of St. Peter, in which are
deposited the remains of Peter the great,
and of the successive sovereigns, except:
Peter ii, buried at Moscow. The princi-
pal church is the Holy Virgin of Kasan,
named after the province of Kasan, the
first in the empire that embraced Chris-
tianity ; and is a beautiful edifice, com-
pleted in 1813. There are upward of
40 more churches appropriated to the na-
tional religion and those of other sects,
which are tolerated without any restric-
tions. In the s suburb is the elegant mo-
nastery of St. Alexander Nevsky, where
the archbishop resides, and in tlie great
church is the tomb of its saint, made en-
tirely of silver. Petersburg has a consi-
derable trade in exporting the products of
the empire, and has a communication by
canals and rivers with many of the southern
provinces as far as Astracan, on the bor-
ders of the Caspian sea. It is 423 m nw
Moscow, oOOEbyN Stockholm, and 1000
NKi: Vienna. Lon. 30 19 e, lat. .')9 56 K.
Petersdorj', a town of Prussia, in the
province of Samland, 24 m e Konigsberg.
Petei'sfield, a borough in Hampshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Saturday, seated on the Loddon, 18 m nr
Portsmouth, and 54 sw London.
Petershagen, a town of Westphalia,
in the principality of Minden, with a
castle, seated on the Weser, 7 m Mi£
Minden,
PEV
Petersham, a town of Massachusets, in
AVorcester county, on the e branch of
Swift river, 28 m kw Worcester.
Petershausen, a town of Suabia, with
a Benedictine abbey, and a fort; seated
on the N side of the Rhine, opposite Con-
stance.
Peterxoardin, a town of Sclavonia, one
of the strongest frontier places that Austria
has against tiie Turks, over whom, in 1716,
Prince Eugene here gained a great victory.
It is seated on the Danube, opposite the for-
tress of Neusatz in Hungary, 50 m. nw Bel-
grade. Lon. 20 10 E, iat. 45 18 n.
Petherton, South, a town in Somerset-
shire, witli a market on Tuesday, and a
manufacture of dowlas ; seated near^he
Parret, over which is a bridge, 2-1 m ssw
Wells, and 130 whys London.
Petigliano, a town of Tuscany, in Sie-
nese, 8 m w Castro, and 45 se Siena.
Petoiine, a city of Eastern Tartary, in
the province of Kirin. It has scarcely any
inhabitants but Tartar soldiers, and Chi-
nese condenmed to exile. It stands on
the Songari, 150 m Nbyw Kirin. Lon.
125 55 E, Iat. 45 10 n.
Petrella, a town of Naples, in the county
of Molise, 11 m E INIolise.
Petrella, a town of European Turkey,
in Albania, 26 m se Durazzo.
Petrikoic, a town of Poland, in the pa-
latinate of Siradia, 80 m sw Warsaw.
Lon. 19 46 E, Iat. 51 12 n.
Petrina, a town of Croatia, seated on
the Kulpa, o7 m e Carlstadt.
Petroria, a city of Chili, in the province
of Quillota. It has rich gold mines in the
vicinitv, and is situate on the Longotoma,
140 m'NW St. Jago. Lon. 72 1 w, Iat. 31
30 s.
Pettapilli/, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Circars, district of Guntoor, on the bay of
Bengal, 26 m s by e Guntoor.
Pettaw, a town of Germany, in Stiria,
with considerable manufactures ; seated
on the Drave, 14 m se Marchburg.
Pettipootr, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Circars, district of Rajamundry, where
much sugar and jagory are made. It is
33 m Eby N Rajamundry.
Pettyciir, a harbour of Scotland, in
Fifeshire, a mile sbyw Kinghorn, on the
frith of Forth. It is the usual landing-
place of passengers from Leith, on the op-
posite shore of the frith.
Petzaorth, a town in Sussex, with a
market on Saturday, seated near the Arun,
12 m NE Chichester, and 48 sw London.
Pevensey, a village in Sussex, 14 m wsw
Hastings, situate on a rivulet that enters a
hay of the English channel, called Peven-
sey Harbour. Here is an ancient castle,
which is said to be the largest and most
PHA
entire remain of Roman building to be
seen in Britain. Pevensey was anciently
a iamous haven, though now it is nearly 2
m from the sea. Here Swain landed in
1019, when he carried olY his cousin Beorn
and murdered him ; and here William of
Normandy landed, when he invaded Eng-
land.
Pci/tahn, a town of Hindoostan, capital
of a hilly and woody district in the Nepaul
territories. It is situate on a hill, by the
river Erabauly, 140 m WNW Gorcah. Lou.
82 17 E, Iat. 29 4 n.
Pezenas, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Herault, with a great trade in
wine, brandy, dried fruits, and silk stock-
ings. It is seated in a rich plain, near the
Herault, 25 m sw JMontpellier.
PfaffenhoJ'en, a town of Bavaria, with a
Benedictine monastery at a small distance.
It is seated on the Ilm, 15 m singoldstadt..
Pj'ahen, a town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Treves. It has a convent, which
was formerly a palace of the kings of the
Franks, and stands on the Moselle, 3 m
NE Treves.
Pfeddersheim, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, on tiie river
Prim, 5 m w Worms.
Pfeffikon, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Zurich, 12 m e Zurich.
PJ'eter, a town of Bavaria, on a river of
the same name, near its conflux with the
Danube, 14 m Ebys Ratisbon.
Pfortcn, a town and lordship of Lusa-
tia, 10 m s Guben.
Pforzheim, a town of Suabia, in the
margravate of Baden-Durlach, with a
castle. It has a trade with Holland in
wood, and manufactures of cloth, stuffs,
stockings, jewellery, and watches. It is
seated on the Entz, 15 m e by s Durach.
Pfrebnht, a town of the palatinate of
Bavaria, with a castle, seated at the con-
flux of the Pfreimbt with the Nab, 10 m
e Amberg.
Pfullendorf, a town of Suabia, seated
on the Andalspatch, 22 m n by e Con-
stance.
Pj'ullingen, a town of Wirtemberg, 8
m SE Tubingen.
Phalsburg, a fortified town of France,
in the department of Meurte, 25 m w.nw
Strasburg.
Phari ; see Paridrong.
Pharos, a small island in the jNIediterra-
nean sea, op'posite Alexandria, in Egypt,
the space between which and the continent;
forms an extensive harbour. It has a com-
munication with the continent by a stone
causeway and bridge. It formerly had an
exceedingly high tower, called Pharos, and
at the top were lights for the direction of
ships. Lon. 31 11 e, Iat. 30 24 N.
PHI
Pharza, or Phersalaf, anciently Plmrsa-
lia, a town of European lurkey, in '1 lics-
saly, fanuMis tor tlie victory i!;ainecl by Ju-
lius C\'sar over Ponipey, in U> u. ( . It is
divided into two parts; the smallest, to
the s, is situate on the ascent ot' a rocky
hill, inliabited by Greeks; and the other is
nearly on a plain, inliabited by lurks,
who call it Tzatalze ; it has tour niosciues,
and extends almost to the river Enipeus.
It is 18 ni s by i; Larissa.
Fluiifis; ^ee Riviii.
Pliiladelpliia, a city of Asiatic Turkey,
in Natolia, seated at tlie foot of the moun-
tain Tiniolns, in an extensive plain. The
Greeks retain its ancient name, but the
Turks call it Allahijah. It contains
11,000 inhabitants, among whom are
2,000 Christians, who have four churches
and a Greek archbishop. It is 10 m esj:
Smyrna. Lon. <28 15, i", lat. 38 28 n.
Pluladelpliia, the capital of Feimsylva-
nia, and ("ormerly the metropolis ui the
United States of America, situate in the
county of its name, on the w bank of the
Delaware, which is here a mile broad.
It was laid out by William Penn, the first
proprietary of the province, in 1683, and
settled by a colony from England. By a
constant mflux of toreifrners, it increased
to so u;reat a degree, that in less than a
century, and in the lifetime of the first
person born in it of European parents, it
was computed to contain 40,000 inhabi-
tants, in the city and suburbs. The popu-
lation in 1810 was 92,86(3. The original
plan was an oblong square, on the isthmus
between the Delaware and Schuylkil ri-
vers ; but the Delaware front has been
preferred, and the buildings now occupy a
space above 3 ni in length. The streets
intersect each other at right angles ; the
principal one is Broad-street, 1 13 feet w ide,
running Nands, which is crossed by High-
street, 100 feet wide, extending from river
to river; the other streets, in general, are
50 feet wide : tlicy are all well paved, and
have pumps on each side at about 100
yards from each other, with a lamp on the
top. Here are upward of oO places of
public worship for Christians of various
■denominations, and two synagogues for
•the Jews. A university was incorporated
in 1791 ; its funds partly given by the state,
and partly taken from the old college.
The statehouse is a plain brick building ;
on the left of which is a cit^- courthouse,
and on the right a philosojihical hall.
Here likewise is a co'-.nty courthouse; tiie
national mint, a public library, ai.d severaL
other public buildings ; also many literary
and humane socities, with other useful in-
stitutions, both public and private. Tho
citv is governed by a mavor, has numerous
PHI
manufactures, and a considerable inland
and foreign trade. It is 9? m sw New
York, and 133 ne Washington, the pre-
sent metropolis. Lon. 75 9 w, lat. 39 57 n.
PliiUUes, a town of European Turkey,
in Albania, 30 m whys .laniiia.
Philip, St. a town of Sicily, in \'al dl
Noto, with a castle. It has been long ce-
lebrated for its saffron, and stands on a
lofty hill, 30 m wnw Catania.
Philip, St. a town of Caracas, in the
province of Venezuela, 70 in s Venezuela.
1 1 was swallowed up, with 1200 souls, by
tiie great earthquake in 1810.
Philip, Si. a town of New Spain, in
Mechoacan, 28 in n Guanaxuato.
Philip, St. in Spain; see Xativa. — In
Brasil ; see Louis de ISlarannon, St.
Philip hlands, two islands in the Pa-
cific ocean, discovered by captain Hunter,
in 1791. They are 5 in asunder, but a
sandy spit reaches two-thirds of the dis-
tance, from the e toward the w island,
which last is the smallest. They are co-
vered with shrubs, have a few tall trees on
them, and the land is low. Lon. (of the
eastern island) 140 3 e, lat. 8 0s.
Philippeville, a fortified town of France,
in the department of Ardennes. It was
anciently called Corbigny, and received its
present name in honour of Philip ii of
Spain. It is 16 m n Rocroy.
Philippi, a town of European Turkey,
in Macedonia, and a Greek archbishop's
see. On the plain near this place Cassius
and Brutus were defeated by Augustus
and Mark Antony, in 42 b.c. It is greatly
decayed, but an amphitheatre and several
other monuments of its ancient grandeur
remain. It is 60 m e Salonica. Lon. 24
18 E, lat. 40 40 N.
Philippine, a strong town of the Ne-
therlands, in Flanders. It was taken by
the French in 1747, and again in 1794.
It is seated on an arm of the Scheld, 15 in
N by w Ghent.
Philippine Islands, a large group of is-
lands iu the N Pacific ocean, discovered
by Magellan, in 1521, and afterward takea
possession of by the Spaniards, in the reign
of Philip II. They lie 400 m se of China,
and are said to be 1100 in number, but
some hundreds of thein are very small.
The principal are, Luconia, Mindanao,
Paragoa, Saiiiar, Masbate, Mindoro, Pa-
nay, Leyta, Bohol, Zebu, Negros, and St.
John. All these islands are nominally
subject to the Spanish government at Ma-
nila ; some are pa.rtially colonized, and
pay tribute; but others, particularly Min-
danao, are not only independent of, hut
carry on perpetual warfare against, the
Spaniards. This extensive group presents
many volcanic appearances, and is subject.
PHI
to violent earthquakes, thunder, and ranis.
The air is hot and moist, and the soil fer-
tile in corn, rice, bread-fruif, and many
other useful vcp;etables and fruits. The
cotton is of peculiar beauty, and tobacco,
the sugar-cane, and cocoa-nut trees are
objects of particular culture. The trees
are always green ; many of them are of
great size, and yield the finest building
timber in the world. Here are many wild
beasts and birds, quite unknown in Eu-
rope ; also many noxious and venomous
creatures, and even herbs and flowers that
are poisonous. Gold, copper, lead, and
iron are among the certain products.
The natives are aft'able, hospitable, and
honest, and cultivate the land with abun-
dant skill ; but they are not all of one ori-
ginal. The principal tribe, called Tagals,
seem of Malay origin; they are tail and
well made, of a tawny complexion, and
wear only a kind of shirt and loose
drawers ; but the dress of the women is
chiefly a large mantle, and their beautiful
black hair is of great length. The houses
are of bamboo, covered with palm leaves,
raised on pillars to the heiglit of nine feet,
and are ascended by a ladder, which is
drawn up at night. The chief food is rice,
cocoa-nuts, and salted fish. See Liuonia,
Mindanao, 4"C-
P/ii/ippopuli, a city of Europetni Tur-
key, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see.
It is neatly built, and chiefly inhabited by
Greeks. In 1818, it was nearly destroyed
by an earthquake. It is situate on the
Marissa, 68 m ese Sofia, and 83 wxvv
Adrianoijle. Lon. '^5 12 e, lat. 42 33 x.
Philips Norto7i, a town in Somersetshire,
with a market on Thursday, 7 m sbyE
Bath, and 104 w London.
P/iilipsburg, a rown of New Jersey, in
Sussex county, on the river Delaware, o{)-
posite Easton in Pennsylvania, 41 m nw
Trenton.
Pfiitipshurg, a town of New York, in
Duchess county, near which is a mine that
yields virgin silver. It stands on the e side
of Hudson river, 28 ra NbyE New York.
Pliiiipshiirg, a town and fortress of Ger-
many, in the territory of Spire. 'Ihe
swamps round it add greatly to its strength.
It was taken by tiie French in 1734, when
tJie duke cf Berwick was killed at the
siege ; but it was restored the year follow-
ing, by tiie treaty of Vieima. In 1799, it
was four times blockaded by the French re-
publicans, without success. It now be-
longs to Baden, and Is seated on tlie
ilhine, 17 m n Durhicli.
Philipstacl, a town of Sweden, in Wor-
meland, seated in a mountainous country,
abounding iu iron mines, between two
lakes, and watered by a rivulet, lu 17 7;},
PIC
it was destroyed by fire, but has been re-
built. It is 22 m XE Carlstad, and IGO w
by N Stockholm.
Philipto'wn, a borough of Ireland, capi-
tal of King county. It is situate on the
grand canal, 42 m why s Dublin. Lon. T
15 w, lat. 53 18 N.
P/wat; see Eiiphrates.
Fiacenza, or Flucenzu, a fortified town
of Italy, capital of a duchy, included in
that of Parma, and a bishop's s&e, with a
good citadel, and a celebrated university.
The churches convents, squares, streets,
and fountains are beautiful. The great
square is ornamented with brass equestrian
statues of the celebrated Alexander Farnese
and his brother llanuncio. The inhabi-
tants, about 30,000, have scarcely any
other employment than the manufacture of
silk stufls. At this place, in 174G, the
Aastrians gained a decisive victory over
the Spaniards and French. Li 1796, the
French took possession of Piacenza; were
ibrced to evacuate it in 1799; but regained
it in 1800. It is of greater extent than
Parma, and seated in a well-cultivated
country, near the river Po, 33 m wnw
Parma. Lon. 9 38 e, lat. 45 5 N. See
Pianczza, a town and castle of Pied-
mont, seated on the Dora, 0 m w Turin.
Piave, a river of Italy, which rises on
the frontiers of the principality of Brixen,
flows by Cadore, Belluno, and Feltri, and
through the province ofTreviso, into the
gulf of Venice, 16 m ke Venice.
Piazza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto,
36 m whys Catania.
Picardi/, an old province of France,
bounded on the x by Hainault, Artois, and
the strait of Dover, e by Champagne, s by
the isle of France, and w by Normandy
and the English channel. It now forms
the department of Sommc.
Picightone. ; see Pizzig/ietone.
Pickering, a town in N Yorkshire, with
a market on Monday, and the remains of
a castle, 26 ra ne York, and 223 xbyw
London.
Pickensville, a town of S Carolina, in
Pendleton county, ca;^ntal of Washingtou
district. It is 52 m wnw Cambridge.
Pico, one of the Azores, or Western
islands. It has a volcanic mountain, called
Pico, about 8000 feet above the surface ot
the sea; and on its sides are numerous
craters, several of them now almost con-
cealed by trees. The last eruption of the
peak hap}<ened iu 1718, and destroyea
several vineyards. The island is about
80 m in circuit, and produces a great deal
of wine. Lon. 28 26 w, lat. 3B 29 x.
Fictou, a. small island boitwecn that of
St. Joliu and the coutineut iii' Novu Scotia,
PIL
at the r. end of Northunibcilaiul strait.
Lon, 62 15w, lfit.15 50 N.
Picts Wall, in England, a famous bar-
rier, erected by the Romans, to defend
the Britons against the incursions of tlie
Picts, of which some small remains are
left. It began at the entrance of SoKvay
frith, in Cumberland, and passed across
the island by Carlisle and Newcastle to
Tyncmoiith.
Fidaura, a town of European Turkey,
in Morea, the ancient ]''pi(laurus ; situate
on the w coast of the gulf of Engia, '25 m
E Napoli di Romania. Lon. 23 22 k, lat.
37 40 N.
Fiedmont, a principality of Italy, 150 rn
long, and 90 broad; bounded on the n by
Valais, v. by Milanese, s by the county of
Nice and the duchy of Genoa, and w by
France and Savoy. It includes the duchy
of Montferrat, and contains many high
mountains, among which are rich and
fruitful valleys, as^populous as any part of
Italy. In the mountains are rich mines of
several kinds, and the forests alford a great
deal of game. The principal rivers are
the Po, Tanaro, Sesia, Stura, and Doria.
This country has a great trade in raw silk ;
and it produces also corn, rice, wine,
fruit, hemp, flax, and cattle. It belongs
to the king of Sardinia, and the capital is
Turin.
Pienza, a town of Tuscany, in Sienese,
25 m SE Siena. .
Pierre, St. a small desert island near
the s coast of Newfoundland, ceded to the
Erench in 1763, for drying and curing
their fish. Lon. 50 0 w, lat. 46 39 N.
Pierre, St. a town of Martinico, situate
on around bay, on the w coast, 15 m nw
Fortroyal. Lon. 61 20 w, lat. 14 44 n.
Pierre k Moutier, St. a town of France,
in the department of Nievre, seated in a
bottom, surrounded by mountains, and
near a lake, 15 m nw Moulins, and 150 s
Paris.
Pietro, St. an island in the Mediterra-
nean, 13 m long and 3 broad, near the sw
coast of Sardinia, taken by the French in
1793, bat retaken soon after.
Pignerol, or Pinerola, a town of Pied-
mont, formerly fortified, but now only sur-
rounded by a wall. It is seated on the
Cluson, 18 m sw Turin.
Pilgrcifn, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Bechin, at the source of thelglan,
28 m L Tabor.
Pilkingtun, a town in Lancashire, with
considerable manufactures. The popula-
tion was 7353 in 1811. It is 4 m ssv
Manchester.
PilUiu, a seaport of Prussia, on the
Baltic. The harbour is good, and it is
>vell Jortitied; being considered as the bul-
PIN
wark and key of the kingdom. Here is a
magazine for military stores ; and below
the gate of the castle is a stone equestrian
statue of Fredrick-William the great. The
streets are broad and straight, and the
houses built in the Dutch taste. It is 20
m whys Konigsberg, of which it is the
port. ' Lon. 20 20 y., lat. 54 38 N.
Pillibcet, a town of llindoostan, in
Delhi, situate on the Dooah, 30 m Nt
Bareily.
Pihillz, a town of the kingdom of Sax-
ony, in Misnia, with a royal palace ; cele-
brated for a treaty entered into })y the
princes of Europe against France in 1792.
It is 7 m SE Dresden.
Pilseii, a town of Bohemia, capital of
a circle, which is particularly rich in sheep,
and noted for excellent cheese. It is for-
tified, and well built, and seated at the
conflux of the Radbuza and Walta, 55 ni
sw Prague. Lcm. 13 39 e, lat. 49 42 n.
Pilsno, or Pilzow, a town of Poland, in
the palatinate of Sandomir, seated on the
Wilsake, 50 m ssw Sandomir.
Pilten, a town ofCourland, chief of a
fertile district ; seated on the Windau, Vi
m NNW Goldingen.
Pinckney, an inland district, of S Caro-
lina, comprehending the counties of York^
Chester, Union, and Spartanburg.
Pincknei/ville, a town of S Carolina, ia
Union county, capital of Pinckney district.
It is situate on Broad river, at the influx
of the Pacolet, 75 m nw Columbia. Lon.
81 40 w, lat. 34 52 N.
Piiiex, Isle of, an island 14 m long, in
the S Pacific ocean, off the s end of New
Caledonia. It is quite a pointed hill,
sloping toward the extremities, which are
very low ; and on the low land are many
tall pine trees. Lon. 167 38 e, lat. 22
33 s.
Piney, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aube, 12 m exe Troves.
Ping-king, or Ping-yuen, a city of
China," of the first rank, in Koei-tcheou-
It 930 m ssw Peking. Lon. 142 28 E,,
lat. 26 38 N.
Ping-Uang, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Chen-si. It is seated on the
Kin-ho, 550 m sw Peking. Lon. 106 25 f,,
lat. 35 35 N.
Pinhel, a strong town of Portugal, in
Beira, capital of a district. It is seated
on the Coa, 28 m n by w Guarda. Lon. 6
40 w, lat. 40 46 N.
Pinneberg, a town of Lo%ver Saxony, in
the duchy of Holstein, capital of a lord-
ship, with a castle. It is seated on the
Owe, 15 ni NW Hainhurg, and 16 sk
Gluckstadt.
Pinos, an island of the W Indies, on the
s side ot Cuba, 25 m long and 15 'broad.
PIS
mountainous, and covered with pines.
Lon. 82 33 w, lat. G2 2 n.
Pinsk, a town of Litliuania, in tlie
palatinate of Br/esc. There are many Jews
among the inhabitants, and the Greeks
have a bisliop. The chief manufacture is
dressing Russia leather. It is surrounded
by morasses, and stands on a river of the
same name, 95 m e Brzesc. Lon. 2G 20
E, lat. 52 18 N.
Pioiiibino, a small principality of Italy,
on the coast of Tuscany, to wiiich is an-
nexed the chief part of thei?land of Elba,
separated by a ciiannel 7 m broad. It
has its own prince, under the protection
of Tuscany.
Pwmbino, a seajiort and the capital of
the above printipahty. It h.as a good
]iarh<5ur, defended by a citadel, and is
seated on a peninsula, 40 m sse Leghorn.
Lon. 10 23 E, lat. 42 57 N.
Pipei'iio, a town of Italy, in Can)pagna
di Roma, built out of the ruins of the
ancient Privcrnum, and seated on a moun-
tain, 9 m KNw Terracina.
Pipleij, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa,
district of Midnapoor, which formerly had
English and Dutch factories ; seated near
the Subunreeka, 50 m s Midnapoor. —
Another, in the district of Cuttack, 29 in
s by w Cuttack.
Piplond, a town of Hindoostan, in
Khandesh, with a large mud fort, 30 m
JJNE Boorhanpoor.
Pirano, a small seaport of Istris, seated
on a peninsula, 6 m sw Capo d'Istria.
Pitilz, a town of I'urther Pomerania,
>vhere th(! ancient dukes of Pomerania
often resided ; seated near the lake Maldui,
12 m sby w New Stargard.
PirmuHens, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Deux Pouts. Near this place,
in 1793, the French were defeated by the
Prussians. It is 13 m e Deux Ponts.
Pima, a townof the kingdom of Saxony,
in Misnia. It has a castle on a mountain,
called Sonnenstein, which was almost de-
stroj'ed by the Prussians in 1756 and 1758,
and is now an asyhim for invalids, &:c. It
is a place of considerable trade, situate on
the El he, 12 m se Dresden.
Pmi, a city of Tuscany, capital of Pisa-
no, and an archbishop's see, with a famous
nniversity, and three forts. The Arno
runs through the city, and over it are three
bridges, the middle one constructed of
marble; and there is a canal hence to
Leghorn. Pisa is the birthplace of the
celebrated Galileo. It formerly contained
100,000 inhabitants, but there are not at
present above 16,000, and grass grows in
£ome of the streets. The manufactures
consist of steel, jewellery, embroidery,
PIS
damasks, velvet, tafteta, anri calico. The
cathedral is a magnificent structure, and
with its baptistry, belfry, and cemetery,
which are detached fabrics, occnpv a very
consideraV)'e space ; the belfrv is a leaning
tower, much noticed by travellers. There
are upward of 80 n;ore churches ; and that
of St. Stephen, belonging to an order of
knights, and St. Maria della Spina, in
which part of our Saviour's crown of thorns
is said to be preserved, are deserving of
notice. The other remarkable buildings
are the palaces of the grand duke and
archbishop, the arsenal, the great hospital,
and the magnificent exchange ; the last is
almost superfluous, as the trade of Pisa is
removed to Leghorn. Three m n of the
city are celebrated baths, constructed at
the expense of the hospital of Pisa ; and
the revenues arising from them are appro-
priated to the hospital. This city was
possessed and evacuated by the French
republicans, m the same manner as that of
Leghorn. It is seated in a fertile plain, 4
ra from the Mediterranean, 12 nne Leg-
horn, and 48 whys Florence. Lon. 10 23
E, lat. 43 43 N.
Pimnin, a town of Senegambia, on the
right bank of the Gambia, in the kingdom
of Jamberoo, which extends far to the n,
and the people are called Jaloffs. Hera
the British have a factory, which is 200 m
up the river. Lon. 14 17 w, lat. 14 22 n.
Pisimo, a province of Tuscany, lying sw
of Florentino, on the Mediterranean. It
is 47 m long and 25 broad ; abounds in
corn, oil, wine, and is well cultivated ; but
some of the necessaries of life are dear.
Pisa is the capital.
Pkcadores; see Pong-hou.
Piscataqua, a river of New Hampshire,
the mouth of which forms the only port in
that state, and at its entrance is u light-
house. Lon. 70 41 w, lat. 43 4 N.
Piscatazvay, a town of Maryland, in
Prince George county, on a creek of its
name, which Hows w into the Potomac, 14.
m s Washington.
Pisco, a town of Peru, in the province o^
Lima, with a good road for ships. It is
seated in a country rich in excellent fruit
and wine, 140 m sse Lima. Lon. 76 8 w,
lat. 13 46 s. .
Pisek, a townof Bohemia, capital of tlie
circle of Prachin. Bohemia diamonds are
found here. It is seated on the Watawa,
near its conflux with the Muldau, 58 ra
ssw Prague. Lon. 14 0 e, lat. 49 21 n.
Pishour ; see Feishore.
Fistoia,a city of Tuscany, in Florentino,
and a bishop's see, with a citadel. Here
are several fine churches, magnifiQent
palaces, and handsome streets ; but it is
2 O
PIT
almost <lcsertc(l. In tlic iiei;j;lihotini'.i];
mountains, which :»re ii pint of the An|)en-
nincs, are mines of cupper an.l ci ysliils.
It is seated near the Stella, '20 m wnw
I'lorence. I.nn. 11 '20 r, UaV. 43 5.> n.
Fitaiiriis Island, a small solitary island
ill the Pacilic ocean, seen by Cook in 177o.
It is noted for beii-i; colonized by ten mu-
tineers from the Bounty, captaui Blij],h.
These ten white men, with six from Ota-
heite and eleven women, arrived hero in
1789 ^vith the ship, which they run on
shore, took out all that was usclid, and set
lier on fu'c. They remained here unknown
till 181<1, when the liriton friwale fell in
with the island. Only one of the mnti-
jieers, John Adams, and the old women,
remained alive of the original stock; but
in the whole, they were 48 inhabitants,
residing in a neat viUa<j,e, under the pious
superintendence of Adams. The island is
fertile, and capable of ctdtivation ; and it
was stocked from Otaheite w'itli yams,
lirtad-fruit, pi<;s, goats, and poultry. Lon.
ISS 10 w, lat. 25 10 s.
PUea, a seaport of Sweden, in W Eoth-
uia, with a fortress. Ihe chief commerce
is the exportatii'tt of tar. It is seated on a
.small island, at the mouth of the Pitea, in
the gulf of Botlmia, and joined to the con-
tinent by a wooden bridge. It is 95 m
jiNK Umea. Lon. 20 53 e, lat. Go 13 n.
Pitesii, a town of European Turkey, in
Walachia, on the river Dumboritzn, 48 m
■w'xw Buchorest.
Fiihiviers ; see Fluviers.
Fitkeathhi, a village of Scotland, in a
sequestered \ ale, 5 m s Perth. Here are
mineral waters that have been long famed
in scorbutic complaints, and it has good
accommodations for invalids.
Pitschen, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Brieg, on the frontiers of Poland,
30 rn i.E Brieg.
Pitteiizceeni, a borough of Scotland, in
Fifeshire, with a tide harbour on the frith
of Forth. In the vicinity are coal mines
and salt works. It is 10 m sbvE St.
Andrew.
Pittsburg, a town of N Carolina, chief
of Chatham county. It is famous for pure
air and water, and standi on a rising
ground, in a rich and well cultivated coun-
trv, 16 m w llalcgh.
' Pittsburg, iitosvn of Pennsylvania, capi-
tal of Alleg"anv county, situate o:; a point
of land between the" rivers Allegany and
Monongahela. It is the staple of com-
merce "for Philadelphia with the Vv'estern
country, and also for the numerous est^-
b'.ishments formed on the above two riveiLS,_
wliich here unite and take the name of
Uiiio ; auci oy tins nver and tat M'hi;'.=i:ipp.,
PL.\
it has a trade ■.vith Louisi.nui and New
Orleans. Here was Fort du Qucsne, which
was aliandonetl by the Frenrh in 1758, and
its nime changed to Fort Pitt ; but it is
now gone to decay. Fort Fayette, a re-
cent structure, stands on the bank of the
Allegany. The chief manufactures are
cotton, glass, nails, hats, earthen ware, and
tobacco; and sliip-building is practised to
a considerable extent. It is 300 m w by n
Philadcl]ihia. I.on. 80 8 w, lat. 40
22 N.
PittsftclJ, a town of Massachusets, in
Berkshire county, situate in a rich vale, on
the Ilousatonic, ;i8m"w Northampton.
PUlslovn, a town of New Jersey, in
Hunterdon county, on the w head waters
of the llariton, 32 m N Trenton.
PUtstozoi, a town of the district of
Maine, in Lincoln county, situate on the
Kennebec, 22 m k by w Wiscasset.
Piura ; sec Michael de Piura, St.
Pizzighetone, a fortilled to.vn of Italy,
in Cremonese, with a strong castle, in
which Francis i of France was kept pri-
soner. It was taken by the French in
1733, again in 1795, and retaken by the
Austriana and Russians in 1799. It is
situate on the Adda, 10 m nw Cremona.
Pizzo, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, on the gulf of St. Eui'emia. Here,
in 1815, Murat landed sometime after his
dethronement ; but, failing in his mea-
sures, he was taken by the inhabitants,
condemned, and shot. It is 4 m wbyji
Monte Leone.
Pluccntia, a city of Spain, in Estrema-
dura, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It
is seated in a plain, almost surrounded by
mountains, 50 m ke Alcantara, and 110
wsw Madrid. Lon. 5 55 w, lat. 40 6 n.
Pluccntia, a town of Spain, in Biscay,
seated on the Deva, 25 m Ebys Bilboa.
Placenlia, a seaport of Newfoundland,
on the E side of a large bay on the s part
of the island. It was the capital of the
French, vvhile they held possessions in
these parts. The harbour is capacious,
and defended by a fort, exiled St. Louis,
tt is (JO m wsw St. John. Lon. 53 43 w,
lat. 47 15 K.
Placenza; see Piacenza.
Pluiiifield, a toUn of Connecticut, in
Windham county, on the w side of the
(^ninabang, 10 in ese Windham.
Plan, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Pilsen, with a castle, 20 in se Egra.
Planci/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aube, on the river Aube, £0
ill K by w Troves.
Plasseii, a town of Hindoostan, in Ben-
gal seated in a plain, memorable tVira great
victorv obtained bv colonel Clive, in 17-37,
PL A
over the nabob Surajah Dowlali. It is 30
m s Moorshedabad.
Plata, or Chiiguisacn, a city, capital of
Charcas, and an archbishop's see, with a
university. It is also tlie seat of the royal
audience of Charcas, which is the supreme
court of Buenos Ayres, and has the vice-
roy for its president. The province at-
tached to the city includes a large space
around, and contains, amons; others, the
celebrated town and mines of Potosi. The
inhabitants of Plata are computed at
14,000. Tiie houses are generally two
stories high, and have beautiful gardens.
The cathedral is large, and hnely adorned
with paintings and gildings ; here are also
.a cliurch for the Indians, five convents,
each with a church, and two nunneries.
It is seated on the Chiraao, 440 m se
Cusco, and 1250 NKW Buenos Ayres.
Lon. 66 44 w, lat. 19 16 s.
Plain, or Rio de la Plata, a great river
of S America, formed by the union of the
rivers Parana and Uraguay. It was dis-
covered, in 1515, by Juan Diaz de Solis,
a Spanish navigator, who was slain by the
natives in endeavouring to make a descent
in the country. In 1526, it was visited by
Sebastian Cabot, then in the Spanish ser-
vice, who landed and built a fort; and
having procured much silver from the na-
tives, who brought the metal from the
E parts of Peru, he supposed that mines
existed in the country he was in, and ac-
cordingly gave the name of iliode la Plata
[River of Silver] to the great stream he
liad sailed up. The distance from the
union of the Parana and Uraguay to the
mouth of the Plata is 400 m ; but if the
length of the Parana be added, tiie Plata
will not yield in magnitude of course to the
Orinoco. Tlie Plata forms the s point of
Brasil, and enters the Atlantic between
the capes of St. Anthony and St. Mary,
tlie latter in lat. 35 s. It is 150 m broad
at its mouth; and 220m up the river, at
Buenos Ayres, the opposite shore is not
•to be discerned from that city. This river
has many islets and shoals, which cause
adverse currents, and render the naviga-
tion intricate. It gives name to a govern-
.ment, now more usually called Buenos
Ayres, from its capital.
Plate Forme, a. town of St. Domingo, on
the s side of the k peninsula, 21 m ssl St.
.Nicholas.
Platte, a town and castle of Further
Poraerania, on the river Kega, 19 m Ebys
Camin.
Platte, a river of Louisiana, which has
its source near that of the Arkansa, and
flows above 1200 m E to the Missouri,
which it enters in lat. 41 3 N, and is there
PLO
600 yards wide. Its stream is rapid and
shallow, and contains a great number of
small islands.
Platten, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Saatz, on the frontiers of Misnia,
14 m N Elnbogen.
Platten-see ; see Balaton.
Plattshurg, a town of Ne.v York, chief
of Clinton county, with a fort. In 1814,
the British made an unsuccessful attempt
on this place, both by land and water. It;
is situate on the left bank of the Saranac,
at its entrance into Lake Champlain, 50 at
N Crown Point.
Plan, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg, with a castle^
seated on a lake of the same name, 20 i».
SSE Gustrow.
Plauen, a town of the kingdom of Sax-
ony, capital of Voigtland, with a castle.
It has considerable cotton manufactures^
and is seated on the Ehter, 80 m sw Dres-
den. Lon. 12 12 E, lat. 50 28 n.
Plauen, a town of Upper Saxony, i«
Thuringia, with an ancient castle on ?l
mountain, seated on the Gera, 15 m ,&
Erfurt.
Plauen, a town of Brandenburg, in the.
Middle mark, on a lake formed by ther
Havel, from which is a canal to the Elbe.
It has a manufacture of porcelain, and i»
5 m wNw Brandenburg.
Plescqf; see Pskof.
Pleslt'ei/, a village in Essex, 7 m nnw
Chelmsford. It was the seat of the lord
high constable of England, from the insti-
tution of that office to the year 1400. On
the site of his castle is now a brick farm-
house.
Please, a town of Silesia, capital oF a.
lordship, with a fine castle. It is surround-
ed by walls flanked with towers, and seated
on tiie Vistula, 36 in ese Ratibor. Lon,
19 3 E, lat. 49 57 n.
Plettenberg, a town of V/estphalia, ire
the county of Mark, with an ancient cas-
tle ; situa'te on the Else and Oester, 28 m
s Ham.
Plettenberg Bay, a bay on the s coast of
Africa, which affords good anchorage, but
is exposed to the force of the waves. It is
surrounded by mountains covered with im-
mense forests, in which are elephants,
buffalos, tigers, wolves, and wild boars-
Lon. 23 30 "e, lat. 34 10 s.
Plei/berg, a.town and castle of Germany,
in Carinthia, seated on the Feistez, at the
foot of a mountain, 20 m e Clagenfurt.
Ploczko, a town of Poland, capital of a.
palatinate, and a bishop's see, with a cas-
tle. It is seated on a hill, near the Vistula,
75 m KW Warsaw. Lon. 19 29 e, lat. 5^
46 N.
a0 2
PLY
Then, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
^liu-liy of Ilolstcin, capital of a priiicijKility.
It has a castle on a nioiuit ain, and is seated
on the K side of a lake, Hi m Nw Lubcc.
Lon. 10 oO K, lat. i>4 11 n.
Flocrmel, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Morhihan, 27 m nk X'ainics.
J'lotzkiiu, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Xhe prineipality of Anhalt, with a castle,
seated on the Saal, 10 m w Cothen.
Plitdcn:, a town of Germany, in Tyrol,
seated in a plain on the river 111, 12 m sse
Feldkirch.
Plumstcad, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Bucks county, seated on Delaware river,
36 m N Philadelphia.
Pliivicrs, or L'it/ihicnt, a town of France,
in the department of Loiret, 20 m kne
Orleans.
Pli/)notttli,u borou2,h and seaport in De-
Tonshire, governed by a nniyor, with a
market on Monday, 'Jhursday, and Satur-
day. It is seated at the month of the
riym, and, next to Portsmouth, is the
most considerable harbour in England for
men of war. There are, properly speak-
ing, three harbours, called Catwater, Sut-
ton Pool, and Hamoaze. The first is the
mouth of the Plym, and a commodious
harbour for merchant ships, but is seldom
entered by^ ships of war. The second, fre-
t^uented by small vessels only, is almost
surrounded by the houses of the town, and
further secured by an extensive pier. The
third is the mouth of the Tamar, and is
the harbour ibr large ships, having moor-
jngs for 92, and good anchorage for a much
greater number. These harbours unite in
a capacious bay, called the Sound ; and
~thoir entrances are defended by a furt on
"St. Nicholas island, by a citadel nearly
opposite to that island, upon a hill which
overlooks the town, and by several bat-
tei'ies and block-houses on different points
of the harbour. See Ph/mout/i-dock. Near
tlie citadel is the VictualUng Otlice, an
extensive range of buildings, in which are
two bakehouses, each containing four ovens,
that in one day can bake a sufiicient quan-
tity of bread for 10,000 men. The fishery
ibr pilchards extends no further E than this
.r^rort, whence great quantities are exported
to Italy and other catholic countries. Ply-
-mouth lias two parish churches, is goveru-
jed by a mayor, and carries on a consider-
able foreign and domestic trade. The po-
-^ulation was 20,803 in 1811. It is well
-supplied with fresh water, first brought
Lere, from a place 7 m off, by the famous
sir Francis Drake. It is 43 m sw Exeter,
and 216 whys London. Lon. 4 7 \v, lat.
^0 21 N.
J'li/inov.th, a senport of Massachusets,
PO
capital of a county of the same name. It
is the oldest settlement in New England -
and the rock on which their foreliithers
first landed was conveyed, in 1774, from
the shore to a square in the centre of the
town. The principal business of the place
is the cod fishery, in which are employed
2000 tons of shipping. It is situate on
the s end of Plymouth bay, 42 ni sse
Boston. Lon. 70 45 w, lat 41 .08 n.
Pli/moiifh, a town of New Hampshire,
in (Jrafton county, situate on the Pemige-
wasset, at the influx of Baker river, 25 m
E Hanover.
Plt/mmith, a town of N Carolina, on the
s side of Boanoke river, 4 m above Albe-
marle sound, and 23 ssw Edentoii.
Ph/nioulh-dock, the Uirgest town in De-
vonshire, situate 2 m nw Plymouth, on an
eminence between Stoneliou3e creek on
the E, and lianioaze on the w. It is of
modern date, and owes its origin, and rapid
increase, to the establishment of the dock-
yard and naval arsenals along the e bank
of the Hamoaze. The king's dock-yard
is one of the finest in the world, occupy-
ing near 72 acres, and having all the con-
veniences for building and lilting out ships
of war : it is separated from the town by ;i
high wall, and both are defended by strong
fortifications. The governor of Plymouth
now resides here, in a handsome house
overlooking the harbour from a rocky emi-
nence. Nenritaresix squares of barracks;
and about half a mile distant are military
hospitals fcjr the sick. The town contains
a church, two chapels (another in the dock-
yard) several meeting-houses, a public
library, and a magnificent theatre and
hotel. Ihe market-place is large, and a
market, though not chartered, is held thrice
a week. The trade in time of war is very
considerable. The population was 30,083
in 1811, exclusive of the array and navy.
PlyiiipLon, a borough in Devonshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on Satur-
day. It had once a castle, now in ruins,
and is one of the stannary towns for tin.
It is seated near the Plym, 7 m e Ply-
mouth, and 218 whys London.
Pliinlimmon, a vast mountain of Wales,,
partly in Montgomeryshire, and partly in
Cardiganshire. It occupies a great extent
of sterile country, without a house or tree
to relieve the eye. The loftiest summit is
24G3 feet above the level of the sea. The
Severn, the Wye, and three other rivers,,
have their source in this mountain.
Po, the principal river of Italy, which:
lias its source at Mount Viso in Piedmont,
flows through Montferrat, Milanese (along
the border of Parmesan) and a small part
of Modenese; iato Mantuan; which it
POI
crosses into Ferrarese, wliere it divides at
Ficherulolo, and then enters the gulf of
Venice by four principal mouths. In its
course it formerly did great damage by in-
undations ; to prevent which strong dikes
have been raised, that the level of its water
is sometimes several feet above the country.
Po, a river of China, in Kiang-si, which
runs into the Poyang-hou, a small distance
(rom Jao-tcheou.
Pocklington, a town in E Yorkshire,
-tvith a market on Saturday, seated on a
stream th;:t runs into the Dervvent, 14 ra e
York, and 194 Kby w London.
Pudenstein, a town of Franconia, in tlie
principnlity of Bamberg, near the source
cf the Putlach, SO m se Baniberg.
Podtacliia, a province of Poland, 83 m
long and 30 broad; bounded on the ^ by
Prussia, e by Lithuania, s by the palati-
iiate of Lublin, and w by that of Masovia.
It is also called the palatinate of Bielsk,
from the capital.
Podoliu, a province in the se part cf
Poland, wrested from that conntry by
Kussin, in 1793. The Dniester separates
it from rJoldavia on the sw ; and the Bog
crosses it from the n in a se direction. It
is divided into the palatinates of Podolia
and Bracklaw, of which Kaminieck and
Bracklaw are the capitals.
Podolsk, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Moscow, seated on theMockra,
between two hills, 28 m s Moscow.
Podor, a fortress of Senegambia, on the
river Senegal, built by tlie French. It was
ceded to the English in 1763, but after-
ward taken by the French, and confirmed
to them by the peace of 1783. Lon. 14
20 w, lat. 17 1 K.
Poggio, a town of Tuscany, with a hand-
some palace, 8 m se Florence.
Poggiohon.zi, a town of Tu-cany, with
the ruins of a citadel, seated near the
Elsa, '20 m s Florence.
PoggT/,nn island in the Indian ocean, on
the \Y side of Sumatra, of a triangular
form, about 20 m in length. See Nassau.
Point de Galle ; see Calle.
Poirino, a town of Piedmont, 14 m se
Turin.
Pohsy, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Seine and Oise, near the forest of
St. Germain, 15 m Nw Paris.
Poitiers, a town of France, capital of
the department of Viemie, and a bishop's
see. The population 21,100, is not in pro-
portion to the extent, for a great part con-
sists of gardens and fields. It has several
Roman antiquities, particularly an amphi-
theatre, partly demolislied, and a trium-
phal arch, which serves as a gate to the
great street. Here, in 1356, Edward the
black prince gained a victory over the
POL
Frencli, taking prisoners king John and
his son Philip, whom he carried to Eng-
land. The principal manufactures are
stockings, woollen caps, gloves, and combs.
It is seated on a hill, by the river Clair,
60 m ssw Tours. Lon. 0 21 e, lat. 46
25 N.
Poitou, an old province of Yr-Ance,
bounded on the k by Bretagile, Anjou, and
Touraiiie, e by Touraine, Berry, and
Marche, s by Angomnois, Saintonge, and
Aimis, and w by the bay of Biscay. It is
fertile in corn and wine, and feeds a great
number of cattle, particularly mules. It
now forms the departments of Vendee,
Vienne, and Two Sevres.
Polo, a strong seaport of Istria, and a
bishop's see. Here are large remains of a
Roman amphitheatre and a triumphal arch.
It is seated on a mountain, near a bay o£
the gulf of Venice, 38 m s Capo dTstria.
Lon. 14 9 E, lat. 45 13 n.
Poland, a country of Europe, bounded
on the N by Prussia, Courland, Livonia,
and Russia, w by the Baltic, Brandenburg,
and Silesia, s by Hungary and Moldavia,
and E by Russia and the territories wrested
by that power from the Turks. It is di-
vided into four principal parts. Great Po-
land, Little Poland, Red Russia, and Li-
thuania : each of which is subdivided int»
palatinates, or provinces. The govern-
ment of Poland was monarchical and aris-
tocratical ; all the acts of state being in th&
name of the king and republic of Poland.
The king was the only elective sovereign
in Europe ; being chosen by a general diet
summoned by the archbisiiop of' Gnesv,3»
as chief of the republic during the iutur-
regnum. This circumstance proved the
source of great calamities ; for, ;on the de-
mise of every sovereign, the country was
generally involved in a war, between con-
tending factions, respectively supported by"
foreign powers. In 1772, a partition oF
this country projected by the king of Prus-
sia, was eilected by that monarcli, in con-
junction with the empress of Russia and
the emperor of Germany. By this parti-
tion, one third of the country vvas wrested
from the republic, the diet being compelled,
by a foreign force, to make and to ratitj
this important cession. The three parti-
tioning powers, moreover, forcibly efiected
a great cliange in the constitution. In,
1791, however, the king and the nation,
in concurrence, almost unanimously, and
without any foreign intervention, es-ablistt—
ed another constitution. By this the evils
of an elective monarchy were avoided, the
throne being ileclared hereditary in the
house of Sax'jny. Tlie rights and privi-
leges of all orders jn the republic (the-
king, tlie nobles, tne citizens, and llw
POL
POL
-peasants) were alike equitably consulted ; and diamonds arc foun'l ; also talc, spar,
vnd it seemed to be formed at;reeablv to lapis calaniinaris, coal, iron, lead, and
the universal wish of the nation. A few quicksilver, t Here is much leather, fur,
•of the nobility, however, discontented at hcnjp, Hax, saltjietrc, alum, manna, honey,
the generous sacrilice of some of their pri- and wax ; and there are mines of salt, of a
■vilcges, repaired to the court of Russia ; great depth, out of which i» dug rocksalt.
and their representations concurring with Horses are numerous, very strong, switt,
tlie amb.itious views of the empress, she and beautiful ; and horned cattle are bred
sent an army into Poland, under pretext in such numbers, tliat above 80,000 are
of being guarantee of tlie constitution of driven every year out of the country. The
17T2. Her interference v,as too powerful manufactures of Poland are not consider-
to be resisted ; and this new constitution al)ic, and are continetl to articles of im-
-was ovprthrown. But the principal object mediate necessity. The principal rivers
for which the Russian armv entered Poland are the Dnieper, Vistula, Dwina, Niemen,
was not yet attahied. The empress had Dniester, Bog, and Bug. Since the uomi-
ylanned, in conjunction with the king of nal revi'al of the kingdom in 1815, the
Prussia, a second partition of this country, emperor of Russia has framed for it a new
-»vhich took place in 1793. Such multi- constitution ; in which he has condescend-
plied oppressions at last roused the spirit ed to limit his own authority, and to grant
cf the nation. General Kosciusko ap- legislative powers, and the privilege of
yeared, in 1794, at the head of a Polish self-taxation, to a senate and a body of
army, and was successful, at first, against representatives. Warsaw is the capital.
the king of Prussia; but was defeated and Fulcron; see Pooloi-ouii.
taken prisoner in the secpiel, by the Rus- Folesia, a name commonly given to the
sians, who soon after took the capital, War- palatinate of Brzesc, in Lithuania.
saw. The kmg formallv resigned his crown Fulesino, a province of Italy, in the duchy
at Grodno in 1795, and was afterward re- of Venice ; bounded on the n by Paduano,
onoved to Petersburg, w here he remained e by Dogado, s by Ferrarese, and w by
a kind of state prisoner, till his death in Veronese. It is 42 m long and 17 broad,
1798. Thus Poland became of no poli- and fertile in corn and pasture. Rovigo is
tical existence as a kingdom ; for the whole the capital.
of the country was divided among the Po/,S^ a town of France, in the dopart-
three partitioning powers. Austria had a ment of Pas de Calais, noted for mineral
part of Little Poland, and the greatest waters, 16 m ■w^w Arras.
part of Red Russia and Podo}ia, which is Pol de Leon, St. a town of France, in
now called the kingdom of Galicia ; Prus- the department of Finisterre, and lately a
sia had Great Poland, Polish Prussia, a bishop's see. It stands near the English
small part of Lithuania, and Podlachia; channel, and has a tide haven, -21 ra ne
and Russia had Samogitia, the remainder Brest.
of Lithuania, Volhinia, and Podolia. In Po//ca?!6?ro, an island in the Archipelago,
1806 the French obtained possession of one of the Cyclades, UO m in circuit.
the Prussian part, and by the treaty of Here are a few villages, a castle, and a
Tilsit it was given to Saxony, to beheld harbour; but it consists, in general, of
imder the title of the Duchv of Warsaw, barren rocks and mountains. It lies be-
lt was so retained till 1815, when the con- tween Milo and Faros. Lon. 25 31 e, lat.
gress of Vienna united it to the empire of 36 32 x.
Hussia, with the exception of the duchy of Folicustro, a town of Naples, in Princi-
' Posen, restored to Prussia ; and the em- pato Citra, on a gulf of the same name, in
peror was to take with his other titles that the Mediterranean, 85 m se Naples. Lon.
of King of Poland. The towns of Poland 15 40 e, lat. 40 15 n.
are for the most part built with wood ; and
thevillages consist of mean cottagesor huts.
The inhabitants of both sexes, from the
Jaighest to the lowest rank, are in their mo
Folignann, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Bari, seated on a craggy rock, near the
gulf of Venice, 16 m e Bari.
Foligny, a town of France, in the de-
xaTs at nearly the lowest point of debase- partmeut of Jura, seated amid forests and
ment; for licentiousness and sensuality pre- mountains, 20 m ssw Besancon.
Tail to a degree unknown in any other part Folina, a town of European Turkey, in
of Europe. The country is so fertile in corn Albania, 12 ni s Durazzo.
in many places, that "it supplies Sweden Folitz, a town of Hither Pomerania,
and Holland with large quantities, and it noted for hops, 8 m k Stettin.
has extensive pastures. Peat, ochre, chalk, FoUtzka, a walled town of Bohemia, in
"belemnites, agate, chalcedony, cornelians, the circle of Chrudim, on the frontiers of
onyxes, jasper, rock crystals, amethysts, Mo-avia, 23 m se Chrudim.
garnets, topazes, sapphires, and even rubies Folizii, a town of Sicily, in Val di Ma-
PO.M
zara, at the foot of the mountain Mado-
nia, 4'2 \n se Palermo.
Polkuccitz, a town of Silesia, in the pnn-
cipality of Glogau, 13 ni s Glogau.
Follockshaics, a town of Scotland, in
Renfrewshire. It has numerous print fields
and bieachnelds, and stands on the river
White Ca; t;. 3 m wsw Glasgow.
PoUoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in the
Carnatic, GO m ssw Arcot.
Poliio, a Iowa of Further Ponierania, on
the river Grabow, 38 m r.SE Colberg.
Poloons/ta/i, a town of liindoostan, ca-
pital of a district in the e extremity of
Hydrabad, with a strong square fort. The
town is 2 in in circuit, very populous, and
has manufactures of matchh cks, jinjalls,
sabres, spears, and other weapons. It is
situate in a rich valley, about 4 m wide,
surrounded on all sides by lofty ranges of
mountains, IGO m EbyN Hydrabad. Lon.
81 10 E, hit. 17 35 X.'
Polotsk; a government of Russia, formed
of part of the paiatmate of Lithuania, dis-
membered froui Poland in 1772. The pro-
ducts are chiefly grain, heftip, flax, and
pasture; and the forests furnish great
abundance of masts, olanks, oak for ship-
building, pitch, tar, Sec. which are chiefly
sent down the Dwina to Riga.
Po'.ulyk, a strong town and the capital
of the above g'^Aernment. lu 1812, it was
entered by_ tiie French ; but soon after-
ward, the Russians gave them battle here,
and retook the town by storm. It is seat-
ed on the Dwina, at the influx of the Po-
lota, 126 m xxw jMohilef, and 144 exe
Wilna. Lon. 27 50 e, hit. 55 43 n.
Pollen, St. a town of Austria, the re-
sidence of a great number of the nobility.
The adjacent country yields excellent saf-
fron. It is seated on the Drasam, 35 ni
w Vienna. Lon. 15 41 e, hit. 48 13 x.
Polizin, a town of Further Pomerania,
near which are medicinal springs and baths.
It is 33 m sE Colberg.
Puli/nesia, a name applied by some late
geographers to the circuit that includes
those numerous islands in the Pacific ocean
lying E of the Philippines and what they
term Australasia ; namely, the Pelew, La-
drone, Caroline, Sandwich, Ingraham, Mar-
quesas, Society and Friendly isles, and
others included within those groups.
Pomhal, a town of Portugal, in Estre-
madura, with an ancient castle, 16 m xe
Leiria, and 21 s Coinibra.
Pomegue, a small island in the Mediter-
ranean, near the coast of France, at the
entrance into the harbour of ^Marseilles,
defended by a lower, with a garrison.
Pomerania, a duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, 250 m long and
75 broad ; bounded on the s by the Baltic,
PON
E bv Prussia and Poland, s by Rranden-
bin-g, and w by Meckle:iburg. The air is
pretty cold, but compensated by the ferti-
lity of the soil, which aboimds in pasture
ant! corn, of which last a great deal is ex-
ported. It is a flat country, containing
many lakes, woods, and forests, and has
several good harbours. The principal
rivers are the Oder, ^eckenitz, Peeno,
Ucker, Rega, Persante, Wipper, Ihna,
Stolpen, and Lebo. It is ilivided by the
Oder into Hither and Further Pomerania.
A part of Hither Ponierania, n of the
Peene, belonged to the king of Sweden,
who, in 1814, transferred his rinht to the
king of Denmark; and he, in 1815, ceded
it to the king of Prussia, who now possesses
the whole. Stettin and Stralsand are the
chief towns.
Pomcrelia, a district ol W Prussia, ex-
teriding \v from the river Vistula, to the
duchy of Pomerania, of wliich it was for-
merly a part. Dantzic is the capital.
Pomfrct, a town of Connecticut, in
Vv'indham county, 12 m x.ne Windham,
and 40 cbyx Hartford.
Pomona, or Mainland, the principal of
the Orkney Islands, 24 m long and from
6 to 10 broad ; but intersected by numer-
ous anus of the sea. The general appear^
ance of this country is much the same as
the ^Mainland of Shetland ; but the soil is
more fertile, and in some parts better cul-
tivated. Kirkwall is the capital. See
Orknei/s.
Pompeii, an ancient city of Naples,
overwhelmed by the same eruption of
Vesuvius that destroyed Hercnlaneum.
I'hough not buried so deep under ashes
and lava as Herculaneum, it remained hid
till 1750, when it was accidentally dis-
covered by some peasants digging in a
vineyard near the river Sarno. Researches
have since been continued, and temples,
shops, and houses, with oaintiiigs, statues,
utensils, ccc. have be'Mi found. It is 13 m
SK Naples.
Ponduhtrrij, a town of Iiiiidoo~tan, in
the Carnatic. It was first settled by the
French in 1674 ; and previously to the war
of 1756 was a fine city. It had a citadel,
then the best of its kind in India, which was
taken by the British, in 1761, and imrae-
diarely razed, in retaliation of i\I. Lally's
conduct toward fort St. David, in 1758.
The town was restored in 1763 ; taken by
the British in 1778 ; restored in 1783 ; and
again taken in 1793. It was restored at
the peace of Amiens in 1802, and agaiu.
occupied by the British in 1803. It is
85 m sbyw Madras. Lon. 79 58 e. lac.
11 oQ X. '
Ponferruda, a town of Spain, in Leon,
on the river Sill, 40 m sw Leon.
PON
Pong-liou, or Fiscadures, a cluster of
islands in the China scu, lying 0 k-iv^nes
from the \v coast ct" tlie inland of I'oiniosa.
Tliey art! only sand banks or rooks; and
not a shrub is to be seen upon them. The
harbour of Puni:-luiu is uoud, and was
fortified by the Dutch, while they were
master.-, vi' Fonnoso. A Chinese garrison
is kept here, with one of the mandarins
called literati, whose chief eniployintnt is
to watch the trading vessels between
China and lormosa. Lon. 121 2j i., hit.
25 SO N.
Fans, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Ciarente, witli a mineral
spring ; seated on a hill, near the river
Sevigne, 10 m s Saintes.
Fans, St. a town of France, in the de-
part|iient of Ilerault, and lately a bishop's
see. It is seated in valley surrounded by
mountains, in whicii are line marble quar-
ries, ^4 m N Narbonne. Lon. 2 47 e, lat.
43 29 X.
Font tie VArdie, a town of France, in
the department of Eure, seated on the
Seine, 18 m n Exreux.
Font Audemer, a town of France, in
the department of Eure, seated on the
Rille, 23 m wsw Kouen, and Co j.w
Evreux.
Font de Feawcoiain, a town of Savoy,
situate in a rich plain, on the river Guier,
and borders of irance, 11 m wsw Cluun-
bery.
Font de Camure, a town of France, in
the department of Aveiron, noted foi- mi-
neral waters, 40 m sse liod'ez.
Font de Ce, a town of France, in the
department of Mayer.ne and Loire, seated
on the L<jire, 3 m s Angers.
Pont VFveque, a town of France, in the
department of Calvados. It is a trading
place, seated on the Touque, 4 m from the
sea, and 40 v.sw Rouen. Lon. 0 10 e, lat.
49 17 N.
Font du Card; see Card.
Font Gibuut, a town of France, in the
department of Puy de Dome, 10 m wxw
CJermjut.
Font a 2iousson, a town of France, in
the dcparin.ent of Meurte. It had once
a university, which was removed to Xancy
in 17G8. Here was lately several religious
houses, and the premonstrantes had a
magnificent church. It is sealed on the
Moselle, which divides it into two parts,
14 m NNW Nancy.
Pont St. Esprit, a town of France, in
the department of Gard, on the river
Rhone. Here is the longest bridge in Eu-
rope, 3,000 feet in length, consisting of
19 great and 7 small arches. Two car-
riages can hardly pass abreast, and none
above a certain weiiiht ore suffered to go
PON
over. To facilitate the passage of the
water in time of iloods, apertures are made
through eacii pier, six feet above the com-
mon level of the river; and to stem the
rapidity of the river, the bridge is not
built in a right line, but in a curve. Tlfis
passage is defended by a citadel, withiif
which is the church of the Holy Spirit. It
is 17 m s Viviers, and 33 km: Nismes.
Font St. JMiircnce, a town of France, in
the department of Seine and Oise, seated
on the Gise, 5 m x Senlis.
Font SU7- Seine, a town of France, in the
department of Aube, wi.h a castle, seated
on the Seine, 17 m xw Troyes, and D3 sr.
Paris.
Font de Vuvx, a town of France, in the
department of Ain, seated on the Resou/e,
near its conflux with the Saone, 8ms
Macon.
Pont de Vesi'e, a town of Franco, in the
departnuiir of Ain, with manul'actures of
stuffs and tapestry ; seated on the Vesle,
12 m w- ijourg.
Font snr Tonne, a town of France, in
the department of Yonne, seated on the
Yonne, 8 m xw Sens.
Fonta JJclgudd, a seaport of St. Mi-
chael, one of the Azores. It is defended
bv a citadel, and contains about 8000 in-
habitants. Lon. 25 40 w, lat. 37 45 x.
Fontarlier, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Doubs, with a strong castle
o:i a mountain.' It. is seated on the river
Doubs, and the frontiers of Switzerland,
22 m w Neuchatel, and SO se Besancon.
Lon. 6 26 e, lat. 4G 55 x.
Fontchartrain, a lake in the state of
Mississippi, 35 m long and 24 broad. It
receives several rivers, and connnunicatcs
E with the gulf of Mexico, and w witti the
river Mississippi, tin-ough the lake Mau-
repas and river Ibberville.
Fonteroix, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Finisterre, 15 m w Quirnper.
Fonte, a town of Piedmont, at the con-
flux of the Soano and Oreo, 19 m xxw
Turin.
Fonte de Lima, a town of Portugal, in
Entre Douro e iiIii:ho, seated on the Lnna,
over which is a mjigniflcent bridge, 13 m
xw Braga.
Fonte Slum, a town of Piedmont, in
Montferrat, at the conflux of the Stura and
Po, 4 m wsw Casal.
Fonte Vedra, a town of Spain, in Gali-
cia, at the head of Vedra bay, and the
mou;h of the river Vedra, 20 m x Tuy-
Fonteba, or Fonie Lnperiale, a town of
Germanv, in Carinthia, seated on the Fella,
over w hich is a bridge to Ponteba Veneta,
a small town of the province of Friuli, in
Italy. It is 20 m x^^v Friuli, and 25 sw
Villach.
POO
Ponlefract, a borough in W Yorkshire,
ooverned by a major, with a market on
Saturday. It is situate in a very rich soiJ,
and noted for large plantations of licorice.
The castie, now in ruins, has been the
scene of various tragical events in the Eng-
lish liistory ; particularly the murder of
Richard ii. The ancient church, below
tlie castle, is chiefly in ruins. It is 22 m
sw York, anil 174 nnw London.
Poiiteluiid, a village in Northumberland,
on the river Blythe, 7 m ^•E Newcastle.
It was a Uoman station, called Pons i'lLlii;
and here, in 1244, a peace was concluded
between Henry m and the king of Scot-
land.
Pontiana, the ca])ital of a kingdom of
the same name, on tUe w coast of Borneo,
governed by a sultan. Ihe Dutch had a
settlement here, now subject to the Brit-
ish ; and the sultan, fearing the vengeance
of tile chief of Sambas, recently put him-
self under the British protection. The
town stands near the mouth of a navigable
river of the same name, formerly called
Lawa. Lon. 109 30 e, lat. 0 1s.
Fontlvy, a town of France, in the de-
partm.ent of Morbihan, with a linen manu-
lacture ; seated on the Blavet^ 25 m n
V'annes.
Fontoise, a town of France, in the depart-
meiit of Seine and Oise, with a castle. The
parliament of Paris was transferred to this
place ia 1632, 1720, and 1753. It is seat-
ed on an eminence, near the Oise, 27 m
itw Paris. Lon. 2 6 £, lat. 49 3 N.
Pontorson, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Manche, on the river Coesnon,
with a tide harbour, 10 ni ssw Avranches.
Pontrenioll, a town of Tuscany, with a
strong castle ; seated at the foot of the
j^pennines, on the river Magra, 55 m XNw
Pisa. Lon. 9 40 e, lat. 44 25 n.
Ponlrieu, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cotes du Nord, on the river
Trieu, 20 m ^\v St. Brieuc.
Poiitt/pool, a town in Monmouthshire,
v.;th a market on Saturday. Here are iron
and tin works, and a famous manufacture
of japaimed ware. It is seated between
twu hills, on the river Avon, 15 m sw JMon-
mouth, and 149 wbvN London.
Pu7!Zii, a small island in the Mediterra-
nean, near the coast of Naples, at the en-
trance of the gulfof Gaeta; containing
a town, harbour, and considerable salt-
works. It was taken by the British, in
1813. Lon. 13 10 e, lat. 40 53 >-.
Ponzone, a town of Piedmont, in the
duchy of Montferrat, 10 m 3 Acqui, and
18 N Savona.
Poole, a borough, seaport, and the largest
town, in Dorsetshire, with a market on
Monday and Thursday. It is a county of
POO
itself, governed by a mayor, and situate oa
a peninsula projecting into a capacious
bay, which branches into many creeks, and
forms several islands. The harbour admits
vessels of moderate size only ; but for them
it is very secure. Pool rose into conse-
cpience, when tlie ancient town of Ware-
ham fell into decay. The population was
4316 in 1811. The principal branch of
trade is the Newfoundland fishery : but it
has a general commerce with America, and
various parts of Europe, and a line coast-
ing trade in corn and coal. Near the
mouth of the harbour is an oyster bank,
from which vast quantities are carried to
the creeks of Essex and the Thames.
Poole is 40 m vvsw Winchester, and 105
whys London. Lon. 1 59 w, lat. 50
43 N.
Pooloroon, or Poleron, one of the Banda
islands, 100 m se Amboyna. Lon. 130 0
E, lat. 4 20 s.
Poolouoj/, one of the Banda islands, on
which t!ie Dutch have a regular pentagon,
called Fort Revenge. Lon. 130 4 e, lat.
4 17 s.
Poonah, a city of Ilindoostan, in Beja-
poor, capital of the Western ?ilahratta em-
pire. It covers little more than two square
miles, and is entirely defenceless ; the
chief seat of power being at Poorunder.
The ancient palace or castle is surrounded
by high thiclv walls, with four round cowers,
and occupied by members of the peshwa's
family ; but he has a modern house for his
own residence in another part of the town.
In 1809 the peshwa liad made arrange-
ments for the erection of a palace, to bo
built by British architects, at his expense.
The streets are named after Hindoo my-
thological personages, r.nd the houses have
similar paintings on the exterior. It is
situate on the Moota, 78 m ese Bombay.
Lon. 74 0 E, lat. 18 30 x.
Poonakhci, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bootan, with a palace (similar to that of
Tassisudon) the winter residence of the deb
rajah. It is situate in the angle formed by
the Matchieu and Patchieu rivers, whose
union forms the Chaanchieu, 17 m ene
Tassisudon.
Poonar, a town of Hindoostan, in Berar,
capital of a hilly and woody district. It
is situate on the Chin Gonga, 26 m above
Mahoor, and 86 s i>y w Ellichpoor. Lon»
73 13 E, lat. 20 9 n.
Pool bunder, a town of Hindoostan, on
the w coast of Gujrat. In the vicinity
are extensive works for fusing iron. It is
situate near the mouth of the Bokira, 58
m >;nw Puttan Somnaut. Lon. 69 43 f.,
lat. 21 37 K.
Poorunder, a town and fortress of Hin-
doostan, in Bejapoor, seated oa a moua-»
FOR
tain, 18 m ss£ Poonali. It is a place of
refuge fur that capital in case of an inva-
sion ; and lii.re the archives of i;orcrnnicnt
arc kept.
Foote, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of ^Mayenne, (i ni wsw Alen"(in.
Popa Madrc, a town of New Granada,
m the province t)f Caitha<iena. Here is
a convent and chapel of the \'irs;in, to
which the Spaniards in those parts go in
pilgrimage, especially those wiio have been
at sea. It is seated on a mountain, oO ni
X Carthagena.
Popuyan, a province in the sw part of
New Granada, bounded on the N by
C'joco, Antioquia, and St. Fe, r, and s by
Quito, and w by the Pacific ocean. A
chain of mountains runs through the coun-
try from N to s, in which are mines of
silver. The soil near the sea is iiat, marshy,
and often iloodcd by the rains; but the
interior is extremely fertile, and abounds
in cattle, provisions of every kind, delicale
fruits, sugar-canes, tobacco, and cotton.
Popayan, the capital of the above pro-
vince, and a bishop's see, with a university,
aud a royal mint. 'J he trade is consider-
able, and the population 25,000. It stands
iu a large plain, nearly surrounded by the
Molino, 2oO m sw St. Fe, and 240 nne
Quito. Lon. 76 02 w, lat. 2 27 n.
Popedom ; see Ecclesiastical State.
Poperin^he, a town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, on a river of the same name,
6 m w Ypres.
Popocatepcst, the most elevated moun-
tain of New Spain, in Tlascala. It is a
volcano, and continually burning ; but for
these several centuries notliing has issued
from its crater but , smoke and ashes.
This mountain is 17,710 feet above the
level of the sea. It is frequently called
the Volcano of Puebla, and is SO ni w of
Puebla.
Pora, an island in the Indian ocean,
on the w coast of Sumatra, 54 m long and
from 5 to 10 broad. It lies kw of Poggy,
and is inhabited by the same race.
Porca, a town of Ilindoostan, in Tra-
vancore, where the Dutch had a factory
for the purchase of pepper. The vicinity
produces abundance of rice. It is 82 m
uw Travancore.
Porchcster, a village in I'lampshire, 4
mN Portsmouth, at the upper end of the
harbour, between Farehara and Portsea
island. It has an ancient castle, which
has served, of late years, for the recep-
tion of prisoners of war, and ordnance
Stores.
Porco, a town of Peru, capital of a
district. It has its name iVom a mountain,
rich in silver, aud its mine was the first
worked by the Spaniards after the con-
POR
quest. It is 25 m wsw Potosi. Lon. 67
20 w, lat. 19 40 s.
Poreuna, a town of Spain, in Andalu-
sia, 22 m jiw Jiten.
Porc7tl7u, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Bern, lornicrly the capital
of the late bishopiic of Ba«cl. It is seat-
ed on the liallan, near Mount .lura, 2(>
m vvhw Basel, and 08 knw Bern. Lon.
7 10 E, lat. 47 27 x.
Pollock, n town in Somersetshire, with
a market on Thursday, and a trade in coal
aud lime; seated on a bay of the Bristol
channel, surrounded by hills, 14 m Nbyw
Diilverlon, and 170 w London.
Porro^oiiis; ^ica Paro.
Porselou, a rich and commercial town
of the kingdom of Siam. It is surrounded
by 14 bastions, and situate on a large
rive r, 300 m n of its mouth in the gulf of
Siam. Lon. 100 2 e, lat. 17 48 N.
Port Baltic; see lio^erzvick.
Port Dauphin, the chief settlement on
the SE coast of Madagasca, with a har-
bour defended by a fort. Lon. 47 0 e, lat.
25 0 s.
Port Desire, a harbour on the e coast
of Patagonia, where ships sometimes touch
in their passage to the Pacific ocean. Lon.
tJ7 5G, w, lat. 47 4(3 S.
Port Egiitont, one of the finest har-
bours in the world, <m the kw coast of
Falkland islands, discovered by commo-
dore Byron in 1765. The whole navy of
England might ride here in perfect secu-
rity from all winds; and every thing for
the refreshment of ships is to be obtained
in abundance. Lon. 55 0 v/, lat. 51 27 s.
Port Frau^ais, a harbour on the w
coast of America, discovered by Perouse
in 1786. It is of a circular form, not to
be fathomed in the middle, and bordered
by peaked mountains, of an excessive
height, covered with snow. The natives
on this coast are described as the most
complete thieves, possessed of an activity
and obstinacy capable of exec-utmg the
most dithcult projects. Skins vvere found
liere in great abundance, particularly
those of the sea otter. In this harbour is
a small island. Lon. 137 30 w, lat. 58 37 N.
Port Glasgozc, a seaport of Scotland,
in Renfrewshire, near the mouth of the
Clyde. It was founded in 1710, to serve
as the port of the city of Glasgow, whose
magistrates appoint a bailitfforits govern-
ment. The harbour is excellent ; and
there are extensive warehouses on the quay,
beloiiging to the Glasgow merchants.
The population was 5116 in 1811. Con-
tiguous to the town, and near the shore,
stands the castle of Newark, a strongly
fortified editce. It is 4 m e Greenock,
and 20 w by ^" Glasgow.
FOR
Port Jackson, a bay and liarbour of
]S!evv S Wiiles, 13 m n Botany bay. The
capes that form the entrance are high,
rugged, and perpendicular clilis. 'ihe
liarbour is one of the noblest and safest
in the world, 14 ni in length, and v.ilh
such numerous coves, that it is capable of
containing all the shipping in the world,
sheltered from every wind. The name
was given to it by captain Cook, who ob-
served it in sailing along tlie coast. See
Sj/dnci/.
Puii Lincoln, a fine bay and harbour on
the s coast of New S Wales, which con-
tains several coves, and includes a num-
ber of islands. It was discovered in 1802,
by captain I'linders, who at its Iiead, on
the shore, observed an eclipse of the sun,
Lon. 135 45 e, lat. 34 48 s.
Fori Louis, a seaport of France, in the
department of JMorbihan, witii a citadel
and a good harbour. It is a station lor
part of the French navy, and merchant
ships ; and stands on the extremity of a
peninsula, at the month of the Blavet, in
St. Touis bay, 27 ra w Vannes. Lon. 3
18 w, lat. 47 40 N.
Port JMalion; see Mahon.
Port Mulgrave, a harbour on the w
coast of N America, formed by small is-
lands on the E side of Beering bay, near
the entrance. It was so named by cap-
tain Dixon, who saw some of the natives,
and their wretched hovels. Lon. 139 25
w, lat. 59 18 N.
Pu?'f Paix, a seaport on the n coast of
St. Domingo, with a good liarbour, oppo-
site tlie island of Tortue. Lon. 72 52 w,
lat. 19 54 N.
Port Patrick, a seaport of Scotland, in
Wigtonshire, confined by the sea on one
side, and on the other by overhanging
rocks and hills. It is nearly opposite Do-
nagbadee, in Ireland, from which it is only
21 m distant; and a packet boat sails
hence for that place every day. The har-
bour is good, and has a noble quay, with
a reflecting lighthouse. The chief trade
consists in the importation of beeves and
horses from Leland ; and it is a place of
resort for sea-bathing. It is 28 m w Wig-
ton, and 115 sw Edinburg. Lcn. 5 3 w,
lat. 54 58 N.
Port Penn, a town of Delaware, in
[Newcastle county, with a secure har-
bour, opposite Reedy island, in the river
Delaware. It is the rendezvous of out-
ward-bound ships, waiting for a favorable
wind, and 56 m below Philadelphia.
Port Penryn, a town of Wales, in Car-
narvonshire. It was lately a village called
Aber Cegid, on a small rivulet ; but is now
an haven for vessels of 400 tons, and a
depot for slate, of which great quantities
FOR
are exported. It is situate at the skirt of
Penmanmawr, 10 m ene Carnarvon.
Port au Prince, a seaport of St. Do-
mingo, seated on a bay on the w side of
the island, of which part it is the capital
in time of peace, and a place of considera-
ble trade. It was nearly burnt, in 1791,
by the revolting Negros, and was taken by
tlie English and Royalists in 1794. Lon.
72 10 w, lat. 18 40 x.
Poit Roscwui/ ; see SJiclhurne.
Port Roi/al, a seaport of Jamaica, once
a considerable town, abounding in riches
and trade. In 1622, it was destroyed by
an eaithquake, in 1702 by a fire, in 1722
by an inundation, and in 1744 by a hurri-
cane. After these extraordinary calami-
ties, the public offices were removed, and
no iiKii-ket suffered to be held here in fu-
ture. In 1815 it was again destroyed by
tire. It now consists of about 200 houses,
built on a neck of land that juts out seve-
ral miles into the sea, and has a strong
fort. The harbour is deep, and 1000
ships may ride therein, secure from every
wind. It is 6 m, across the bay, ssw
Kingston. Lon. 76 45 w, lat= 18 0 n.
Port Roi/al, a town of Virginia, in Ca-
roline county, with three churches ; si-
tuate on the Rappahannoc, 22 m se Fred-
ricsburg, and 58 above Urbanna.
Port Royal, an island on the coast of S
Carolina, separated f'om the neighbour-
ing continent by an arm of the sea, called
Broad River, which forms the most com-
modious harbour in the state, at the town
of Beaufort.
Port St. Ann ; see Killouglt.
Port St. Julian, a harbour on the E
coast of Patagonia, where ships usually
touch that are bound for the Pacific ocean.
Lon. 68 44 w, lat. 49 10 s.
Port St. Mary, a town of Spain, in An-
dalusia, with a fort, called St. Catharine.
The principal trade is in salt; and hence
Cadiz is supplied with spring water. It
is seated on the harbour of Cadiz, at the
mouth of the Guadalete, 8 m kne Cadiz.
Port sur Saone, a town of France, in
the department of Upper Saone, on the
river Saone, 8 m >.w V esoul.
Port Tobacco, a town of Maryland,
chief of Charles county, situate on a creek
of its r.ame, which enters the Potomac, 4
m below the town. In the vicinity are the
celebrated cold waters of Mount Misery.
It is 30 m s Vv'ashington,
Port Vendre, a town of France, in the
department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a
small harbour on the Mediterranean, de-
fended by two forts. It was taken by the
Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next
year. Is is 25 m sse Perpignan.
Portadoxen, a town of Ireland, in Ar-
POR
niagh county, with a considerable linen
juaniiAictnre ; situate on tlio river Baiiii,
14 m KE Armagh.
Po7-t(ilcgre, a city of rortngai, in
Aleutejo, and a bishop's see. Ii has a
manufacture of woollen cloth, and is seated
at the foot of a liigli niounlain, 20 ni n
Elvas.
Fortarlinglon, a borou,i;h of Irclan*!,
partly in King but chicUy in Queen county.
It sends a member to parliament, and
stands on the Barrow, V2 m N Marybo-
rough, and 40 wsw Dublin.
Portcnilick, a town on the coast of
Zaara, and a great trading place for gum,
140 m s Arguin.
Portki, a village 4 m ese of the city of
Naples, on part of the site of an.cient
Ilerculaneum, near mount Vesuvius. Here
is a palace of the king of Naples; and
a museum, enriclied with a vast number
of statues and other 'remains of anti-
quity, taken out of the ruins of Ilercula-
neum and Pompeii.
Porlluinl, a peninsula in Dorsetshire,^
connected with the mainland by a ridge of
pebbles, called the Chosil Bank, extending
above 7 m up the sw coast. Between this
bank and the mainland is a narrow arm of
the sea, called the Fleet. Portland Isle is
4 m long and 2 broad, surrounded by in-
accessible rocks, except at the landing-
place, at the Nw enu, where stands Port-
land Castle, built by Henry viii. This
peninsula is iioted for freestone, which is
used for building the finest structures, and
about 9000 tons of it are annually export-
ed. It lies on the sw side of Weymouth
bay ; and at the s extremity, called Port-
land Point, is a lighthouse. Lon. 22 7 w,
lat. 50 31 N.
Portland, the capital of the district of
Maine, in Cumberland county, with a ca-
pacious harbour, defended by a fort, a ci-
tadel, and a battery. It was almost laid
in ashes by a British fleet in 177.5, but has
been rebuilt, and has three churches.
Ships are built here, and the foreign trade
is considerable. The population was 7 169
in 1810. It is situate on a promontory
in Casco bay, with a lightliouse at
t«e entrance of the harbour, 123 m ,\ne
Boston. Lon. 70 10 w, lat. 44 47 N.
Portland Islands, a cluster of small
islands in the Pacific ocean. They are
low, and covered with wood ; and the
centre one is in lon. 149 8 e, lat. 2 08 s.
Portland Point, the most southern part
of the island of Jamaica. Lon. 77 5 av,
lat. 17 44 N.
Portlock Harbour, a harbour on the
NW coast of America, of a circular form,
with a narrow entrance. Lon. 136 42 w,
lat. 57 43 N.
POR
Porto, a fortified town of Italy, in Ve-
ronese, on the E side of tlic Adige, oppo-
site Legnago, 20 m est. Verona.
Porto, a town of Italy, in ihe patri-
mony of St.J'eter, and the see of a hisliop,
wiio is generally a cardinal, and dependent
only on the pope. It stands on the w side
of the Tiber, 10 m sw Home.
Porto; sec Oporto.
Porto Bello, a seaport of Nesv Granada,
on the N coast of the province and islh-
nms of Panama. It has a fine port, but
is a very unhealthy place ; and tiie coun-
try around swarms with toads aiul other
reptiles in the rainy season. Before tiie
abolition of the trade by the galleons, in
1718, and the introduction of register
ships, this place was the great mart for the
rich commerce of Peru and Chili, which
was conveyed hither from Panama, partly
on nuiles, and partly down the "river
Chagrc. The town stands close to the sea,
on tiie side of a mountain that surrounds
the harbour. It was taken in 1742 by
admiral Vernon, who demolished the for-
tifications ; but it has since been strongly
fortified. It is 40 m ^ by av Panama, and
290 whys Cartlragena. ' Lon. 79 23 w,
lat. 9 33'k.
Porto Bello, a village of Scotland, 2 m
Esr. Edinburg, on the frith of Perth. _ It
has manufactures of stone-ware and various
preparations of lead; also hot and cold
batiis, with good accommodations for
company.
Porto Cahcllo, a strong seaport of the
province of Caracas. It has a good har-
bour, with an excellent quay, to wh;ch
large vessels are easily and securely fas-
tened ; and is the pjace of import and
export for a considerable extent of inland
country. Eight miles to the w is the vil-
lage and bay" of Bnrburato, formerly the
principal port on the coast, and is still so
for exporting cattle to tlie West India is-
lands. Porto Cabello stands on a small
neck of land, which has been cut through,
and thus formed into an island ; and over
the cut is a bridge that communicates with
extensive suburbs. It is 76 m whys Ca-
racas. Lon. C8 12 w, lat. 10 32 K.
Porto Farino, a seaport of the king-
dom of Tunis, to the w^ of the ruins of
Carthage, and 30 m K Tunis. Lon. 10 IG
E, lat. 37 12 N.
Porto Ferrajo, a seaport on the n side
of the isle of Elba. The town stands on a ^
semicircular peninsular momUain, the con-
vex side of which, lacing the s, forms an
excellent harbour, defended by two forts ;
the road is also secure. The streets are
a kind of terraces cut in the rock, and it i&
strongly fortified. Here Bonaparte re-
sided^during his exile in Elba. It is 8 lu
FOR
sw Piombino, on the coast of Italy. Lon.
10 22 E, lat. 42 13 N.
For to Fino, a small seaport of the
duchv of Genoa, with a fort, situate be-
tween two mountains, 15 m se Genoa.
Forto Galete, a town of Spain, in Bis-
cay, seated on a small bay, 12 ni n\v
Bilhoa.
Porto Greco, a town of Naples, in Ca-
pitanata, near the gnlf of Venice, 9 ni s
Viesti.
Forto Gruaro, a town of Italy, in Fii-
uli, seated on the Lema, 15 m w Marano.
Forto Ilercole, a small seaport of Italy,
in Stato delli Presidii, situate on a penin-
sula, 4 m s Orbitello. '
Forto Longone, a seaport at the e end
of the isle of "Elba, with a good iiarbour,
and a fortress upon a rock, almost inacces-
sible. It is 35 m WW Orbitello, on the
coast of Italy. Lon. 10 20 e, lat. 42
50 N.
Fo7'fo j\[arin, a town of Spain, in Ga-
licia, near the river Minho, 17 m s Lugo,
and 48 E Compostello.
Forto Novo, mown of IIindoostan,in the
Carnatic. A little to the sis thecelebrated
Chillambaram pagoda. The town stands
at the mouth of a river, 32 m sbyw Pon-
ticherry.
Forto Novo, a town of Portu<;;al, in
Estremadura, on the coast of the Atlantic,
Q9 m \xw Lisbon.
Forto de Fluta, a seaport, and the
principal shore-settlement on the n side of
.St. Domingo. The vicinity abounds in
mines of gold, silver, and copper. The
harbour is but indifferent. Lon. 70 45 w,
lat. 19 45 N.
Forto Fraya, a town and bay of St. Jago,
one of the Cape Verd islands. The town
stands on an elevated plain, and is the
residence of the Portuguese governor of
the islands. Lon. 23 29 w, lat. 14
54 N.
Forto del Frincipe, a seaport on the n
coast of Cuba, with a good harbour. Near
it are several springs of bitumen. Lon. 78
15 w, lat. 21 52 N.
Forto Real, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, on the harbour of Cadiz, near the
mouth of the Gaudalete, or St. Peter
river. Here are dockyards and naval
storehouses ; and at the entrance of the
harbour is a strong fort called Matagorda.
It is 7 m E Cadiz.
Porto Rico, an island of the W Indies,
<30 m E St. Domingo, belonging to the
Spaniards. It is 110 m long and 40 broad,
diversified with woods, valleys, and plains,
and watered by springs and rivers, but un-
healthy in the rainy season. It produces
sugar, rum, ginger, cotton, maize, and rice ;
and there are so many cattle; that they are
FOR
often killed for the sake of the skins alone.
Here are a great number of uncommon
trees, and a little gold in the n part of
the island. St. Juan de Porto llico is the
capital.
Forto Santo, an island in the Atlantic,,
the least of the Madeiras, 15 m in circuit.
In 1418, a Portuguese ship, coasting along
the African coast, was driven out to sea
by a sudden squall, and when they all ex-
pficted to perish, they discovered this
islasid, which, on account of their escape,
they named Porto Santo ; and hence they
descried the island of Madeira. It pro-
duces little corn; but there are oxen and
wild hogs, and a vast number of rabbits.
The most valuable productions are dra-
gonsblood, honey, and wax. It has no
harbour, but good anchorage in the road.
Lon. 16 25 w, lat. 32 58 N.
Porto Seguro, a government of Erasil, s
of that of Ilheos, and n of Spiritu Santo. It
is very fertile. The capital is of the same
name, seated on an eminence, near the
mouth of a river, which forms an excellent
harbour. Lon. 40 20 w, lat. IG 30 s.
Forto Vccchio, a seaport of Corsica,
with a fortress; situate on a rock, at the
head of a winding bay on the e coast, 40
m SE Ajaccio. Lon. 9 10 e, lat. 41 40 n.
Forto Venero, a seaport of Genoa, at
the entrance of the gulf of Spezzia. It
has a good harbour, and is seated on the
side of a hill, at the top of which is a fort,
45 m SE Genoa. Lon. 9 38 e, lat. 44
5 N.
Portree, a town of Scotland, on the e
side of Skye, one of the llebrides. The
inhabitants trade chiefly in beeves, sheep,
and kelp. It has an excellent harbour,
sheltered at its mouth by the isle of Raaza.
Lon. 6 16 w, lat. 57 33 n.
Fortsea, an island between Chichester
bay and the harbour of Portsmouth, in
Hampshire. It is a low tract about 14 m
in circuit, separated from the msinland on
the N by a creek, over which are two
bridges, one for the entrance and the
other for the departure of passengers.
At the sw extremity is the town of Ports-
mouth.
Portsmouth, a borough and seaport in
Hampshire, with a market on Thursday
and Saturday. It is the most considera-
ble haven for men of war, and the strong-
est fortified place in England. Its capa-
cious harbour is made by a bay running
up between the island of Portsea, on
which the town is situate, and the oppo-
site peninsula, having a narrow entrance
commanded by the town and forts. Many
of the largest ships are always laid up
here ; and, in time of war, it is the prin-
cipal rendezvous of the grand channel fleet.
POR
The docks, arsenals, storclioiises, bai-racks,
Sec. are all of capital masiiitiule, and kcfit
in the most perfect order. The inachi-
iiery, worked by steam, for the makine; of
blocks, and other articles, is periraps the
roost perfect and curious thing, of the kind
in the world. Tlie town is governed by a
mayor, and entirely supported by the re-
sort of the anny and navy. 'J"o the s of
It is the noted road of Spithead, where tlie
men of war anchor when prepared for ac-
tual service. rcntsuKinth has one spaci-
ous clnn-ch, and two neat cluipels; llie
latter are in a part of the town called
Portsea, built on what was formerly call-
ed Portsmouth Common, and is now above
four times larger than the parent town.
The population was 40,507 in 18)3, ex-
clusive of the males bclongUJ? to the
army and navy. Portsmouth is the birth-
place of the celebrated philanthropist
Jonas Hauway. It is '20 m ssE Win-
chester, and 72 svv Loudon. Lon. 1 6 w,
lat. 50 47 N.
Portsmouth, the capital of New Hamp-
shire, in Rockingham county, with three
churches. It is the lari^est town and the
only seaport in the state. The population
was 6934 in 1810. The harbour is one
of the finest on the continent, well de-
fended by nature, both against storms and
an enemy. It is seated on the Piscataqua,
2 m from the ocean, and 50 k by e Boston.
Lon. 70 42 vv, lat. 43 5 N.
Portsmouth, a town of Vircinia, in Nor-
folk county, on the w side of Elisabeth
river, opposite Norfolk; both which towns
constitute but one pc^rt of entry. See
Norfolk.
Portsmouth, a town of the state of Ohio,
on the E side of the Sciota, at its con-
flux with the Ohio. It is the depot for
the merchandise of the settlements on the
upper part of the Sciota-, and 80 m s
Columbus. Lon. 83 8 w, lat. 38 22 n.
Portsoy, a town of Scotland, in Banff-
shire, with manufactures of fine linen and
sewing tiiread. Near it are found a vein
of serpenthie, called Portsoy marble; a
species of asbestos, of a greenish colour,
which has been wrought into incombustible
cloth ; and a brilliiint kind of granite of a
flesh colour, no where else met with in^
Europe. Portsoy stands on a point of
land, projecting into the Moray frith, which
affords a safe harbour for vessels of con-
siderable size. It is 9 m w^ Banff.
Portugal, a kingdom, and the most
western country in Europe, 350 m long
and 120 broad ; bounded on the N and E
by Spain, and s and w by the Atlantic.
It is divided into six provinces, Estrema-
rlura, Bf^ira. 1-lntre Douro e Minho, Tra
ios M(;iaeb. Alcntf^o, unci Algarva. Though
POR
Spain and Portugal are in the same cli-
mate, the air of the latter is more temper-
ate than that of the former, on account of
the neighbotuliood of the ocean. Corn is
not plentiful, for little attention is paid
to liusiiaudry ; and mai/.e, imported from
Africa, is used by the peasants instead of
wlirat. There are immerous barren moun-
tains ; and many fme vales that remain in
a state of nature ; yet there is plenty of
olives, vines, oranges, lemons, nuts, almonds,
fijzs, and rai.-iiiis ; and it is famous for
excellent wines. INluch salt is made also
from the sea-water, especially in the bay
of St. IJbes, whence a great deal is exported.
The manufactures are few and unimpor-
tant, but the chief are those of woollen
cloth. The foreign trade consists in the
exportation of the produce of the country,
and in the merchandise received from its
foreign settlements; such as sugar, tobacco,
rum, cotton, indigo, hides, brasil and other
woods for dying, and many excellent drugs.
Beside these, it has gold, silver, diamonds,
and other precious stones from America.
The horses of Portugal were Ibrmerly in
great esteem, but now nuiles are preferred;
the horned cattle are small and lean ; sheep
are also neglected, and not numerous; but
swine abound, and are fed with excellent
acorns. Toward the frontiers of Spain
there are mountains in which was formerly
got gold and silver ; and the river Tajo, the
Tagus of the ancients, was celebrated bj'
their poets i\n' its golden sands. There
are mines of iron, copper, tin, and lead,
qunrries of marble, and some precious
stones. The principal rivers aie the Tajo,
Douro, Guadiana, Minho, and Mondego.
'Jha Portuguese are indolent, and spend all
their v.ealth in the purchase of foreign
luxuries. The women are addicted to
gallantry, that men are jealous of their
wives, and allow them but little liberty.
The government is monarchical, but the
royal authority is limited; for the sovereign
cannot raise any more taxes than were
settled in 1(574. The established religion
is the Ivoman Catholic, and there are a
patriarch, two archbishops, and ten bishops.
The authority of the pope is so great, that
the king cannot confer any benefice with-
out his consent. In 1580, there was a
iailure in the royal line, and Philip ii king
of Spain subdued the country; but,
in 1(540, there was a great revolution,
and the crown was ct)iiferred on John
duke of Braganza (king John iv) whose
descendants still enjoy it. In 1807, oa
the Erench invading Portugal, the whole
of the Royal family embarked on a fleet
in the Tajo, and sailed for Brasil, escorted
bv four British men of war. A regency
was pievious'.y apjtoiiited, but no attempt.
POT
was made to resist the Frencli, who soon
after entered the capital. Tiie French
governor immediulely abolished the re-
gency, and bes;un to treat the country as a
conquest of France: but in 1808, the
Entilish sent an army to aid the I'ortn-
gncse, and the French were defeated at
X'iniiera. This battle was followed by a
convention, and all the French forces were
sent by sea to their own country. Neither
tliis restoration of tranquillity to Portugal,
nor the general peace in 1814, has induced
the return of royalty, for John vi, king of
Portugal and Brasil, keeps liis court at
St. Sebastian in Brasil, and suffers Portu-
gal to be governed by a regency. Lisbon
is the capital.
Forlumna, a town of Ireland, in Galway
county, with a noble castle, and the re-
main of a monastery, the ancient cho:r
now serving for the parish church, it
stands at the head of Lough Derg, on the
river Shannon, over which is a wooilen
bridge into Tipperary, 12 m ssvv Clonfert.
Po.sY/(/os, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
on the Guadalquiver, 19 ni svv Cordova.
Posata, a town of Sardinia, on the e
coast, 45 ra ksf, Castel Aragonese. Lon.
9 30 E, lat. 40 36 N.
Posega, a town of Sclavonia, celebrated
for excellent tobacco ; seated near the Or-
lava, 50 m '.vsw Eshek.
Posen, or' Posnan, a fortified city of
Great Poland, capital of a duchy, and a
bishop's see, with a university, and a castle
on an island in the river VVarta. The
cathedral is magnificent. The suburbs are
extensive, and contain many (me buildings.
The river frequently inundates the town,
but it is very beneficial to its trade with
Germany, In 1710, Posen was garrisoned
by Saxons; but taken by storm and plun-
dered by the Poles. By the partition of
Poland, in 1773, it became subject to the
king of Prussia, and the seat of govern-
ment of South Prussia. Li 180G, tliis city
was entered by the French, and soon after-
ward given to the king of Saxony. Li 1815,
at the congress of Vienna, the city and its
territory was erected into a grand duchy,
and assigned to the king of Prussia. It is
seated in a pleasant plain, 27 m whys
Gnesna. Lon. 17 0 e, lat. 52 24 n.
Posneck, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
principality of Altenburg, with manufac-
tures of cloth and leather ; seated on the
Gams, near its confiux with the Orla, 8 m
NE Saalfeld.
PossinliO, a town of Portugal, in Estre-
madura, 10 m ke Santarem.
Potenza, a town of Naples, in Basili-
cata, near the source of the Basiento, 11 m
sbv w Ao'ircn.'.a.
POT
Poti, a towai of Mingrelia, though on the
left bank of the Ilioni, which separates
thatcoinitry from Guriel. It stands on the
Black sea, at the mouth of the Rioni, 50 m
N Gonieh, and 80sby w Ruki.
Polomac, a river of the United Stales,
wliich rises in the NW part of Virginia, and
separates that state from Maryland, almost
its whole course, till it enters the w side of
Chesapeak bay. About 12 m above Wash-
ington are the Matilda falls, where the
river descends from a woody height, over
numberless ridges of rocks, to a depth of
72 feet; and rapids extend several miles
further up the river. A canal is cut to
avoid the falls. The river is navigable near
300 m.
Polusi, a city of Charcas, the capital
of a district. Here are the best silver mines
in S America, in a conical mountain 3 ra
in circuit. Silver was as common in this
place as iron is in Europe ; but the mines
are now much exhausted, or at least little
is got m comparison of what was formerly,
Potosi has a royal mint, six convents, two
nunneries, a college, and six chapels for
the Indians. The population, formerly
very considerable, is now only 30,000. The
country around is so naked and barren,
that the inhabitants get their provisions
from the neighbouring provinces. The city-
is seated at the s skirt of the mountain, on
a river of the samp name, 65 m sw Plata.
Lon. 67 25 w, lat. i9 47 s.
Potosi, a province ; see Panuco.
Potsdam, a city of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark, seated on an island 10 m in
circuit, formed by the river Havel. It is
the most elegant and singular city in Eu-
rope. ]\Iany new houses were raised by
Fredrick ii,and the various public build-
ings display great magnificence and taste.
The royal palace is an admirable structure,
and the houses near it are almost all built
in the Italian style. The great parade,
v.ith Roman colonnades before the town,
is the place of exercise for the king's guards
and the garrison. In the market-place is
a marble obelisk, 75 feet in height, and
marble statues of the first four kings of
Prussia. The garrison church is large,
and has a marble pulpit, under which is
the tomb of Fredrick-William ii. In
1795, the beautiful church of St. Nicholas,
in the Palace-square, was destroyed by
fire. Here are two large orphan- houses
for the children of the soldiers, an esten-.
sive poor-house and hospital, and a capi-
tal foundcry for fire-arms. On a hill near
the city is the royal palace of Saus Souci,
which "is but si'nall, and only one story
high, yet its singularity and grandeur are
asnonibhifiii, VoVA'hi'U ha= ;-,-;me:-o-J-; rna-
PRA
nufacturesof silk, velvet, cotton, linen, S^c.
It is 17 m j\v Berlin. Lon. 11) 7 e, lat.
52 25 N.
PoUon, .1 town in Bedford*<hire, '.villi a
market on Saturday, 12 ui r. Bedford, and
48 N by \v London.
Po{tsg>o7^e, n town of Pennsylvania,
seated on the SciMiylkill, 17 ni se Heading,
and 35 Nw Phikidi^lpiiia.
Poug/ikeepsie, a town of New York,
capital of Duchess county. It has two
churches, .ind stands on the e side ol' the
Hudson, 74 m n New York.
Pougites, a village of Trance, in the de-
partment of Kicvre, noted for its ferrugi-
nous mineral spring, 5 m Nw Nevers.
PouUon, a town in Lancashire, with a
market on Monday, seated near tlie, mouth
of the Wyre, 18 m sw Lancaster, and 233
KNW London.
Powjuilhcu'oiigh, a town of the district of
IVIaine, capital of Lincoln county ; but the
judicial courts are lyBid here and at Har-
rington alternately. It is situate on the e
side of the Kennebec, (30 m ene Portland.
Lon. 69 10 w, lat. 44 56 n.
Pouri^ax/n, Sf. a town of France, in the
department of Allier, seated on the Sioule,
16 m s by w Moulins.
Poijcing-hou, a lake of China, in the N
part of Kiang-si, formed by the confluence
of several jivers, from every point of the
compass. It is 250 m in circuit, and sur-
3'ounded by a most desolate region.
Pozzuotu; see PiizzoU.
Probut, a town of the kingdom of
Siam, 100 ra n Siam. Lon. 101 10 e,
lat. 15 40 N.
Prucels ; see Paraceh.
Prachutilz, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Prachin, 23 m s by w Pisek.
Prachin, a mountain of Bohemia, on
■which formerly stood a castle of the same
name. It gives name to a circle on the
"w side of the Rluldau, of which Pisek is
the capital.
Prudes, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eastern Pyrenees, seated on the
river Tet, in a fine plain, 22 m wsw Per-
pignan.
Prades, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
near which is a magnificent abbey, where
the ancient kings of Aragon were interred.
It is 39 in K\v Barcelona.
Praga, or Prague, "a town of Poland,
in the palatinate of Masovia, seated on the
Vistula, opposite Warsaw, and considered
as a suburb to that city.
Pragilas, a town, of Piedmont, 7 m
w Turin.
Prague, a fortified city, capital of Bohe-
mia, and lately an archiepiscopal see. It
comprehends four f'wnsi tlie Old, New,
and Little Town, and Radshin. It is 15 m
in circuit, built upon seven hills; has about
100 churches and as many palaces ; and
contains <)0,()0() inhabitants, 'i'lie ]\luldaii
runs through the city, separating the Old
Town from the New, and over it is a bridge
of 24 arches, with a strong tower at eacii
end. The Old town is very populous; the
houses arc higli, and the streets narrow.
In this part is the old palace, where the
ancient kings resided ; the church of tlie
Holy Cross, famous for its columns, cu-
polas, and paintings; the Clementine col-
lege, formerly belonging to the Jesuits; and a
magnificent university, in which are a great
number of students. Here, a.'so, the Jews
have nine synagogues. The NewTovvn con-
tains fine structures, handsome gardens, and
large streets: also an arsenal, and a secu-
lar foundation, whose abbess was a prin-
cess of the empire. The Little Town,
whicii is the most ancient part of Prague,
has broad streets ; and is very populous,
lladshin, the fourth town, includes the
royal palace, in which is a hall 100 paces
long and 40 broad, without any pillar to
support the roof; the cathedral of St.
Veir, which is the burial-place c^f the kings,
and contains many relics ; the chapel of
Our Lady of Loretto ; the magnificent ar-
chiepiscopal palace; and the large palace
of Tschernm. Prague has suffered frecjuent
devastations by war ; but they were scon
repaired. The White Mountain, without
the gate of Strahow, is celebrated for the
victory, in 1620, gained by the Austrians
over Fredrick v of the Palatinate, whom
the Bohemians had chosen for their king.
In 1631, Prague was taken by the Saxons;
and by the Swedes in 1648. It was taken
by storm by the French in 1741 ; but they
were obliged to leave it in 1742. In 1744,
it was taken by the king of Prussia ; bat;
he was obliged to abandon it in the same
year. It was besieged by the king of
Prussia, in 1757, after a great victory, ob-
tained near this city, over the Austrians ;
but being defeated some time after, he was
obliged to raise the seige. It is 75 ra se
Dresden, and 235 NW Vienna. Lon. 14
42 E, lat. 50 6 n.
Prairie, a town of Lower Canada, on
the right bank of the St. Lawrence. It is
the medium of communication between
Montreal and St. John, 9 m s of the former,
and 16 wbyN of the latter.
Prato, a town of Tuscany, in Floren-
tino, with several manufactures ; seated
near the Bisentino, 10 m w>sw Flo-
rence.
Prats de ^lolo, a fortified town of
France, in the department of Eastern Py-
reneeSj near which arc mines of copper
PRE
mixed with silver. It stands on the Tet,
29 m sw Perpignan.
Prausnitz, a town and castle of Silesia,
in the lordship of Trachenberg. It has
a line church, containing the tombs of
the counts of Hatzfeld, and is 7 m s
Trachenberg.
Prar/a ; see Porto Pray a.
Precop, or Perekop, a town and fortress
of Russia, in the province of Taurida,
seated on the isthmus that joins Crimea to
the continent. A deep trench, 5 m long,
is cut across the isthmus, over which is a
bridge, and upon that a vaulted gate,
called the Golden Gate of the Tartars.
The town is now reduced to a few wooden
houses ; and its only riches consist of the
saltworks in the vicinity. It is 65 m se
Cherson. Lon. 35 34 e, Int. 46 8 n.
Precopia, a town of European Tur-
kev, in Servia, on the river Morave, 20
m w Nissa.
Pregel, a, river of E Prussia, which
issues from the lake Angerburg, flows by
Insterbuii:, Welau, and Koiiigsberg, and
enters the eastern extremity of the Frisch
Ilaff.
Premidau, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Lemburg, and a Greek and
Latin bishop's see, with a strong castle.
It is seated on the Sana, 60 m whys Lem-
burg. Lcn. 21 0 E, lat. 49 0 x.
Prenzlo, a town of Brandenburg, capital
of the Ucker mark. It contains six
churches, and has a considerable trade in
corn, tobacco, and cattle. It is seated on
the lake and river Lcker, 60 m nne Berlin.
Lon. 13 57 e, lat. 53 19 N.
Prerazi, a town of Moravia, capital of
a circle. It is seated on the Beczwa,
13 m se Olmutz. Lon. 17 29 e, lat. 49
S3 N.
Presburg. a fortified city, capital of
Upper Hungary, with the remains of a
castle on a hill. It has a cathedral and
several other churches, also a royal catho-
lic academy. The Lutherans have a
church here, and an academy ; and there
are many Jews, who are not suffered to re-
side nearer to the mines. The city con-
tains but few good houses, and many of
the streets are steep and narrow. The po-
pulation was 22,159 in 1815 ; and the
manufactures are chiefly oil, snuff, and
woollen goods. In the suburbs, which are
extensive, are a few large residences, with
♦ardens, belonging to Hur.garian nobles.
In 1805 a treaty of peace was concluded
here between Austria and France. Pres-
burg is seated on the Danube, over which
is a flying bridge, 36 m Ebys Vienna, and
136 WNW Butla, Lon. lY 7 e, lat. 48
9x.
PRE
Prescof, a town in Lancashire,\viih k
market on Tuesday. Here are manufac-
tures of watch movements, pinion wire,
small files, and coarse earthen ware ; and
around it are many coal mines. It is 8 ra
E Liverpool, and 197 xnw London.
Presenxano, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Lavoro. It appears, by an inscription,
to be the ancient Rufae, and its territory
has the name of Costa Rufraria. It is 28
ra N Naples.
Presidii, Sfado delli, a small territory of
Italy, on tiie coast of Sienese. It includes
five fortresses, reserved by Spain, when it
ceded the territory of Siena to the duke of
Tuscar.y, in 1557. In 1735, they were
ceded to the king of the Two Sicilies, who
resigned them in 1815, to the duke of Tus-
cany. Their names are, Orbiteilo, Tele-
mone, Porto Hercole, Pnrto San-Stephano,
and Monte Philippo. The first of them is
the capital.
Predeign, a corporate town of Wales,
in Radnorshire, witli a market on Saturday.
It may be deemed the modern capital of
the county, for here the assizes are held,
and in ii is the county-jail. The site of its
castle is now laid out in public walks.
The population was 1114 in 1811. It is
seated near the source of the Lug, in a
rich valley, 20 ir. nnw Hereford, and 151
WNW London. Lon. 2 38 w, lat. 52
13 N.
Prestinui, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
11 m N Coimbra.
Presto, a sea port of Denmark, in Zea-
land, with a good harbour in a bay of tlie
Baltic, 42 m ssw Copenhagen. Lon. 12
6 E, lat. 55 9 N.
Preston, a borough in Lanca^^hire, go>-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. Here
is a court of chancery, and other otlices of
justice for the county-palatine of Lancas^
ter. The chief manufactures are the va-
rious branches of cotton and muslin. The
population was 17,065 in 1811. Preston
is noted for the defeat of the rebels in
1715, when most of them were made pri-
soners ; also for a kind of carnival, < r ju-
bilee, held every 20th year, the last of
which was in 1802. It is seated near the
river llibble and the Lancaster caiud, 21
m s Lancaster, and 217 xxw L( ndon.
Lon. 2 53 \v, lat. 53 46 N.
Prestunpuns, a town of Scotland, in
Hadingtonshire, with a safe harbour, called
Morison's Haven, on the fnth of Forth.
It has manufactures of salt, stone and
earthen ware, and bricks and tiUs. At
this place the royal army was deteated bj
the rebels in i74i>. It is 8 m e by K
Edinburg.
2 P
PRI
Frctach, a town of the ducliy of Saxonvj
^vith a fine castle, seated on tiie Elbe, 10 ni
s Wittenberg.
Frctli>i,i\ town t)f the ilucliy ofSnxonv,
seated on the Elbe, V6 m s b)E ^^'ittcn-
berw.
Prcvesa, a foitilied town of European
Turkey, in Albania, and a bishop's see,
Vrith a" castle anil a palace. It is the chief
])ort in Lower Albania for the export of
oil, wool, cattle, and liinLer. The X'ene-
tians weie long possessed of tliis place, and
by the treaty of Campo Formio ceded it
10 the French, from wliom it was retaken
by the Albanians in 1708. It stands near
the ruins of the ancient Nicopolis, busit by
emperor Augustus, in memory of his vic-
tory over Antony, and at the entrance ot
the ^ulfof Arta, 70 m Nw Lepaato. Lon.
21 5 E, lat, 139 14 N.
Preuiih/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire. Near it are
mines of iron ; and it stands on the Claise,
15 m s Lochcs.
Freusc/imai-k, a town of Prussia, in
Oberlaiid, defended by a castle, 22 m
s Elbin;;. and 75 sw Konigsberg.
Friamuii, a town on the w coast of Su-
matra, where the Dutch have a factory.
The environs produce but little pepper ;
but the air is healthy, and it stands on a
small river in wliich gold is found. Lon.
S8 0 E, lat. 10 s.
Prib:>da, a town of Sweden, in Smolar.d,
16 m ssw Carlscrona.
Priebus, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Sagan, situate on the Neissa,
SJO m sw Sagan.
Frimkenuu, a.town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Glogau, with an iron forge and
a manufacture of paper, 18 r.i sw Glogau.
Fiince Edward Islund, in the gulf of St.
Lawrence. See John, Si.
Prince Fredrick, a town of Maryland,
chief of Calvert county. It stands on the
w side of Chesapeak i)ay, 20 m ene Port
Tobacco, and 35 se Washington.
Prince of Wales Cape, the most western
extremity of America hitherto known, dis-
covered by Cook in 1778. It is on the
E side of Beering strait. Lon. 1C8 5 w,
lat. 65 46 N.
Prince of Wales Island, or Penang, an
island 2 m from the w coast of Malacca,
15 m long and 8 broad, divided longiludin-
ally by a ridge of mountains. It belonged
to the kingofQueda, and when the Eng-
lish E India Company formed a settlement
here in 1786, they agreed to pay him 6000
dollars annually; and in 1800, by a new
treaty, he ceded along the opposite coast
18 m in length and 3 in breadth, for which
the aiinuul tribute was raised to 10,000
PRI
dollar?. The channel between the island
and the ceded continent affords good an-
chorage for the largest ships. The forests
produce excellent timber lor ship-building
and for masts; and the soil is equal to any
cultivation, but pepper is the chief article.
In this small island now centers the whole
trade of the strait of Malacca and a^ljacent
islands. The capital is Georgetown. Lon.
100 21 1-., lat. 5 25 N.
Prince William Henry Inland, an island
in the Pacific ocean, discovered by cap-
tain Wallis, in 1767. Lon. 1416 w, lat.
19 0 s. — Another, about 70 m in circuit,
discovered by Ik'Ut. Ball, in 1790. A high
mountain in the centre uas called Mount
Philip. Lon. 149 30 e, lat. 1 32 s.
Prince IJ'iUium Sound, a gulf on the
N\v coast of America, so named by Cook,
in 1778. The men, women, and children,
are all clothed in the same manner. 1 heir
ordinary dress is a sort of close rUbe, vvhicli
sometimes reaches only to the knees, but
geiiera'ly down to the ancles. They are
made of tlie skins of various animals, and
commonly worn with the hairy side out-
ward. The men often paint their faces of
a black colour, and of a bright red, and
sometimes of a bluish or leaden hue; but
not in any re;j,ular figure. The women
puncture or stain the chin with black, and
bring it to a point on each of their cheeks.
Their canoes are of two sorts ; the one
large and open, the other small and cover-
ed : the framing consists of slender pieces
of wood, and the outside is composed of
the skins of seals, or other sea animals,
stretched over the wood. Their weapons,
and implements for hunting and fishing,
are similar to those used by the Esqui-
maux. The skins brought by the natives
for sale were principally of bears, martens,
sea-otters, seals, racoons, small ermines,
foxes, and the whitisii cat or lynx. The
birds found here were the halcyon, great
kingfisher, whiie-heacled eagle, and hura-
ing bird. I'evv vegetables of any kind were
observed ; and the trees that chiefly grew
about the sound were the Canadian spruce
pine. Lon. 147 21 w, lat. 59 33 k.
Princes Isla?id, an island in the gulf of
Guinea, 90 m in circuit, discovered by the
Portuguese in 1471. It is elevated and
fertile, and has beeves, goat?, and hogs in
abundance. It lies 70 m ne of St. Thomas,
and has a town on the N side, with a good
harbour. Lon. 7 40 e, lat. J 40 k.
Princes Island, a small island in the
Indian ocean, at the w entrance of the
strait of Sunda. It is subject to the
king of Bantam, and has a town named
Samadaiig. Lon. 104 30 E, lat. 6 30 s. -
Princes Islunds, four small islands in
PRO
the sea of Marmora, near the strait of
Constantinople, called Prinkioo, Prote,
Kaike, and Antigone. The first is the
lari^est, and has a town containing above
2000 inhabitants. Lon. 23 56 v., lat. 40
51 N.
Princess Ann, a town in Maryhand, in
Somerset county, situate on Che^apeak
bay, on the r. side of Monokin river, 25 m
wsw SaHsbury.
Princeton, a town of New Jersey, in
Middlesex county. Here was a college
called Nassau Ilall, which was burnt
down in 1802. It is 12 ni ke Trenton,
and 18 s\v Brunswick.
Princeton, a town of N Carolina, in
Gates county, situate on tlie Meherrin, o
m above l\iurfreesborough, and 28 ene
IlalilVix,
Principato, a province of Naples, di-
vided into Ultra and Citra. Principato
Citra is bounded on the. N by Principato
Ultra, E by Basilicata, and s and w by the
Mediterranean, it is 60 m long and 30
broad; the soil fertile in wine, corn, oil,
and saftion ; and it has a great deal of silk,
and several mineral springs. Salerno is the
capital. Principato Ultra is bounded on
the N by the county of Molise and Terra
di Lavoro, e by Basilicata and Capitanata,
s by Principato Citra, and w by the Medi-
terranean. It is 37 ni long and 30 broad ;
the soil not fertile in corn or wine, but it
produces chestnuts and excellent pasture.
Benevento is the capital.
Prisrendi, a town of European Turkey,
in Albania, and a bishop's see ; seated on
a branch of the Drin, 48 m ene Scutari.
Lon. 20 15 E, lat. 42 52 n.
Prihtina, a town of European Turkey,
in Servia, seated on the Rusca, 150 m s
hy E Belgrade. Lon. 21 36 e, lat. 42
43 ^^
Pritzrcalk, a, town of Brandenburg, in
the markof Pregnitz, seated on the Dom-
nitz, 15 m ene Perleberg.
Privas, a town of France, capital of the
-department of Ardeche. It is seated on
a hill, near the confluence of three small
rivers, 68 m s Lyon. Lon. 4 36 e, lat,
4i 45 N.
Prociclu, an island in the gulf of Naples,
iiPdV tiiat of ischin, 8 m in circuit, and very
fertile and populous. The capital, of the
same name, is fortified, and stajnds on a
liigh craggy rock by the seaside. Lon. 14
O K,lat.40'46N.
Prodano, an island in the Mediterra-
nean, formerly called Spacteria. It lies
near the w coast of IMorea, 36 m to
the SSE of Zante. Lon. 21 24 e, lat. 37
15 N.
Prome, a city ofPe^u. capital of a prc-
PRO
vince. It was formerly the metropolis oF
the kingdom, but has been greatly reduced
by frequent wars. Much teak timber is
sent hence to Rangoon. It is seated oa
the Irrawady, 120 m Nw Pegu. Lon. 95
0 w, lat. 18" 50 N.
Prospect, a town of the district of
Maine, in Hancock county, on the vr
side of Penobscot river, 12 m nne Bel-
fast.
Prosperous, a village of Ireland, in Kit-
dare county, 16 m s\v Dublin, it has a,
considerable manufacture of cotton.
Prustnitz, a town of Moravia, in the
circle ofOlmutz, 8 m ssw Olmutz.
Provence, an old province of Prance,
138 m long and 100 broad ; bounded oa
the N by Danphiny, e by tlie Alps and thft
river Var, s by the Mediterranean, and vr
by Languedoc. In that which was calleot
Upper Provence, the soil is fertile in corn
and pasture; but in Lovver Provence, dry
and sandy. It produces, however, wine,
oil, figs, almonds, prunes, and pomegra-
nates, along the seacoast from Toulon t»
Nice. There are orang-i and citron trees
in the open fields; and many medicinal
plants, mineral waters, and mines of se-
veral kinds. Provence now forms the de-
partments of Var, Lower Alps, and
Mouths of the Rhone.
Providence, one of the Bahama islands^
and the best of those planted by the Eng*
lish. It was taken by the Spaniards ia
1782, but rcrakeu the next year. The
chief town is Nassau, which is the resi-
dence of the governor of the Bahamas,
and situate on the n coast, with a good,
port defended by a castle. Lon. 77 20 w,
lat. 25 6 n.
Providence, an island in the Atlanttj^
which the bucaniers fortified, but after-
ward abandoned, it is 150 m e of the
coast of Nicaragua. Lon. 80 44 w, lat, IS
25 N.
Providence, a river that rises in tlic
state of Massacluisets, (lows s into that of
Rhode Island, and waters the town of Pro-
vidence, whence it is navigable for ships to
Narraganset bay, which it enters on the
w side of Rhode island.
Providence, the largest town of the-,
state of Rhode Island, "^chief of a county
of its name, aud the semi-capital of the
state. It has several manufactures, and
a large foreign and inland trade. Hera
are six edifices for public worship; a-
handsome court-house, in which is a library
for the use of the town and county ; and a
flourishing seminary, called lihode Island
College. The population was 10,071 in
1810." It is seated on both sides of a river
of the same name, 30 m nw Newport, and
2P 2
PRU
Lou. 71 36
lat. 41
"S6 sw Boston.
51 N.
Provinretoicn, a town of INIassaclmsets,
In Barnstable county, situate oil tlie hook
■of Cape Cod. Its harbour is oiio of the
Jbest m the state, and was tlie first port
-entered by the English, in 1620, when they
'Came to settle in New Eiii;land. The
Jiouses are only one story hij;li, and set
upon piles, that the drivin>; sands may pass
.under them. '1 he inhabitants are wholly
•dependent on Boston, and the towns in
tlie vicinity, for every vegetable production.
J[t is 50 m E?E Boston.
Frovins, a town of France, in the dc
PRZ
Sieisninnd, king of Poland, liy which E
I'russia was erected into an hereditary
dnrhy, and given to him as a Polish fief.
Having adopted the tenets of Luther, he
married a princess of Denmark, and trans-
mitted this rich inheritance to his de-
scendants ; one of whom, Fredrick-Wil-
liam, was the first duko that threw oflfliis
dependence on Poland, in l(Ja7. Jt is
divided into the German department, or
that of Konigsberg; and th« Lithuanian, of
which Gumbinnen is the seat of regency.
The foundation of the Prussian mi>narchy,
was established by the above Fredrick-
William, between 1640 and 1688. His
artment of Seine and Marne, celebrated son and successor, Fredrick, in 1701, as-
ibr its mineral waters and conserTcs of
Toses and violets. The cliief manufactures
are cotton stuffs and leather. It is seated
«n the Vouzie, 33 m sse Meaux, and 41
5E Pari?.
Pnick ; see Bruck.
Jr*rusa ; see Bursa.
Prussia, a country of Europe, bounded
<m the K by the Baltic and Samogitia, E
by Lithuania, s by Poland, and w by
JJrandenburg and Pomerauia. It produces
a great deal of timber, flax, hemp, tobac-
co, and corn; and much amber is found on
the seacoast. The domestic animals are
numerous ; and, heside tlie common game,
there are elks, wild asses, and bisons in
the forests ; the last are of a monstrous
size, and their hides are sold to foreigners
at a great price. The principal rivers are
the Vistula and Pregel ; and there are
numerous lakes, especially in R Prussia.
The inhabitants are industrious, robust,
and good soldiers; there are great luimbers
of mechanics, but their principal busi-
ness is husbandry, and the feeding of
«attle. They are a mixture of different
jiations, comprehended under the denomi-
nations of Prussians, Poles, and Lithua-
nians. Most of the Prussians and the
nobility conform to the German language
and manners. The Lutheran religion is
the most prevalent, but all religious sects
«njoy liberty of conscience. The principal
manufactures are glass, iron, copper, brass,
gunpowder, paper, cloth, linen, and stock-
ings. L) the 13th century Prussia belong-
ed to the knights of the Teutonic Order.
la 1454, that part, since denominated
Polish, or West Prussia, revolted to Casi-
mix Jv, king of Polajid, a'.;d was incorpcu--
ated snto the dominions of the repuljlic.
^t the same time the knights were con-
strained Co hold the remaining part, called
Ducal or J^ast Prussia, as a fief of the
crown of Po>'and. In 1525, Albert, the
grand master, betrayed the interests of his
-f/ateniity, at:id concluded a treaty with
sumcd the title of King of Prussia ; and he
was succeederl by his son Fredrick-Wil-
liam I. In '1742, Fredrick ii acquired the
duchy of Silesia t'rom the house of Austria;
ami in 1772, he compelled the Poles to
cede to him a part of Great Poland, and
the whole of W Prussia, except the cities
of Dantzic and Thorn. In 1793, Fredrick-^
William ii, by another forced cession, ob-
tained the possession of those cities; also
the remainder of Great Poland, and the
provinces of Masovia and Polachia, which
were denominated South Prussia, and Po-
sen made the seat of government. From
the unsuccessful war with the F'rench, in
1807, Fredrick-William iii (or Fredrick y)
by the treaty at Tilsit, gave up the new-
acquisitions from Poland, and hisGeiman
territories w of the river Elbe. But from
the successful termination of the German
campaign at the close of 1813, all his lost
territories were restored by the peace of
Paris in 1814; and by some transfers and
additions made at the congress of Vienna
in 1815, he attained in Germany a greatec
extent of territory, and connected, than
he had ever before possessed. Berlin is
the capital of the king's German dominions,
and Konigsberg is the capital of Prussia.
Prutfi, a river that rises in Poland, in
tiie mountain of Crapach, crosses part oi
the palatinate of Lemburg, flows s through
IMoldavia, and enters the Danube, above.
Reni. This river, and the Danube below
the influx of the Pruth, now form the
boundary between the Turks and Rus-
sians.
Pruym, a town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Treves, with a princely abbey;
seated on the river Prnym, 30 ra Nbyvr
Treves.
Pr.zemislia, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Lemberg, with a castle, on
the river San, 54 m whys Lemberg.
Przezrul, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Chelm, 30 m Ebv n Chelm.
Przibrtim, a town of Bohemia, in the>
PUE
circle of Beraiin, with a silver mine and an
iron founder}', near the river Bluldau, 28
m ssE Prague.
Psara, an island of the Archipelago,
lying off the nw point of that of Scio.
Though a small island, it is rich in corn
and other provisions, and has a good hai'-
bonr on the e coast, frequented by ships
passing to and from Constantinople. The
principal town is about a n:iile from the
port, where the Turkish governor resides.
In tlie centre of the isle is a lofty peak,
and on its summit the Greeks have built a
small chapel, which being whitened, is
seen at a great distance. Lon. 25 45 e,
lat. 38 42 N.
Pskflf, or Pleskof, a government of Rus-
sia, once a republic subdued by Ivan
Vassilivitch, and formerly comprised in the
government of Novgorod.
Pskof, or Ptfskcrf, the capital of the
above government, and an archbishop's see,
with a strong castle. It is seated on tlie
river Vvelika, near its entrance into the
lake Pskof, which joins tliat of Peipus, 80
in s Narva, and 150 sbyw Petersburg.
Lon. 27 52 E, lat. 57 38 N,
PucJiacat/, the most southern of the
Spanish provinces in Chili. It produces
gold dust in abundance, and great quan^
tities of large strawberries both wild and
cultivated. The capital is Gualqui, but
the principal place is the city of Con-
ception.
Puckholi, a country of Asia, lying n of
Lahore, between Cabul and Cashmere,
and separated from Cabul on the w by the
Indus. The surface is in general moun-
tainous, but has plains and deep valiies
that produce grain and fruit. The com-
mon road from Cashmere to the Indus lies
through this territory ; but the inhabitants
are of such a fierce and predatory dispo-
sition, that the route is deemed too hazard-
ous. The chief town is of the same
name, 97 m wsw Cashmere, and 168 Nw
Lahore. Lon. 72 8 e, lat. 33 46 n.
Pucouloe, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, capital of the district of Attyah.
It is 40 m Nw Dacca. Lon. 89 55 e, lat.
24 9 X.
Piidoga, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Olonctz, on the e coast of the lake
Onezkoe, 108 m e Olonetz. Lon. 36 30 e,
Jat. 61 36 N.
Puehla, a town of Spain, in Galicia,
seated near the Atlantic, 29 m ssw Com-
postella.
Puebla, or Puehla de los Angelas, a city
of New Spain, capital of Tlascala, and a
bishop's see. Next to ^lexico and Gua-
naxuato it is the most considerable city of
New Spain, and contains 67,800 inhabi-
tants. The streets are broad and straight,
PU>f
and the buildings in genera.! ofstone, loftjr-
and elegant. In the centre of the city is a
large square, adorned on three sides with
unitbrn) porticos, where are sL'ops filled
with rich commodities ; and on tlie othe»r
side is the cathedral, which has a beautifuP
front and two lofty towers. Besida the
rich cathedral, there are many churches^
conveHts, temples, and colleges, well built,
and finely adorned. A small river runs
through the city ; and the adjacent valley
produces vines and all sorts of European
fruits. The articles of tratlic are cloth,
fruit, soap, cotton manufactures, fi^e-
earthen ware, and all kinds of iron an«t
steel work. It is 80 m ese Mexico. Lon-
98 3 w, lat. 19 0 N.
Puebla (TAlcocer, a town of Spain, iit
Estremadura, 48 m e Merida.
Puebla Niiova, a town of New Spain,
in Veragua, near the Pacific ocean, 100 m
v.- St. Jaj^o. Lon. 83 0 w, lat. 8 34 x.
Puebla de Sanabiia, a town of Spain,.,
in the provmce of Leon, 45 m sw Astorga.
Paente, a town of Spain in Navarre, oa
the river Agra, 8 m ssw Pamplona.
Puerto Bella, Puerto Rico, &c. For alE
names, which, in tlie Spanish language,
signify a port, see Porta.
Puglia, the ancient Apulia, containing;
the tiiree provinces of Capitanata, Bari,
and Otranto, on the side of the kingdom of
Naples.
Pulhely, a town of Wales, in Carnar-
vonshire, governed by a mayor, with a
market oa Wednesday ap.d Saturday ;
seated on an inlet of Cardigan bay, be-
tween two rivers, 22 m s Carnarvon, and
243 Nw London.
Pulo Condor e, see Condorc; and sowitft
otlier islands that have sometimes Pulo.
[Island] preiixed.
PuUicut, a town of Hindoostan, on the
coast of the Carnatic, and at the s end
of a large lake to which it gives name, 25
m N Madras.
PuUousk, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Masovia,with three large churches
and a monastery. In 1S07, a battle was;
fou'>ht here between the French and Rus-
sians, in which both sides claimed the
victory. It is seated on the Narew, 30 vx
a Warsaw.
Pultowa, a fortified town of the Ukraine,
famous for a battle in 1709, between Petei;
the great and Charles xii of Sweden, i'ii
whidi the latter was totally defeated. It
is 100 m sw Belgorod. Lon. 34 2a e,
lat. 49 26 N.
Pulaall, 9. town of Hindoostan ,\aA?ra^
situate on the frontier of Delhi., 37 m s by E
Delhi.
Puna, an island in the Bacific ocean, Q5
TO \oB6 and 12 broad, \y'ing at the entrauca
PUR
of the port of Gnayuquii. It has a hattery,
and an Indian town of the same name, 90
m ssw Guayaquil. Lon. 81 (3 w, hit. 3
17 s. "
Punderpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bejapoor, regularly huilt and very popu-
lous. The peshwa and the principal mem-
bers of the Mahratta empire have hand-
some dwellings here. It is situate on the
Beemai), 8t> m se Poonah.
Pungaiioor, a fortified town of Hindoo-
stan iuBala^aut, IIG m wbyN Madras.
Lon. 7 8 42 F, ha' 13 10 n.
Funhete, a own of Portugal, in Estre-
madura, at the conflux of the Zezere with
tlie Tajo, G m nw Abrantes.
Punjab, a country in the kw part of
Hindoostan Proper, which includes the
■whole province of Lahore, and a great
yvat of that of Mooltan. It is so named
from being watered by five rivers (the Jhy-
lum, Cbinaub, Raveh, Bey ah, and Setleg*)
-which rise near each other, in the moun-
tains at the NF. extremity of Lahore, and
terminate in the Indus. The lower part of
tlie Punjab, toward Mooltan, is flat and
inarshy ; and it is inundated by the rains
that fall between May and October.
Piaijgour, a town of Ballogistan, in
Mekran, situate in a valley, watered by the
Boodoor, and celebrated for the quality
and quantity of the dates it produces. It
is 77 m NXE Kidge.
Punjuud; see Chinaub.
Puna, a town of Charcas, in the diocese
«f Paz. It is the capital of a district,
Tich in mines of silver, and stands on the
2JW side of the lake Titicaca, 170 m nw
Paz.
Punta del Guda, the capital St. Mi-
-Chael, one of the Azores, with a strong
castle. It is situate on the s side, and
contains 12,000 inhabitants. The streets
are regular, and of convenient width ; and
the churches, religious houses, and public
edifices, may be deemed elegant. There
is no harbour in the vicinity of the town ;
and vessels usually anchor at a distance
from the shore in an open road. Lon. 25
42 w, kt. 37 47 N.
Punto Gali'o ; see Gallo.
Purheck, Isle of, a rough and heathy
tract in Dorsetshire, to the s of Poole bay.
insulated by the sea and rivers. It is
famous for its stone quarries, the principal
of which lie at the eastern extremity, near
Swanage, whence the stone is exported.
It is of the calcareous kind, hut distin-
guished into numerous sorts, the finest of
"which deserve the name of marble, and
are used for chimneypieces, hearths,
Sec. The C()arser kinds are made use of in
paving. Tine clay is dug up in several
i)arte of this island, the best near Corfe
PITY
castle, of which much is exported, parti-
cularly for the Staflbrdshire potteries.
Parchena, a town of Spain, in the pro-
vince of Granada, 70 m k Granada. Lon,
2 25 \\, lat. 37 19 n.
Piirjleet, a village in Essex, situate on
the Thames, 4 m w Grays-Thurrnck. It
has extensive lime-works, and a large
magazine of gunpowder.
Purification, a town of New Spain,
in Guadalaxara, 145 m sw Guadalaxara.
Lon. 104 30 w, lat. 19 25 n.
Purnierenk, a strong town of the Ne-
therlands, in N Holland, on a brook of
the same name, 10 m ^byE Amsterdam,
and 12 SE Alcmacr.
Piirneuh, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, capital of a flat and fertile dis-
trict, bounded on the N by the Morung
hills. It is situate on a river that flows
into the Ganges, 125 m nnw Moorsheda-
bad. Lon. 87 23 e, lat. 25 47 n.
Purt/sbiirg, a town of S Carolina, in
Beaufort district, built by a colony of
Swiss, with a view to the culture of silk.
It is seated on the river Savanna, 20 m
XNW Savanna. Lon. 81 5 w, lat. 82 12 N.
Puschiavo, a tov/n of Switzerland, in
Valteline, 3 m N from a lake to which it
gives name. It is 17 ni wsw Bormio, and
20 E Chiavenna.
Putlitz, a town of Brandenburg, in the
mark of Pregnitz, with an old castle, 11 m
NNE Perleberg.
Putney, a village in Surry, seated on the
Thames, over which is a wooden bridge,
4 m wsw London. It is the birthplace of
Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex, whose
father was a blacksmith; and of Nicholas
West, bishop of Ely, his contemporary, a
great statesman, whose father was a baker.
In the village, the park, and on the borders
of the heath, are several elegant man-
sions.
Piittan Somnaut, a town of Hindoostan,
in Gujrat, capital of the district of Puttan.
It has a stone fort, and stands neiir the
sea, 95 m s Noanagur. Lon. 70 23 e,
lat, 20 57 N.
Puy, a city of France, capital of tlie de-
partment of Upper Loire. The principal
church is famous for a prodigious quantity
of relics ; and Our Lady of Puy is cele-
brated in the annals of superstition. The
city has manufactures of lace and silk
stuffs. It is seated on the mountain Anis,
near the river Eoire, 45 m ne Mende, and
65 SE Clermont. Lon. 3 58 e, lat. 45 58 n.
Pity en Avjou, a town of France, in the
department of Mayenne and Loire, 10 m
ssw Saumur.
Puy de Dome, a department of France,
containing part of the old province of
Auvergnc. It has its name from a raoun^
PYR
tuJn, situate to the w Clermont, the Cc^pital
of the department.
Fu7f I'Eveqzie, a town of France, "in
tl:e department of Lot, 16 m wby.v
Caliors.
Fill/ Moisson, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Alps, 15 ms Digne.
Put/ la Rogue, a town of France, in the
department of Lot, 18 m s5e Cahors.
Fiiijcerda, a town ot Spain, in Catalonia,
capital of the county of Cerdagna; sur-
roimded by walls and bastions, and de-
fended by a castle. It was taken by the
French in 1794. It stands at the foot of
the Pyrenees, near the source of the Segra,
48 m whys Perpignan, and 78 xbyw
Barcelona' Lon. 1 50 e, kit. 42 3G N.
Fuylaurcns, a town of France, in the
dspartnient of Tarn, 28 m sby w Alby.
Fuzzoli, or Fozzuolo, the ancient Pu-
teoli, a celebrated but now inconsiderable
city of Italy, on the bay of Naples. Here
are the remains of the temple of Jupiter
Serapis, an interesting monument of anti-
quity, being different from the Ilom«n and
Greek temples. r\Iany other remains of
temples, amphitheatres, and other public
buildings in this city, aliurd convincing
proofs of its former magnificence. The
cathedral is supposed to stand on the ruins
of a temple, and is undoubtedly built i» a
great degree of ancient materials, as ap-
pears from the vast blocks of marble that
in many places form its walls. Near this
city stood Cicero's villa, called Puteola-
num, but not a vestige is left to mark its
situation. Puzzoli is 10 m v: Naples.
FyleFudbar, a town of Pel sia, in Ghi-
lan, supposed to be the ancient Fauces
Ilyrcaniaj ; seated in a narrow pass, and
on the river Kizil Ozan, 35 m ssw Resht.
Pyrbaum, a town of the palatinate of
Bavaria, capital of a lordship. It stands
ou the frontiers of Franconia, 13 m se
Nureraburg.
Pyi^enees, mountains that divide France
from Spain, and the most celebrated in
Europe, except the Alps. They extend
from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
about 212 m, and have different names,
according to their different situations.
The passages over them are not so diffi-
cult as those of the Alps. These moun-
tains yield great quantities of timber for
ship-buildiug, and abundance of pitch
and tar. Their medium height is reckoned
at 8000 feet, but many parts are consider-
ably higher : see Perdu, Mount. At the
western pass of these mountains, on the
Spanish frontier, a battle was fouglit in
1813, in which the French army under
marshal Soult, .was signally defeated by
the allies under lord ^Vellington
; Pyrenees^ Eastern, .a. department of
QUA
France, containing tiie old province of
lloussillon. Although great part of the
country is mountainous, it is fertile; pro-
ducing corn, excellent wine, olives, and
oranges ; also leather of a superior quality.
Perpignan is the capital.
Fyre-.ees, icac?', a department of France,
containing the late provinces of Basques
and Beam. Paa is the capital. See
Navarre.
Pyrenees, [/}9j;er, adepartmentof France,
containing the old province of Bigorre.
The valleys produce rye, millet, Spanish
corn, and flax ; the mountains yield lead,
iron, copper, slate, marble, and jasper;
and in the s part are many hot mineral
springs. Tarbes is the capital.
Fyrgo, a town of European Turkey, in
Morea, on the river Alpheus, 34 m NW
Tripolizza.
Pyrmont, a town of Westphalia, in tl
county of the same nan^e, with a fine
citadel. Near it are celebrated mineral
waters, frequented by persons of the highest
rank. It is seat«i in a dehghtfui valley,
between high mountains, 38 m sw Han-
over. Lon..9 20 E, lat. 51 57 n.
Pyrstein, a town of Bavaria, in the
principality of Pas=au, insulated in Aus-
tria. It is 10 ra NW Lintz, and 22 s.
Passau.
Q.
Quackenhruck, a town of Westphalia,
in the principality of Osnaburg, seated on
the Ha.se, 30 m n Osnaburg.
Quadra cntd Vancouver Island, an island
on the j\w coast of America, so named by
captain ^'ancouver, who coasted it in 1792,
the former name bemg that of the Spanish
commandant then on the coast. It is
about 300 m long, and 80 in its greatest
breadth, separated from the continent by
the gulf of Georgia on the s, and Queen
Charlotte sound on the n, which pass
round its e side. On the w side, near tlie
middle, is Nootka sound, or, as named by
Cook, King Georgs sound, which see.
Quadreila, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Lavora, 20 m enu Naples.
Quaufi-ping, a city of China, of the
hrst rank, in the province of Pe-tchc-li,
213 m ssE Peking. Lon. 114 SO i:, lat.
36 47 X.
Q.uang'si,Vi province of China, bound-
ed on the X by Ivoei-tcheou and Hou-
quiing, vv by Yunnan, and the kingdom of
Tonquin, s by the gulf of Tonquin, and the ■'
province of Quang-toug, and e by the same
and Ilou-quang. The southern pa,rt is a
(lat country, and well cultivated ; but ll^e .
north^ is full of mt)unta.ins covered V<]th
QUE
Irees, and has miaes of golJ, silver, cop-
per, and tin. It is watered by several
river?, and produces so mucli rice, as to
supply the inhabitants of (iuang-tont; for
six months. Here is a singular tree, which,
instead of pith, contains a soft pulp that
yields a kind of Hour; and the bread made
of it is said to bo excectlinv:,ly good. 13e-
S^dc paroquets, hcdt^c hojis, and the rhino-
ceros, a prodigious nuiaber of wild animals,
curious birds, and uncommon insects, are
fcund here. Qaei-linf; is the capital.
Quang-tchoo; see CaiUoii.
Q.uuiig-tortg,i\ province of China, bound-
ed ou the vv by Quang-si and Tonquin, N
by IIou-(]uann and Kiang-si, N e by Fo-kien,
and s by the China sea. It is diversified
by valleys and mountains, and yields two
crops of corn in a year. It abounds in
gold, jewels, silks, pearls, tin, quicksilver,
brass, iron, steel, saltpetre, sugar, ebony,
and several sorts of odoriferous wood; be-
side fruit of all kinds. Here is a tree,
whose wood is remarkably hard and heavy,
and thence called iron wood. The moun-
tains are covered with a sort of osiers,
■which creep along the ground, and are so
tougli that baskets, hurdles, mats, and
ropes, are made of them. The inhabitants
breed a prodigious number of ducks, whose
eggs they hatch in ovens. Canton is the
capital; but the viceroy resides at Chao-
king.
Quanlong, a town on the x borders of
the kingdoai of Birmah, with a fort, seated
on the Ivrawaddy, IjO m kne Ummera-
poor.
Qtiuritz, a town of Silesia, in the princi-
pality of Glogau, 11 m wsw Glogau.
Qiieaux, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Vienne, 'Jl m SEPoitiers.
Quebec, a city and the capital of Lower
Canada, situate on the left bank of the St.
Lawrence. It is divided into the upper
and lower town ; the former erected on the
summit of a black lime-stone rock, and
the latter round the base of the eminence,
on the border of the river. Tlie highest
part of this rock is called Cape Diamond,
from the number of transparent quartz
crystals found in its fissures, and is 350
feet above the level of the river, of which
250 rises perpendicularly. The communi-
cation between the lower and upper town
is called Mountain-street, which is in a
■winding form and very steep. The houses
in each are of stone, and the fortifications
strong, though not regular. The citadel,
■which stands on the point of Cape Dia-
mond, cover^i the town, and is both regular
and handsome. The cathedral of the
catholics is a plain building, with the
spire on one side of its front. The Jesuits
college, a large edifice, is now converted
QUE
into a barrack for the troops. Tlie pro-
testant metropolitan church, and a house
for the courts of law, ars built on the site
of a monastery destroyed by lire in 179().
The sennnary of the catholics and the
convent of the Ursulines are epaciou'S
buildings, with extensive gardens. On the
N side of the town is an edilice above
500 feet long, containing the oifico of ord-
nance, an armoury, storehonsos aiid work-
shops, and a public g<iol. The river hers
narrows suddenly to the breadth of a mile;
but hence to the sea it is from 12 to 'M m
broad, and navigable for men of war. The
harbour is safe and commodious, and
flariked by two bastions, raised '25 ieet
from the ground, which is the heiglit of the
equinoctial titles. Here are several dock-
yards; and vessels of every description,
from 50 to 1000 tons, are constructed of
matenals found in the country, but the
anchors, sails, and cordage, are generally
imported. The population 15,000. This
city was erected by the French in
1G05. The English reduced it, with
all Canada, in 1026; but it was re-
stored in 1032. In 1711, it was besieged
by the English without success, but was
taken by them in 1759, after a battle
memorable for the death of general Wolfe,
in the moment of victory, and confirmed
to them by the peace of 1763. In 1775,
it VvLis attacked by the Americans under
general Montgomery, who was slain, and
Ids army repulsed. It is 300 m by the river,
from the Atlantic ocean, and 330 N Boston.
Lon.7110w, lat. 4(3 47 n.
Queda, a city and seaport on the w coast
of Malacca, the capital of a kingdom
tributary to Siam. It has a good harbour
at the mouth of a river, for vessels of 300
tons ; but larger vessels anchor at some
distance from the shore. Seven m up the
river is Allistar, where the king resides.
The principal trade is in pepper, tin,
elephant teeth, and wax; but since the
British made an establishment at Prince of
Vv'alcs island, the commerce hasbeenmostly
transferred thither. It is 300 ra knw
Malacca. Lon. 100 27 e, lat. (3 0 x.
Qnedlingburg, a town of upper Saxony,
in the principality of Anhalt, with a castle,
and a protestaat abbey, whoso abbess was
a princess of tlie empire. The river Bode
divides it into the old and new town. It
has a trade in brandy and linen, and is 10
in sbyE Iliilberstadt. Lon. 11 25 e, lat.
51 50 N.
Queen Ann, a town of Maryland, iii
Prince George county, situate at the foot
of a hUl, on the Patuxent, 13 m sw Anna-
polis, and 22 e Washington.
Queen Ckurloite Island, an Island in the
I'itcilic ocean, G m long and a luile broad.
QUE
discovered hy captain VVallis In 1767. Lon.
138 4 \v, lilt. 19 18 s.
Queen Charlotte Islands, a };roiip of
islands in the Pacific ocean, explored by
captain Carteret in 1767. There is only
one of any considerable size, which be
named Ei^mont, and is the same which
the Spaniards call St. Cruz. It is 60 m
loni; and from iiO to 30 broad, woody and
mountainous, witli many vallies intermixed.
The inhabitants are vigorous and active ;
and their weapons are bows and arrows
pointed with flint. On the N side is a har-
bour named Swallow bay. Lon. 164 26 e,
lat. 10 42 s.
Queen Charlotte Sound, a sound at the N
extremity of the s island of New Zealand,
near Cook strait. The country here is not
so steep as at Dusky bay, but the hills
jiear the seaside are covered with forests
equally intricate and impenetrable. Lon.
174 11 K, lat. 41 6 s.
Qu£e7i Counti/f a county of Ireland, in
the province of Leinster, 30 m long and
29 broad ; bounded on the N by King
county, E by Kildare, se by Catherlough,
s by Kilkenny, and w by Tipper.iry and
King, it is divided into 51 parishes, con-
tains about 82,000 inhabitants, and sends
three members to parliament. It was
formerly full of woods and bogs, but is now
considerably reclaimed, and much im-
proved in cultivation. Ivlaryborough is the
capital.
Qucenhorougli, a borough in Kent, in the
isle of Shepey, governed by a mayor, with
a market on Monday. It liad once a
strong castle, some remains of which are
still to be seen. The chief employment of
the inhabitants is fishing, and oysters are
bere in great plenty. It is seated near the
mouth of the Medway, 15 m ^"w Canter-
bury, and 45 cbys London. Lon. 0 49 e,
L"4t."ol 23 N.
Queeiiburoiigh, a town of S Carolina, on
the \v side of the Great Pedee river, 32 m
jrisw Gi^orgctown.
Queensfcrrjf, a borough of Scotland, in
Linlithgowshire, on the frith of Forth,
where it is not more than 2 mwide. Here
is a good harbour for small vessels, a trade
in soap, and a much frequented ferry to
the village of North Queensferry, in Fife-
shire. It is 9 m wbyN Edinburg.
Qucenstadt, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the principality of Halberstadt, 5 m ne
Ualberstadt.
Queeriiton, a town of Upper Canada, on
the river Niagara, just below the last
rapid. Here all the merchandise and
stores received from Kingston for the upper
part of tiie province are sent in wagons to
Chippawa, a distance of 10 ra, the falls
and brokeu course of the iiver rendering
QUE
the navigation impracticable for tliat space.
I'his town was taken by the Americans in
1812, and general Brock was killed j but
it was retaken the same day, and the
American general with 900 troops mad*
prisoners. It is 7 m above Fort Niagara,
and 20 ^' by vv Fort Erie.
Qucicfi, a river of Germany, which rises
in the duchy of Deux Fonts, passes by
Aiiweillcr and Landau, and enters tha
llhine, near Germersheim.
Quei-ii»g, a city of China, capital of
Quang-si. It has its name from a flower
called quei, which grows ou a tree resem-
bling laurel, and emits sucii a sweet odour,
that it perfumes tha whole country. It
stands on a river that runs into the Ta, but
with such rapidity as not to be navigable.
It is ISO m :^byw Canton, and 587 s Pe
king. Lon. 109 51 e, lat. 25 12 n.
Quentin, St. a strong town of France, ia
the department of Aisne, with a consir
derable manufacture of lawns and cam-
brics. Near this place, in 1557, Philip ix
of Spain gained a signal victory over the
French, and afterward took tlie town by
storm. In memory of this, he built the
Escurial. The town was restored to Franc©
in 1559. It is seated on an eminence, by
the river Somme, 21 m s Cambray, and
83 N by K Paris. Lon. 3 29 e, lat. 49 50 >-.
Qucrc;t/, an old province of France,
bounded on the n by Limosin, e br'
Roueigue and Auvergne, s by Languedoc,
and w by Perigord, It is fertile in corn,
wine, and fruit. It now forms the depart-
ment of Lot.
Qveretaro, a city of New Spain, in the
proviiice of Mexico, containing 35,000 in-
habitants, and celebrated for the beauty of
its edifices, an aqueduct, and cloth manu-
faclures. It is 105 m Kw Mexico. Lon.
100 11 w, lat. 20 37 N.
Querfurt, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thiiringia, capital of a principality, with a
castle. It is situate on the rivulet Wutc,
surrounded by a ditch, 14 m k>;w Naum-
burg. Lon. 11 50 e, lat. 51 23 ^-.
Qucrimba, a cluster of small islands pa
the coast of Mosambique, fertile in fruit
and pasture. They are inhabited by the
descendants of Portuguese, and so named
from the principal one. Lon. -11 30 e,
lat. 11 40 s.
Querguini, or Kerkeni, a group of
islands, near the e coast of Tunis, two of
them much larger lliau the others. The
principal one is 10 m long and 5 broad ;
and to the s of it, united by a bridge, is
Veita, which is rather smaller. From this
group a bank extends to Lampedosa, which
abounds with fish. The channel between
the two largest is 15 m to the K of Susa,
Lon. 10 50 E, lat, 35 34 w.
QUI
Quesnm/, a fortified town of Frnnce, in
the department of Nord, witli an old castle.
It was takf^n by the allies in 1711, and re-
taken the same year. In 1703, it was
taken by the Austrians, and retaken the
next year. It is seated in an extensive
plain, on the rivulet Ronelle, 9 m se Valen-
ciemics, and 12'2 ne Paris. Lon. 3 40 e,
lat. 50 15 K.
Qtiiberon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Morbihan, with a fort, situate
at the extremity of a Peninsula, to the x
of Bellcisle. In 1795, it was taken by
some French regiments in the pay of Great
Britain ; but owins; to desertion and
treachery, the republicans soon took it by
surprise. It was taken by the English in
1800, but evacuated soon afterward. It
is 17 m ssE Port Louis.
Quicato, or Qtiiho, an island in the
Pacific ocean, near the coast of Verajjjua,
in New Spain, about 20 m Ion;:? and 6
broad. It has a port on the e side, where
vessels may obtain wood and vr'ater. Lon.
82 30 w, lat.' 7 25 N.
Quilimancy, a seaport of CaiTreria, in
the kingdom of Mocaranga. It belongs to
the Portuguese, and stands near the mouth
of the Zambezi. Lon. 37 50 k, lat. 18
8 s.
Quillan, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aude, 25 ra ssw Carcassone.
QuilleboevJ', a town of France, in the
department of Eure, seated on the Seine,
5f m w Rouen, and 42 xw Evreaux.
Quillota, a city of Chili, capital of a
province, rich in gold, and famous for hemp
and honey. The town, called also St.
Martin, is situate in a pleasant valley, on
the river Aconcagua. 94 ni WKW St. .Jago.
Lon. 71 13 w, lat. 32 56 s.
Quiloit, a seaport of Zanzebar, capital
of a kingdom, with a small citadel. Ihe
country was first discovered by the Portu-
gue-c, in 14S3 ; and it produces abun-
dance of ivory, tortoise-shell, rice, millet,
fruit, cattle, and poultry. The inhabi-
tants are Mohnmedans, partly black and
partly tawny. Ihe capital is now a poor
place, and stands on an island of the same
name, near the mouth of the Coavo. Lon.
39 38 E, hit. 8 30 s.
Quimper, a city of France, capital of
the department of Finisterre,and a bishop's
see. It is seated at the conflux of the
Oder and Eenaudet, 34 m sse Brest,
and 112 \v by s Rennes. Lon, 4 6 av
lat. 47 58 N.
Quimperle, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Finisterrc, seated on the Isotte,
."^O m ESE Qimper.
Quin, a village of Ireland, in Clare
county, situate on a clear rivult;t, G ra ese
Ennis. Here is the remain of an abbey,
QUI
the most perfect of any monastic institu-
tion in the island ; it is a quadrangular
edifice, with pia/zas, supported by Corin-
thian pillars.
Qiiinci/, a town of Massachuscts, in
Norfolk county, 10 m sby n Boston.
Quiiigey, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Doubs, seated on the Louvo,
12 m sw Besanron.
Qui7i-ni)iig, or C'lin-clii, a bay on the
cou'jt of Cochinchina, much frequented by
the vessels of the country, being an excel-
lent harbour. The entrance is narrow,
and ships of burden can only get in at high
%vater. At the head of the harbour is tiic
city of Quin-nong. Lon, 109 15 i:, lal.
13 52 X.
Quinson, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Alps, 28 m ssw Digne.
Qniiitin, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cotes du Nord, seated in a
valley, 10 m ssw St. Brieuc.
Qui? pan, an island in tlie Atlantic ocea.n,
near the K coast of Newfoundland. Lon.
55 22 w, lat. 51 40 K.
Quistello, a town of Italy, in Mantuan,
famous for an action between the French
and ALUStrians in 1734, when marshal
Broglio was surprised in his bed. It iS
seated on the Seccia 15 m se Mantua,
Quito, a kingdom of S America, lying
between two chains of the Andes, on u
plain elevated 9370 feet above the level of
the sea. Its w boundary is the Pacific
ocean, on the coast of which it extends from
lat. 2 N to cape Blanco in lat. 3 45 s. The
lands are generally well cultivatetl, abound
in every kind of vegetable production, and
feed a great num.ber of cattle of all clasjes.
There are many towns and villages inha-
bited by the Spaniards or native Americans;
and several districts are occupied almost
entirely by Indians. Every village is
adorned w "ith a large square, and a church
on one side of it. The streets are gene-
rally straight, and in the direction of the
four cardinal points ; and all the roads are
laid out in a line, crossing each other, that
the aspect of the country has the appear-
ance of a large garden, A.khough tl;is
country is situate on both sides the equa-
tor, yet it lies so high, and so near the
mountains covered with snow, that the air
is very temperate. There are no noxious
animals ; for the tigers, &;c. are below in
the forests. Some of the mountains are
volcanos, and their vicinity is constantly
exposed to danger from ' eruptions and
earthquakes. The kingdom is divided into
severa'l districts, and those toward the
coast are noted for their manufactures.
Hats, cotton stuffs, and coarse woollen
cloths, are made here in such abundance,
as to furnish considerable quantities for
RAB
exportation to other parts of Spanish
America.
Quito, the capital of the above kingdom,
and a bishop's see. The principal Square
is large ; in "one of its sides is the palace
of the' president of the royal audience, op-
posite which is the city-house, in the third
is the cathedral, in the fourth the bishop's
palace, and in the middle a beautiful foun-
tain. It has several religious communities,
and two colleges, v.hich are a kind of uni-
versity; and all its edifices have a handsome
appearance. Having no mines in its
neighbourhood, it is chiefly famous for ma-
nufactures of cotton, wool, and flax. The
population 70,000. In 1755, it was
swallowed up by an earthquake, but soon
rebuilt. It is situate at the skirt of the
volcanic mountain Pichincha, on the river
Machangara, 470 m sw St. Fe. Lon. 73
20 w, lat. 0 13 s.
Quizama, a province in the s part of the
kingdom of Angola. It is full of moan-
tains, and badly cultivated, but produces
abundance of honey, wax, and salt. The
inhabitants are warlike, and have not sub-
mitted to the Portuguese.
Qiiizina, a chain of mountains, in the
kingdom of Fez, extending 100 m, from the
desert of Gret to the river Nocor.
Quaja, an inland country of Guinea,
lying E of Sierra Leone.
R.
Ilaah, a town and fortress of Hungary,
capital of a county, and a bishop's see.
The poiiulation in" 1815 was 10,788, of
which 5000 are within the fortifications.
It is seated at the conflux of the Raab and
Eabnitz, not far from the Danube, 38 m
SSE Presburg. Lon. 17 43 r., lat. 47 39 N.
Raaza, one of the Hebrides of Scotland,
between the mainland of Rosshire and
the isle of Skye. It is 1'2 ra long and 4
broad, rising with a gentle ascent from the
w side to a great height on the e side,
which is nearly perpendicular. It is fa-
mous for millstone quarries ; and at the
JSE end stands Castle Broichin, which is a
noted seamark. Lon. 6 0 w, lat. 57 32 n.
Rabusteiiix, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Tarn, on the river Tarn, 18 m
:s'E Toulouse.
Rabat, a city and seaport of the king-
dom of Fez, with a strong castle, fine
mosques, and handsome houses. On its
E side is the ancient walled town' of Sheila,
which contains many Moorish tombs, and
is entered only by Mohaniedans. Rabat
has docks for ship-building; manufactures
of woollen and cotton cloths, leather, and
RAD
coarse earthen ware, and carries on a brisk
inland trade. It is seated at the mouth of
the Burigrig, opposite Salee, 96 m w Fez.
Lon. 6 37 w, lat. 34 4 n.
■ Rubciistein, a town of Bohemia, in the
circleof Saatz, on the river Ottava, 21 ra
wsv/ Rjikonitz.
Racca, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Diarbek, at the conflux of the Beles with
the Euphrates. Near it are the ruins of
old Racca, once a magnificent city. It
is 140 m ssw Diarbekir. Lon. 39 4 e,
lat. 36 5 N.
Rachmanie ; see Rhnmanie.
Raclia, a small island of the Archipe-
lago, near that of Nio.
^RacoJiigi, a town of Piedmont, seated
in a plain, between the rivers Grana and
Macrn, 18 m s by w Turin.
Radeberg, a town of the kingdom of
Saxonv, in Misnia, near which is a bath,
calledAugustus bath, discovered in 1717.
It stands on'the lloder, 8 m ene Dresden.
Rudeburg, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle. It is
celebrated for earthen ware, and seated on
the Roder, 10 m x Dresden.
Radkofuni, a town of Tuscany, in
Sienese, seated on a steep hill, 46 m SE
Siena.
Radnor, New, a borough of Wales, in
Radnorshire, with a market on Thursday.
It is nominally the county town, though
a small place,'but has an extensive juris-
diction. Two m SE is Old Radnor, said to
have been the Magoth of Antoninus, but
now a poor village. New Radnor con-
tained only 330 inhabitants in 1811. It
is seated liear the source of the Somergil,
at the foot of a hill, en which a castle for-
merly stood, 24 m Nv^' Hereford, and 159
wjsw London. Lon. 2 45 w, lat. 52 10 n.
Radnorshire, a county of Wales, bounded
on the e by Shropshire and Herefordshire,
X by Montgomeryshire, nw by Cardigan-
shire, and sw and s by Brecknockshire.
It is SO m long and 25 broad, containing
291,200 acres; is divided into six hun-
dreds, and 49 parishes ; has four market-
towns ; and sends two members to parlia-
ment. The population was 20,900 in
1811. Its principal rivers are the Wye
and Teme, tiie former dividing it from
Brecknockshire, and the latter from Shrop-
shire. The e and s parts arc^tolerably
level, and productive of corn. The other
parts are rude and mountainous ; devoted
chiefly to the rearing of cattle and siieep.
The assizes are held at Presfeign.
Radom, a town of Poland, in the palati-
nate of Sandomir, seated on a livcr that
flows to the Vistula, 60 m nnw Sandomir
Radoinsk, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Siradia, 50 m se Siradia.
RAJ
Hadstadt, a town of Davni-ia, in tlie
duchy of Salzburs:, near the source of the
Ens, S5 m ese Sal/.burg. Lon. 13 26 r,
lat. 47 18 N.
llagaz, a town of Switzcrlaurl, in the
canton of St. Gall, near which are tlie
liaths of Pfefi'ers. It is seated on the
Taminn, 4 ni se Sargans.
licigh'olo. a toun of Italy, in Mantuan,
19 ni s Mantua.
luigla?t(l, a villaEo in Monmouthshire,
,5 m M". Usk. It is famous for its castle,
■where Charles i passed much of his time
in a magnificent style ; and it was the last
iu Cromwell's time that surrendered to
general Fairfax.
Itug7iit, a town of Prussian Lithuania,
v'ith a very ancient castle, in which is a
large royal magazine for provisions, Jcc. It
is situate on the Niemen, 5(5 m knk Konigs-
berg. Lon. 21 GO e, lat. 55 30 x.
Raguiciy a town of Sicily, in Val di
Noto, and county of Modica, with two
grand churches and a noble college ; seat-
ed near the river Ragusa, 18 ni %xw Noto.
Ragusu, a city and sea[)ort of Dahuatia,
capital of Ragusen, and an archbishop's
see. It is 2 ni in circuit, and strong by
situation, having an inaccessible mountain
on the land side, and a strong fort on the
gulf of Venice. The population 15,000 ;
and it has a considerable trade with the
Turks, particularly in hides and tallow. It
is 98 m SE Spalatro. Lon. 18 30 e, lat.
42 55 N.
Ragusen, a territory of Dalmatia, lying
along the coast of the gulf of Venice, about
t'O m long and 20 broad, with the penin-
.sula of Sabioncelio, and five islands. It
vv'as a republic, under the protection of the
Turks and Venetians ; but now is subject
to Austria. The soil is so barren, that
the inhabitants receive the greatest part
of their necessaries from the neighbouring
islands and Turkish provinces. The Ra-
gusans profess the Roman catholic reli-
gion ; but the Greek, Arminian, and Turk-
ish persuasions are tolerated. Ragusa is
the capital.
Rahdunpoo)-, a town of Ilindoostan, in
■Gujrat, surrounded by an ancient wail and
deep ditch, witti interior walls, and an
inner fort or castle. It is said to contain
^000 houses; and is akind of emporium for
the trade of Ajnieer and Catch. Tiie staple
commodities are gliee, wheat, and hides.
It is siiuate on the Banass, 85 m unw
Aurungabad. Lon. 71 46 k, lat. 23 59 x.
Raja/iuindri/, a town of Ilindoostan, in
tlie Circars, and the capital of one of them.
The principal riches consist in teak timber.
It is seated on the e side of the Godavery,
40 m from the sea, and 166 sw Cicacole.
Loa. 81 54 e, lat. 16 59 ^.
RAM
Rojevuil, a town of Hmdoostan, in
Bengal, capital of a district, and formerly
a niagi.ificent place, but now in a ruinous
state. It is seated on the riglit bank of the
Ganges, 69 m nnw JMoorshedabad. Lon.
87 43 E, lat. 25 2 n.
Rain, a fortified town of Bavaria, seated
on the Acha, near the Lech and the Da-
nube, 12 m w Ntuburg.
Ruin, or Old I-ain, a town of Scotland,
in Aberdeenshire, near the river Dry, 2S
m N vv Aberdeen.
Ruin Lake, a lake of N America, some-
times called a river, which forms the water
communication between Lake of the
Woods and Lake Superior, and a boundary
between the United States and Upper
Canada. It is about 300 m in length, in-
cluding the whole extent of water, which
uear the middle is divided by an isthmus
into Great Rain Lake on the w, and Little
Rain Lake on the E, Its breadth varies
from 400 yards to 20 m, and its depth is
inconsiderable.
Rainford, a village in Lancashire, 6 m
SE Ormskirk, noted for its manufacture of
tobacco-pipes.
Rajpoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in Con-
can, at the month of a river of the same
name, 17 m n Gheriah.
Raisin, a town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Thursday, situate near the
source of the Ancholm, 16 m ne Lincoln,
and 147 n London.
Raissecn, a town of Ilindoostan, in MaT-
wah, capital of a district. It is 126 m E
Oojain. Lon. 77 47 e, lat. 23 19 n.
Rakehburg, a town of Germany, in
Stu-ia, with a considerable trade in wine
and iron. It is a frontier fortress toward
Hungary, and situate on an island in the
river Muer, 36 m se Gratz. Lon. 15 5S
E, lat. 46 45 X.
Rakunitz, a town of Bohemia, capital of
a circle. Very good beer is brewed here,
and forms the principal article of trads.
It is seated on the Miza, 32 m w Prague.
Lon. 14 0 E, lat. 50 5 N.
Ralegh, the capital of N Carolina, in
Vv'ake county. It was nuraed after the
celebrated sir Walter Ralegh, under whose
direction the iirst settlement in N America
was made at Roanoke island. Here is a
lar^e and handsome statehouse, and several
other public buildings. The remoteness
from navigation is its greatest disadvan-
tage. It is 95 m WKW Newbern, the former
capital, and 145 wsw Petersburg in Virgi-
nia. Lon. 78 52 w, lat. 35 40 x,
Rama, or Ramie, a town of Syria, in
Palestine, with many fine ruins of churches
and other buildings. The mosque is an
ancient Greek church. It stands in a
fertile plain, 20 in jsxw Jerusalem.
RAM
Ba7nada, a town of New Granada, in
the province of St. Martha, 100 m e St.
llartha. Ltm.72 10 w, lat. 11 10 n.
Ramui:iri, a town of Hindoostan, ii\ ]My-
sore, seated on die w side of llie Arkawati,
■with a liill-fort on the opposite bank, 50
m XE Seriniiapatam.
TLamanuii, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, with a trade in piece floods, cot-
ton, and chank shells, 53 m se xMadura.
Ramhert, St. a town of France, in the
department of Ain, near the river Alberine,
24 m SSF. Bonrg en Bresse.
Ramhert, St. a town of France, in the
department of Loire, near the river Loire,
12 m SE Montbrison.
Ramberviller, town of France, in the
department of\"oges, 30 m se Nancy.
Ramhla, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
15 m s Cordova.
Rawbouillet, a town of France, in the
department of Seine and Oise. Here was
a royal palace, which was demolished in
1793, by order of the national convention.
Part has since been restored, particularly
the room in which Louis xiv slept and
held his levee. It is 27 m sw Paris.
Ramdasfipoar ; see Amretsir.
Rame Head, a promontory on the s coast
of Cornwall, the w point of the entrance
into Plymouth soinid. On its summit is a
church (a seamaik) belonging to the village
of llame. , Lon. 4 12 w, lat. 50 19 N.
Ramery, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aube, on the river Aube, 18 m
jCE Troves.
Ramgur, a town of IFmdoostan, in
Baliar, capital of a hilly district. It is
situate on the Dummoodah, 1 10 m s Bahar.
Lon. 85 43 e, lat. 23 38 N.
Ramilles, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, memorable for a great victory ob-
tained by the duke of jMarlboruugh, over
the French, on Whitsunday, 1706. It is
.seated at the source of the Geete, 10 m N
INamnr, and 24 se Brussels.
Ramisseraw, an island in the gulf of
Manara, at the w end of Adams bridge,
and separated from the continent of Hin-
doostan, by a shallow and narrow channel.
It is 30 m in circuit, contains a few villages,
and a sacred pagoda. Lon. 79 22 e, lat.
9 18 X.
Ramla, a town of Syria, in Palestine,
the ancient Arimathea, now in a ruinous
state. Here is a manufacture of soap,
which is sent into all parts of Egypt. It
is 18 m Nw Jerusalem.
Rammekens, a seaport of the Nether-
lands, in the isle of Walcheren. It was
one of the towns put into the hands of the
English, as a security for a loan in the
reign of queen Lii'^abeth, It i^j^^ijQj^s
Aliddleburtr. ,r ■ ! -
RAN
Rammelberg,^\ohy and extensive raouo-
tain of Germany, in that part of ihe Ilartz
forest which lies within the principality of
Grubenhagen. On this mountain are seve-
ral silver mines; and at the foot of it is
the city of Goslar.
Rampour, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, situate on the Cosilla, 38 m nnw
Bareily.
Rantshurj/, a village in Wiltshire, 6 m e
MarlbiH-ough. It is noted for fine beer, and
many Roman anticjuities have been fouixl
in the neighbourhood.
Ranisty, an island on the coast of Wales,
separated from Pembrokesliire by a narrovr
channel, called Ramsey Sound. Near it
is a group of dangerous rocks, known by
the name of the Bishop and his Clerks,
frequented in the breeding season by vast
multitudes cf seafowls. The island is 2 m
long and above a mile broad, and lies 4 m
\v by s S:. David.
Ramsey, a town of the isle of jMan,
situate ou a bay, on the XE coast. The
bay affords good anchorage, but the harbour
will only admit small vessels, and at the
entrance is a lighthouse. It is 15 m NbyE
Douglas. LonT4 2G w, lat. 54 18 n.
Ramsey, a town in Huntingdonshire,
with a market on Saturday. It had for-
merly an extensive abbey, but the ruin of
a gateway is ail that remains. It is seated
near the fens, and the meres of Ramsey
and Wittlesey, 12 m ne Huntingdon, and
69 N London.
Ramsey-mere, a lake in the ne part cf
Huntingdonshire, nearly 2 m long and a
mile broad, lying in the fenny part, 2 na
NNE Ramsey.
Ramsgate, a seaport of Kent, in the isle
of Thanet, near the Downs, with a market;
on Wednesday and Saturday. The har-
bour is nearly circular, protected by a
castle, and has a magnificent stone pier,
wet and dry docks, storehouses, and a
lighthouse. Ramsgate is a member of the
port of Sandwich, and much frequented as
a bathing place. It is 17 m why N Canter-
bury, and 72 ese London. Lon. 1 24 B,
lat. 51 20 N.
Ranai, one of the Sandwich islands^ ita
the Pacific ocean, about 10 m wof Mowee-
The s part is high and craggy; but the
other parts have a better aspect, and are well
inhabited. It produces very few plantains
and bread-fruit trees, but abounds in yams,
sweet potatoes, and taro. Lon. 156 51 w,
lat. 20 48 N.
Rancagua, or Trianu, a town of Chilij,
capital of the province of Rancagua. The
country is fertile in grain and fruit, and
includes three lakes, from one of which
large quantities of salt are obtained. The
town is seated on the n side of the Cacha-
RAP
noal, 60 m s St. Jugo. Lon. 70 41 w, hit.
i34 19 s.
IRandahtown, a borou!:h of Tvoland, in
Antrim coiiiiiy, "itli a trade in linen; seat-
ed on the Maine, ."3 m avnw Antrim,
Rundazzo, a town of Sicily, in V'al di
Demona, -l^ ni sw iMessina.
Eundcrctdt, a town of Gernrany, in tiie
ducliy of Jiiliei-s, on the river Worm, 10
m Kw Jailers.
Funiders, a town of Douniaik, in N
Jutland, on the n side of a srulf of the
same n;niic, '20 m nnw Arhusen, and 25
E Wiburu;.
Haiigiimatf!/, a town of llindoosl.-m, in
Bensai, capital of a district. Jt has a
celebrated paj^oda, and stands near the
Brahniapootrah, on the confines of Assam,
170 m KE Moorshedabad. Lon. 90 0 e,
lat. 26 8 X.
EangooJi, a seaport of Pe<in, with a fort,
in v.hich the governor resides. It is the
principal martfor teak timber in the Bir-
man empire ; and has a customhouse, buiit
of brick, but the wliarfs and dwchinghouses
are constructed of wood. In the vicinity
are numerous convents; and 2 m N of the
town, on a rocky eminence, is a very grand
temple. Rangoon was nearly destroyed
by fire in 1814. It is seated on the most
eastern branch of the Irrawaddy (which
hence to the sea is called the Rangoon or
Syriara river) 18 m n of its mouth, and 60
s Pegu. Lon. 96 10 e, lat. 26 48 n.
Ranis, a town of the kingdom of Saxony,
in Misnia, with a castle on a mountain, 10
111 sw Newstadt.
Rannoch, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in
the K part of Perthshire. 11m long and
above a mile broad. It receives the waters
of Luch Ericht and the river Gauir at the
w end, and its outlet, at the e end, is the
rapid river Tuniel, which flows e to the
Tay. Its s side is covered with birch, pine,
and fir.
Rantampoitr, a town and fortress of
Hindoostan, in Ajmeer, in the centre of
the Arrabarre hills, 102 m ese Ajmeer.
Lon. 76 2.5 F, lat. 26 2 n.
Rantzczc, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Ilolstein, 24 m i^byw
Lubec.
Raon rEtape, a town of France, in the
department of Meurte, seated at the con-
flux of the Etape and Meurte, 30 m se
Nancy.
Rapallo, a town of tie duchy of Genoa,
on a bay of the same n une, 16 m ese
Genoa.
Raphoc, a town of Ireland, in Donegal,
county, and a bisho;/s see. The cathedral
serves as the parish church ; and here is a
freeschool founded by Charles i. It is 6
in A.V l^iiiurd, ciuci I'i -w Lcarioiidcrry,
RAT
Rtipofla, a town of Naples, in Basilicata,
5 m w \ eriosa.
Rappuliunnoc, a river of \'irginia,whicli
I'ises ill the mountains, called the Elue
Ridge, and flows I'y Palmouth, I'redrics-
burg, Portroyal, Leeds, Tappahanncc, and
Urhanna, into C'hcsapeak bay.
Rappcrschwcil, a town of S\\it7erland,
in the canton of Zurich, seated on a neck
of land that advances into the lake of
Zurich, over which is a wooden l)ridge,
1850 feet long. It is 18 nj se Zurich, and
20 Kw Glaris.
Rapps, a, town of Austria, on the river
Teya, 8 m Nbyw Horn.
Rarec, a town of Hindoostan, in Beja-
poor, situate on the seacoast, 17 ni \r,vr
Goa.
Rurilav, a river of New Jersey, which
runs by Brunswick and Amboy into Ar-
thur Kull sound, and helps to form the fine
harbour of Amboy.
Raschid ; see Rosefta.
Rascia, the eastern division of Sclavonia,
watered by the river Rasca, which runs
into the Morave. The inhabitants are
called Rascians.
Raschu7-g, a seaport of Finland, capital
of a canton in Nyland. It is seated ou
tlie gulf of Fmland, 37 m se Abo. Lon.
23 18 E, lat. 60 16 N.
Raspenburg, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Thuringia, near which are some medi-
cinal springs, and the ruins of the once
celebrated castle of Rasseburg. It is
situate on the river Lossa, on tiie ridge
of mountains called Finne, 15 m kne
Weimar.
Rastadt, a town of Suabia, in the duchy
of Baden, with a noble castle. In 1714,
a treaty was concluded here between the
French and Austrians ; and in 1796, the
former defeated the latter uear this place.
It is seated on the Murg, near the Rhine,
5 m NE Baden, and 24 sw Philipsburg.
Rastenburg, a fortified town of E Prus-
sia, with a castle, 46 m se Konigsberg.
Rasicf, a town of Russia, capital of a
province, in the govennnent of Voronetz,
with an extensive fortress: The governor,
both of Asoph and Taganrog, resides here;
and at this place the barks from \'oronetz
are unloaded, and the goods embarked on
larcer vessels for Taganrog. It is seated
onUie Don, 370 m sse V'cronetz. Lon.
42 37 E, lat. 47 2 n.
Rutenau, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark, seated on the Flavel, 15 ni
iv by w Brandenburg.
Rathcoolc, a town of Ireland, in Dublin
count V, 10 m sw Dublin.
Ra't/icormick, a borough of Ireland, m
Cork county, rear fhe river Bride, 15 m
^NE (>;rk.
RAT
llathdotcntf, a tov\n ot" Ireland, in Queen
co'.intv, 17 in sw Miirvhnrough.
lia}/i'd]-U7n,a town ot" Ireland, in V, ick-
knv county, with a trade in flannels; situate
on the Avoca, 11 ni sw Wicklow, and 32
s Dublin.
llathfryJand, a town of Ireland, in Down
county, 19 m ke Newry.
Rat/ikcal, a town of Ireland, in Lime-
rick county, on tlic river Dee!, 18 ni sw
Limerick.
Ratibor, a town of Silesia, capital of a
principality, with a castle. The cathedral
and townhouse are wonhy of notice. It
is seated on the Oder, in a country fertile
in corn and fruit, 15 m ^■E Troppau, and
Gj sst Breslau. Lon. 18 13 e, lat. 50 1 n.
Rutin^cii, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Berg, G m ne Dusseldorf.
Rt'iiisboii, or R(ige?isbnrg, a strong city
of IJavaria, capital of the principality of
Ivatisbon, and the see of an archbishop,
transferred from Mentz to this place in
1798. The abbey of St. Emmeran con-
tains the relics of St. Denys, a valuable
library, and a fine collection of mathema-
tical instruments. The townhouse is
magniticent, and in its hall the general
diets of the empire used to meet. The
inhabitants, in general, are protcstants, and
abe">ut 24,000. Ratisbon has a great trade
in salt, for which it is a depot, and sends
large quanti);iesofcorn and wood to Vienna.
It i'.as an ancient bridge of 15 arches over
the Danube, and stands on the s side of
that river, at the inllux of the llegen, O'i m
AbyE Munich, and 195 wbyx Vienna.
Lon. 12 0 E, lat. 48 58 K.
Ratiimmdorf, a town of Germany, in
Carniola, with a castle, 20 m sbyw Cia-
genturt.
Ratoath, a borough of Ireland, in Meath
couiity,.now a poor place, 13 m n\v Dublin.
Raiufzel/,, a strong town of Suabia, on
that part of the lake of Constance called
Zel'er See, 12 m Nw Constance.
Ratslui, or Rcitzkn, a town and fortress
of Sclavonia, on the n side of the Save^
opp(,site the inllux of the Drin, 30 m sw
Peterwardin.
Rattan ; see Ructian.
Rditenberg, a fortified townof Germany,
in Tyrol, with a citadel. In the vicinity
are copper mines, which also yield seme
silver. It is situate on the Inn, 2t) m exe
luspruck, and 44 sw Salzburg.
Rattolazo, a town- of Hindoostan, in
Gujrat, at the iTio«?h of a navigable liver
i'.i the gulf of Carnbay, 42 ra sw Cam-
bay.
Ratzcbiirg, a fortified town of Lower
-■axony, capital of a p;rincipality. It is
•oated on an island, in the midst of a lake
0 m in circuit, ihs buildings are uf brick.
RAU
and almost every house is shaded with a
tree. From the lake of Ratzcbnrg issues
the river Waknitz, which joins the Trave
near Lubec. Ratzeburg is noted for ex-
cellent beer. It is 14 m sbyE Lubec, and
22 s Laueiiburg. Lon. 10 52 e, lat. 53
43 N.
Ruudnilz,3. town and castle of Bohemia,
in the circle of Raconitz, seated on the
Elbe, 20 m N Prague.
Ravello, a town of Naples, in Princi-
pato Citra, 10 m w Salerno, and 25 SE
Naples.
Ruvenglaas, a seaport in Cumberland,
with a market on Saturday. It stands on
an inlet of the Irish sea, between tlie Mit«
and Esk, which, with the Irt, runs into
this inlet, and forms a good harbour ; but
the adjacent country furnishing little for
exportation, the chief trade is in oysters.
Two m ironi the town, on the s side of the
Esk, are ruins of 3 ni in circuit, called the
City of Barnscar, of which no historical
documents appear to exist. Ravenglass is
IG m ssE Whitehaven, and 297 nnw Lon-
don. Ton. 3 30 w, lat. 54 22 n.
Ravenna, a city of Italy, capital of Ro-
magna, and an archbishop's see, with seve-
ral colleges, numerous religious houses,
cind a ruinous citadel. It had a good har-
bour, but the sea has gradually withdrawn
4 m from the town. It is now chieily noted
for the excellent wine produced in its neigh-
bourhood. Theodoric, king of the Goths,
resided here, and afterward the exarchs of
the Greek emperors. The mausoleum of
Theodoric is still to be seen ; and here
also is the tomb of Dante. Ravenna is
seated on the Mantone, 37 m se Ferrara,
and 162 ^ Rome. Lon. 12 5 e, lat. 44
25 N.
Ravensberg, a toun of Westphalia, ca-
pital of a county, with a castle on a moun-
tain. It is 15 in EA'E Munster, and S6 sw
Minden.
Ravenibiirg, a town of Suabia, which
has a considerable trade, particularly in
paper ; seated near the Sciiut, 2d m s\t
Memingen.
Raveatcin, a town of the Netherlands,
in Dutch Brabant, capital of a county,
with a castle; seated on the IMeuse, Sin
wsw Nimeguen.
Ravci/, or Ruuvee, a river of Iliudoo-
staii, cue of the five Punjab braiiches of
the Indus. It rises in Lahore, on the
borders of Cashmere, flows by the city of
Lahore to Toolomba, in ]\iooltan, and SO
m below it joins the Chinaub. The Ravey
is the riydraotes of Alexander.
RavUz, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Posnania, with a considerable ma-
nufacture of cloth, 21 m s Posen.
liuuino, a. townof Fi-iiand Proper, near
RE A
the pnlf of Botlinia, 20 m s Blorneburg,
and 55 x by w Abo.
Kauschenberg, a town of Gormnny, in
Upper Hesse, 7 m nnl Marburg, ami 3'2
ssw Cassel.
Rarca, a town of Poland, capital of a
palatniatp, witli a stronp: cabtlo. Jt is
seateii in a nutrafs, and almost surronnded
"hy the river Rawa, 55 m sw Warsaw.
Xon. I'.l 55 E, iat. 51 51 n.
Rm/baugh, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bejapoor, capital of a fertile district. It
is 53 ni wsw Bejapoor. Lon. 74 59 f, Iat.
16 46 N.
Raynham, a town of IMassachiisets, in
Bristol county, witli manufactures of iron.
The vicinity abounds in iron ore ; and the
first forge in America was set up here by
James and Henry Leonard, natives of
.England, in 1652, and is still in employ by
the family of tlie Leonards. It is seated
near the river Taunton, 4 ni nne Taunton,
and 32 s Boston.
J?^, an island of France, IG m long and
4 broad, separated from the coast of Lower
Charente by the strait of Breton, about
7 m wide. The products are bitter wine,
salt, brandy, and the liquor called aniseed.
St. Martin is the capital.
Reading, u borough and the capital of
Berkshire, governed by a mayor, witii a
market on Saturday. It has three churches,
and several meetinghouses. The principal
manufactures are canvas, blankets, ribands,
and pins; and great quantities of malt,
flour, and timber are sent hence to London.
Here are the ruins of a rich abbey, in
which Henry i was interred. The popu-
lation was 10,788 in 1811. It is seated
on the Kennet, near its conflux with the
Thames, 26 m sse Oxford, and 37 w
London. Lon. 0 52 w, Iat. 51 28 n.
Reading, a town of Pennsylvania, capi-
tal of Berks county, with four edifices for
public worship, and a large one for the
public offices. Near it are several fulling-
mills and iron-works. It is seated on the
Schuylkill, over which is a bridge, 54 m
»w Philadelphia. Lon. 76 10 w, Iat. 40
22 N.
Realejo, a fortified seaport of Newr
Spain, in Nicaragua, with three churches.
The chief trade is in pitch, tar, and cord-
age; and it has fine docks fiir b'lilding
and repairing ships. It is situate among
swamps, on a river of the same name, near
its mouth, 30 m 'vnw Leon, to which it
serves as a harbour. Lon 87 44 w, Iat.
12 42 N.
licaltnont, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Tarn, 11 m s by f. Alby.
Mealvil'e, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot, 8 ni av, Montaiban, and
50 s Cahors.
RED
Rehnick, a town of European Turkey,
in Walachia, and a bishop's iee, seated o»
the Aluta, -1 j m sw Targovfisco.
Reccan ; see Aracan.
Rcccanuti, a town of Italy, in the inar-
qnisate of Ancona. It has a fair in Sep-
tember that continues 15 days, and stands
on a mountain, near the river J\iuusono,
14 m s Ancona.
Recife, a seaport of Brasil. Sec Per-
V ambit CO.
Reckem, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, seated near the
Meuse, 5 m n Maestricht.
Recklinghausen, a tov.n of Germany, in
the circle of Lower Rhine, ca|)ital of a
county, with a strong citadel. It is seated
on the Lippe, 20 m ssw Munster. Lon.
7 30 E, Iat. 51 38 N.
Recither, a Tillage in Kent, at the mouth
of a small brand) oi' the Stour, 8 m Ns
Canterbury. It is the Regulbium of the
Romans, and a part of the walls of th-s
fort still remain. Its ancient church had
two spires, called by mariners the Two
Sisters; but the sea having made such in-
roads here, it was recently deemed neces-
sary to raze this stately edifice; and a
smaller church has been erected a mile s
of the old site.
Red Head, a cape of Scotland, in For-
farshire, the s point of Lunan bay. Here
is the ruin of a castle, almost surrounded
by the sea.
Red Lake, a lake of the LTnited States^
in the Northwest territory, lying s of Lake
of the Woods. It is of a square form, about
80 m in circuit. The outlet is at the sw ex-
tremity, and called Red Lake River, whick
flows wbyN to R'^d River, and the latter
runs N to Lake Winnipeg.
Red River, a large river of Louisiana,
which rises among the mountains on th®
w border of New Mexico, about 300 m s
of the source of the Arkansa, and flows
nearly parallel with that river, in a very
meandering course, to the Mississippi,
which it enters in Iat. 31 15 N. It is
deemed navigable equably with the Ar-
kansa; and in the state of Louisiana it forms
a chain of lakes from 30 to 50 m in circuit.
Red Sea, a sea that extends 1300 m from
N to s, between Africa and the country of
Arabia, and is 200 broad in the widest
part. The n part branches into two arms»
between which is the celebrated Mount
Sinai. It is separated from the Mediterra-
nean sea on the N, by theisthmus of Suez ;
and it communicates on the s, by the strait
of Babelmandeb, with the Indian ocean.
Redb?'irtge,a village in Hampshire, at the
mouth of the Test, 3 m w Southampton.
It has a considerable trade in coal, timber,
corn, Sec. and ship-building is also carried
REG
on. Tile AuUover canal terminates at this
place.
Rcdear,-A village in N Yoiksliire, on tlie
seacoast, o m ^' Gisboroui^li. Here are
uiachines tin" sea-b;itliing, and conveni-
ences tor warui bathinii.
KciUm, a town ot" France, in tlie depart-
ment ol Ills and Vilaine, Jt serves as a
mart for the commerce of ilennes, and is
seated on the Vjlaine, 20 m e V'annes,
and o'i ssw Kennes. Lon. 2 10 w, lat. 37
48 N.
• Redondela, a town of Spain, in Galicia,
with a strong castle, seated on \ Jgo bay,
8 m NE Vigo.
Redundo, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
with u castle, seated on the river Soure,
30 m s Coimbva.
R€do)tdo, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, at the foot of a mountain, 23 m sw
Elvas.
Redruth, a town in Cornwall, with a
market on Tuesday and Friday ; seated in
the heart of the mining country, 12 m n
by E Ilelstone, and U63 whys London.
Redstone, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Allegany county, situate on the Monon-
galia. Large boats called Kentucky boats
are built here, and it has a ropewalk, and
a manufacture of paper. It is SO m sbyE
Pittsburg.
Rees, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of Cleve, seated on the Hliine, 10
m Nw Wesel.
Rces, or Rhense, a town of Germany, in
the territory of Treves. Hard bv it, oji
the Khine, stood the Konigstuhl, or
Thronus Regalis ; a plain octogon ediiice,
built of freestone, with a door to the s,
ascended by 14 steps ; the interior was 24
feet in diameter and 17 in height, resting
on nine pillars, one of which was in the
middle ; and it was furnished with seven
stoue seats, agreeable to the number of
electors at that time : and on this regal
chair the electors of Germany formerly
held consultations relative to the weighty
matters of the empire. This remarkable
piece of antiquity was destroyed during
the late revolution, and the site is now
marked by four stones. Kees is seated
near tiieithine, 5 m sby r, Coblentz.
Reelz, a town of Brandenburg, in the
New mai-k, on the river ihna and ti'on-
tiers of Pomerania, 18 m ese New Star-
Regen^ a town of Bavaria, on a river of
the same name, 12 m icke Deckendorf,
and 40 e Ratisbon.
Regenbherg, a ti)wn of Switzerland, in
the cantwi of Zurich, chief of a district
called the Wenthi'l, wliieh produces the
best red wiue of the country. It has a
RBI'
castle, and is seated on a mountain, callef
the Lagerheig, 10 m ^w Zurich.
Regetuburg ; see Raiiabon.
Rcgenatauf, a town of Bavaria, in the
princii)ality of NeuburLS on the river
iicgen, 8 }» N bye ilatisbun.
liegcnstein, a town of Lower Saxony, ia
the prmcipality of Halberstadt, G m s ilal-
berstadt.
Regeiiszoalde, a towa of Further Pome-
rania, with a castle, seated on the Ivega,
24 m ESE Camin.
Reggio, a seaport of Naples, in Cala-
bria Ultra, and an archbishop's see. Tb<*
churches, convents, and many houses, are
built of stones from ancient edifices, and
numerous in>criptions are to be met with
on the walls of them, 'ilie environs pro-
duce the best silk in Calabria ; and on tha
coast is found a species of muscle that
yields a kind of wool, of which gloves and
stockings are made. Reggio was nearly
destroyed by an earthrjuake in 1788. It
is seated on the strait of Messina, 12 na-
ESE Messina, and 95 sbyw Cosenza. Lon.
10 0 £, lat. 38 4 N.
Rcg/iebU, a town of Nigritia, in the
country of Wangtua, situate on a lake at
the influx of a branch of the Niger, 240 ol
Eby s Ghanara. Lon. 19 10 e, lat. 13 20 ^".-
Reguia, a towji of Naples, in Calabria
Citra, 14 m y Cospnza.
Regio, a city of Italy, capital of a duchy,
included in that of Modena, and a bishop's
see, with a strong citadel. In the cathe-
dra! aie paintings by the greatest masters;
and in the square is the statue of Brennus,
chief of the Gauls. The principal trade is
m silk. It was taken by prince Eugene ia
170G, and by the king of Sardmia in
1742. In 1796, the inhabitants were tb©
first Italians that solicited the protection
of the French. Regio is the birthplac©
of the poet Ariosto. It is seated in a fer»
tde country, on the river Tessone, 15 m
KW fiJodena, and SO sr Milan. Lon. li
5 E, lat. 44 43 N.
Regis, St. a town of Lower Canada, oik
the boundary line that separates Canada
from the United State?, and on a river of
its name, at its junction wilh the St. Law-
rence, oO m sw Montreal. Lon. 74 10 w,
lat. 45 0 ^ .
liegnano, a town of Italy, in the patri-
mony of St. Peter, seated near the 'liber^
17 m X Rome.
Itc/ier, a town of Hindoostan, in Delhi,.
capital of a district. It is 80 m >i^■w Ba-
reily. Lon. 78 44 e, hit. 29 23 X.
Rcichenau, an island of Suabia, in the^
Zeller see, or lower lake of Constance, S
m long and one broad. It abounds witli
viius and other fruit-trees, and lately had
'.' <)
REM
a rich abbey, of wliidi the bishop of Con-
, stance was abbot. It is i m w Constance.
Rdclienau, a town of Switzerland, in
thecantcin of Grie-ons, witii a castle; seat-
ed in a fertile valley, at tiie conflux of the
two branches that form the Kliine, 7 m s\v
Coire.
Rcichenhach, a town of Silesia, in the
■principality of Schweidnitz, witli consider-
able manufactures of linen, canvas, and
fustian ; seated on the rivulet Peil, 10 m
ar. Schweidnitz-
Rekhenbach, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Voictland. The inhabitants
■are principally clothiers, and noted for
their method of dying scarlet. It is 10 m
ssw Zurickau.
Reichenherg, a town and castle of Ger-
many, in the county of Catzenellenbo^en,
seated on a mountam wear One lUime, 5 m
I Rheinfels.
Reic/ioiberg, a town of Bohemia, in
tlie circle of Buntzlau, with a creat ma-
nufacture of cloth, as m \ June Buntzlau.
^ Reichenfels, a town of Germany, in
Carinthia, 24 m ne Clagenfurt.
Reichenhall, a town of Bavaria, with a
Tich salt spring. Some salt is made here ;
l)ut for want of fuel, most of the salt water
is carried a distance of 14 m, by engines
and pipes, over the hills to Traunstein? It
is seated on the Sala, 9 m sw Salzburg.
Heichshofen, a town of France in the
department of Lower Rhine, with a castle,
D ni N Ha<;uenau.
_ Reiffersdteid, a town of Germany, ca-
pital of a county in the duchy of Juliers.
Itis seated on theEiffel, 30 m ssw Cologne,
and 52 n by w Treves.
Rein, a town of Germany, in Stiria, on
the river Save, 25 ra sse Cilly.
Reiner, a town of Silesia^ in the county
of Glatz, with a mineral spring, and ma-
^mfacturesofclothandpaperj 11 m w Glatz.
Reiseiiberg, a town of Prussia, in the
province of Oberland, farmerly the resi-
dence of the bishops of Pomerania. Near
it is an ancient castle. It is 78 m sw
Konigsberg. Lon. 20 5 e, lat. 53 52 n.
Rembinig, a town and fort on the n
coast of Java, with a safe harbour at the
mouth of a river of the same name. Much
sea salt is made in the neighbourhood,
and a great quantity of teak ^shipped for
bengal. It is o8 m ene Samarans. Lon
•;111 19 E, lat. 6 42 s.
Remberviller, a town of France, in the
-departmcJit of Vosges, 17 m xne Epinal.
Remic/i, a town of the Netherlands, in
Xuxembur^, ideated on the Moselle, 20 ni
SE Luxemburg.
Ren/iiemonl, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vosges, seated on the Moselle,
at the foot of the \'uPges, 11 m sse Epinal. '
REN
Renw, St. a town of the duchy of
Genoa, situate in a fruitful vallev, with
a good harbour, in the Mediterranean,
7 m EbyN Vintimiglia, and 17 wnw
Oneglia.
Ri»ii/, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mouths of the Rhone. A
triun)))hal arch, and a mausoleum in the
neighbourhood, display the taste of the
Augustan age : the first is not entire ; but
the second is in good preservation. St.
Remy is 15 m ne Aries, and 35 wnw Aix.
Renc/icn, a town of Suabia, in the
duchy of Baden, in a valley that yields
excellent wine, 14 m sw Baden.
Rcndsburg, a fortified town of Lower
Saxony, in the duchy of Ilolstein, on the
frontiers of Sleswick, and on the river
Eyder. It is composed of three parts, the
Old Town, the Sklcusskule, and tiie New
Town; the former of wnica stancis on an
island formed by the river. The princi-
pal manufactures are porcelain, earthen
ware, and gold and silver lace ; and the
trade in timber, by means of the Eyder
canal, is considerable. It is 15 m w
Kiel, and 16 sse Sleswick. Lon. 9 53 e,
lat. 54 20 K.
Renfrew, a borough of Scotland, and
the county-town of Renfrewshire. The
principal branch of trade is thread, but
there are soap and candle works, and some
looms are employed in the silk and muslin
manufactures. Robert ii had a palace
here, of which nothing remains but the
exterior ditch. The population was 9,Z0&
in 1811. It is seated near the Clyde, to
which there is a canal, 11 m wbyN Glas-
gow, and 13 Ebys Greenock. Lon. 4^
26 w. lat. 55 54 >-.
RenJ'reicshire, a county of Scotland, 28
m long and 12 broad; bounded on the w
and N by the frith of Clyde, e by Lanerk-
shire, and s by Ayrshire. It is divided
into 17 parishes, and sends a member to
parliament. The population was 92,59&
in 1811. In the n part, toward the bor-
ders of the Clyde, the soil is fertile, bus
the s part is mountainous, and rather bar-
ren. Beside the Clyde, it is watered by
the Gryte, and the White and Black Cart.
The largest town is Paisley.
Rent, a town of European Turkey, in
Bessarabia, seated on the Danube, just
below the influx of the Pruth, 135 m s\t
Bender. Lon. 27 40 e, lat. 45 25 N.
J'ten7ies,a city of P'rance, capital of the
department of Ille and Vilaine, and u
bishop's see. It contains eight parish
churches, beside the cathedral, and se-
veral convents. The streets are broad and
fctraight ; and in the great square is the
Palace of Justice, and the Hotel de Ville.
It is seated on the \ilainc, which dividw
RES
it into two parts, 58 m .sbyvv Nantes,
and 190 wsw Paris. Lon. 1 42 w, lat.
48 7 K.
Rc7is, or liense ; see i?ees.
Beritouii, a village of Scotland, 4 m nw
Duniliarton. iSiear it is one of the most
considerable printlielHs in Scotland; also
the old mansion of Dalqidiurn, where Dr.
Smollett was born, and tlie column erect-
ed to hismemory, on thebaniv of the Leven.
Renty, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, on the river
Aa, I'l m sw Aire, and 50 N\v Arras.
Reole, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gironde, which supplies
abundance of fine cattle ; seated on the
Garonne, 34 m se Bourdeaux.
Repaitle, a town of Savoy, in Chablais,
famous for the retreat of Amadeus, duke
of Savoy, iu 1440, when he went to
enjoy tlic pleasures of a country life.
Here is a Carthusian monastery, notable
for it? extensive prospects. It is seated
on a river that flows to the lake of Ge-
neva, 20 m NE Geneva.
Repehuiii, a town in Norfolk, witli a
market on Saturday. It has two churches
in one churchyard, and is seated in a
valley, 15 m Kw Norwich, and 111 ke
London.
Reppen, a town of Brandenburg, in the
New mark, situate on the Eyiang, 16 m
SSE Custrin.
Repton, a village in Derbyshire, 8 m
ssw Derby, celebrated as the burial-
place of some of the Saxon kings of
!Mercia, and for several antiqiuties. Heie
is a noted freeschool, which appears to
have been the refectory of a priory.
Reqnena, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, with a castle and a manufacture of
silks. It was taken by the English in
170(3, and retaken by the French the next
year. It stands in a fertile plain, between
the river Oiiana and a ridge of mountains,
on the borders of Valencia, 04 m ese
Cuenza. Lon. 1 9 w, lat. 39 44 n.
Resht, a city of Persia, capital of Ghi-
lan. It has a considerable trade, particu-
larly in silk and coarse woolen cloths ;
and much rice grows in the environs. It
is seated on a river, 6 m from the Caspian
sea, and 80 >" Casbin. Lon. 49 50 e,
lat. 37 20 N.
Resolution Island, an island in the At-
lantic ocean, 50 m long and 20 broad, on
the y side of the entrance into Hudson
strait. Lon. 65 0 w, lat. 61 40 X.
Resolution Isle, a small island in the
Pacific ocean, 160 leagues e of Otaheite,
so called from the ship in which Cook
made his second voyage. Lon. 141 15 w,
Jat. 17 23 s.
REU
Retel, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ardennes. Before the revolu-
tion, it was the capital of a country called
the Retelois. It stands on a hill, near the
river Aisne, 26 m ne llheims. Lon. 4
24 F, lat. 49 32 N.
Re/ ford, East, a borough iu Notting-
hamshire, with a market on Saturday ;
seated on the Idle, 30 m n by e Notting-
ham, and 141 Nbyw London.
Rethum, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Zell, seated on the AUer, 35
m NNw Hanover.
Retimu, a seaport of Candia, and a
bishop's see, with a citadel, where tlie pa-
shaw resides. Its silk, wool, honey, wax,
laudanum, and oil, are preferred to all
others. It is seated on the n coast of the
island, 42 m w Candia. Lon. 24 38 e,
lat. 35 20 X.
Retz, a town of the palatinate of Ba-
varia, on the tiver Schwarza, 28 m ese
Amberg.
Revel, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Garonne, near the grand
basin of the Canal Pvoyal, 27 m se Tou-
louse.
Revel, a government of Russia. See
Est/ionia.
Revel, a seaport of Russia, capital of
the government of Esthonia, and a bi-
shop's see. It is surrounded by high walls
and deep ditches, and defended by a
castle and bastions. The houses are well
built, and have fine gardens. Here is a
college, with four professors; and in 1733,
two churches were allowed to the protes-
tants. It has a considerable trade, the
objects the same as Riga; also two great
fairs, in May and September, frequented
by English' and Dutch merchants. It
stands on the gulf of Finland, 160 m NbyE
Riga, and 220 whys Petersburgh. Lon.
24''ll E, lat. 59 26 "x.
Revello, a town of Piedmont, seated
near the Po, on the top of a mountain
fortified by nature and art, 3 m xw Saluzzo.
Revero', a town of Italy, in Hantaan,
seated on the Po, opposite Ostiglia, 20 m
SE iMantna.
Revilla, a town of New Spain, in New
Leon, seated on the Rio del Norte, near
the influx of the Sabinas, 85 m ne Mon-
terey.
Revin, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ardennes, on the river Meuse,
6 m e Kocroy.
Reus, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
with a considerable trade in wine, brandy,
leather, and nuts, \vhich are conveyed
hence to the port of Salo. It is seated in
the middle of a most fruitful plain, 12 m
>;w TaiTiigona.
2Q2
RHE RHE
Reuff, a river of Switzerland, whioli hare been successively crowncfl at Rheims;
issues from the lake of Locendro, im the
»\v of St. Goihard, tlows throuiz,h the
town of Switzerland, in
an abbey, on an island
probabl}', because C'lovis, the fonndt'r of
the Frencli uionarcliy, when converted
town and lake of Lucern, and joins the from paj^anism, was baptised in the ca-
Aar below Bruck. tliedrai lierc, in the year 41)(). The re-
I{eutlirts,cn, a town of Worteinber<x. mains of an amphitheatre, a castle, and a
In the tovvnhouse is preserved an uncient tiinniphal arch, are ainon^ the ancient
batteriii" ram; and in the vicinity are moninuents nf tlie Romans. Rheinis is
inanvp.rper and powder mills. It is%eat- loni; and narrow, and the houses are low.
ed on the Ediet/, near the Ncckar, 17 in Here are manufactures of flannel, cover-
s S'uf'ard. \ets, anil oilier woollen stufls. It is seat-
Rify,' a govcrnr.Hut of Brasil, and the od in a plain, surrounded by hills that pro-
most southern one. It is above 800 m in (luce excellent wine, on the river Vesse,
leniith, between the Atlantic ocean and 62 m N Troves, and 75 ne Paris. Lon.
the" mountains of Paraquay, but is only 4 2 i;, lat. 49 15 k.
from 90 to IQO min breadtli. In the s part U/iein, a town of Prussia, m Natangen,
is a lake, called Menm, IGOm long; and 50 with a lar<^e fortified castle; seated on a
broad, formed by a branch ftWthat of lake, 75 m ^r. Konigsbcrij;. Lon. 21 38 e,
St. Pedro. The principal places on this lat. 53 48 n.
extensive coast are the island of St. (>a- Rhcinun,
iherinc and the town of S^Pedro. Thuiizan, with
Reyes, a city of Mew Granada, in the fftrmed by the Rhine, 5 m ssv/ Schatf-
province of St.JMartha; seated in a fer- hanscn.
tile valley, on the river Guatopori, 76 in liheinbach, or Ri/nhach, a town ot
SSE St. Martha. Lon. 73 30 w, lat. 10 Germany, in the territory of Cologne, 10
g 1^ m wsw Bonn, and 36 kw Coblcntz.
Rewuh, a town of Hindoostan, in Gund- Rlieinherg, a town of Germany, in the
wana capital of the district of Bo^hela. territory of Colopie, seated near the
It has' a stone fort, in which the rajah re- Rhine, 13 m e Gelders, and 48 k by w Co-
sides, and is situate on the Crocgra, 180 logne.
m NNW Ruttupoor. Lon. 81 26 e, lat. 24 Rlichte, a town of ^^estphalla, in the
«-. jj principality of Munster, seated on the
Renarv, a town of Hindoostan, in Del- Ems, 18 m wkw Osnaburg.
hi. seated on the Sadi, 42 m sw Delhi. R/ie'meck, a town of Germany, in the
'Rhatr.anie, or Ruckmanie, a town and circle of Lower Rhine, with a castle on a
fort of E^vpt, on the w branch of the very steep mountain; seated on the Rhine,
Nile where the canal of Alexandria en- 16 m KwCoblentz.
ters that river. A little to the se are con- R.'ieineck, a. town of Frnnconia, capi-
siderable ve.stiges of the city of Sais, once tal of a county, with a castle ; seated on
the capital of Lower Egypt. Rhanianie the river Sinn, 25 m iv by w Uuitzburg.
is seated 25 m above Ro^setta, and 58 i se Rheincck, a town ot Switzerland, capi-
Alexandria. ^al of Rheiuthal, with a castle. Here are
Rhayader, a corporate town of Wales, linen and woollen manufactures, and a
in Radnorshire, with a market on Wed- great trade in timber. It is seated on the
nesday It is situate on the Wye, where Rhine, near its entrance into the lake ot
there was formerly a cataract," which is Constance, 25 m se Constance. Lon.
now destroyed, and a neat bridge erected; 9 35 e, lat. 47 21 N. ^ „ i ■ .1 i .
and on an emuience near it is the site of an Rhetnjdden, a town of Suabia, the best
ajicient castle, of which no ruins remain, of the four Forest-towns; seated on the
In the vicinity are lead and copper mines. Rhine, over which is a bridge, ^3 ra E
It is 19 m wssw iSew Radnor and 178 Basel. .
London. RheUifds, a fortress of Germany, in the
Rheda a town of Westphalia, in the lower county ot Catzenellenbogen. It was
wincipality of .Munster, 10 m N Lipstadt. one of the most important places on the
E/ie'Vj a city of France, in the de- Rhine, and situate on a stupendous craggy
t,artme»t of Marne, and lately an arch- rock, at the foot of winch is the tortihed
bishop's see. The population 30,000. town of St. Goar. It surrendered to the
The nnncipal church, built before the French in 1794, and was afterwards blov.'n
pnncip
year 406, is a very beautiful structure ;
and that of St. Nicaise is remarkable for
Behind the high
its tine architecture.
alfar of the church of St. Remy, the
coribse of that archbishop is preserved in ^... -, .
' a toaonihccnt shrine. The kings of France lying along the Rhine, and now included
up by them. It is 16 m s Coblentz.
lihe'inma(;cn, a town of Germany, m
tlie duchy of Juliers, situate on tlie Rhine,
19 m >w Coblentz.
Rheiuthal, a district of Switzerland,
RHl
iu the canton of St. Gall. It is a fertile
valley, 30 in long and from 3 to 8 broad,
and produces excellent wine. Khelneck is
the capital.
Rbcinzubern, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Rhine, seated on
the Erlbach, 10 msE Landau.
Rlieini, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duch)' of Mecklenburg, on the river
Rade>;ast, 14 m r.sn Lnbec.
Rhenen, a town of the Xetherlands, in
Utrecht, seated on the Rhine, 20 m sE
Utreciit.
Rhine, a sreat and remarkable river of
Europe, which rises in Switzerland, in
the canton of Orisons. It is formed of
three streams ; the Further Rhine, from
tlie hend of the valley of Disentis ; the
Middle Rhine, from the valley of Medelo,
an appendage of St. Gothard ; and the
Hither or Upper Rhine, from the nioimc
Avicula. The tirst two torrents united is
called the Lower Rhine, which receives
the Upper Rhine at llichcnau; and the
height is here about (3180 feet above the
sea. Flowinii bv Coiie, at the distance
of a mile, the Rlnne here becomes navi-
gable for rafts. It is soon after the boun-
dary between tlie Rheinthal and a territory
of Austria, and passes through the lake
of Constance from Etow. Leaving this
lake, it becomes the boundary between
Switzerlanfl and Snabia, flowing by
SchalVlmusen (below which it forms a
celebrated cataract) to Basel. Here the
river turns to the x, and flows thence to
Holland ; in which course it becomes tlie
barrier between France and Germany,
waters many considerable cities and towns,
and receives some large rivers. Below
Enmierick, in the duchy of Cleve, it di-
vides into two streams. That w Inch bends
to the w, and flows to Xinieguen, is
called the Waal, but loses that name on
itsjunction with tiie Meuse, at Worcam.
Below Gorcuni, itiiivides into four princi-
pal branches, forming the islts of Yssel-
monde, V'oorn, and Oven'lackee "- the niost
northern branch is called tlie INIerwe, and
passing by Rotterdam and Scliicdam, is
joined by the iiranch from the s side of
isselmonde, and enters the German ocean,
below Briel : the other two branches make
their exit at HeK-oetshiys and Goree. The
other stream that had branclied oil' to the
^'w below F.nnnerick, retains its name ;
but below Iluesseii antjther branches off
to the X, which takes the name of Yssel,
and enters the Zifider zee, below Casnpen.
The old river proceeds w by Aridieim to
Duerstede, when it again divides into two
streams : that to the left is called the
Leek, and enters the ilerwc, above Rot-
terdam. The branch to the right, which
RIIO
retains its name, passes on to Utrecht,
where it divides once more, into two
streams: tlie smaller one is called the
\'echt, which runs north into tlie Zuider
zee, atMuyden; and the other, the an-
cient stream, flows w by Woerden t(] Ley-
den. Here it divides into seve-al chan-
nels, which i'ormerlv became lost among
hills of sand; bur the streams have been
reunited into a canal, and this remain of
t'le noble Rhine now enteis the .sea through
a sluice at the village of Calui/ck.
Rhine, Gruud Duchy vf the Loicer, a
district of Germany, being the nan^e given
at tiie congress of Vienna, to the Prussian
provinces on the two banks of the Rhine,
above the tovvu of Cologne, which town is
included in the duchy.
Rhone, Lmcer, a circle of Gei-many.
It extends on both sides the Rhino, from
the circle of Suabia on the s, to that of
Westphalia on the x ; containing the ter-
ritories of Mentz, Treves, and Cohigne,
the palatinate of the Rhine, the duchy of
Westphalia, and the county of Lower
Isenburg.
Rhine, Lmier, a denartment of France,
containing the x part of liie old province
of Alsace. Strasburg is the cajjital.
Rhine, Upper, a department of France,
containing the s part of the old provinpe of
Alsace, and surrounding principality of
Montbeliard, belonging to Germany. Col-
njar is the capital.
Rhine, Upper, a circle of Germany.
It extends across the Rhine from Lorraie
in France on the s, to the circle of Lower
Saxony ou the x, and is nearly inter.-.ected
by the palatinate of the Rhine. It in-
cludes the landgravate of Hesse, W'eltera-
via, the counties of Catzenellenbogen and
Waldeck, the i'lee town of Frankfoit, and
the territories of Fnl-'a, Spire, Wunns,
Deux Pouts, and the Moiubeliard.
Rhine, FaUdinuLe of Hit, a territory of
Germany, lately an electorate, in the cir-
cle of Lower Rhine; bounded on the x by
the territories 6f Mentz and Tieves, e by
Franconia, s by Suabia, and w by France.
It is also called the Lower Palatinate, to
distinguish it from the palatinate of Bava-
ria, sometimes called the Upper Palati-
nate. Manheim is the capital.
Rhode Island, one of tlic United- States
of America, 47 m long and '37 broad;
bounded on the xandE by Massachusets,
s by the Atlantic, and w by Connecticut.
These limits comprehend what has beta
called Rhode Island and Providence Pliii!-
tation. It is divided into the counties ot
Newport, Providence, Washington, Bris-
tol, and Kent. Tiie state is intersected in
all directions by river^; the chief of thein
are Providence and Taunton rivers, wlucfe
lUIO
flow into Narraganset bay. Iroii-oic niul
limestone are found in great plenty in lliis
state, which is prinolpally a country lor
pasture. In 1810 the popuhition was
7-6,213. Providence anil Newport are thb-
chief towns.
Il/iotle Inland, an island of N America,
in the state of its name, 15 m long and 4
broad. Between 30 and -10,000 slieci) are
fed here, beside beeves and horses. 'I'his
island is a noted resort of the invalids from
the southern climates, being exceedingly
pleasant and healthful. At the sw extre-
mity is ihe town of Newport.
lihudcs, an island of the Archipelago,
at the enirance oftiic gulf of !Macn, -10 m
long and 15 broad. The soil is fertile, but
badly cultivated. This island is celebrat-
ed in ancient history, having been fre-
quently under the dumlnion of ditferent
masters. The Saracens became possessors
of it in 665; and, in 130P, it was taken from
them by the knights of St. John of Jeru-
salem, who afterward took the name of
knights of Rhodes. They retained it till
1525, when it was taken by the Turks,
after an obstinate resistance ; and the small
number of knights that remained were af-
terward removed to Malta. A pashaw is
the governor-general of tlie island, who
presides over civil juscice and military
discipline.
Rhodes, the capital of the above island,
and an archbishop's see. It was anciently
9 m in circuit, and regarded by Ale.^an-
der, who deposited his lait v.il! here, as
the first city in the world; but the present
town occupies only a quarter of the extent
of the ancient city. It has a good har-
bour, with a narrow entrance between two
piers, and is now so choaked with ruins,
that small vessels alone are able to enter.
On a part of the harbour stood the famous
Colossus, a statue of bronze, 70 cubits
bigh, reckoned one of the seven wonders of
the worid : it was thrown dowi\ by an
earthquake, 56 years after its erection;^
and when the Saracens became masters of
the island, they knocked it to pieces, and
sold the fragments to a Jew of Edessa.
Rhodes was deemed an impregnable lor-
tress, being surrounded by triple walls and
double ditches, but they are now in a state
of dilapidation. Over one of the gates is
still to be seen a stone shield with the cross
of the order of the knights of St. John of
Jerusalem. A quadrangular edifice, which
has the appearance of a monastery, is
HOW converted into a guard-house and ar-
senal ; and in it are large piles of marble
bullets, made from the pieces of sculfjture
■which formerly adorned the city. It is
inhabited by Turks and Jews ; for the
Christians, '.> ho live in the suburbs, are
RIA
not suffered to be within the walls in the
nigiir-time. T-on. 28 14 f., lat. 36 26 n.
Rhode:. ; see Rodcz.
lihoiic, a large river, whicli has its rise
in Swit/.crland, from an extensive glacier
called that of the Khonc, on the western
flaidv of the mount St. Gothard, in Upper
Valais. After flowing wandx' through
the whole of N'alais, it enters the r, end of
thelake of Oeneva, which it passes through
to the w, and then running s sejjarates the
canton of Geneva and duchy of Savo)'
from France. Penetrating France it flows
w to Lyon, then s to Vienne, Tonrnon,
Valence, Vivicrs, Pont St. Esprit, Avig-
non, Peaucaire, Tarascon, and Aries, and
entersthc Mediterranean by several mouths.
Rhone, a dcjiartment of I'rance, so
named from the river Rhone, which flows
on its E border. It includes the old pro-
vinces of Peaujolois and Lyonois. The
capital is Lyon.
Rhone, Mouths of the, a department of
France, on the coast of the Mediterra-
nean, at the iniiux of the Rhone, contain-
ing tlie \v part of the old province of Pro-
vence. Aix is the capital.
Rhonhoiise, a village of Scotland, 6 m
^E Kircudbright, noted for a great annual
fair in June, and a weekly cattle market
from October to January.
Rhuddlan, a village of Wales, in Flint-
shire, on an eminence near the month of
the Clwyd, 5 m nnw St. Asaph. It was
once of considerable consequence, but now
of note only for the remains of a castle
built by Edv.ard i, whose queen was herti
delivered of a princess in 1283 ; and in the
same year a parliament is said to have
been held here, when the fiimous Statute
of Rhuddlan was enacted.
Rhudun, a town of the duchy of West-
phalia, on the river Monne and frontiers of
Paderborn, 12 m sse Lipstudt.
Rhnthyn ; see Ruthin.
Riri/nbeck, a town of New York, in
Duchess county, on the e side of Hudson
river, opposite Kingston, and 18 m N
Poughkeepsie.
Rhi/ubeig,ovlViinsbcrg,a town ofBran-
dcnDurg,in the I^liddle mark .with a hand-
some pldacc, built by Fredrick n, wneu
hereditary prince. It is seated on the Rhyn,
10 m ^' lluppin.
Rhj/ncii ; ica Ihininei/.
Vihynou, a town of Brandenburg, in the
IVFidJle mark, at the contluxof the Rbyu
with the Havel, 9 m se Ilavelberg.
Riazan, a government of Russia, for-
merly a province of the government of
Moscow. It is fertile in corn, and po-
pulous; and had anciently its own princes.
Riuzun, the capital of the above govern-
ment, and an archbishop's see. This city
mc
was formerly considerable for extent and
riches, but was almost ruined by the
Tartars, in 1568. It is seated at the
conflux of the Trubesh with the Oka,
100 m SE Moscow. Lon. 40 37 E, kit.
54 55 N.
Riba de Sella, a small seaport of Spain,
in Asturias, on the' bay of Biscay, 29 m e
by s Gijon.
Ribudavia, a towa of Spain, in Galicia,
seated at the conflux of the Avia with the
JMinho, in a territory that produces the best
wine in Spain, 15 m wsw Orense.
Ribadeo, a toivu of Spain, in Gallicia,
with a harbour, defended by a castle. It
is seated on a rock, at the mouth of the
JJirando, 45 m xxe Lugo.
Ribas, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, on the river Xarama, 8 m e ]Ma-
drid.
Ribble, a river that rises in W York-
shire, above Settle, crosses Lancashire
by Clitheroe and Preston, and enters the
insii sea.
Ribeira Grande, the capital of St. Jago,
thelarge st of the Cape \ erd islands, and a
bishop's see. It has a good harbour, and is
seated between two high mountains. Lon.
23 24 w, lat. 14 50 xr
Ribemont, a town of France, in the
department of Aisne, seated on an emi-
nence, near the river Oise, 10 m av bys St.
Quentin.
Riberac, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Dordogne, 17 m e Perigueux, and
'27 sse Angoulesme.
Ribnik, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
/;ipa!ity of llatibor, 29 m Ebyx Eatibor.
Ribnik, or Rimnik, a town of Euro-
pean Turkey, in Waliachia, and a bishop's
see. Here, in 1789, the Austrians and
Ixussians gained a great victov over tiJe
Turks. It is seated on a river of the
same name, G8 ra exe Tergovist. — An-
other, on the river Alth, 50 m whys
Tergovist.
Ribnitz, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg, on a bay of tlie Bal-
tic, near the intkix of the lieckenitz, 15 m
J»'E Rostock.
Richelieu, a town of France, in the
department of Indre and Loire, found-
ed by cardinal Richelieu, in 1637, and
seated on the Amable and \ide, GO ni ssw
Tours.
^ Richmond, the capital of Virginia, in
Henrico county, on the x side of James
river. It is built chiefly on two lofty
liills, the northern of which has an
extensive plain on its summit, and is the
principal seat of the public buildings of
the city. Hero are an episcopal church,
a^tate-house, a court-house, andailuating
U'H bridge over the river. The falls above
RIE
the bridge are 7 m in length; and vessels
of burden lie at City Point, 20 ra below,
Ihe chief exports are tobacco, corn,
lumber, tar, pitch, and turpentine. The
population was 9735 in 1810, and 14,333
in 1817. It is 96 m ssw Washington.
Lon. 77 55 w, lat. 37 35 x.
Richmond, a borough in N Yorkshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Saturday. It was enclosed by a wall,
with three gates, now in ruins ; and has a
castje, on an inaccessible mount, and two
churches. It is the capital of a district
called Richmondshire, which abounds in
lead mines, and was formerly a county of
itself. Richmond has a manufacture of
woollen stockings, caps, &c. It is seated
on the Swale, over which is a bridge, 40 la.
xw York, and 230 xxw London. Lon.
1 35 w, lat. 54 28 x.
Ricltmond, a village in Suriy, with a
bridge over the Thames, 9 m wsw London,
It was ancisntiy called Sheen; but Henry
VII. called it Richmond, on account of his
havirig been earl of Richmond in York-
shire. Here was a palace, in which
Edward in, Henry vn, and queen Elisabettt-
expired. Richmond is still distingiiished
by its beautiful royal gardens, in which is
an observatory; and its extensive royal
park, surrounded by a brick wall, built by
Charles i.
RichnansicGrih, a town in Hertfordshire,
with a market on Satufday, seated on
the Coin, 8 m s\v St. Alban, and 18 WN-.v
Loiidon.
Ricla, a town of Spain, in Aragon. on the
river Xalon, 28 m wsw Saragossa.
Ride, a town in Hampshire, on the xr.
coast of the isle of Wight. It has a daily
intercourse by packet-boats with Ports-
mouth, and sentis to that place abundance
of butter, eggs, and poultry. It is 5 m ssw
Portsniouth, and (J kxe Xev.port.
Ridgjield, a town of Connecticut, ia.,
Fairfield county, situate on an eminence,
14 m xw i airfield, and 43 xxe New:
York.
Reidlingcn, a townof Wirteraberg,seat-
ed on the Danube, 15 m sw Ulm.
Reitberg, a town of Westphalia, capital
of a county, with a castle; situate on the
Ems, 17 m vvbyx Paderborn.
Rieti, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
.Spoleto, and a bishop's see. Beside tha
cathedral, it contams three collegiate and
six parisli clmrches, and 12 convents. 3t
is seated on the Velino, near the lake
Ilieti, 37 m ke Rome. Lou. 13 5 e, lav.
42 23X.
Rieux, a town of France, in thi^ depart-
ment of Upper Garonne, and iately a
bishop's see. It Is seated oa the Risej 25
m ssw Toulou^^i.
RIN
Hiez, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Lower Alps, and lately a
bishop's see. It is seated in a plain
abonnding with wine and frnit, '20 ni ssw
JDigne.
lii£;(i, a government of Russia, ^ee
lUvonia.
liigd, a strong town of Knssia, capital
of the trovernment of Livonia, and, next to
Petersburg, the most coninicrcial place in
the empire. It stands on the Dwina, la m
from it> mouth, in a i:^ulf of the Baltic,
called the tiulf of Ui;_'a, or Livonia. It has
11 chnrches; and in 18\Q contained no.OOO
inhabitants, chiefly of German extraction,
and speaking that language. The trade is
chiefly carried on by ftireign merchants,
•who are resident here, and those belonging
*o an English factory enjoy the greatest
share of the commerce. Lhe principal
«xports a/e corn, hcm]i, flax, iron, tim-
ler, masts, pitch, leather, hides, and
tallow. Here is a floating wooden bridge
-over the Dwina, 2600 feet long and 40
i)road : in winter, when the ice sets
an, it is removed ; and in spring it is
Tcplaced. Riga is 220 m xe Konigsberg,
and 310 sw Petersburg. Lon. 24 2 r, lat.
56 56 \.
I{i7nini, a town of Italy, in Romagna,
wth an old castle, a strong tower, and
anany remains of antiquity. The sea having
receded from the town for some centuries,
the harbour now will admit only small ves-
sels. Rimini was the flrst town that beheld
Cesar in arms against his country, after
iaving passed the Rubicon. It is seated in
a fertile plain, at the mouth of the Marechia,
in the gulf of \'enice, US m se Ravenna,
and 145 X by E Rome. Lon. 12 34n, lat.
-4 4 N.
l{ingl:inpiiig, a seaport of Denmark, in
JJ Jutland, which has a considerable trade
■with Holland anH Norway. It is seated on
a gulf of I lie German ocean, 43 m sw VVi-
l)ur2, and 53 knw Ripen. Lon. 8 15 e, lat.
56 8 N.
liinghlen, a town of Upper Saxony, in
the principality of Eisenach, 6 m n Erfurt,
and 26 kxe Eisenach.
liinf'sfed, a town of Denmark, in the isle
of Zealanfl. It was tormerly a city; and in
the great church arc interred several kings,
and persons of distinction. It is 30 m sw
Copenhagen.
RingKOod, a town in Hampshii-e, with a
market on V'/ednesday. It has a manufac-
ture of worsted hose; and is famous for
strong beer and nle. It is seated on the
Avon, SO m sw Winchester, and 91 whys
' 'Minfkin, R strong town of Westphalia,
capital of liie county of Schauenbnrg,
tvitli a univfMsity. It is seated on the
mo
Weser, 12 m se Minden, and 35 wsw
Hanover. Lon. 9 10 e, lat. 52 12 \.
Rio Grande, a government in the ne
part of Brasil, between those of Seara and
J'araiba. It is watered by the Rio Grande,
or I'olengi, which rises in the immense
plain of l*ernainbuco, and enters the sea
below Natal, the capital.
Ilia Gr(i)tdc, a river in the s part of
Brasil, which runs w into the Parana, and
is the principal branch of that river.
Uio Grande, a river that rises in Sierra
Leone, and flows Kwandw through Sene-
gambiu to the Atlantic. It is said to be
navigable for boats 200 miles, and is there
cro'-sed by a ledge of rocks.
Rio Janeiro, a river of Brasil, which
enters the Atlantic ocean, at St. Sebastian,
the capital of all Brasil. It is rather a
small gulf, as the entrance is narrow, and
the water salt ; for though it receives two
rivers, their waters are not suflilcient to form
the bay or harbour of Rio .Janeiro. At its
mouth is a small island, which narrows the
channel to three quarters of a mile; but
this being passed, a grand basin opens
30 m in length and at least 100 in circuit,
including several small islands covered
with beautiful trees and shrubs, and its
shores rising in general abruptly to rich
hills of moderate height. All parts of the
port afford anchorage to the most numerous
fleets, and with the greatest facility of
access and egress, by means of the regular
sea and land breezes. On the e side of it
is the strong ibrt of Santa Cruz, which,^
with that of St. Lucia on an island, de-
fend the entrance ; and on the w side is
that of St. Jago, together with the
capital.
Rio Janeiro, a government of Brasil,
lying near the tropic of Capricorn, on a
river of the same name. It produces cot-
ton, sugar, rum, coffee, cocoa, pejiper, in-
digo, and tobacco, with abundance of
fruit and garden-stuff, but no bread-corn;
so that tlie people here have no wdieat-
flour but what is brought from Portugal.
As a succedaneum for bread there are
yams and cassada in plenty. The riches
of the country consist in mines of gold,
and in precious stones. The latter are
foimd in such plenty, that a certain quan-
tity only is allowed to be collected in
a year, which is sometimes obtained in
less than a month. St. Sebastian is the
capital.
Rio de Mirando, a river of Spain, which
rises in the mountains of Asturias, separ-
ates that province from Galicia, and enters
the bay of Biscay, at Ribadeo.
Rio del Norte, a river that rises in the
mountainous district on the n border ot
New Mexico^ and runs s through the
RIP
whole of that country into New Spain,
^vhele it flows e and se till it enters the
gulf of Mexico, in lat. '25 30 n. Tlie ex-
tent of its course is estimated at 2000
m; but it cannot in any part be termed a
navigable stream, owing to sand bars in
the flat country, and rocks in tiie upper
part of its course.
Rio cle la Plata ; see Plata.
Iliob'ii/iba, a town of Quito, capital of
a district. The productions and manufac-
tures of the district are superior to any
other in liie kin;j;doin ; and in some parts
of it are mines of gold and silver. The
town was eniirclv destroyed bv an earth-
quake in 1798; but has been rebuilt on a
more convenient spot, and is now a hand-
some place, with 20,000 inhabitants. It
is 100 m sbyw Quito. Lon. 78 36 w,
lat. 1 42 s.
Rioja, a town ofTucuman, capital of a
province, that produces cotton, grain, and
Tines. It is seated in a valley, near the
mountains on the w border, 250 m wsw
Tucuman. Lon. C8 50 w, lat. 28 30 s.
liiom, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Puy de Dome, seated on a hill, 8
m NE Clermont, and 115 s Paris.
Rioni, a river that rises in the prin-
cipality of Geori^ia, forms the s boun-
dary of Mingrelia, and enters tiie Black
sea.
-R/o«.?, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Giroutle, seated on the Garonne,
18 m SE Bourdeaux.
Ripa Transone, a town of Italv, in the
marquisate of Ancona, 8 m s Fermo.
Ripen, a fortified town of Denmark, in
N Jutland, capital of a diocese, with a
castle, two colle;j;es, and a public library.
The tond)s of several kinsis are in' the
cathedral, which is a handsome structure.
The harbour, at the mouth of the Gram,
\m\[ only admit small vessels. The chief
exports are corn, horses, and oxen. It is
65 m .\w Sleswick, and 78 sby w Wiburg.
Lon. S 40 E, lat. 55 23 X.
Riplci/, a town in W Yorkshire, with a
market on Monday, seated on the Nyd,
23 m WKw York, and 215 n by w London..
Ripon, a borough in W Yorkshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market
on Thursday. In the neighbourhood is
the celebrated Studley park, including
the venerable remains of Fountain abbey.
Hipon was once famous for its religious
houses, and has now a collegiate church.
Its noted manufacture of spurs has some
time declined, but two extensive cotton
mills employ a number of hands. The
market-place is one of the finest squares
•of the kind in England. It is seated on
the Lire, 28 m ji.wv York, and 209 ^'K\v
London* Lon. 1 29 w, lat. 54 11 k.
TIOB
Riguier, St. a town of France, in the
department of Somme, seated on the Car-
don, 24 m Nw Amiens.
Risborougli, a town in Buckinghamshire,
with a market on Saturday, 20 m s Ayles-
bury, and 37 wnw London.
Ritzcnbuttlc, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of Bremen, with a castle ;
seated half a mile s Cuxhavcn, and 25 m
N Carlsltnrg.
Riva, a town of Germany, in the prin-
cipality of Trent, on the river Iliva, at its
entrance into the lake Garda, 17 m sw
Trent.
Riva, a town of Switzerland, in Valte-
line, seated on the n end of the lake Como,
8 m sbyw Chiavenna.
Rivadco; see Ribadeo.
Rivuitu, a town of Piedmont, situate on
the Sangon, 6 m sv/ Turin.
Rivalla, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
situate on the Adda, 15 m e Milan.
Rixmrolo, a town of Piedmont, situate
on the Oreo, 15 m n Tm-in.
Rivesaltef;, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Eastern Pyrenees, seated on
the Egly, 8 m n Perpignan.
Rivoli, a town of Piedmont, with a mag-
nificent castle, 9 m w Turin.
Rivolo, a town of Italy, in Veronese, on
the lake Garda, 16 m nw Verona.
Roa, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
seated on the Douro, 25 lu N by e Sego-
via.
Roan?ic, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Loire, seated on the Loire,
where it begins to be navigable for barks.
Hence the merchandise of Lyon is con-
veyed to Paris, Orleans, Nantz, &C. Ro-
aune is 45 m wxw Lyon, and 210 SSE
Paris. Lon. 5 58 e, lat. 46 4 n.
Roanoke, an island of N Carolina, on
the s side of Albemarle sound, famous for
being the place where sir Walter Ralegh
made the first British settlement in N
America. Its n end forms the s side of
Roanoke inlet, which leads into the sound.
Lon. 75 56 w, lat. 35 56 n.
Roanoke, a river of the United States,
formed by the junction of the Staunton and
Dan, in the s part of Virginia. It is sub-
ject to inundations, and, on account of the
falls, is navigable for shallops only, about
60 fn. It enters, by several mouths, into
the sw part of Albemarle sound.
Robben Island, sometimes called Pen-
guin Island, a barren sandy island, near
the Cape of Good Hope, at the entrance
into False bay. Lon. 18 22 E, lat. 32
50 s.
Rohel, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg, on the lake Muritz,
24 m w Strelitz.
Robin Hood Bay, a bay on the coast
ROC
Pt Yorkshire, between Scarboroiis;h and
Whitby, abimt a mile broad. Here is a
village of fishermen, wlio supply the city
ot'York, and tlic adjacent country, with all
sorts of fish in their season. Lon OlSw,
lat. 54: '25 N.
Roca, Cape, the most western point of
Portugal, and of Europe. On tlie sunnnit
is a remarkable monastery, said to be
3000 feet above the sea ; and on the e of
tlie mountain is a summer palace, of
IVJoorish architecture. IJerc is also a small
vineyard, named Carcavella, yielding a pe-
culiar grape ; and the environs supply most
•of the fruits and vegetables used at J js-
bon. This cape is called generally by the
English sailors, the Itock of Lisbon. Lon.
9 3ci w, lat. 38 4'2 x.
liocamadou?-, a town of Fance, in the
department of Lot, 23 m x Caliors.
Rocella, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, near which is a coral fishery, 10 m
NE Gierace.
liochdulc, a town in Lancashire, with a
market on Tuesday, and manufactures of
bays, flannels, serges, and other woollen
goods. It has two churches; and a canal
from Manchester passes hence to the
Calder navigation, near Halifax. It is
seated on the river Koch, at the foot of the
"iorkbhire hills, 13 m x by e Manchester,
and 198 XNw London.
Roche, a fortified town of Switzerland,
in the canton of Geneva, seated near a
large rock, on the river Borne, 12 m xe
Jinnecy.
Roche, or Roche en Arde/i7ie!!, a town
of the jNetherlands, in the duchy of Lux-
eraberg, with a strong castle; seated on a
rock, near the river Ourte, 22 m s Liege,
and 32 xw Luxemburg.
Ruche Bcimcour, a town of France, in
the department of Dordogne, 22 m xw
Perigueux.
Roche licrmtrd, a town of France, in
the department of Morbihan, on the river
Vilaine, 22 m se Vannes.
Roche Gin/on. a town of France, in the
■department of Seine and Oise, on the river
■Seine, 21 m w Pontoise.
Ruche Pos(n/, a town of France, in the
department of \'ienne, with a mineral
spring; seated on the Creuse, 32 m exe
Poitiers.
Ruche sur Yun, a town of Fiance, in tlie
department of Vendee, seated near the
Yon, 20 m xw Lucon.
Rochechouart, a town of France, in the
department of Upper V ieime, with a castle
on a mountain; seated near a rivulet that
flows into the Yieime, 18 n\ w Limoges.
Ruchefott, a town of the Netherlands,
in the duchy of Luxeniberg, with a castle,
said to liave been built by the Komans.
ROC
It is situate on the Sommc, surrounded
by rocks, 50 m xw Luxemburg. Lon. 5
10 E, lat. 50 12 N. -
Rucheforl, a seaport of France, in tlie
department of Lower Charente, with a
commodious liarbour, one of the most
famous in France. It stands on the Cha-
rente, 12 m from its mouth, which is de-
fended by several forts. The streets are
broad and straight; the houses low, but
regular; and the population 17,000. It.
has a magnificent hospital, the finest liall
of iirms in France, a noble arsenal, a fi)un-
dery for cannon, and all the other maga-
zines necessary for the construction and
equipment of shi|;s of war. It is 17 ni
ssE Ptochelle, and 2G0 sw Paris. Lon. 0
58 vv, lat. 45 50 x.
liochefort, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Jura, on the river Doubs, (J m.
XE Dole, and 22 wsw Besancon.
Hochefurt, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mayenne and Loire, on the
ri\er Loire, 10 in ssw Angers.
Rochefo7t, ii town of France, in the de-
partment of Morbihan, 17 m e \'annes,
and 40 sw Pennes.
Ruchefuucuult, a town of France, in the
department of Charente, seated on the
Tardourere, 12 m xe Angouleme.
Rocliejaune, or Yclluustone, a river of
Louisiana, which has its rise in the moun-
tains s of the sources of the Missouri, and
flows above 1000 m ke to that river, whicb
it enters in lat. 48 0 x, by a mouth 300
yards wide, exclusive of a large sand-bar.
The water is of a yellowish brown colour,
and the stream divided by numerous islands
and shoals. In 180G, the greatest part
of its course was descended by captain
Clark.
iiochelle, a fortified seaport of France,
and a bishop's see, in the department of
Lower Charente. 'J he houses are sup-
ported by piazzas, and the harbour is sur-
rounded by a prodigious mole, 4482 feet
in extent. The iniiabitants, about 18,000,
carry on a considerable trade; especially iu
wine, brandy, sugar, salt, paper, linen, ami
serges. It is 97 m n by w Bourdeaux, and
250 sw Paris. Lon. 1 10 w, lat. -10 9 x.
Rochemaure, a town of France, in the
department of Ardeche, seated on the
lihone, 8 in xne Viviers.
Fi.ochcster, a city in Kent, governed by
a mayor, with a market on Friday. Its
castle, now iu iuius, once rendered it of
great importance ; aud here also are some
remains of a priory. The spi^J-iig assizes
are held here aud at Muulstone alternately.
Rochester is a bishop's see, and has, be-
side the cathedral, two parish churches,
'ihe ))opulaticu in 1811, including Chat-
ham^ was 21,72'.^. It has two freqscUools,
ROC
cue called the Kings, and the otlier the
City School. Here is an almshouse, for
six poor travellers, who are supplied for
one night, with lodging, entertainment,
an.d fourpence : an inscription over the
door intimates that rogues and proctors
are excepted. Rochester is parted from
Stroud on the w by its bridge, and is con-
tiguous to Chatham on the e. It is seated
on the I\Jedway, 26 m wnw Canterbury,
and 29 Esn London. Loii. 0 26 e, hit. 51
23 X.
Rochester, a town of New York, built
immediately at the great tails of the Ge-
nesse, which rushes through it over a bed
«f limestone. Here are a cotton mill and
some large com mills. It has a bridge
over the river, 8 m above its entrance
into Lake Ontario, and 84 Ebys Fort
Niagara.
Roc/ictla, a town of tlie county of Nice,
16 m NE Nice.
Hoc /if bid, a town in Essex, with a mar-
ket on Thursday ; seated on a small stream
that soon joins the Crowch, 16 m se
Chelmsford, and 40 EbyN London.
lloc/ilil.z, a town of the kingdom of Sax-
ony, in jMisnia, with a castle on a rock,
and a handsome bridge over the Mulda,
24 m SE Leipzic.
licchauai/, a town of New Jersey, in
Morris county, on a river of its name, 15
m Kby w Mor'ristown.
Bockbricl^e; see Ceihn- Creek.
Fiockenhuvsvn, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the Rhine, 26 m w
Worms.
liockford, a town of N Carolina, in
^Viikes county, seated on the Yadkin, 33
m Ebyx Wilkes.
liockiuglunn, a town in Northampton-
sliire, with a market on Thursday. It had
an ancient castle, long ago demolished;-
and its forest Was reckoned one of the
largest and ricliest in the kingdom. It is
seated on the VVelland, 12 m s Oakham,
and 83 n by w London.
Rocking k(i»i, a town of N Carolina,
chief of Richmond county. It is seated
<m an eminence, 6 m e of Great I'edee
Eiver,-and 46 wnw Favettevillc.
Rockingnam, a town of Virgmia, cnief
<if a county of the same name. It is situate
on a branch of the Shenandoah, 40 m sw
Woodstock, and .^5 ene Bath.
Rocky Mounty a town of Virginia, chief
of Franklin county. It is seated near the
source of the Staunton, 35 m sw New-
London, and 140 w Petersburg.
Rocrcri/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ardennes, celebrated for a
victory gained over the Spaniards, in 1643.
It is seated in a phiin, surrounded by
forests, se m >- Rethel.
ROG
Rodach, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
principality of Coburg, on a river of the
same name, 9 m nw Coburc.
Rudbi/, a seaport of Denmark, in the
island of Layland. The passage hence to
lieiligenh.-.ven, in Holstein, and to the
island of Fcmern, is much frequented. It
is 10 m SE Naxkow. Lon. 11 45 e, lat. 54
45 X.
Rodenbiirg, a town and castle of West-
phiilia, in the county of Schauenburg, near
whicii is a mineral spring. It is 11 m
w bys Hanover.
Rodez, a town of France, capital of the
department of Aveiron. Here are four
great annual fairs, where mules are sold
for Spain ; and some manufactures of gray-
cloths and serges. It was lately a bishop's
see ; and the lofty steeple of the cathedral
is admired for its architecture. It is seated
in the midst of moimtains, on a hill, at the
foot of which flows the Aveiron, 30 m
w by s Mende. Lon. 2 34 e, lat. 44 21 N.
Roding, a river in Essex, which rises
near Dunmow, runs s to Ongar, and gives
the name of Rodings to this part of the
county. It then flows between Eppin"-
and ilainault forests, to Barking, below
which it joins the Thames.
Rodosto, a seaport of European Turkey,
in Romania, and a Greek bisiiop's see.
It contains 10,000 houses, inhabited by-
Greeks, Turks, Arminians, and Jews. The
chief exports are corn, wine, fish, and wool.
It is seated on the side of a hill, by the
sea of Marmora, 62 ra w Constantinople.
Lon. 27 37 e, lat. 41 1 N.
Rodriquez, an island in the Indian ocean,
lying 100 leagues e of Mauritius. It is
30 m long and 12 broad ; mountainous,
and in many parts rocky, though there are
others in which the soil is excellent ; but
the best production of the island is the
land turtle, which are in great abundance.
On the X side is a bay that affords secure
shelter for ships, and ample supplies of
wood and water, Lon. 63 0 e, lat. 19 30 s.
Rocr, a river of Germany, which rises
in the duchy of Juliers, flows by Duren,
Juliers, and Wassenberg, and joins the
iNjeuse at Rurcnionde.
Roeiilt, a to-.vit of the Netherlands in
Ilainault, 8 m xe Mons.
Rogersville, a town of Tenessee, chief
of Hawkins county. It stands on the if
side of the Ilolstan, 50 m xne Knoxville.
Rogc7-zcick, or Port Baltic, a seaport of
Russia, in the province of Revel, seated
on a fine bay at the entrance of the gulf of
Finland, 40 m wxw Revel. Lon. 23 20 e,
lat. 59 10 X.
Rogonatgunge, a town of Hindoostan,
in Bengal, 30 m sw Rt)gonatpoor.
RogonatpooVy a town of Hindoostaii, in
ROM
Bengal, capital of the district of Pachetc.
It is 128 m NW Calcutta. Lon. 80 44 i:,
lat. 23 32 N.
Jiolia ; sec Oiju-
]iohac.Z(ni\ a town of Lithuania, in the
palatumte ofiMinsk, seated (hi tiic Dnieper,
at the inihix of the Droutz, 120 ni se
Minsk. Lon. 30 20 v., lat. 53 2 m.
Jio/uai, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of iMorbihan, seated on the Aust, 20
m N \'annes.
Rohilcund, or lh)hUht, a territory of
Ilindoostan Proper, which comprehended
die tract lyinij; E of the (jani^es, between
28 and 30 n lat. and from 78 to 80 E lon.
The Kohillas were orii:inally an Afs2;han
race, who emigrated from Cahul about the
commencement of the 18th century, and
were distinguished for their steady hatred
of the Mahrattas. IJut in 1771, tlie Mah-
rattas, aided by the British, totally de-
fejited the Kohillas at the battle of Cut-
terah, which terminated their sway in
Hindoostan. \n 1801 nearly the whole of
ancient Rohilcund was ceded by the nabob
of Oude to the Britisli, and is now, for the
most part, comprehended in the district of
Bareily.
Rokitzan, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Pilsen, with good cloth manufac-
tures and a trade in iron, 7 m EbyK
Pilsen.
Rolduc, a town of the Netlierlands, in
the duchy of Limburg, 10 m sw Juliers.
Rolle, a town of Swit/erlaufl, in the
canton of V'auri, with a castle which is now
applied to various public uses. Here are
mineral waters that attract many visitors.
It is situate on tiie lake of Geneva, 18 m
wsw Lausanne.
Rolpoh, a town of Hindoostan, capital
of a small district, tributary to Mepaul. It
is 155 m WiNW Gorcah. Lon. 82 5 e, lat.
29 22 N.
Rom, an island of Denmark, on the e
coast of S Jutland, 7 m long anil nearly 3
broad. It contains a few villages.
RomagiHi, a province of Italy, bounded
on the X by Ferrarese, e by the gulf of
Venice, s by Tuscany and Urhino, and \v
by Bolognese and Tuscany. It is fertile
in corn, wine, oil, and fruit ; and has also
mines, mineral waters, and salt-works,
which make its principal reveime. Tliis
province belongs to the Ecclesiastical
State. Ravenna is the capital.
Rm/wiiniiotier, a town of Switzei'land,
in the canton of Geneva, with a castle ;
seated in a narrow valley, through which
flows the river Diaz, 11 m sw Yverdun.
liomani, a town of European Turkey, in
Moldavia, and a bisho]t's see ; seated on
the Siret, 50 m v/sw Jassy.
Roviauia, a province of Turkey, in
ROM
Europe, 200 m long and 130 broad ;
houiideil on the n by Bulgaria, e by the
Black sea, s by the sea of Marm-.-va and
the Arelnj)elagu, and w by JNLicedonia. It
was formerly called Ihrace, and is the
largest of all the Tiukish provinces in Eu-
rope. It is fruitful in corn, and has mines
of silver, lead, and alum. It is divided
into three sangiacates,thc capitals of which
are Phillippopoli, Gallipoli, and Constan-
tinople.
J\(iiii(iii(i, a town (if Italy, in Bergamasco,
on a river that runs between the Oglio and
Serio, LI m ssK Bergamo.
Ruihuns, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Drome, situate on the Iscre,
22 m sw Grenoble, and 30 s Vieiine.
Rome, a city of Italy, in Campagna di
Iloma, capital of the Fxclesiastical State,
and the rehidence of the pope. It is the
ancient Latium, and one of the finest and
most famous cities in the world, situate on
seven hills and the intermediate valleys,
alonsi the banks of the Tiber, over which
it has four bridges. The walls are ot
brick, in which are 15 gates ; and its wliole
circuit, including that part beyond the
Tiber and all belonging to the Vatican, is
upward of 16 m. it is computed to con-
tain 120,000 inliabitants, which is greatly
inferior to w hat it could boast in the days
of its ancient power; for, since the fall ot
the empire its glory has been continually
on the decline. It "now exhibits n strange
mixture of magnificent and interesting, and
of common and beggarly objects ; the former
consists of palaces, churches, obelisks, foun-
tains, and the remains of antiquity ; the
latier comprehends all the rest of the city.
Some of the principal streets are of con-
siderable length, and perfectly straig^lit.
In that called'the Corso, the nobility dis-
play their equipages during the carnival,
and take the air in the evenings, in fair
w eather. The shops on each side are 3 or
4 feet higher than the street ; and there is
a path for foot passengers, on a level with
the shops. The palaces, of which there
are several in this street, range in a line
with the house>, having no courts belore
them. The Strada del Babuino, Strada
del de Ripetta, Strada Felice, and Strada
di Porta Pia, are also very long streets.
Thechief squares are the Piazza Navona,
Piazza d'Espagna, Piazza Colonna, Piazza
del Monte Citorici, and Piazza del Popolo,
which have fountains or obelisks in their
area; but some of these are now occupied
by the peasantry, and the city presents
every-vvhere the appearance of ruin, '1 here
are iio lamps lighted in the streets at night;
and ail Rome would be in utter darkness,
were it not for the candles which the de-
votion of individuals sometimes place be-
ROM
fore the statues of the Virgin : these appear
glimuiering, at vast intervals, like stars in a
cloudy night. The church of St. Peter,
in the opinion of many, surpasses in mag-
nitude, elevation, opulence, and beauty,
every edifice in existence. It was begun
to be built in 1508, finished in 1(J'2I, and
is entirely covered both within and without
with marble. The length is 730 feet,
the breadth 520, and the height, from the
pavement to the top of the cross that
crowns the cupola, 450. The high altar
is 90 feet in height, and of extraordinary
magnificence; it stands under the centre of
the cupola and over the tomb of St. Peter.
The cathedral of St. John Lateran, the
Romans say, is the parent and mother of
all churches. To this church e\ery new
pope goes in magnificent procession, to
take possession of the holy sec. The Pan-
theon, erected above I'JO years before the
christian era, to tiie honour of all the gods,
is tlie most perfect of the Roman temples
that now remain ; and, notwithstanding the
depredations it has sustained from Goth^,
Vandals, and popes, is still a noble mcmu-
nientof Roman taste. The pavilion of the
great altar of St. Peter, and the four wreath-
ed pillars of Corinthian brass that support
it, were fin'med out of the spoils of the i^an-
theon, wiiich edifice has still a piobability
of outliving its prond capacious rival.
This heathen. temple, about the year G09,
was made a christian church, dedicated to
the Virgin, and has obtained, from its cir-
cular form, the name of the Rotonda. The
height is 150 feet, the diameter the same,
and the cupola^ which crowns it, is an ex-
act hemisphere : it is paved and lined with
marble, and lighted s(jlely from a central
opening in the dome. The amphitheatre
of Vespasian and Titus, now called the
Coliseum, is the most stupendous monu-
meitt of antiquity in Ron)e : about one
half of the external circuit still remains ;
from which an idea may be formed of the
original structure, and by computation it
could contain 85,000 spectators. But the
antiquities of Ptome are too numerous to
be minutely described ; that the ancient
Forum, now a market for cattle, the colunm
of Trajan, the arch of Constantine, the
tomb of Cestius, the baths of Caracalla,
Sec. must be passed over. The Campidog-
lio, built by Michael Angelo, is a beautiful
structure, standing on the site of the an-
cient capitol, so long the centre of the
empire of the world. The body of this
palace is the residence of the senators of
Rome, and the wings are inhabited by the
magistrates. The pope has three superb
ROM
world, and rich, especially in manuscripts,
in all languages and of all ages. In Rome
the connoisseur will meet with innumerable
paintings by the greatest masters, and with
the finest works of sculpture, &c. Beside
the university, which consists of several
colleges, there are numerous academies
and literary societies. The castle of St.
Angelo serves more to keep the city in awe,
than to repel any foreign attack. Several
gardens and villas are within the ancient
walls of the city, exhibiting a singular mix-
ture of town and country, of porticos, and of
miserable huts. Rome was entered, in 1798,
by the French; and in 1799,it was retakea
by the allies. In 1809, it became subject
to France, and in 1814, it was restored to
the pope. See Ecclesiastical State. Rome
is 110 m Kw Naples, 410 ssw Vienna,
and COO se Paris. Lon. 12 29 e, lat. 41
54 N.
Home, a town of New York, in Ilerke-
nier county, on the e of which is Fort
Stanwix. It stands near Wood creek,
which is boatable to Lake Oneida, and
near the head of Mohawk river; between
whose waters there is here a portage of a
mile. It is 22 m ne Oneida, and 68 xvr
Albany, Lon. 74 56 w, lat. 43 12 n.
Romeruii/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Laone and Loire, 15 m nne
Macon.
Romerstadt, a town of Moravia, in the
neighbourhood of which are some iron
mines. It is 20 m nne Olmutz.
Rumetta, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Demona, 9 m w by s Messina.
Romford, a town in Essex, with a mar-
ket on Tuesday for hogs, ' calves, and
sheep, and on Wednesday lor cattle, cori^
&c. It is 12 m EKE London.
Romhild, a town of Franconia, in the
county of ilenneberg, with a castle, 13 na
s Meinungen.
RomkuUi, a town of Syria, with the re-
mains of an ancient and strong castle, in
which are two churches. It is seated on
the Euphrates, at the influx of theSimeren,
85 m ^^£ Aleppo.
Romna, a town of Russia, in tlie goverxi-
ment of Tchernigof, 88 m ese Tchernigofl
Romna/, a town of Virginia, chi-ef of
Hampshire county. It is seated on the vr
side of the sw branch of the Potomac, SO
mwbvx Winchester. ,Lou. 79.5 w, lat.
39 20'.N.
Romnei/, New, a town in Kent, .with a.
market on Thursday. It is one of the
cinque-ports, and once contained five
churches and a priory; but since the sea
has retired, it is, much reduced. , Old
palaces, of wliich the principal is the Vati- Romney, nowastnall pl-x^a, isaJiuileto
can, neaj- St. Peter's church : the library the w, and was. the, oi^iginai, port. The
of ihis palace is deemed the largest in the ne\y town is seated on, .a hill,, iu , Romney
RON
marsli, 22 m sw Ddvcr, and 7 1 se London.
Lon. 0 56 E, lat. 50 59 N.
Jiomney Marsh, a tract in the most
soutliern part of Kint, betwetMi Hitlie,
Dungeness, and Rye haven. It is '20 ni
lonp; uiid }? broad, containinj; abont 50,000
acres of firm land, and some of the richest
pasture in England. Vast (locks oisheep,
and herds of cattle, are fattened here to an
extraordinary size, and sent hence to the
London market. It includes the towns of
Roniney and Lydd, arid 19 [jarishes, which
were incorpnrated in the reiun of Jidward
IV, by the title of the baililf, jmats, and
commonalty of Iloniney Marsh.
liomont, u town of Swit/.eri;\nd, in the
canton of I'riburg, seated on a hill, 10 m
2iw Friburg.
T{oitio}'eiiti)), a town of France, in the
department of Loir and Cher, with a castle,
and manufactures of serges and cloths;
seated on the Saudre, 2(j m se Blois, and
40 sby w Orleans.
Roiiisclal, a town of Norway, capital ol'
a province, in the government of Dron-
theim. It is 100 m sw Drontheim. Lon.
7 54 E, lat. 62 23 n.
Ixoiuse^, a town in Hampshire, governed
by a mayor, with a market on Saturday, a
manufacture of shaloons, and several paper-
mills. Here was a considerable abbey
for Benedictine nuns, of which little is now
standing, except the spacious church. It
is seated on the Andover canal and the
xiver Test, 8 m ^w' Southampton, and 73
whys London.
IHoiicevatlos, -.ito^'n of Spain, in Navarre,
situate in a valley, to which it gives name,
14 m nm: Pamplona.
Ronciglioiie, a town of Italy, in the pa-
trimony of St. Peter, with a fortified castle;
seated on the Tereia, near a lake of the
same name, 28 m kkw Rome. Lon. 12
32 E, lat. 42 18 N.
Honda, a town of Spain in Granada,
seated near the Guadiaro, on an elevated
and extensive plain, surrounded by a double
enclosure of rocks. The environs are fer-
tile in corn, and abound in apples and
pears. Near it are the ruins of the city
of Acipino, vulgarly called Old Ronda,
among which are those of a large Roman
amphitheatre and an aqueduct. Ronda
is 42 m w Malaga, and 43 K by e Gibral-
tar. Lon. 5 9 w, lat. 36 46 n.
Ronne, a seaport of Denmark, in the
island of Bornholm, and the residence of
the governor. It is situate near the middle
of the w coast, and the harbour is fortified,
but not deep. Lon. 14 55 E, lat. 55
10 If.
Roinielurg, a town and castle of Upper
Saxony, in the principality of Altenburg,
14 m svv Altenburg.
PxOS
Rooderpoor, a town of Ilindoostan, m
Delhi, -Vi. m N Barcily.
Ropoor, a town ol Ilindoostan, in Delhi,
on the river Setlcge, 30 ni n by w Sir-
hind.
Jiooue, St. a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
at the entrance of the isthmus which se-
l)arates Gibraltar from the continent. Here
are several batteries, and a fort at each
end, to defend the lines which run across
the isthmus. It stands f)n the top of a
hill, overlooking the bay, 1? in Ni: Tariffa,
and 58 se Cadiz.
Roquefort, a town of France, in the de-
liartnuiit of Landes, scatetl on the Douse,
15 m END Mont de Marsan.
RoqucDiaure, a town of France, in the
department of C»ard, seated on a rock, near
the Rhone, 22 m xe Nisines.
Roquetas, a town of Spain, in Granada,
on the coast of the Mediterranean, 10 m sw
Ahneria, and 52 se Granada.
Rorus, u town of Norway, in the
government of Drontheim, noted for im-
portant mines of copper, 08 m s Dron-
theim.
Rosa, a. singular mountain of the Pennine
Alps, at the ne boundary of Piedmont,
little inferior in height to Mont Blanc.
It forms, as it were, a circus of gigantic
peaks, round the village of Macugnaga ;
and its appearance is supposed to impart
the name from some resemblance to an ex-
panded rose.
Rosaniarina, a town of Sicily, in Val d'i
Demona, at the mouth of a river of the same
name, 22 m whys Patti.
Rosuna, a town of Lithuania, in the pala-
tinate of Novgrodec, seated near the Zolva,
20 m sw Novgrodec.
Rosario, a town of New Spain, in Culia-
can, near which are the rich mines of Copala.
It is ."ieated on the river Rosario, 110 m sse
Culiacan.
Rosario, a town of Paraguay, in the pro-
vince of Buenos Ayres, seated on the Para-
na, immediately below the influx of th«
Tercero, 74 m s St. Fe.
Rosarno, a town of Italy, in Calabria
Ultra, near the mouth of the Metauro,
35 in NNE Regio.
Rosbach, a village of Upper Saxony,
in Thuringia, 10 m se ]\lersburg; fa-
mous for a victory obtained by the king of
Prussia, over the French and Austrians,
in 1757.
Roschac/i, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of St. Gall, with a castle on a
mountain. Here is a magnificent granary,
and the most considerable corn-market in
Switzerland. It is seated on the lake of
Constance, 7 m ke St. Gall.
RosconmioJi, a county of Ireland, in the
province of Connaught, 50 m lon^ and
ROS
from 10 to 35 broad ; bounded on the n
by Sligo and Leitrim, e by Leitrim,
Longford, W Meath, and King county,
s by Gahvay, and w by Gahvay and
Mayo. It contains about 80,000 inha-
bitants, is divided into 56 parishes, and
sends two members to parUament. The
whole extent of its e boundary is watered
by the Shannon ; the river Suck is nearly
its wliole boundary from Gahvay ; and it
is interspersed with numerous small lakes,
and many rivulets that flow to the Shan-
non. It is a tolerably level country, pro-
<lucing excellent corn and pasture, yet
there are some lofty hills and extensive
bogs.
Roscommon, a borou^ih and the capital
of the above county. The castle was razed
to the ground in I'ifl, and of its monastic
foundations there are but few remains. It
is 88 m wbyN Dublin. Lon. 8 42 w, lat.
53 34 N.
Roscrea, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary,
county, anciently a bishop's see. Three m
to the SE is the ruin of an abbey, singular
for its situation on a dry island, of about
two acres, in the centre of a large bog.
Ifc is 20 m wsw Maryborough, and 32 N
Cashel.
Roseau', see Charlotte-town.
Rosemarkie ; see Foi'trose.
Rosenberg, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Oppeln, with a small castle, 25
in NE Oppeln.
Rosenberg, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Bechin, seated on the Muldau, 21
m s Budweis.
Rosenheim, a town of Bavaria, seated at
the conflux of the Manguald with the Inn,
34 m SE Munich.
Roses, a seaport of Spain, in Catalonia,
-with a fort and a citadel. It was taken by
the French in 1(393, and in 1793. It is
seated on the bay of Roses, in the Mediter-
ranean, 27 m NE Gerona. Lon. 3 7 e, lat,
42 17 N.
Rosetta, or Raschid, a town of Egypt,
one of the pleasantest in the country. It
lias a great manufacture of striped and
other coarse linens; but the chief business
is the carriage of goods to Cairo ; for all
European merchandise is brought hither
from Alexandria by sea. The rice grown
in its vicinity, called sultani, is chiefly
sent to Constantinople, and its exportation
to any other place is prohibited. Rosetta
was taken by the Trench invaders, in
1798. It stands on an island, foimed by
the w branch of the Nile, 25 m exe Alex-
andria, and 100 NNW Cairo. Lon. 30 23 e,
lat. 31 23 N.
Rosienne, a town ofSamogitia, where the
provincial diet and court of judicature are
Jaeld. It is seated on the Dubisse, 70 ra s
ROS
Mittau, and 188 ne Warsaw. Lon. 23 4S
£, lat. 55 30 X.
Rosiers aux Salines, a town of France,
in the department nf Meurte, formerly ce-
lebrated tor its salt-works; seated on the
Meurte, 9 m se Nancy.
Roskild, a town of Denmark, in the isle
of Zealand, and a bishop's see. It is now
a poor place, but was the residence of the
kinijs of Denmark for several centuries
before (Copenhagen was founded ; and the
cathedral is yet the place of their sepulture,
where their magnificent coflins lie open to
view. A treaty of peace was concluded
here in 1658. It is seated at the end
of the E branch of the gulf of Isetiord, 16
m w Copenhagen.
lloslin, a village of Scotland, 8 ms Edin-
burg, on the river N Esk. Here are the
remains of a castle, on an almost insulated
rock; and a beautiful chapel, which is one
of the most entire pieces of Gothic archi-
ocTure 1 n Scotland.
llosoj/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Marne, with a mag-
nificent castle, 16 m ene Melun, and
30 SE Paris.
Ross, a town in Herefordshire, with
a market on Thursday. It owes most of
its improvements andchari table institutions
to John Kyrle, commonly called the Man of
Ross, whose benevolentcharacter is interest-
ingly delineated by the pen of Pope. Four
m to the sw are the massive remains of
Goodrich castle; and near it are the
ruins of Flanesford priory, the chapel
of which is converted into a barn. Ross
is seated on an elevated rock, on the
Wye, 12 m se Hereford, and 120 wbyx
London.
Ross, a town of Ireland in Cork county,
and united to Cork as an episcopal see.
The cathedral serves also as a parochial
church ; and the castle is under the com-
mand of a governor. The harbour was
formerly famous, but has been gradually
filled up with sand, that the town is sunk
from its former splendour. It stands on a
bay of the Atlantic, 20 msw Kinsale. Lon.
8 58 w, lat. 51 32 N.
Ross, New, a borough of Ireland, la Wex-
ford county, situate on the Barrow, over
which is a wooden bridge into the county
of Kilkenny. The town of Old Ross is 4 ni
to the east. New Ross sends a member to
parliament, and has a considerable trade.
Large vessels come up to the quay, and
the chief exports are wool, butter, and
beef It is 16 m xe Waterford, and 22
w by N Wexford. Lon. 6 45 w, lat. 52
20 N.
Rossano, a strong tow^n of Naples, in
Calabria Citra, and an archbishop's see.
The adjacent valleys yield oil, capers, sat-
ROS
fron, and pepper. It stands on an eminence,
surrounded by rocks, 3 m tVoiii the iiult oi
Tarento,and 136 sk iS.aples. Lon. 10 38 i;,
lat. 39 4i3N.
Ross/lire, a county of Scotland, 80 m
lon<i and 70 bn.ail ; l.oundiid on tlie N by
Sutherlandbliirc and the iVlth of Dornock,
w by the Minch, s by Invernesslnre, and e
by the frith of IMor.iy and tl>e county
ot" Cromartv, wliicli last it ahnost enck>sus.
It is divided into CO parlslies, and sends a
member to parliament. 'J lie population
was 55,372 in 1811. The middle and
NW parts are r.iouutMinous and dreary;
the K part is variej^ated with woods, lakes,
?iiid rivers. Tiie hills feed horses, beeves,
sheep, and goats, and abound with game ;
the rivers and lake? teem with iish
and waterfowl; and t!.e loclics on the
w coast are convenient for the herrini:;
fishery. The inhabitants of the w and s
parts" speak the Erse language, which is
also uiulerstoud on the e coast, where,
however, English is generally spoken. The
island of Lewis is attached to this county.
Tain is the capital.
Rosslau, a tow n of Upper Saxony, in the
principality of AnhaU,wMth a castle; seated
at the conflux of the iiosslau with the Elbe,
10 m ssE Zerbst.
Rosszvein, a town of the kingdom of
Sa.xony, in Misnia, with a good trade in
wool, 'tlanncl, and cloth ; seated on the
Muldau, 23 m w Dresden.
Rostdk, a town of Arabia, in the province
of Oman, and the seat of a sovereign prince.
It is 1^0 m w Maskat. Lon. 57 30 e, lat.
23 30 N .
Rostock, a fortified town, of Lower
Saxony, in the duchy ol' Mecklenburg,
with a university, a good harbour, a strong
citadel, an arseiial, and three churclies. it
is divided into the old, the new, and the
middle town, and is the tnost considerable
in the duchy, containing 13,000 inhabi-
tants. The chief exports are corn, hemp,
flax, hops, wax, honey, and catcle ; and
it has numerous distilleries and biev\erits.
It is seated on the Warr.e, 10 m from its
entrance into the Baltic, and 32 exe
Wismar. Lon. 12 20 e, lat 54 10 x.
Rostof', a town of ilussia, in the govern-
ment of Jaroslaul, and an episcopal see. It
is seated on the lake iNiero, or ilostof, which
commnnicates with the Volga by tl>e river
Kotorost, 95 m ke Moscow. Lon. 40 25 e,
lat. 57 5 ^' .
Rostrenan, a town of France, in the
department of Coles du Nord, 35 m sw St.
Brieuc.
Rostteior, a town of Ireland, in Down
county, with considerable salt-works, and
a pottery ; seated on Cariingford bay, 9 m
S5E Newrv.
HOT
Rottt, a town and castle of Spain, in
Andalusia, on the bay of Cladiy,, 9 m t^'nmt
Cadiz.
iiutus, a town and I'ortress of Hiiidoo-
slan, in Uahar, capital of a district. It
stands on the level top of an extensive
mountain, by the river Soane, 106 m sw
I'atna. Lon. b3 59 k, lat. 24 38 n.
Rolcnbcrg, a town and fortress of Eran-
conia, capital of a lordihij); situate <tu a
mountain, 18 m KE ISurenberg, and 27 ssw
Bayreuth.
Rotaiburg, a to-.vn of Switzerland, in the
canton ui Lucern, 4 m x Liicern.
Ruleiilncr^, a town of Suabia, in the
county of llohenburg, with a castle.
Near it is a famous mineral spring. It
stands on the Neckar, 0 m wsw Tu-
bingen,
Rotenbiirg, a toi>n of Westphalia, in the
duchy of V'erden, on the river Wumme, 15
m N by E \'erden.
lioffiitiing, a town of Germany, in
the territory of Spire, 12 m e Philipsburg.
Rolenburg, a town of Gfrmany, in
Ivower llesse, with a [jalaco, belonging
to the prince of llesse- lllieiiifels; seated
on the I'ulda, 24 m sse Cassel.
Rotenbu7-g, a town of Brandenburg, in
the New mark, seated on the Oder, 14 m
E Crossen.
Rotenfeh, a town of Franconia, in the
duchy oi Wurtzburg, seated on the iViaine,
13 m xw Wurtzburg.
Ruth, a town and castle of Eranconia,
in the principality of Anspach. It is the
birthplace of the celebrattd Gessner, and
stands at the contlux of the Iloth wiih the
Rednitz, 18 ms Nurenberg.
jiothburi/, a tovv'n in Northumberland,
with a market on Eriday, seated on the
Coquet, 9 m sw Alnwick, and 302 s by w
London.
RotJtt'tihcrg, a town of Upper Lusatia,
on the river Neissa, 17 m x Gorlitz.
Huthenburg, a town of Franconia, capi-
tal of a territory. It is surrounded by
moats and rami)arts, and sUinds on a
mountain, by the river Tauber, from wliicli
it is supplied with water by means ot ii
machine. It has five churches, was lately
an imperial town, and is 15 m wnw Ans-
pach. Lon. 10 13 E, lat. 49 22 x.
Rothcr, a river that rises in Sussex,
forms the boundary between that county
and Kent for.u short space, and enters thtt
Eiic:lish channel at Kye.
Rotiicriumi, a town in W Yorlcshire,
with u market on Monday. It has a large
church; and is famous for considerable
iron-works in the vicinity, at iNlasbrough.
It is seated on the Don, below the iiitkix
of the Jioiher, 32 m s Leeds, and l.';9 x by
w London.
ROU
Rothsaif, a borough of Scotland, in the
isle of Bute, and capital of iiuteshire.
Here is an ancient castle, once a royal pa-
lace, which gives the title of duke to the
heir apparent of the crown. It lias a con-
siderable trade in the iierring fisher}', and
several cotton works. Ihe population was
S544 in 1811. It is situate on the e side
of the island, and has a good harbour and
pier, 80 ni whys Edinburg. Lon. 4 53
w, lat. 55 48 n.
Iiot/nt:eil, a town of Wirtemberg, near
which to the s, is Rothiiiunster abbey,
■where they receive none but noble women.
Ilothweil is seated on the Neckar, near its
source, 27 lu ssw Tubingen. Lon. 8 37 e,
lat. 48 8 N.
Iloltenmann, a town of Germany, in
.Stiria, with a college of regular canons, 20
m ^^w Judenburg.
Rotterdam, a city of the Netherlands,
in S Holland, and nest to Amsterdam, the
most considera!)le place for trade, and the
V>eauty of its buildings. The population
55,000. Its port is more frequented than
Amsterdam ; and there are so many deep
canals, that ships may unload at the very
doors of the warehouses. On the e side
of the city is a large basin and dock, for
the purpose of building vessels employed
in the service of the admiralty and the
East India Company. The townhouse,
the bank, and the arsenal, are magniiicent.
Some of the houses are built in the old
Spanish style, with the gable ends em-
battled in front ; but there is a great num-
ber of modern brick houses, which are
lofty and spacious, particularly on the
magnificent quay called the Bomb Tees.
On this quay is a handsome synagogue.
A statue of Erasmus, in bronze, stands at
the head of one of the canals ; and on the
house in which he was born is an inscrip-
tion to his honour, llotterdam received
the French troops in 17 95. It is seated at
the influx of the Rotte with the Merve
(the most northern branch of the Meuse)
30 m ssw Amsterdam. Lon. 4 29 e, lat.
51 56 N.
Rottei'dam, one of the Friendly islands,
in the Pacific ocean, discovered by Tas-
man in 1643. Lon. 174 30 w, lat. .20
16 s.
Rottingen, a town of Franconia, in the
duchy of Wurtzbnrg, situate on the Tau-
ber, 17 m s Wurtzburg.
Rouen, a city of France, capital of the
department of Lower Seine, and an arch-
bishop's see. It stands on the n side of
the Seine, 7 m in circuit, and (its six su-
burbs included) is computed to contain
87,000 inhabitants. The streets are nar-
row and crooked, and chiefly consist of
Ror
wooden houses ; notwithstanding whicb, it
IS one of the most opulent and commercial
places in France. The principal .Toanufac-
ture is linens, which are much esteemed.
Among the public buildings, the most dis-
tinguished are, the great hall of the palace,
the old castle, tiie cathedral church, and
the church of St. Ouen. In the market-
place is the statue of the celebrated
Maid of Orleans, who was burnt here by
the English for alledged sorcery. The su-
burb of St. Sever, on the other side of the
Seine, communicates with the city by a
bridge of boats, which is made to open, so
as to admit the passage of ships. Rouen
is the birthplace of the two Corneilles,.
and of Fontenelle. It is 50 m sw Amiens,
and 70 nw Paris. Lon. 1 2 e, lat. 49
26 N.
Roveredo, a town of Germany, in Tyrol,
seated near the Adige, at the foot of a
mountain, on the river Lens, over whiclj
is a bridge, defended by a strong citailel.
It has a very considerable trade in silk,
and much tobacco is raised here. The
Austrians were defeated near this place, in
1796, by the French, who took possession
of the town ; but they were obliged to
abandon it soon afterward. It is 13 m s
Trent. Lon. 10 55 e, lat. 45 50 n.
liouergue, an old province of France,
75 m long and 50 broad ; bounded on
the e by Cevennes and Gevaudan, w by
Quercy, n by the stime and Auvergne,
and s by Languedoc. It is not very fer-
tile, but feeds a number of cattle, and has
mines of copper, iron, alum, vitriol, and
sulphur. It now forms the department of
Avciron.
Rovigno, a seaport of Tstria, with two
good harbours, and quarries of fine stone.
It is seated on a peninsula in the gulf of
Venice, 26 m s Capo d'lstna. Lon. 13
53 e, lat. 45 11 n.
Rovigo, a town of Italy, capital of
Polesino di Rovigo, and the residence of
the bishop of Adria, to the decline of
which town it owes its increase. It is
seated on the Adige, 37 m sw Venice.
Lon. 12 14 E, lat. 45 38 n.
Roum, or Roumelia, a country of Asia-
tic Turkey, extending from the Mediterra-
nean to the Black sea, between Caramania
on tlie w, and Diarbekir and Armenia on
the E. It includes the sangiacates of
Adana, Marasch, and Sivas.
Rousselurt, a town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, seated on the Mandel, 10 m
NE Ypres.
Roussillon, an old province of France,
50 m long and 25 broad ; bounded on the
w by Berdagna, n by Lower Laogaedoc,
E by the Mediterranean, and s bv Catalo-
2 It
RUA
aia, from which it is sepaiiitod by the V\-
lenees. See Fijrenfcs Kostei-n.
f?o.rAwr^'sAiVf, a cmmtvorScotlaiicI, some-
times called Tevidttlale ; bounded on the
» by Berwickshire, e and shy Ninlhun^hcr-
iand niid Cinnberland, and \v by tlle^llil■es
of Diinif'ries and Stlkiik. It is of an irre-
gular fij;ure, and the f^reatest extent, in
every direction, is about 30 m. It is di-
Wded into 31 parishes, and sends a mem-
ber to parliament. The population was
37,230 in 1811. The principal rivers are
the Tweed, Tevior, and Liddel. Tlie face
of the country exhibits a rou<;;h appear-
ance of mosses, hills, and moimtains, in-
terspersed with narriw valleys, well wa-
tered, and fertile in corn. 'Ihe Inlls feed
great numbers of sheep and cattle. 1 his
county had its name from the once mngiii-
licent city and castle of Roxbure, sit;iate
between tlie Teviot and the Tweed, nearly
opposite Kelso : of the city no traces are
aow evident ; and the castle, near the
mouth of the Teviot, is entirely a ruin.
At this castle, in 1460, .Tames ii of Scot-
land lost his life by the bursting of a can-
non. About '2 m w from the castle, on
the banks of the Teviot, is a village called
Roxburg. The present capital of the
county is Jedburg.
Roxbiay, a town of Massacliusetts, in
Nbrfolk county, with a large manufacture
of soap and candles. It is situate at the
foot of a hill, and at the entrance of the
aeck oi land leading to Boston, 2 m ssw
of that city.
Hoi/an, a town of France, in the depart-
HKut of Lower Charente. It was fortified
b^ thelluguenots, and so vigorously delend-
ed against Louis xiii, in 1022, that he was
obliged to withdraw his troops; but he
afterward avenged his disgrace, by demo-
lishing it so entirely, that the present place
is merely the suburbs of (he former. It
is seated at the mouth of the Garonne,
18 m sw Saintes.
Rotje, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Somme, 26 m se Amiens.
Rotjxton, a town in llertfordsijire, with
a maiket on Wednesday. Part of the
town extends into Cambridgeshire. Under
the market-place is a kind of subterranean
cnpt, dug out of the solid chalk, supposed
to be of Sjixon construction. It is 14 ni
hi Cambridge, and 37 n London.
Riiaboii, a town of Wales, in Denbigh -
sWre, with a market on Monday. In the
vidinity are considerable ctrliieries. It
stands near the Ellesmere canal, 5 m sby
w Wrexham, and 172 xw London.
Rvutitn, or Rattan, an ishmd of New
fjpaiu, in the bay nf Honduras, 25 m from
ta5 coast. It is 30 ni loi'.g and 9 broad,
RUG
and has a good harbour, called Port
lloyal, near the sv: end. Lon. UG oO w,
lat.'ltj 20 N.
Rubicou, an ancient river of Italy ; see
Riiniiicuu).
Rtibklos, a town of Spain, in Aragon,
26 m sr, i'lrucl.
Rub'ura, a town of Italy, in Modenese,
seated on the Seccia, 8 ni nw Modena.
Rudinc, a town of Prussia, in the pro-
vince of Samland, formerly fortified with
a castle, now in ruins. It is 12 m nnw
Koningsberg.
Rudehtadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, capital of the Upper county of
Schwartzhurg, with a fine castle on a
uiountaia. It has manufactures of flannel
and stuftV, and is seated on the Saul, 22 m
SE Erfurt. Lon. 11 50 e, lat. 50 44 N.
Rudclsludi, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Schweidnitz, with a mine-
orhce and copper-works ; sealed on the
Bober, 10 m w Schweidnitz.
Rttdesheim, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Menlz, celebrated for its wine;
seated on the Rhine, opposite Bingen.
Rudisto ; see Rodesto.
Rudkivping, a fortified seaport of Den-
mark, and the only town in the islar.d of
Langeland. It has a considerable trade in
provisions, and is 70 m sw Copenhagen.
Lon. 11 0 r, lat. 55 1 N.
RudulJ'auerd, a tow-n of Germany,
in Carniola, with a collegiate church;
seated on the Gujck, in a country produc-
ing good wine, 45 m se Lubacji.
Riidsliuck, a town of European Tur-
key, in Bulgaria, seated ou the Danube,
30 m w Siiistria.
Rue, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Friburg, 13mKE Lausanne.
Rue, a tow 11 of France, in the department
of Somme, 15 m nw Abbeville.
Ruffach, a town of France, in the de-
])artnient of Upper Rhine, seated ou tha
Rotbach, 7ms Colmar.
Riiffec, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Charente, seated near the Anche.
24 m N Angouleme.
Rught/, a town in Warwickshire, with
a market on Saturday, and a celebrated
school, well endowed ; seated on the Avon,
11 m SE Coventry, and 83 XNW London.
Riigei'ey, a town in Staflbrd^hire, with a
market on Tuesday, and manufactriies of
felts and hats. Here is a freeschool esta-
blished by queen Elizabeth. It is seated
on the Grand Trunk canal and near the
Trent, 10 m ese Statmrd, and 126 kw
London.
Rugen, an island in the Baltic, on tli»
coast of Pomerania, opposite Stralsund,
the channel between which town and th»
RUP
island is not above a mile wide. Inciud-
iui' I lie indentions ol" tlie sea, wliicli are
considerable, the island is '^3 m long and
18 broad, and abounds in corn, geese, and
cattle. It was ceded by Sweden to Denmark
in 1811, and by the latter to Prussia in
181j. The chief" town is Bergen, situate
on an eminence, 12 m xl Stralsund.
Rugemvidfl, a seaport of Further Pome-
rania, the chief" place of the duchy of
"Wenden, with a castle. Here is a t;ood
salmon fishery and a great trade in
linen. It is seated on tlie Wipper,
5 m from the Baltic, and 35 ne Col-
berg. Lon. 16 17 t, lat. 54 25 n.
Hukland, a town of Upper Lusatia,
with a trade in fish and beer, seated on
the Elster, 25 m xby e Dresden.
Ruhr, a town of Westphalia, in the
ducl'.y of Cleve, seated on a river of the
same name, at its conflux with the illiine.
Here are docks where the greater part of
the boats for Holland and the Rhine are
constructed. It is 15 m sse W'esel.
Ruki, a town of Miiigrelia, where the
prince has a palace surrounded by a thick
vrall. It is situate fui a river, which Hows
into the Black sea below Anarghia, 70 m
WNW Cutais. Lon 41 20 e, lat. 43 5 N.
Rurn, an island of Scotland, one of the
Hebrides, 7 m w of the s extremity of
Skye. It is 8 m long and 0 broarl, the sur-
face hilly and rocky; but it feeds a consi-
derable number of small slieep, whose flesh
and "ool are valuable. Tlie only harbour
is Loch Skresort, on the e coast, at the ex-
tremity of which is the village of Kiuloch,
Lon. 0 25 w, lat. 57. 4 N.
Ruwigiiv, a town of France, in the
department of Ardennes, 12 ra sw Ro-
croy.
Rnmillij, a town of Savoy, on an ele-
▼ated plain, at the conflux of the Seram
and Nepha, 7 m wsw Annecy.
Rnmmf^lsburg, a town of Further Po-
inerania, with manufactures of cloth, seat-
ed on the Wipper, 14 m n New Stettin.
Rumn^ij, or Rliijiietj, a river of Wales,
which rises in Brecknockshire, and sepa-
rating the counties ofGlamorgan and Mon-
mouth, enters the Bristol channel, to the
SE (Cardiff.
Rungpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, capital of a district, producing
much rice, silk, opium, and tobacco. It
is 124 in NNE Moorshedabad. Lon. 89
i E, lat. 25 47 N.
Rtinkel, a town of Westphalia, with a
•itadel, on a high hill, formerly the resi-
dence of the counts of Wied-Runkel. It
is seated on the Lahn, 14 m eke Nassau.
Rupelnwnde, a town of the Netherlands,
m Flanders, sealed on the Scheld, oppo-
RUS
site the influx of the Rupel, 8 m sw Ant-
werp.
Rupnagur, a town of Hindoostan, ia
the province of Ajmeer, 13m NEAjmeer.
Riippin, a town of iJrandenburg, in tlw:
IMiddle mark, capital of a circle, wliicU
was formerly a county. It stands on the
w side of a lake, formed by the river Rhin,
and on the opposite side is Old Ruppin,
with an ancient castle, the residence of
the former counts, whose burial-place is at
New Ruppin. This town was entirelj-
consumed by tire, in 1787, but is rebuilt in
a handsome maimer, and greatly augment-
ed. It has a considerable trade, a manu-
facture of cloth, and noted breweries. It
is 32 m.\Nw Berlin. Lon. 13 0 f, lat. 52
56 N.
Ruremonde, or Roermonde, a strong
town of the Netherlands, in Gelderland,
and a bishop's see. It has been taken
several times; particularly in 1792, bj
the French, who were obliged to evacuate^
it soon after, but took it again the next
year. It is seated at the conflux of the
Roer with the iMeuse, 12 m s Veiilo, and
28 NNE Maestricht. Lon. 6 4 E, lat. 51
11 N.
Ruscek, a town of European Turkey, is
Bulgaria, defended by a castle. Here are
20 mosques, three churches, and a syna-
gogue. It is seated on the Danube, 135
m NbyE Adrianople. Lon. 26 50 e, lat.
44 12 N.
Rush, a town of Ireland, ia Dublin
county, with a harbour for small craft on
the Irish sea. The ling cured here, o£
which much is exported, is esteemed f"orils
superior flavour. It is 16 m nne Dublin.
Rusoer, a seaport of Norway, in the
province of Christiansaiid; seated at thfr
extremity of a peninsula, 56 ra ke Chris-
tiansand. Lon. 9 23 e, lat. 58 42 n.
Runs, a town of Lithuania, at the moutli,^
of the Russ, the chief branch of the Nie-
men, 20 m nw Tilsit.
Rmaelpoor, a town of Hindoostan, m
the province of Allahabad, 43 ra K-w- Alla-
habad.
Runsehheim, a town of Germany, in the
principality of Hesse-Darmstadt, situate
on the Maine, 6 m e Mentz, and 13 nvt
Darmstadt.
Rumey, a town of Frafflce, in the de-
partment of Doubs, near the river Doubs,
34 m Ebys Besancon.
Russia, a vast empire, partly in Asia,
atid partly in Europe; bounded on the ir
by the Frozen ocean, E by the Pacifi»
ocean, s by Great Tartary, the Caspian
sea, Persia, Turkey in Asia, and tii*
Black sea, and w by Turkey in Europe^
Poland, the Baltic sea, and Sweden.
2 R 2
r.us
Tliere were three countries tliat had the
name of Russia; luiiuely, Red Russia,
%vhich formed ihc s parti-f Poland ; Wliite
lliissia, which compieliciuled the r. part of
Lithuania ; and IMack Russia, which in-
cluded the siovcrnnicnts of Kahii^a, i\Ios-
cow, Tuhi, Rf/an, \'olodiu)ir, and Jarous-
laul ; and hence liis imperial majesty takes
tlie title of emperor and autocrator of all
the Russias. This einpire, exclusive of
the late acquisitions from the Turks and
from Poland and Sweden, forms a square,
-whose sides are 2000 m each. A country
of such vast extent must lie in dilferent
climates, and the soil and products must
he as ditTerent; but not a third of the
country is suthciently peopled, nor proper-
ly cultivated. The most fertile \n\rt is
near the frontiers of Poland, where the in-
habitants can supply their neighhours with
■corn : the x part is not only more cold,
but very marshy, and overrun with forests,
inhabited chiefly by wild beasts. The
whole country is well watered by lakes and
numerous rivers, which abound with fish;
the principal rivers are the Dnieper, Vol-
ga, Don, Dwina, and Oby. Medicinal
and saline springs are not uncommon; and
there are mines of fine silver, copper, iron,
and other minerals. The red and black
juchte, or Russia leather, for colour,
smell, and softness, is not equalled in any
other part of the world ; and there are ma-
nufactures of linen, woollen stuffs, velvet,
and silk : also brass, iron, steel, and tin
are wrought ; and great guns, arms, wire,
cordage, canvas, paper, parchment, can-
dles, saltpetre, gunpowder, glass, &c. are
made in Russia, This country afibrds a
variety ofcomm.odities that are of creat
use to foreigners, and as its exports greatly
exceed the imports, there is a considerable
annual balance of trade in its favour. The
home commodities are sables, hlnck furs,
the skins of black and white foxes, er-
mines, hyenas, lynxes, bears, panthers,
■wolves, martens, white hares, &c. likewise
Hussia leather and linen, copper, iron,
talc, tallow, wax, honey, corn, potash, tar,
Imseed and train oil, castor, isinglass,
hemp, flax, thread, Siberian musk, soap,
ieathers, timber, &c. To these commodi-
ties may be added almost all the merchan-
dise of China, India, l\'rsia, Turkey, and
some European ctuintries. This extensive
empire was divided by Catherine ii into
41 governments ; namely Petersburg, Olo-
netz Wibnrg, Revel, Riga, P.kof, Nov-
gorod, Tver, Smolensk, Polotsk, Mohilef,
Orel, Kaluga, Bioscow, Tula, Rezan, \'o-
^^dimir, Jaroslaui, Vologda, Archangel,
iVobtroma, Njshnei Novgorod, Kasan Sim-
tirsk, Penza, Tambof; VoronetZ;, Kursk,
IIUS
Novgorod SieverskjTchernigof, Kiof, Char-
kow, Catherinenslaf, Caucasia, Saratof,
\'iatka, Perm, Tobolsk, Ufa, Kolivan, and
Irkutsh ; all which see, i\ud Siberia. To
these territories may now be added Pinhmd,
Courland, the greater part of Poland, the
K |)art of Moldavia, Bessarabia, and Asia-
tic Georgia. Tiie population of the whole
empire is estimated at 42 millions, of
which 35 millions belong to the European
part. The established religion of the
Russian governments is that of the Greek
church, which is governed by a patriarch,,
under whom are the archbishops and bi-
shops. But a considerable number of
Russians profess the Mohamedan religion,
and a greater number are still pagans.
The inhabitants of the provinces con<juered
from Sweden are Lutherans ; and the pro-
testants, of whom there are great numbers
among the Russians, as also the papist?^
enjoy the public exercise of their religion;
but the latter are not suffered to hang up
bells in their churclies. There are many
convents for both sexes in the empire ;
but Peter i ordered, that no man sliould
enter on a monastic life before he is SO
years of age, and that no woman should
take the veil under 50, and then not with-
out the licence of the holy synod. The
Russian language is an improved version
of the Sclavonian ; and the letters of the
alphabet have a great resemblance to the
Greek characters. In former times the
Russians were w hoUy employed in agricul-
ture, feeding of cattle, hunting, and fish-
ing; and he was iliuught a learned man
w ho could read and w rite : but Peter the
great undertook to introduce the arts and
sciences; and, in 17 24, he founded the
first university that ever was in Russia,
and an academy of sciences, at Petersburg,
supplied with some of the best professors
in Europe; and lie also invited and esta-
blished great numbers of excellent artifi-
cers. The Russians, in general, are ro-
bust, well shaped, and of pretty good com-
plexion. They are great eaters, and very
fond of brandy. They smoke no tobacco,
lest the smoke sliould dishonour the images
of the saints, which they hold in great ve-
neration ; but they take a great deal of
snuff, made of the tobacco brought from
the Ukraine. With respect to dress, a.
long beard is in high estimation among the
lair nymphs of Russia; and the common-
ality have still a great veneration for
this fringe of human hair, notwithstand-
ing the efforts of their monarchs to root
it out. Those who retain their beards
retain likev.ise the ancient dress, the long
swaddling coat, either of skins, or of coarsa
cloth lined with skins, in winter; and il^
RUS
summer, of cloth only. About their mid-
dle they have a sash of any colour; but
what they mostly affect, is green or yellow.
They wear trowsers and stockings ; their
limbs are, besides, wrapped in folds of
woollen stuiTs to keep them warm, and
over all they wear boots. Their shirts are
without collars ; and their necks, exposed
to the cold, become hard and impene-
trable from this practice. Government
endeavour to compel the subjects to adopt
the German dress; and, the clergy alone
excepted, none can procure any place or
favour at court, upon other condition than
banishing the Asiatic slieep-skm robes.
But so zealously attached are the multi-
tude to former manners, and so Imnorably
do they esteem tliem, that a Russian
dressed in his beard and gown, tells you
by liis looks that he has not prostituted
the memory of his ancestors. The dress
of the women is the reverse of the men,
both in fashion and colour; every part of
it being as short and tight as decency will
allow, and very gaudy. It is the same with
that of the Ilighiaiid women in Scotland ;
both have the short jacket, the striped
petticoat, and the tartan plaid ; and both
too, in general, have a napkin rolled about
their head : the Russian women are, how-
ever, far more elegant and rich in their at-
tire ; nor are gold lace and red paint want-
ing, to set off their charms. The young
generation are modernizing these antic
vestments ; the stift" embroidered napkin is
supplanted by one of llowing silk ; the
jacket and petticoat are of mushn, or other
line stuifs ; and the plaid is exchanged for
a silk or satin cloak, in tlie cold season
lined wish fur. The better class of females
wear velvet boots. The dress of the higher
ranks is after the Fiench and English
fashion ; and all wear a covering of fur
six n.ionths of the year. Persons of both
^excs wear a cross on their breasts, which
is. put on when they are baptized, and
never laid aside v.hile they live : the pea-
sants' crosses are of lead, but those worn
by the better sort are of gold or silver.
The sovereign of Russia is absolute and
despotic in the fullest sense of those terms.
He was formerly called grand duke, which
is now tiie title of the iieir apparent; he
afterward assumed the title of czar, which
the natives pronounce tzar, or ^aar, a cor-
ruption of Cesar, emperor ; from some
fancied relation to the lioman emperors ;
on account of which they also bear the
eagle as a symbol of their empire. The
lirst who bore the title of czar was Basil,
son of Basilides, who freed his country
from its subjection to the Tartars, about
the year 1470. The title of emperor was
RUT
first assumed by Peter i, who, by his ac-
tions, juslly acquired the surname of Great,
and finished his glorious course in the year
1725. Perhaps no country ever exhibited,
in so short a time, the wonders that may
be elYected by the genius and exertions of
one man. Peter the great, at his accession
to the throne, found his subjects of all
ranks involved in the grossest ignorance and
barbarism ; his numerous armies ferocious
and undisciplined ; and he had neither
merchant sliips nor men of war; which,
added to the remoteness of situation,
rendered the influence of R-ussia in the
politics of Europe of little consideration.
Peter civilised his barbarous subjects, dis-
ciplined his armies, built cities pjid for-
tresses, and created a navy. These national
improvements liave been continued since
his time, and Russia now holds a rank
among the nations of the world, of which
human foresight, at the commencement
of the eighteenth century, could have
formed no conception. In 1812, this
country was invaded by the French and
their confederate allies with a well disci-
plmed army of 300,000 men, under Bona-
parte. This mighty host met with little
opposition in the early part of its progress,-
the Prussians generally evacuatmg their
towns, burning the magazines, and de-
stroying the bridges, &c. as they retreated:
but at Smolensk a great stand was made,
afterward a dreadful battle fought at Boro-
dino, and then Moscow given up in tlames.
This sacrifice of the ancient capital proba-
bly saved the empire ; for the French, not
being able to subsist in the city, nor to
obtain supplies from without, were co.ii-
pelled to make a retreat, in wiiich, by war,
want, and coid, scarce 50,000 men escaped
out of Russia : these were afterward aban-
doned by the presumptuous chief, who
fled in disguise for France, and above half
of them perished. Petersburg is the me-
tropolis of the empire.
linstc/iuk, a strong town of Europeaa
Turkey, m Bulgaria. It contains 20,000
houses, and numerous mosques. The
commerce with Vienna is considerable,
and it has an extensive trade in cloth, in-
digo, corn, and wine. It is situate on the
Danube, 53 m Nw Shumla. Lon. 25 44 E,
lat. 44 3 N.
Rustetiburg, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the territory of Eichfeld, with a castle,.
9 m \v Ileiligenstadt.
Rtibtguden, a town of Sweden, in the
province of Dalecarlia, 23 m ssw Fahlua.
J\«<c/(f.s;er,a village in Northumbenaiid,
the Vindobaia of the Romans, 6 n* K
Hexham. The fort has been very consi-
derable, and the ruins of it; are iremavkabW*
RUT
Sevenis' wall riMis on tlie niiiidle of the r
raiuoiut, and Adrian's vallnni passes about
the distance of a cliain to the s ol" it.
Jiut/te'f'ord, a town of N Carolina,
diief of a county. It is situate on a Inanch
of Broad river, 00 m sl)_VE Moriiantown.
*nd 60 w Charlotte.
llutherglcn, a boronsh of Scotland, in
Lanark>hiro, foruierly considerable, but
reduced by the inHuence of Glasi^ow. It
is seated near the Clyde, i3 la sf. Glasgow.
Riil/iiit, or Jilmlhyii, a cor|u>rattd to\\n
of Wales, in iVnbiohsliire, wiih a market
on Monilay. It had a strons; castle, now
in ruins ; and the church, before the Re-
formation, v\as collegiate. The assi/es
for the county are holden here. It is a
small place, seated on an eminence, by
the river Chvyd, IG m wbyj; Wrexham,
aiid 192 sw Lor.don. Lon. 3 oO \v, hit.
53 5 N.
Rvflgliano, a town of Naples, in Terra
di Rari, 1'..' ni se Bari.
}iiit/ii!Hi;ur, or Rutlfiumnogur, a town
of liindoostan, in Malwah, 14 ni ^^w
Oojai.i.
Riillund, a town of \'ermont, chief of a
countv. This town and Windsor are alter-
nately the scat of the state legislature. It
is seated on Otter creek, 40 ni wbyx
Windsor. Lon. 72 56 w, hit. 43 34 K.
Miit/and, a town of Massachusets, in
Worcester county, 14 ni x\v \V'orcester,
and 0(5 \v Boston.
Utitlandshire, ti.e smallest county of
England, boiintled on the w and n">v by
X-eicestershire, x ard nk by Lincolnshire,
and s and se by Northamptt nshire. It is
«5 ni long and 1 1 broad, containing
128,0(..0 acies ; is divided into tlve hun-
dreds, and 52 parishe.s; has two market-
towns ; and sends two members to parlia-
ment. 1 he population was 1(5,380 in 1811.
The soil varies much; but, in general, is
fertile, particularly the rich vale of Cat-
mose, v> hich runs froni the w side to the
ceutre of the county. The principal rivers
are the \\ elland and the Guash, or Wash.
Oakham is the county-town.
Rutfuitpovr, a town of Hindonstan, in
Cundwana, capital of a large district of
the same name, called also Choteesgur,
the most fertile in the province. It is a
large straggling place, consisting of about
1000 huts ; and its chief is frequently
styled the nijah of Choteesgur. In the
vicinity are numerous pools and tanks ;
also many ruins, indicative of a former
state of greater prosperity. It is 196 m
ENE Na<rpcor. Lon. 82 35 r, lat. 22
16 N.
Hutzen, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Wolau, 20 m k Wolau.
RYE
Ruro, a town of Naples, in Terra tli
Bair, 16 m w Bari.
Ruza, a town of Russia, in the covern-
ment of Moscow, 48 m wnw iMoscow.
Lon. 36 2 i", lat. 55 4G n.
]\t/(tcotttu a town of Hindoostan, in Bai^
ramuhal, with a fort, and a high fortified
rock, considered as the chief key to the
Mysore dominions. It is 0 m ^vbv^ Kist-
naghery, and 45 sr. Bangaloor.
Rijaii, Loch, a bay of Scotland, in the
>w part of Wigtonshire. The sea flows
into it through a narrow pass, which will
admit vessels of any burden ; and it affords
e.xcelient anchornjie.
Ri/choor, a town of Hindoostan, in Be-
japoor, capital of a district lying between
the Kistnah and the Toombuddra, in the
ni.'am's territories. It is ISO m sw Hy-
diabad. Lon 77 17 k, lat. 15 50 n.
Rijdiil'Hist€7\ a lake in Westmorland, a
little to the w of Ambleside. It i> a mile
long, has two little islands, and c(>mmuni-
cates, by a narrow channel, with Grasniere
to the w, and, by the river Bothay, with
\\ indermere to the s.
Rtjdrooi:, a town and fortress of Hindoo-
stan, in Balagaut, capital of a fertile dis-
trict. It is 19 m sbyE Balhary, and 50 xe
Chitteldroog. Lon'. 77 2 e, lat. 14 -19 x.
Ri/e, a borough and seaport in Sussex,
with a market on Wednesday and Satur-
day. It is an appendage to the cinque
ports, and governed by a mayor and jurats.
1 he church is a very large structure. On
the edze of the ciitt" is a small battery, and
behind it Ipres tower, n square building,
now a jail. The old port, on the Bother,
is so choked up with sand, that it can ad-
mit small vessels only. In 17C6, a new
harbour was opened, in which vessels of
360 tons may safely ride. The c.Kports are
corn, malt, hops, and other products of the
country ; and hence are sent considerable
suppUes offish to the London markets. It
is 28 m ssu Miiidstone. and 63 se London.
Lon. 0 44 r, hit. 50 57 x.
Ri/egate, a borough in Surry, with a
market on Tuesday. Here was formerly a
custle, built in the time of the Saxons, and
called Holms Castle ; some ruins of it are
to be seen, particularly a long vaidt, with
a room at the end, where, it is said, the
barons, who took up arms against king
John, held their private meetings. The
market-house was formerly a chapel dedi-
cated to Thomas a Becket. It is seated
in a vallev, called Holmsdale, 16 m e
Guildtbrd, and 21 sw London.
Rue, a town of New York, in W Chester
county, seated on Long-island sound, 24
m NE New York.
Ryepoor, a town of Hindoostan, is
lliittmipoor.
K,/;«l;««?i a town of tlie Netherlands, lainilics, iilmost all slu.einaUcrs. It was
Brabant, situate on tbe Dvle, 5 m i: taken by tlie British in 1781, in 1801,an.l
ill 1810. It lias no port, and lies a little
It was
1719. It is
11,/riLach, a town of Germany, ii> the to the w ot St. Christoiilier. Lchk G3 li
territory of Coloiiiie, 10 in wsw Bonn, and w, hit. 17 89 N. ^ . . . ™, ,
37 N w ( :oblcntz: Sabanja v^ town of Asiatic 1 urkev, in
Russen, a town of the Netherlands, =.i Natolia. Here all the roi.ds Iroin Asia to
Overvssel, ou the river Rei;gc, IC m exi: Constantinople meet. It stands on a lake
£,g^,(;„(cr '''''^'^ abonnds in fi&li, 60 ni enf. Bursa, and
R>/swick, a town of the Netherlands, in 0'2 ese Constantiropie. Lon. 29 -JO E,
S IIoUaiuL whore the pri::ce of Orange has lat. 40 30 N.
a palace. A treaty was concluded here in Sabalz, or Sabacz, a town and lortreJfS
1697 between En-'!and, Oermanv, Hoi- of Eun^pean Turkey, in Scrvia.
land,'France, and Spain. It is seated be- taken by the Anstnans m 171
tween lla-'ue and Delft, 30 in sw Am- situate on the Dravc, 22 m s Petenvardeiii,
and 28 w Ik'grade.
Saliba/i, a town of Fezzan, noted for the
extensive reinnius of a castle and other
edifices in its vicinily ; seated in a rich
countryj 40 in N Mourzouk.
Sabia, a kingdom on tlie coast of Caf-
freria, bounded on the N by Sofaln, e bj
tlie Mosambique channel, s by Inhainbane,
and w by Manica. The country is fertile
and populous, is crossed by a river of the
.saine name, has mines of gold, and many
elephants. Manboiia is the capital.
Subie, a seaport of Denmark, on the B
coast of N Jutland, at the mouth of a river
sheik. Here is' a customhouse, which of the same nnine, 23 m nke Alburg.
brings in a considerable revenue ; and ma- Lon. 10 18 r., lat. o7 20 N.
Bufactures of Turkey leather, it is 140 Subina, a province of Italy, in the Ec-
m WN w Sanaa. Lon. 44 55 r, lat. 17 50 N. clc-siastical State, 28 m long and 20 broad ;
Suiilfchf, a town of Upper Saxony, in bounded on the N by Spoleto, e by Naples,
the princijiality of Ahenburg, with a castle s by Ca;nn;!i;na di lioma, and w by the
on a mountain. Here are manufactures patrimony of St. Peter. It is watered by
sterdain.
Rzeczica, a town of Lithuania, in the
palatinate of iAIiiiik, at liie conllux of the
Wyed^zwck with the Dnieper, 38 m ssE
Iloliaczovv.
Rzemien, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Sandumir, ',-.0 in ssw Sandoniir.
Sacida, or Saude, a strong town of Ara
bia, in Yei'nen, and the residence of
of cloth, and of gold and silk stulYs : it is
likewise the mint-town for the circle of
Upper ;^>a\ony. On an eminence near the
town stands the abbey of St. Peter. In
1806, prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia
patrimony
several small rivers, and abounds in (\\\
and wine. Magliano is the capital.
Sabine, a river of Louisiana, which ris-cs
• in about lat. 33 n, and flows sse 300 m
to the gulf of iNkxico in hit. _S9 50. It
was killed here in a skirmish with the forms xhe boundary, in this part, between
Trench. It stands on tlie Saal, 34 m nke Louisiana and New Spain. _
Coburg, and 46 sw Altenburg. Lon. 11 Suhioncelto, a town of Dalmatia, 'in
32 E, lat. 50 41 N. ^ Rugnseii, situate on the extremity of n
Saa/fcld, a town of E Prussia, on the peninsula, to wlilch it gives name. This
lake Mebing, 23 in se Marienburg. peninsula runs a considerable way into
Saar, a town in Moravia, in the circle the Atlantic, having the island ot Lcs^a
of Brunn, on the confines of Bohemia, 42
m NW Brunn.
Saurduvi, a town of N Holland, on the
N shore of the Wye, wjtii extensive esta-
blislmienls for ship-building. Here Peter
the great resided some time, in private,
and worked as a common ship-vvriglit. It
is 7 111 NW Amsterdam.
Suttrninnd, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Middle mark, 6 m s Potsdam.
on the N, and Corzola on the s, each
separated iiy a iiurrow channel. The town
is 55 m WNW Kagusa. Lon. 17 11 e, lat.
43 10 N. '
Sabioncttdjii town of Italy, in Milanese,
capital of a principality, with a stron;;
citadel. It is 20 m e ('remoiui.
Sable, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Sarte, near whicli are some (]uar-
ries of black marble. It is seated ou tlie
Suatg, a town of Bohemia, capital of a Sarte, 25 m NE Angers.
SAD
Sebfe, Cape, tlie iTio5.t southerly point of
Nova Scotia, near wliich is a fine cod-
fis-bery. Ion. 65 33 w, lat. 4S 30 N.
Sables d'O/oraie, a town of France, in
the department of \'eiul<^e, with a tide
haven for vessels of 150 tons. It is seated
on a spot insulated at high water, 40 m
w Foiitcnaj le Conipte.
Sablcsta7i, a province of Persia, bound-
ed on tiie X by Ciinduhar, t by Hindoostan,
s by Makra)), and w by Segestan. It is
mountiunous, and little known to Euro-
peans. Bost is the capital.
i>ab7i<^(tf, a town of I'ortugal, in Bcira,
20 in SE Guarda.
Sucai, a city iind seaport of Japan, in
^^^ island of Niplion, with several castles,
temp*'^*» ^"'^ palaces, and a mountain on
one ?'.c»'- ^'■'^'^ serves as a rampart. It is
43m sby ^^ Miaco. Lon. iSG 5 i:, lat. 34
58 N.
SuccBy or Sciucca ; see Awcca.
Saclisi^'-iberg, a town of Germany, in the
county c\ YValdeck. 10 m sw Waideck.
Sachsenha^e)!, a town of Westphalia, in
the county of Schauenburg, 13 in w Han-
over.
SricJiSfnluiuseu, a town of Germany,
making part of Frankfort on tiie Maine. It
is sii-uate on the s side of the river, and
communicates with liie city by a stone
bridce, well fortified.
Sachsenhuusen, a town of Germany, in
the county of NValdeck, G m k^w Wai-
deck.
Sachsenhcim, a town of Wirtemberg, 12
ra KKW Stutiiard.
Sackelc Barhovr, a town of New York,
witli a small harbour and navy yard, at
the E end of Lake Ontario, and at the
mouth of the Black river. It has a fort
and other works of deferice, and is the
chief naval depot of tlie United States on
this lake. It is 36 m sst: Kingston, in
Canada, and 40 kne Oswego.
Sacrai/ientjSt. a town of the government
of Buenos Ayres, settled by the Portu-
guese, in 167 8. It has been frequently
taken bv the Spaniards, the last time in
1777, when its fortifications were destroy-
ed. It has a tolerable harbour, on the
river Plata, nearly opposite Buenos Ayres,
100 ra why N Monte V'ideo.
Sadadoo, a kingdom of Nigritia, to the
sw of that of Bambouk, extending along
the right bank of the Faleme. The capital
is of the same name, and in its neighbour-
hood are some gold pits. It is situate on
the liver, 67 m s Bambouk. Lon. 9 22
w, lat. 13 33 K.
Saddleback, a mountain in Cumberland,
so called from its form, 5 m to the ene of
Keswick. It is 2787 feet above the level
t^ the sea. On one side is an immense
SAG
cavity, once the crater of a volcano, at th'e
bottom of which is a lake about 20 acres
in dimension.
Sudrus, a town of IllndoOeftan, in the
Carnatic, formerly prosperous, but now
in a state of decay. It is 44 m sbyw
Madras.
l>uffi/, a strong seaport of Morocco, with
a castle. It was long the centre of the
conunercc carried on with Europe, but now
has little trade, it is 16 ni s Cape Cautin.
Lon. 8 58 \v, lat. 32 28 n.
Sa^iin, a tmvn of Silesia, capital of a
principality. It has doable wails, a iine
palace, a priory of the Augustine order,,
a Lutheran school, and good chith manu-
factures. It is seated on the Bob(:r, 80 m
Nw Breslau. Lon. 15 22 e, lat. 51 42 n.
Sugg Harluur, a seapon of New York,
in SufTolk county, at the r. end of Long-
island. The whale fishery from this place
produces 1000 barrels of oil annually. It
is 12 m Nw Southampton, and 87 e New
York.
Saghalicn, or Amour, a river of Chinese
Tartary, which rises near the Yablonoi
mountains, where it is first known by the
names of Kerlon and Argoun, and forms
part of the boundary between Siberia and
Eastern Tartary, where it receives the
Schilka, and takes its present name. It
then makes a fiexuous eaitern course of
1850 m, in which it receives many other
rivers, and enters the sea of Okotsk, oppo-
site the N part of the island of Saghalien.
Saglmlien, or SachuUn, an island in the
sea of Okotsk, extending from lat. 40 to
54, or not less than 550 m in length, by
about 90 of medial breadth; separated
from the continent by the channel of Tar-
tary, on the w, and from the island of
Jesso by Perouse strait, on the s. This-
island was little known till explored by
Perouse, and it is the most important por-
tion of that navigator's voyage. The centre
is mountainous^ and well wooded with
pine, willow, oak, and birch; but the shores
are level, and well adapted to agriculture.
The natives, called Ainos, are a mild ami
, intelligent race ; they resemble the Tartars
in form, and the upper lip is commonly
tattooed blue. The dress is a loose roba
of dog or seal skins, or quilted nankeen*
with a girdle. Their huts are of timber,
thatched with grass, with a tire-place; ifi_
the middle. Here are some settlements of
the Japanese, who call the island Kara-
fiito ; and there is a little trade with the
Chinese and Russians. n,
Saghalien Via liofun, a city of Eastern
Tartary, in the province of Tcitcicar. It is
rich and populous, and important on ac-
count of its situation, as it secures to the
Chinese Tartars the possessiou of exten-
SAI
sive deserts covered with woods, in which
a great number of sables are found. It
stands on the river Sajihalien, liOO m nne
Tcitcicar. Lon. 137 25 e, lat. 50 G x.
Sagona, a town of Corsica, now in rains,
but yet gives name to a bishopric, and to
a gulf on the ".v coast, which forms a good
port at its head. Its remains are on a
small river, 16 m nxe Y\jaccio. See T'ico.
Sagor, an island 'of Hindoostan, in
Bengal, lying on the e side of the mouth
of the Ilongly, almost covered with jungle,
in which are many tigers of the most fero-
cious kind. It is nevertheless a celebrated
place of pilgrimage among the Hindoos,
from the sanctity of its situation at the
junction of the holiest branch of the Ganges
■with the ocean.
Sagrcs, a strong town of Portugal, in
Algarva, witii a harbour and a fort ; seated
on a tongue of land at tlie sw extremity
of the province, 23 m wsw Lagos. Lon.
1) 0 w, lat. 27 2 N.
Saguenni/, a river of Lower Canada,
^hich issues from Lake St. John, and flows
E above 100 m to Tadousac, where it
enters the St. Laurence. It is r.avigable
for the largest vessels to within 10 m of
the lake, where it forms a cataract 50 feet
high.
Sciginitiim ; see 7\Iorvicdro.
Sd/iagun, a town of Spain, in Leon, with
a rich abbey ; seated in a fertile plain on
the river Cea, 32 m se Leon.
Safiar; see S/tahai-.
Suliiira, or the Desert ; see Zaara.
Sahnrunpcor, a town of Iiindoost;\n, in
Delhi, capital of a very fertile district,
lying between the Jumna and Ganges. It
is situate at the skirt of the Sevvalic moun-
tains, 105 m A- by E Delhi. Lon. 77 23 e,
iat. 30 15 X.
Sctliranpuur, a town of IIindoo;tan, in
Delhi, 15 m ssvv Saharunpoor, and 90 x by e
Delhi.
Said, or Salad, a name sometisnes given
to Upper Egypt, commencing at S^out and
■extending s to tlie borders of Nubia. It
is the largest and the least fertile part of
Egypt.
Suida, a town of Syria, in Palestine, on
the coast of the IMedilcrranean, the re-
mains of the ancient Sidon, with a fort and
a castle. The name of Sidon still subsists
in a small village, about 2 m from Saida.
To the w of the castle is a shoal 200 paces
^ong, and the space between them is a road
for vessels, but not safe in bad weather.
The shoaL which extends along the town,
has a basm enclosed by a decayed pier :
this was the ancient port ; but it is now so
choked with sand, that boats onlv can
enter its mouth, near the castle. Saida is
a U"adiog town, and tlie chief eroporiuQi of
SAL
Damascus and the interior country. Tlie
manufacture of cotton is the principal em-
ploy of the inhabitants. It is 45 m wsw
Damascus. Lon. 36 5 E, lat. SS 33 N.
Saintrs, three of the Caiibe islands, be-
tween Guadaloupe and Dominica. The
middle one seems nothing more than a
large barren rock, but contributes to form
a good harbour. Lon. 61 45 w, lat. 15 52 x.
Saiutes, a town of France, capital of
the department of Lower Charente, and
lately a bishop's see. There are several
monuments of antiquity, of whicli the most
famous are the amphitheatre, the aque-
ducts, and the triumphal arch on the bridge
over the Charente. The castle, built on a
rock, is deemed impregnable ; and the
cathedral has one of the largest steeples in
France. The populatinn 10,500, and the
trade in wine and brandy is very consider-
able. It is 38 m se llochtlle, and 76 svir
Poitiers. Lon. 0 38 w, lat. 45 45 x.
Saintfield, a town of Ireland, in Down
county, 30 m xe Newry.
Suintoiigc, an old province of France,
62 m long and 30 bread ; bounded on the
E by Angoumois and Perigord, k by Poitou
and Annis, w by tiie Atlantic, and s by
Bordelois and Giron. The river Charente
crosses it in tiie middle, and it is one of
the most fertile districts in France. Its
horses are much esteemed ; also its salt,
in which it has a considerable traffic. It
now forms, with tlie old province of Annis,
the department of Lower Charente.
Sal, one of the Cape Verd islands, 42 in
in circuit, lying to tiie e of St. Nicholas.
It has its name from a number of salt ponds
that from time to time are filled by the
sea, where the water crystallizes into a
beautiful salt, the chief production of the
island. Lon. 22 56 w, lat. IG 38 x.
Salu, or Salberg, a town of Sweden, in_
Westmania, near which is a silver and lead
mine; seated on a river, 2C m xbyE
Westeras, and 60 xw Stockholm.
Salado, a river formed by the union of
several oliiers that issue from the moun-
tains in the xw part of Tucuman, and
flows sse to the Parana at St. Fe, in
the province of Buenos Ayres.
Salamanca, a city of Spain, in Leon,
and a bishop's see, with a famous univer-
sitv, consisting of 24 colleges. There
were 7000 students, when the Spanish mo-
narchy was in a flourishing condition ; and
there are now upward of 4000, w':o are
all clothed like priests. Here are magnifi-
cent churches, a large public square, fine
fountains, and every thing that can contri-
bute to tiie beauty and commodiov.sness of
the city, 'i'he cathedral is or^e of the hand-
somest in Spain ; aud there are several
tine convents, with chuvcUes belonging t(j
SAL
tliem, adorned witli images, and some with
curious jiictiircs. It is seated partly in a
plain, and partly on hills, and is smriuind-
ed by a wall. 'I'hc river Tormcs washes
its walls, and over it is a hridiie ^iOO paces
long, built by tl)e Konians. Here, in J81'2,
a great battle was fou^lit between the Bri-
tish and their allies and the rrench, in
which the latter were defeated, it is 85
in shy w Leon, and I'iO aw Madrid. Lon.
5 43 "w, lat. 41 24 n.
Sulunianca, a town of New Spain, in
Mechoacan, neatly built, and situate on
a plain, on the right bank of the Lernia,
20 ni shy w Uuanasnato.
Salcu/ianca dc Bucalar, a town of New-
Spain, in Jucatan, with a fort; seated near
the bay of Honduras, 1 10 m ese Cam-
peachy. Lon. 88 50 w, hit. 18 53 n,
^alaiiiis ; see Colouri.
Salanche, a town of Savoy, with a con-
siderable trade in horses, cattle, cheese,
woollen stuffs, iron tools, Js:c. It is situate
in a mountainous place, on the river Avse,
31 ra sE Geneva.
Sulankeynen, a townof Sclavonia, uhere
a battle was gained by the prince of Baden,
over the Turks, in 1691. It is seated on
the Danube, opposite the influx of the
Theisa, 20 ;n kw Belgrade, and 25 se
Peterwardin.
Salarano, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
seated on the Lambro, 5 ni wsw Lodi, and
15 SE Milan.
Salai/a, a town of New Spain, in Me-
choacan, 25 ni ESE Guanaxuato.
SaUizur, a town of New Granada, in
the province of St. Fe, situate amid craggy
mpuntains, 60 m nnw Pamplona,
Salberg ; see Sala.
Salioe, a town of Norway, in the pro-
▼mce of Drontheim, witii a copper mine ;
seated at the e end of a lake of the same
name, 25 m se Drontheim.
Salconil), a village in Devonshire, 4 m s
Kingsbridge. It stands on the w side of
an inlet of the English channel, which
forms a good haven, and vessels of 300
Ions are built here.
Sutdunhu Bajj, a bay on the sw coast of
Africa, which affords a most secure and con-
venient harbour, but wood and gnod water
are scarce. It lies 120 in to the knw of
the Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18 0 c,
lat. 32 54 s.
Siildurma, a town of Spain, in Leon, on
the river Carrion, 37 m >; Palencia. '
Suleclo, a town of the kingdom of Tunis,
near wiiich are the remains of a large
castle. It is seated near the Mediterra-
nean, 22 ra ssE Monaster. Lon. 11 3 e,
lat. oo 13 N.
Sake, a town of the kingdom of Fez,
with several forts. It was formerly a sea-
SAL
port, and famous for its piracies on the
ocean ; but the main river lias left tlic
town, nearly a niiie, and its docks are in
r'jins. It is divided into the old and new
town, by the river (iuero, wliicli iu.re joins
the I.uirigrig, opposite Rabat. It is 'J7 m
w Fez. Lon. (i 38 w, lat. 34 4 n.
Sa/em, a city and seaport of IVIassa-
chusets, capital of Essex county. It has
a large foreign trade, some ship-building,
and several manufactures. The episcopal
church and court-house arc elegant struc-
tures. The harliour is defended by a fort
and citadel. Here arese\en edifices for.
))ublic wurship, and a bridge 1500 feet
long, which connects the town with Bever-
ley. It is situate on a peninsula, formed
by two fimall inlets of the sea, called North
and Soutli rivers, 20. m ne Boston. Lon.
70 51 w, lat. 42 29 n.
Salem, a town of New Jersey, capital of
a county. It lias three edifices for public
worsliip, and is seated on a branch of
Salem creek, 3 m from its mouth in Dela-
ware bay, and 37 ssw Philadelphia. Lou.
75 37 vv", lat. 39 37 N.
Salem, a town of N. Carolina, capital
of Surry county, on the w side of VVack
creek, a b"anch of the Gargalis, which
flows into the Yadkin. It is the principal
settlement of the Moravians in this state,
and 30 in N by e Salisbury. Lon.. 80 21 w,
hit. 3ti 2 N.^
Salem, a town of New York, chief of
■Washington county, 30 m ivw Bennington.
Sulcmi, a town of Sicily, in \^al di Ma-
zara, 17 m ke Mazara.
Salerno, a fortified town of Naples, ca-
pital of Principato Citra, and an archbi-
shop's see, with a castle, and a university,
principally for medicine, llie cathedral
is decorated with good paintings, and has
two ancient pulpits of marble. '-t has
only a road for ships, and stands at the
head of a bay of the same name, 27 m si:
Naples. Lon. 14 .03 e, lat. 40 35 V.
Sulers, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of (jautal, sealed anu;ng mountain?,
9 m N Aurillac.
Suites, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Pyrenees, where are springs
from which line salt is made. Ic is 7 m
w Orthes.
Saiignac, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Vienne, 10 m s Li-
moges.
Salinaii, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seat-
ed on the Deva, at the foot of a mountain,
It) m NKE Vittoria, and 28 ssE^Bilboa.
Salines, a seaport on the s Coast of Cy-
prus, and the chief place of commerce in
the island ; but the different consuls and
the principal families reside at Larnica,
about u mile to the north. The citadel i?
'SAL
of a square form, without any bastions.
Near it is tlie bazar, wliere provisions and
other necessaries are sold ; and the siiops
aroLMid it abound with all kinds of Euro-
pean merchandise. In the vicinity are
marshes, from which abundance of salt is
obtained. Salines stands on a bay of its
name, 24 m se Nicosia. Lon. S3 4j e,
lat. ;>4 57 N.
Salini, one of the Lipari islands, in the
Mediterranean, which has its name from
the salt that is formed by the sun in a small
lake, communicatin;:; with the sea. It con-
sists of two mountains united at the base,
and lies nw of the island of Lipari.
Sulins, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Jura, witli famous salt works, one
of which is like a little fortified place. In
the neii^hbourhood arc quarries of jasper,
alabaster, and black mari)le. It is seated
between two mouiitaii\s, near the source
of the Furieuse,'29 i^i s Besancon.
Sulhburi/, a fertile district of N Cai'o-
lina, comprehendinii; the counties of Rock-
ingham, Guildford, Montgomery, Stokes,
Surry, Iredell, Rowan, Cabarras, and
Mac kkn berg.
SalisbiDj/, a town of N Carolina, in Ro-
wan county, capital of the district of its
name. It stands ou the nw side of Cane
creek, 5 m from its junction with the Yad-
kin, and 110 w Ralegh. Lon. 80 34 w,
lat. oo 58 N.
Salkbun/, a town of Massachusets, in
Essex county, where some ship-building is
carried on ; seated at the conflux of the
Powow witli the Merrimac, 3 m nnw New-
bury Port.
Sulkbury, a town of MarylaTul, in So-
merset county, with a considerable lumber
trade; situate between the two principal
branches of Wicomico river, 15 m se
Vienna.
Sdlisbury, or Duck Creek, a town of
Delaware, in Newcastle county, and one
of the largest wheat markets in the state ;
seated on Duck creek, 12 m Kbyw Dover.
Salisbury, or New Sui-nm, a city and the
capital of Wiltshire, and a bishop's sea,
with a market on Tuesday and Saturday.
It stands in a chalky soil, almost surround-
ed by the Avon,W^illy, Nadder, and Bourn;
and is rendered particularly clean by a
small stream flowing through every street.
It has a fine cathedral, the spire of which
is the loftiest in the kingdom. The town-
hall is a handsome building, and stands in
a spacious market-place. Salisbury is go-
▼erned by a mayor, and has manufactures
of flannels, lindseys, hardware, and cutlery.
The population was 8243 in 1811. It is
38 m SE Bath, and 81 w bys London. Lon.
1 47 w, lat. 51 4 N.
Salisbury Flair,, an open tract in Eng-
SAL
land, which extends from the city of Salis-
bury 25 m E to Winchester and 25 w to
Sliaftsbury,and is, in some places, from 35
to 40 in in breadth. That part of it about
the city is a chalky down; the other parts
are noted for feeding numerous and large
flocks of sheep, in this plain are' traces
of many Roman and British antiquities.
One of these, called Stonehenge, 0 m n of
Salisbury, consists of several large stones
placed in a circular form, some upright,
others horizontally across them, and of
such enormous bulk that it has puzzled
many diiigeut inquirers to account for the
bringing and placing of them.
SuUeiic/ie, a town of Savoy, seated
on a mountain near the river Arve, 32 ni
SE Grneva, and 39 ne Chambery.
SaUian, a town of Schirvan, at the
mouth of the Kur, on an island that is
covered with villages. The principal
commerce is in salt; and it has an ex-
tensive fishery, principally carried on
by Russian subjects. It is 70 m sse
Schamachi.
Sulin, a town of tk.e Netherlands, capital
cf a county, in the duchy of Luxemburg, on
the borders of Liege, with an ancient castle
on a mountain, it is 30 m sse Liege, and
45 X Luxemburg.
Saliii, a town of I'rance, in the de-
partment of Meurte, with a castle* seat-
ed at the source of the Sarre, 26 m e
Luneville.
Salinas, a town of Persia, in Aderbijan,
equally as large as Kho!, and containing
sculptnrt-d rocks and many ruins. It is 18
m s Khoi, and 72 wbyN Tabriz.
SalmunUer, a town of Germany, in the
principality of Fulda, on the river Kinz, 19
m ssw Fulda.
Salu, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, at the
foot of a mountain, near the lake Garda, 17
m NE Brescia.
Salo, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
with a small but convenient harbour,
where much of the products of the
country is shipped. it is 12 m wbys
Tarragona.
Salobrena, a town of Spain, in Gra-
nada, vvith a castle, and a great trade
in sugar and fish ; seated on a rock,
near the mouth of a river of the same
name, 12 m e Almunecar, and 36 ^
Granada,
Salon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mouths of the Rhone, seated
on the canal of Craponne, 23 m wnw Aix.
Salona, a town of European Turkey, in
Livadia, which has seven mosques and as
many Greek churches, and a great export
of grain, oil, and wool. It is situate in a
rich valley, 5 m from the head of the gulf ©f
Salona^ aud 30 ene Lepanto, ,
SAL
Salona, a town of Dalniatia, on a Imy
of the gulf of Venice. It was formerly
a considerable seaport, and the ruins show
that it was 10 ni in circuit. It is 7 m n
Spalatro.
Salo7ic, a town of European Turkey,
in Livadia, and a hisliop's see. 'J'he in-
habitants arc Greeks and 'I'urks, and it
"iS seated at the foot of a mouniain, on
the top of wiiich is a citadel, 10 m m;
Lepanto.
Sa/onica, the ancient Thessalonica, a
city of European Turkey, capital of Mace-
donia, and a Greek archbishop's see. It
stands on the side of a steep hill, at the
head of a gulf of the Archipelago, sur-
rounded by lofty stone walls, wliicii ascend
in a triangular "form from the sea, and the
apex is surrounded by a fortress with seven
towers. The circuit of the walls exceeds
5 m, and the castle forms a large distinct
area, separated tVom the city Ijy a trans-
verse wall. It is a place of great trade,
carried on principally by tlie Greeks and
Jews ; the former have a number of
churches, and the latter several syna-
gogues : the Turks also liave many
mosques; the two most considerable were
formerly the Greek churches of St. Sophia
and St, Demetrius, The inhabitants are
computed at 70,000. It was taken from
the Venetians, by the Turks, in 1431. It
is 310 m w Constantinople. Lon. 22 56 e,
lat. 40 43 N.
Su/pe, a town of Naples, in Capitanata,
near which are some salt-works. It is situ-
ate on a lake near the sea, 2S m s Manfre-
donia, and 92 exe Naples.
Sa/se:;, a town and fortress of Trance, in
the department of Eastern Pyrenees, seated
on the lake of Eeucate, among mountains,
10 m X Perpignan.
Salsetle, an island of Ilindoostan, on
the const of Aurungabad, to the x of
Bombay, from both which it is separated
ty narrow channels ; but over that to
Bombay there is a causeway. It is about
15 m square, and fertile in rice, fruit, and
sugar-canes. It has subterraneous caves
cut out of a rock, in the maimer of those
•of Elephanta. In 1770, it was ceded to
the English by the Mahrattas ; ai:d in
1803, all the small islands in the gulf
formed by Bombay and Salsette were also
ceded. Salsette is a valuable acquisition
to Bombay, which formerly depended on
foreign supplies for its subsistence. The
chief town is Tanna,
Salt Lake, a lake of New York, in
Onondago county, 5 m long, and a mile
broad. It is capable of producing im-
mense quantities of salt. It lies half a
mile s of Seneca river, to which it sends
its waters.
SAL "^
Salta, a city of Tucuman, and the capi-
tal of a fertile province. It has three
churches, four convents, and a college
built by the Jesuits. 'J his city is of great
resort on account of the large quantities
of corn, wine, salt, mules, lujrses, and
other connnodities, \> hich in'c sent hence
into Peru. It is 180 m >; by r. Tucuman.
Lon. ti3 50 w, lat. 24 17 s.
Sci/tanh, a borough in Cornwall, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Saturday, and a tiarle in malt ; seated on
the side of a steep hill, near the mouth of
the Tamar, 6 m kw I'lymouth, and 220 w
bys London.
Saltcoats, a town of Scotland, ir>
Ayrcshire, situate on the Atlantic, with
a harbour that will admit vessels of 200
tons. Here is a considerable trade in
salt and coal, also in shi})-building ; and
it is a place of resort for sea-bathing.
It is 5 m WNW Irvine, and 28 sw Glasgow-
Salt fleet, a town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Saturday, situate on a creek of
the German ocean, 33 m EiNE Lincoln, and
158 NbyE London.
Sultillo,a town of New Spain, in New-
Biscay, situate on a lofty arid plain, and
on the confines of Cohahuila and New-
Leon, 180 m NE Durango. Lon. 101 14*
w, lat. 25 52 N.
Salvador St. one of the Bahama islands.
See Guanalunii.
Salxudor, St. the capital of the kingdom
of Congo. It stands on a large mountain,
whose summit is a plain, 10 m in circuit,
and well cultivated. The city has 12
churches, beside the cathedral; and a
large palace, in which the king and a Por-
tuguese bishop reside. It is 230 m ese.
Loango. • Lon. 14 20 e, lat. 5 40 s.
Salvador, St. a city of Brasil, capital of
the governuient of All Saints Bay, and an
archijishop's see, with several forts. The
cathedral is large; but the most superb-
structure is the grand church of the ex-
jesuits, built of European marble, and
the interi>al part exceedingly rich. The
4|houses are two or three stories high, and
built of stone. Tiie principal streets are
large, but the generality are narrow and
dirty. In the royal square, is the gover-
nor's house, the" mint, and the public-
offices ; and along the beach is the custoin-
house, dock-yard, storehouses, &c. There
are many gardens, full of a great variety
of fruit-trees, herbs and ilowers. The chief
commodities are cotton, sugar, tobacco,,
coffee, gums, wood, hides, tallow, and train-
oil. Many ships of war and merchant
vessels are btiilt here. The population
upward of 100,000. It is seated on -^u
eminence, on the v. side of the bay of All
Saints. Loh. S3 S3 w, lat. 12 58 5.» '
SAL
Salvador, St. a town of New Soain, in
ihe province of Guatiuiala, capital of a
district that produces siigai--canes and in-
digo in abundance. It stands on a river,
which, at the distance of 20 m, enters the
Pacific ocean. It is 170 m Ebys Guati-
mala. Lon. 89 50 w, hit. 13 40'x.
Sulvudor de Jujui, St. a town of Tucu-
nian, situate at the skirt of a n:ountain,
on a river of its name, which flows e to
the Verniejo. It is 200 m NbyE Tucu-
man. Lon. C4 20 w, lat. 24 0 s."
Salvages, small uninhabited islands,
lying between the Canary islands and
Madeira, 27 leagues N of Point Nago in
Tenerilf. Lon. 15 54 w, lat. SO 0 n .
Salvaterra, a town of Portugal, in Es-
treniadura, with a royal palace, seated on
the Tajo, at the infiux of the Soro, 35 m
:ne Lisbon.
Salvaterra, a strong town of Portugal, in
Beira. It was taken by the French in 1704,
and by the allies in 1705. It stands on the
frontiers of Spain, 12 in XNW Alcantara,
and 37 Ebys Castel Branco.
Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in Galicia,
seated on the iNIinho, 7 m he Tuy.
Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in Leon,
seated on the Tornnes, 23 m s Salamanca.
Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in Biscay,
at the foot of Mount St. Adrian, 18 ra eh'e
Vittoria.
Saluxio, a town of Piedmont, with a
castle. The cathedral is magnificent and
rich. It is seated in a fruitful country, on
an eminence near the river Po, 22 m s by w
Turin.
SalzUy a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of jMagdeburg, famous for its salt-
works ; seated near the Elbe, V-i. m sse
Magdeburg.
Salzburg, a duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Bavaria, 100 m l^ig and 60 broad ;
bounded on the n by Bavaria, e by Aus-
tria and Stiria, s by Carinthia, and w by
Tyrol and Bavaria. It was an archbishop-
ric, whose prelate was a sovereign prince;
but in 1803 the territory was given as an
indemnity to the grand duke of Tuscany,
who held it as an electorate till 1805,
■when it was ceded to Austria, as a duchv ;
and in 1809 it was transferred to Bavaria.
It is a mountainous country, but pretty
fertile, and contains mines of copper, silver,
and iron.
Salzburg, a fortified city, capital of the
above duchy, with a strong castle on a
mountain, a university, and two noble
palaces. The population 20,000. The
cathedral of St. Rupert is \ery fine, and
contains five organs. The church of St.
Peter, is the oldest in the city, and near it
stands a Benedictine monastery, in which
is a fine library. An amphitheatre hewn
SAM
out of a rock, and the ducal stables on the
side of the mountain called Monchberg,
are worthy of notice. Near Salzburg are
some very productive salt-works. The
French became masters of this city in 1800,
and agaui in 1805. It is situate" between
three mountains, on both sides the I'iver
Salza, 45 m sbyw Passan, and 155 whys
Vienna. Lon.'l3 4 e, lat. 47 46 n.
Salzkoten, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Paderborn, with a good
salt-mine, 7 m sw Paderborn.
Salzusten, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Lippe, with a salt-mine, 19 m
sw Minden.
Sahungen, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, with a castle on an eminence,
called Schnepfenburg, and several salt-
works. It is seated on the Werra, 10 m s
Eisenach.
Salzwedel, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Gld mark, with a trade in linen, and
manufactures of serge and stockings; situate
on the Jetze, 20 ra nw Stendal.
Samana, a seaport on the ne side of St,
Domingo, and on the x side of a fine bay
of its name. It stands on a peninsula, 33
m long and 3 broad ; but the isthmus be-
ing a low swamp, covered with reeds, it is
sometimes called an island. Samana was
taken by the British in 1808. Lon. 69 '^0
w, lat. 19 10 N.
Samandraki, or Samondrachi, an island
of the Archipelago, between Stalimeni and
the coast of Romania, and to the n of the
isle of Imbro. It is 17 m in circuit, and
has a town of t!ie same name with a spa-
cious harbour. Lon. 25 17 e, lat. 40 34 n^
Samar, or Tenday, one of the Philippine
islands, se of that of Luconia, from which
it is separated by a strait. It is 140 m
long and 60 broad ; and is full of craggy
nKHintuins, among which are fertile valleys.
Sa-niara, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Simbirsk, seated on the Volga, 95
m SSE Simbirsk. Lon. 49 46 e, lat. 53
20 X.
Samarang, a fortified town on the N
coast of Java, and the most considerable
settlement, next to Batavia, in the island.
Here is a large church, a townhouse, and
other public edifices ; and in the environs
are numerous villas and gardens. In 1811,
4 m to the s of this place, the French
general made his last stand for the island,
and was compelled to surrender it to the
British. Samarang is situate near the
mouth of a river of the same name, 255
m ESE Batavia. Lon. 110 26 e, lat. 6
57 s.
Samarcand, the capital of Ushec Tartary,
in Bokharia, with a castle and a university.
It was the birthplace and seat of Tamer-
lane the great, and is now the residence of
SAM
a Tartar jinnce. The city falls short of
its ancient splendour, Y<-t it is still very
large, and fortified with strona; hnlwiirks ot
earth. Tlie houses are mostly of hanleued
clay, but some are of stone, from quarries
in the neighbourhood. The silk paper
made here is in i;reat request, and it has
a considerable trade in excellent fruit. It
is seated near the Sogd, 138 m e by N
Bokhara. Lou. 64 15 e, lat. 39 37 N.
Samarof, a tt)vvn of Siberia, in the sio-
vernmenl'of Tobohk, seated oa the Irtysh,
135 ni N Tobolsk.
Suwaluii, a town of Frr.nce, in the de-
partment of Gers, with a castle on a moun-
tain ; seated on the river Save, 6 m N by i;
Lombez.
Samba, a seaport of New Granada, in
the })rovince of Carthagena, 30 m ne Car-
tliagena Lon. 75 16 w, lat. 10 45 n.
Sumballus, a multitude of small unin-
habited islands on the >; shore of the isth-
mus of Panama.
Suiubas, the capital of a kingdom, on
the w coast of Borneo, governed by a suIt
tan. In the vicinity diamonds are found ;
and it is an excellent market for opium.
In 1813 it was taken by the British, on
account of the piracies and cruelties of its
inhabitants. It is situate on the s branch
of a navigable river, of the same name, SO
m from its mouth. Lon. 109 30 t, lat.
1 2 N.
Sumher, a town of Hindoostan, in Aj-
meer, seated at the s end of a salt lake,
IS m long and 2 broad, from which the
neighbouring provinces are supplied with
salt. It is 40 m ke Ajmeer.
Sambre, a river of the Netherlands,
whicii rises in Picardy, flows by Landrecy,
Maubeuge,Thun, and'Charleroy, and joins
the Meuse at jN'amur.
Suinira, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Irak, on the river Tigris, 70 m lnw
Bagdad.
SawUat, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
the sangiacate of iNlarasch, on the river
Euphrates, 30 m e Marasch.
Sumogitui, a province of Poland, 17.5 m
long and 125 broad ; bounded on the K by
Courland, E by Lithuania, s by ^V Prussia,
and w by the Baltic. It is full of forests,
and high mountains, wl-.ich feed a great
number of cattle, and produce abundance
of honev. Here are also very active horises,
in high esteem. llo.sieune is the principal
town.
Sumoa, an island of the Archipelago, on
the coast of JNatolia, and to the e of the
isle irt Micaria. It is 30 m long and 20
broad, and crossed by a ridge of bills.
Most of tlie soil is of a rusty colour;
vnd all the moantains are of white marble.
It abounds with partridges, woodcocks,
SAM
snipes, thruslies, woodpigeon5,ftn-tIedove9y
wheatcars, and excellent poultry. There
are no rabbits, but many hares, goats, and
some sheep. Here is plenty (d" wheat,
barley, and millet ; also abundance of
melons, lintels, kidueybeans, muscadine
grapes, and large while figs. The silk,
honc;y, and wax, arc esteemed; and pitch
is made from the pine trees. Here ar»
some iron mines, emery stone is not scarce,
and ochre is common. The inhabitants
are almost all Greeks. The habit of th«
women is a vest, afier the Turkish man-
ner, with a red coif, and their iiair hanging
down the back in tresses, with tassels of
coarse silver or block tin fastened to th»
ends. Samos contains several villages;
and there are some remains of the cele-
brated temple of Juno. Tlie principal har-
bour is that of Vati, on the n side of th«
island. Lon. 27 13 e, lat. 37 46 n.
Samoi/ede!;, once a powerful nation of
Tartary, but now dispersed. Some of them
are found in small bodies among the moun-
tains to the w of Lake Baikal; others ar»
supposed to be within the Chinese fron-
tiers ; others are scattered among the de-
serts, which extencralong the Fro/en ocean,
and some nearly as far to the vv as Arch-
angel. The Saraoyedes have a large head,
a llat face, high cheek bones, small eyes,.
a wide mouth, yellow complexion, straight
black hair, and little or no beard. They
have no longer th.e use of horses, because
the climate of their present country render*
tlielr subsistance impossible ; but ihej
still preserve the manners of a pastoral
people, and retain the use of moveabl*
habitations, with which they wander from
place to place. They neither have, nor
appear ever to have had, any kind of regular
government. Their traditional songs mentiou
only certain heroes, who, in better times,
led" their ancestors to battle. These songs
form their principal amusements ; but th«
exploits they celebrate are never hkely t4»
be renewed.
Saiiisoe, a fertile island of Denmark, on
the E coast of N .Juiland, 12 m long and
5 broad ; but the N part is penetrated by
the sea, and forms two narrow peninsulas-
It has a town of the same name, and th*
inhabitants carry on some commeice, in
small vessels. Lon. iO S3 l, lat. 5&
2 N.
Samson, St. a town of France, in th«
department of Eure, on the river ilille,
5 m N Pont Audemer.
Samsoun, a seaport of Asiatic Turkejj^
in Natolia, on a bay of the Black sea, at
the inllux of the Tozan. It has a larg*
bazar for the use of merchants, who carry
on a considerable trade ^vith Cor.stan6-
nople, and the other ports of the Black
SAN
sea. It is 60 ra n Aniasia. Lon. 36 8 i:,
lat. 41 15 N.
SaiHi, a city of Arabia, capital of Yemen,
with a castie on a hill, in which are two
palaces. Tlie city, pi-operly so called, is
not very populous; for iiariiens occupy
a part of the space within the walls, vvhicli
are 4 m.in circuit, and contain seven
gates. Here are a number of mosques,
some of them built by Turkish pashaws ;
also several palaces, public baths, and
large caravansaries. Fruits are very plen-
teous, particularly grapes ; and the expor-
tation of raisins is considerable, one kind
of which is without stones. The city stands
near the source of a river, wliich flows s
into the Arabian sea, at the foot of Mount
Nikkuni, on which is the ruin of a castle,
said to have been built by Shem. It is
250 m KKE Mocha, and 490 se Mecca.
Lon. 45 10 E, lat. 15 24 n.
Suna, a town of Peru, capital of a dis-
trict. It is situate in a valley, fertile in
fruit and corn, and adorned with the most
beautiful flowers, whence it has been some-
times called Mirafloris. It is 90 m x by w
Truxillo. Lon. 79 36 w, lat. 6 52 s.
Sanashj/golUi, a town of Hindoostan,
capital of a circar, in Bengal ; seated on
the Mahanada, 165 rn x Moorshedabad.
Lon. 88 30 r, lat. 26 37 x.
Suncerre, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cher. Tlie wines produced
in the environs are much esteemed. It is
seated on a mounttiin near tlie river Loire,
22 ni xw Nevers, and 110 n Paris.
Siincian, an island of China, on the
coast of Quang-tcng, I'amous for being the
burying place of Francis Xavier, whose
tomb is to be seen on a small bill. It is
chiefly inhabited by fishermen, and lies 60
m sw Macao.
Sancoiiis, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Cher, seated on the Argent,
15 ra sw Nevers.
SandUfOue of the Orkney islands, about
12 m long, but of an irregular form, and
seldom above a mile broad. It lies n of
tliat of Stror.say, from which it is separated
by a narrow channel. Much kelp is made
here in summer, and it feeds many sheep
and beeves. On the Start Point is a light-
house. Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 59 21 x.
Sanddy a small island on the w coast of
Scotland, 8 in e of the Mull of Cantvre,
faaied for having been the rendezvous of
the Danish tieets duiing their expeditions
to the western coasts. On it are the re-
mains of a chapel, dedicated to St. Co-
lumba.
Sandbdcli, a town of Cheshire, with a
market on Thursday. In the market-place
are 'two stjuare stone crosses, with em-
Wler.Kiiical ii-^ures. it is seuted on the
SAN
Welock 26 m i: Chester, and 162 NNW
London.
Sandecz, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Cracow, at the foot of Mount
Krapack, 32 m se Cracow.
Sandgute, a village in Kent, 3 m e Hithe,
with a castle built by Henry viii. Here
are many bathing machines, and canital
warm baths, with good accommodations
for visitors.
Sandhumn, a seaport of Sweden, in
Upland, where all vessels to and from
Stockholm are examined. It is 10 m K^
Stockholm.
Sandhurst, a villr.ge in Berkshire, on
the river Loddon, 5 m s by e Wokingham.
Here is a royal military college, where
young cadets, are instructed in the mili-
tary art.
Sando, an island of Japan, 87 ra in cir--
cuit, on the x coast of Niphon. ir has
a town of the same name. Lon. 139 30 s,
lat. 38 35 X.
Sundomir, a strong town of Poland,
capital of a palatinate, with a castle on a
steep rock, and several colleges. It is,
seated on a hill, by the river Vistula, 75 m
Ebyx Cracow, and 112 sbyE Warsaw..
Lon. 22 0 e, lat. 50 21 n.
Sundnzo72, nvWiagem Hampshire, in the
isleof Wight, 2 m s Brading. It stands,
on a bay of its name, and has a fort erected
by Henry viii, which maintains a small
garrison.
Sandvgul, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
seattd on che Coa, 12 m sse Guarda.
Sandvliet, a town of tlie Netherlands, in
Brabant, on the river Scheld, 12 m nw
Antwerp.
Sunduaky, a navigable river of the state
of Ohio, that rises near the sources of the;
Sciuta and the Great Miami, between-
each of which is a short portage. It<
flows NE, and enters the w end of San-
dusky bay, which is the sw point of Lake
Erie.
Sandusky, a town and fort of Ohio, on.
the aside of a bay of the same name, at!
the sw end of Lake Erie, to which it is.,
united by a short and narrow strait. Tha-
fort stands opposite the gut. Lon. 82 43
w, lat. 41 50 .N.
Sandu-iih, a town in K«nt, witJi a marn-
ket on Wednesday and Saturday. It is;
one of the cinque-ports, governed by a^.
mayor, and wailed round; but the wall*-
are much decayed, and only one of the^-
gates is standing. The trade is much de-
creased, as the river Stour, on which it.
stands, is so choked with sand, as to admits
only small vessels. The population was
2735 in 1810. jN'ear it is the iiiterestingj,
ruin of Ric!;borough castle, the Jlutupiia
of the Romans. Suadwich is 13 m s.
SAN
Canterbury, and 68 v by s London. Lon.
1 20 r., lat. 51 16 N.
Saiiduich, a town of Massacliiisct?, in
Barnstaple county, situate on Barnstaple
bay, 18 m sr. Plymouth.
Sandwiclt Island, an island in the Pacific
ocean, near the w coast of New Ireland.
Lon. 149 17 r, lat. 2 53 s.
Sa7idicic/i h/and, one of the New He-
brides, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 168 33
E, lat. 17 41 s.
Suiid:cich Islands, a p;roup of islands in
the Pacific ocean, discovered by Cook in
1778. They are 11 in number, extending
from 18 54' to 22 15 x lat. and from 150
54 to 160 24 w lon. They are called by
the natives, Owhyhee, Mowee, Kanni,
Morotoi, Tahoorowa, \Voahoo, Atooi,
Neeheehow, OneeiKuia, Morotinne, and
Takoora. The climate ditfers little from
that of the W Indies in the same latitude.
The vegetable productions are nearly the
same as tiiose of the other isiands in tliis
ocean ; but the taro mot i* here of a supe-
rior quality. The bread-fruit trees are
not in such abundance as in the plains of
Otaheite, but produce double the quantity
of fruit. The sugar canes are of a very
unusual size, some of them measuring 11
inches round, and having 14 feet eatable.
There is also a root of a brown colour,
shaped like a yam, and from six to ten
pounds in weight, the juice of which is an
excellent substitute for sugar. The quad-
rupeds are confined' to hogs, dogs, and
rats. The fowls are of the common sort ;
the birds beautiful and numerous, though
not various. Goats, pigs, and European
seeds were left by captain Cook ; but the
possession of the goats soon gave rise to a
contest between two districts, in which
the breed was destroyed. The inhabit-
ants, in their persons, language, and man-
ners, approach nearer to the New Zea-
landers, than to their less distant neigh-
bours, either of the Society or Friendly
islands. They are, in general, above the
middle size, well made, and capable of
bearing great fatigue. Many of both sexes
have fine open countenances ; and the
women, in particular, have good eyes and
teeth, with an engaging sensibility of look.
There is one peculiarity, characteristic of
every part of the nation, that even in the
handsomest faces there is a fulness of the
nostril, without any flatness or spreading
of the nose. The men suffer their beards
to grow, and wear their hair after various
fashions. The dress of both sexes nearly
resembles those of New Zealand, and they
■wear necklaces of small variegated shells.
Tattooing the body is practised by every
colony of this nation. The hands and arms
0/ the women ^re also neatly marked, and
SAN
they have the singular custom of tattooing
the tip of the tongue. They live together
in villages, containing from 100 to 20(»
houses, built closely together, without any
order, and having a winding path between
them. They are generally flanked, toward
the sea, with detached walls, consisting of
loose stones, which are meant both for
shelter and defence. Some of tlie houses
are from 40 to 50 feet long, and from HO
to SO broad ; others arc mere Iiovels. The
food of the lower class consists principally
offish and vegetables, to which the people
of higher rank add the flesh of hogs and
dogs. The making of canoes, mats, &c.
forms the occupations of the men ; the wo-
men are employed in manufacturing cloth:
and the servants are principally engaged
in the plantations, and fishing. Their
plantations, which are spread over the
whole seacoast, consist of the taro. or eddy-
root, and sweet potatoes, with plants ot
the cloth tree, set in rows. 'Ihey make
salt in great abundance, and good cordage
of all kinds. The bottoms of their canoes
are of a single piece of wood, hollowed out
to the thickness of an inch, and brought to
a point at each end; the sides consist of
three boards, each about an inch thick,
neatly fitted and lashed to the bottom part.
Some of their double canoes measure 70
feet in length, three and a half in depti),
and 12 in breadtii. Their weapons ar«
spears, daggers, clubs, and slings ; and ib?"
armour they wear strong mats, which are
not easily penetrated. The government
is monarchical and absolute; but as the
islands are not united under one sovereign,
wars are frequently among them. Human
sacrifices are here frequent ; not only at
the commencement of a war, or signal en-
terprise, hut the death of every consider-
able chief calls for a repetition of these
horrid rights. Notwithstanding captain
Cook was here killed through a sudden re>-
sentment, the inhabitants are acknowledg-
ed to be of a mild and affectionate dispo-
sition ; and in hospitality to strangers they
are not exceeded by those of the Friendlr
islands. They are very industrious, and
their natural capacity seems, in no respect,
below the common standard of mankind.
See Owhi/hee.
Sandwich Land, a desolate country, in
the Southern ocean, to the se of the island
of Georgia. 1 he mountains are of a vas|
height, their summits wrapped in clouds,
and their bases covered with snow to th»
water's edge. It is doubtful whether th*
different projecting points form on»
connected land, or several distinct islands.
The most southern point that was seen by
Cook, in 1775, is the greatest s latitude
of land ever j'et explored; on which account
SAN
it received the appeliaiion of Southern
Tl.iiic. Loll. 27 45 w, lat. 59 54 s.
Sitiidi/, a village in Bedlbrdhhire, on
the river Jvel, 3 ui ^ by w lJii;glesvva(le.
It is of s^reat antiquitv, and on a hill are
earUi-works of jlaf^e dimensions, called
Cesar's Camp.
Suuihj Desert, an extensive tract of
country in Hmdoostan, Jiavini; Mooitan
to the N, Ajn.eer to the e, Cutch to the s,
and Snuly to the w. This ref;ion has
not been recently explored by any Euro-
pean ; but from tiie testimonies of the
natives on tlie e border, it is not so
completely barren as the deserrs of Arabia.
On the contrary, alioouiih the country
in general consists of an arid unproductive
sand, yet it contains iii.-.ny cultivated
spoty ; also scattered jmigle and crjarse
vesietation of various kind?, which supply
numerous flocks with toiid. Jt is intei-
spersod with petty chief^hips and station-
ary tiiltes. Wells of water are scarce;
and tliere, are several torts which have
walls, but are destitute of water without
the walls to a great distance. The
chief place known is Arnerkote,
Suiidij Huok, a small island on the coast
of iVew Jersey, 7 m s of the \v end of Long-
island it was formerly a peninsula, but
in 17 78 the sea broke through the isthmus,
and ibrmed it iiito an island. On the n
point is a lighthouse. Lou. 74 2 w, lat.
40 30 N.
Sandy Point, a seaport of St. Christo-
pher, on the KW side of the island, in lig-
tree bav, delended by a fort. Lon. O'o 28 w,
lat. 1?'20.\.
Saiiea, or Gesseiiau, a town of Switzer-
land, in (he canton pf Bern, with a castle,
situate on a river of the same name, 20 m,
sw Thuu.
Suiij'jrd, a town of the district of Maine,
iu York county, lam n Berwick, and 20
KNw York.
San^er/iausen, a town of Upper Saxony,
in 'i huringia, wilii a castle, 14 ra ese
Stolberg.
Sai/^uaa, a town of Spain, in Na-
varre, on th.e river Aragon, i>2 m st
Pamplona.
Siingur, a town Hindjcjstan, in Malwah,
capital of a district. It is situate near the
river Bimnass, 93 ni e.n e L'opal. Lon. 78 50
E, lat. 23 50 -v.
Sitiikey, a village in Lancashire, 2 m w
Warringtun. It is a place of tratiic, being
seated near the Mersey, from winch it has
a cana! to the various works in the vicinity
of St. Helens.
iiunpdo; see Brahumpootia.
Suuquiiar, a rxirougn ot ^cotland, in
Dumfiiesshirc, with a rumtd castle on m\
SAN
eminence. It has a trade in coal, and a
maimfartiire of carpets and stockings,
'J he admirable Crichton was a native of
this place. It is seated on the iN'ith, 25 m
x\v IJumfries, and 53 sw F.diiibui-^.
Saiisaiiding, a large trading t(nvii of
Nigritia, in Bambarra, on the left bank
of the Niger, 20 m E by N Sego.
Suuta ; see FariiUi
S(i>itaeUu.,i\tow\.\ of' Spain, in Andalusia.
24 ni s Cordova.
Suutunder, a 'seaport of Spain, in As-
turias, and a bishop's see '.'he hailtour
is good, and large ennnuh to contain a
numerous fleet, defended bv two castles,
several batteries, and a mole that athai.ces
into tlie sea. Here are many connjurcial
houses, and it has the privilege of' trading
direct to and from tiie coloifu s. The chief
exports are wool, iron, flour, and c{jlonial
produce. It is 11 m xe Saiuiiian;'. Lon.
3 47 w, lat. -43 27 ^.
Santii/ider, Ae^(', a town of New S,,ain,
in Paiiuco, capital of a district, which is
thinly .nhabited. It stands in the tuik of a
river, 40 m frmn the gulf of ^lexico, but a
bar at its mouth prevents the admission of
vessels drawing more than 7 feet, it is
125 m Nbvw Panuco. Lon. 93 12 w, lat.
23 45.\.
Santurem, a town of Portugal, in Estre-
madura.vvith a citadel on a mountain. It
is seated on the I'ajo, in a ciiuntiy feitilein
wheat, wme, and oil, 55 m ne Lisbon. Lon.
8 25 w, lat. .TO 18 N
Suntee, a ri\'er of S Carolina, formed by
the junction of tlieCo!iiraree,and Wateree.
It flows ()y Amelia and St. James, and en-
ters the ocean by two inuuth.'^, a little s of
Georgetown.
-Suiiten, a town of Oermany, in tli«
duchy of Cleve, seated on the liiiiue, 15 m
si: Cleve.
Saiiliago; sce'Jago, Si,
Siintiiincs, i\ titwii of Spai:!, in .Isturiab,'
17 m ssw Oviedo.
SuniilUinu, a town of Spain, capital of
Astiirias de San'.illaaa. It is seated in a
fruitful valley near the bay of Biscay, 96 m
E Oviedo, and 200 x Madrid. Lon.'S 58 w,
lat 43 23 .V.
Suntuna, a town of Spain, in Asturias,
near the bay of Biscay, with a good harbour,
sti(i;,gly fortified by nature and art, 22 m E
Sa-.itander.
Suntorin, the ancient Thera, an island
of the Arch'.pelago, to the s of Nio. It
is in the form of a crescent, 10 m long
and from 1 to 4 broad Between its
two points, to complete the circle, are
the small is!i»nds of Thorasia and Aspro-
i!;si ; and wittun tnese are tnree other
islands, between wliich and Santmin i*
2 b
SAP
» road for sliips, but it iilTurds no an-
cliornge, on account of its deptli in some
)ilaces, and rocky bottom in others. All
llicse islands are of volcanic origin, but
liie lln-ee iiitorior ones are evidently of
much later date. Snntori, in propor-
tion to its extent, is the richest and most
populous island of the Arciiipelasio.
I'liere arc two bishops ; the one Latin,
whose see is Soauro, and tlic other
Greek, whose residence is at I'irgos,
near the middle of the island The soil
is very dry, and far from fertile; but it
produces plenty of barley, cotton, and
uine, in which, and cotton manufactures,
the trade consists. Fruit is scarce, except
ti^s, and it has only cistern water. 'I'lio
i4ihabitants, abinit 12,000, are almost all
Oreeks, and though subject to the Tmks,
they choose tiieir own magistrates. Scauro
is the capital.
^a?i/(;.s, a town of Brasil, in the govern-
jnent of St. Paul, in a bay of its name, on
the N sidcof an island, called Amiaz, which
is 18 m in circuit. The entrance, of the
channel, which leads from the bay to the
Town, is defended by two forts. Tl)e town
<ifSt. Vincent stands on the s side of the
same island. Santos is 10 m from the sea,
and 54 se St. I'aul. Lon. 46 24 w, hit.
123 59 s.
Saone, Upper, a department of France,
including part of the old province of
Franche Comte. It is named from a
river, which rises in Mont Vosges, Hows
through this department, Cote d'Or,
und Saone and Loire, and joins the
Ithone, al Lyon. The capital is \'esoul.
Saona, an island near the n end of that
of St. Domingo, from the s side of which
it is separated by a shallow chaimel, 5 m
wide. It is 13 m long and 3 broad, but
now uninhabited, except by fislicrmen
during the season for tortoises. It has a
port at the >: end, sometimes visited by
mariners, who here tind water, wood, and
wild cattle in abundance. Lon. C8 35 w,
lat. 18 14 X.
Saone (Did Loire, a department of
France, including part of the old pro-
' viace of Burgundy. It is named fi'om
■ two rivers, which flow through it in ditfer-
•ent directions. Macon is the capital. .
Saorgio, a town in tlie county of Nice,
situate on the top of a rock, which is
nearly enclosed by the Iloia and the Ben-
dola. On the opposite side of the Roia is
a sharp rock, completely insulated, with an
ancient fortress on the summit; and i:ear
the town is a strong fort. Saorgio was taken
Ly the French in 1791. It is IT m ke Isice.
Sapienza, three small islands, and a
♦aj^)e, in the Mediterranean, near the s coast
SAR
of Morca. Tlie largest island was formcrlv
called Sphactcria, and is famous in anc.eiit
iiistory for a victory obtained by the Athe-
nians over the Lacedemonians. Lon. 21 32
i:, lut. 36 50 N.
Saracens, a jieople celebr.ited some cen-
turies ago, who came from the de erts of
Arabia; sarra in their language signifying
a desert. They were the fu'st disciples of
Mohamed, and, within 40 years after his
death, conquered a great part of Asia,
Africa, and Europe. They kept possession
ot Sj)ain till 1511, when thev were ex-
jielled. They maintained a war in the
Holy Land, a longtime, against the West-
ern Christians, and at length rlrove them
out of it. There are now no people known
by this name, for the descendants of
those who conquered Spain, are called
Moors.
Saragossd, a city of Spain, capital of
Aragon, and an archbishop's see, with
a university, and a court of inquisition.
It is said to have been built by the Fhe-
nicians ; and the Romans sent a colony
hither in tlse rtign of AngustL:s, whence
it had the name of Ccsarca Augusta, which
by corruption has been changed into
Saragossa. Mere are many magnificent
buildings, 17 large churches, and 14
handsome convents, beside others less
considerable. The Eb:o runs through the
city, dividing it into two parts; and
on its banks is a handsome quay, which
serves for a public walk. The Holy-street
is the largest, and so broad it may be
taken for a square ; and here they had
their bull-fights. The cathedral is a
snacious Gothic building; hut the finest
church is that of Nuestra Senora del
Pilar, and a place of the greatest devotion
in Spain. They tell us that the \'irgin,
while living, appeared to St. James, who
was preaching the gospel, and lelt him her
image, with a hanilsonie ))illar of jasper.
This in-.age stands on a marble pillar,
with a little Jesus in her arms, ornamented
with a profusion of gold and jewels, and
illuminated by a multitude of lamps and
wax lights. The townhtjuse is a sumptuous
structure ; and in the hall are tiie pictures
of all the kings of Aragon. Saragossa
!ias few manufactures, and but little
trade. It is seated in a large plain
(where the Ebro receives two other rivers)
which produces all kinds of fruit in great
abundance. A victory was obtained here,
over the French and Spianiards in 1710,
but it was abandoned by the allies
soon after. In 1808 it sustained a siege
by the French; but in another which
lasted f)3 days, the surviving besieged
were obliged to mrr€udcr in 1809, being;
SAR
qaite worn out by fiuluing, pestilence, and
famine. During tliis memorable siejie,
the city was nearly demoiiblied by the
constant firing of an immense artil-
lery, and about 40,000 shells. In 1813,
the French surrc-ndered it to the Span-
iards. It is 150 m wby.N Barcelona,
and 180 KE Madrid. Lon. 0 43 w, lat.
41 4o.\.
Snransspoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Malwali, ca[iital of a hilly but fertile
district. It is situate on the Sopra, o5
m KK Oojuin. Lon. 76 30 e, lat.
23 CB N.
Surulof, a government of Russia, former-
ly a province of Astracan. It is divided
into VZ districts, of which that of the same
name is the principal.
Surutof, a fortified town, capital of the
above' goverinnent. It is seated on the
side of a mountain, near the river Volga,
'220 m s Kasan, and 300 N\v Astracan.
Lon. 49 25 e, lat. 52 I N.
Surutogu, a town and fort of New
York, in a county of the same name.
Here, in 177 7, an army of Briti^h and,
Hessians surrendered to the Americans.
It stands on the e side of Hudson river, 50
m N Albany.
SaruxLun, a province of Ballogistan,
220 m long and CO broad ; bounded
•on the K l)y Afganistan, e by Ilindoostan,
ts by the provinces ot Jalawan and Mek-
ran, and w by a barren desert. It is so
very rugged and mountainous, that there
is scarcely a level place whose circuit
would exceed a lew miles. It has a
town of the same name on the river Bale,
iiO ni wbys Kelat, the capital of the pro-
vince.
Surbruck, a town of Germany, capital
of a county. He^'e is a handsome palace,
and a magnificent Lutheran church. It
stands on the w side of the Sarre, 14
m w Deux-ponts. Lon. 7 5 e, lat.
-49 16 X.
Sarburg, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Treves, seated on the Sarre, 10
in s by w Treves.
Suiburg, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Meurte, seated on the Sarre,
Ht t!;e foot of a mountain, 40 m EbyN
Nancy.
Sardinia, an island in the Mediter-
ranean, KJO m long and 70 broad. It is
separated from Corsica, tm the N, by the
. •strait of Bonifacio, and has 44 small
islands belonging to it. Exclusive of the
iQountains, the chief part of the country
7jnay be regarded as waste, but where
1,1'Cultivated it is fertile in corn, wine,
bajrani!,es, citrons, and olives. Here arc
jfilBlftpdCot" silver, lead, bulphur, and alum ;
SAR
and quantities of cheese and salt are
made. The frcpaent wastes abound
with wild ducks ; but the cattle and
sheep are not numerous, and the mo-
rasses yield pernicious exhalations. On
the coast is a fishery for anchovies and'
coral. The little islands abound ii»
game ; arid in that of Asinara are &•.
great number of .turtles. Sardinia has
undergone various revolutions : in 170&
it was taken from tlie Spaniards by the
English, and allotted to the emperor of
Germany at the peace of Utrecht. The
Spaniards recovered it in 1717, but were
obliged to abandon it two years alter;,
and, in 1720, it was ceded to the duke
of Savoy, as an equivalent for Sicily. It
was then erected into a kingdom ; but his
Sardinian majesty continued to keep his
court at Thrin, till expelled from his Pied-
montese territories, by the French, in 1796,
when this island became the sole remnant
of his possessions till 181-!, when he was re-
stored to his filmier dominions. The popu-
lation 450,000. Cagliara is the capital.
Sarecio, a town of N Carolina, chief of
Duplin county. It is seated on the ne
branch of Cape Fear river, SO m Nbyw
^^'il^lington.
Sarguns, a town of Switzerlanrl, capital
of a county in the canton of St. Gall, witb
a castle. There are mineral springs near
the town, and the richest iron mine i»
Switzerland. It stands on the summit of »
hill, near the Rhine, 14 m xliywCoire,
and 47 se Zurich. Lon. 9 25 e, lat.
47 4 N.
tSurge!, a seaport of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Mascara, with a castle; seated on.
the seacoast, 25 m ssw Algiers. Lon. 2 15
E, lat. 3{j 30 N.
Surgueiidne, a town. of France, in the
department of Moselle, seated on the Sarre^
y m sbyr, Sarbriick.
►S'(/rJ, a city of Persia, caviital of Maza»-
derun, and the residence of. a Persiart
prince. It is surrounded by a good wait
and deep ditch ; and crowded with inhabi-
tants, among whom are many mei chants,
who carry on a brisk trade with Astracaw.
It is situate in a country abounding \n
rice, oranges, cotton, sugar, and silk, 20 Kk
ssw Ferabad, and 120 xe Teheran. LoB.
52 42 E, lat. 36 38 N.
Surjeic ; see Gograh.
Sark, an island m the English channel,
5 m long and 3 broad, lying near the coast
of France, and about 0 m e trom the island*'
of Guernsey, on which it depends. It is
naturally strong, and has upward of 309
inhabitants.
Sarkt a river of Scotland, which rises
in theSE parity" Damtriesshire, and tlov*
2S3
SAR
5nto the head of the Solway frith. It is
for some miles the bouiulary between
Scoth\ii(l and l''n;j;l;m(l, and its moiilli forms
a good iiarlxiiii-, at tlie villa<;o of t^arkiort,
10 m Eby s ^\nnan.
Surlat, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Dordot;ne, and lately a
bishop's see. It is seated in a botiom,
surroimded by mountains, 27 m sk
Peri!:;iieiix.
Sur/ouis, a srronj; tcnvn of Trance, in the
department of iMoselie, scaleii on the
islhnuis of a peninsula formed by the river
Sane, .'5'i ui ke Metz. Lon. 6 48 e, lat.
4,9 21 N.
SuJ-noi, a town of Switzerland, capital
of the caiitmi of Undcrwalden, near a lake
to which it i:i\es name. It bad lormcily a
stron<!: ci.stie, which was destroyed by the
peasants in liiUB. It is 9 ni s Lnccni. Lon.
S 14 i;, lat 40 52 N.
SuJito, a town of Naples, in Princi-
pato L'itra, seated on the rSarno. near its
source, 12 m nnw Salerno, and 20 ese
]Naples.
Sarus, a strong castle of Hungary, in the
county of the same name, seated on the
Tart/a, 5 m Xi\w Eperies.
Sui oaj/, a town of liindoostan, in Mal-
■wah, capital of a district, the w part of
which extends into the sandy desert. It is
43 m w Odeyjioor. Lon." 73 20 e, lut.
45 82N.
Snip, or Surpen, a town of Norway-, in
the piovince of Christiansand. Near it is
a };reat cataract, which may be heard at
the distance of 20 m. Sarp is 10 m wsw
JFreoricstadt.
Sui7€, a river that rises in France, near
Sahn, in the department of Meurte,
Sows K by Ssrbursr, Sarbruck, Sarlouis,
and Sarburii iu Germany, and joii;s the
JWostlle, a little above Treves.
San till, a tov^n of Spain, in Catalonia,
near which are quarries of alahaster, so
Irans-parent that it is used for windows. It
i» sealed on the Francoli, 1 1 m ^■ Tarra-
gona.
S<iis(i)!a, !t town of the duchy of Ge-
ajioa, with a fortress; and near it is a fort
in the mountains called Sarsanello. It
stands oh the river Magra, 5 m from its
snouth, and 45 ese Genoa, Lon. 9 58 e,
lal. 44 On!, ';;",'^/..' ,U /)\^
£arsina^ a tovi'n''of ualy, in ll( miagna, on
the river Savio, 21 m wsw Rimini.
Surt, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na-
telia. It was the ancient Sardis, cap tal of
Ijdia ; and under the Uomans was a large
-city, hut almost destroyed by an earthquake
in t\}e reign v)' Tiherius. Here are many
rerona^jts of massive bijildiu<>s a mosnoe
■that was luruierly a Christian church, and
a large cara\ansaiy. 'Ihe iniiubitilnts are
SAT
chiefly sheplierds, who feed their flocks in
the adittcent plains. It is 35 m ehb
Smvrna.
Suite, a department of France, including
part of the old province of Maine. It
takes it:« name from a ri\er, which iiows in
.a transparent and jdacid stream by Mans
to Angers, where it joins the Maycnne.
The capital is Mans.
Sarviir, a town and fortress of Hungary,
at the conflux of the Guns vvitli the Kaab,
14 m Eby N Stein am Anger.
Samiii, Old, a borough in Wiltshire,
which is now reduced to a single house.
It once C(ivered the summit of a steep hill,
and was strongly fortilied ; but nothing is
be seen except the ruins and traces of the
walls. It is 2 m n New Suruiu, or
Salisbury.
SuVKcrden, a town of France, in the
department of Moselle, seated on the Sarre,
33 m WNW liaguenau, and 45 ene
Nancy
Sas van Ghent, a town and fortress of the
Netherlands, in llanders, situate on the
canal from Ghent to the river Scheld, and
fortified with sluices, by means of wh'ich
the country can be laid under water. It
was built by the iidiabitaiits of Ghent, as a
bulwaik to that city, but was taken in 16G4j
by the Dutch, from whom the French took
it in 1747, and again in 1794. It is 10 m
N Ghent.
Suae? am, a town of liindoostan, in Baiiar.
Here is a great reservoir of water, and in
the center of it the maiinificent mausoleum
of Sheie Khan, the Afghan, who expelled
emperor Iluniayoon, the father of Acber,
from liindoostan. It is 81 m sw Patna
Sus.sdJ'/as, a town of Maryland, in Kent
county, on a river of the same name,
near its entrance into Cliesapeake bay, 20
m s FJkton.
Sussuri, a city of Sardinia, and an arcli-
bishop's see, with a caitle and a university.
Here is a fountain called llossel,sai(i to be
more magnificent thim the best tit Rome.
In the neighbourhood are mines of gold and
silver, wiience the city is sometimes called
Logudori. It is seated on the Fiumi-
nargia, 9 m from its mouth at Torraes,
which is its port, and 108 NNwCagUati.
Lon. 8 45 r, lat. 40 48 N.
Sd^isoulo, a town of Italy, in Modenese,
with a castle, seated on the Seccia, 10 ra svr
Modena. ' ' . ' " ' ' ""' .
Sastuiio, a td-Wfi of Sj)afn,in A"t-a^nn',-'s^'it-
ed on the Ebro, 40 m se Saragossa.
SuiulUi, or Adafia, a strong city of Asia-
tic Turkey, in Caraniauia. It extends
round a small harbour, and has a sxipferb
rnosHTip. v-l!:"^}! waK 'orTif-,'" n '•}i'TTr},. It
is governed by a pashaw, and contains
many remains of antiquity. The couuti^
SAV
around is fertile; and the citrons and
oraiitrcs are extremely fine. llie chief
trade is in wool, cotton, goats hair, agaric,
tragacanth, opium, and hees wax. It is
seated on a 2;uU" of tlie IVIeriiterranean, to
which it gives name, 150 mswC^ogni. Lon.
SO J6e, hit. 3(3 52 n.
Sulura, a town and fort of Ilinrloostan,
in Dejaponr, on t';e w poiiit t)f a long hill.
The (ort, used as a state prison, is (»n the
highest part of the hill, and the passage np to
it will ariinitonly one person at a tune. It
is 47 nis Poonah, and 120 wnw Bejapoor.
Lon. 74 3 E, lat. 17 50 n.
.S'«iijcTifirr«;ff,atowiiofIiincloostan,in the
Circnrs, district of Cicacole, at the mouth of
the CiulL'undah, 57 ni sw Vizagapatam.
Santgur, a town of Hindoostan,in Barra-
mahal, among the eastern Gauts. 'i1ic pass
lienceinto Mysore has been improved, that
artillery can ascend with little ditHcnity, and
itis now important for commercial purposes.
Sautgur is 23 m wbyN Vellore, and 75 e
Basigaloor.
Safer, a town of Sweden, in Dalecarlia,
near which is a rich iron mine, 23 m shyE
Fahhm.
Salgong, a village of Hindoostan, in Ben-
gal, on a creek of Hoogly river, 4 m nvv
Hoogly. In 15G0 it was a city, in which
the European traders in Bengal had their
factories.
Sulimangalum, a town of Hindoostan, in
Coimhetoor, with u large stone f)rt, and a
considerable temple. It has manufactures
of coarse cotton cloths, and is se'ited near
the Bhawani, 42 ra >ne Coimhetoor.
Satriaiio, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Ultra, seated near the sea, 8ms
Sqiiillace.
Sarui, a town of Persia, in Irak, sur-
rounded by walls of earth. The environs
produce exquisite fruit, and abiiudanc'i of
rice and cotton, in vvhich it has a consider-
able trade. It is 60 m sw Teheran.
Savage Ide, an island in the Pacific ocean,
35 m in circuit, discovered by Cook in 1774.
It I'eceived this name from the rude and
inhospitable behaviour of the inhabitants,
who were stout Vv-eli-made men, naked ex-
cept round the waist ; some of them had
their face, breast, and thighs painted. It
is of a round form, and appeared to be co-
vered with trees, shrubs, Sec. Lon. 169 30vir,
J.-it. 19 2 s.
Suvanna, a river of the United States,
which foruis a part of the divisional line
that separates Geoi-gia from S Carolina.
It is navigable for boats of 100 feet keel,
trpiJ) Augusta to Savanna, and thence
for large vessels to its entrance into the
Atlantic, ocean, at Tybe island, on which
is a light!»ou«^,,;^g:^^j.4{?^w^;;'l?it. ,
SAU
Sitvanmi, a seaport of the state of Geor-
gia, chief of Chatham county, and formerly
the capital of tho state. More than tw»
thirds of the lown was destrttyed by fire in.
1796. Savanna is the largest town and
only port of importance in ihe state. The
chief exports are live stock, maize, rice,
tobacco, indigo, flour, sai:o, tar, naval
stores, canes, leather, and deer skins.
The population was 5215 in 1810. It
is seated on a high sandy bin if, on the s
side of the i-iver Saviuma, 17 m from its-
mouth, and 100 s.^ Louisville. Lon. 80 57
M', lat. 31 37 N.
Savatopo/i ; see Sebcstopoll^.
Saucedu, a town of New Spain, in New
Biscay, on a river of the same name, whick
joins the Nassas to form the Palmas. It is>
100 m KKW Durango. Lon. 105 3G vv, lat.
25 18 N.
Suve, a ri\er that rises in Germany, oil
the Nw confines of Carniola, runs n through
that country, separates Sclavonia front
Croatia, Bosnia, and Servia, and joins
the Danube, near Belgrade.
Smxtun/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Loire, 18 m nw Nantes,
and 32 w Ancenis.
Savendrcog, a strong fortress of Hin-
doostan, in Mysore. It stands on the top*
of a rock, rising half a mile in perpendi-
cular height, from a base of above 8 m in
circuit, and d'-vided at the summit by a.
chasm that forms it into two hiils : tliese
having each its particular defences, servp
as two citadels, capable of being main-
tained independently of the lower works?,
which' are also wonderfully strong. Not-
Vv-ithstanding this, the British took it by
storm, in 1791, without the loss of a man.
It is 54 m XE Seringapatani.
Saverdwi, a town of Fr.uice, in the de-
partment of Arriege, on the river Arnege,
25 ra SSE Toulouse.
Saverne, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Rhine, at the foot of
Mount X'^osges, in a country uhich pro-
duces plenty of wine, 18 m wnw StraS-
burg.
Savigfiano, a town of Picflmont, vvitfe
a rich Benedictine abbey, seated in a fer-
tile plain, on tlie river Maira^ 30 m s
Turin.
Savignano, a town of Italy, in Romagna,
seated on the Borco, 8 m se Cesena, arid
low Rimini. ,
Saul gen, or Sa?//^a«,'a t'6wfi of Suabifi,t,
5 m sw Buchau. ■' ..■ ' .
Saulieu, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cote d'Or. Here was anciently
a college of, the Druids; and in a wood
tlie ruins of a druidical temple are still
visible. It stands on an eminence, 38itt
w Dijon, aud 46 SE Auxcrre.
SAU
Sfiunnir, a town of France in tlie depart-
luent of Mavenne and Loire, witlj an an-
cient castle, and a famniir. bridge over tlic
[Loire, consistini; t)f IC? elliptic arclie*, (3U
tf'eet in diameter. It is 127 ni si: Angers,
and 38 \vs\v Tonrs.
Savolax, a province of Finliind, '200 in
loiig and 100 broad. It ronsis!:. mostly
of woods, lake*, rivers, and morasses, and
abounds in elks and reindeers. Tlie iii-
Jiabitants are thinly dispersed, and subsist
by cultivatini; buck- wheat, breedioi; cattle,
hunting, fishiirj, and inakiiii; wooden-ware.
Knnpia is the capital.
Savotui, a stron;: town of the duchy of
Genoa, with two castles, and several line
churches. The Genoese, fcarino; that it
"VTould hurt their trade, ruined the harbour,
smd rendered it unlit for huL^e vessels. It
•was taken by the kin-j of Sardinia in
1746, restored in 1748, taken by the French
in 1795, and by them surrendered to the
Austrians in UJOO,. throunh famine. It is
seated -on the Mediterranean, 'ii m wsw
Genoa.
Savoiiicrs, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire, near which
are caverns famous for their petrifications.
It is 8 m s'-v Tours.
Savoy, a ducliy of Europe, between
"France and Italy, ."lU m long nv.d 40 broad;
"bounded on the n by the canton of Geneva,
E by Piedmont, s by the same and France,
and w by France. The air is cold on ac-
count of high monr.tains, which are almost
always covered with snow ; but the valleys
tire fertile in corn and wine, and many of the
mountains yield pasture for a vast number
of cattle. The lakes are full of fish, and
the principal rivers are the Iscre, Arc, and
Arve. The Savoyards, from the nature of
their country, are generally very poor;
-and great numbers ol" them seek a liveli-
hood in Franco, England, and other coun-
tries in the quality of showmen, &:c. The
Trench subdued this comitry in ITO'J;
they were driven out of it by the y\ustrians
and Russians in \V}9, but regained posses-
sion the following year. In 1814 it was
restored to the king of Sardinia, who at
the congress of Viemia ceded to Switzer-
land the districts of Chablais and Fancigny,
■which now form a part of the canton of
Geneva, Chambery is the capital.
Sauvc, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gard, seated on the X'idoure, 12
TO sw Alais.
Sauveterrc, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Pyrenees, with a
ruined castle, 20 m wnw Pau.
Sauvctcrre, a town of France, in the
department of Avelron, l.'im sw Kodez.
Sauvctcrre, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gironde, 26 m se Bourdcaux.
SAX
S«.r, a town of Spain, in Murcla, near
which is an ancient citadel on the sununit
ot a rock. It is seated on the Elda, on
the borders (if Valencia, 25 ni wnw Ali-
cant, and 42 nxk Mnrcia.
Siix, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Zurich, with a ensile, 14 m s Rhei-
neck.
S<txcnhnr^, a town of Germany, in Ca-
rinthia, near which are three foits tu\d a
strong pass. It is situate on the Drave, 38
m w Ciagenfiirt. Lon. l;i 12 r., lat. -Hi ■14 N.
ScixiniiiidlifDi), a town in Suffolk, with n
market on 'ihursday, seated on a hill, 20
m Nf. Ipswich and 89 I.onilon.
Saxony, Vppcr, a circle of Germany ;
bounded on the r. by Prussia, Poland, and
Lnsatia, s bv Bohemia and Francoma, w
by the cirt:Ies of Upper Rhine and Lower
Saxony, and N by the latter and the Baltic.
It comprehiuds the duchy of Saxony, (he
margravate of Misnia, the landgravate of
Thuringia, the principalities of Branrlcn-
burg, Mcrseburg, Nauburg, Anhalt, Co-
l)u:g, and Querfurt, the c(nmties of Barby,
Mansfeld, Henneberg, Scliwarlzburg, Stol-
berg, and liohenstein, and the duchy of
Ponicrania.
Saxony, Lower, a circle of Germany ;
bounded on the e by Upper' Saxony, s by
the same and the circle of Upper Rhine,
w by Westphalia and the German ocean,
and N by Jutland and the Baltic. It com-
prehends the duchies of IMagdeburg, Bre-
men, Brunswick, Luneburg, liolstein,
Lauenburg, and Mecklenburg, the princi-
palities of Halberstadt, Ratzeburg, Ililde-
sheim, and Lubec, and the cities of Ham-
burg, Bremen, Goslar, Mulhausen, and
Nordhausen.
Saxoity, Duchy of, in the circle of U'pper
Saxony. It is 75 m long and 62 broad;
bounded on the n by Brandenburg, e by
Lusatia, s by Misnia, and w by the prin-
cipality of Anhait. It is a very tertile and
trading country, abounding in mines : and
is cut into two unequal parts by the river
Elbe. It belonged to the king of Saxony,
but was ceded in 1815 to the kuig of
Prussia. Wittenberg is the capital.
Saxony, Kingdom of, in the circle of
Upper Saxony. It was made a kingdom
in 1807, and then consisted of the ducliy
of Saxony, the margravates of Lusatia.
and Misnia, the greatest part of Thu-
ringia, and part of the counties of Mans-
feld and rieiuieberg; beside other cessions
from Prussia, both in Germany and Po-
land, by the treaty of lilsit. But in
1815, at the congress of Vienna, the
kingdom was reduced to the territories
of Misnia and Vuigtland ; yet the king
was to continue to bear the titles of mar-
grave of Upper Lusatia, langrave o<*Thu-
SCA
riniiia, and count of llenneberg. The ca-
pital is Dresden.
Su>/lrook,iito\\n of Connecticut, in INIid-
dlesex county, uiili a fort. It is the most
ancient town" in the state, and situate near
the month of Coni.ecticnt river, 18 m v.'
by s >ie\v London. Lon. '23 w, lat. 41 1'Ox.
" Suycock, one of the islands of Japan,
divided from Kiphon by a narrow channel.
The Dutch factors are peruiitted to reside
in the little island of Disnia, which is on
tiie w side cf this. I.on. 132 28 e, lat.
31 0 X.
S<ii/n, a town and castle of Germany, in
Westerwald, which >;ives name to a stnall
county. It is situate on the Sayn, nef.r
its conllux with the Iliiine, 6 m N Cobleutz,
and 50 sv Frankfort.
Sayputt^ one of the Ladrone islands, 40
m in circuit, and the most fertile of them
all. On the w side is a safe port called
Cantan1:itda. Lon. 1 36 10 e, lat. 15 22 N.
Sea Fell, a mountain in Cumberland,
9 m ^c Raven<;lass. It is deemed the
highest in England, and has two summits ;
the low point 30D2 and the hii;h point
:3lG6 feet above the level of the sea The
rivers ^lite and F.»k flow from it, and con-
tribute to form tiie harbour of llavenglass.
Seamen, a town of Denmark, in N Jut-
land- on a promontory of the same name,
at ike entrance of the passage from the
ocea:i into tlie Categat. At the extre-
mirv of the promontory, called by British
seauieu the Scavv, is a lighthouse. It is
54 ra NKE Alburg. Lon, 10 0 e, lat. 57
38 N. '
. ScsiUinova, 2 seaport of Asiatic Turkey,
in Natolia, with a castle. The trade con-
sists <:hiet'y in wine, raisins, corn, and
leatlier. It is 40 m sse Smyrna. Lon. 27
31 E, lat. 37 54 N.
Scalea, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citra, formerly a large city, but now
greatlv decayed. It is seated on the av
coast, 25 m se Policastro. Lou. 15 54 e,
lat. 40 0 X.
SralUz, a town of Hungary, seated on
the Marcli, 50 m x Presburg.
Scunderoon ; see Alexandrettu.
S-ania ; see Scliunen.
Scarborough, a seaport and borough in
N Yorkshire, with a uiarket on Thursday.
It is sea'ed in the recess of a beautihd
bay, and on a high rock that has sucii
cra>:gv sides as to be almost inaccessiltle.
On the top of tliis rock is a green plain,
vCith a well of fi'csh water, and the re-
mains 6f a castle, built by Henry II. The
town' is oreatiy trequented on account of
its mineral waters, and for sca-bathin<' ;
and it is much engnged in ih.e fisheries.
The barhour is one of tlie best in the king-
fltvi), with a coiuDiodious quay, sevcraJ
SCH
ship-yards, and a strong battery. The
populatioH was G710 in 1811. It is 36 m
m: York, and 214 x London. Lon. 0 10
■\\, hit. 54 18 X.
Scarborough, a town and fort on the se
side of the island of Tobago, of which it
is the capital. Lon. 60 30 w, lat. 116 k.
Scardona, a town of European Turkey,
in Dalmatia, seated on the Lherca, 35 m
\vxw Spalatro.
Scarllno, a town of Tuscany, with a
castle, sealed on the seacoast, 5 m s Massa.
Scurpanto, an island in the Mediterra-
nean, 18 m long and 6 broad, lying sw of
Rhodes. It is mountainous and rocky,
abounds in cattle and game, and has quar
ries of marble. The Turks are masters of
it, but the inhabitants are Greeks. The
principal town on the \v coast has a good
liarbour. Lon. 27 40 e, lat. 35 45 x.
Scarpe, a river of France, w hich rises
near Aul.-igne, in the department of Pas
de Calais, passes by Arras, Douay, and
St. Ainand, and enters the Scheld, at Mor-
tagne.
"Scarpcrhi, a town of Tuscany, cele-
brated for its steel manufactures, 13 ai R-
Florence.
Scuuro, the capital of the island «if Sanr
torin, and the see of a Latin bishop. It
stands on a lofty volcanic rock, wliicil pror
jects into the road, on tlie v/ coast of the
island. Lon. 25 26 e, lat. 36 28 x.
Schdfliuusen, a canton of Switzerland,.
15 m loui; and iO broad ; bounded" on tfie
w and X by Suabia, e by the cautoa of
Zurich and the district of Constance, and
s by the same and Thurgau. Tiie reforma-
tion was introduced here in 1529, and. die
religion is Calvinism. The country aoouiMis
in vineyards, and affords but little corn ;
so that the latter is procured from Suabia
in excltauiie fur wine.
SchaJ'/iausen, the capital of the above
canton. Ic is seated on the Rhine, ami
owes its origin to the iu'jerruptintn of the
naviiiation of that river by the cataract at
Lauffeu. Though a frontier town, it has
no garrison, and the fortihcations are weaic..
It had a famous wooden bridge over tlie
Rhine, which was burnt by the Frencfi,
when they evacuated the town, after bein*
defeated by the Austrian?, in 1799. Schaf-
hausen is 22 m NbyE Zurich, and 39 E
Basel. Lon. 3 41 E,'lat. 47 39 x.
Schalholt, a town of Iceland, with a
college. Lon. 22 20 w, lat. 64 40 n.
Schamachi, the capital of Schirvan, sur-
rounded by a wall and a deep ditd». It
has manufactures of silk and cotton, and is.
supplied with most Russian commodities.
It stands in a plain on the river Aksui, i?0
m s Dcrbend, and 250 yE Tabnz. .£.oiu
48 30 E, lat. 40 20 y., , ." " .
SCH
Sclitirdiiif', a town of Bavaria, with a
fortifud castle, btatcd on llie Inn, 7 n) s
Schtirnitz, a fortified tQvvn of Gcrmunv,
in TvrO|l, whicli defei.ds a pass ()\Lr tlie
iniiimtui^ii,, of coiisidcialile ii))})ortance.
It suri!i'i>,dcrcd to the 1 rench and iJavarians
in IP.Oj,, It stands on tlie conhncj of
Bavi'l'if ) 1~ 'T» ^^' lasprnc.
^Sc/iuut]iii>iiri^, a connty of Westphalia,
E of llie piinci{)ality of Pijinden. It is
iDQijintanujiis ai;d \vo(uJy, hut contains
much feitile land, qiunrics of limestone
and freestone, and mines of alum, coal,
cupper,. iaul iron. Rintel is the capital.
Scjumx.ii^ft'i'h '^ town of" Iranconia, in
the, principality of Bayreulli, 18 m ^i:
CiUiahacli.. ■
Si'iaiJUi/biirg, a town and castle of Gor-
laajjy,, in.lhe circle of Lower Rhine, Qo
111 iW^w.Wctiilar.
Scheer, a town and castls of Suabia,
seated on the Danube, '3G m sw Uhn.
iic'ieibeiiherg, a town of the kiiindom of
Saxi.ny, in ftlisnia, near which are mines
of Silver and iron. It is 22 m s Chemnitz.
Scheld, a river that rises in France, in
the dep_«riinent of Aisne, parses by Cam-
bray, Boucliuin, Valenciennes, andConde;
then enters the Netherlands and iiovvs by
Toiiiiiay, Oiiclenard, Ghent, iJendermond,
Antwerp, and Tort Lillo, below uhich it
divides, into two branches. One ot these,
called the ;'.astern fccheid, flows by Berjien
cp Zoom ; the 'Other, the Western Scheld,
proceeds to i'lnshing ; and both forming
most of the islands that constitute the pro-
%'ince of Zealand, enter the German ocean.
Schelesk^f, or Schlesiut, a fortified town
of Fraiice, in tlie department of Upper
Khins, en the-m-er 111, CO m sv/ Stras-
buri:. ">''ib (j'j.: ■
Schelioibf'r'g, a, town of the kingdom of
SaxonV) in ftlisnia, frequently called Au-
gustus'br.ri;, from a castle of that name
standing ov, t'le mountain of Schelienberi:,
close by the town. It is seated on the
Zschopa, a m r Cliemnitz.^ _ •
iichelienhtirg', a town of Bavaria', where
a victory was obtained by the allies over
the French and Bavarians, in 1704. It is
12 m w Neiibarg. - , \ ^..^Mfv- . .
Schellihg, an^is!a^dqf'tHeiNetl^er}and8j
12 m long and S broad^ lyi"g ^t the en-
trance of the iluider zee. Lun. 5 0 e, lat.
5320-K. --^^■i ^"- ! ''- ,'-';-'■ •" * "■'-' '-
Sckmiiitzyf^ itdwii^iof"lSungtH'yy<!*'it?r
three castles. It is fanioils for mines of
siiverand otiier nietals ; and for hot baths.
Hehe is a college for students in minera-
iogy, which lias a spacious chymical labo-
ratory. AH the imperial mines are con-
•ected by a subterraneous passage of above
a in in length. Schemnitz has 24,000 in-
SCH
habitants, and nearly the same number
employed in the mines. It is situate in
the bosom of a mountainous country, 94 in
F.bvN Presburg. ix)n. IS 5!) v, lat. 48
27 N.
Sc/ie/ick, a fortress of tiie Ne^iioiliuids,
in Golderland, seated in the aniile wiiere
the Khine divides into two brnncho:^, the
Rhine and tlie Wahal, It is of great im-
port;mf e, as the centre of coinmnnication
between Holland and Germany; and is IS
m r. INiincgnen.
SchcuccLudi/ ; see Skencctady.
Sc/ieiiiiig, a town of Sweden, in E Goth-
land, seated in a fertile country, 10 m se
Was ten a.
Sclieningen, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, near which is a
Lutheran convent, and a salt-nune. It is
18 111 E Wolfenbnttle.
Sc/iernils, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of St. Gail. Here is a chapter of
noble canonesses, who are allowed to leave
the convent to marry. It is seated on the
Liiiimat, 13 m K by \v Glaris.
Sc/ieppenstadt, a town of Lower Sasony,
in the duchy of Brunswick, 12 m e W^ol-
fenbuttle.
Sc/ierpen/nicl', see Montaigue.
Sc/ieihit7-g, a fortified town of Transyl-
vania, v, ith a castle, 60 m ke Weissen-
burg.
Schiedam, a town of the Netherlands, in
S Holland, celebrated for its numerous
distilleries of geneva. It is seated on a
canal, called the Sciiie, which communi-
cates with the Meuse, 6 m whys Rot-
terdam;
Schievclbein, a town of Brandenbuig, ia
the Kev.' mark, with a castle seated on the
Rega, 17 m n Dramburg.
Scliillac/i, a town of Vv'irtemberg, on the
river Schiltach, 14m^^^v Rothweii.
Schintznucli, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Bern. Here some tepid mi-
neral waters; and near- it, on a lolty emi-
nence, are the ruins of the famous castle
of Ilapsburg. It is seated on tb.e Aar, 10
m vv Baden, and 20 se Base;.
Scliirus: see Shiras.
Sc/iirvan, a province of Asia, bounded
on the N.by Daghestan, »^ and se by the
Caspian sea, sw byAdcrbijan, and w by
Georgia. The soil produces abundance
of rice^ wheat, and barley, and feeds many
cattle. Tlie vines are planted along the
hedges, and fastened to the trees. Here
are last quantities of wild fowls, particu-
lariv pht=^asaiUs ; also hares in abundance.
Schani;;chi is the capital.
HchLickemouid, a town of Bohemia, in
the circle of Saatz, v.ith an excellent tin
mine, 5 m s Carlsbad. ' - ■■
Schlackeimerth, a town of Bohemia^ in
SCH
the circle of Saatz, with a fine castle,
seated on the Vveisseritz, 7 m x.ne Carls-
bad.
Sdtladen, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the piincipality of liildesheini, 11m nne
Goslar, and 28 ese Ilildesheim.
Sch'un, a to^fvn of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Rakonitz, with a castle. It is sur-
rouufled by walls and vineyards, and IG m
^E Rakouitz.
Schhacd, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Gioc;aw, on the borders of Po-
land, 13 m ,N Glogavv.
Schlaue, a town of Lower Pomerania,
on the river Wipper, 10 m wsw Stolpe.
Sch/eushtgeji, a town of Upper Saxony,
in the county of Uenneherg, with a castle,
seated on the Schleuss, 18 m se Smalkald,
and 19 xi:e Schv.einfurt.
Scklitz, a town of Germany, in the
principality of Fidda, on a small river that
runs into the Fulda, 7 m nnw Fulda.
Sci'diiz, a town of the kingdom of Sax-
ony, in Voigtiund, with a casllc, 13 m nw
Pi a u en.
Schlus&elbiirg, a town and fortress of
Russia, situate ou the Neva, near Lake
Ladoga. The fortress stands on an island
in the river, and has frequently been used
as a state prison. It is ;i6 m e Petersburg.
Lon. 30 55 e, lat. 59 55 x.
Sck'usselJ'el'J, a town of Franconia, in
the principality of Wurtzburg, insulated
in the principality of Bamberg, 14 m wsw
Bamberg, a;id 33 E Wurtzburg.
Schmallialden ; see Smalkalden.
Schmaleiiherg, a town of the duchy of
Westphalia, on the I'iver Lenne, 14 in e
Altendorn.
Schmiedeherg, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Jauer. The vicinity abounds
in iron ore, and almost ail the inhabi nuts
are smiths. It is seated at the foot of a
mountain, near the source of the Bauber,
'25 ra wsw Schweidnitz.
Schmicdtbcrg, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misriia, 14 m s Dresden.
Schhdedebergy a town of the duchy of
Saxony, noted for excellent beer, 13 m s
Wittenberg.
Schmotka, a town of Upper Saxony, in
the principality of Altenburg, o« the liver
Sprotta, •? m sw Altenburg.
Schnetbergy a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, with manufactures of
thread, silk, and gold and silver lace. In
the neighbourhood are silver mines. It is-
situate on an eminence, near LlifiMulda,
9 m S3E Zwickau. ,j
Schoharie, a town of the state of New
York, capital of a county. It stands on
Schoharie river, which vuna k into Mohawk
river, 40 m w Albany. . Ixjn. liAAl W, lat;
424©N.
SCH
Schonhech, a town and ca«tle of Lower
Saxony, in the duchy of Masideburg, with
some salt-works; seated on the Elbe, 10
m ssE Magdeburg.
Schonherg, a town and castle of Prussia,
in Oberland, 23 m ese .Marienwerder.
Sc/ianeck, a town of the kingdom of Sax-
ony, in V'oigthmd, 15 m se Piauen.
Schoneck, a town of Prussia, in Pome-
rania, belongini; to the knights of the Teu-
tonic order, 20 m s Dantzic.
Schoriecketi, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Treves, seated on the Nyms,
28 m X by w Treves.
Schonen, or Scania, a province of Swe-
den, in Gothland, almost surrounded by
the Sound and the Baltic. It is 70 m
long and 50 broad, and the most level spot
in the kingdom. It produces ail the neces-
saries of life in abundance, and is deemed
the storehouse and granary of Sweden.
Lusid is tlie capital.
Schongau, a town of Bavaria, surround-
ed by a plain wall and some towers. The
great square has three fountains of a kind
of marble, the product of the country. It
stands on the side of an eminence, by
the river Lech, 14 m s Landsburg, and
40 sw Munich.
Schonoven,. a. town of the Netherlands,
in S Holland, with a commodious haven.
It is celebrated for its gardeni and salmon
fishery, and seated on the Leek, 14 in
EbyN Rotterdam.
Sdiorndorf, a town of Wirtemberg, with
a strong castle. Here are salt springs,
from which mnch salt is made. This place
was possessed by the French in 1790. It
is seated on the Rems, 17 m ese Stutgard.
Schouten Island, an island in the Pacific
ocean, CO m long and 20 broad, near the
XE coast of New Guinea, discovered by
Schouten, a Dutchman, in 1616. Lon.
135 50 E, lat. 0 50 s.
Schonen, an island of the Netherlands,
forming the x part of Zealand, at the mouth
of the Schcld.' It is 15 m long and 6 broad.
Ziriczce is the capital.
Sckrattenthul, a town and castle of
Austria, on the frontiers of Moravia, 9 m
S5W Znain.
Schrubenhausen, a town of Bavaria, on
the river Par, IG mssw Ingolstadt.
Schuyler, Fort, Old and New, both in
the state of New York, on Mohawk river;
the Old 4 m below, and the New 7 above
Whitestown. The latter is more usually
culled Fort Stanwix.
Schuylkil, a river of Pennsylvania, which
rises xw of the Kittatinny mountains, and
is navigable from above Reading to its en-
trance into the Delaware, 3 m below Phila-
delpii'a.
Schwabach, a town of Franconia, ia the
SCH "
principality of Anspacli, with muncroiis
niaiiutUctiires ; seated on ii river of tlic
same name, wliicli flows iiito the Rednitz,
12 m r. hvN Anspacli.
SciiuaUxic/i, a town of Germany, in the
county of jNassau, frocinrntcd for its mi-
neral waters ; ^-cated on the river Aa, o'2 m
W I'rankfort.
Sc/i:iiihnbu7\!;, a town of NWstpliuiia,
in the county of Lippe, 18 m m: I'ader-
born.
ISc/iicari, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Mccldcnburg, on the river
Wariiow, 10 m n Gustrow.
Scliwandorf, a town of Bavaria, in the
principality ot'Ncubnrg, on the ri\er Nab,
^1 m Is Katisbon.
Sc/nidueiistdclf, ti town of Austria, near
which tlic French gainefl a decisive victory
over the Auilriaiis in 1800. It is seated
on tlie Ager, 25 m s\v Linli^.
Schica7tzbur<^, an ancient castle of Up-
per Siixony, in Tluiriniiia, which gi\e5
name to a county. The county is divided
into two parts, the upper and lower, of
which Rudelbtadt and Sondcishausen are
the chief towns. The castle is seated on
the Schwartz, 7 m svv Rudelstadt.
Schuurtzctihei-g, a town of Franconia,
in a principality of the same name, with a
castle, seated on the Lee, 24 m ese
Wurtzburg.
ScIiiiHiJ-tzcubcrg, a town of the kingdom
of Saxony, in Misnia, \\iih wire and lace
manufactures. h\ the vicinity are iron-
forges, and mines of tin and lead. It is
10 m wsvv Annaberg,
iScIiwartzenburg, a town of Switzerland,
in the canton of Bern, 10 m se Friburg,
and 17 ssw Bern.
Scliwatz, a town of Germany, in Tyrol,
with a silver and copper minej seated on
the Inn, 14 n\ ke luspruc.
Schuedt, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Ucker mark, with a magnificent castle,
seated on the Oder, 24 m se Prenzio.
.Sc//«e(c/?i!Y.r, a strong city of Silesia, capi-
tal ofa principality, with a castle. Ilalfofthe
magistrates are catholics, but most of the in-
habit ants are protest ants, who have a church
without the town, as also a public school.
All kinds of lealher'jare manufactured here.
In 1716, the greatest part of the city was
burnt down, but was rebuilt in an elegant
manner. In 17o7 the Austriaus took it
from the Prussians, who retook it the next
year. It is seated on an eminence, by the
river WeJstritz, 22 m sw Bresiau. Lon.
16 '12 E, lat. 50 44 N.
SchweiiiJ'urt, a town of Franconia, with
^palace. It has a large trade in wine,
woollen and linen cloth, goose quills, and
featherB. It was taken by the Frencii in
1796, and is seated on the Maine, 21 m
SCH
KE feWurtzbnrg. Lon. 10 35 e, lat, 50
6 K.
Scliuchiitz, a town of the duchy of Sax-
ony, on the river Elster, 14 m se \Vitten-
berg.
Sc/mcinshrrg, a town of Germany, in
Upper Ilessc, on the river Ohm, 7 m ar,
Marburg.
.S(7ll^,■c/7.♦, a canton ofSv.it7erland,bi)und-
od on the .\ by Zurich and /.ug, i: by Gla-
ris, s by Uri, and w 'oy \Valdstadter see.
This canton, with that of Uri and Under-
walden, threw olf the yoke ol" Austria, in
1303 ; and they formed a perpclnal al-
liance in 131"), which was the grand foun-
daticjn of the Helvetic confedcr.icy. The
name of Sclnveitzerland, or Switzerland,
wiiich originally comprehended only these
three cantons, was at"itrward extended to
all Helvetia. It dcri\ed that appcilalion,
either from tlic canton lyiSchwcil/, as be-
ing the niort distingui.siied by tln^ revolu-
tion of 1303, or because the Austrians
called all the inlud/itants of these moun-
tainous parts by tlie general denominatioiv
of Schweitzers. The cantons of Schweitz
and Uri have the same kind of soil, and
the same productions. The whole country
being rugged and mountaincius, consists
chiefly of pasture, raises little corn, and
has no wine ; but this soil, naturally bar-
ren, has been improved by the I'.atives to
a great degree of fertility. Tiie Roinan
catholic religion, is here exclusively esta-
blished.
Schu-ciii, the capital of the above can-
ton, seated near the Waldstadter see, on
the slope of a hill, at the bottom of two
high and ragged rocks, called the .Schweit-
zer Haken. Here are two churches, two
conventSj an arsenal, and a mint. It is 18
niEbys Lucern. Lon. 8 31 r., lat. 46
56 N.'
Schueifs, Jjake of: see Waldstadter
Schicelm, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Mark, near which are some
medicinal springs. It is 28 m i. Dussel-
dorf.
Schiitrin, a town of Lower Saxony,
capital of the duchy of Mecklenburg-
Schwerin. It is divided into four parts;
namely, Schwerin, the New Town, the
island of Schelf", and the Moor, winch are
all nearly encircled by a beautiful lake,
Schwerin was the seat of a count, which
title is btiil bore by the dukes cif Mecklen-
burg. The princiiiftl church is a fine
Gothic pile, with & lofty aplre. The ducal
palace and gardens are on an island in the
lake, and ha\e a coininunicatibn with the
town by a drawbridge. It is o5 m wsw
Gustrow. Lon. 11 3^5 t, lat. 'w 50 n.
Schuerte, a town of NN'qstphalia; in the
SCI
county of Mark, on the river Ruhr, 7ms
Dortiniiud..
Scfraeli, a town and castle of Prussia,
ill PoMieraiiia, situate on the Vistula, 7 m
>' Cuhn.
Sc/i'iHchisscii, a town of Silesia, capital
of a circle (insulated by Poland and the
New mark of Brandenbury;) belonging to
the principality of Glogau. It has a castle,
a catholic church, a protestant churcii,
good cloth manufactures, and fertile gar-
dens and vineyards. Jt is 13 m x ZuUi-
chau. Lon. 15 47 k, lat. 52 21 N.
Sc/nciiilii(rg, a town of Denmark, on the
s coast of tlie island of Funen, with the
best harbour in the island, and manufac-
tures of woollen and linen. It is QCt m ss£
Odensee. Lon. 10 30 r, lat. 53 10 >.
Sciticca ; see Xacca.
Sciatl, an island of the Archipelago,
lying 14 m xne of Negropont, and almost
at the entrance of the gulf of Salonichi. It
is 10 m long and 1 broad. Lon. 23 40 e,
lat. 39 24 x"
Scieli, ov Sic/iili, a town of Sicily, in Val
di Noto, and county of Modica ; seated in
a rich plain surrounded by hills, 22 m
whys Noto.
Sci<^lici, a town of Naples, in ('alabria
Ultra, on tiie side of a rocky promontory,
called Scylla, or Cape Sciglio. In the
terrible earthquake of 1783, the sea was
thrown furiously 3 ni inland, and on its
reiurn swept off the prince of .Sciglio, with
2473 of the inhai)itants, who, hoping to find
security, were then on the Scylla strand,
or in boats near the shore, it is 10 m
K by E Reggio.
Sciliy, a cluster of numerous isles and
rocks at the entrance of the English and
St. George channels, lying almost 10 lea-
gues w of the Lands- end, in Cornwall. Of
these only six are inhabited, and in 1810
contained 2375 persons. They are a resort
for scafowl, and feed many sheep and rab-
bits. The inhabitants principally subsist
by fishing, burning kelp, and acting as
pilots. The chief isle is that of St. Mary,
nearly 3 m long and 2 broad, which has
a good port, is well fortified, and contains
more than hall" of the whole population.
In this isle, and in two or three otliers, are
various antirpiitics, particularly the remains
of a temple of tl»e Druids, and ancient
sepulchres. On that of St. A^nes is a
lighthouse, 5 1 feet high, and a very fine
column. At the outermost extremity of
tile isle of St. Martin is a seamark, as con-
spicuous by day as the lighthouse on St.
Agnes, but not so high and large. The
Sciliy rocks have been fatal to numbers of
sbi|)s entcriuj; the English channel. One
of the most disastrous events of this kind
liappciied ia 1,7 (?7, alien three men of war
SCL
perished, with admiral sir Cloudesley
Shovel and all their crews. St. Agnes
lighthouse is in lon. 6 1G» w, lat. 40
54 X.
Scilh/, a group of isles or shoals, in the
Pacific ocean, discovered by captain Wallis
in 1767, and described as very dangerous-
Lon. 155 30 w, lat. 16 30 s.
Scio, or Cfiio, an island of the Archipe-
lago, near the coast of Natolia, nw of
Samos. It is 36 m long and 13 broad, and
mountainous; yet various kinds of fruit
grow in the fields, such as oranges, citrons,
olives, mulberries, and pomegranates, in-
terspersed witl) myrtles and jasmines. The
winoof Scio, so celebrated by the ancients^,
is still in great esteem ; but the island is
now principally distinguished by the pro-
fitable culture of mastic ; it has also some
trade in silk, cotton, and figs. It is com-
puted that there are 4000 Turks, 60,000
Greeks, and 2000 Latins, on this island.
I'lie Turks took it from the Genoese in
1566. Beside the town of the same name^
it contains 68 villages all inhabited by
Greeks ; and those that furnish mastic ara
the most rich and populous.
Scio, a seaport, capital of the above
island, and a bishop's see. It is tlie best
built town in the Archipelago; the houses
being commodious, some of them tea-raced;^
and others covered with tiles. The castle
is an old citadel, built by the Genoese, ia
which the Turks have a garrison. The
harbour is a rendezvous ibr ships that go
to or come from Cinistantinople : it will
contain 80 vessels, is protected by alow
mole, and has two lighthouses. It stands
on the E side of the island, 67 m w Smyrna,
Lon. 26 12 E, lat. 38 26 N.
Sciota, a river of the state of Oh.io, which
rises near the souice of the Sandusky, a
beatable water of Lake Erie, and (\aw^
S, by Columbus and Chillicothe, to Ports-
mouth, where it enters the Ohio, 300 ni
below Piusburg. It is navigable by large
barges 150 m, and by small boats to its
source, whence there is a portage of 4 in
to the Sandusky.
Scipio, a town of New York, chief of
Onondago county. It is seated on the e
side of Cayuga lake, 95 m w Cooperstown,
Lon. 76 52 \v, lat. 42 44 N.
Sciro, or Sciros, an island of the Archi-
pelago, to the w of JNIetelin. It is 15 ni
long and 8 broad, and mountainous, but
has no mines. Tiie vines make tlie beauty
of the island, and the w ine is excelleivt v
nor do the natives want corn or WodA.
It contains only the village and convent of
St. George, both built on u conical rock^
10 m fioin the harbour of St. GeWge, LoiK
24 38 E, lat. 38 54 N. . :- ; :
Scituate, a town of Ma59achusfets>- in
SCO
Plymouth county, with a harbour, on an
inlet of Massachusrts hay, 15 in n Ply-
mouth.
ScttiKife, a town of Rhode Island, in
Proxideiice county, i^car which is a tntui-
dery (or cannons and bells. It is 11 ni
.ssw I'rovidefice, and 'i7 nw Neuport.
ScltiTouid, a cimntry of Europe, lying
betnetn the rivers Drave and Danube on
the N, and the Save-on the s ; bounded on
the w by Croatia, from which to the con-
flux (il the Save with the Danube it is 15
m in leiHirh, and from '25 to 45 in breadth.
It is a feriile level country, and belimgs to
the bouse of Austria. '1 lie eastern ])art. is
called Katzia, and the inhabitants Rascians.
These I'orin a jiariicular nation, and are of
the CJrcek cluirrh. The ancient Sclavonia
contiiinetl many larije countries ; some have
extended it from the Adriatic to the Euxine
sea, and say that it had its name from the
Sclavi, a Scythian jiation, who conquered
Greece and this couuti-y in the reisn of
emperor .lustinian. 1 be languai;e of Scla-
vonia is the mother of four ethers, namely,
those ofHunsrary, Bohemia, Poland, and
Russia. 'Ihe principal town is Essek.
Scone, or Scoon, a village of Scotland,
on the E side of the river Tay, 2 m n
Perth. Here is a noted palace, on the
site of a more ancient one, where the kings
of Scotland used to be crowned, and on a
celebrated stone, which is now removed to
England. See Canfiel.
Scope/o, an island of the Archipelago,
10 m Icng and 3 broad, lying 5 ni e of
Sciaii. Lon. 23 50 e, lat. 39 24 n.
Scopia, or Vakhth, a town of European
Turkey, in Macedonia, and an archbishop's
see. It is celebrated for the mar.ufacture
of Morocco leather, and seated on the
Vardar, over which is a bridge of 12 arches,
90 m E Scutari, aisd 170 knw Salonica.
il-on. 21 15 E, lat. 42 40 x.
■' Scot/and, or Noi-lh Britain, the northern
of the two kingdcmis into which the island
of GreatBrittiin was formerly divided. It is
Loundtd on the n by the North sea, e by the
German ocean, se by England, s by the Irish
sea, and w by the Atlainic ocean. To Scot-
land :il>o appertain the islands on its wes-
tern coast, called the Hebrides, or Western
Islands, and those to the ne called the
Orkney and Shetland Islands. From n
to s it extends 270 m, and the greatest
breadth is 150, but in some places not
above 30 ; and no part is distant above 40
in from the coast. It contains 29,167
square miles, or 18,666,880 acres. The
population was 1,805,688 in 1811, exclu-
sive of the army and navy, for which a
thirtieth part may be added. Scotland is
divided into two districts, the Highlantls
and the Lowlands ; the former is applied
SCO
to the mountainous part to the n and Nw
of the Grampian bill'-, and the latter to tiie
more level district on the r. and sk. But
nature seems to have pointed out three
grand divisions in Scotland ; thoNuilh, the
ivjiddlp, and the South. 'Ihe North divi-
sion, is formed by a chain of lakes, which
cross the country, (rom the frith of Moray
to the sound of Mull, in a sw direction,
and are now unitiui; into a canal, called
the Caledonian Canal : it is chiefly an as-
semblage of vast dreary mountains ; not,
however, without some fertile valleys ou
the northern and eastern shores. The
Middle division, is bounded on the s by
the friths of Forth and Clyde, and the
Great canal by which they are united :
it is traversed in diftcrent directions by
several ranges of mountains ; and though
cultivation here is also found chiefly on the
eastern shore, yet of this division, as well
;is of the former, the arable land bears a
small proportion to the mountainous and
barren tracts. The South division is in-
cluded between the s boundary of the
former division and England : it has a
great resemblance to England, and, with
respect both to the aspect of the country
and progress of cultivation, exhibits every
knid of rural variety. The civil division
of Scotland is into Z'S counties, namely,
Shetland and Orkney, Caithness, Suther-
land, Ross, Cromarty, Inverness, in the
North division; Arayle, Bute, Nairn, El-
gin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar,
Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stir-
ling, Dumbarton, in the Middle division ;
and Linlithgow\ Edinburg, Uadington, Ber-
wick, Renfrew, Ayr, Wii:ton, Lanark,
Peebles, Selkirk, Roxburg, Dumfries, Kirk-
cudbright, in the South di\ision. The
principal rivers are the Spey, Don, Tay,
Tweed, Clyde, Forth, Northern Dee, Esk,
Annan, Nith, and Southern Dee. The
lochei, or lakes, are numerous, and some
of them extensive. The cl.mate is very
various. The northern extremity, which
is in the same latitude with some parts of
Norwav, is extremely cold ; but from its
insular situation, the frosts are far from
being so intense as in parts of the conti-
nent equally as far to the k. The west
coast is subject to frequent rains in the
summer, and to sudden changes of wea-
ther. In many places on the eastern
shore, and in the whole south division, the
climate is not inferior to the ucuth part oi"
England. The products of the country
are 'grain, fia\, woods of oak and fir, coal,
lead, iron, freestone, limestone, slate, the
most beautiful marble, fine rock-crystals,
pearls, variegated pebbles, &c. It feeds
vast herds of cattle and flocks of sheep :
they are both small, but much valued for
scu
the delicacy of tlieir flesh ; and tlie fleece
of the latter emulates the finest Spanish
wool. It is on the liigh giouiids that tlie
cattle are so dimiiuitive; toriu uvany parts
of the country, the horses and cows are
not excelleil in size and beauty by ihose
of the Enij,lish breed. Aniona; the wild
animali are the roe, stajr, fox, badger,
otter, hedtre-hog, rabbit, weasel, mole, and
Other small qiuvdiupeds. Ain^jng the fea-
thered race are the capercailzie, or cock of
the wood, the eas^le, falcon, partridge,
quad, snipe, plover, black game, &c.
Scothinl was <;iiverned by a kmii t)efore
the Romans visited F.ndand, and continued
an independent kin>idom till the death of
the Eniili-h r|ncen Elisabeth, when .lames
VI ot 6cutiand, the most innnediate heir,
was called to the throne of Ensi,land, and
constantly resi'.'ed ia the latter: he and
his successors callinu; themselves kings of
England and Scotland, and each country
havins: a separate parliament, till the vear
170r, in the reign ot' queen Anne, when
both kingdoms were united under the ge-
neral name of (Jreat Britain. The coun-
ties send <me member each to parliament,
except Bute and Caithness, Cromarty and
Nairn, Knu'o.ss and Clackmannan, which
send m>=-mhers in conjunction ; so that tlie
counties send 30 members, which with 15
sent i>y the cities and boroughs make the
45 ciimmon^rs sent by Scotland ; and Id
peers are elected to represent the nobility.
The established religion is the piesby terian,
which IS modelled principally alter the
Calvuv.stical plan settled at Geneva, and
on a general principle of an equality of
eccle-iastical authority among its pre^by-
ters. There are few lioman catholics, nor
are the episcopalians numerous. With
respect to the trade and manufactures,
they are noticed under the respective cities
and towns. Edinburg is the capital.
Scuiuie, a town of Scotland, on tiie w
coast ot'SutherlaixUhire, and on the s side
of a c(nninodiou5 bay, to which it gives
name, 50 m n\v Dornoch. Lon. 4 52 w,
lat. 58 24 If.
Scutari, a strong town of Em-opean
Turkey, in Albania, capital of a pashaiic,
and a bishop's see, with a castle on a
rock. It has four suburbs, and carries on
a considerable trade. 1 he chief manufac-
ture is Morocco leather. It is seated on
the lake J>abeatis, near its outlet, the river
Bjjana, (J4 m N by w Durazzo. Lon. 19 16
E, lat. 4'.i3S N. "
Scutari,- a town of Asiatic Turkey* in
Natolia, which is considered as a suburb
•f Constantinople, though in a ditferent
<]iia-;(j.' o.' liit- g.</ije. iisiaiiosou I ne strait
of Constantinople, ojiposite that citv ; and
j)reseiits itself like ait auipl)itlieatie;afiurd-
SEB
ing a pictoresque view from tlie mixture of
trees, houses, mosques, and minerets. This
town serves as an emporium and a ren-
dezvous to the caravans of Asia, and has
some manufactures of silk and cotton stuffs.
Here are extensive buryinii-grounds, siiaded
with lofrv cypresses. The rich 'iinks of
Constantinople prefer being interred here;
for they consider Asia as a land belonging
to the true belie\ers, and believe tliikt the
land of Europe will one day fall into the
hands of Christians, and be trfidden on by
intiilels. Scutari is a mile e Constanti-
uopie.
Sci/lki, a rock near the entrance of the
strait of Messina, on the coast of Calabria,
opposite the celebrated Charvbds. It
forms a small promontory in the nairowest
part of the strait, and is the famed Scylla
ol the ancient poets. It does not come
up lo the ibrmidable description given by
Homer, nor is tl:e passage so narrow and
dithcult as he represents it; but probably
the breadth has greatly increa^ed since his
time. The rock is nearly 200 feet high;
and on the side of it stand, the town oi"
Sciglio, whence the promontory is sonie-
timi^s called Cape Sciglio.
SeoforJ, a town of Sussex, and one of
the Cinque Ports, its fort is in a state of
defence ; but it has no market, and its
trade and harbour are now of little conse-
(juence. It is seated near the luiglish
channel, 10 m SSE Lewes, and tiO sbyK
London. jj .jr r,'
Seura, a government on 'the »■ coast of
Brasil. to. the w <if that of Rio Grande,
The country is in general flat, and sandy
along the coast ; but the interior produces
cotton, and alKninds in cattle. Its rivers
are fonl.ible, or overflow, as the rains
aie less or more.
Seara, a town and fortress, capital of
the above government. 1 he fort stands on
a sand-hill close to the town, which is near
the sea ; but it has no river, nor any har-
bour, and the beach is bad to land upon,
Lon. 39 20 w, Lat. 3 30 s.
Sciitoii, a town id' Sci>tland, in Ilading-
toiishire. Here is a ruinous palace, in
which queen Mary occasionally kept her
couft. It has a considerable trade in salt
and coai, and is situate on the fritli ^f
Forth, 9 in e Edinburg. ,;','. ; ,r,
Seba^tiu, a town of Syri£i>.,i«'Fale&tii}e,
the remains of the ancient city uf Samam.
it is 34 m KNE Jerusalem.
•Sebastian, St. a city and, seaport of Spain,
in' Biscay, seated on a peiunsuia washed
by the river Urmnea «m the k, and by the
sea, which forms a small cove, on the *¥,
ana at tne torn oi a mouutaui, on me top
of whn h is a castle. The harbour is Mnali,
seeurtd bv two moles, and a imuow en-
SEB
trance for the ships. The town is sur-
rounded by a double wall, ami tbrtilicd
toward the sea. It is the capital of the
district of Guipuscoa, and carries on a
great trade, particularly in iron, ai>chors,
cables, leatlier, and wool. St. Sebastian
was taken by the Frencii in 1791 ; anil re-
taken by storm in ItilO, by Uie allies under
lord Wellington. It is 50'm r, Bilboa, and
50 ^^v• I'amplona. ixJn. 1 W> w, hit. 43
'24 N.
Seb(isfia)i, St. a town of New Spain, in
C'hiametlan, situate on the Mazatliui, GO
lu NNw Chiaraetlan. Lon. 105 50, lat.
24 ','0 N.
Sebastian, St. a town of the province of
Caracas, celebrated for excellent cacao,
40 m ssw Caracas.
Sebuslian, St. the capital of the pro-
vince of Rio .laneiro, and of all Brasil,
with a citadel on a hill, and several forts.
The city stands on the w side of the har-
bour of Kio Janeiro, 4 m from its en-
trance ; and behind it are high hills crown-
ed with woods, convents, houses, and
churches. It is 3 in in circuit; and the
population 127,000, two thirds of which
are slaves, and the remainder Europeans
and nuila'.tos. The streets are most of
them narrow, intersectincr each other at
right ansiles; anil the houses, in general,
are of stone, and two stories high. The
churches are splendid; and there is more_
religious parade in this city, than in any of
the popish countries in Europe. Here are
-iiianufactuves of sugar, rum, and cochi-
neal; and ^reat quantities of coffee and
hides are exported. The different mecha-
nics carry on their bufciness in distinct parts
of the town; particular streets being set
apart for particular trades. On the s side
of a spacious square is the palace; and
there are several other squares, in which
are fountains, supplied with water by an
aqueduct of considerable length, brought
over a valley by a double tier of arches.
The mint is a fine building, furnished with
all the conveniences necessary for coining
with expedition. A Benedictine convent
a.^d a fort are on the extreme point, jut-
ting into the harbour, opposite which is
-Serpent island, wlierethere are a dock-yard,
magazines, and naval stofehouses. In
another part of the harbour, at a place
called Val Longo, are the warehouses for
'the reception, and preparation for sale, ot
the numerous slaves imported from Africa-
St. Sebastian is a bishop's see, and at pre-
sent the seat of the royal family of Portu-
gal, who arrived in 1808. The queen so-
vereign died here in 1816, and her body
was deposited in the convent of Ajuda.
Lon. 42 44 w, lat. 22 54 s.
Sebastian, C«/'C St. a cape at the ?^w ex-
SEC
t remit y of Madagascar. Lon. 40 25 e,
lat. 12^0 s.
Sebustopol, or AlctUir, a seaport of Rus-
sia, and the first maritime town of Crimea.
It has one of the most secure harbours iii
the world, \\hile for size it might contain
all the Russian fleets; and it is the chief
station of the l?hick sea fleet. The city is
built on the side of a hill, which divides
two of its fine basins. The old Tartar
houses are small and ill-built ; liut along
the quay are some neat buildings. It
stands on i)art of the site of the ancient
city of Chersonesus, where was the fu- .
moiis temple of Diana 'I'aurica ; and con-
siderable ruins and antiquities are yet dis-
coverable. It is 40 in ssw Syinj.licropoi,
and 350 ne .Constantinople. Lon. 33 22
li, hit. 44 25 K.
Sibustopolis, or Savatopoli, a town of
Mingrelia, anciently called Dioscurias. It
stands on the borders of Russia, on the
Black sea, 220 m wnw Tellis. Lon. 42
45 E, lat. 44 10 K.
Scbenico, a strong seaport of Dalinatia,
and a bishop's see, with a fort and castle.
The cathedral is a mi)gnificcnt fabric, and
its roof is composed of large flat pieces of
marble. It is seated near the mouth of
the Chercn, in the gulf of Venice, 40 tQ
KW Spalatro. Lon. 15 53 r, lat. 43 oo N.
Sebuo, the largest river in the empire of
Morocco. It rises in a forest, near the foot
of Atlas, to the se of Fez, flows within 6
in of that city, passes by that of Mequinez,
and enters the ocean at Mamora. It
abounds with a rich species of salmon^
called shebbel.
Scboiirg, a town of France, in the
department of Nord, 5 m e Valenciennes.
Stbz ; see Kea/t.
Stc/iura, a town of Peru, in the bishop-
ric of TruxiUo, inhabited by Indians, who
are chietiy employed in fishing, or driving
mules. Here commences a sandy desert,
which extends 80 m southward. Tlie
town stands on a river of the same name,
3 m from the ocean, and 180 knw Trux-
iUo. Lon. 81 10 E, lat. 5 55 s.
Seckuu, a town of Germany, in Stiria,
seated on the Gayle, 9 m N Judenburg.
Seckirii^cii, a town of Suabia, the small-
est ot the four Forest toiviis. Here is a
convent of noble nuns, whose abbess was a
princess of the empire. It is seated on lUi
isle, formed by the Rhine, over which is a
bridge, 11 m w Basel. ^ . ' •"'. -
Stckington, a village, in A\'arwick.?hir^>.
3 in NE Tainworth, famous for a battle in
757, between Cuthred king of the W
Saxons, and Ethclbald, king of the Mer-
cians. On the N side. of the church is th«
ruin of a fort, ^vyd oear it ;ui arttfidul hiU»
43 feet hig,h^
SEG
Seehni, a strong town of France, in the
department of Ardennes. It is deemed
one of the keys of the country ; and lias a
?.:rong c;ist!c, an arsenal, a foundery of
rannoi^, and a ninnufactiiro of fine cloth.
The famous marshal Turcnne was horn in
the castle. Sedate is seated on the Meuse,
12 in rhys Mezicres, and 135 ne Paris.
Lon.4 57 E, hit. 49 4'2 n.
Sedbevi*, a town in W Yorkshire, with a
market cm Wednesday, seated near the
ilolher, on the borders of Westmorland,
11 m E Kendal, and 'JGr> nw London.
Seebu/i, a tuwn of {lindoostaUj in La-
hore, c;i|)ital of a small woody district. It
i's fortiiied, and situate on a rivulet that
Hows into the Bsyah, 100 m Ebys Lahore.
Lon. 75 34 e, hit. 31 39 n.
See/iaiisen, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Old mark, nearly surrounded by the
Aland, 12 m w Ilavelberg.
Seell/iirs;, a town of the duchy of Cour-
land, on the river Dwina, 70 m Ebys
Mittau.
Sec/ow, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark, 10 ni sw Custrin.
Seer, a seaport of Arabia, capital of a
principality, in the province of Oman. It
has a good harbour, and the navy of the
])rince is one of the most considerable in
die gull of Persia. It is 108 m wsw Julfar.
Lon. 54 33 e, lat. 25 10 n.
Seerdhuna^ a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, 11 m .nxw Merat, and 38 nxe
Delhi.
Seeseii, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Brunswick, seated on a small
lake, 14 m sw Goslar.
.Sec,?, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Orne, and a bishop's see. It is
seated in a tins country, near the source
of the Orne, 12 m n Alencon, and 102
whys Pinis. Lon. 0 11 e, lat. 43 30 N.
Segcberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duciiy of Holstein, with a castle, on a
high miuiiitain, consisting of limestone,
iarge quantities of which are carried to
Hamburg and Liibec. It is seated on the
Trave, 15 m wnw Lubec.
Segcdiii, a strong town of Hungary, ca-
pital of Tsongrad county, with u castle.
The tobacco produced in ttie vicinity is
in high esteem. The pnpulation in 1815
was 25,692. It is seared near the Theisz,
opposite the influx of the Maros, 103 m sse
Pest. Lon. 20 22 e, lat. 46 15 n.
Segesu'ur, a town of 'iVansylvania, capi-
tal of a county. It is situate on the side
of a hill, near the river Kokel, 47 m n
Hernuinstadt. Lon. 24 55 e, lat. 47 4 N.
Segestait, or Seistun, a province of Per-
sia, hounded on the K by Balk, e by Cabul
and Candahar, se and s by Ballogistan,
and w l.<y Kcruian and Chorasan. This
SEG
country once rivalled in prosperity the
most flouribhing provinces of the empire,
but is now in a deplorable condition. 'J he
greater part of it is flat, sandy, and unin-
habited; and during l!ie four hot months
a wind frequently blows with such violence
as to overwhelm houses, gardens, and
fields with clouds of sand. There are,
however, many springs and rivers, the
hanks of wiiich aftbrd good pasturage, and
are well cultivated in the vicinity of the
towns; but many of the natives are shep-
herds, who live a wandering life, and pitch
their tents amid the ruins of ancient pa-
laces. Zarang is the capital.
Se.gna, a seaport of Morlachia, capital
of Hungarian Dalmatia, and a bishop's
see. Here are twelve churches and two
convents. It is fortified by nature and art,
and stands in a mountainous and barren
soil, on the gulf of Venice, opposite the
E end of the island Veglia, 30 m se Fiurae.
Lon. 15 3 E, lat. 45 5 m.
Segni, a town of Italy, in Campagni di
Roma. Organs are said to have been in-
vented here, it is seated on a mountain,
30 m SE Rome.
Scgo, a city of Nigritia, capital of Bam-
barra. It consists of four walled towns,
two on each side of the river Niger, which
contains about 30,000 inhabitants ; and
as the iMoors form a considerable propor-
tion, their mosques appear in every quarter.
The houses are buik of clay, of a square
form, with flat roofs; some of them have
two stories, and many of them are white-
washed. The current money consists of
couries, a kind of shells. It is situate in a
well-cultivated district, 270 m sw Tom-
buctoo. ]^on. 0 43 w, lat. 13 15 n.
Scgorbe, a city of Spain, in Valencia, and
a bishop's see. Here are many well-culti-
vated gardens, and a famous fountain. The
vicinity abounds in every kind of fruit, and
in the adjacent mountains are quarries of
fine marble. It is seated on the side of a
hill, by the river Morvedio, 35 m n by w
\'alencia. Lon.O 28 w, lat. 39 52 N,
Segovia, a city of Spain, in Old Castile,
and a bishop's see, with a castle. It stands
on two hills and the valley between theni,
on the sw side of the Eresma ; and is sur-
rounded by a strong wall, flanked with
towers and ramparts. It is supplied with
water by a Roman aqueduct, 3000 paces
in length, supported by 177 arches of a
prodigious heiglu, in two stories. Here
the best cloth in Spain is made, which is
one part of its trade, and another is very
fine paper. The cathedral stands on one
side of the great square, and is one of the
handsomest Gothic structures in Spam ;
beside which there are 27 other churches
The castle is seated in the highest part of
SEI
the town, nnd has IG r(innis richly adonieil
with tancstiv, iiiiil orniiiiu'iils of luaible
ami porfjiivi V- Tlie voyA chapil is inai;-
nificently iiikU'il, mid oinljcllished with
very line piviiitmsis. 'I'lie mint, lor Jioine
years tlie only one iu Spain, is surrounded
by tlie river, on wliicli are mills, employed
in coining. Segovia is 40 in nnw Madrid.
Ltni. 4 Vi \v, lat 41 3 N.
Sefiorid, JVfi^, a town of New Spain, in
Nicarasina, near the source of a river of
its na'iie, wliirh flov's into the Carihean
sea, i)0 m NhyK Leun. Lon. 86 50 w,
lat. 13 15 N.
Si'iiotiii, AVrr, a town in the isle of Lu-
conia, and a bishop's see, with a fort. It
is seated at the N md of the island, near the
niou h of the Caiiayan, 210 m iN Manilla.
Lon. 120 50 E, hit. 18 39 n.
Sefirii, a river of Sp lin, which rises in
tlie I vrenees, and runs tiirou^li Catalonia,
by i'uicerda, L!iu;el, Belajiner, and J.erida,
to Meqnineuza, where it joins the Ehro.
Sciiie, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mayne and Loire, 20 m nw
Augers.
Se^ura, a river of Spain, which rises in
the mountains of Sepura, in Muicia, crosses
that pnivinceaiid tlies part of Valencia, and
enters the Mediterranean, at Guardaman.
Seuuru, a town of Spain, in Murcia,
seated ainoiii: mountains, 34 in ke Ubeda,
and 90 www Murcia.
Segura, a town of Spain, in Aragon, 35
in SF. Lalatajud, and 38 n Teruel.
Sfguid, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
•with a tort on a mountain. It stands on
the frontiers of Spain, 15 m wnw Alcan-
tara, and 35 rsE C astel Branco.
Se^uiu, a town of ISew Spain, in Tlas-
cala, 50 ra s Puebla.
Sehuuti, a town and fort of I]irid<!Ostan,
irt Sindv. situate on a liiiih hill that over-
looks the ferries of the Indus and Lark-
haiiu rivers, 50 m n by e IJydiabad.
Setbo, or 2ei/bo, a to\\n of St. Domingo,
chiefly occupied by graziers ; situate on a
small river, G5 in i;ne St. Doniin«().
Seideiiheri:, a town of Upper Lusatia,
■with manufactures of cloth and stockings,
8 m SSI. Gorlitz,
Seikx, a nation in the ivw part of Ilin-
doostan, consisting of several indopendant
states, ihut had formed a kind of federal
union. 1 hey possess the whole pnjviiice
of Lahore, the principal part ot Mooltan,
and the w part of Delhi. This rich and
healthy tract extends 400 m from nw to
SE, and is from 150 to 200 broad, in gene-
ral, but the part between Attock and lieh-
ker cannot he less than 320. Ihe Seiks
are a im e sprung irom iiinaoos ana Jvla-
houicdans, but more lax than that of their
ancestors, 'ihetounder of their sect was
SEI
Nanock, who flourished in the hciiinnins;
of the Kiih century ; and they are ihe de-
scendants of his dis<'ii)les: the word sfiili.',
in the Sanscrit hini>;uai:c, si^niiyinu; disci-
ples. They are in lieiieral striMij^ and well-
made, acciistonxd Irom their intancy to
the most laborious life and harde;-t fare,
I'liey have the Hindoo cast of coniiti nance,
somewhat altered by a long beard ; are as
active as the Mahiattas, and much more
robust ; and their conrai^e is eqii.d lo that
of any of ihe natives of India. A jiair of
lonir blue drawers, and a kind of chi (jiu red
plaid, part of which is fastened round tlio
wai'^t, and the oiher thnuMi o\cr the
shoulder, tinin iheir dothiii"; and eipiipa<:!;p.
The chiel's are dislin«iuisbed by uearini;
some hi.'avy iiohi br.icelets on llieir wrists,
and sometimes a < iraiii of the same metal
round their tiirl an^, and by beina; in 'tinted
on better hordes ; otherwise no distinction
appears anions; them. '! he civil and mili-
tary eovernmeiit ct the Seiks, before a
common interest I ad ceasel to acinatc its
operations, Wiis ciitdncftd hyjioniial as-
semblies; hilt since then d )nini< lis have
been so widely (xteided, the sirand as-
sembly is iHiw rarely suimiioi.ed. 1 heir
army co.isists ahno-^t entirely of Ik ise, of
which a Seik will boast lliev can bring
300,000 into ihe fuM ; and ii is -ii[;posed'
they miuht brinji 200,0(;0, They ha\e no
infantry in their i v\n country, e.xcept for
the defence of their towns and vdlages;
but they generally ser\e as imaniry in
foreign armies. 'Ihevv\ere h rn eiiy in a
state of great power ; but for many years
past they ha\e lueu mosily cciupied by
petty internal ^tuds, traiisimttid from
father to son, \\lii<li has rendered them
much less Ibrmiiiahle. The Seiks, like
the Iiin('oos, are perfectly toh.rant in
n:atters of laiih, ani reijuire only a con-
formity in ceiiaiii ?'i;i s and ceienmnies ;
but unlike the limdons, they admit prose-
lytes, abolish ilie (h-tmciions ol iriheor
cast, and eat ail kinds of thsh e.\cept that
of cows. I heir capital is Amrei/ir.
Seine, a river ni i rai.ce, which rises in
the department < f I oie o'Or, Hows by
Troves, Mehai, Paris, and iionen, and
eaters the Enjilisli channe at Havre de
G race.
Seine, Loicer, a nep.iri nfiit o.' I 'ranee,
inchiding paii oi ilie liid jn'Vince of Nor-
mandy. Kouen is int- c.i|iiial.
Seine uiul I\u,i i<e, a depaitment of
France, includn;: j ait of the oM province
of the Isle »)f i raju e. Meiun i.s lb capital.
Seine uiul Oi.st, ,i liepaitment uf i ranee,
including uart <f ilu nid n-ovime of tbe
Jsie or traiue. > ei~a i is is ti e capital.
SciiiH/ieiiri, a lonn of Irancoiiia, with »
castle, 18 in se VVurt^burg.
SEL
Seistan ; see Segexlati.
Selem, a town of New Spain, in Jucatan,
near the seacoast, 4,0 m ^\v Merida.
Sclbosoe, a to«n ot" Norway, in the pro-
vince of Droiitlieim, on the n side of a
lake, 18 ni SE Drontheim,
Selbi/, a town in W Yorksiiire, with a
market on Monday. It is the birlliplace
of Henry i, whose father, William r, built
an abbey liere; and the conventual church
is now the parish church. A canal passes
hence to Leeds, and ships are built here. It
is seated on ti)e Ouse, over wliich is one
of the cotnpletest timber bridges in the king-
dom, 12 ms York, and 180 n by w London.
Selenginsk^ a fortified town of Russia,
in the ^overi'meut of Irkutsh, with a fort.
The vicinity yields a great qnanlity of
rhubarb. It stands fin the Selen^a, at the
influx of the Chilok, R4 m se L-kutsh. Lon.
107 28 E, lat. 51 1(3 N.
Selenfi, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Caramania, at the foot of a lofty hill, and
the mouth of a river of the same name, 25
m SSE Alania.
Selesk, or Selcskch, a town of Asiatic
Turkey, in Caramania. It is the ancient
Selucia, the remains of which city are
scattered ^jver a lar^e extent of £,round, on
the side of its river, the Calycadnus. The
modern town is a poor place, but (he re-
sidence of a bey. It is seated on the river
5 m from the sea, and 160 sse Cogni. Lonl
33 58 i:, lat. 36 24 N.
Seli^enstadt, a town of Germany, in the
territory of INJentz, with a Benedictine
abbey; seated at the conflux of the Gern-
spentz with the Maine, 14 m e Franktbrt.
Sf.linibi-ia, or Seltvria, a town of Euro-
pean Turkey, in Romania, and a Greek
archbishop's see, with a citadel. Here
are rich vineyards and excellent wine. It
stands on the sea of Marmora, 3'2 m w
Constantinople. Lon. 28 12 e, lat. 41 2 n.
Selkirk, a borough of Scotland, the ca-
pital of Selkirkshire, with manufactures
of stockings, inkle, and leather. The po-
pulation was 242:^ in 1811. It is seated
on the Ettrick, near its conflux with the
Tweed, 30 m sse Edu)burg. Lon. 2 46
w, lat 53 34 n.
Selkh-kahirc, a county of Scotland,
bounded on the N by Edinburgshire, e by
Berwickshire and Roxburgshire, s by Dum-
friesshire, and w by Peeblesshire. It is a
liilly country, 28 m long and 18 where
broadest. The population was 5889 in
1811. It sends a member to parliament.
Th6 chief rivers are the Tweed, Ettrick,
Yarcow, and Gala.
Selln, a town or France, m tlie depart-
niont (it Loir and Cher, on the river Clier,
10fiti*sw llomorentin.
SEM
Seliz, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Rhine, seated on the Rhine,.
23 in nne Strasburg.
Seltzer, or Loiver Seltzer, a town of
Germany, in the territory of Treves, cele-
brated ft)r a spring of mineral water, whici*
is exported in great quantities. It is situate
on the Emsbach, 30 ni \: Coblentz.
Sciiiuuat, a town of Asiatic Turkey, ift
Irak, seated on the Euphrates, where a
toll is collected. It is 120 m nw Bassor«.
Lon. 4C 15 E, lat. 32 2 N.
Se/nbew-gliewn, a town of Birmah, frona.
which is the principal road through the
western hills into Aracan. To tliis placs-
all Bengal articles of merchandise imported
by way of Aracan are brought, and here
embarked on the Irrawaddy. It stands S
m \v of that river, and 30 sbyw Pagahm.
Scmegundu, a town of Nigritia, in th^
country of Wangara, on a lake formed bj
a branch of the Niger, 330 m ssw Bornou.
Lon. 21 30 e, lat. 14 58 N.
Semendria, a town of European Turkey,
in Servia, with a citadel, seated on the
Danube, 20 m se Belgrade.
Scmennud, a town of Egypt, on the b
branch of the Nile, 8 m ssw Mansoura,.
and 53 n Cairo.
Sewigallia, the e part of the duchy of
Coiirland, separated by the Musza, fro»
Courland Proper, and by the Dwina from
Russia, to which country it is now subject.
Mittau is the capital.
Seininari town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, 22 m ne Reggio.
Semlin, a town of Sclavonia, seated oa
the Danube, above the influx of the Save,
5 m WNW Belgrade, and 37 se Peterwardin.
Scmnun, or Suninuin, a town of Persia,
in Irak, and the chief place of a rich dis-
trict lying N of the Great Salt Desert. It
is 90 m whys Bistam, and 120 e Teheran.
Senipwh, w town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Lucern, famous for the battle,
in 1386, that established the liberty of the
Swiss, and in which Leopold duke of Aus-
tria was defeated and slain. ■ It is seated
on a small lake, 7 m nw Lucern.
Sempivne, a mountain of Italy, in Mi-
lanese, one of the highest of the Italiaa
Alps, whose pointed summits are perpe-
tually covered with snow. On one side of
its rugged base the torrent Divario gu^he*
through a vast chasm between two lofty
rocks, and falls into the valley of Ossola.
A bridge is built across this chasm, aud
forms part of a road over the mountaio,
which is a principal coinniUnication be- "
tweeu Italy and Switzerland. It is now
gen^ivally caued S'uuijL'n.
Semur en Auxoi>>, a town of France, i»
the department of Cote d'Or, with u castU
2T
SEN
on a rock, and a manufiicture of clotli ;
seated on the Arniaucon, o-l in w liyN Di-
jon, and 135 sr. I'aris.
Senmr eii Bricitnois, a town of France,
in tlic department of Sonne and Loire, 'oo
m wbys Macon, and -15 s Aiitiin.
Sena, or Marzali, a toww of Mocaransra,
on llie river Zambezi, wliere tlie Portu-
guese have a factory, l.on. 35 3 r, hit.
17 40 s.
Seneca, a lake and river of New York,
in Ononda^o county. J lie lake is 30 m
ioni: and '2 broad, lyin^: n and s between
those of Canandaqna and Cayuj;a. /xt the
V end is the town of (jencva ; and on the
T. side, between it and Cayutra hike, are
the military townships of Ronnihis, (Jvid,
Hector, and Ulysses. The river rises to
the w of Geneva, passes by that town,
and receives the waters of the hike. It
afterward r"ceives the waters of Cayuga
hike, Canandaqua creek, and Salt lake, and
then flows into Onondago river.
Seneca, a town of IVew York, in Onon-
dago county, on the n side of the falls in
Seneca river, 14 ra from its mouth, and
S8 s Oswego.
Scneff, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, wliere a battle was gained by the
French over the prince of Orange, in 1674.
It is 4 m s Nivelle.
Senegal, a river that rises "in Nigrltia,
in the mountains of Kong, flows w on the
southern confnies of Zaara, and enters
the Atlantic ocean, 120 m ne of Cape
Verd. Its course is fiexuous till it arrives
witiiin G m of the sea, when it takes a
sudden turn to the s, and for 75 m is sepa-
rated from the sea only by a ridge of sand.
It is infested with crocodiles; and its
mouth, nearly 2 m wide, is incommoded
by a shifting bar, which renders the pas-
sage ditiicult and dangerous. It is navi-
gable at all seasons for small vessels J 20
m from the bar, and in the rainy season
600 m further for vessels of 130 tons. The
French built a fort on an island within its
anouth, and were masters of the gum-
trade. See Louis, St.
Senei:a?nbia, a country on the w coast
of Africa, so called from two creat rivers,
the Senegal and Gambia, which liere enter
the ocean. It is bounded on the > by
Zaara, e by the same and Nigritia, s by
Sierra Leone, and w by the Atlantic, on
Avhich it extends from lat. 1 20 to 10 0 s.
It contains several petty kin>j;doms, and
numerous forests that yield abundance of
gum. See Fouli.
Senez, a sown of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Alps, and formerly the see
of a bishop. It is seated in a rough barren
country, 13 m sse Digne.
SEU
Srnffeuhet'f;, a to\M) of the kingdom of
Saxtiiiy; in Misnia, with a castle ; seated
(HI the Lister, 32 m nnk Dresden.
Senlis, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of (Jise, and lately a bishop's see.
It is seated on the side of a hill, by the river
rumette, almost surrounded by a forest,
'27 m KM". Paris.
Sennar, a city of Nubia, capital of a
kingdom. It is 3 m in <:ircuit, and very
jiopulous. The houses are chielly of one
story, with flat roofs ; but the suburbs
contain only cottages covered with reeds.
The palace, surrounded by high walls, is
a confused heap of buildings. The heats
are almost insu|)portable in the daytime,
except in the rainy season, which begins
in April and contmncs tlnee months, and
then the air is unwholesome. The com-
modities are elephant teeth, tamarinds,
civet, tobacco, and gold-dust. Near the
palace is a market for slaves, where the
females sit on one side and the males on
another, and the Egyptians buy great
numbers of (hem every year. The mer-
chandise required here are spices, paper,
brass, hardware, glass beads, and a black
drug, that is used to colour the eyebrows.
The women of quality have slight garments
of silk, and wear rings of various metals
on their hair, arms, legs, ears, and fingers;
those of low rank, and girls, have cloths
wrapped round them from the waist to the.
ivuees. The men go almost naked. Sennar
is seated on an euiinence, on the w bank
of the eastern Nile, .000 in SSE Dongola,.
Lon. 33 30 E, lat. 13 34 n.
Sens, a town of I'rance, in the depart-
ment of Yonne, and lately an archbishop's
see. The cathedral is a venerable struc-
ture, and contains the tomb of the dau-
phin, father of Louis xvi. Here are ma-
nufactures of velvet, cotton, leather, and
glue. It is seated in a fertile country, at
the conflux of the Vanne with the Yonne,
25 m N Auxerre, and 60 sk Paris. Lon.
3 17 E, lat. 48 12 N,
Sephouri/, a town of Syria, in Palestine,
the ancient Sephor or Sapphura, which
w as fortified by Herod. It afterward bore
the name of Diocesaria. Here are the re-
mains of a stately Gothic church, said to
have been erected over the habitation of
Joachim and Anna, parents of the l)lessed
\'irgin ; and among its ruins some ancient
paintings were discovered in 1801. It is
12 m SE Acre, and 18 wnvv Tiberias.
Sepulvcda, a town of Spain, in Old Cas-
tile, on the river Duralon, 33 ni ke Se-
Sera, or Sira, a town of tiindoostan, in
Mysore, with a stone tort of a good size.
It is the- principal place in the central di-
SER
vision of the rajah's dominions n of the
Cavery, and carries on a considerable in-
land commerce. Tlie chief products sent
hence are cocoa-nuts, sugar, bark, lac,
steel, oxen, buffalos, butter, and oil. The
whole of the cloth made here is used in
the neighbourhood. Since the restoration
of the rajah, in 1799, the fort has been
garrisoned by British troops. It is 84 ni
X Seringapatam. Lon. 76 55 e, lat. 13
37 N.
Serai, a town of European Turkey, ca-
pital of Bosnia, and the see of a catholic
bishop, appointed by the kins; of Hungary.
It is large and connnercial, and seated on
the Bosna, 130 m wsw Belgrade. Lon,
19 15 E, lat. 4-1 14 \.
Serunipoor, a town of liindoostan, in
Bengal, seated on the Iloogly, 12 m n Cal-
cutta.
Sei-askerd, a town of Persia, in Ader-
bijan, chief of a district thai is well watered
and rich in corn. It is 60 m sse Tabriz.
Sercliio, a river of Italy, wiiich rises in
the duchy of INJodena, crosses that of
Lucca, and enters the gulf of Genoa.
Serdobol, a town of Russia, in the go-
▼ernment of Wibur;:, on the lake Ladoga,
60 m XXE Wiburg. Lon. 30 15 £, lat. 61
45 N.
Sereiia, a town of Spain, in Estremadura,
25 m Ebys Merida.
Serena, in Chili ; see Coqiiimbo.
Serfo, or Serfante, an island of the
Archipelago, Iving 50 m xw of Nrixia. It
is 8 m long and 5 broad, and full of moun-
tains and rocks, in which are mines of iron
and loadstone. • The inhabitants are all
Greeks, and have but one town, called St.
Nicolo, which is a poor place. Lon. 25 10
>:, lat. 37 19 k.
Sergag, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Nishnei Novgorod, 48 m se Nish-
Mei Novgorod.
Sergippi/, a government of Brasil, be-
tween these of Pernambuco and All Saints
Bay, separated from the former by the
river St. Francis, and from the latter by
the Rio Real. It produces corn, sugar,
and tobacco in considerable quantities,
and has some silver mines; but has no
port for vessels of any size.
Sergippi/, or St. Christopher, the capital
•f the above government, with a fort. It is
seated on an eminence by the river Vaza-
boris, 5 m from its mouth", and 120 ne St.
Salvador. Lon. 37 34 w, lat. 11 20 s.
Serignan, a town of Trance, in the de-
partment of Ileraulc, at the moutli of the
Ombre, in the gulf of Lyon, 8 m se Beziers.
Serinugur, a province of Northern liin-
doostan, lymg principally between 30 and
S4 of K lat. and 77 and 80 of £ lon. It is
SER
separated on the sw from Delhi by the
Sewalie mountains, and toward the e bj
a range of hills from Kemaoon, but its
other boundaries are undefined. The
whole face of the country is an assembla"-e
of hills jumbled together in many forms
and directions, with narrow and confined
valleys. Some of the hills are covered
with trees, others naked and stony, and to-
ward the E are extensive forests, in which
small elephants abound. Only a small
part of the country is either cultivated or
populated; and sheep and goats are em-
])loyed ;is beasts of burden. The natives
profess the Hindoo Brahminical religion.
In 1803 the rajah of Serinagur was killed
in a battle near Gurudwara, and his
country then rendered tributary to Nepaul.
Serinagur, the capital of the above pro-
vince. The houses are of stone, rousjhly
put together with earth, generally raTsed
to a second floor, and covered with slate;
but the house of the late rajahs is built of
coarse granite, and raised to a tburth story.
The streets are so narrow as to leave little
more space than will allow two persons to
pass. It is seated in a valley, on the river
Alacananda, 168 m ne Delhi. Lon. 79
12 E, lat. 30 22 n.
Seringapatam, or Patana, a fortified city
of liindoostan, capital of the s district, of
Mysore, and lately of the whole country.
It is situate at the w end of an island
nearly 4 m long and above a mile broad,
formed by the Cavery, which is here a
rapid river, with a wide and rockv channel.
The streets are narrow and confused; and
the generality of the houses mean. The
palace is very large, and surrounded by a
massy wall of stone and mud. Without
the walls, to the e, is the suburb called
ShaharGanjam, which is built on a regular
plan, about half a mile square. At the
r. end of the island is Ilyder's palace,
which displays considerable elegance,
though built of mud. Adjoining is the
mausoleum of Hyder, where rests all that
w\as royal of this Mohamedan dynasty,
consistip.g of Hyder, his wite, and Tippoo,
who he under tombs of black marble.
Before this city, in 1792, lord Cornwallis
compelled Tippoo to sign a treaty, by
which he ceded half of his dominions to
the British and their allies : and a new
war breaking out in 1799, the British car-
ried the fort by an assault, in which Tippoo
was killed. The city and the island have
since been retained by the British. Se-
ringapatam is 11m N Mysore, and 240
whys Madras. Lon. 76 51 e, lat. 12
26 -\.
Sercnge, a town of Hindoostan, in Mai-
wah, celebrated for its manufiicture of
il T 2
SET
^Miintcd cottons aiul cliiiUzes, C8 m nni:
Bopal.
i^'erpa, n town of rortiijial in Alciitcjo,
with a castle, seated on a rn^!;e(l emi-
nence, near tlie Cjuadianii, oV> m s\>\ v.
Evcn-a.
Scrpuiiiof', a town of llussin, in the >j,o-
verunicnt of j\losco\v,\vith a citadel. '1 he
ehief trade is in coin and cattle; ami here
uie shops solely approprialctl to ti.e sale
of sandals made of linden hari;. It is
seated on the Nara, near the Oka, r>() ni s
Moscow.
Scrt, a toxvn of Asiatic Turkey, in Kur-
distan, with a castle, -10 ni ssw Betlis.
Su7ruV(ille,i\ town of Italy, in Trevlsaiio,
wiili a castle. It has cloth, wonllen,
and silk manufactures, and a trade in
corn, \vine, and honey. Tiie catlieilral
contains some tine paintings, and the
ehurch of St. Ar.;j:usta is a n-ihle edifice.
It is situate between two mountains,
at the source of the JMaschio, 22 ni N
Treviso.
lSc7'7-€s, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Alps, 23 m sw Gap.
Scrviu, a province of European Turkey,
igo m King and 95 broad ; bounded on the n
by the Danube and Save, which separate it
from Iluni^ary, e by Bul,i;aria, s by Tvlacedo-
nia and Albania, and vv by Bosnia. Jt is di-
vided into f(Hir san;iiacate5, Beli^rade, Sc-
nieudria, Scupio, and Cratowo. Belgrade is
the capital.
Scivilza, a town of European Turkey, in
Macedonia, and a ^reat mart ot trade;
"Situate oil the Karasou, 4.5 m sw Salouica,
and o3 KNW Larissa. »
ScH'.a, a river of Piedmont, which rises
in the Alps on the borders of V'alais, flows
by \'ercelH, and joins the Po, below
Casal.
Sisslacfija. town and castle of Francoina,
in the principality of Bamberg, 16 m x
Bamberg.
Sesto, a town of Italy, in Milanese, seated
on the Tesin, where it issues from the lake
i'vla'igiore, 25 mwKW Milan.
StsloSy a strong castle of European Tur-
key, ^ee Dardanelles.
Sestre, GratuI, or Great Paris, a town of
Guinea, on the Grain coast; near which is
Petit Sestre. It is one of the lartrest and
most commercial town^iuthecouutry, ,Lqn.
row, hit. 4 50n
SEV
St--tcliii.cn, a province of China, bounded'
on tlie N by t ben-si, r. by iloiupumg, s by
Isoei tcheou, and w by '1 ibet. It is wa-
tereil by the Kian ku, produces a great
(uiantitv of silk, and is rich in iron, tin,
Icai
mil:
lapis
-ton
azUii,
s th»
imber, sugar-canes,
ihul);irb, ivc. Tcliii ,
capital.
Stfaf, a town of Algiers, in the provinco.
of Coustautina. It was the ancient
Sitipha, capi'al of a part of Mauritania;
but scarcely a iiagment is left of its for-
mer i;re;itness, except th.e Ibuntaiiis ; tho
few remaining structures being obviously
the work of later inhabitants. It is
.'JO m sw Constantina. Lon. 5 80 e, lat.
33 .5o N .
Scliwo, a town of I*icdmont, seated on the
I\), 8 111 N Turin.
Set.l<iic,ur Siitule<iC, a river of Ilimloo-
stan, tiie most easterly of the Punjab
bruiicluis of the Inilus. it flows s from
the iJinudch mountains to Bellaspoor,
bounrling the province of Lahore on the e,
and then inclines to the w. About midway
from its source, it receives the Beyah, at
Fiiozpoor, and thence continues its course
'250 m to its junction with the Chinaub,
about t30 m below Moolian. The Setlege,
after the influx of the Beyah, is iiOW!
freqiiently called the Gurru; and it is th«
Hvphasis of Alexander.
Sclte, a town of Guinea, in the country
of Gabon, which has a great trade m log-
wood,sent in vessels to Mayaiuba. It stands
(.11 a river of the same name, GO m from its-
mouth. and 110 ^^'U Mayamba. Lon. 10 20
E, lat.l'Os.
Sellenilii town of Spaii., in Granada, 8 la
N Iiouda,and Mi ?<w Malaga.
Settia, a t(,vvn of the island '.d'Cand.a,and
a Greek bishop's sec,48 m r.sKCaudia. Lon.
20 2 £, lat. i)5 3 K.
Settle, a town in W Yorkshire, with a
market on Tuesday. About 2 m to the e is
Atterrnire Cave, containing numberless
chinks and recesses, fluted pillars, and
hanging petrifactions. At the like distanc»
to the N is Giggieswick Well, a reciprocating
sprim:, vihich will sometimes rise and iail
near a ftiot,in a stone trougii about a yard
square, every 10 or 15 minutes. Settle »
seated on the Kibble, 38 m i^-nw Ualifar
and 235 London.
^etuval; see Uben, St.
Sestri dl Lev^int^,^t\^t9}y\y9l. t^hp (\\]c}\y .^ .l$eveuberg^^^ town of the Nether-
of Genoa, seated Q^VfM^r^^'^^M^^-MyjfS^ lands, in Dutch i^rabant, 8 m w nw Breda.
j,&j;t'/Joa/iS, a town ill Kent, with a market.
or. Saturday.; Here is ;i fr^ejjchpoly first
erected Ivy; sir William Seveijo^iks, lord
iiKiji'or of London in 1418, who is said ta
have begti a fpun'-Uing, clwritably educated
m ESE, Geuoa.
iSf-;'c//f(;«,aeityof China, of tlie first ra«k,
in ^'ioei-tcheou, ^t is situate among, n^piin-
taiiis, w hich yield cinr.abar and Ciui^iksilvcr,
980 ill ^sy. Peking. Lon. 103 25 i:> Uu, 2r
lO.i.-.
SEV
havlna;aiigmenteditsreveniies,it was called
Queen Elisabeth's School ; and the whole
was ixbnilt in 1727. Near this town is
.Knole, formerly a palace of the see of
Canterbury, but now beloni;s to the earl
of Dorset. In 14.j0, the rebel John Cade
defeated the royal army near this town. It is
6 m 5sVv Maidstone, and 23 sst London.
,. Sever, St. a town of France, in tl.e de-
partment of Landes, seated on the Adour,
.12 m s M(!nt de Marsan.
Severac, a town of France in the depart-
raentof Aveinin, on the river Aveirou. near
its source, 2 J in e Rodez.
Severiri, a town of European Turkey, in
Walachia, seated on the l)a!)ube, (J ni w
Czernetz.
Scvei'iiia, Sf. a fortified town of Na-
ples, in Cahibria Cltra, and an archbi-
shop's see. It is seated on a cran:i:y
rock, by the river Neto, 8 ni from the s>ea,
and45si:llossaiio. Lon. 17 14 K,lat.3i> Ion.
Severiito, St. a town of Italy, in the
marquisate of Aiiciina, seated betu'een two
hills, on the river Potenza, 13 m wsw Ma-
serata.
Severino, Si. a town of Naples, in Prin-
•ipato Citra, on the river Sarno, 10 m wsw
Policaslro.
Severn, a river that has its rise in the
mountain Plyniinimon, in Wales. Flowing
first across Moutjiomeryshire, it enters
Shropshire, above the Brythen hills, and is
navigable in its whole course througli
this county ; it then enters Worcester-
,shire, and runs through its whole length
into Gloucestershire. In its course it vva-
tersLlanydliis, Newton, NVelbhpooi, Sinews-
bury, Bridticnortli, Be^vdioy, Worcester,
Upton, Tewkesbury, Gloucester, and Newn-
hani, wliere it begins to widen consitierabiy ;
•and entering the sea, its mouth is called
the Brislol Channel. 'i'iiis river has a
communication with the Thames, Trent,
Dee, and Mersey, by diiferent canals.
Sevei'}i,i\ river of Maryland, which waters
Annapolis, and enters by a broad estuary
into Chesapcak bay.
Severudroof, a small rocky island of
Hindoostan, on the coast of Concan,
Here was a stiong fort that belonged to
Angiia, the pirate, which vvas taken k>y
commodore James, in 1750. It is 30 m s
Botnliay.
Severo, St. a town of Naples, in Capita-
■nata, seated in a plain, 20 m wbyx Man-
fredonia, and 75 ne Naples
Seve/us' Hall, in the w of Scotland, a
work of the llomans, supposed to have
been done by the emper^jr whose name it
bears, to prevent the incursions of the
Piots and Scots. .Some parts yet remain,
•and it is now irequently called Graham's
Dike. It began at Abercorn, on the frith
SEV
of Forth, 4 m ne Lin ithgow, and ran wto
the frith of Clyde, ending at Kirkpatrick,
near Dumbarton.
Sevignt/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ardennes, 12 in Nw Rethel.
Seville, a city of Spain, capital of Anda-
lusia, and an archbinhop's see, seated on
the Guadalquiver. It was the capital of
tiie kingdom, till Philip ii established hie
court at Madrid, as a more central
position. Seville is of a round form,
Ibrtified by strong walls flanked with high
towers, and takes uji in. 're ground than
Madrid, though it has not above
100,000 inhabitants. The Phenicians.
called it Hispatis, and it is the Julia of the
Romans, who embellished it with many
magnificent buildings. The iSloors bu«ili
an aqueduct, slill to be seen, 0 m ii'.
length, 'ihe cathedral is by some sup-
posed to be the largest churcli in the world
next to St Peter's at Rome; the stcejjle is
of Arabian architecLure, and very high,
consisting of three towers, one above
another, with galleries and balconies. The
churches and convents are opulent and
beautifijl ; of the latter, that of St, Francis
is adorned with a handsome square, in the
midst of which is a line fountain. The
university consists of many colleges; but
is almost solely appropriated to the educa-
tion of the cieigy. ihe inquisition is i>
noble building, and was formeily the college
of the Jesuits. The royal palace, called
Alcazar, was partly built after the antiqiiw
by the Moors, and partly in the modern
taste bv king Pedro ; it is a mile in ex-
tent, an.rl llaiiked by large square towers,
built v.'ith stones taken from the ancicnr
temple of Hercules. Here is a royal fonn-
dery, and one of the largest depots for
aitUlcry in tiie kingdcm. The principal
manutactures are silk ; and behind the
Alcazar, is a royal tcjbarc;; a;id siiulf manu-
facture. The exchraige is ii square build-
ing of the 'luscan order, each tiimt 100
ftet, and three stories high. Ihe town-
house is adorned' with a great nvzmber of
statues, and hefore it tliere is a large square,
with a line fountain in th.e middle. There
are 120 ho«pita!s richly endowed. The
suburb ot Triano stands-on the other sidfe
of the river, over w hich is a long bridge of
boats; and here are public walks, wJiere
many oi' the inhabitants go to lake the
air. '1 he situation of Se\ ille renders it one
of the most c<!mnierciui towns of Spain.
All the trade of that kingdom with the New
World centered origiuiiliy in its. port, at St.
Lucar ; bat that of Cadiz luuiiig been
f lund more commodious, the g.dleons have
sailed from that place since 1720. Such
vast employment did the American trad*
j:ive at one peiiod, that in Seville aUtiu)
SHA
there were 16,000 kioms in silk and woollen
work ; but, before the end of the reijjn of
i*hilip III, they were reduced to -ICO. The
countiy arounil is extieinely fertile in corn,
wine, vkc. and there is abundance of oil ;
for to the w of the river is a grove of olive
trees 3t) in in kjiiith. Seville was entered
by the I'rench in 1810; in 1812 they
evacuated it in part, and soon after the re-
mainder were driven out by assault. It is
45 in from the At lain ic, and 2 1 2 ssw Madrid.
Lon. a 59 w, hit. S7 l-l K.
SiTfes, Tuo, a department of France,
inciudiiij; part of the old province of
Poitu. ll is so named from two rivers that
rise iiere; one, called Sevre Niortois, Hows
w by St. Maixent, jSiurt, and Marans, into
the bay of Biscay, opposite the isle of lie;
and the other, named Sevre NaiUois, takes
a Nw direction, passes by Clilfon, and en-
ters the Loire, opposite Is' antes. ]Siort is
tKe capital.
Seaalic, a chain of mountains in Ilindoo-
stan, separating the province of Serniagur
from that of Delhi. I'he Ganges Ibrces its
•way through this ridge into the plains of Hin-
doostnn, at liurdwar.
Sei/ael, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ain, divided into two parts by the
Rhone, which here begins to be navigable.
It is 14 in N by e Belley.
Sezinme, a town of France, in the dopart-
-ment of Iviarne, 27 m nw Troyes, and b5 se
Paris.
Sczza,a town of Naples, iiiTerrudiLavo-
ro, 14 m xw Capua.
Sfax, or Sftikes, a seaport of Tunis, from
whidi a great part of the tiaftic of Cairoan
is exported. It is seated on the e coast,
53 m sbyE Susa. Lon. 10 40 i., lat.
84 50 N.
S/iabur, a town of F.gypt,on tlie w branch
of the IS ile, 48 m se Alexandria,Dnd 50 .n kw
Cairo. -r. ni-,..,/, .■■- ; V, ■>■■
Sliaftslmrt/, ial- h'Grimgh' in 'Dorsetshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Saturday. It stands on a hill, where wa-
ter is so scarce, that the poor get a living
by fetching it frnm a great distance ;
and it had formerly 10 parish cburclies,
whicli are now reduced to three. It is
25 m SKE 'Dorchcst€n,i and ilGO 'wbj-s
London. •! )i..(bi:.Hi.i; .■..,, ^.i ,,/ cv.-i;Ki fiJ
S/Hi/tiburi/; a "tbw'n df VeTmohti ' iw Bea-
nington county, 10 m >' Benningtoni>'-i ' -i
Shahar, or Hohdr, a seaport of Artlhia;'in
IIadraniaut,110 m sSAV.Sbibam'. Ilofi.48"iO
r., lat. 13 50 -N. - > . > •' •■'.
S/iah}elia?ipoor.n town of HindoriMtun^'in
Mahva,situate on the Sagormutty,3yj?)tej<E
Oojain. " •>'■' ''-'-' <».'y' ;i3i.-
Shakjehcnipoor, a town bf :Hindoosiari^^n
Delhi, situate on the Gurrah 48 in sse
Barclly.
SHE
S/iah'ghur, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, 22 m n Bareily.
S/umi ; see Ddiiitiscus.
S/i(n)i/t/, a town of Uindoostan, in Delhi,
regularly built, and has a large bazar, 58 m
N by E i3ellii.
S/iuniwii, the large>,t river of Ireland,
which issuts from Lough Allen, in the
county of Leitrim, and running s di\id*»
the provinces of Leiuster and L'oiuiiiught ;
it then flows sw to the city of Lin\orick,
below which it forms a long estuaiy be-
tween the counties of (^lare and Limerick,
and enters the Atlantic ocean.
S/uiiiooi; a town of Uindoostan, in Beja-
Tjoor, enclosed by a wall and ditch, but of
no strength, and j.>art of the interior is in
ruins. It is (i m em; Bancapoor, and 48 ssii
Darwar.
• Shop, a vlllnge in Westmorland, at the
source of the Lodor, between Urton and
Penrith. It had once a famous abbey,
which stood a!)(>ut a mile w from the
church, of which little remains, except the
tower of its church, and the ruins of a
brrdgc. In the vicinity are some great
stones, like pyramids, placed ftlmost in a
direct line, for a inilo together, from 10 to
12 yards distance, of such immense weight,
that carriages now in use could not support
them.
SbapinAliu, one of the Orkiiey islands, ly-
ing 3 in from the >.e part of Pomona. It is
7 tn long and 5 broad, somewhat in the form
of a cross The coasts are level and produce
grass and corn, but the middle part is high,
and fit only lor sheep pasture. The har-
bour of Elwick, on the sw part, is ths
only one of tlie island, where there is a littia
village.
Sliapooruh, a town of Uindoostan, in A'y-
meer, well built, and surrounded by a stone
wall and a ditch. It is G5 m sby e Ajmeer.
Shai'oot ; see Bistan.
Sh(n-psbiirg, a town of IMaryland, in
Washington county, 2 m from the Potomac,
aiul (io NW Washington.
Sliuwpoor, a town of Ilindoostun, in
Gundwana, capital of the hilly district of
Singrowla, which abounds in iron. It is
situate on the lihair, in a fine plain, 105 m
KNE Kuttunpoor. Lon. 83 23 e, lat. 23
.^. ^', •
Sheer az; see o/nVfi.?.
S/ieemcss, a town in Kent, ou the Nw
point of the isle of Shepy. at the mouth of
the main branch of tlie Medway, 3 m s
QuereTiliiorough. A fort was built hereby
■ ChariesM^ after Uio insult of the Dutch,
i-vvho buriit-t(;^ men of war at Chatham, iw
■'1067; and it has since been considerably
-augmented and strengthened. There is
also an m-dnunce {!}fic«^a-;(i!ock*-yaTd, and a
chapel. ■ i-'l^' ■'
SHE
Sheffield, a town in W Yorkshire, with a
market on Tuesday. It has three churches,
nine meeting-houses, and a Romish chapel;
also a large infirmary and several charitable
ioundations. This town has been long ce-
lebrated tor its various hardware manutac-
tureS; which consist particularly of cutlery
ware, plated goods, and buttons. Here are
also lead works and a cotton niiil, and the
neighbourhood abounds with coal. It is
seated at the conflux of the Sheaf with the
Don, whicli is navigable within 3 ra of the
town. The master cutlers arc about COO,
incorporated by the style of Cutlers of
Hallamshire. The population was 35,840
in 1811. Itis 54ni ssw York,and 102 NNW
London. Lon. 1 29 w, hit. 53 20 n.
5//f//Je/c/, a town of Massachusels, in Berk-
shire county, on theEsideof thelJousatonic,
t45 m whys Boston.
Shefiord, a town in Bedfordshire, with
a market on Friday, seated on the Ivel,
9 m SE Bedford, and 41 Nbyv/ London.
Shelburnt, a town of Nova Scotia, at the
head of a bay called Port Roseway. It ex-
tends 2 m on the water side, and a mile
backward, with wide streets crossing each
other at right angles. The harbour is deep,
capacious, and secure. This town was built
bv many rich loyalists, who emigrated to
this quarter after the revolutionary war in
1T83, and being pleased with the harbour,
they indulged the idea of making the town
the" emporium of the province, but proving
disappointed in their views, it soon became
deserted. Its streets are now overgrown
Avith oiass and weeds, and the houses moul-
dering to rnins. In 1785, the population
exceeded 12,000; and in October 181(j,
there were only 374 persons. Shelburne
is 100 m sw Halifax. Lou. 65 0 w, lat.
43 4(5 N.
SItella, a town of Morocco, v\hich none
but Mohamedans are allowed to enter. See
Rabat.
Skdiam, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, 70 ni wsw Fondiclierry.
Shellum, Great, a town of Hindoostan,
in Barramahal, capital of the district. of
Shellam. It is 100 ni wsw Pondicherry,
and 105 SSE Bangalore. Lon. 78 33 k,
lat. 11 39 N. 'i'ii.-j;| <•-
SheUiJ', the largest river of the kingdom
of Algiers, -.vhich takes its rise in the desert,
flows N through the lake Titeri .then \V\i\\-^
\> and enters the JNJediterranean to tl.e n
cf Mustagam. In its course it receives
the Midroe, Harbeene, Toddah or Silver Ri-
ver, the Archev,-, Mina, Waris^ajand I'agia.
,;, Shcnundou/i, a river of Virginia, which
i'fSQS in Augusta con:;ty, fiovvs N*: 20f> ra,
. throug'n a fertile %'allev, bcuncled by moun-
t: tains, and enters tlie I-otorsae at Shepherds-
town. It is navigable about 100 m.
SHE
Shepherds Isles, vi cluster of islands, part
of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean,
to the s of MalicoUo. Lon. 168 42 e, lat. IS
58 s.
Shephcrdstoan, a town of Virginia, im
Berkley county, with a maimfacture of small
arms ; seated on the Potomac, at the in-
flux of the Shenandoah, 55 m wnw Wash-
ington.
^Shcppy, an island in Kent, at the moutk
of the Thames, separated fi-om the main by
a branch of the Medway, called the East
Swale. It yields plenty of corn, feeds nu-
nserous alieep, and contains the towns of
Queenborough and Sheerness, and several
villages.
S/ieptun Mallet, a town in Somersetshire,
with a market on Friday, and a manufac-
ture of woollen cloth ; seated under the-
Mendip hills, 17 m sw Bath, and 116 vr
I^mdon.
S/ierbuni, a town in Dorsetshire, with a
market on Thursday and Saturday. It was
formerly a bishop's see, and had threa
rhurche;, though now but one, which was
the cathedral, and in it are interred th»
Saxon kings Ethclbald and Ethelbert. It
had also a castle and an abbey, now in
ruins. Here is a freeschool founded by
h^dward vi ; also two silk mills, and a
linen manufacture. It is seated on the
Parret, IG m Nbyw Dorchester, and lli>
w bys Lond(;n. Lon. 2 41 w, lat. 50 54 N.
Sherbro, a fort of Guinea, at the mouth
of Sherbro river, which separates the coun-
try of Sierra Leone from the Grain coast. It
belongs to the British, and is 100 ra se of
the river Sierra Leone. Lon. 11 0 w, lat.
7 Ojt. >,., :.. .,,•
S/;f jfe-nya t*mn in W Yorkshire, with a
market on ['ridayjSeatedontheWerk, which
soonjoii.s the Ouse^lG ni sw York, and 179
N-by w Louduii. , ■ • i ".<.
Slierbiirn ; see Nantucket.
S/ierei-'uv, a town of 'Asiatic Turkey, in
Kurdistan, oi\ the river Diala, 60m NNE Bag-
dad , and 120 s by e Kerkouk .
Sherczur; siie Svlj/mania.
S/if?-.vtf/, a town ofAlgiers, in the province
of -Alascara. It is the ancient Julia Cesaria,
said to haive been destroyed by an earth-
quake, and that the arsenal and many other
buddings were precipitated into the harbonr;
the ruins bein'i Still visible at low water. It
is famous fiu- pottery,, and for stef;l and iron
manufactures.; it/s. f!Q,ft>„AV!;^y,b,:Algiei-s.
Lon. l4SE,J,a«,!ma6i».0! < ,i ■/;: ..;•.
Shrtlund, or Zetland, the general name of
abuiit40 ish»;nds,r.>any of them vi;ry small,
lyin« 100 m S;?<Eof Caithness, in Scotland,
between 59 5G and 61 15 n lat. The names
of the priiicipal are ?v]a:nland, Yell, Unst,
Bressay, and Fula. Of the 23 inhabited
ones the population was 22,915 in 1811.
SHI
The description given of M<niihnul,{ho larj;-
«6t, will give an idea ofllie dtlicrs ; and llie
purticuiars iit' tlie climate, iiilKil)itaiils,&:c.
are nuicli the same as in tlie Orloitys. Slict-
land united to Oiknev t'urnis into ot the
counties ot Scotland.
iS//i!'«5(/n^((,a townofllindoobtan, in the
Carnatie, Q3 n\ e1i\n Madura.
Jiliilnim, a city of Arabia, caintal oftlic
province oiHadramaut, and tlie residence of
• sheik. It is 300 m E.Sana. Lon. 49 40 r.,
lat. 15 25N.
Shields, Nori/i, a scaiwrt of Northu\nber-
iand, on the river Tyne, near its mouth, with
a market on Wechieiday. It has wide and
air)' streets ii\ every direction, and, with
South Shields on the opijosite side of the
river, may he deemed the port ot Newcas-
tle ; for "the Uujiest vessels are statioued
here to take in their lading;. It extends to
Tynemouth on tiie e, and many elegant de-
tached mansions are erected in the neij;,h-
bourhood The population was 7G99 in
181 1. It is r m ibyi^ Newcastle, and
276 N by wLondon. Lon.l 4w, lat. 54.58 x.
Shielch, South, a town in the countyof
Durham, on the river Tyne, opposite
North Shields, with which place it enjoys
all the odvauta<ies of trade and commerce
in common with Newcastle. It con-sists
principally of one narrow street, 2 m in
length, with an open square near the mid-
dle. Many tradmo; vessels arc built here,
and it has very cous^iderable s-alt works,
and several i;.l ass works. 1 he population
■was 9001 in 1811. Adjoining;, on the s, is
West^ieia township that contained 0164 in-
habitants in 1811. South Shields is IP m
' MNF. Durham, and 275 iv by w Loudon.
ShiJ'nal, a town in Shropshire, with a
market on Friday, 9 m ne Biidgenorth,
and, 143 ivwL(..ad(jn.
Skilelu^h, a viiiajie of Ireland, in Wick-
-low comity, 5 m sw Tmeluily. Here are
.the remains of. a forest, once the most
. celebrated. in Irelaiwl for its oak, which
■was exported to various parts, and is still
-shown 111 the roof of Vv'estminster-liall, and
of some ancient huiidings on the continei^t.
Shin, Loch, a lake ol Scotland, in the s
' part of Siuhcrlandshire, 15 m long and 2
broad. .Vt its se extremity issiies the
river Shin, which flows a rapi<i cousrse of
43 m, aud enters tJie head of the frith ,of
Dor.npch,j-! c,ii, ■,. .:,i,!i-jijit iiiir. aou;ii'.'-; fn
Shippenshff^g, .ajSow'jTi :0f , Pe;;ripf>yi5fpni{i^-
in Cuuiberlaiid county, on a branch of
Coocripmviniiet creek, \\hi(,h flows into, the
Suf^|i^!9l!iij 21-,^^ vvsw Carlisle.
.S4f/|.^((yV)«'''^;""'"Va (leuched pa.«t 0|fi
Worcester? L:i re, surrcjunded ijy WarwicU-
shicw, \viih ;s jnarket on Iriday; seated on
the^'^lptji^.j-J i,,fji7j>\5 ijfi^lfuryi,„{\ijd,,^ i^W,
Lon4»Jifj'.>uuj U93d eijd -^Tiaooa cu'lT .;»)
SIIR
Shiras, or Sliecraz, a city of Persia, ca-
pital of Tarsistan, seated at the end of a
spacious plain, bounded on all sides by
lofty mountains. It is 5 m in circuit,
surrounded by a wall, with six gates, and
round to\^ers at the distance of 80 paces.
Tiie houses are built of brick, but [)laster-
ed over so as to resemble walls oliiuid.
Here are many (me mosques and noble
edifices, good bazars and caravansaries,
and manufactures of swords, fire arms, fine
pottery, and glass-ware. This city was
the seat of government under the revered
Kerim Khan, who erected many of the fine
buildings in and near this place. In the
\icinitY are numerous sunimerhouses,
with gardens; and the rich wines of Shiras
are deemed the best in all Pei-.sia. The tomb
of the celebrated poet Ilafiz is in a large
garden on the ne side of the city, about 2
m from the wall ; and at the foot of the
mountains, in the same direction, is the
tomb of Sadi. Shiras is 190 m sbyE
Ispahan. Lon. 5'2 44 e, lat. 29 36 N.
Shofilts, Isles flj\ seven small islands on
the coast of New Hampshire. They lie
couveiiieutly for the cod fishery, v>hich
was f()rrnerly carried on here to great ad-
vantage.
Shogle, a town of Syria, with an ex-
cellent caravansary? seated on the Asi, 18
ni s by E Aiitioch, and 45 sw Aleppo.
Sholapoor, a town of Iliudoostau, in Be-
japoor, capital of a district. Il is 40 m N
Bejapoor. Lon. 75 40 e, lat. 17 43 N.
S/iuojiiskct, one of the Kurile inlands, 3
leagues s of Cape Lo[)atka,in Kamtschatka,
The inhabitants consist of a nii.xture of
natives and Kamtschadales. - See Kuriles.
Shuutcrs Hill, a village in Kent, 8 in ese
London, situate on a lofty hill, which was
formerly a place of resort for the exercise
of archery. From this emineiice is a very
extensive prospect, and the river Thames
makes a magnificent appearance. On the
w part of the hill is a triangular tower,
erected to commemorate the reduction, in
1756, ofSeverndidog, a strong iort in llin-
doobtan : it is called Severndruog Castle,
and contains .^omeof the arms, ornaments,
&c. taken from the enemy.
Shorehuni, a borough in Sussex, with a
market on Saturday, ft is commonly called
JVew Sliorehain, to dibtingmsh it from the
1 jOld, which lies near it, and is now of little
.iacc^,)unt. It stands on an arm of the sea,
into\\hich vessels can enter with tlie tide;
and -vessels of 700 tf)ns are built liere. It
, is 19 mwNw Nevvhaven, and 56iB .by w
.J^ondon. , ■ ■ \- ''•■' '''='^ V-''
Shrcicihurxfi a borough and* the^ capital
of Shropshire, governed by a mayor, with
.^ market on Wednesday, .Thursday, and
V^aturday. It is seated ,«»;'• a tajieniusfflls^
SHU
formed by the Severn, over wliicli are two
bridjics, and surrounded by a wall, in which
lire three gates. It contains tive cliurcbes,
and had t'oriueriy a castle and abbey, both
now in ruins. Tlie population was 18,343
in 1811. Here are 12 incorporated trad-
ino; companies, and some of them have neat
halls. It is the chiet" mart for a coarse
kind ot'woolleu cloth called Welsh webs,
and for other Welsh commodities, which
are generally bought in a rough state at
Welshpool, and finished here. It is also
famous for excellent brawn and delicate
cakes; and in the environs is a large manu-
facture of coarse linens. Here is a free-
school founded by Edward vi, and after-
%vard rebuilt and more largely e^idowed by
queen Elisabeth. In l'^83, Edward i held
a parliament here, when the lords sat in
the castle, imd the commons in a barn.
Another parliament was held here in 1S97,
by Ricluird II. Near this town, in 1403,
was fought the battle between Henry iv
and Henry Percy, nicknamed Hotspur, in
which the latter was defeated and slain.
Shrewsbury is 40 m sse Chester, and
153 Nw London. Lon. '2 41 w, lat. 32 43 N.
S/ire.zvsliujj/, a town of New Jersey, in
Monmouth county, with three edifices foi
public worship. It is a place of genteel
resort in the sunmier montlis, and seated
near the seacoast, 4 6 in sbyx Trenton.
Shropi>lure, a conniy of England, bound-
ed on the N by Cheshire, and a detached
part of Flintshire, t by Staffordshire, se
by Worcestershire, s by Herefoidshire, sw
by Radnorshire, and w by the counties of
Montgomery anil Denbigh. It is 30 m
long and 40 broad, containing 89r,920
acres ; is divided into 13 hundreds, and
216 parishes; has 17 market towns ; and
sends 12 members to parliamctit. '1 he
population was 194,298 in 1811. The
soil is generally fruitful, especially in the
)i and E parts, which produce plenty of
wheat and barley; but the s and w being
mountainous, are less fertile, yet yield
sufficient pasture for sheep and cattle.
This county abounds with lead, copper,
iron, limestone, freestone, pipe-clay, bitu-
men, and coal. The principal rivers are
the Severn and the Teme. The capital is
Shrewsbury.
Skujawlpoor, a town of Hindoostan, in
Maiwah, witli a trade in opiuni and striped
muslins; situate loil*: the Jiainnery, &$ ta
ENE Oojaiii. ' ■' ■•■■i (10 ')'.''c; ■ -f ; J-':i"'!
Shutnla, a strong city of EurrtpeaiiTui--
key, in Bulgaria. It contains above 16,000
houses, and has a good interiijr trade. It
is situate in a fertile plain, between two
mouiiTains, 200 m Mew (JuufctailtiilQule^.
loft. aO 40 K, lat. 43 a^i^Sfi'iba // n j is^iau
SUaster; see Tvslerpi s^' *r '1 .';. ^bi
SIA
Sliuhvc Babic,(i city of Persia, iti Ker-
man, formerly very handsome, but now
much decayed. The avenu(;s to the town
are planted with numerous kinds of fruit-
trees, whose produce is incredible. It i*
96inEbyN Shiras, and 100 wbyi* Ker-
man.
S/iutesbu?y, a town of Massachusets,
in Hampshire county, on the e side of
the Connecticut, 16 in nne Northamp-
ton.
Suim, a kingdom of" Asia, bounded on
the N by Birmah, e by Lao and Candiodia^
s by the gulf of Mam and Malacca, and w
by the bay of Bengal and Pegu. It is 630
m long, and from 30 to 230 broad, and is
divided into the Upper and Lower. The
principal river is the Menan, which flows
s through its whole length into the gulf of
Siam. It is a flat country, and in the rainy
season "is overflowed by the river; for
which reason most of the houses are built
of bamboos upon posts, and ha\ e no com-
munication tor some months but by boats.
There are mines of gold, silver, iron, lead,
tin, and copper; and plenty of pepper, rice,
cntton, aloes, benjamin, and musk. The
tame cattle are beeves, butValos, and hogs ;
the woods abound wiih eleplumts, rhino-
ceroses, leopards, and tigers; beside which
there arc crocodiles and large serpents.
The Siamese, both men and women, go
ahnost naked, having only a piece of calico
or silk girded round their waists; but the
better sort wear rich garments. They are
small, but well shaped, have large fore-
heads, little noses, handsome mouths,
plump lips, andblack sparkling eyes. The
men are of an olive colour, with little
beard: but the vvomeii are of a straw
complexion, and some have their cheeks
a little red. They are respectful to the
aged ; begging is dishonorable, and theft
infamous ; adultery is very rare. Their
f lod Consists chiefly of rice and fish ; and
the furniture of their houses is as simple as
their drer>S and diet. Though an indolent
people, they are ingenious, and e.\cel in
the fabrication of gold, in fireworks, and
in miniature painting. The king shows
himself but once a yeai' to the common
people. He is proprietor of all the laud*
in the 'Country, and keeps a numerous
army, f'lnong winch are 3000 elephants.
'The religion and language of the Siamese
resembles thatOf the JBifmahs. Their
■temples and jviiests are very numerous;
the latter art distiiigtiisli'ed from the laity
by an orange-coloured garhient, and they
keep thieir iieads, beards, and eyebrows
close fehaved. 1 hey have schools for the
education of their children, and there ig
' scared any ariiong them but can read and
"'write. This country has beeu much op-
SIB
pressed by the Birinaus; and in 1703 tlie
king of Siam entered into a treaty of peace,
hy wliicli lie ceded tlie maritime towns on
the bay of Uen<ial, to tlie kinu of liirnvah.
Stain, or Julltiu, a city, capital of the
above kingdom. It contains a great num-
ber of temples, convents, chapels, colnmns,
and other decoration^. Tlie king's palace,
and some others, only exceed the common
Iiabitations by occupying a more extensive
space being better constructed, and of a
greater height, but never exceed one lloor.
"The port of Siani is Baiicok, and the chief
place of trade. In 17t)(3, this city was
taken by the Birmans after a long blockade.
It is situate on an island in tiie river
Menan, 50 m n of its mouth in the f!u!f of
Siam, and 360 se Pegu. Lon. 100 oO i:,
iat. 14 18 N.
Siuiig-yaug, a city of China, of the first
class, in Iloutiunng, on the river Han, 5C0
m ssw Peking. Lon. Ill 40 e, hu. S'.i
5 N.
Siarti ; see Seara.
Siciskoi, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Petersburg, near the lake Ladoga,
24 m KE New Ladoga. Lon. GO 47 e,
Iat. 60 16 N.
Siberia, a country of Asia, comprehend-
ing the principal Asiatic part of ttie Rus-
sian empire. ■ It is bounded on the n by
the Frozen ocean, e uy ttie Pacific ocean,
S by Great Tartavy, and w by European
llusfeia. It extends 3300 m from e to w,
and 1200 from n to s, containing the half
of Asia. 'Ihespart is fertile, producing
all the necessaries of life; but the n and e
parts are extremely cold and thin of people,
presenting vast marshy plains, covered
with almost perpetual snow, and pervaded
by enormous rivers, which, nnder masses
of ice, pursue their course to the Arctic
ocean. There are also immense plains,
called stepps ; some similar to the sandy
deserts of Africa, others sprmkled with
salt lakes amid extensive forests, and others
well watered, with open part, between
forests, generally adapted for jnisture
and tillage. The forests consist of birch,
alder, lime, &c. and rtiilions of noble trees
-of the pine kind. Tlie Siberian phim
and crab, the mountain ash, Tartarian
luulberry and honeysuckle, and Daourian
rose, form thi<'kets of extensive be luty ;
under shelter of which arise mulfcirudes of
plants, particularly the yellow sarine h!y
and the sii-iricuni; tiie roots of the former
are a favorite food with the Tartarian
■bribes, and from the dried stalks of the
Other, the natives procure a saccavine
(pfBoi'escence, from which they Biake a
coarse ardent spirit. The principal riches
of Siberia, consist in tine sk;ns aud turs,
ot:d mines of gold, silver, iron, lead, and
SIC
copper. Several kinds of precious stones
are found here, particularly topa/es of s
very fine lustre; it also all'ords magnets of
an extraordinary size, and even whole:
mountains of loadstone. Coal is dug up
in the n parts, anfl a yellowish kind ol
alum is found in several mountains. The
inhabitants are of threes soits ; the natives
of the country, Tartars, and Russians.
The Siberians dwell in forests in the win^
ter, and in the summer on the banks of
rivers. Their garments are the skins of
wild beasts, and their riches consist \n
bows, arrows, a knife, and a kettle. They
all live in wretched huts, whicli thoy re-
move from place to place ; and make use
of reindeer and dogs to draw their sledges.
Those in the southern parts are not mucli
more polite; but they have horses with
wliich they go a hunting, and their houses,
though poor, are not shifted from |)lace to
place Of this class of people, some have
no other religion than that of nature ;
others are pagans and Mohaiiiedans ; and
some of them have been converted to
Christianity by the Russian missionaries.
The Tartars who live in this country ar*
the most civilized of any foreign nation iit
Siberia ; and those Tartars who are Mo-
hamedansare still more so than the pagai*
Tartars, of whom there are many hordes
or tribes. The Russians settled here are
much the same as in their native country.
Siberia is the place to v\hich criminals, as
well as persons under the displeasure of
the court, are commonly banished trocu
Russia. Through this vast tract the Russian
caravans travel every year with their mer-
chandise to Ciiina. The principal rivers are
the Oby, Lena, Irtysh, and Yeuesei ; and
there are numerous lakes of fresh water,
and some of a saline nature. Siberia was
reduced under the dominion of Russia
ab(jut the close of the 16th. century : the
w part is comprised in the governments of
Tobolsk, Ufa, and Koiyvan ; the v. part is
in the government of Irkutsk.
Sicai, a town of New .Spain, on the n
coast of Jucatan, 70 in KW iVIerida. Lon.
90 SO w, hit. b3 GO N.
Sic/ietii, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, to the s of wliich is a celebrated
inonaslery. It isseated on the Dealer^ 18
m E Mechlin^ ■ ;:';,■
Slchi/i see Scicli. ^. , :■■:<• ■':'■ m •
SuHy, an island in ihe Mediterranean,
separated f!< ni Calabria, in Italy, by la
narrow channel, called .the Strait of Mes-
sina. This strait is only u.niile broad at
Cape Faro, on which -is 'a lighthouse, or
Pharos, ^whence its .moder»i name, and
whence also ttic strait is frequently called
the Faro di .Messina. The ishnui is of a
U-iaiigv.iar form, ternjsnating in three capes ;
SID
tUat to the ke is called Capo Faro, that to
the SE Capo Passeio, and that to the w
Capo Boeo. It is 150 in Ion?, and from
30 to 110 broad ; has the title of a king-
dom ; and is divided into three provinces
called Val di Mazara, Val di Noto, and
Val di Deniona. The two kinjidonis of
Naples and Sicily are under the same cli-
tnate, and under the same government.
The productions of the two countries are
nearly the same ; but Sicily abounds much
more in corn, particularly in the valleys of
Noto and Mazara. The valley of Demona
has more forests and fruit trees than the
two others. It is famous for horses and
mules ; and the cattle are all red, strong,
and compart, with large horns. There
■Ave snakes of a great size in the forests ;
asps and scorpions, whose venom is very
active ; and harmless lizards of a beautiful
•reen colour. In this island the ancient
practice of treading out the corn from the
ear is in use ; anrl here is the celebrated
volcano called Etna. The numbers of the
alergy, which exceed 80,000, and the mul-
titude of the nobility, to whom belonged
rhe criminal jurisdiction over their sub-
jects, and other oppressive rights, were
«auses of the poverty and misery of the
aatives of this country. But in 1812, this
ill-governed kingdom, by means of the
British, who had for some time aided it
with a naval aud military force, accpiired
a form of government on the plan vf the
British constitution; that the inhabitants
are now relieved from many oppressions,
;md have obtained an impulse to industry
and wealth. '1 ho capital is Palermo. See
i\(iples.
Hiclas, a town of Ilimgary, with a castle
iin a mountain, in which emperor Sigis-
mund was imprisoned. It is 17 m s
l''unfkirchen.
Sicques ; see Sciks.
Sidaye, a stror.g town on the n coast rif
.Tava, with a iiarbour. Lon. 113 15 e,
lat. G 40 s.
Siderocapsd, a town of ; European Tur-
key, in Macedonia, famous' for a gold
mine in its neighbourhood. It is 5 m
from the gidf of Contessa, and 40 ese
S.doniehi. -• '-i' -'' " '" " ■ ' •'
6Wwof.//(,'a town' %! -Devonshire, with a
market on Saturday. It is much frequent-
ed in the bathing season, and had formerly
-a good harbour, 'which is now choked up.
^t is seated on the English channc!, at the
tHGUth of tlie-Sifteji l5--ni,lSEi ijKeterj and
358 whys Loiidfiiii' -^i i;!:!!-: <ii! i
Siilvii ; see S.ridff.j '^ ■■ " j: 1 fi i. )
Sidrayii spacious gulf of tha Medherl-d-
tiean sea, oii the coast of Tripoli, anciently
caHed Svrtis. It forms it semiciicuUr lina
•f low coast; 400 in in iength, between iMe-
SIE
surata and Bengasi. Its shores are occu-
pied by Arabs, who are scattered abjut in
bodies of '200 or 300 each.
Siedenberg, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of lloya, 9 m sw Hoya.
Sie'i;berg, a town of Westphalia, in the
duchy of iSerg, on the river Sieg, 15 m SB
Cologne.
Siegen, a town and castle of Germany,
in W'estcrwald, capital of a principality.
In the neighbourhood are iron-mines,
forges, and founderies. It is seated on tha
Sieg, 24 m nw Wetzlar. Lon. 8 0 e, lat.
50 47 N.
Siena, a city of Tuscany, capital of
Sieiiese, and an archbishop's see, with a
university and a citadel. It is about 4 m
in circuit, and surrounded by a wall, but
is not verv populous. It is adorned with
a great number of palaces, fountains, and
superb churches. The Gothic metro-
politan church is built with black and
white marble, and the pavement is of rich
Mosaic work. The great area is round,
and the houses about it are of equal height,
supported by piazzas, under which peopla
may walk. The Italian language is spo-
ken here with the greatest purity. It is
seated on three eminence*, 20 m s Flo-
rence, and 120 nnw Home. Lon. 11 11 E,
lat. 43 24 N.
Sicnese, a province of Tuscany, 55 m
long and nearly as much broad, lying s
of Florentino, on the Mediterranean. The
soil is pretty fertile, especially in mulberry
trees, which feed a great number of silk-
worms, and there are several mineral
springs. Siena is the capital.
Sicnnui, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Mohilef, GO m knw Mohllef. Lon.
29 45 E, lat. 54 30 N.
Sierk, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of .Moselle, near the river Moselle,
10 m NNEThionville.
Sierra Leone, a country in the w part of
Guinea, so named from being mountainous
and the mountains supposed to abound in
lions; but it is now certain that these
animals do not exist in this country. ■ Its
limits are from the Grain coast on the sE,
to Cape Veraa on the nw ; that is, between
7 and 10 K ^lat. In the open and plain
parts, on the banks of a river of the same
name, the heat of tlie sun, before any breeze
arises, is almost intolerable; but as a re-
freshing gule constantly springs up about
noon, it renders the country supportable.
The wet season, from May to October, is
ushered in and terminated by stormy wea-
ther. The cultivated parts are rich in nce^
and millet, which is the chief sustenance of
the ii, habitants ; and, upon the whole, it is
one of the best cimntries on the coast.
The Ncgros are in sienera of mild external
SIG
jnaiiners, and noted fur tlieir liospitality ;
but they pdssess a 2;reat sliar*' ot" pride,
and are easily aftccted by an iiisnlt. Ot'
«U the trilie>i, those who have embraced
llohainedanisni are t!io most rivili/ed and
respectable; and those on ilic coast, from
their interconrse with the Euiopean slave-
factors, are much interior in every thin<:,
except tlie art nt' nnikinjj; a bari^ain, to
tJiose who reside in the interior.
Sierra Leone, a river otthe above conn-
try, called by the natives iMitomba. Its
.source is nncerlain, but its mouth, at Free-
town, is 9 m wide. The N banks are low,
^and covered with impenetrable torests;
but the opposite (Mies present the romantic
scenery ofloity hills. A considerable dis-
tance irom the sea it is crcvssed by a <j;raml
T«ataract. In 1791, tlie S'erra Leone Com-
SIL
Sigueuzit, a city of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, and a bishop's see, witli a university,
and a castle, in which is an arsenal. ']"he
university consists of several colleges; but
the most considerable structure is the ca-
thedral. It is seated on a hill, at the toot,
of iMount Atienc:*., 05 m :si; iMadrid. Lon.
•2 51 w, lat. 40 58 K.
SUnm ; see Sirr.
SHiokf; see Xicoco.
Silbtrierp, a stronp; town of Silesia, en-
closed in the principality of Munsterberg,
but belonj^iiig to that of Briej;. It lias a
mine whicli yields lead ore mixed with
silver, and is 11 m nkf. Glatz.
Silc/ieste?; a village in Hampshire, 6 m
N iJasinii^sLoke. It was once a city, and
is said to have been the place where Artliur
was crowned. There are larsie remains ot
pany was incorporated, for the purpose of its walls and ditches, enclosin<; an area of
.cultivating W India and other tropical
■productions on the s banks of this ruer.
The first settlers were 200 white persons,
and a number of free blacks from ISova
Scotia. In 1793, tlie colonists were put
into possession of small lots of land, and a
town was begun to be built. The next
year a French squadron destroyed the set-
tlement, and captured several of the com-
pany's ships : from tliis disaster they re-
covered; and a iiictory was established in
1795. The colony, howevei', still con-
tinued to languish, and in 1808, it was
transferred from the company to his ma-
jesty. Beside the colony ol Freetown, the
. British have an establishuient on the isle
of Bance, 15 m higher in the river ; and
on the isle of I'assa, bel<,w Bailee, is a
.considerable cotton plantation.
Sierra Moremi, mountains of Spain,
which divide Andalusia fnnn Estrema-
. dura and Is'ew Castile. 1 hey are render-
ed famous by tlie wars of the t hristians
and Moliamedans, and lor being the scene
fvhere Cervantes lias placed the most en-
tertaining adventures of his hero Don
Quixote.
Siget ; see Ziget.
Siglio, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Grisor.s. It stands on the n
side of a narrow lake of the same name,
8 m in length, whose ouilet, at the e end,
is the river Iim. It is '20 m sse Coire.
Sigilnessa ; see Sugulmessa.
Sigwariiigen, a tovyn and castle of
Suabia, which gives iianie to a branch
.of the house of HohenzoUern. It is
.seated on the Danube, ly m EbU Ilohen-
,^llern .
Signau, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, 12 in se Bern.
Sigtuna, a town of Sweden, in Upland,
.seated on the lake Matlcr, 15 ni s Upsal,
and 17 ^^'v/ Stockholm.
80 acres; and two military roads extend
from the s gate, one to Winchester, and
the other to Uld Sarum.
Silesia, a duchy of Germany, 200 ra
long, and 170 broad; bounded cm the K
by Brandenburg, e by Poland, s by Huii-
g<;ry and Moravia, and w by Moravia^
JBohemia, and Lusatia. Tlie jirincipal
rivers are the Oder, Doher, Neissc, Queis,
and Oppa. A long chain of nioniiiains
bound Silesia on tiie w; ami the highest
mountain, called Zotenberg, is in the prin-
cipality (,'fSchweldnitz. There are mines
ot coaf, lead, copper, and ii ;;n, and quar-
ries of various stones, beside witimony,
saltpetre, sulphur, alum, vitriol, quick-
5*i!ver, agate, ja?per, and even some gems-
The principal manufacture is linen cloth;
and there are also some woollen nianutac-
tuies, potteries, iron foundeiies, and glass-
houses. In this country are a great num-
ber of cattle, large studs of horses, aiui
plenty of game in the woods ; also a lew
lynxes, bears, foxes, otters, and beavers.
There are many lakes, full of good tishes ;
also plenty of bees, which produce mucb
honey and wax. It ailbrds wheat, maize,
barley, oats, and millet, a.id in some places
saiVroii is cultivated ; but its wine is bad,
and chiefly turned into vinegar. Ihis
country is divided into Upper and Lower
Silesia, and the county of 67uii. In Up-
per Silesia, which is the s part, the inha-
bitants are generally Roman catholics,
speaking the Polish language: in the
Lower they are almost all protest ants, and
speak their mother tongue. Silesia vvas
ceded to Prussia in 1742, by the treaty of
Breslau, except a small part of Upper
Silesia, which belongs to Austria. I»
. 1807, it was overrun by the French, but
restored at the peace of Tilsit. In 1813,
it was entered by the French, who were
completely defeated by the Prussians, be-
SIN
cotton cloth; situate on the Toom, 34
m ESE Beriiiore.
Simon, St. an island of the United States^
on the coast of" Georaia, 14 ni lc;ns; and 4
broad, and included in Glyn county. At
the ^'W end, opposite the mouth of th»
Ahitamaha, is a ie£;nlar fortress, and som«
islets that aie also fortified. Fredrica is
the chief town.
Sii>iu)it/iurn, or Simonlornya, a town of
Ilunsrarv, with a strong castle, tnkeii from
the Turks in 1(386. It is seated on thfr
Sarvita, S2 m ssw Buda. Lon. 18 52 E,
hit. 46 45 K.
Si/nplon, a mountain on the borders of
Italy and Switzerland. See Scmpiune.
Sinai, a mountain of Arabia Petrea, in
the peninsula formed by the two arms of
the Ked sea. Here God delivered the
law to Mwses, /or which reason the Moha-
medans hold it in great veneration; and
here the Christians have a monastery,
surrounded by a hiiih wall, and those that
go in and out are drawn up and let down
in baskets. Lon. 34 15 e, lat. 29 2 n.
Sincapoor, an island at the s extremity
of the Malaya peninsula, from which it is
separated by a narrow channel. To the
s of it is a narrow sea, f(jrmed by numerous
little woody islands, called the Strait of
Sincapoor. On the island is a tuwn of
the same name. Lon. 103 15 e, hit. 1
10 X.
Siiide; see Indus,
Siiidelfitigai, a town of AVirtembei«, 1|^
lu ssw Stutgard. "t^
Sincli/, a pro vmce of Hindoostan, bounded
on the N by Ballogistan, Atghanistan, and
Moo! tan, t by the Sandy desert, s by
Cutch Bouje and the sea, and w by the
sea and Ballogistan. It extends along the
course of the Indus, from its mouth to the
frontiers ot Mooltan 300 m ; and its
breadth in the vvidest part is 160. In soil
and climate, and the general appearance of
the surface, it resembles Egypt; the coun-
try being an extended valley, confined on
one side by a ridge of mooiitains, and on
the other by a desert; and the Indus,
equal iit least to the iNilcj winding througVt
tliis level valley, and enriching it by iti
aiwiual inundations. During great part of
the sw monsoon, or at least in July, Au-
gust, and part of Septen^bet (the l-ainy
Siit/i, the ancient . Siyrje^, an ielaA^A.JR seasoiviii most other parts of India) the
^he .Ueditcrranean, betweea the island of atmosphere is here generally cJoaded; biit
JlUodcs aivd the coiitineiit, in a bay of its no vain falls, except hear the'eea. '('Iwing
tuiuie,, 12 ni (^vvHho^feS,, .Lyn., ^?l;3{Jua, to this, and theiieigbbow^hosrioftlie'snfidjr
iat. 3<j ^5 if^ji;i Ib.i;!-. J. :u-;)/.^ jini>')'/3 desert?, on the e and on the nw, tl.'e h«tt«.
; Sii7i/im:nj n tovvn.off, p^tnPU.Vj^iJft-itte ^aii*l wiudsfrom- those qirarfcr^ sM'fe'&a'^er-
j|>;pjiiititjf\t.Q |oi' .the lihjine,, seutedi o^JTOtJie nicious, that thb lHaipes-ar0th»*h "venHfated
,^|»^ipH':^rp5 2Gjnp Coblentis;, ;. i : !;)-,,':>9i by apertures on the tbp.fyjSfc'mblinlrJ'he'fun-
^~,iiS'-»n'Uo, a towiii :uid; foijt nlj JLIindci^M-an, ,nek dr9n!all,c!iltnMey{.(4in<:l-theuindowske^t
.iinMj>s^^^^,v\jt^jii inaHufacti,re.oLci)ar.»e closely shut. Few:'i(Si«n?i-i-oa jvie-uiureetti'
SIM
tween the rivers Katzbacli and Neisse, in
which immense nuiiibers were drowned.
Breslau is the Prussian, and Troppau tlie
Austrian capital.
Siliiet,a town of Hindoostan, capital of
a district at the e extremity of Bengal,
which produces abundance oflime, oranges,
and rice. It is situate on the Soorma, one
of the sources of the Megna, 120 m ke
Dacca. Lf>n. 91 40 e, lat. 24 55 N.
Siljan, a town of Sweden, in Dalecarlia,
situate on a lake to which it gives name,
28 m ^^v Fahlun.
Silisti'iu, or Distra, a town of European
Turkey, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's
see, with a citadel, in IBlO and 1811 it
was taken by the Russians. It is seated
on the Danube, at the intiux of the Mis-
sovo, 155 m NNE Adrianople. Lon. 27 6
e, lat. 44 15 N.
Silkeburg, a town of Denmark, in N
Jutland, with a castle, formerly of great
streniith, 18 m w Arhusen.
iSJ//«, a town of Nigritia, in Bambarra,
on the right bank of the ^Jiger, 78 m i^e
Sego.
Sillubar, or Celiihur, a seaport on the
w coast of Sumatra, with a good and safe
harbour, 30 ni sse Bencoolen. Lon. 102
10 E, lat. 4 0 s
Sille te Guillaume, a town of France,
in the department of Sarte, 19 in kw
Mans.
Sillee, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal,
seated on the Karow, near its junction
with the Suhunreeka, 173 ni wnw Cal-
cutta. Lon. 85 55 E, lat. 23 20 x.
Silveruiines, a village of Ireland, in
Tipperary cmnty, G m s Nenagh. Here
are rich lead mines, in which some virgin
silver has been found
Silves, a town of Portugal, in Algarve,
on a river of the same name, 35 iv. wkw
Tavii-a.
Simancas, a town of Spain, in Leon,
with a stror.g castle, in which Philip ii
ordered the archives of the kingdum. ty be
iept. It is situate on the Duuro, 8;ili;^w
\alladoiid, and 00 ne Salamanca. -' ■■',■.
Siiiibink, a government of Russia, for-
iuerly a province of the kingdom of Ivasan.
The capital, of the same name, is seated
on the Volga, 100 m sbywKasau. Lon.
43 34 i:, lat. 54 2i: Nil,.. ::,-,., , i; -:ii);j,i.
SIN
wholesome to European constitutions, par-
ticularlv the lower part called (lie Delta.
The inland parts of Sindy pniiliiee salt-
petre, sal ainnioniac, borax, he/.oar, lapis
lazuli, and raw silk. Here are nianiilac-
tures of cottini and silk of various kinds;
and also of fnie cabinets, inlaid with ivory
and fuulv lackered, (ireat quantities ot
rice, wheat, i^hee, hides, and shark fins
are exported. Here are large beeves, fine
sheep, and small haidy horses. The wild
game are doer, hares, antelopes, and toxes,
which are luinted withdogs; also leopards,
and a small fierce creature called a shiali-
gush. The internal -^overimicnt of this
province is a military despotism ; the head
of which has the title of liakem, or ruler ;
and it is probably unequalled in the world
for extortion, ignorance, and tyranny.
The inhabitants are principally Mohame-
dans, but there are a considerable number
of Il'indoos, who enjoy the confidence of
the prince, and are chiefly employed in
commerce, llydrabad is the capital.
Sines, a town of Portugal, in Alenlejo,
on a cape to which it gives name, 70 m
sw Evora. Lon. 8 46 w, lat. 37 58 n.
Snip, a strong town of Dalinatia, built
by the Turks in opposition to Ciissa. It
was taken by the Venetians in 1(387. It
is 8 m N Ciissa and 14 Spalatro.
Sin-gan, a city of China, capital of
Chen-si, and the largest and most beauti-
ful in the empire next to Peking. In its
territories (which contain six cities of the
second, and 31 of the third class) bats of
a singular species are found ; they are as
large ^as domestic fowls, and the Chinese
prefer their flesh to that of chicken. The
walls of this city are 1'2 m in circuit, nearly
a square, and surrounded by a deep ditch;
they are fortified with towers, and some of
the" gates are lofty and magnificent. It has
a gr'eat trade, especially in mules, which
are sent to Peking, llere are a great
number of mandarins, who are mostly
Tartars; and a strong garrison of Tartars in
a separate quarter of the city, from which
it is parted by a strong wall. It is 540
m sw Peking" Lon. 108 44 £, lat. 34
Si?igloow, a town ot Hindoostan, in
Orissa, capital of a district bordering on
Bahar and Bengal. It is 98 m wbyN
Midnapoor. Lon. 88 55 e, lat. 22 87 n.
Sjn"/ie«,atown of Hindoostan, in Bahar,
near which is the site of an ancient city,
where stands a remarkable pillar. It is
situate on the Ganduck, 12 m sbyw
Hajyuoor. . .
S'lngilief, a town of Russia, m ttie go-
Yernment of Simbirsk, situate on the Volga,
54 m s Simbirsk.
Singo, a town of European 1 urkey, m
SIO
Macedonia, on the gulf of Monte SanJo.
Lon. 24 0 K, lat. 40 13 x.
Siiigumiierc, a town of Hindoostan, in
Aurungabad, capital of a hilly but fertile
district. It is situate in the point formed
by the union of two rivulets, 97 m nnk
Poonah. Lon. 74 40 e, lat. 19 4(3 n.
Singor, a town in the Malaya peniii-
sula, at the mouth of a small river, in tli«
bay of Patani, 35 m f. Patani.
Siiiigaglia, a seaport of Italy, in the
duchy of U rhino, and a bishop's see, with
a castle and two harbours. It has a mo-
dern cathedral, several fine churches and
convents, and a mint. An annual fair is
held here from the middle to t!ie end of
July, frequented by merclumts from distant
parts. It stands at the moutli of the Misa,
in the gulf of Venice, 17 m sl Pesaro.
Lon. 13' 15 E, lat. 43 43 n.
Si-ning, a city of China, of the second
rank, in the western extremity of Chen-si.
It has a considerable trade with the Tibe-
tians, particularly in tea, and is 450 m
wKvv Sin-gan. Lon. 101 35 e, lat. 36
45 K.
Sinoub, or Siiiope, a seaport of Asiatic
Turkey, in Natolia, surrounded by walls
and defended by a castle. The inhabitants
are Turks, who" will not admit any Jews,
and the Greeks are obliged to live in the
suburbs. It is the birthplace of Diogenes,
the cynic philosopher, and stands on tha
isthmus of a peninsula, in the Black sea,
280 m E Constantinople. Lon, 35 5 z,
lat. 42 0 k.
Siidz/ieim, a town of Germany, in th«
palatinate of the Rhine, seated in a morass,
12 m ssE Pleidelberg,
Sion, a mountain of Syria, on the s side
of Jerusalem, of great celebrity in sacred
history.
Sion, a town of Hindoostan, at the K
end of the island of Bombay, with a small
fort on a conical hill, at the foot of which
commences the causeway that connects
this island with that of Salsette. It ii.
9 m N of the city of Bombay.
Sion, or Sitten, a town of Switzerland,
capital of Valais, and an episcopal see.
It stands on the river Sitten, near the
Rhone, at the foot of three insulated rocks,
which rise immediately from the plain.
On the highest, called Tourbillon, is th«
old episcopal palace ; on the second, de-
nominated Valeria, are the remains of th«
cathedral, and a few houses belonging to
the canons ; on Majoria, the third rock,
stands the present episcopal palace. Sion
was formerly the capital of the Seduni,
and some Roman inscriptions still remain.
It is 50 m E Geneva. Lon. 7 22 e, lat.
46 9 N.
Siuut, or Osiot, the present capital of
SIR
Upper Etrypt, and the see of a Cophtic bi-
shop. Here are several mosques, the ruiiis^
of an amphitheatre, and some sepulchres of
the Romans. It is the rendezvous of those
•who go in the cara\ ans to Sennar and Dar-
four ; and is surrounded by fnie jzardens,
and palm-trees that bear the best dates in
Eaypt. It stands on an artificial mount,
near the left bank of the Nile, 70 m n by w
Girgeh, the late capital, and 185 s Cairo.
Lon. 31 24 E, lat. '27 '25 n.
Siphanto, the ancient Siphnos, one of
the best cultivated islands of the Archipe-
la£;o, to the w of Pares. It is 36 m in
circuit, and though covered with marble
and granite, produces corn sufficient for
the inhabitants ; also some excellent silk.
The chief articles of commerce are calicos,
straw hats, figs, onions, honey, wax, oil,
and capers. Lon. 25 15 e, lat. 37 9 x.
Sir Charles liardi/ Island, an island in
the Pacific ocean, discovered by captain
Carteret in 1767. It is low, level, and
covered with wood. Lon. 154 20 E, lat.
4 41 s.
Sir Charles Saunders Inland, an island
in the Pacific ocean, discovered by cap-
tain Wallis in 1767. The natives appear-
ed to live in a wretched manner, it is
about 6 m from e to \v. Lon. 151 4 w,
lat. 17 23 s.
Sira ; see Sera.
Siradiu, a town of Poland, capital of a
palatinate, with a strong castle. It is sur-
rounded by a wall, and seated in a plain,
on the river Warta, 62 m ne Ereslau, and
105 NW Cracow. Lon. 18 55 e, lat. 51
32 N.
Siruf, a town of Persia, in Laristan,
situate on the Persian gulf, 30 m sw Lar.
Lon. 52 25 e, lat. 35 20 x.
Siravun, a town of Persia, in Kusistan,
48 m kxe Suster. Lon. 51 5 e, iat. 31
50 N.
Sire, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre,
famous for a manufecture of coarse cotton
cloths. It is 50 m whys Axum, and 110
J.NE Gondar.
Sirgan; see Kerman.
Sirgoojah, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gundvvaiia, capital of a district, which is
intersected by the Hutsno. It is 97 m ne
Ruttuiipoor. Lon. 83 50 e, lat. 23 5 n.
Sirhind,a. town of Hindoostan, in Delhi,
capital of a large district, which contains
several extensive plains, renowned as the
scene of great battles, both in ancient and
modern times. It was formerly a famous
city, and now exhibits a mass of extensive
ruins. In the vicinity are numerous mango
groves, and some excellent tanks of water.
It is 146 m" SE Lahore, and 152 xnw
Delhi. Lon. 75 55 e, lat. 30 40 x.
Sirian, a seaport of Pegu, frequented by
SIT
the French, British, and Dutch. It is seated
on Pegu river, 30 m from its mouth, and
80 s Pegu. Lon. 96 12 e, lat. 16 32 N.
Siriits, an island in the Pacific ocean, 18
m in circuit, discovered by lieut. Ball, in
1790. Lon. 162 30 e, lat. 10 52 s.
Sirinich, or Sirmium, a town of Sclavo-
nia, and a bishop's sec ; seated on tha
Bosweth, near the Save, 42 m se Essek.
Lon. 20 19 e, lat. 45 13 N.
Sirr, or Sihon, a river of Independent
Tartary, which issues from the mountains
of Imaus, or Belur, on the confines of
Casligiir, and taking a NW course of 550 m,
enters ttse xe part of the lake Aral. It
formerly tlowed to the Caspian sea, but
the Tartars, to free themselves from pirates,
turned its course.
Sisal, a small port of New Spain, inr
Jucatan, on the gulf of Mexico, opposite
a sand bank, nearly 12 leagues in length.
It is 40 m xxw Merida, of which it is the
port. Lon. 89 58 w, lat. 21 10 x.
Sihizun, a seaport on the e coast of Lu-
couia, one of the Philippine islands. It is
situate almost opposite Manilla, and in
the vicinity of very high mountains, which
render the air extremely moist. Lon. 123
45 e, lat. 14 SO x.
Sissac, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Basel, 17 in se Basel.
Sissek, or Siszeg, a strong town of Croa-
tia, situate on the .Save, at the influx of
the Kulpa, 32 m se Agram. Lon. 16
34 E, lat. 45 28 x.
Sissopoli, a town of European Turkey,
in Romania, and an archbishop's see; seat-
ed on a peninsula of the Black sea, 25 m
s Mesembria, and 97 x\v Constantinople.
Lon. 28 9 E, lat. 42 30 x.
Sisteron, a town, and late episcopal see,,
of France, in the department of Lower
Alps, with a citadel on the top of a rock,
which was the prison of Casimir v, king
of Poland. It is seated on the Durance,
45 m NE Aix, and 407 se Paris. Lon. 5
56 E, lat. 44 12 x.
Siston, a village in Gloucestershire, 7 m
E Bristol, on a rivulet that rises here, and
runs into the Avon. It has manufactures
of brass and saltpetre.
Sistova, a town of European Turkey, in
Bulgaria, where a peace was concluded
between the Austrians and Turks, in 1791.
It is seated on tlie Danube, 25 m e Nica-
poli.
Sitia, a town on tlie x coast of the isle
of Candia, on a bay of the same name, 58
ra ESE Candia. Lon. 26 29 e, lat. 35 0 x.
Sittnrd, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Juliers, seated near tha Meuse,
10 m s iluremonde.
Sittingbourn, a corporate town in Kent,
15 m wxw Canterbury, and 40 ese London.
SKE
Sittiracca, a town of Ceylon, on a
braiicli oitlic JMuUivadily, wliicli separates
it froai the Candy country. It is tlie cWwi'
f)lace of intercourse, both iViendiy and
lostile, between tlio Canjlians and the l}ri-
tibli ; and on the oppobitf ^ido of tiie river
is the ("andiau villa<;i,' of (iolobuiiiviUi. it
is 27 m r. Coloiubo.
Sivua, a city ctf Asiatic Tiukey, in Ronm,
the ciipital oMi saiiiihicatc, and the see of
•A bisluip, with a ca»t!c. Near tlie town
is a celebrated Arniinian nionabtery. It
stands on the north branch of the Ki/il
Irniak, 55 ni se Tocat, 2'M ene Counl.
Lon. 3(3 45 K, lat. 39 8 N.
Sivrcii/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vienne, seated on the Cha-
rente, yiSni s Poitiers.
Suiu/iy a country of AlVica, on the con-
fines of i^gypt and Barca. It is mentioned
by the ai\ciciits under tlie name of the
Oasis of Amnion. The fertile part con-
tains several villages, beside the capitaL
It artords abundance of vegetable produc-
tions, with corn and oil ; and is well sup-
plied with water from small streams, but
none of them flow beyond its territory;
they beiui^ either evaporated, before they
reach the surrounding desert, or lost in
the sterile sand. The capital, of the same
name, contains the ruins of the celebrated
temple of Jupiter Ammon; and in the
neighbourhood are many catacombs, which
■were the burying places of the ancient in-
habitants. It is '220 m E Augila, anrl 280
whys Cairo. Lou. 27 10 z, hit. 29 12 .n.
Sk<i7a, a town of Sweden, in W Goth-
land, and a bishop's see. Here is a gym-
nasium, or seminary, erected in 10-JO; and
the cathedral is the largest structure of
that kind ol' Sweden. The ruins ol several
chiU'ches and convents are still to be seen,
and also of an ancient [)alaGe, burnt by
the Dalies in 1611. It is seated on tiie
Lida, ,in a morass, 77 m ne Gotheborg.
Lon. 14 0 E, lat. 58 16 n.
Skcen, a town of Norway, in the govern-
ment ol Ajriieihuys, noted for its mijues of
iron and C(;pper ; seated near a lake, 26
m sw Konigbhei'g.
SkcUfJ Ititi,. ii U-A\u iA' Sweden, in w
Bothnia, noted for the largest and taost
beautiful chui-ch. iu the Norii;, which re-
sembles, a (ireciau te'.nplc. It is situate
ill an extensive plain, and at the month <if a
river of the same name, jtv t,he. gulf of
Bothnia, .0.0 m :nn e Uniea. . ;
Skene, a town of Scotland, ijv AJl?erdeen-
shirc, ne;u- a small lake cjJ;' the.^a^»erfV<»i»-^>
9 m WKW Aberdeen.
Skcnectoili/, a tpwu of New .yort, wi
Albany county, with tw,o churches,. and a
seminary called Union Collej.'.e: irnni being
estabiisiied bv various dcuumiiiations of
SKY
Christians. It has a considerable trarfe
with the back country, and stands on che
w side of Mohawk river, abo.s the f;dls,
16 ni Nw .(Mhany.
i^keniti^e, a town ofSwedi.n, inE Goth-
land, li) in w by b Linko[)ing.
SkriiCHlioniu^/i, or ^VIlUelulll, a town of
New York, in Washington county, siluafe
on Wt>od creek, on the s side of South
bay, which leads n into Lake Cliamplain.
It is the liaibour for most of the trachng
vessels between the state of New York
and Canada, and the ditVercnt setlkments
along the lake. It is 38 m s,,Cr(»«n|.i'oint,
and 43 n byE Lansinburg,' V '
Skibhei-etii, a town of Ireland, in Cork
county, with woollen and linen manufac-
tures; situate on the river lien, 7 m nnk
Baltimore, and 13 se Bantry.
Skidduw, a mountain in Cumberland,
near Keswick, 3036 feet above the level
of the sea. It is not ditlicult of access,
and is almost covered with grass, which
gradually grows coarser in the ascent.
J he whole top is covered with a loose
brown slaty stone.
SkUsktur, a town of Denmark, in the
island of Zealand, situate on a bay of the
Great Belt, 48 m .sw Copenhagen. Lon.
11 27 E, lat. 55 16 x.
Skipto)!, a town in VV Yorkshire, with a
market on Saturday. The river Aire and
the Leeds and Liverpool canal pass this
town, and near it are some cotton works.
It is seated in the nlid^t of :i rough mounr-
tainous district, called Craven, 22 m
Kbs w Halifax, and 216 ^^w London.
Skipjieas, a town ol Scotland, in Argyle-
shire, with a castle of great size and anti-
quity that now can scarcely be called a
ruin. It is vituate on tlie w side of the
entrance of Loch Fine, 23 m enk Camp^
beltown.
Skofde, a town of Sweden, in W Goth-
land, 14 m Ebys Skara.
Sk^/Ci an island of Scotland, one ef the
largest of the Flebrides, -45 in long and
22 broad. 'Ihe se end is separated from
lavernessr.ire (to which it belongs) by a
narrow channel, called the Inner Sound ;
in the most narrow part of which, named
the Kyle, cattle are made to swim across.
This side »>f the inland swells gradually
from the shove, in a verdant slope, over
which are seen the naked lulls of StratU;
iHid above these rises the rugged top of
CullJn or CuciiuUin. Toward the sw are
a series of rude mountains, and on the E
a long cxteut of hilty hills. There i.s, not-
wilhstaudiiig, a great proportion of level
ground,, witn esceUeut pastutage, which
feeds many thousands of Vieeves ai.d siieep;
lUtO'it lias nura.Wr.s of dter and dilTereut
kinds of fiame. A great quantity of kelp
SLE
is maniifactured here ; and it abounds
with limestone, marble, &c. but the basaltic
columns, resembling the Giant's Causeway
in Ireland, are its greutest curiosity. A
cave in this island aironiod an asylum, in
174(5, to the disappointed pretender and
his faithful guide, for two ni<:hts. Por-
tree is the principal town. The 3 extre-
mity is a peninsula, terminating in a
rugged promontory, caller! the Point of
Slate. Lon. 6 V2 e, lat. 37 12 x.
Slngehe, a town in Denmark, in (he
island of Zealand, 42 m wsw Copenhagen.
Sluguen, a town of Further Ponierania,
seated on the Wipper, 10 m Kbys Rugen-
wald.
Slaighthrcfiite, a village in W Yorkshire,
on the Iludtlersfield canal, 4 m sw- Ilud-
derstield, which has manufactures of the
vanous ^lanchester goods.
Slane, a town of Ireland, in Meath
county, with a spacious castle, and exten-
sive Hour-mills. It was anciently a bishnp-
ric, and is seated on the Boyne, 10 m
whys Drogheda.
Slunei/, a decayed town of Bohemia,
with a castle, 18 m x\v Prague.
Slatina, a town of European Turkey, in
Moldavia, 18 m xw Niemecz.
Slatina, a town of European Turkey, in
Waiachia, on the river Aluta, 60 rn wsw
Bucliorest.
Slave Coast, a maritime tract of Guinea
between the Gold coast and Benin, com-
prehending the kingdoms of Whidah and
Ardra.
Slave Luke, a lake of N America, 250
m long, and (iO to 100 broad. It is full of
M'ooded islands, and its outlet, at the w
extremity, in lat. 61 30, is the river Mac-
kenzie, which flows XNw to the Arctic
ocean.
Slazckow ; see Austerlitz.
Sleaford, a town in Lincolnshire, with a
market on Monday. It had formerly a
castle, now in ruins, and is seated on the
Slea, which is navigable hence to the Wit-
ham, 18 m s Lincoln, and 115 N London.
Sleszckk, a duchy of Denmark, the s
part of Jutland, separated on the s from
Holstein, by the river Eyder. See Jutland.
Sleswkk, a city, capital of the above
duchy. It is an irregular town of great
length, has some handsome bui'dings, and
manufactures of cambric and thread; but
its trade is much declined, and the port
much injured with sand. In the church
is the beautiful mauso'.eum of Fredrick i.
The inhabitants, about 6000, dress like the
Dutch ; and many of them speak their
tongue, though the usual languages are the
Ger.man and Danish. Near the city is
the old ducal palace of Gottorp, Sles-
SMA
wick is situate on the x side of an arm oi
the Baltic, called the Sley, CO m xw
Lubec, and 125 sw Copenhagen. Lon. 9
•12 E, lut. 51 37 N.
Sligo, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Connauglit, 25 m long and 22
broad ; bounded on the x by the Atlantic,
V. by I-eitrim and J^oscommon, and s and
w by Mayo. It is divided into 39 parishes,
contains about 60,000 iRhabitants, and
sends three members to parliament. The
soil is in geneml fertile, but rather boggy
toward the coast. The chief rivers are the
Sligo and Moy, and it has many small
lakes. The linen manufacture flourishes
in this district.
Sligo, a borough and the capital of the
above county, with a castle, and large re-
manis of a monastery. Near it is also a
place called the Giants Grave, where many
large stones are placed in a similar manner
to those of Stonehenge, on Salisbury plain.
The trade of the town is considerable, and
it sends a member to parliament. It is
seated at the mouth of the Sligo, which
flows from Lough Gill into the bay of
Sligo, 50 m X by w Roscommon, and 120
xw Dublin. Lon. 8 41 w, lat. 54 22 x.
Slitchamn, a seaport of Sweden, in the is-
land of Gothland, and one of the best ports
of tlie Baltic, defended by the fort of
Carlsbelt. It is situate on the e coast,
110 m sbvE Stockholm. Lon. 18 36 e,
lat. 57 28 X.
Sloniin. a town of Lithuania, in the
palatinate of Novgrodeck, with a castle,
seated on the Sezra, 40 m sw Novgrodeck,
and 70 se Grodno. Lon. £3 57 e, lat.
53 0 X.
Sloten, a fortified town of the Nether-
lands, in Friesland, seated near a lake
called Sloten-mere, and on the rivulet Ee,
vhich flows into the Zuider zee, 8 m e
Staveren, and 21 sby w Lewarden.
SloHsk, or Sluck, a town of Lithuania,
in the palatinate of Novgrodeck, with three
Greek churches; seated on the Siong, 75
m kse Novgrodeck. Lou. 27 54 e, lat. 52
50 X.
Slui/a, a town of the Netherlands, in
Flanders, opposite the island of Cadsand.
It has a good harbour for small vessels,
and some hne sluices, by which the country
may be laid under water. It was taken
by the Spaniards in 1587, retaken by the
Dutch in 1604, and taken by the French
in 1794. It is 10 ra kxe Bruges. Lon. 3
25 e, lat. 51 19 X.
Smalkalden, a town of L^pper Saxonv,
in the county of Henneberg, famous for
the league entered into by the Lutherans,
against the emperor, in 1531, to defend
their religion and libe' :i,;3. It has a hue
2U
SMO
castle on a mountaiii, and in ihc vicinity
ni-o bult pits and mines ot iron. It stands
on a river of the same name, which ll(.)ws
iiitci the Werra, 25 m sw Erl'tiit. Lon. 10
47 K, hit. 50 45 K.
Siii(it\k'ii,vi town in Ivcnt, wltli a maikct
on 1 riday, 10 m Sb.K iMaidstoae, and 50
si: Ij'nd.n.
iiiiiel'iu:icl\, a viliaiie in StaiFordsiiiro, Q
lawhyN Birniinjiliani, Mere is a great
luanuliictare of gmi-bairels, and an iron
foundrv helonging t;i the Soho works.
Sinithjleld, a town of \'irginia, in Isle of
Wisiiit county, sea.ted on Fagan creek,
\vliicli flows into James river, 70 in sii
llichinond.
Sinitiijicld, a town of N Carolina, capital
of Jolijison comity. It is seated on liie
jN'cus, in a heantiful plain, 25 iii se Uale<;h,
and 70'WNVv Newhern.
Sinithtown, a town of the state of New
York, in Jiuffolk county, on the k side of
Loijii-islaiKi, 52 m KbyN New York.
Siiut/ivUic, a town of N Carolina, chief
of iiruiiswick county. It is .seated near
the mouth of Cape Tear river, 25 m ssw
Wilmingtoi). Lon. 78 30 w, lat. 33 50 n.
Siiulund, or Suniland, a province of
Sweden, in Gothland, extending 140 m
from the Cate^at to the Baltic, and from
40 to 70 in breadlli. It has many woods
ot pine and fir; and the approach to the
villajies is announceil by groves of oak,
beech, and birch, and numerous plots or
parte ries oi' arable land among pastures
and rock?. I'his province produces a great
quantity ol hops, and the lakes and marshes
in the s part contain much iron. Joiikop-
ing is the capital.
.Smolensk, a government wf Russia, en the
frontiers of Lithuania. This country, for-
merly a duchy, was long an object of conten-
tion, and reciprocally possessed by i-'oiand
and Russia; but it was conquered byAlexay
Miehaelovitch in 1654, and ceded to Russia
in 1666.
iii'-iolc.'isk, a city, capital of the above go-
vernment. It is situate on t!ic Dnieper, and
extends over two hills and the valley between
them. It is surrounded by walls 30 feet high
and i5 tliick ; the lower part ol'stone, the
upper of brick, and about 3 m iu circuit.
1 lie liouses are mostly of wood, and only
one story; except a fe,w scattered here ami
there, which are dignilied with the title of
palaces. 'J he city is divided, from n to s,
by one straigiit paved street; the others are
circular, and floored with planks. Tlie ca-
thedral stands on an eminence, where there
IS a view of the whole city. The alternate
rising and sinking ot the walls from the in-
equalitv of tlie ground; their Gotiiic archi-
lecture and grotesque tov.crs; the steeples
SNE
rising above liie trees, which conceal the
houses Irom the sight; the gardens, mea-
dows, and ctirn- fields, within the walls; all
together form a most singular prospect. Not-
withstanding its extent, it contains only a-
botit 4000 inhabitants, and has no inanufac-
tiues, but carries on with i)ant/.ick,Uiga,and
the Ukraine, a petty tralHc in linen, hemp,
honey, wax, leather, furs, &c. In 1812, Bo-
naparte attempted to t;»ke this city by storm,
when the carnage on both sides was dread-
ful; and the ilussians retired a little alter
midnight, having lirst set fire to their maga-
zines, ccc. Smolensk is 130 m Ksi; Poloisk,
and 230 wsw Moscow. Lon. 32 33 i;, lat.
54 50 N.
S7}iui-goni, a town of Lithuania, in tiie pa-
latinate of W'ihia, 4(3 in f.se Wilna.
Siin/nhu&en, a town of Lower tiaxcny, in
llic dnchv of llolstein, 10 m w Rends-
burg.
Sitiiirnu, a seaport of Asiatic 'i iirkey, in
Natolia, and one of the largest and richest
cities oi' the Levant. The privileges it has
enjoyed for many ages, and the goodness of
the harbour, has caused it to be rebuilt se-
veral times, after h.aving been destroyed by
earthquakes. It is the rendezvous of mer-
chants from almost all parts of the world,
and the magazine of theii' niercliaiidise. The
Turks have 19 mosques, the Greeks three
church&s, the Jews six synagogues, the Ar-
minians one church, and the Latins three
convents There are three bishops, one
(jicek, another Latin, and tlie third Armi-
nian. .The population 150,000. The streets
are more open, and the houses better built,
than in other towns of the continent. Ihe
street of tlie Franks is the linest in Smyrna,
and extends along tiie harboiir. The im-
ports from England consist of woollen cloths,
camlets, lead, tin, and hardware; these are
exchanged ibr cotton, coffee, mohair, drugs,
galls, raisins, iigs, &c. The Englisli and
Dutch factors Imve protestant chapels, and
in the Traiik quarter are several taverns,
and lodging-houses for travellers. The for-
tiSications c<.nsisl of a fort, a castle, a
mountain, and tin old citadel, it is seated
at the head of a large bay, 190 m ssw Con-
stantinople. Lon. 27 7 t, iar. 38 28 n.
5w7/rK«, ivVa?, a town of K Florida, situate
on thevv sideoftlie sbranch of the Mosquito
inlet, 80 111 ssE St. Aiigustin.
Snackeitbii}'}^, a town of Lower Saxony, iu
i3runswick-Luneburg,«eatcd at the conilux
of the Utcht with the Elbe, 20 m Ebysi
Damifcburg.
iSnuil/i, a town in VV Yorkshire, with a
market on Friday, seated near the Aire, 22
111 s York, and 175 k by w Lf,ndon.
Siiccli. or Sniis, a ft. rtified town of the
Netheriiuuh; iu Frieslaud, seated on a lake
soc
of the same name, m marshy land, 12 m ssw
Leuarden.
Sneirne, u town of Persia, in Irak, 57
m WNvv Aniadan. Loii. 46 '24- e, lat.So 45 n.
Snetsham, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Friday, seated on a small inlet
of the sea, 12 m KjSE Lynn, and 111 n byE
London.
Sniadin, a town of Lithuania, in the pala-
tinate of liizesc, on the river Prynee, 45 m
SE Shick, and 100 e Pinsk.
Sniutiu, a town of Poland, in tlie palati-
nate of Leinburg, or kingdom of Galicia, on
tiie river Pruth, 110 mstLembuig. Lon.'i5
30 E, kit.48 3iJN.
^wortf/oWjanionntainoi'WaleSjin tlie cen-
tre of Carnarvonshire, and the most noted
eminence in the whole region of the Welsh
Ifdls. It lias several craggy summits, deep
dells, moors, and chasms ; also two lakes
that abound with fisli, particularly the char
and tlie guiniard. The height of this moun-
tain, from ti'.e level of the sea to the highest
peak, is Soil i'eet. It uas held sacred by
the ancient Eritous,as Parnassus was by the
Greeks. From its summits may be seen a
part of Ireland, of Scotland, andof Cumber-
land.
SiiGzchill, a town of IMaryland, capital
of Worcester county, situate on the Poko-
moke, which, 12 m below, enters the Che-
sapeak. Jt lias a small export trade, and
is '60 m SE Vienna. Lon. 75 40 \v, lat. o8 8 x .
Soaxa, a town of Tuscany, in Sienese,
seated uw a mountain, near the river Flora,
4(5 m shy E .Siena.
Soaiw, a river of Hindoostan, whicli has
its source in the high table land of Gurd-
■wana, near to that of tiie Nerbudda. It
takes a winding course K, e, and ke of
about 500 m, and enters the Ganges above
Patna.
AS'oa7',a river in Leicestershire, whicli rises
from two sources in the sw part of the coun-
ty, flows by Leicester aud Mouncs(;rrel,
passes a little to the e aud N of Lough-
boi'ough, and then separates this county
from I*Jottinghamshire to its entrance into
the Tient.
Sober II /ithii, a tov.'n of Germany, in the
■circle of Upper llhine; seated on the Nahe,
11m w by 5 Creutznacli.
Subicslau, a town of Bohemia, in thccir-
cleof iiechin,with good cloth manufactures,
12 m ESE liecliia.
Subotkd, a town of T:Johemia, in tlie cir-
•cle oi Bunt/.Jau, 8 m tby n J nog Puiilzlau.
Societi/ i.s/f.v, isiantls in ilie Pacilic ocean,
discovered by Cook in 1709, and so called
in honour of the ivoyal Society, 'ihey are
se\en in nnuiber; namely, llua.heine, L'lie-
tea, Otaha, Bolaboia, Aiourna, Tubai, and
Tabooyamanoo. The soil, productions, pec-
SOD
pie, their language, religion, customs, and
manners, are nearly ihe same as at Ota-
heite. Nature has been equally bomitiful
in uncultivated plenty, and the inhabitants
are as luxurious and indolent. A plantaitt-
brancli is the emblem of peace, and chaiig-
iiig names the greatest token of iriendship.
Iheir dances are felegant, their drauiatic
entertainments have something of plot and
consistency, and they exhibit temporary
occurrences as the objects of praise or sa-
tire; so that the origin of ancient comedjr
may be discerned among them. The peopte
of iluliahoine are in general stouter and
fairer than. those of Otaheite; and those of
Ulietea are smaller and blacker, aud less
orderly.
.S'otonusco, a small province of New Spain,
bounded (ui the Kwby Guaxaca,NE byChia-
pa, SE by Guatimala, and svv by the I'acific
ocean. It is sheltered from the N winds by
high mouiUains, which render the air ex-
ceeding hot. Here are few settlements
beside tlie capital ; but the soil is fertile ia
\ egetable productions, especially in excel-
lent cacao.
Socuiiusco, or Guevetlan, the capital of
the above province. It is seated on a river,
near tliePacific ocean, 130 m xw Guatimala.
Lon. 91 16w, lat. 15 12 n.
Socotu, a town of Abyssinia, capital of
the mountainous district of Lasta, in which:
the Tacazze has its rise. It is 100 m ssw
Antola. Lon. 38 57 e, lat. 12 10 n.
Sucvtcra, or Soco'/y/, an island in the In-
dian octan, lying 49 leagues from cape
GardelaUjOn the coast of Africa. It is 80
m long and 22 broad, abounds in fruit and
cattle, and is particularly noted for fme
aloes, known bytlienameofSocotrme aloes.
The natives are Moliaraedans, with a mix-
ture oi' paganism, and they have a king whft_
depends on Arabia. Tamara is the capitaL
SoczouHi, a town of European 1 inkey,
in Moldavia, seated on the Seret, .'52 m s\t-
Jassy.
Sodburi/, or Chipping Sodburt/, a town in
Gloucestershire, with a marketoii Thursday,
seatedina bottom nearlhedowns, 15 m ene
Bristol, and 110 w London.
Sodcrliuimn ; see Sudcrliuinm.
Sodor, a village in Icolmkil!, one of tlie
Heijrides of Scotland. It was 'orniLriy a bi-
shop's see, vvhicii com|)rehciukd ail tlie lie-
brides, together with the isle of Man; and
the bishop of Man is still caileu bishop ot
Sodor and Man.
Sodus, a town of New York. si;nate on the.
s side of lake Ontario, on a Lav D m long,
and 4 broad, which fovmii an c.>coiient har-
bour, wiicn the rest of the lake is agitated by
a storm. Itia 80 m e Niagara. Lou. 77 5\v,
lat. 43 10 -N.
2U 2
SOH
^oflor^, a townof Denmark, in llic island
of Zealand, situate on an island in a iVcbli-
watcr lake, la ni wxw EUinme.
Stiest, a town of Westjilialia, in the coun-
ty of Mark. It is of large extent, and
the streets are watered by streams that
proceed from a lake. The in.habitants are
generally papists, and part of the calhedral
belongs to them, and part tot lie Lutherans.
It has a grcaf trade in corn, and is 1'2 m wsvv
Lipstadt, and 30 sr. Munster.
Sof'ala, a kingdom on the coast of Caf-
freria, bounded on the w and n by the states
of Mocoranga, r, by the iSIozambique chan-
nel, and s by Sabl;i. The extent is J.')0 m
along the coast, and 250 inland. '1 he coast
is low ; the interior woody and diliicult of
access.
Suf'uhi, the capital of the ahove kingdom,
•with a fort built by tlie Portuguese. The
port will not admit large vessels ; and the
chief exports are slaves, ivory, gold-dust,
and rice. It is seated on a small island
near the mouth of a river of the same name.
Ixin.S143E, hit. 20 15 s.
Soffh, or Sophia, a city of European Tur-
key, capital of Bulgaria, and an archbi-
shop's see. The trade is considerable, and
the inhabitants are computed at 70,000,
but the houses are meanly built. It is
seated at the foot of the mountains of
Argentaro, on the river Bogana, 15<) m wxw
Adrianople. Lon. 23 58 e, lat. 42 5(3 N.
Sqf'ioi/, a town of the kingdom of Fez,
•with a handsome mosque ; seated on a hill,
at the foot of a mountain of the same name,
partofMount Atlas, and between two rivers,
12 m E Fez.
Sog7w, a town of the kingdom of Congo,
in a province of the same name, which is
a dry sandy country, but yields a great deal
of salt. The inhabitants are said to be
Christians, converted by the Portuguese;
and the capuchins have a church here. It
is seated on the Zaire, near its mouth,
160 m wsw St. Salvador. Lon. 11 55 e,
lat. 6 0s.
Sofiagepoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Allahabad, capital of a hilly and barren
district. It is 100 m KKW Kuttunpoor. Lon.
ol 45 E, lal. 23 29 N.
Svh(i7)i, a town in Cambridgeshire, will) a
market on Saturday ; seated on a fen of the
same name, near Soham-mere, which takes
up 1000 acres of land. It is 5 mSE Ely, and
70 Nby E London.
Sofiniwo7\a. town ofHindoostan,in Gund-
wana, situate on the Mahanuddy, near the
influx ofthe Taile, 32 m s Sundjhulpoor,
Suheral>_ a town of Balhjgistan, situate
on a ri\ ulct, in the middle of an extensive
plain, 00 n: sse Kelat.
i-o/iL/j a viliai^c in Stafford-hire, 2 m >w
SOL
r)irmingham. Here are made every article
conuuon to the Birmingham trade, plated
ware, elegant pieces of silver both light
and massive, and the improved steam en-
gines now adopted in numerous concerns.
In 1797, an apparatus for the coinage of
copper, was employed here by goverinnent.
Soignis, a town of the xNetlierhinds, ia
Ilaina\dt,nearaforestofthesani4n)auie, and
on the river Senue,". m >;Nr, Mons.
Soissoniols, an oUl territory of l''rancc,in
the isle of France, \\hicli abounds in corn,
wood, and pasture. This territory, with that
of Vermandois, now form the department of
Aisne.
Soissons, a city of France, in the depart-
ment of Aisne ; and anciently the capital
of a kingdom of its name, under the first
race of the French monarchs. It is a bi-
shop's see; and the cathedral lias one of
the most considerable chapters in the king-
dom. Here St. Louis, Philip the bold, and
Louis XIV were crowned. The castle,
though ancient, is not that in which the
kings of the first race resided. Here are
manufactures of coarse linen, serges, and
stockings; and a trade in corn, wool, flax,
and timber. It is seated in a fertile val-
ley, on the river Aisne, 30 m w byjs Rheinis.
and 60 ^'E Paris. Lon. 3 19 e, lat. 49
23 N.
Solanta, a town of Sicily, in Val di Maza-
ra, which gives name to a cape and bay oa
the N coast, 10 m e Palermo.
Soldau, a town of W Prussia, situate on
the Kra, 6(i m se Marienwerder, and 68 E
Thorn.
So'dhi, a town of Brandenburg, in the
New mark, of which it was formerly the
capital. It has cloth and woollen manufac-
tures, and a trade in hops. It stands on a
lakeof the&amename,the source ofthe river
Alit'/el, 26 m KbyE Custrin. Lou. 15 7 E,
lat. 53 2 N,
Solebay; see Southzvold.
Solenij', a lake of Independent Tartary,
80 m long and 20 broad, lying midway
between the Caspian sea and the lake
Aral. The water is salt, and it has two
islands.
Soleurc, or Solct/iurn, a canton of Switzer-
land, which stretches partly through the
plain, and partly along the chain of the Jura,
36 m in length and 25 in breadth, and is ve^-
ry populous. The soil, for the most part, is
fertile in corn; the districts within the Jura
are rich in pasture; and in the mountainous-
jiarts arc iron, lead, alabaslar, nuuble, and
coal.
Soleure, the capital of the above cantou,
surrounded by regular fortifications. The
church of St. L'rs is a noble edifice of a
uiiitish gray ttoi:e, drawn from the neigW
SOL
bourlng quarries; and the arsenal and town-
house make a pretty good appearance. It
stands in a deliglufiil plain, on the river Aar,
18 m X Bern, and 30 ssw Baiel. Lon. 7 30 e,
lat. 47 9 N.
So/fiilara, or Lago di Bagni, a lake of
Italy, in Cainpagna di Roma, near Tivoli,
ibrnierly called Lacus Albuhii>,on the hanks
of which stood the temple and oracle of
Faunus. In this lake are several floating
islands, which being driven by the wind to
the side, some become \inited, and thus
gradually diminish the surface of the lake,
which is now somewhat less tiian a mile in
circuit, but was formerly much larger. From
this hike issues a whitish st?-eam of a sul-
phureous smell, and of a petrifying quality,
Avhich increases in strength till it reaches
the Tevcronc. Fish are found in the Teve-
rone above the influx of this lake, but during
the rest of its course to the Tiber there are
none.
Solj'atara, a mountain of Naples, in Terra
di Lavoro, surrounded by other mountains.
It has a kind of cavity, above a mile in dia-
meter, which has been the crater of a vol-
cano. The earth here is warm and white ;
and if opened to some depth, is insupport-
able from the heat and exha'ations. The
ground is almost every wheie hollow, and
is supposed to have a subterraneous com-
munication with Mount \'^esuvius. Here
are manufactures of sulphur, vitriol, and
alum.
Solficitzhorg, or Solvltzborg, a seaport of
Sweden, in Blekingen. It has a ruinous cas-
tle, and was formerly in a more flourishing
state. It is nearly environed by the Baltic
sea, and 33 m wsw Carlscrona. Lon. 14 32
X, lat. 66 2 X.
Solihull, a town in Warwickshire, with a
market on Wednesday, 12 m w Coventry,
and lOo N\v London.
Solijigeuy a town of \Xestphalia, in the
duchv of Berg, with manufactures of cut-
lery and all kinds of steel articles ; seated
at the foot of a mountain, near tlie Wipper,
15 m Esn Dusseldorf.
Solkaimk, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Perm, famous for its salt-pits and
good- horses. It is seatejj on the Ussolka,
vvliich flows into the Kama, 430 niNEKasan.
Lon. 57 26 E, lat. 59 16 n.
SoUer, a town of Majorca, near the KW
coast, in a celebrated vale of orange-trees,
Avith a port at a short distance, from v.hich
the oranges of this district are exported. It
is 16 m NXE Palma.
Solms, a county of Germany, in Wetter-
avia, lying w of Upper Hesse. The house of
Solms is divided into several brtniches; the
principal one is Braunfels, which was raised
to the princely rank in 1742. The decayed
casvle of Sohas, the seat of the ancient
SOL
counts, is seated on a hill, a mile e Braun-
fels, the present capital.
Solo, or Sui-akertii, the native capital of
Java, and the residence of the susuhunan,
or emperor. It is very large, with broad and
shaded avenues, or streets, intersecting each
otlier at right angles. The ndiabitants, in.
1815, were estimated at 105,000. The kra-
tan, where the emperor resides with his court,
is a very spacious square, surrounded by a
high wall and a ditch ; and on the wall are
mounted large pieces of artillery : its are*
comprises several palaces. Tiie other chiefs
and nobility live in villas, surrounded by
high walls, interspersed through the town
and neighbourhood. The European town
and fort are very neat; the latter not above
800 yards from the kratan, and close to it
is the resident's house. The river Solo, the
largest in Java, flows hence kne and r. ta
the entrance of Surabaya harbour, from
which, in the rainy season, commodities
are sent up in boats and exchanged for the
products of the country. Solo was taken,
by the British in 1812. It is 56 m sse Sa-
marang, and 390 eke Batavia. Lou. 110 53
E, lat.7 34 s.
Solomon Islands; see Danger, Isles of.
Soior, an island of the E Indies, 70 m ia
circuit, to the s of Celebes and w of Flores,
Lon. 123 53 e, lat. 9 0s.
Soherino,^ town of Italy, in Mantuan, 17
m iS'w Mantua.
Solsona, a city of Spain, in Catalonia, and
a bishop's see. It is seated at the foot of u
mountain, .C6 ra nkw Barcelona. Lon. 1 25
E, lat. 42 2 N.
Soltuu, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
principality of Luneburg-Zell, on the rivet
Bohme, 28 m nxw Zell, and 28 wsvw
Luneburg.
Soltcuii'.p, a town of the Netherlands, in
Groningen, with a large fort, at the mouth
of the river liunse, which is called Gro-
ningen Deep, 17 m nw Groningen.
Solva, a town of Wales, in PembroLp
shire, with a harbour on St. Bride bay, at
the mouth of the Solvach, 3 m e St.
David.
Soluai/ Frith, an arni'of the sea,, be-
tween Cumberland in England, and Dum-
friesshire and Kircudbrightshire in Scot-
land. A number of rivers pour into this
frith on the Scotish side, the principal oC
which are the Dee, Orr, Nith, Annan, and
Esk. It is navigable for vessels of lOO
tons within 6 m of the extvemity ; and the
fisheries, especially of salmon, are very
considerable. At its head o\i the <."^umber-
land side, near the river Esk, was a level
track, above 2 m long and a mile broad,
called Solway Mc^ss ; but in 1771, being
swohi hy ralas, it burst out at the eastern
extremity, spvcad over a neighbouring
SOM
Talley, and the surfnce sunk 21 feet into
its present hollow foini.
Holi/niania, or Sheiczur, u town of Asia-
tic Turkey, caiutal of Lower Kurdistan.
Shereznr havin:; fallen to decay, it was re-
built hy Solyinan the y;reat, and has since
that time assumed his name. 'J'he gover-
nor, who is always hy hivth a Kurd, usually
assumes the tith' of Pasliaw of Kurdistan.
Tiie |)()pulation 1'2,000, and the trade ni-
considerahlc. It is situate in a delightful
A'allev, at ilie foot of Mount Zasjros, 3,'> m
r.bys Kerhouk, and 180 nne Bagdad.
Jjo'u. 45 20 r., lat. .'k> 20 n.
SombrC7-e, one of the Nicohar islands, in
the Indian ocean, 30 m to tlicN of Nicobar.
It gives name to a channel nearly in the
middle of the islands.
Suwbrercte, a town of New Spain, in
Zacatecas the seat of the chief council of
mines, 80 ni xw Zacatecas.
So))il>re7-o, achisterof uninlnibited islands
in the W Indies, belonging to the British.
The most remarkable ot t!;em is 3 m long,
and consists of an eminence, to which the
Spanish discoverers, finding some resem-
blance to a hat, gave it this name. It is
80 m to the ^■\v of St. Christopher. Lon.
C?, 37 w, lat. 18 34 N.
'So?ne7set, a town of Massachusets, in
Bristol county, seated on Taunton river, 50
m s by Vi^ Boston .
Somerset, a town of New Jersey, chief
of the county of its name. It is seated
on Millstone river, 23 in n Trenton.
Somersetshire, a county of England,
bounded on the xw by the Bristol channel,
w by Gloucestershire, e hy Wiltshire, se
by Dorsetshire, and sw by Devonshire.
It is 65 m long and 45 broad, containing
991,360 acres; is dividedinto42 hundreds,
and 475 parishes ; has two cities and 28
market-towns ; and sends 18 members to
parliament. The population was 303,180
in 1811. The soil in the jse quarter is in
general stony, and possesses a lofty mi-
neral tract called Mendip Hills. Toward
tlie centre, where its principal rivers uiiitc,
are fens and marshy moors of great ex-
tent. On the w side are the Quantock
Hills, with many downs and open heaths;
and in tlio ^vv corner is the sterile region
of lixnioor. I'he s part toward Dorset-
shire, is higl), but well cultivated ; and
throughout the county, especially in the sw
quarter, vales of the greatest fertility are
interspersed. The principal rivers are
the Parret, Ivcl, Thoiie, Brew, and Avon.
Cattle, nearly equal in size to the Lincoln-
shire, are fed in fine meadows about the
liead of the Parret. The best goose fea-
thers for beds come from the marshes.
-Cider is a common product of this county,
aud it has a considerable share in the
SON
woollen manufactures. Bath and Wells
are the two cities, which constitute one
bishojiric. The spring assizes are held at
Taunton, and the summer at VN'ells or
Bridgcwuter ahcrnately; hut llchchter is
deemed the county-toun.
Soinerton, a town in Somersetshire, with
a market on Tuesday. It was formerly
a considerable place, whence the county
took its name, and some ruins of its castle
now form a part of the [5ear inn. Betvveen
this town aiul Bridgewater is a rich ti'act
called Sedgcmoor, tnemorable for the de-
feat of the duke of Monmouth, in 1685.
Somerton is 13 m s Wells, and 123 why&
London.
Somma, a town of Naples, in I'erra
di Lavoro, near which is produced much
silk of the best quality. It is 10 m e
Najjles.
Sonnue, a department of Trance, includ-
ing the old province of Picardy. It takes
its name from a river, which rises in the
department of Aisne, flows by St. Quentin,
Peronne, Amiens, Al)i)e\iHe, and St. \'alery,
and enters the English channel. Amiens
is the capital.
Somnerdyck, a town of the Netherlands,
in S Holland, chief place of the island of
Overflackee, and situate on its n side, 5 m
ESE Helvoetsluys.
Sotnmei'fetd, a town of Erandenlnirg, in
the New mark, with manufactures of line
cloth ; seated on the Lupa, 15 m ssw
Crossen.
Sommiere.R, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Gard, with a manufacture of
thick serges ; seated on the Vidourie, 14 m
w by s Nisiues.
Sommorostro, a town of Spain, on the
coast of Biscay, with a famous iion mine,
14 ni KW Bilboa.
Soncino,a. town of Italy, in Cremonese,
seated on the Oglio, 20 m ishyw Cre-
mona.
Sanderh'jrg, a seaport of DenmaHc, in
the island of Alsen, with one of the best
harbours in Denmark, and an ancient
castle, in which Christian ii was confii;ed
13 years. It is 16 m exe Flendsburg.
Lon. 9 49 e, lat. o4 57 n.
Sondershnusen, a town of tapper Saxony,
capital of the lower county of Schwartz-
burn, with a fine castle on a mountain.
It stands on the W'ipper, 24 m N Erfurt.
L<m. 11 2 E, hit. 51 21 K.
Sondrio, a to^^n of Switzerland, capital
of a district, in \'alteline. ' It star.d? at the
extremity of a narrow valley, and occupies
both sides of the Malenco, a furious tor-
rent, which runs into the Adda. It is 10
m KE ftlorbcgno, and 14 sw Tirano.
Soneliuf, a small town and mud fort of
liindoostan, in Gundwana, the scat of a
soo
lajali, wliose territory is called tlie country
oi' the llaiaii Cliohauf?. It is 90 m >i
Kuttunpoor. Lori. 82 33 k, lat. '23
S3 N.
Song-kians:, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Kian^-naii. It lias a large trade
in cotton cloth, and is situate amid
several canals, near the sea, 560 ni s
Pekinj^. Lon. 120 45 E, lat. 31 0 N.
Sonmeaiit/, a town of Ballogistan, in
Lus, where the Hindoos carry on a con-
sideiahle trade. It stands on a fuie bay
of its name (tiie Port Alexander, of Near-
chus) at the influx of the Poorally, 5(3 ni
s by E BeU. Lon. 6(5 53 e, lat. 25* 2-1 n.
Soiineberg, a town and eastls of Ger-
many, in Tyrol, 10 m esk Feldkirch.
Sonncl)er<:, a town of Upjier Saxony, in
Tiinringia, with a great trade in looking-
glasses, nails, whetstones, t'cc. It is 11 m
NNE Coburg.
Somiebe'rg, or Sonnenburg, a town of
Brandenburg, in the Ne>N' murk, with a
castle. It is the seat of the grand master-
ship of tlie-knights of Malta in Branden-
burg, Saxony, and Pomerania, and stands
on the Lenze, 9 m e Gastrin.
Sonneicald, a town of Lusatia, on the
river Uobcr, 12 m sw Luckau.
Sonora, or New Navarre, a province of
New Spain ; boundetl on the n by coun-
tries unknown, e by New Biscay, s by
Cinakra, and w by the gulf of California.
It is a hilly and arid country ; but famed
for excellent hrtrses and cattle. The n
part is called Pimeria, and inhabited by
the Pimas nation of Indians ; tb.e other
parts are thinly peopled, but contain some
rich mines of gold arid silver. Arispe is
the capital.
Sonora, a town of the above province,
and a bishop's see. It is seated on the
river Sonora, 38 m s Arispe.
Sooluo, an island in the Indian ocean,
lying sw of Mindanao, almost midway be-
tween that island, and Borneo. It is 3G in
long and 12 broad, and c(;ntains about
00,000 inhabitants^ who are Mohamedans.
It is gjiverned by a sultan; and his domi-
nions extend over a great number of small
islands between Mindanoa and Borneo,
called the Sootoo Archipelago. The po-
pulousness of Sooloo is caused by its ad
vaniageous situation, which renders it a
great n>art, particularly for pearls, sago,
and bird-nests. The Sooloos have the
character of being sanguinary and treach-
erous, and devoid of honesty, industry, and
liospitality. The men generally go dressed
in white waistcoats, and white breeclies.
The women wear a fine white waistcoat
fitted close, and a petticoat over drawers
thaireach to the knees. In their families arc
many Philippine and some Spanish slaves,
SOR
whom they often t)-eat very cruelly. There
are several good harbours among the Soo-
loo islands ; but that before Bewan, the
Sooloo capital, is not good, except during
t!ie sw monsoon. Lon. I'.:! 15 v., lat. 5
57 N.
Soonda, a town of Ilindoostan, in Ca-
nara, capital of a district above ihc, G.mts,
winjse last rajah v.as expelled by Hyder in
1763. The space within the inner wall
was 3 m square, and fully occupied by
houses. When ilyder took possession,
there stilLremained 10,000 houses; but the
subsequent wars have reduced them under
100. It is seated on the Gangawali, (3S m
Nbyw Bednore. Lon. 74 48 e, lat. 14
43 v.
Soonel, a town of h'indoostan, in i\Ial-
wah, chief of the district of Mnndessor.
It is of considerable extent, and of a square
form, with two broad streets tiiat cross
each other at right angles in the centre.
It is 82 m Nbyt Oojuiin. Lon. ?6 3 v.^
lat. '.^4 21 .V.
Soonergong, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Bengal, once a large city before Dacca
v.as built. It is now a small place, but
still famous for a mannfacturtf of fine
cloth; and is situate on a branch of the
Brahmapootra, 13 m se Dacca. •
Soopnor, a town of ilindoostan, in Aj-
meer, (J5 m ke Kotah, and 102 se Jycnugur.
S.'iphia; see Sofia.
Sophianiu, a toun of Persia, in Ader-
bijan, seated in a vallev, 25 m kw
Tauris.
'Sophicnhcrg, a town of Denmark, in
Zeafand, with a royal palace, near tiie
coast of the SounJ, 13 in N Copen- ■
hagen.
Sopron ; see Edenbnrg.
Sora, a towii of JNaples, in I'erra di
Lavoro, with a cJistle; seated on the viarig-
liano, on the frontiers of Campagna di
Roma, 46 m £bys Rome. Lon. 14 4 t,
lat. 41 54 N.
Soruu, a town of Silesia, in the/ princi-
pality of Ilalibor, 21 m e Ratibor.
Sorau, a to-.vi-. of Liisatia, with nianufiic-
tures of cloth, and a trade in yarn and
linen ; seated on the frontiers of Silesia, 3
m vv'Sngan.
Sorbun, or SorbniDie, a village of France,
in the departrisent of Ardennes, 6 ni n
Kethel ; famous for being the birthplace
of Robert Sorbon (the confessor of St.
Louis) who rounded the college at Paris,
called after his name.
Sorel, or Chumbli/, a river of Lower
Canada, which is?ues from Lake C ham-
plain, and flows K to ihe St. Lawrence,
which it enters at the town of Sore),
or William Henry. On its banks are two
forts. See Chamblj/ and Willuun Hcnri/i
SOU;
Soria, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
built on the ruius of the ancient Numan-
tia, near the sonice of the Doum, 74 m
E5E Buii^os. Loj). fi 18 w, Lit. 41 50 x.
Soriano, a tpwn of Kaplcs, in, Calabria
Ultra, 17 in EN;E jI^'i<;otera. , i : ij i u
Soroe, a ,("'^yn of pen mark, in i^eaJand,
with a royal colic-ge, cndoucfl with the
revenues Pjt",,^. once licii convent. It is
seated ofjja ^^ay^^l^^, 38 m wsw Copen-
haj;cn. - ; K > .; < ■,'■
K>i>rrcnio, a seaport of Na|)lcs, iu Prin-
cipato Citra, and an arciibishop's sue.
It is surrounded by a wall, contains few
remains of antiquity, and is the birthplace
of Tasso. It stauils on a peninsula in 'ihe
bay of Naples, at the foot of a mountain,
17 m sbyi; Naples. Lon. 14 24 i:, lat.
40 36 N.
Sos, a town of Spain, in Aragon, on the
borders of Navarre, 19 m ke Tudela, and
40 w by s J aca.
Sospello, a town of the county of Nice,
with a trade in dried fruits, particularly
figs ; seated at the foot of three mountains,
on the river Bevera, 15 m nf. Nice.
Suyano, a town of Tuscany, in Sienese,
25 m w Orvletto, ai.d 45 >KW Rome.
Soubise, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Churcnte, seated on
an eminence, by liie river Charente, 23 m
^VNW Saintes.
Souduk, a town of Crimea, with the re-
mains of an old fort on a mountain close by
the shore. It was formerly a considerable
seaport, and stands, at tiie end of a valley,
■which produces the best grapes and wine
in the whple peninsula, 26 m sw Caffa.
Soudan; see yi<irilia.
Souera; see Mogador.
Souillac, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot, seated on the Borcse, 32
m N Cahors.
Sound, a strait between Sweden and
Denmark, throus;,h which shfps usually sail
from the Categat into the Baltic. It is
about 4 m broad, and the Danes lake a
toll of all merchant ships tiiat pass the
channel. See Ehinore.
Sour, a town in Syria. See Sur.
Sour, a river of the Netherlands, which
flovvs from x to s through Luxemburg,
and enters the Moselle, a little above
Treves.
Soii7-e, a town of Portugal, in Estre-
inadura, on the river Soure, 27 m n'
Leiria.
Soiiri, a town of Persia, in Laristan,
situate on the Persian gulf, 115 m s\¥
Ormus. Lon. 55 30 e, lat. 20 IS >'.
Sousa; see Susa. ;
Sou-tchcou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Kiang-nan. It is so iutersected
bv canals of fresh water that Europeans
SOU
compare it to Venice ; and the adjacent
country is so doliglitful, that the Ciiinese
call it the paradise of the world. 'J'he bro-
cades and embroideries cnade heiv, are
esteemed throiigiiout the whole empire.
It is celebrated for beautiful women, vvliu
are j)urchased in dilferent parts of the
country while infants, educated iiere in all
the pleading arts, and sold to the opulent.
Tile population is prodigious, and tiie com-
nicrcia! iulcicoursc with slraugers so great,
that it might be siijiposed tlie trade of all
the provinces centered here. It is seated
on the Grand catral, aud on a river that
comnmnicatcs with the lake I'ai, 5C0 lii
sby E Peking. Lon. 1200 e, lat. 31 22 n.
Souttrraine, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Creuse, 24 ni n Limoges.
South Sea; see Pacific Ocean.'
Soulltam, a tov.n in Warwickshire, with
a market on Monday, 13 in s Coventry,
and 82 i-ivv London.
Southuniplon, a borough and the ccuuty-
town of llampsiiire, with a market on
Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. It has
fne churches, is surrounded by dilapidated
walls with towers, and had a strong castle,
now ill ruins. It ;s a county of itsc-lf, go-
verned by a mayor, who is admiral of the
liberties ; and it stands between the Itchen
and Test, which here flow into an inlet of
the sen, called Southampton Water, The
inlet is navigable almost to the head for
vessels of considerable burden, and the
two rivers admit small craft some way up
the country. It was formerly a port of
great commerce, still possesses a consider-
able trade, and has a particular connection
with Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and
Saik, as all the wool sent to those islands,
duty free, must be shipped here. Three
ra hence, to the se, are the pictoresque
remains of Netiey Abbey. Southampton
has manufactures of silks and carpets, and
is the birthplace of Isaac Watts. It is a
fashicnablc place of resort for sea-bathing,
and has a chalybeate spring of the nature
of Tunbridge-wells. The population was
9017 in 1811. A mail-packet sails hence
everv morning for Cowes i;\ the isle of
W iglit. It is 12 m s by w Wmchester, and
74 w'sw London. ,Lon. 1 24 w, lat. 50
54 N.
Southampton, a town of New York, in
Suffolk county, on the s side of Long-
island, 12 m SE Sagg harbour, and 75 e
New York.
Souihhury, a town of Connecticut, in
Lichfield county, 51 m jjw Hartford.
Southend, a village in Essex, at the
.T.outh of the I'hames, 4 m s Kochford,
and 42 e London. Tt is the nearest place
to the metropolis for sea-bathing, and has
good accommodations for genteel company.
sow
Southend, a village of Scotland, in Ar-
pyleshii-e, on the s coast of the peninsula
ot" Cantyre, 7ms Canibletown. Here is
a ferry-boat for the convejaiice of passen-
s^ers aiid cattle to Baliycasile in Ireland ;
and near it, on a precipice overhanging the
sea, is the old castle of Danaverty.
Souihficet, a village in Kent, S"ni S\V'
Gravesend. Some stone coffins, urns, &c.
were dug up here, at the coniinenceiient of
the present century, which evince it to have
been a lionian station.
Soutk'jld, a town of New York, in Suf-
folk county, on the N side of an inland bay
at the E end of Long-island, 100 m exe
New York. Lon. 72 0 vv, lac. 41 14 n.
Soulfurark, a borough in Surry, which
may be considered as part of the metro-
polis, being seated on the opposite side of
the Thames, and under the jurisdiction of
the corporation of London. It is called
the Borough, by way of distinction. Here
are six churches, a Roman catholic chapel,
many places of worship for dissenters, and
several charitable tbundations, particularly
the hospitals of St. Thomas and CJuy ; also
the King's Bench and Marshalsea prisons,
and the county-gool. In 1811 the popu-
lation was 72,119; which number, with
the addition of Lambeth and other out-
parishes in Surry, appendant to the metro-
polis, make 169,'2G0 toward its population.
See London.
Saii-kzcell, a town in Nottinghamshire,
with a market on Saturday. It is an an-
cient place, enjoying some peculiar privi-
leges, and has a collegiate church. Here
is the ruin of a grand palace, demolished in
ti:e civil v>ars, which belonged to the arch-
bishops of York. It is 13 m J. E Notting-
ham, and 129 NKW London.
Souihwold, a town in Suffolk, with a
market on Thursday, tt stands on a cliff,
near a hne bay, witli a harbour to the s,
and tl|ie river Biyth and a drawbridge on
the w; that it is almost surrounded by
wilier, especially at every high tide. Here
;i much esteemed salt is made, and it has
also a trade in corn, beer, and herrings. It
is sometimes called Sowle or Sole, and its
bay is named Solebay. In tins bay was
the great seafight, in 1C72, between the
Dutch admiral de Ruyter and James duke
of York, in which the victory was unde-
cided. Southwold is 20 in s Yarmouth,
and 105 se London. Lon. 1 5-1 w, lat, 52
Souto Majoj; a town of Portugal, in
Beira, 14 m NW Pinhel.
Soiai^nj/, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aliier, seated on the Quesne.
10 m whys Monlins.
Sou:, a river in Stalfordshiro, which rises
in the v; part of the county, flows by Ec-
cleshal to Stafford, below which it receives
the Peak, and soon afterward joins the
Trent. - '•'"'' ''■■ ' / ■■■'-;
Sou>€f-bj//k ^(W»;n''ij(i' W Ybi-kshire, con-
siderable 'fur its Various' ihanufiictures.
The population was 5177 in 1811. It has
a bridge over the Calder, and is 3 m sw
Halifax.
Sp(i, a town of the Netherlands, in the
territory of Lie^e, famous for mineral
waters. The part called the Old Spa con-
sists of poor cottages : the houses ot the
Nev%' Spa are mostly wood and plaster;
but the more modern ones arc of brick and
stone. The church of the capuchins and
the parish-church are both seated upon
eminences. The names of the five principal
wells are Pouhon, Geronflerd, Saviniere,
Watpotz, and Tunnelet. The inhabitants
are employed in making toys for strangers.
Spa is seated in a valley, surrounded by
mountains, 17 m se Liege.
Spain, a kingdom of Europe, 700 m
long and 500 broad ; bounded on the n by
the' bay of Biscay, ne by the Pyrenees,
which separate it "from France, E and s by
the Mediterranean, sw by the Atlantic,
and w by Portugal and tlie Atlantic. It
formerly included Portugal, and was known
to the ancients by the name of Iberia and
llesperia as well as Hispania. Spain
contains the provinces of Old and New-
Castile, Andalusia, Aragon, Estremadura,
Galicia, Leon, Catalonia, Granada, Valen-
tia, Biscay, Asturias, Murcia, and Upper
Navarre, some of which have been sepa-
rate kingdoms. The air is dry and serene,
except daring the equinoctial rains ; but
excessively hot, in the southern provinces,
in June, July, and August. The vast
mountains, however, that run through
Spain, are beneficial to the inhabitants by
the refreshing breezes that come from them
in the s parts ; though those in the n and
ne are in the winter very cold. The soil
is very fertile; but there are large tracts
of uncultivated gro'und ; and the superior
attention paid to the large flocks of sheep,
greatly impedes the progress of agriculture.
The produce of the country is wheat,
barley, saffron, honey, silk,- salt, saltpetre,
barilla, hemp, and even sugar-i;anes, with
the richest and most delicious fruits that
are to be found in France and Italy ; and
its wines are in high esteem. Y.'olves are
the chief beasts of prey that infest Spain.
The wild bulls have so much ferocity,
that bull-fights were the most magnificent
spectacle the court of Spain could exhibit.
The domestic animals are horses, which
are remarkably sv.ifc, mules, asses, beeves,
and sheep, the wool of which is superior
to any in Europe. Spain abounds in mi-
nerabiind metals ; cornelian,agate,jaciuth.
SPA
loadstone, tiircois stones, quicksilver, iron,
copper, lead, siil|)hur, iiypsiini, c;ilamine,
ciirvstal, marbles ot" several kinds, por-
phyry, the tmest jasper, and even diamonds,
emeralds, and amethysts, are tnnnd liere.
Anciently it was celebrated for irold and
silver mines ; but since the discovery of
America no at'.ention has Iieen paid to
them. The principal rivers are iho Douro,
Tajo, Guadiana, Gnadalqniver, libio, and
Minho. Spain, formerly the most popu-
lous kinp;doin in Europe, is now very thinly
inhabited ; for by the census taken in 180;-,
including the Balearic islands, the number
of souls was only 10,35 1,07a. To this
diminution of inhabirants various causes
have contributed; as the expidsion of the
jMoors, the eniiirrations to the colonies,
the vast numbers and celibacy of the clergy,
and the indolence of the natives. Here is
a want even of the most necessary trades ;
and of the few to be met with, tl.e sjreatest
part are in the hands of the Trench, who
are very numerous in Spain ; the natives
themselves, beside th.eir aversion to work,
disdaining to stoop to handicrai'ts. They
are not, however, wholly without manu-
factures, but they are far short of that
flourishing; condition they might attain ;
for they are checked by the royal monopo-
lies, which extend to broad cloth, china,
glass, pottery, paper, saltpetre, salt, sul-
phur, tobacco, suutl', and some others.
The Spaniards in general are tall, their
complexions swarthy, their countenances
expressive. The beauty of the ladies
reigns chiefly in their novels and romances;
in their persons they a'e small and slender.
Jealousy is no loiiger the characteristic of
a Spanish husband : the viiarried ladies
liave their cortejo, or male attendant, in
the same manner as the Ivalians have their
cicisbeo. The establish;:d religion is po-
pery ; and here ti:e iiiquisilion .still reigns,
but in a much milder degree than formerly.
There are eight archbishoprics, 40 epis-
copal sees, and 24 universities, or rather
academies. The Spanish language springs
from the Roman, but many of the words are
derived from the Arabic, used by the I^Ioors,
who for seven centuries held dominion in
this country; tlie speech is grave, sonorou.s,
an',1 very m.tiodlous. Spain, tuice the most
free, is now the most despotic kingdom i»
EiU'npe. It had once its coites or parlia-
ments, which had great privileges ; but
now, thongli not absolutely abolished, they
are under tlie control of the kirig. But the
despotism of the monarchy is balanced by
the power of the church, to which the no-
bles are submissive devotees; and by
many councils, which are responsible for
any un^vise or unsuccessful measures. In
1808, the French attempted to overtuni
SPA
the government of this country ; and hav-
ing allured the royal family into France,
they were retained there by Napulcon,
who sent his brother Joseph to Madrid,
wdiere ho assumed the title of king of
Spain. The Spaniards innucdiately ap-
pointed a supreme .hmta of govermnent of
the kingdom, who, in 1810, summoned tlie
cortes to join them at Cadiz; and this as-
sembly was subsequently removed to Se-
ville and Madrid. The campaigns of 1811
and 1812, of united Spanish, Portuguese,
and British forces, under lord Wellington,
were carried on with varia!)le success ;
but in liiat of 181S, after the battle of the
Pyrenees, few of the French remained in
Spain ; and the allied army passed the
Bidassoa, into France. On the downfall
of Napoleon, in 1814, Ferdinand vii was
restored ; but his immediate conduct ex-
cited general surprise and disgust: bean-
nulled the constitution that the cortes had
prepared, imprisoned some of the leading
meu^bers, re-established the former mode
of government, and extended over all i-auks
the rigours of despotism. Madrid is the
capital.
Spain, Kezc, an extensive kingdom of N
America. See Mexico.
Spaitla, a town of the kingdom of
Tunis, near which are extensive and niag-
riilicent ruins. It is situate on a rising
ground, shaded with juniper-trees, 90 m
sw Tunis, and 100 sse Bona. ' Loh. 9 15
E, lat. 35 40 K.
Spalatro, or Spalatlo, a strong seaport of
Dalmatia, and an archbishop's see. The
harbour is large and deep, and well fre-
quented. It is the emporium of the ex-
ternal commerce of Bosnia and Dalmatia,
the chief exports of which are corn, wine,
and cotton. Without the walls is a sul-
phureous spring, of g;-eat benefit in chro-
nical diseases. Here are the ruins of the
palace of Dioclesian, and of a magnificent
a-ueduct. In 1784, Spalatro w^as' nearly
depopulated by the plague. It is seated
on a peninsula in the gulf of Venice, 75 ni
ESE Zara, and 98 ixW Kagusa. Lon. 16 S3
E, lat. 43 34 K.
Spalding, a town in Lincolnshire, with
a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the
Welland, and from its neatness, and the
canals in the streets, resembles a Dutch
town. It has a good carrying trade in
corn and coal ; and much hemp and flax
is crown in the neighbourhood. It is 14 m
sbvw Boston, and 97 n London.
Spult, a town and castle of Franconia,
in the principality of Anspach. The vici-
nity produces excellent hops. It is seated
on the Retzat, 16 m ese Anspach.
Spondau, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark, with a tine fortress. The
SPI
arsenal is in subterranean vaults, and
there is a prison for state criminals. Ba-
yonets, ramrods, sword-blades, and sabres
are made here ; also musket-barrels, which
are sent to Potsdam to be finished. In
1812, the French <rot possession of the
fortress, which, and the town, suffered
much in. compplliuii them to give it up. It
is seated on the Ilavel, opposite the in-
flux of the Spree, 8 m WNW Berlin, and 12
NE Potsdan?.
Spaiigeuberg, a town and castle of Ger-
many, in Lower Hesse, seated on a moun-
tain, 28 ra SE Cassel.
Spanis/itoxn: see Jago de la Vega.
Spartel, Cape, a promontory on the coast
of Barhaiy, at tiie entrance of tlie strait of
Gibraltar. Lon. 5 56 w, lat. 35 50 n.
Spurtivento, Cape, a low point that
forms the se extremity of Italy. Lon. 16
40 E, lat. 37 50 .\.
Speit-torcn, a seaport of Barbados, for-
merly much frequented by the Bristol
traders, and thence called Little Bristol.
It is situate on the kw coast of the island,
and defended by two forts. Lon. 59 55 w,
lat. 13 15 N.-
Spello, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
Spoleto. Here are the ruins of a theatre,
and other remains of antiquity. It is seated
on a liiil, 13 m n Spoleto.
Spey, a rapid river of Scotland, which
issues from a small lake in the centre of
Invernesshire, flows ene into Elginshire,
then divides that county from Banffshire
for more tiian 20 m, and enters the Ger-
man ocean atGarmouth. It flows through
the iaiiie iir woods of Glenmore and Strath-
spey, i;reat floats of which are sent down
to Garmouth.
Spezzia, or Speda, a town in the duchy
of Genoa, with a good harbour. It is seat-
ed at the foot of a hill, on a gulf of the
same name, 47 m se Genoa. Lon. 9 37 e,
lat. 44 10 X.
Spice Islands ; see Moluccas.
Spielberg, a town of Suabia, in the prin-
cipality of Oettingen, 8 m ke Oettingen,
and 13 sse Anspach.
Spielz, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, on the w side of the lake
Tiiun. 40 m sse Bern.
Spigelherff, a town and castle of West-
SPI
a hill, 28 m e Lincoln, and 133 n by e
London.
Spinalouga, a seaport of the island of
Caiidia, with a good harbour and a citadel.
It is situate near a cape of the same r.ame,
30 m c Caudia. Lon. 25 43 e, lat. 35
20 X.
Spiie, a territory of Germany, lately a
bishopric, in the circle of Lower I'hine,
50 m long and 30 where broadest, and di-
vided into two parts bv the Rhine. It is
a mountainous country, covere.'l with fo-
rests, but produces corn, wiric, chestnut^
and ahntmds. ^
Spire, a citv, capital of the above terri-
tory. Most of the citizens are Lutherans ;
but there are 15 catholic ciiurches and
convents, among which the college formerly
belonging tf) tiie Jesuits claims the first
place. Spire was taken by the French in
1734 ; and, in 1792, it surrendered to the
republican troops of France, who evacuated
it the next year, but re-entered it in 1794.
The city is only a shadow of what it
formerly was, and is seated on the w^ side
of the Rhine, at the influx of the Spirebach,
54 m sbyE Mentz. Lon. 8 29 e, lat. 49
19 N.
Spiritu Santo, a government of Brasil,
between that of Porto Seguro and Rio
Janeiro. The capital is of the same name,
with a castle, and a good port about 10 m
from the ocean. Lon. 40 40 w, lat. 20
10 s.
Spiritu Santo, a town of Cuba, near the
middle of the island, 155 m ese Havana.
Lon. 79 37 w, lat. 22 15 x.
Spital, a town of Geritfany, in Carinthia,
seated on the Liser, near the Drave, 15 m
wxw \'illach.
Spital, a village in Lincolnshire, 12 m
N Lincoln, on the Roman causeway, lead-
ing to the Ilumber. Here are two springs ;
one called Julian's Well, and tiie other
Castleton Well. Great nundjers of Ro-
man coins have been dug up in this village.
Spithead, a famous road in the luiglish
chL-.nnel, between Portsmouth and the isle
of Wight, where the royal navy frequetitly
rendezvous.
Spilzbergen, the most northern country
of Europe, consisting of a group of dreary
islands, ivinsj between 9 and 2'^ e lun. and
It
12 m Ebvs
phalia, capital of a county, in the princi-i^76 46 and 80 30 x lat. having Greenland
to the vv, and Nova Zemhla to the E. The
Piiainland, or principal inland, is 300 m
long, and was discovered in 1555 by some
vessels employed in the whale fishery. In
1596 it was visited by Barentz and Corne-
lius, two Dutchmen, who called it Spitz-
bergen, fiom the many sharp-pointed and
rocky mountains with which it abounds.
The glaciers on the ne present a singular
pality of Calenburg
Halem.
Spigno, a town of Piedmont, in Mont-
serrat, with a castle, situate on the Belbo,
11m ssw Aqui, and 40 se Turin.
Spilembcrgo, a town of Italy, in Friuli,
seated on the I'agliamento, 14 m w Udina,
and 47 nne Venice,
Spihby, a town in Lincolnshire, with a
inarket on Monday, seated on the side of appearance, being high cliffs of an emerald
SQU
colour, impendent over the sea, wlih cata-
raols of nielterl snow, and a backiiround
of Llack conic liills, streakctJ wiili Avhite.
In the winter the sun is absent fur four
months. The animals are deer, bears, and
foxes. Tlie liii-^sians fioin Arrhani^cl
maintain a kind ofiolony here; but tiie in-
Jand parts are uninhabited.
Splugen, a town of Switzerland, in tlie
cantun of Orisons, seated n(;ar the source
of the Hinder llhine, IGui nw Chiavemia.
Spolelo, a ducliy of Italy, in t!ic Eccle-
siastical stale, 5o m long and 40 broad;
bomided on the k by Ancona aud Urbino,
E by Naples, s by Sabina, and w by
the patriuiony of St. Peter, Orvieto, and
Perugino. It is sometimes called Unibria,
and is noted for good wines.
Spoleio, the capital of the above duchy,
and a bishop's see. The castle, standing
on a hill, is connected with the town by a
bridge ; and the catlietiral is a fine struc-
ture. Spoletobufiercd greatly by an earth-
quake in 1703, and again in HOT ; but it
yet possesses many beautiful edifices. Here
are the ruins of an amphitheatre, a trium-
phal arch, and an aqueduct. It is seated
near the Tessino, 40 m e Orvieto, and 60
If byE Rome. Lou. ]3 G r, lat. 42 45 k.
Sponheim, a town of Germany, and the
capital of a county. It is seated among
hills, covered with vineyards, 27 m whys
Mentz. Lon. 7 G8 e, lat. 49 54 :>'.
Sporozc, a town of Lithuar.ia. in the pa-
latinate of Brzesc, on a lake of the same
name, 34 m wbyx Pinsk.
Spot/and, a town in Lancasliire, con-
siderable for its trade and manufactures.
The population was 10,9GS in 1811. It is
S ra ?>• by V.' Rochdale.
Spree, a river that rises in tlie mountains
of Bohemia, passes through Lusatia into
Brandenburg, flows by Berlin, and joins
the Ilavel opposite Spandau.
Spiemberg, a town of Lusatia, on an in-
land formed by the river Spree, 14 ni sby e
Cotbus.
Spi'insfield, a town of PJassachusets, in
Hampshire county, with a considerable in-
land trade; seated on the Connecticut,
20 m sbyE Northampton, and 95 wsw
Boston.
Spriuiijield, a town of Kentucky, in
Bourbon county, situate on the Licking,
60 m wbyN Frankfort,
Sprottuu, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Glogau, on a river of the same
name, at its conflux with the Bober, 10 m
SE Sagan, and 20 wsw Glogau.
Spurn Head, a promontory on the se
coast of Yorkshire, at the mouth of the
Humber, on which is a lighthouse. Lon.
0 15 E, lat. 53 38 n.
Sijuillace, a town of Naples, in Calabria
STA
Ultra. It was much injured by the earth-
quake of 1783, and is finely situate on the
I'avelone, near a gidf of its name, 35 m
sw St. Severino. Lon. IG 40 k, hit. 39 3 N.
Stalilo, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, with a celebrated
Benedictine abbey. Hero is a manufac-
ture of leatlier, and a trade in cloths and
stuffs. It is seated on the Ilecht, 12 m s
Limburg.
SUu/e, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Bremen, with a fortress, a college,
and three churches. It is the principal,
town of tlie duchy, Bremen, the capital,
being a free city ; and is the seat of the
regency and chief courts of justice of the
duchies of Bremen and \'erden. It stands
on the Swingel, near its conflux with the
Elbe, .43 m ne Bremen. Lon. 9 28 e,
lat. 53 SG N.
SUidl am Hof, a town of Bavaria, on the
N side of the Danube, connected by a
bridge with the ci.y of Ratisbon.
Stadthcrg, a town of the duciiy of West-
phalia, on the frontiers of the county of
Vr'aldeck. Part of it, called Marsberg,
stands on the site of the famous Saxon
fort of Elmesberg, which was taken by
Charlemagne, who built a church here in
honour of St. Peter and St. Paul. Stadt-
berg is situate on the Dumel, 14 m s
Paderborn.
SUidthagcn, a strong town of ^^ estpha-
lia, in the county of Schauenberg, with a
t)alace belonging to the prince of Schauen-
3erg-Lippe, in the garden of which is a
mineral spring. It is 8 ni e Miaden, and
10 k Rinteln.
Slafarda, a town of Piedmont, with a
rich abbey. Near this place a victory was
gained by the Trench in 1690, over the
duke of Savoy. It is seated on the Po,
3 m K Saluzzo.
Staffa, a famous island of Scotland, on
the vv side of that of Mull, but only a mile
in length. The sw end is supported by
ranges of basaltic pillars, mostly above 50
feet high and four feet thick. Here is a
magnificent cavern called Fingal's Cave,
which extends 250 feet in length : the en-
trance is a natural arch, 53 feet wide and
117 high, from which the cavern is lighted,
so that tlie furthest extremity may be seen;
it is supported on each side by ranges of
columns, and roofed by tlie fragments of
others that have been broken oil' in form-
ing it : the bottom is covered by the sea,
to the extremity, and a boat may sail into
it in calm v.eather. On the n side of the
island is another cavern, called the Cor-
morant's Cave, which exhibits the same-
appearances, but on a less scale. The
island is every where supported by basaltic
rocks and piikirs, and so much hollowed
STA
ty various caves, that its ".vhole surface is
shaken in stormy weather. The basaltic
pillars are all magnetic ; ilie lower parts
possessing a K, and the upper a s polarity.
This singular little island is the greatest
natural curiosity in Europe, if not in the
world, yet was scarcely known before the
year 1772.
Staffehtein, a town of Franconia, in the
principalitv of Bamberg, situate on the
Lauter, 1(3 m nne Bamberg.
Stafford, a borough and the county-town
of Staffordshire, governed by a mayor, with
a market on Saturday, and manufoctures
of leather and shoes. A castle was built
here by Vv'illiam i, which was garrisoned
by the troops of Charles i, and being
taken, was demolished by order of the par-
liament. It has two churches, and a fine
square market-place, in which is the shire
hall. The population was 4868 in 1811.
It is seated on the river Sow, 34 m ene
Shrewsbury, and 13o ^■w London. Lon.
2 4 w, lat' 52 43 N.
Staffordshire, a county of England,
bounded on the vv by Shropshire, ^w by
Cheshire, ne and e by Derbyshire, se by
Warwickshire, and s by Worcestershire.
It is 55 m long and 42 broad, containing
765,440 acres ; is divided into five hun-
dreds, and 139 parishes; has a city and
19 market-towns; and sends 10 members
to parliament. The population was 295,153
in 1311. The principal rivers are the
Trent, Dove, Sow, Churnet, Stour, Peak,
and Manyfidd. The soil in the s part is
good and rich, though not without heaths,
■which take up a large tract of ground : it
abounds in coal and iron. The middle is
level and plain. The n part, called the
Moorland, is hilly and full of heaths, but
contains rich mines of copper, lead, and
coal. There are also good stone quarries,
plenty of alabaster, and limestone. This
county is famous for potteries, and for the
iron trade in all its varieties.
Stagira, a town of European Turkey, in
Macedonia, celebrated for being the birth-
place of Aristotle, whence he is called the
Stagiritp. It is now called Stavros, and
seated on the gulf of Contessa, 16 m wkw
Contessa.
Stagno, a seaport of Ragusan Dalmatia,
and a bishop's see, seated on a peiuiisula,
in the gulf of Venice, 30 m kw Uagusa.
Lon. 17 50 e, lat. 43 12 n.
Staines, a town in Middlesex, with a
market on Friday, seated on the Thames,
over which is an iron bridge. A little
above the bridge, at Coin Ditch, is the
London INIark Stone, which is the ancient
ixjundary to the jurisdiction of the city of
Londnn on the Thames, and bears the date
id t%^. Staines is 16 m wb\ s London.
STA
Stalhridge, a town in Dorsetshire, witli
a market on Tuesday, and a manufacture
of stockings. Here is an ancient cross of
one stone, 21 feet high, on a base of 8
feet. It is seated near the Stour, 20 m
>: by e Dorchester, and 112 w by s London.
Staley, a village in Lancashire, 9 m e
Manchester, on the river Tame, over wliich
is a bridge into Cheshire. It is noted for
weaver?, diers, and pressers of woollen
cloth, and has some share in the cotton
trade.
Sfalimene; see Loruios.
Stamford, a boiough in Lincolnsliire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on Mon-
day and Friday. It is seated on the Wel-
laud, which is navigable hence, and has a
good trade, particularly in malt and free-
stone. Here subsists the notable custom
of Borough English, by which the youngest
sons inherit the lands and tenements of
the father dying intestate. Here are six
parish-churches, and it had formerly a col-
lege, whose students removed to Brasenose
college, in Oxford. It is 44 m s Lincoln,
and 86 n by w London. Lon. 0 31 \v, lat.
52 42 N.
Stamford, a town of Connecticut, in
Fairfield county, situate on Mill river,
which flows into Long-island sound, 44 m
NE New York.
Stampalia, an island in the Archipelago,
30 m w Stanchio. It is 12 m long and 5
broad, has few inhabitants, and wants
fresh water.
Stancho, or Cos, a fertile island of tlie
Archipelago, near the coast of Natolia,
40 m Jiw of Rhodes. It is 24 m hng and
7 broad, and the birthplace of Hippocrates
and Appelles. It abounds with cypress
and turpentine trees, and a variety of fruits,
particularly grapes and melons. The ca-
pital, of the same name, is a bishop's
see ; seated at the foot of a mountain, at
the bottom of a bay, and defended by a
large fort, behind which was a good har-
bour now become shallow. Lon. 27 16 e^
lat. 56 53 N.
Standon, a town in Hertfordshire, with
a market on Friday, seated on the river
Rib, 8 m ke Hertford, and 27 NbyE
London.
Stanford, a town of Kentucky, chief of
Lincoln county. It is situate in a fertile
plain, 10 m sse Danville, and 40 s by w
Lexington.
Stanhope, a town in the county of Dur-
ham, with a market on Tuesday ; chiefly
inhabited by miners, and seated on the
Wear, 20m w Durham, and 263 jsbyw
London.
Stanley, a town in Gloucestershire, witii
a market on Saturday, 12 m s Gloucester^
and 105 w Londou,
STA
Slanmore, a villa»;e in Midiilcsex, 2 m
NW ^.d>J,e\^al•e. The coinniou is so ele-
vated a ^\wt, that Slime trees iicre are visi-
ble tVoiu the German oixaii.
Slan.)/icl(l, a town in W Yorkshire, cun-
siderahi,' tor its manufactures. '1 lie popu-
lation was 5447 in U!J.l. It is 9 w w
Halifax.
Stutnii.v, Fort ; see lloiiie, in New York.
Slanz, a town of Switzerland, capital of
the lower vallev of Ijndcrwalden. Near
this place, in 1798, tiie troops of Under-
walden were totally defeated hy the 1 rench,
wlio afterward burnt the town and put the
inhabitants to the sword. It is seated in
a plain, at the foot of Stanzbcrg, 8 m se
Lucent, and 38 l Ikrn.
Siura liusit, a town of Russia, in the
sovennnent of Novgorod, on tlie river Po-
lish, near the lake llmen, 4U m s Novgorod.
Lon. 2'o 2 E, hit. 57 40 n.
Sturliiock, a seaport of (luayana, and
the seat of govennucnt for the settlements
of Dcmerary and Issequibo. It stands on
the E side of the river Demerary, nearly
2 ra above the fort, wliich coiinnands its
entrance. Lon. 58 0 vv, lat. 6 oO ^.
Starenberg, a town and castle of Bava-
ria, near the n end of the lake Wurinsee,
14 m sw Munich.
Staigard, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with a castle he-
longing to the prince, 10 ra N by e Strelitz.
Stargurd, Hew, a town of further Po-
merania, with a college, tine manufactures
of wool, and a considerable trade. It was
taken by the Russians in 1758. It stands
oa the "ihna, which Hows to the ()der, 20
m E Stettin. Lon. 13 IS e, lat. 5:; 2(3 n.
Start Point, a promontory on the coast
of Devonshire, 14 m sbyw Dartmouth.
Lon. 3 48 w, lat. 60 13 N.
Stusfuit, a tov.-n of Upper Saxony, in
the duchy of Magdeburg, w.th some good
salt-works, 21m ssw Magdeburg,
Stuten Island, an island of New York,
18 ra long and six broad, which forms the
county ot"^ Richmond. On the s side is a
tract i)f level land ; but the island in gene-
ral is rough, and the hills high. Rich-
Qiond is the only town of note.
Siateu L««c/, a barren craggy island near
the SE point of Terra del Fuego. The pas-
sage between them is the strait ot Le
Maire. It is of a square funn ; and the
eastern point, now generally passed by
vessels going round Cape Horn, is called
Cape St. Joiin. Lon. 63 47 w, lat. 54 50 s,_
Stateshurg, a town of S Carolina, chief
of Clermont"county,situate on Beech creek,
which joins the Wateree a few miles vv of
the town. Jt is 20 in e Camden, and 95
iJbyw Charleston.
Stavuuger, a seaport of Norway, in the
STE
province of Christiansand, and capital of
;i district. Near it is a i'ortress called
Dosvvick. It is seated on a jieninsula, ,105
m WNw Christiansand, Loji. 5 C>.') r,, lut.
58 58 K.
Sluveren, a town of the Nctiierlands,
in I'riesland, formerly a rich city and sea-
port, but now much decayed, and the har-
bour choked uj). '1 he ancient kings of
Friesland made it their ordinary residence,
and there remains enough ol its liirmer
splendour to make it a consideiai)le town,
it has still some trade in fishing, and in
passage boats o\er the uools and lakes of
the neighbourhood. It is seated on the
Zuiiler zee, 27 m ssw Lewarden. Lon. 5
13 E, lat. 52 54 N.
Htuuffen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau,
situate on the Mehlbach, 8 m s Jriburg.
Stanffenburg, a town and castle oi Ger-
many, in I'pper iiessc, situate on the
Lohii, 5 in NNE Giessen.
Staunton, a town of Virginia, chief of
Augusta county. It is situate on Middle
river, a water of the Potomac, 100 m ssw
Winchester. Lon. 79 35 w, lat. 38 15 N.
Stuvros; see Stagira.
Stuii'ropot,;itv\M\ of Russia, in the pro-
vince of Caucasia, with a fort. The streets
are spacious, and it has a large market-
house, stocked with all sorts of commodi-
ties. It is seated on an eminence, at the
source of the Atschile, 70 m kkw Geor-
giewsk, and 210 se Asopli.
Stee/ibergcn, a town of the Netherlands,
in Dutch Brabant, formerly a strong place,
with a convenient harbour;. but the sea
has retired from it about 3 m, which, vvith
the calamities it has suffered by war, has
reduced it to a poor town. It has a coni-
munication with the Meusc, and is 7 m x
Bergen op Zoom.
Slcenkter, a town of Norw ay, in the pro-
vince of Drontheim, 36 m ke Drcntheim.
Slecnkirk, a village of the Neiherlands,
in Hainault, where a victory was obtained
over William iii of England, in 1692, by
the duke of Luxemburg. Itis 15 m n Mons.
SteeuKijck, a town of the Netherlands,
in Oveiyssel, on the river Aa, l^ m N
Zvvoll.
Stege, a seaport of Denmark, on the N
coast'of the isle of Mona, almost sur-
rounded by watr. Here is a strong castle,
and a large handsome church. It is 42 m
sbyw Copenhagen. Lon. 12 15 E, lat.
55 4. K. • .. _^
Stegcbitrg, a seaport of Sweden, in H
GothUind, seated on the Baltic, 25 m s
Nykoping, and 82 sw Stockholm. Lon.
16 40 E, lat. 58 16 K.
Stein, a town of Switzerland, in the can^
ton «f Zurich, on the i; side of the Rhine,
where il issues from Vtie lake of Constance.
STE
Near it is the ancient castle of Ilolienkliii-
gen, now converted into a warcli-towcr.
Tlie chinch is. on the opposite side of ihe
Rhine, in a phice called Buri;h, which is
connected to the town hy a hridge. It
is 15 m wbyN Cons'tance, and 25 ne
Zurich.
Stein, a town of Austria, on the ^■ side
of the Danube, over which is a ioni; wooden
bridge to Mautern. Between Stein and
Kremsis a militarv manufacture, in which
jnetal articles, sabres, cloth, and clotlics
are made and kept. Stein is 2 ni w Krenis,
and I'i N byw St. Polteii.
Stein, a to".vn and castle of Germariy,
in Carniola, seated on the Feistritz, 1 1 ni
B Lntiback.
Stein, a town and castle of Germany,
in Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 12 m
SE Ciagenfurt.
Slciii am Anger, a town of Hungary,
capital of Eiseenburg county, and a bishop's
see. The cathedral and ejjiscopal palace
are modern structures ; and near them is
a large seminary, chiefly devoted to tlie
clergy. 'Ihis town is the Sabania of the
Roniaus, and contains many antiquities.
It is seated in a plain, iselvveen two rivers,
(37 m SSF. i'resburg. Lon. 16 40 e, lat.
47 li] ^.
Stcinuu, a town of Silesia, capital of a
circle, in the principality of \Vol;iu. It
has manufactures ol cloth, and is seated
near the Oder, l(j m NNELignitz.
SieiiiJ'uri, ;i town of Westphalia, capital
of a county, with a Calvinist academy ;
seated on the Aa, 10 m sse lientheun, and
33 :\ sv Minister.
Steiuhcim, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Rhine, with ii castle, near
the river Main, 4 m se Hanau.
Steinhude, a town of Westphalia^ in the
county of ISchauenberg, on tiie s side of
Steinlmder-mere, in which is the strong
fortress of ^\'i!llelmste:n. It is 15 ni ^vv
Hanover.
Steinhurst, ato«n of Lower Saxony, in
Ilolstein, with a castle, 14 ni ssw Lubec.
Stekbvren, a tovvn of .Switzerland, in
Ihurguu, on the lake of Constance, near
where the Rhine issues from the lake, 8 in
w Constance.
Stcllenbosch, a town of iheCape territory,
wiiich gives name to a district, it is neatly
built, and. in the fine season much visited
by jiarties of pleasure. It is 28 m Ebyx
Capetown.
SteiKii/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment ot Meuse, on the river Meuse, 21 m
KNW \'erdun.
,S'cnda/, u tdwn of Brandenburg, capita!
(if the Old mark. Here is a colony of
Frencii Calviuists, and several manufac-
tures. It stands on the rivulet Ucht, 5 m
STE
w of the Elbe, and 3() n byE Magdeburg.
Lon. 11 58 E, lat. 52 35 .\. '
Slernbei'g, a town of Brandenburg, in
the New mark. It carries on a great
commerce in cattle, and is 20 m lsz
Franklcrt.
Sternberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in
theduchy of Mecklenburg, situate on a lake.
It) rii SE \^'isnlar.
Sternberg, a town and casile of Mo-
ravia, in the circle of Olinutz, 10 m ne 01-
mutz.
Slerzingcn, ntov.u of Germany, in Tyrol,
celebrait-d for its sv.ord-blades. In t.'ie
neighbourhood ai e silver-mines. It is seated
at the foot of a mountain, on the Eysoch, I'Z
m N\v" Brixen.
Stettin, a fortilied seaport and the capi-
tal of Hither Pomerania. It is a handsome
town, conlaming about 17,000 inhabitants,
exclusive of the garrison; has numerous
manufactnies, particularly of cloth, stuffs,
h-:its, stockings, yarn, cotton, ribands, paper,
and canvas ; and carries on a considerable
trade to all parts of Europe. Timber is
the principal article of exportation; and
ship- building is a very profitable branch
of employment. Here are three forts,
five parish-churches, and a royal college.
In 1795, a fire consumed a great number
of houses. lu 180(j, this place surren-
dered to the French. It is seated on the
Oder, 70 m xne Berlin. L<;n. 14 44 e, lat.
53 30 N.
Stetin, Isezc, a town of Further Pome-
rania, with a castle, situate on the Wil-
lem, amid lakes on the frontiers of Prussia,
55 m SE Colberg, and 62 eke New Star-
gard.
Stevenage, a town in Hertfordshire, with
a marke: on Friday, 12 m kkw Hertford,
and Six by w London.
Stevenyburg, a town of \'irgiiiia, on tlie
road from Pluladeiphia to Staunton, 13 m
sv/ Winchester.
Stevenaton, a town of Scotland, in Ayr-
shire, famous tor the coa! strata in its vicini-
ty; situate on a hill, 5 m n w Irvine.
Stevenmert, a fortress of the IS' etherlands,
in Upper Gcklerland, seated on the Meuse,
6 m ssw Rmemonde.
Stezcart hlaiuli,{\\e islands in the Pa-
cific ocean, discovered by captain Hunter
in 1791, -and named by him in honour of
admiral i'i.eith Stewart. Lon. 163 18 E, lat.
8 26 s.
Stca'arton, a town of Scotland, in Ayr.
shire, with a manufacture of bonnctb, 6 m
KE Irvine.
Stticarton, a town of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Tyrone, 5 m kne Dunganiion.
Steyning, a borough in Susses, with a
market on Wednesday. Ti'i its cluirch were
buried St. Cuthman, and Ethel wolf, king 6t
Wessex, fatber of Airred. Tt is J5 pi w by N
Lewis, and iO bW Linuloii.
Slej/r, a tow n ot" Austria, ^vl)ich l)as a great
tradf in articU's of iron and steel; bcated at
the conflux of the Steyr v\iili the Ens, 50 ni
SE Lintz.
Stti/rt'g, a town and ciij-tle of Austria, si-
tuate on a nioinUain, on tlie N bide ut the
Daiiulie, 8 ni i: Lintz.
S/iclifuiusct}, a town and castle of West-
phalia, in the principaHty of E Fric^hmd, '22
m ESE Enuien.
Sliglifiiio, a town of Naples, in Basilica-
ta, famous tor its baths; seated near the Sa-
laudrella, '26 in sse Acerenva.
Slilhcitter, a town of New York, in Alba-
ny county, on the vv side of the Hudson, 25
m N Albany.
SStiltoti, a town in Huntingdonshire, ce-
lebrated for a rich kind of cheese, first
publicly sold here at the Bell inn, but prin-
cipally made at Melton Mowbray, in Lei-
cestershire. It is 14 m shyE Stamford, and
75 K by E London.
Stinchar, a river of Scotland, in the s
part of Ayrshire, which has a rapid course
of 26 m, and enters the ocean below Bal-
lantrae.
Stiria, a duchy of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Austria, 125 ra long and 17 broad ;
bounded on the n by Austria, e by Hunga-
ry, s by Carniola, and w by Carinthia and
Salzburg. It is divided into Upper and
Lower Stiria; the former contains the cir-
cles of Jndenburg and Bruck, and the latter
those of Grat?., Marchburg, and Cilly.
Though a mountainous country, clothed
with oak, beech, and pine, every kind of
grain is well cultivated, and the white wine
is very pleasant. It contains mmes of excel-
lent iron, whence the arms made here are in
great esteem ; also mines of lead and coal.
The inhabitants are zealous worsliippers of
the virgin Mary. Gratz and Judenburg
are the chief towns.
Stirliyig, a borough of Scotland, capital
of Stirlingshire, seated by the river Forth,
on the side of a hill that terminates ab-
ruptly in a steep basaltic rock. On this
rock is an ancient castle, once a plac» cf
great strengtli, and often tlie scene of
bloody contention. The palace, erected
by James v, is a stately building; the out-
side curiously ornamented with grotesque
figures. Here are two, churches and a
famous granmiar school. In the town and
neighbourhood are manufactures of car-
pets, shaloons, and other woollen stuffs;
the cotton trade is very flourishing; and it
has a good salmon fishery. Stirling, from
its commodious situation, commands the
pass between the k and s part of Scotland.
The population was s820 in 1811. ItisBOra
v.a\f Ldinburg. Lou. 'J 45 w, lut. 56 6 n.
STO
Stii-liiigMre, a county of Scotland, 25
m long and 16 bread; bounded on the ^
by I'erthshire, Nt by Clackmananshire a:uj
the frith of Forth, se by Linlithgowshire,
S by Lauerkshirc and Dunibaitonshire, and
vv by Dumbartoiisiiire. It is divided into
22 parishes, and the population was 5H,!74
in 1811. It sends a n)ember to pailiament.
Here are various remains of Ivoman anti-
quities, and it is crossed by tlie wall of
Antonius, which is here generally known
by tlie name of Graham's Dyke. The s
part is mountainous, but the part near the
Forth is fertile. It abounds in coa], iron-
stone, and limestone. The principal rivers
are the Forth, Carron, and Avon ; and the
Great canal crosses, it from the mouth of the
Carron.
Stirvin, a town of Westphalia, iu tlie
duchy of Berg, seated on the Roer, 12 m n
Dusseldorp.
SlocLacfi, a town of Suabia, in the hind-
gravate of Nellenburg. Near this town, in
1799, the Austrians gained a victory over
the French ; but in 1800, the latter defeat-
ed the former, and took possession of the
town. It is seated on a river of the same
name, 17 m ne Constance.
Stockbridge, a borough in Hampshire,
with a market on Thursday, seated near the
Test, 9 m ^w Winchester, and 66 w by s
London.
Stockbridge, a town of Massarhusets,
chief of Berkshire county. It is 36 m w
by s Northampton.
Slockew, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of the Leige, seated en the
Meuse, 11 m \ Maestricht.
Stockerau, a town of Austria, situate
near the Danube, 14 m xnvv \'ienna.
Stockholm, a city, and the capital of
Sweden, with a castle, in a situation re-
markable for its romantic scenery. It occu-
pies, beside two penmsnlas, seven small
rocky islands between the lake Maeler and
a bay of the Baltic The water that divides
the inhabitants of the ditlerent quarters in
summer, unites them in winter; lor it be-
comes a plain, vvl)i( h is traversed by horses
in sledges, and by vehicles of all sorts
placed on scates,aloi'g the sides of ships
fixed in the ice. A variety of contrasted
views are formed by nuuiberless rocks oi
granite, rising boldly tioni the surface of
the water, partly b;ire and partly craggy,
and partly dotted wiih houses, or leathered
with wood. The harbour is an inlet of the
Baltic, and the water of such depth, that
ships of the largest bmden can approach
the quay. At the e.xtiemity of the liarbour,
several streets rise one abo\e a:. other ; and
the royal palace, a magmticent quadrangu-
lar building, crowns the summit of the cen-
tral island, wliicn constitutea tlie origmai
STO
city ; here also is the house of the nobles,
the niint, the exchange, the bank, and se-
veral other public buildings. The churches
are not remarkable for beauty, but that of
Rid<lezholm is noted for being the burying
place of the kings of Sweden. The houses
are almost all of stone, or brick covered
with plaster, and roofed with tiles ; except
"in the suburbs, which extend on the N and
* s side of the lake, wliere many arc of wood,
painted red. The royalacademy of sciences
owes its institution to the celebrated Linne
nnd five other learned men. The royal aca-
demy of painting and sculpture contains a
fnie collection of casts, from the antique
statues at Home, presented by king Adol-
phus Fredrick. The arsenal contains an
immense number of trophies and standards;
and the exchange and opera-house are hand-
some buildings. Stockholm has inanufac-
tures of iron, glass, china, silk, cotton,
woollen, linen, &c. From the nature of its
situation, it is upward of '-iO m in circuit,
but the population is not above 73,000. It
is 340 m NE Copenhagen. Lon. 18 1 e, hit.
59 21N.
Stockport, n town ~in Cheshire, with a
market on Friday, and considerable manu-
factures of cotton, printed goods, and hats.
Tt has two churches and several meeting-
houses. The population was 17,545 in
IBll. It is seated on the Mersey, 7 m ssE
Manchester, and 176 nnw London.
Sloci(pd7-t, a town of Pennsyhania, in
iVortliaaipton county, on the w side of the
Popuxtunk branch of Delaware liver. It
stands 18 m ese liannouy, on Susfjuchana
river, and there is a portage between them.
Stucltton, a town in the county of Dur-
ham, governed by a mayor, witli a market
on Wednesday. Here are two docks for
ship-building; manufactures of canvas and
Hopes to a considerable extent, also of di-
apers, huckabacks, checks, &;c. and a trade
in lead, corn, and butter. It is sealed on
the Tees, not far from its mouth, 13 m .sse
Durham, and 243 x by w London.
Stucksow, a town of JMoravia.in tliecircle
of Teschen, seated on the Vistula, 12 m s&
Teschen. ' "'
Stoke,a village in Norfolk, 7 m S£ DsWn-
ham. It has a ferry on the river Stoke,
^vhich is navigable hence to the Ouse.
Stoke, a village in Snftblk, 12 m e Ney-
itind. It has a cliurch on a hill, whose
tower is a mark to ships that pass thewiourh
" of the harbour of Harwich, at 13 m distance.
Stoke, or Stoke FogeSyTx \i\[i\EP, \n Bucking-
Jianoshire, 4 m nn e Windsor. Its churclivard
was the scene of Gray's celebrated Elegy.
' Stoke vpon Trent, a large vilhigc in Staf-
fordshire, u mile E Newcastle. It is situ-
srte on the river Trent, with lh« Grand
STO
Trunk or Trent and Mersey canal running
parallel, and passing through the town.
Here are several wharfs and warehouses,
and many potteries.
Stokes, a town of N Carolina, chief of
Montgomery county. It is seated on the
Yadkin, 4(3 m vvnw Fayetteville.
Stokeslet/, a town in N Yorkshire, with a
market on Satuiday, seated near the river
Wisk, '20 m n by r. Thirsk, and 235 n by
w I^ondon.
Stolberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuriugia, cap.tal of a county, with a
castle. It is seated in a valley between two
mountains, 12 m ne Nordhausen, and 55
wxw Leipiic. Lon. 11 5 e, lat. '51 36 n.
Slolberg, a town of the kingdom of Sax-
ony, in jNIisnia, where great quantities of
cloth are made, 0 m sw Chemnitz.
Slolberg, a town of Whestphaiia, in the
duchy ofJuliers,noted for its brass manufac-
tures ; seated on the V'icht, 12 mssw Juliers.
Stolhofen, a town of Snabia, in the mar-
gravate of Baden, seated in a morass, near
the Rhine, 8 m sw Baden.
Stolpc, a town of Further Pomerania,.
with a castle, three churches, and a Luthe-
ran nunnery. It is famous for the amber
found in its vicinity, has a considerable
linen trade with Dantzic, and a fine salmon^
fishery. It is seated on the Stolpa, 10 m
from its mouth in the Baltic, and 56 ene
Colberg. Lon. 16 48 e, lat. 54 27 n.
Slolpcmunde, a towii of Further Pome-
rania, on the Baltic sea, with a harboin-, at
the mouth of the Stolpa, 10 m Nw Stolpe.
Stolpcii, a town of the kingdom of Sax-
ony, ill Misnia, with a castle on a mountain,
10 m E Dresden. '' "*
Stolzenuu, a town of Westphalia, m' the.
county of Hoy a, seated on tlie Wdsfer, 14 m
ssw Nienburg.
Stone, a town in Stafixird&hire, with a
market on Tuesday. Here is the principle
ortice for conducting the bu-iness of the
Trent and Mei'sey canal, which passes near
the town, ll is seated on the Trent,,? m n
by w Stafford, and 140 sw London.
Stonehaven, a seaport of Scotland, and
tfie county-town of Kiucardiiieshire.^ It
stands on a bay, ut the influx of the Car-
ron; and the harbour i> secured by a higU
rock and stone pier. Near it un; the ruins
rtf the castle of Dunottar, on a ibl'ty per-
pctidiculnr rock aloiost surroundi-d !)y the
sea. The town has a manufacture of browiu
linen, and some trade ia dried fir.h and oil.
In 1811 it contained 1836 in'.iabitants. it
is 20 m KNE Montrose, Lon, 1 53 vv, lat.
50 58 N. - , , , '..
Stoningcon, a seaport of tToViriecticBt, ia
New London county. The harbour sets nj<-
from LoJig-islaud sound, opposite Fisher
2 X
STO
island. It is 14 m r New London. Lon.
71 58 w, lat.41 2G X.
Storkau, ;i town of Brnndenburg, in tlie
Uckcr mark, 27 m se llcilin.
Slornawai/, a seaport ot" Scotland, on the
T. side of the isle of Lewis, at the head of
Loch Stoniawav, which is a tiood harbour
for ships of any hnrden. Here is a custom-
house and a postotiice, and a packet sails_
■weekly to Ulapool, on the mainland of
llossh'irc. Lon. 6 18 w, lat. 68 18 n.
Stoi-tford, or Bishop Sliutford, a town in
Ilertfordhliire, with a market on Thursday.
On the E side is the rain of a castle, on ;m
artificial mount. It stands on tlie side of a
liill, by the river Stort, which is navi<fabie
lience to the Lea, \6 m i:xe Hertford, and
30 NNK London.
5/o.«en, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thurinj^ia, G ni s Weissenfels.
Sloii<:litou, a town of Massachusets, in
Norfolk county, \\ hence great quantities of
charcoal, baskets, and brooms are sent to
Boston. It is 9 m se Deadhani, and 15 s
Boston.
Stour\ a river that forms the entire
boundary between Essex and Suftblk, pass-
ing by Clare, Sndbury, Neyhind,andMan-
iiingtree, and being joined by the Orwell
from Ipswich, forms the harbour of Harwich.
Stour, a river that rises in the s part
of Staffordshire, enters Worcestershire at
Stourbridge, and flows bv Kidderminster
into the Severn, opposite Stourport.
Staur, a river that rises in the most
northerly point of Dorsetshire, passes by
Stourminster, Blandford, and Winborn, then
enters Hampshire, and flows into the Avon,
opposite Christchurch.
Stoit?-, a river in Kent, wdiich rises in tlie
Weiild, flows by Wye and Canterbury, and
7 m below divides into two streams ; the
smaller one called the Salr, passes n to the
sea at Recuiver, and the main branch flows
SE bv Sandwich into Hope bay.
Sfourbriclge, a corporate town in Wor-
cestershire, with a mfuket on Lriday, and
iTianufaotures of p;la5S, iron, and earthen
■ware. Here is a freeschool founded by Ed-
ward vf ; and in the neiglibourhood is a hos-
pital for the maintenance and education of
CO boys. It is seated on the Stour, 22 m N
Worcester, and 126 kw London.
Slourlrid^e, a town of Massachusets, in
Worcester county, fi^nous for excellent but-
ter and cheese, 22 ni sw Worcester.
Stour minuter, a town in Dorsetshire, with
a market on Thursday, aiid a manu.'acture
of white baize. Near it is tlie ruiu of a
castle, once the seat of the W Saxon ki 02S-
It is seated on both sides the Stour, over
v.liich is a bridae, 20 in ^c Dorcheslcr, nna'
lOiJ w i>v ri Lor, don.
STR
Stourport, a. village in Worcestershire, •*
m s Kidderminster. Tt is a busy centre of
inland navigation, seated opposite the place
where the river Stour and the StalVordshire
and Worcestershire canal enters the Severn,
over which river it has a long stone bridge.
Stow Market, a town in SnlVolk, with ii
market on Timrsday, and a mantd'acture of
woollen stuffs. It has a navigable cut to
Ipswich, and is seated on the Orwell, 12 m
>\v Ipswich, and 69 nne London.
Stozu on the Wold, a town in Cloucester-
shire, with a market on Thursday, seated
on a bleak hill, 22 m e Gloucester, and 83
\v by N London.
Stowei/, a town in Somersetshire, with a
market on Tuesday. It had once a castle,
of which no vestiges remain, except the
ditch. It is 8 in w by N Bridgewater, and
117 w by s London.
Strabane, a borough of Ireland, inTyroue
county, situate on the Mourne, 2 m above
Llfford, where it meets the Fin, and their
junction forms the Foyle. It is 13 ni ssw
Londonderry, and 16 xnw Omagh.
Stradbulli), a town of Ireland, in Queen
county, 7 m e by s Maryborough, and 8 w
by N Atliy-
Strude'lla, a strong town of Italy, in INIi-
lanese, with a castle. The French became
masters of it in 1800. It is seated on the
Versa, near the Po, 10 ra se Pavia.
Strakojiiiz, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Prachin, with a castle; seated on
the Wotawa, 11 m sw Piseck.
Strulen, a town of the Netherlands, in
Prussian Gelderland, 10 m sw Gelders.
Stralsund, a seaport and the chief
town of Hither Poinerania. The population
12,000; and the trade and commerce are
considerable. The churches and other pub-
lic buildings are handsome; and the library
belonging to the college has a capital col-
lection of coins. Charles xii, in 1714,
came hither after his return from Turkey,
and ennobled the magistracy. Stralsund
was forced to submit to the allies in 1715,
but restored in 1720. It surrendered to the
French in 1807. It is almost surrounded by
the Baltic and the lake Francen, and has a
harbour separated from the isle of Rugen
by a narrow cha:mfl. It is 40 m ene Ros-
tock, and 85 nw Stettin. Lon. 13 16 E, lat..
54 20 N.
S rummel, a town of Further Pomerania,
on the river llega, 21 m ne New Stargard^
Slrangford, a town of Ireland, in Down
county, seated on a bay of its name, at the
narrow part that connects Stranglord lough
with the Irish sea. Over the channel is a
ferry to the village of Portaferry. It is 9 m
ENE Downpatrick.
Slrenigjord, Joug^h, an inlet of the sea.
STR
jn the county of Down, on the e coast of
Ireland. It is 17 m long, and -5 broad, and
abounds witli excellent fish The entrance
into it from Strangford bay is not a mile
broad- It contains some 2;ood harbours, and
54 small islands, on which the burning of
kelp employs a great number of hands.
Stranraer, a borough and seaport of
Scotland, in Wigtcn--hire, situate at the i:
extremity of Loch Ryan. It is frequented
by vessels employed in the coasting trade
and herring fishery; and some ships sail
hence to the Baltic and Ireland with corn.
It has manufactures of cotton, linen, and
leather, and is 2G m w by n Wigton. Lon.
4 57 w, lat. 55 0 N.
Strasburg, a town and castle of Suabia,
18 m E Rothweil, and 19 w^ Buchau.
Strasburg, a city of Trance, capital of
the department of Lower Rhine, and a
bishop's see. It is situate near the Rhine;
and tlie river 111 runs through it, and forms
many canals. There are six bridges of com-
munication between the different quarters
of the city. The population 50,000. Ttie
principal structures are built of a red stone,
dug from the quarries which are along the
Rhine. This town, formr rly imperial, was
taken by Louis xiv in 1681; and was con-
firmed to France by the peace of Ryswick
in 1697. The citadel and fortifications have
been so much augmented, that Strasburg
may be considered as one of the strongest
places in Europe. The town is entered by
six gates. In the cathedral is a clock,
which shows the motions of the constel-
lations, the revolutions of the sun and moon,
the days of the week, the hours, &:c. An-
other remarkable circumstance in this ca-
thedral is its pyramidical tower, which is
349 feet high. In the church of St. Thomas,
is the magnificent tomb of the famous mar-
shal Saxe. Strasburg is a place of con-
siderable commerce, and has manufactures
of tobacco, porcttlaiu, steel, lace, carpets,
doth, leather, Sec. It is 65 m n Basel, and
75 E Nancy. Lon. 7 45 r, lat. 4o 35 n,
Strasburg, a town of W Prussia, in the
province of Culm, with a castle; seated on
the Drigentz, 30 m ene Thorn.
Strasburg, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Ucker mark, 15 m n by w Prenzlo.
Strasburg, a town of Germany, in Carin-
thia, on the river Gurk, 12 m n Clagen-
furt.
Strasburg, a town of Vir^'inia, in Shenan-
doah county, on the kw branch of the N
fork of Shenandoah river, 18 m ssw Win-
chester.
Strasburg, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Lancaster county, situate on an eminence,
58 m w i'hiladeiphia.
StrasnitSf a town of INIoravia, with a cas-
tle and acollege,, pp^t^^iv^^^rschj, 12 m
ssw Ilradisch. ,. -^, , ^ , ;
Stratford, a town of Connecticut, in Fair-
field county, with two edifices for pubhc
worship; situate on a river of the same
narar;, 5 m from its mouth, and 14 wsw
iS'ewhaven.
Stratford, a village in Suffolk, 12 m sw
Ipsuicii. It has a share in the woollen ma-
nufacture, and stands on th^ Stpur, , pyer
which is a bridge into Essex.
Stratford, a village in Essex, 3 m ene
London, it is separated trom Bow, in Mid-
dlesex, by the river Lea, over which is a
bridge, said to be the most ancient stone
one iu England.
Stratford on Avon, a town in Warwick-
shire, governed by a mayor, with a market
on Thursday. It is memorable as the birth-
place of Shakspeare, who was buried here
in 1616. It stands on the Avon, over which
is a long bridge, 3 m sw Warwick, and 93
NVv London.
Stratford, Feum/, a town in Bucking-
hamshire, with a market f)n Monday, seat-
ed on the lyssel, and the Roman Watling-
street, 12 m e Buckingham, and 45 nw
London.
Strafford, Stone t/, a town in Buckingham-
shire, with a market on Friday. Here are
two churches, and a cross built by Edward
I, in memory of his queen Eleanor. In
1743 a fire happened, which destroyed 150
houses. The inhabitants are principally
lacemakers. It is seated on the Ouse, and
the Roman Watling-street, 8 m ne Buck-
ingham, and 52 nw London.
Straihaven, a town of Scotland, in La-
nerkshire, sometimes called Avendale.
Here is a castle on a reeky eminence, and
a considerable manufacture of cotton. It
stands on the Aven, 12 m w Lanerk, and
16 ssE Glasgow.
Strathnwrc, a great valley of Scotland,
which extends along tiie s foot of the Gram-
pian hills, traversing the kingdom from
Dumbarton to Stoneliaveu, and is bounded
on the s by the Lennox, Ochil, and Sidlaw
hills. The whole valley is fertile, and in-
terspersed with towns, villag,^5,.an,d,f;Iegant
seats. ' ' .- ' •■..
Strathy, a river of Scotland, in SutheF-
landsliire, which issues from Loch Stratliy,
and flows into a bay of the North sea, t«>
which it gives name. The bay is sheltered
on the w by a large promontory, called
Strathy Head. Lon. 3 43 w, lav. 58 -J3 n.
Stratton, a town in Cornwall, wiih a
market on Tuesday, 1-8 m nmw Lauuc'eS'-
ton, and 222 '.V by s London. . ,
Straubing, a town of Bavaria, capital of
a territory, with a castle. It iias^ broad
streets, handsome.churches,, aiid;tiue coD'
2X2 ' ' '
STR
rents. It was tnkcii, in 1713, by the Aiis-
jrians, who ilemorLshed the tbrtilicatioii" ;
iiiit it was restored in 17') 5. It is scateil
on the Daiuihe, '22 m su Ratisboii, ami (38
SE Munich. l,on. 12 'J8 r, hit. m 60 n.
Strausberg, a town of Hrandcnburg, in
the Middle murk, with an old castle on a
mountain. It has maiintactnres of bai/e
and cloth, and stands on the lake Strauss,
21 n\ t.NF. Berlin.
Sire/ilit, a town of the kinfi^iom of Sax-
ony, in Misnia, near which the Prussians
were defeated 1)V the Anstrians in 1700.
It is seated on tlie Elbe, 14m n\v Meissen.
Strelitz, u town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Oppeln. Id m sr, Oppeln.
Slrditz, JSen\ a town of Lower Saxony,
capital of tlie duchy of Mccklenburii;-
Strelitz. It owes its origin to the ducal
palace at Old Strelitz being burnt down
in 1712 ; in consequence of wiiich, in 1713,
the duke began to erect a magnificeut
palace, 2 m from the site of the old one,
at a place called Glienkc, which was thcTn
his hunting seat ; and in 1733, he founded
a town adjoining to the palace, and called
it New Strehtz. The centre is a spacious
market-place, and thence a number of
htreets urauch out in straij^ht lines ; the
rhief street leads to the palace, arid the
next to a pleasant lake. It is seated among
lakes, 55 m se Gustrow, and 56 is byw
Berlin. Lon. 13 18 f, lat. 53 21 N.^
Screiignas, a town of Sweden, in Suder-
mania, and a bisiiop's sec, with a college.
It is seated (Ui the lake iUaeler, 30 m w
bys Stockholm. Lou. 17 40 e, lat. 59
18 N.
Strci'on ; sec Church Slrctton.
Htrichen, a town of Scotland, in Aber-
deenshire, on the river Strichen, a tribu-
tary stream of the Ugie, .'!3 m Nbyj; Aber-
deen.
Striegau, a town of Silesia, in the priu-
."ipality of Schweidnitz, seated on a river
at the foot of a mountain, 1 1 m .\ Schweid-
nitz.
Stroei>ts?inh/, a town of Sweden, in ^^ est-
mauia, with an anticjue royal castle. Here
is a canal to the iron mines at Norberg.
It is situate on the lake Maeler, 18 m sXv
Westeras.
Strolcestojon, a town of Ireland, in Ros-
connnoii comity, 12 m N'by >: Roscommon.
Stroma, a small island of Scotland, on
the coast of Caithness, in the Pentland
frith. It has caverns that were once used
as places of interment, by the inhabitants
of tiie neighljouring islands. Near its x
tucris a dangerous whirlpool.
Slroniiicrg, a town of Westphalia, in the
princiijality of Muiister, 20 lu rsE Munstei,
afid 20 Kw Paderborn.
STR
S/romberg, a town of Cernuuu', in the
palatinate of the Rhine, famous tor sole
leather. It is 22 ni w Mentz, and 32 s
Coblentz.
Stromboli, tlie most northern and eastern
of the Lipari islands, and an innuense vol-
cano. It rises in a conical form to the
height of 3000 feet; and toward the e are
three small craters ranged near each other,
nearly at two thirds of its height. Not-
withstanding its fires, it lias some inhabit-
ants, who live in scattered huts on the
shore, principally employed in fishing for
congers, which are here in abundance ;
and it has a few small vineyards on the x
side. (Jf all the volcanos recorded in his-
tory, Stromboli seems to be the only one
that flames without ceasing; and for ages
past, it has been looked upon as the great
lighthouse of the Mediterranean sea. Lon.
Ij40r., lat. 33 40 n.
Stromness, a town of Scotlaiul, on tlie
sw side of the island of Pomona, with an
excellent harbour and a good trade, 9 m
w Kirkuall.
Stromoe, the largest of the Feroe islands,
in the Northern ocean, 27 m long and 7
broad. It has a town called Thorshaven,
which is the capita! of all the islands, and
the cumiiion market. It stands on a tongue
of land on the se side of the island, and
has a fort on a projecting point on the e
side of the bay. Lon. 7 0 w, lat. 62 10 k.
StroJiifoc, a town of Norway, in the pro-
vince of Aggerhuys, 20 m sw Christiana.
Stromntad, a town of Sweden in W Goth-
land, famous for shellfish ; seated on the
coast of the North sea, 45 m knw Udde-
valla. Lon. 11 10 e, lat. 58 53 n.
Strongc/i, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citra, seated on a high rock, 3 ra from the
sea, and 7 N St. Severmo.
SlTonsa, one of the Orkney islands, lyin?
NE of that of Pomona. It is 7 m long and
•1 broad, but so indented by bays that no
part is above a mile from the sea. It pro-
duces an immense quantity of kelp, feeds
many sheep and cattle, and alTords two
2;ood harbours.
Htronthni, a town of Scotland, in Ar-
iryleshire, noted for rich lead mhies, iu
w hich a new kind ot mineri-.l was discover-
ed in 17 90, and named drontilea. It stands
on the K side of Loch Sunart, 15 m wsw
Fort William.
Stroud, a town iu Gloucestershire, with
a market on Friday. It is seated on
a Iirook, whose waters licing peculiarly
adapted to the dying of scarlet, its banks
arc crowded with"^ the houses of clothiers.
A navi-iablc canal accotnpanics tfic brook
w to the Severn ; and another extends v. to
the Thames, at Lechlade. From these
SUA
advantajces the town has greatly encreased,
and in 1811 it contained 5321 inhabitants.
It is 11m sbyu Gloucester, and 100 w
byK London.
Slroud, a considerable village in Kent,
which joins the n end of Rociiester bridge,
being parted from tiie city by t!ie river
Med way.
Shidiiind, a village in Dorsetshire, at
the NE end of the isle of Purbeck, 4 ni
EbvN Corfe castle. In the neighbouriiood
are several cnrions barrows. It stands on
a bay of the same name, which extends to
Pool harbour.
Stuhlin<!;eri, a town of Suabia, in a huid-
gravate of the same name, with a castle on
a )n;)untain, 9 m s Furstenborg.
Slu/i/acUxenburg, a town of Hungary,
capital of a county, and the see of a
bishop. It was tonne; ly the place for the
coronation of the kings, and generally also
of their interment; but it is much decayed,
since the wm'ks were dismantled in 1702.
The population in 1815 was 12,3(35. It is
situate between the lake \'aleucze and the
river ^'arvitz, 37 m sw Buda, and 93 se
Presburg. Lon. 18 32 f, hit. 47 12 n'.
Stura. a river of Piedmcmt, which rises
on the w borderland iiovvs by Coni and Fos-
sano to Ciierasco, where it j.)ins theTanaro.
Stutgard, the capital of the kingdom of
Wirtend)erg, surrounded by walls and
ditches. It' has an ancient castle, with a
rich cabinet of curiosities, a royal palace,
an orphan house, a college, a royal aca-
demy and observatory, a military acadeniy,
and one of the largest libraries in Germany.
The streets are narrow in the city, and the
liouses generally of wood ; but there are
fine houses, and straight streets, in one of
the suburbs. It lias manufactures of silks,
stocldngs, ribands, &:c. and around it are
iimumerable vineyards and gardens. Stut-
gard was taken by the French in 179G, and
again in 1799. It is seated in a plain,
among m!)untains, near the river Neckar,
36 m E Baden, ana 52 ne Strasburg. Lon.
9 21 E, hit. 43 44 N.
Suabia, a circle of Germany ; bounded
on the N by Franconia and the circle of
Lower Rhine, w by that circle and Alsace,
s by Switzerland, and e by Bavaria. It
contains the kingdom of Wirtemberg, the
niargravate of Baden, th.e principalities
of Hoenzolleni, Oetingen, Furslenberg,
.Mindelhcim, Augsburg, and Constance,
also Burgau, Brisgau, and some other terri-
tories.
Suakem, or Suaquam, a seaport and the
capital of the country of Abex, seated on
a small island of the same name, in the
lied sea. It is the residence of a Turkish
governor, under tlie pashaw of Cairo, and
was tiice a very flourishing place, but is
SUD
now gone to decay. Lon. 37 55 e, lat. 19
b6 X.
Subiaco, a town ef Italy, in Campagrm
di Roma, seated on the Teserone, 33 m
E by N Rome.
Sahuni'eeka, a river of liindoostait^
w hicii has its source in the s part of Bahar,
whence it flows in a winding se course of
about 250 m to the bay of Bengal. Be
fore the acrpiisition of Cuttack, in 1803,
this river formed the boundary of the
Bengal presidency toward the Ma!n"att«
territories in Oris^a.
liuca, a town of Barbary, in Tripoli,
near a lake of the same name, from which
great quantities of excellent salt arc ob-
tained. It is situate on the gulf of Sirtis,
30 ui s J\Iesurata.
Sucaduiiu, a town on the sv/ coast of
Borneo, capital of a district that produces
much camphor and opium. It is seuteJ
at the mouth of a ri\er. Lon. 110 15 £,
lat. 1 10 s.
Succens Bai/, a bay of Terra del Fuego,
on the w shore of the strait of Le Maire.
The s prinnontory, at its entrance, is called
Cape Success. Lun. 65 27 w, lat. 55 1 s.:
Siickui, a town of Hindoostan, in La-
hore, capital of a small district. It is
seated on the Beyah, 126 m ene Lahore.
Lon. 75 47 e, lat. 32 41 K.
Suczava, a town of European Turkey,
in Moldavia, formerly a city, but now
much declined. It is seated on a river af
the same name, 70 m ^v/ Jassy. Lon. 2.V
52 e, lat. 47 57 n.
Suda, a strong fort of the isle of Candia,
situate on an islet, in a gulf of its name,
which is one of the finest and safest iiar-
bours in the Levant. This fort vvas con-
structed by the ^"enetians, who preserved
it a great while after Candia was no lon^ei-
in tlieir possession, it is 8 m e Canea.
Sudbury, a borough in Surf(jik, governed
by a mayor, with a market on Saturday.
It has three churches, and was one of the
first seats of the Flemings, vvflio -were
brouglit over by Edward m, to teach the
English theart of manufacturing their own
wool. The trade is now diverted, in great
part, into other channels ; but many kinds
of thin stUiTs are still made here. It is
seated on the Stour (which is navigable
hence to Manningtrce) 14 m s Bury St.
Edmund, and 54 ne London. Lon. 0 50
w, lat. 52 11 N.
Suderfurs, a town of Sweden, in Upland,
and the only place in the kingdom where
anchors are forged. It is seated near the
Dahl, above the cataract of EUscarleby,
38 m KW Upsal.
Suderhamn, a town of Sweden, in Hel-
singia, with a considerable trade in liiieu,
butter, timber, wmi flax, and a manufac-
_ ., m
lute qf arms. It jis iftituate at tl^e'moulh
of a river, ne»r the <:ult",of liotluiia, 20 m
N Ctlle. Lou. 17 0 E, lar. 63 20 n.
Sudcrkoping, a toun of SvvccU ii, in K
fJotlilaiid, foniicrJv nnicli r.uirc floiirihliinj];
than at i)reseut ; ;5eatc(l on a inivigable
river, 10 \n ssi. Nurdkoping.
ISufUiDmriia, a itiovince of S\\edti), in
tlie division of Svvtden Proper, (32 ni Idms;
and 42 broad ; bimndwl by Upland, West-
mania, Ncricia, and the Baltic. It is tiie
most populous part ol" Sweden, abounds
ill corn, and has mines of divers metals.
W^koping is llie capital.
Stulcrtelje, a town of Sweden, in Sudcr-
mania, vvitli a nianuractnre of worsted ami
silk stockin>is, seated near the lake JMaeler,
IG ni wsw Stoekhiilni.
Sudorce, the st.'Ullierniost of the Fcree
islarids,in tho Northern ocean. Near it is
a whirlpool, occasioned by a crater CI
fathoms deep in the centre, which in slo: nis
IS very dani!;eron? ; but at the reflux, and
m stil! weather, the inhabitants venture in
boats for the sake of tishini;
Suen-Iioa, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Pe-tchc-!i, seated amid mountains,
near the threat wall, 77 m m.\v Peking.
Lon. 114 SO E, lat. 40 38 k.
Suez, a seaport of Egypt, \\itli a castle,
seated at the n end of the w arm of the
Red sea, called the gulf of Suez. This
j;'ilf is separated from the Mediterranean
by an isthmus, 12.') miles over, which joius
Asia to Africa. The town is surrounded
by a sandy country, destitute of water.
Fish is plentiful ; but all other provisions,
x'or both men and animals, are brought
from Cairo, or more distant places ; and
the only potable water is brought by the
Arabs from the wells of Naba, on the
other side of the gulf, 7 m from Suez.
Several vessels are employed in the naviga-
tion between this port and Jidda, where
the commoditits are bartered for Indian
goods and liie coffee of Arabia. The coni-
luerce of Cairo with Suez is carried on by
caravans, which wait the arrival, and set
oat on the departure of the vessels, that is,
about the end of April, and in the course
of July and August. The merchandise
consists in corn, wood, iron, lead, w^ool,
cloth, cochineal, sails, cordage, 5cc. Suez
is 05 m E Cairo. Lon. 32 28 e, lat. 20 0 n.
Svffield, a town of Connecticut, in Hart-
ford county, on the w side of Connecticut
river, 17 m N Hartford.
'i Suffolk, a county of England, bounded
on the .s by I^se.x, w by Cambridgeshire,
N by Norfolk, and e by the German ocean.
Jti» 53ni long and 28 broad, containing
1,002,240 acres ; is divided mlo 21 hun-
dredsi and 010 parisb.es ; has 29 market-
towns ; and sends 16 members to parlia-
nicnt. TliG population was 234,211 in
1811. The soil is of various qualities, biit
the country, in general, is level. Tliat
near tlr^ sliore is sandy and full of heathg,
yot abounds in rye, peas, turiii|)s, carrpts,
and hemj), with numerous flocks of sheep.
Co[)ious beds of petrified shells, called
siied-marl, are found in various, parts be-
tween NN'oodbridge and Ortbrd, and are
used for improving light land. High Suf-
folk, or the Woodlands, in the inland part,
yields good pasture, and feeds atnmdauce
of cattle. That part on the confines of
Essex and Cambridgeshire alfords also e^-
cellent pasture; and to the n aiul kw it is
fruitful in corn. The chief produce is
butter and cheese. Tlie principal rivers
arc the Stour, VVavcny, Little Ouse, Larke,
Deben, Gipping, and Orwel!. Ipswich is
the principal town ; but the assizes are
held at Bury St. Edmund.
Suffolk, a town of Virginia, cliief of
Nausemond county. It is situate on the
river Nausemond, 20 m wbys Norfolk.
Siif^ulnicssa.ov Sigili/iensa, a town of the
kingdom of Tafllet, capital of a district
that abounds iucorn,date=, and other fruits,
and has mines of iron, lead, and antimony.
It is seated on the Zig, l40,iii nke Tafilet.
Lon. 5 5 w, lat. 29 40 x.
Siifila, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
county of Ilenneberg, wiih manufactures
of tiistiaii, linen, leather, and steel; seat-
ed on the Ilasel, seven m M Schleusingen.
Sufilirigen, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Hoya, on a river of its name,
22 m vvbvN Nienburg.
Stii?-, a river of Ireland, which rises in
Tipperary, flows by Holy Cross, Cahir,
Clonmel, Carrick, and Waterfuid, and
meets the Barrow at the head of Water-
ford haven.
Sulaii ; see Zulcmf.
Sulll, a town of European Turkey, in
Albania, with a castle ; situate on the side
of a ridge of mountains, of the same name,
27 m Shw Janiiia.
Sullivan, a town of the district of Maine,
in Hancock county, situate on a bay, op-
posite Mount Desert island, 12 m nw
Goldsborough.
Sullj/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loiret, on the river Loire, 20 m
.SE Orleans.
Sulmoiiii, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Citia, and a bishop's see, with 11 churches
and I'S convents. It is the birthplace of the
poet t)vid, and seated on the Sora, 2G m sw
Civita di Cliieti. Lon. 14 55 r, lat. 42 0 N .
SuUuniu, or Sultanuhtid, a town of Per-
sia, in Irak, with the remains of a magni-
ficent uiosque, which contains the tomb
of sultan Cliodabend. It was formerly a
city, of which considerable ruins are yet
SUM
\Isil)le ; and it is now refoiinded under
its latter appellation. In 1809, the citadel
was completed, near to whicli is tlie king's
pleasure house. It is seated in a rich
plain, 60 m wbyN Casbin.
Sultanpom-, a town of Hindoostan,in tlie
province of Mooltan, 20 m eIjjn Mooitan.
iiultunpoor,:\ toun olilindoostan, in La-
hore, on the river Caly, 67 m se Lahore.
Sultanpoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Oude, on tlie river Guonily, ii'^ ni s
Fyzabad.
Sultanpoor, a town of Ilindoostan, in
Khandesh, on the river Tiiptee, 90 ni
ibyN Surat.
Suite, u town of Lower Saxony, in
Mecklenburg, with a salt mine, seated on
the Kekenitz, 18 ni ese Rostock.
Sultz, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Rhine, with a medicinal
spring, 13 m ssw Coimar.
Suh, a town of Wirtemberg, with some
salt-works, seated near the ]Seckar, 12 m
K Rothwcil.
Suiza, a town of Upper .Saxony, in Thn-
lingia, with a salt mine, scatedon the lime,
near its conflux with the Saal, ISniENK.
Weimar. f
Sulzbuch, a town and castle of the pala-
tinate of Bavaria, in a ducliy of its name ;
seated in a mountainous country, fertile
in liops, 6 m Nw Ambeig.
Salzburg, a town of Suabia, in the mar-
gravate of Baden-Durlach, with a line
palace; seated in a territory fertile in good
wine, 8 m sw I'riburg.
Sumatra, an island in the Indian ocean,
the most western of the Sunda islands. It
is 950 m long, and from 150 to 200
broad ; separated from Malacca by the
strait of that name, and from Java, by the
strait of Sunda. The equator divides it
into almost equal parts ; the one extre-
mity being in 5 35 N, the other in 5 50 s,
lat. and Achecn Head, the N extremity,
is in Ion. 95 34 r. A chain of mountains
runs through its w hole extent ; the ranges,
in many parts, being double and treble,
and among them there are many \olcanos :
Mount Ophir, situate nearly under the
equator, is about the height of the Pike
of leneriiV. Between the ridges of the
mountains there are extensive plains, con-
siderably elevated above the surface of the
maritime lands. In these, the air is coctl ;
and they are esteemed the most eligible
portion of tlie country, are the best in-
habited, the most cleared from woods,
and have many lakes and rivers, wiiich
facilitate the communication between the
difierent parts. The inhabitants consist
of Malays, Achenese, Battas, Lampoons,
and Rejangs : the latter are taken as a .'■tan-
dard of description, with respect to the
SUM
person, manners, and customs of tiie Suma-
trans. They are rather below the middle
stature; their limbs, for the most part,
slight, but well shaped, and particularly
small at the wrists and ancles. Their hair
is strong, and of a shining black. The
men are beardless; great pains being takeu
to render them so, when boys, by rubbing
their chins with a kind of quicklime. Their
cfunplexion is propeily yellow, wanting the
YCi\ tinge that constitutes a copper or
tawny colour; those of the superior class,
who are not exposed to the rays of the sun,
and jiarticularly the women of rank, ap-
proaching to a degree of fairness; but the
major part of the females are ugly. The
rites of marriage consist simply in joining
the hands of the parties, and pronouncing
them man and wife, without much cere-
mony, excepting the entertainment that is
given upon the occasion. But little ap-
parent courtship precedes their marriages;
the young people of each sex being care-
fully kept asunder, and the girls being
seldom trusted from their mothers. A
man may purchase as many wives as he
may wish to have ; but their number
seldom exceeds eight. Mothers carry
their children straddling on the hip, and
usually supported by a cloth tied in a knot
on the opposite shoulder. The children
are not coniined by any swathing or
bandages; and being suffered to roll about
the floor, soon learn to walk and shift for
themselves : when cradles are used, thev
swing suspended from the ceiling of tho
room. The original natives are pagans;
but when the Sumatrans, or any of the na-
tives of the eastern islands, learn to read
the Arab'.c character, and submit to cir-
cumcision, they are said to become Ma-
lays; the lerm Malay being understood to
mean Mooselmin. The wild beasts of
Sumatra are tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses^
bears, and monkeys. The tigers prove to
the inhabitants, both in their journevs
and d.oinestic occupations, most destruc-
tive enemies; yet, from a superstitious
prejudice, it is with difficulty they are pre-
vailed upon to use methods for destroyinj;
them. Alligators likewise occasion tiic
loss of many inhabitants, as they bathe in
the river, according to their regular cus-
tom ; and yet a superstitious idea of their
sanctity also preser\ es them from molesta-
tion. The otiier animals are buffalos., a
small kind of horses, goats, hogs, deer,
bullocks, and hog deer. This last is au
animal somewhat larger than a raBbit, the
head resembling that of a hog, and the
shanks and feet like t^iose ot a deer: the
be/.oar stone found ca this aniuial has been
valued at ten tinici its weight in gold. Of
birds there live a grsater variety than of
SUN
beasts. The coo-ow, or Sumatran pliea-
sant, is a bird of imconinuin beauty. Here
are storks of a prodigious size, parrots,
fowls, ducks, woodpigcoiis, doves, and a
great variety of small birds remarkable for
the beauty of tbeir colours. The reptiles
are lizards, Hyiug li/ards, and caoielions.
The island swarms witli insects, and their
Tarieties are no less extraordinary than
tlieir numbers. Ivice is the only grain
that grows in the country. Here are sugar-
■caiics, beans, peas, radishes, yams, pota-
toes,pumkins, and several kindsof potherbs
luiknoun to Europe ; and also most of the
fruits to be met with in other parts of the
E Indies in the greatest perfection. In-
digo, saltpetre, sulphur, arsenic, brasil
■wood, two species ol' the bread-fruit tree,
pepper, cassia, camphor, benjamin, coffee,
imd cotton, are likewise the produce of
this island. Here also is the cabbage tree
aii.d silk cottv'u tree; and the Ibrests con-
tain a great variety of valuable species of
woodj as ebony, pine, sandal, eagle, or
aloes, teak, mancliineel, and iron wood,
and' also the banyan tree. Bees wax is
a commodity of great importance here ;
and there are likewise edible bird-nests.
Gold, tin, iron, copper, and lead, are found
in tlie country; and thefoimer is as plenti-
ful here as in any part of Asia. Sumatra
is divided into many petty kingdoms, the
chief of which are Acheen, Indrapore,
Palimban, and Jambi. 'Jhe English have
two factories on this island. Fort Marl-
borough and BencoolePi. See Acheen.
Suuibhoonauth, a town of Hindoostan,
in Kepnul, noted for its temple, on the
terrace of a hiil, distinguished at a great
tlistance by its gilded turrets. It is 48 m
SE Cairo.andoo.
Sumbliidpour, a town of Hindoostan, in
Cundwana, capital of a district. It is
situate on the j>(Jahanuddy, 80 ra se Rut-
tunpoor. Lcn. 83 47 e, lat. 21 33 N.
Sumbitl, a town of Hindoostan, in Delhi,
52 m vvKW Bareilly.
Svmeh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, m
Natolia, 14 HI E Pergamo.
Suiiwici-kiuu)/}, a town t)f the kingdom
of B:raK>h. The inhabitants are solely
employed in the manufacture of saltpetre
and gunpowder ; and hence all the royal
juagazines aie supplied with gunpowder.
It is seated on the Iriavvacidv, (J8 m sbyw
Umincrapoor.
Suiiinmfi; see Seimian.
Suna7t, Lcc/t^ an inlet of the sea, on the
w coast of Scotland, winch extends 20 m
« into the county of y\rgyle, trom the n
end of l!ie sound of Mull.
Suiihuri/, a seaport of the state of Geor-
gia, in I,if>erty county, with a capacious
iarboyr, defeiided i'vom the sea by the isle
&UN -
of. St. Catherine. The town l)eing very
healthy, is the resort of the j)lanters from
the adjacent .country, during the sickly
months. It was burnt during the late war,
but has been rebuilt ; and is 30 m sw Sa-
vanna. Lou. 81 0 w, lat, 81 33 N.
Sanburi/, a town of I'ennsylvauia, chief
of . Northumberland county, with two
churches. It stands on the e side of the
Susipiehana, just below the junction of the
K {iiul w branches, 110 m jsw i'hiladelphia.
Lon. 77 0 w, lat. 40 48 N.
SuHiia IsiiHids^ islands in the su part of
the Indian ocean. The chief of them are
Borneo, Sumatra, and .lava; the two uitter
separated by a channel called the Strait ot
Sunda.
Suiidcrhuiuh, a tract of country in Hin-
doostan, consisting ol' that part of the delta
of the Ganges, in Bengal, which borders
on the sea. In extent it is equal to the
principality of Wales. It is completely
enveloped in woods, infested with tigers,
and composed of a labyrinth of rivers and
creeks, all of which are salt, except those
that inmiediately communicate with the
principal arm of the Ganges. Here a large
quantity of salt is ma('''e and transported
with equal facility; and here also is found
an inexhaustible store of timber for boat-
building.
Sundeiburg, a town of Denmark, in the
ksiand of Alsen, with a castle. It is seated
on a strait, called Sunderburg Sound, 12
m E Fiensburg. Lon. 10 0 e, lat. 54 51 n»
Sunderland, a seaport in the county i)f
Durham, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Friday. For th.e exportation
of coal, it is next in consequence to New-
castle. Its port, at the mouth of the Wear,
will admit vessels of 400 tons ; the en-
trance defended by a battery and two piers,
on one of which is a lighthouse. Here
are several small dock-yards, manufactures
of salt, glass, copperas, and earthen ware,
and a trade isi lime, grindstones, and other
articles. The population was 12,289 in
1311. It is 13 m NE Durham, and 269
K by w: London. Lon. 1 2 w, lat. 54 52 n.
Sunderland, a town of JWassachusets, in
Hampshire county, on the e side of the
Connecticut, 10 m k Hadley, and 80 wxw
Boston.
Siau/i, a province of Congo, which lies
along |he river Zaire. Its rivers render it
extremely fertile, and in the mountains are
mines of several metals. The capital is of
the same name. Lon. 17 55 .e, lat. 45 0 s.
Sundsiia//, a seaport of Sweden, capital
of Medeipadia. The chief trade is in tar,
bar iron, deals, and timber. It is seated
on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 210 m
N by \v Sijpckholm. iMh il?, ,i5Q?Eff i<Xki>Ji2.
SUR
Sunk Island, an island within the mouth
of tlie Humber, 9 m iu circuit, separated
from Yorkshire, by a channel near 'i m
broad. It produces grain, wood, and black
rabbits.
Sunning, a village in Berkshire, situate
on the Thames, 2 m ke Reading. It was
once an episcopal see, and had nine bishops
in succession, the last of whom, Flermannus,
removed the see to Salisbury.
Sunning Hill, a villa<;e in Berkshire, 6
jn ssw Windsor. It is noted for its medi-
cinal well?, which are efticacious in paraly-
tic cases.
Superior, Lake, a lake of N America,
so called from its beinsi; the largest on that
continent. It is 380 tn lontj and 120
broad, and supposed to be the «!;reatest
boc'v of fresh water on the globe. It con-
tains many islands; two of them large,
especially Isle Royale, which is 70 m long
and 20 broad ; but they are not desirable
spots for habitation. It is not well fur-
nished with bays or harbours; and the
naviiiation is, in many parts, rendered
dangerous by rocks. L'pward of 30 rivers,
enter this lake, some of which are of con-
siderable size ; and it discharges its water
at the SE corner, through the strait of St.
Mary, into Lake Huron ; but the quantity
does not appear to be a tenth part of wiiat
is conveyed into it by the rivers.
Siipino, a to:vn of Naples, in the county
of Aloiisc, with a castle; seated at the
source of the Tamara, 17 m Nbyw Bene-
vento.
Sitr, or Sour, a town of Syria, in Pales-
tine, on the coast of the Mediterranean,
where stood the famous city of Tyre, de-
stroyed by Alexander the great. It is now
no more than a village, situate on a peiiin-
•sula that projects into the sea in the tbrm
of a mallet with an oval head. The point
to the N is occupied by a basin, whicii was
a port evidently formed by art, and t!ie en-
trance defended by two towers ; but it is
now so choked up, that children pass it
without danger. Further on in the sea, to
the Nw of tiie point, is a ridge of rc(;ks
nearly level with the water, the space be-
t\^een which and the mainland in front
forms a sort of road, where vessels may
anchor with more safety than at Saida.
The village consists of about sixty families,
who live on the produce of then- grounds
and a trifling fishery. It is 18 m ssw Saida,
itnd CO sw Damascus.
Sura, a town of Sweden, in Westuian-
land, 15 m x Stroemsholm.
Surabayit, a seaport on the x coast of
Java, at the head of a fine harbour, and
at the mouth of a river of the same
name, called also theKediri. The harbour,
ibnned t»v the vr end of tke island of Ma-
suft
dura, is i1 m in length, and the entrance
defended by Fort Lodwyk, at the mouth of
the river Solo. The two rivers, which are
the most considerable in Java, render
Surabaya an important mart for interior
trade. Here is a fine arsenal, a mint, a
cannon foundery, and other extensive
works. Vessels also are built and equipped
here, plenty of timber being easily procured
from the ueighbouiing forests. It is 165 m
Ebys Samarang. Lon. 112 45 k, lat. 7
l.<."s.
Surat, a city of Ilindooslan, in Gujrat,
with a strong citadel, situate on tiie left
bank of the Tuptee, about 20 m from its
mouth. It is one of the most ancient and
largest cities of Uindoostan, although a
considerable portion of its trade has been
transferred to Bombay. The squares are
large, and the streets spacious, but not
paved, so that the dust is troublesome.
The larger houses are flat roofed, with
courts before them ; and those of the
common people are high roofed. It is said
to have 000,000 inhabitants; and its trade
is considerable, notwithstanding the sand-
banks that obstruct the entrance of the
river, which causes large vessels to load
and unload at Swa'ly, 19 m belyw Surat.
Here aie many diiTerent religioiis; Moha-
medans of several sects, many sorts of
Gentoos, and Jews and Christians of vari-
ous denominations. The Mohamedans at
Surat are not, by far, so strict as they are
in Arabia, or in other Turkish countries;
nor are the distinctions of tribes among the
Hindoos who reside here strictly observed.
The Hindoos are almost all of the cast of
the Banians; and their skill and dexterity
in matters of calculation and economy
often raise tliem to places of considerable
trust. 'Ihis eity is the emporium of the
most precious productions of Hiiidoostan;
for hither are brought from the interior
parts an immense quantity of goods, which
the merchants carry in their ships to the
Red sea, the Persian gulf, the coasts oiT
M;!iabar and Coromandel, aud even tc>
China. 1 he country round Surat is fertile ;
except toward the sea, where it is sandy
and barren. Before the English E Jndia
Company obtairied possession of Bori(bay,
the presidency of their aftuirs on ihe'coast
of Malabar was at Surat; and they had a
factory here^ after the presidency was^ trans-
ferred to Bombay. In 1800 a treaty was
concluded with the nabob of Surat, by
which the management of the city and dis-
trict was vested in the British, (ui their
paying him oi:e lack of rupees annually,
and one-fifth of the surplus annual revenue.
By the treaty of 1803, the Mahrattas were
compelled to abandon all their vexatious
claims on this city, iind the British autho-
sus
nty in tliis place became supreme. Surat
is 158 111 ^ Jionibay. Lon. 73 3 r, lat.
21 12 N.
Surgut, a town of Siberia, in the eovern-
ment of Tobolsk, siirroinided by palisades,
and seat;ed on llie Oby, 285 m is ne To-
bolsk. Lon. 73 30 v., lat. 61 30 n.
Surinum, a country of Guayana, extend-
ing 7o ni alon;j; a river of tlie same. n:nne,
vthicb enters tlie Atlantic in lat. (3 6 s, and
on Its w siiore is a fort to defend the
entrance. 'I he country abounds with L^anie,
and sini;idar animals of diiVcrent kinds;
the toad, in particular, being remarkable
for its enormous si/c and u<;ly lorni. It
produces fruit, indigo, sugar, cotton, to-
bacco, gum, and wood for dying. '1 he
woods are full of monkeys ; and large ser-
pents, venemous insects, and wild beasts
harass tlie colonists. This country was
ceded by the Britisli tn the Dutch, tor the
province of New York, in 1674. It was
taken by the British in 1799, again in 1804,
and restored in 1814. The capital is
Parainaiibo.
Sill in^ia, a seaport of Japan, in the
island of rviphun, capital of a province,
•with a castle, where the entperors formerly
resided. It is 170 m e iMeaco. Lon. 139
5 E, lat. 39 SO :s.
Sur7y, a county of England, bounded on
the N by Middlesex, e by Kent, s by Sus-
sex, and w by Uampshiie and Berkshire.
It is 37 m loiig and '27 broad, containing
519,010 acres; is divided into 14 hun-
dreds, and 140 parishes ; has 11 market-
towns, including Southwark; and sends
14 men.bers to parliament. The p'lpula-
tion was 323,851 in 1811. The edge of
the county on all sides has a rich soil,
extremely iluitful in corn and grass, par-
ticularly on the N and w toward tlie
Thames ; but in the interior are wide tracts
of sandy ground and t)anen heath, and in
some places long ridges of hills. It pioduces
corn, box-wood, walnuts, hops, and iuUers-
caiih. The principal rivers beside the
Thames (which is the boundary on the k)
are the Mole, Wey, and Wandle. The
spring assizes are held at Kingston, and
the smmner at Guildl'ord or Croydon alter-
nately.
Sursee, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Lucern, on the river Sur, near
the lake of Sempacii, 12 m NW Lucerii.
5«;s«/j/, a toun of Hindoostan, in Delhi,
situate on a ri\er of the same name, \\hich
about 40 m below is lost among the sands
on the borders of Ajmeer, It is 42 ra ^w
Hissar.
Sus, or Suse, a kingdom of the empire of
Morocco ; bounded on the w by the At-
lantic, K by jVloidcco Proper, e by 'I'afilet,
and s by Darah. It is a ilat country,
SUS
abonndiug in corn, sngar-canos, and dates.
The inhabitants, who aie chiefly Berebers,
or ancient natives, are distinguished by
their industry; and many of them, who live
in towns, become opulent, and are much
more polite than the natives of I'ez and
Morocco. In the mountainous part they
are entirely free, and are governed by their
own chiefs. The jjrincipal town is Taru-
dant.
Sus, a river of Morocco, which rises in
the Atlas, flows through the kingdom of
Sus, and enters the Atlantic 20 m s St.
Cruz. Its annual inundations enrich the
country.
Susrt, or Sousa, a seaport of Tunis, and
the chief mart of the kingdom for olive-oil
and linen. Many articles from Cairoan
are also exported lience. Here are many
tokens of it having been formerly a place
of some repute; and near it arc consider-
able remains of ancient buildings. It
stands on the e coast, 85 m s by e Tunis.
Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 35 34 >i.
SiiSd, a town of Piedmont, with a citadel,
lately strong but now dismantled. Here
are four churches, several religious houses,
and a triumphal arch to the honour of Au-
gustus Cesar. It is seated on the Doria,
at the foot of the A.lps, and is the principal
jiassnge out of France into Italy. It was
taken by the French in 1704, retaken by
prince Eugene in 1707, and again taken
by the French in 1799. It is 23 m wnw
Turin. Lcn. 7 16 e, lat. 45 10 K^.
Suxdal, a town of llussia, in the govern-
ment of Volodimir, and a bishop's see. Ft
is built of wood, and seated on the Nerl,
90 m XE Moscow. Lon. 40 25 e, lat.
56 26N.
Siisquehana, a river of the United States,
which has its e source from the lake
Otsego. It crosses three times the line
that divides the state of New York from
Pennsylvania, and tiien receives the Tioga
at Lockartsburg ; atter which it tlows se to
Wilkesbarre, and then sw to Sunbury,
where it is joined by the w branch of the
Susquehana. It afterward receives the
.Tuniata from the w, and then flows by
liarrisburg to Havre de Grace, where it
enters the head ofChesapeak bay. About
20 m from its mouth, which is a mile
broad, the navigation is obstructed by some
falls.
Sussac, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Vienne, 15 m se Limoges.
Sussex, a county of England, bounded on
the N by Surry, ke and y. by Kent, s by
the EngHsh channel, and w by Hampshire.
It is 70 m long and 28 where broadest,
containing 935,040 acres ; is divide<i into
five rapes, and 313 parishes, has one
city and IG market-towns, and seads 2a
SWA
uienibers to paiTiament. The population
\v;is 190,0o3 in 1811. Tliesoilis various:
iliat of the downs, and thence to the sea,
is fertile in corn and grass, the latter fced-
'm;; sheep whose wool is remarkably fine ;
the middle abounds ■'.vith meadows and
Lirr.ble ground; and the x side is shaded by
rxtenslve woods, tiiat used to supply fuel
for the iron-works when they were in a
iloiirishing state. The chief commodities
cire corn, malt, cattle, wool, wood, iron,
thalk, and glass: and it is famous for
ivheatears, which are taken in great num-
bers on the sr. downs. Sussex is not dis-
tinguished for any manufacture, but that
(^f gunpowder at Battel, and of needles at
t'Jiichester. The principal rivers are the
A.run, Adur, Ouse, and Uotlier. Chiches-
ter is the capital ; but the spring assizes
arc held at Horsham, and the summer at
Lewes.
Susteren, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Juliers, 2 m froin the river Meuse,
and 10 s Iluremonde.
Sulera, a town of Sicily, in \"al di JMa-
zara, 18 ssc Palermo.
Sutherlandshire, a northern county of
Scotland, 52 m long and 50 broad ; bound-
ed on the N by the North sea, e by Caith-
ness and the German ocean, s by the frith
of Dornoch and Rosshire, and w by the
Minch. It is divided into 13 parishes,
and sends a member to paiiiament. The
population was 23,629 in 1811. Some
parts of this county, called forests, are
trackless deserts, destitute of trees ; or
bleak mountains, abounding with wild
roes, hi these parts there are few inhabi-
tants, and no villages ; but along the iVith
of Dornoch, the country is populous and
well cultivated. It has abundance of iron-
stone, limestone, and slate; also many
veins of lead ore. Dornoch is the county-
town.
6^«;?-/, a town of Italy, in the patrimony
of St. Peter, seated on the Pu/zulo, 2C ni
xw Rome.
Sutlun, a ^ijwn of ]\Iassachusets, i?i Wor-
cester county, 10 m sbyE \V'orcester, and
46 wsw Bofton.
Sutton Cohfield, a corporate town in
Warwickshire, with a market on ^Monday,
seated in a barren chase, '-'-i m nj;w War-
wick, and 110 Nw London.
Sutu/ege; see Setlcgc.
Siizunnc, St. a town of France, in the
de,jarlmcnt of Mayeiine, with a consider-
able pepper manufacture, 24 m w Mans.
Sud^'ham, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Saturday. The church is hand-
some, and in the form of a cathedral. It
is seated on a hill, 28 m w Norwich, and
93 KK London.
Swale- a river in Yorkshire, which rises
SWA
on the confines of Westmorland, Rows E hj
Richmond and then se to its junction with
the Uie, a little Lelow Aldborough, where
the united stream forms the Ouse.
Swall^, a town of Hiudoostan, in Gujrat,
where large ships receive and deliver their
cargos for the merchants of Surat. Near
it is V^u\ Tomb, a tower 30 feet high,
erected over the grave of an English cap-
tain, which serves as a beacon to vessels
making for tne road. It is seated at the
mouth oftheTuptee, in the gulf of Cam-
bay, 19 m wsw Surat. Lbttv 7'2 46 e, lat.
21 4 X. ' " "•'"•q '■ •
Szcalwell, a village in tile county of
Durham, seated on the Dcrwent, near its
junctinn with the Tyne, 13 m wnw Sun-
derland. Here are famous iron-works, where
the largeit anchors, motuing chains, and
all kinds of iron utensils, are made and
exported.
SicuiHi'^e.. a village in Dorsetshire, seated
on a bay of the same name, in the English
channel, 4 m esk Corfe Cs'.stle. It has a
trade in herrings; also quarries of fine stone,
of which many thousand tons are shipped
annually. See PurOecL, Isle of.
Stcunshoj-uugli, a town of N Carolina,
chief of Onslow county, to the ke of Wil-
mington.
Swa7isco777b, a village in Kent, 2 m whys
Gravesend. Here are the remains of camps
and forts; and it is said to be the place
where the Kentishmeii obtained of Williani
1 the grant of their ancient franchises.
Swansea, a town of Massachusets, in /
Bristol county, on the river Taunton, 10 m
sw Taunton.
Swansea, n seaport and borough of Wales,
in Glamorganshire, governed by a poitreve,
with a market on Wednesday and Saturday.
Here are two churches ; and its large an-
cient castle is now converted into a town-
house, market, jail, Sec. Coal, iron, and
limestone abound in the neighbourhood, of
which great quantities aie exported. It
has a considerable trade to Bristol, great
works for the smelting of copper, brass
and tin works, and extensive potteries.
Many ships have been built here, and it is
resorted to for sea-bathing. The popula-
tion was 8196 in 1811. Live m to the sw,
on a cliff, is the vast ruin of Oystermouth
castle ; and in the vicinity, on the head of
a peninsula, is a lighthouse. Swansea is
seated near the mouth of the Tawny, 32 in
sw Brecknock, and 206 w London. Lon.
3 56 w, lat. 51 37 x.
Swu7ishaU, a town of Sweden, in W
Gbthland, 25 m wsw Lindkoping.
SwantoHy a town of V^ermont, in Frank-
lin county, situate on the Missisqui, near
its entrance into the N part of Lake Cham-
plai»j 30 m n by e Builington.
SWE
Su-arteberg, a town of Sweden, in \V
Gothland, 18 ni nw IJddevalla.
Sivartslur/s, a town and tuitres? ef tlic
jSfetlierlands, in Ovciyssol, seated at llie
confluence of the New Aa with the V'ccht,
4 ni from the month of the \'eclit in tlic
Zuder zee, and 10 -n hy w Zwoll.
Siccuborij;, a strong and immense fort of
rinhmd, huiit on seven small islands in
the gulf of Finland, iippositc the harhour
of Helsingfois. The principal island is
called Wolf Island, which has barracks,
extensive magazines, and an arsenal, all
bomb proof. Here are two basins for re-
pairmg ships of war and small vessels.
Sweaborg may be deemed a town, having
several commercial houses, manufactures,
ike. In 1808, it surrendered to the
Russians, and was ceded to them by the
Swedes in 1809. It is 4 m s lielsingfors.
Sweden, a kingdom of Europe, extending
1000 m from n to s, and 350 from e to w ;
bounded on thu > by Danish Lapland, i:
by llussia and the gulf of Uothnia, se and
s by the Baltic, and w by the Sound, the
Categat, and Norway. It is divided into
four general parts ; Sweden Proper, Goth-
land, JN'ordland, and La[)iand ; and each of
these is subdivided into provinces. Swe-
den Proper contaiiis Upland, Suderma-
nia, Nericia, Westmania, and Dalecarlia.
Gothland contains E Gotidand, Smolaud,
W Gothland, Wermeiaud, Uahus, Dalia,
Schonen, Halland, Blekingen, and the isles
of Gothland and Oeland. Nordland in-
cludes Gcstricia, Ilelsingia, Medelpadia,
Jemptia, Ajigermania, and W Bothnia.
Swedish Lapland comprises Umea, Pitea,
Lulea, Tornea, and Kimi ; these districts
have no touns in the interior parts, and
take their names from rivers tliat rise near
the borders of Norway and flow into the
gulf of Bothnia. The V)hole country is
well watered by rivers (though not a sin-
gle navigable one worth mentioning) and
numerous lakes and inland pieces of watei',
on the banks of which the palaces and
villas are usually built. At Stockholm,
spring and autumn are scarcely to be per-
ceived; for winter continues nine months,
and summer during the remaining three.
In winter the cold is excessive, and in
sunnner the heat is considerable, the air
being serene all that time. All the rocks
are quite covered with flowers in the sum-
mer time, and the gardens have plenty of
fruits. The trees are early in blossomings
the soil being fat and sulphurous ; but the
fruits have not so good a taste as in the
more southern countries. The animals
are horses, beeves, hogs, goats, sheep, elks,
raindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, wild cats,
and squirrels. The horses are small and
Jieeble; but a lame or foundered horse is
SWE
seldom to be seen, which is attributed, in
a certain degree, to the manner of stabling
them on perforated boards without litter.
Here are se\cral sorts of fowls; and part-
ridges, w(jodcocks, and falcons, in great
plenty. It has rich copper and iron mines,
and vast forests of limber rrees. The chief
exports are boards, gunpowder, leather,
iron, copper, tallow, skins, salt, pitch, resin,
and masts. The Swedes are of a robust
constitutiim, and able to sustain the hardest
labour. They are praised for their hos-
pitality, honesty, cleanliness, and industry ;
and have several public schools and col-
leges, where the arts and sciences arc
taught. The houses are generally of wood,
and the roofs, in many places, covered
with turf, on which goats often feed. Ihe
population was 2,4(34,911 in 181 j. The
Swediih government, before the accession
of Gustavus I, was an elective monarchy.
By the union of Calniar, m li397, it was
stipulated that the same monarch should
rule over Denmark, Sweden, and Noivvav ;
and hence Sweden became a tributary king-
dom to Demnark. From this slate of
subjection it was rescued by Gustavus
Vasa, on whom the Swedes, in 159.3, con-
ferred the sovereignty, and made the crcnva
hereditary in his male issue. He was en-
trusted with great prerogatives; and these
were augmented by Gustavus Adolphus,
tiie right of succession being then extended
to the female line. In the minority of his
daughter Christina, the nobles acquired
siich an exorbitant authority, as gave
great umbrage to the clergy, citizens, and
peasants. This proved a favorable op-
portunity for Charles xi to obtain a iormal
cession of absolute sovereignty, which
quietly devolved upon his son (Jharles xir.
On the death of the latter, theSv>edes con-
ferred the crown upon his sister Ulrica,
but~with great limits to the prerogative;
and she resigned the crown to her consoi c
F'redrick. FVom this period, the Swedish
monarch was the most limited one in
Europe, till 1772, when Gustavus iii ef-
fected a revolution, by which he regained
the most essential royal prerogatives. He
was assassinated in 1792, leaving his son
Gustavus Adolphus a minor, who attained
his majority in 1796. Another revolution
took place m 1809; the king and his family
were deposed, his uncle Charles raistd to
the throne, and the government declared
to be monarchical and hereditary, with
limitation to the male issue, and on failure,
the diet to choose a successor. The aged
Charles xiii having no issue, the diet, in
1810, elected prince Augustenburg, who
died in 1811 ; then they elected the French
general Bernadotte to be crown prmce,
who succeeded to the throne, by the name
SWI
of Charles John, in 1818. The established
relisioii is the Lutheran, and they have one
archbi.-llop, and eleveii bishops ; but no
other mode of" worship is prohibited. The
capital is Stockholm.
ISicedeii Proper, one of tlie four grand
divisions of Sweden, hounded on the s by
Gotliiand, w by Norway, N by Nordlaiid,
and E by the Baltic sea. It comprehends
five provinces, and Stockholm, the capital
of all Sweden.
Sioedesborougfi, a town of New Jersey,
in Gloucester county, on Rariton creek, 3
ni from its month in Delaware river, and
20 sby w Philadelphia.
Swciin/, a town of the kingdom of Dar-
foor, and a place of general resort for
merchants trading to Egypt, 4o m N
Cobbe.
Swenborg, a seaport of Denmark, iu
J'unen, v.ith the best harbour in the island,
and manufactures of woollen and linen. It
is '22 m SE Odensee. Lon. 10 37 e, lat.
55 9 K.
SwencidJii/, a town of Lithuania, in the
palatinate of Wilna, 35 m xe Wilna.
Swilly, Long!/, an inlet of the sea on the
K coast of Ireland, in Donegal county. It
is 22 m long and 2 broad, forming one of
the most perfect harbours in the world ;
but from its situation, and having scarce a
village on its shores, it is not visited except
by an occasional ^hip for shelter.
Swuidon, a town iu VViltshire, with a
market ;<ju Monday, seated on a hill, 28 m
K Salisbury, and 83 w London.
Swineshead, a town in Lincolnshire, with
a market on Thursday, 6 m e Boston, and
110 N London.
Saijiiid, a little island of Scotland, one
of the Orkneys, situate near the middle of
the Pciitland frith. Here are two whirl-
pools tluit are dangerous to mariners, par-
ticularly in a calm.
Swinton, a village in W Yorkshire, 4 m
XX E liotherhum, on the Dearn and Dove
Cixnal, near its entrance into the river Don.
Here is a considerable pottery, and a large
iron lorge.
Switzerland, or Helvetia, a country of
Europe, bounded on the N by Suabia, e by
Tyrol, s by Italy and Savoy, and w by
France. It is 220 m long and 130 broad,
separated from the adjacent countries by
higii mountains, called the Alps. Switzer-
land was divided into 13 cantons (exclusive
ot its allies and bailiwics) namely Lucern,
Uri, Sciiv-'eitz, Underwalden, Zug, Friburg,
Soleure, Zurich, Bern, Basel, Schafhausen,
Claris, and Appenzid. In 1797, the French
entered Swiizerhmd, aboHshed the con-
stitution Oi these cantf)ns, ei'ected wnat
was termed the Helvetic Ilepublic, and
vested the govei'nmeat in two councils and
swo
a directory. This constitution they abo-
lished, in 1802, and another was established
in 1803; by which, exclusive of the terri-
tories of Valais, Geneva, and Neuchatel,
the country was divided into 19 cantons;
the six new ones being Vaud, Argau, Gri-
sons, St. Gall, Tesin, and Thurgau. A
new federal compact of the 19 cantons
was signed at Zurich, in 1814; and in
1815, at the congress of X'ienna, Geneva,
Neuchatel, and Valais wove united as addi-
tional cantfius; that the Helvetic confeder-
ation now consists of 22 cantons. Each
canton has its distinct internal government;
and the general government of the country is
by a diet, composed of a member from each
canton. Switzerland has four passages
over the Alps into Italy ; the first is beyond
the lake of Geneva, over Mount Cenis^
which leads to Savoy; the second crosses
Mount St. Bernard, and leads to Piedmont ;
the third is over Mount Simplon, and leads
to the duchy of Milan; the fourth crosses
Mount St. Gothard, and the canton of
Tesin, to the same duchy. The principal
lakes are those of Constance, Geneva,
Lucern, Zurich, and Neuchatel. The most
considerable rivers are the Rhine, Rhone,
Aar, Arve, Reuss, and Limmat. Switzer-
land exceeds every country in the world
in diversity of appearance : the vast chain
of Alps with enormous precipices, extensive'
regions of perpetual snow, and glaciers-
that resemble seas of ice, are contrasted
by the vineyard and cultivated field, the
richly wDoded brow, and the verilant valley
with its crystal stream. Agriculture can-
not of course be carried to great extent,
but the grain produced is sufficient for
home consumption ; and fruit is plentiful
in many parts. The chief riches consist of
excellent pastures, in which many cattle
are bred, and the goats and chamois I'eed
on the mountains and in the woods. The
Swiis are strong and robust, lor which rea-
son tiiey are preferred by several nations
for the military ser\iee. The women arts.
tolerably handsome, have many good qua-
lities, and are in general very industrious.
Simplicity of manners, peculiar cleanliness,
uuaiiected frankness, and love of freedom,
are tiieir most distinguishing character-
istics. The peasants retain their old man-
ner of dress, and are content to live upon
milk, butter, and cheese; and there are"
some of the mountaineers who never have
any bread. The inhabitants of some can--
tons are almost wholly catliolics, others
are Calvinists, and some are nearly equal
of both religions, living together m amity.
The chief city is Zurich. See Sc/iueitz.
Sii.ords, a borough ofIreiaucl,in Dublin
coimty. Near the church is one of the
most perfect of the ancient round towers.
3yR
73 feet higli. It is eituate near an inlet
of tlie sea, 8 m k by e Dublin.
' 5j/«, A tmvn of Sweden, in W Gothland,
13 h) sw Lindkopinw.
Si/(liici/, a town of New S Wales, founded
in 1788, as a British settlement, and now
the principal seat of the [xovernnient. Here
is a handsome church, a citadel, a bank,
an orplian school, a conunodious gaol, a
military hospital, a naval yard, barracks,
&c. '1 he buildings are of stone, brick, and
lath and plaster, weather-boarded ; and
the houses are dnrable. It is situate on
the s side of the harbour of Port Jackson,
7 m from the ocean. Lou. 151 23 E, lat.
53 48 s.
Sjjeiie, or Asuaii, a town of F.'jypt, with
a small fort on the right bank of the Nile,
and borders of Nubia. It was anciently a
city, and celebrated for the first attempt to
ascertain the circumference of the earth,
by Eratosthenes, a native of Cyrene, about
the year '275 before Christ. The remains
of the ancient town are on an eminence to
the s, where the scattered remains of co-
lumns and pillars of granite denote its
situation. Near it, on a beautiful island
in the Nile, called Elephantina, is a temple
of Cnuphis verv little injured. It is 400 m
sby r. Cairo. Lon. 32 '38 e, lat. 24 8 n.
'Si/lt, an island of Denmark, on the w
coast of Jutland, of an irregular form, about
40 m in circuit, but in no part above 2
fr«m the sea. Great quantities of oysters
are found here. The chief town is Mor-
siim. Lon. 8 26 e, lat. 54 57 N.
' ' Syhes, a town of Portugal, in Algarva,
on a river of the same name, 15 m ene
Lagos, and 44 w Tavira.
St/mpheropol, the capital of Crimea, or
Russian province of Taurida. The houses
are built of stone, and roofed, in the an-
cient Greek style, with tiles. There are
likewise handsome buildings for the resi-
dence of the governor, judges, and other
civil officers. "The old Tartar part of the
town, called Achmetchet, is dirty and ill
built. The environs are beautiful ; and 2
™ to the E of the city is the mountain
Tchatirdagh, the highest in Crimea, and
the Mons Berosus of the ancients. Sym-
phernpol is situate on the Salgir, the prin-
cipal river of the province, 65 m whys
Caffa, and 90 sby e Precop. Lon. 34 0 e,
Int. 44 52 N.
Sj/ru, or Syros, an island of the Archi-
pelago, to the s of Tino. It is 10 m long
and 3 br( ad, and mountainous, but re-
jiawned for its salubrity and fertility. It
pfoduces wine, figs, cotton, barley, and
wheat, and has abundance of poultry.
''j'liie mnabiianrs are all Greeks, and proiess
^ iWe catliolic religion ; but in no part ot the
'"Ikrctiip^'lago a:e the ancient customis "^
of
SYll
Greece more purely preserved. The only
tosvn is Syra, which singularly covers a
conical hill, at tiie base of which is an ex-
cellent port. Near it is a celebrated old
fountain, and some ruins of the ancient
town of Syros. Lon. 24 55 e, la:. 37 30 k.
Sj/ruame, a strong seaport of Sicily, in
\'al (ii Noto, and a bishop's sec, with an
excellent harbour, defended by a castle.
It was once the metropolis of all Sicily,
was then 20 ui in circuit and deemed one
of the most famous cities in the world;
but war, tyranny, and earthquakes have
reduced it to less than one fourth of its
former size. It contains many antiquities,
and the temple of Minerva, erected 700
years b. c. is now the cathedral. The
land on which it stands was anciently a
peninsula, but the isthmus has been cut
through for its defence. Here is a coral
fishery, and a powder manufacture; and a
trade in salt, nitre, salted tunny, hemp,
wine, and oil. Near this place, in 1718,
was a seafight between the Spaniards and
British, in which the former were beaten.
It is 82 m sby w Messina. Lon. 15 12 e,
lat. 37 2 N.
Syria, or Surhtan, a province of Turkey
in Asia, bounded on the N by Caramania
and Diarbeck, e by the latter and the de-
serts of Arabia, s by Arabia Petrea and
Egyot, and w by the Mediterranean. Under
the general name of Syria was included
the ancient Phoenicia, lying s of Syria
Proper. This province abounds in oil,^
corn, and several sorts of fruit, as well as
peas, beans, and all kinds of pulse and
gardenstuff; but it would produce much
more if well cultivated; for there are the
finest valleys in the world, between moun-
tains whose sides are proper for the cul-
tivation of tobacco, olives, and vines. The
inhabitants have a trade iij silk, camlets,
and salt. S) ria was possessed by a succes-
sion of foreign nations, before the time of
Ptolemy, when it became a province of the
Roman empire. Five centuries after, when
the sons of 'Iheodosius divided their im-
mense patrimony, this country was annexed
to the empire oV Constantinople. In this
situation it continued till the year 622,
when the Arabian tribes, under the banners
of Mohamed, laid it waste. Since that
])eriod, torn by the civil wars of the Fate-
mites and Onnniades, wrested from the
califfs by their rebellious governors, taken
from them by the Turkmen soldier?, in-
vaded by theEuropean crusaders, retaken
by the mandukes of Egypt, and ravaged
by Tamerlane and his Tartars, it fell, at
length, into the hands of the Turks, who
liave been its masters snice about the year
1500. it is divided into five pashalics, or
governments; Aleppo, Tripoli; Damns-
TAA
cus, Acre, and Palestine. Aleppo is llie
capital.
Syr'uim, a seaport of Pegu, at the liead
of a river of the same name, opposite the
mouth of Pegu river. Two m to the s is
the great pagoda of Syriam. It is 8 m
r. bjx Kagooii, and CO s Pegu. Lon. 96
17 F, lat. 16 50 N.
Szudcck, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Siradia, 2'2 m NE_Siradia.
Szamos Ujvar, a town o'f Transylvania,
near the river Szamos, 33 m ke Clau^en-
burg.
Szarvas, a town of Hungary, on the river
Koros, 40 m wnw Gyula, and 3-1 ese
Pest.
Szatlimar, a strong town of Hungary,
and the capital of a county, but the as-
sembly is held at Karoly. Tlie population
in 1815 was 10,382. It is situate on a
small island formed by the river Szamos,
68 m ENE Debretzin. Lon. 23 12 e, lat.
47 45 N. *
Szeged ; sec- Segedin.
Szekeli/, a town of Hungary, on the
river Theisz, 25 m ese Debretzin.
Sze?ed, a town of Hungary, on the vv
bank of the Waag, 30 ra ene Piesbuig.
Szexard, a town of Hungary, capital of
Tolna county. The vineyards on the sur-
rounding hills produce excellent red wine
of a dark colour. It is situate on the
Sarvitz, near its conflux with the Danube,
83 m sbyw Buda. Lon. 18 52 e, lat.
46 18 N.
Sztget, a town of Hungary, capital of
Marmaros county, a mountainous district
from which issue the sources of the
Theisz. The population in 1815 was 6455.
It is seated on the Theisz, 47 m ene
Szathmar. Lon. 24 14 e, lat. 47 56 n.
Szigelvar, a strong town of Hungary,
surrounded by the river Alma. It is a
small place, and in 1566 was defended
with 2500 men against an army of 164,000
Turks. It is 23 m w Funfkirchen, and
48 SE Kanisa.
Szolhis, a town of Hungary, capital of
Ugotz county. It is situate near the
Theisz, 27 ra kne Szathmar.
Szucca, a town of W Prussia, in the pa-
latinate of Cuhji, seated on the Vistula,
12 m sbyw Culm.
T.
Taaif, a town of Arabia, in the province
of Hedjas, with a considerable trade in
fruits, raisins, and almonds. It is situate
on a lofty nuuntain, 60 m se Mecca.
Lon. 41 35 E, lat. 21 5 N.
2'cfis, a city of Arabia, in Yemen;, with
TAB
a fortress. Here is the tomb of a saint,
who, according to tradition, was king of the
country. It stands at the foot of a fertile
hill, 48 m ene Mocha. Lon. 44 10 e,
lat. 13 45 s.
Tuata, a town of Upper Egypt, a mile
from the Nile. It is the residence of a
governor, has many curious remains of an-
tiquity, and is 200 m s Cairo. Lon. 31
25 E,"lat. 26 56 x.
Tubaco, or Tuboga, an island in the bay
of Panama, 4 m long and 3 broad. It is
woody, and abounds with fruit-trees. Lon.
79 24' w, lat. 8 48 s.
Tabaicii, an island on the coast of Bar-
bary, at the mouth of the Zaine. It was
fortified, and had a populous city of the
same name, when under tlie dominion of
the Genoese, who had a coral fishery here.
In 1757, on the Genoese attempting to
transfer the island to France, the Taba-
reans surrendered their city to Tunis ; but
they were cruelly deceived by the bey, for
he razed tlie fortifications, and took away
most of the inhabitants as slaves. It is
70 in wjiw Tunis. Lon. 8 58 e, lat. 37
10 N.
Tahas, a city of Persia, in Chorasan,
containing about 20,000 inhabitants, who
have a trade with Herat and Yezd. It is
situate near the s borders of the province,
amid a range of hills, 120 ra XE Yezd, and
170 sw Herat.
Tabasco, a town of New Spain, formerly
the capital of a province of the same name,
now comprehended in that of Vera Cruz.
The town is also called Nuestra Senora de
la Vittoria, from a great victory obtained
here by Cortes, on his first landing. The
chief trade is in cattle, maize, and cocoa-
nuts. It is situate on an island of the
same name (36 m long and 10 broad) form-
ed by the river Tabasco, that of St. Peter
and Paul, and the bay of Campeachy, 270
m N by E Chiapa. Lon. 93 36 w, lat. 18
34 N.
Tabasseran, a town of Daghestan, capital
of a district, and the centre of the trade car-
ried on between Daghestan and Persia. It
is situate on the Girgeri, 50 m ssw Dei bendy
and 90 nnw .Schamachi.
Tuberg, a town of Sweden, in Smoland,
noted for rich mines of iron, 10 m s Jonko-
ping.
Table Island, one of the New Hebrides,
in the Pacific ocean. Lou. 167 7 e, lat;. 15
38 s.
Taboo, a town of Cassina, capital of a
country lying to the e of Zaara. It is 280
raKbywAgades. Lou. 12 10 e, lat. 24 0k.
Tduoi; a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Bcchin, which the Hussites, under their ce-
lebrated general Zisca, fortified and made
their principal retreat. It is seated on -a
TAD
mountain of the same iiamo, \>y the liver
Liischnttz, 11 m is>r. Bechin.
Tabriz, or Tniiris, a city of Persia, capi-
tal of Adcrhijan. The rivulet S|)iu'j,i(i)a
flows througli it, and the river A%\ passes
on the KW side of the city, in its course to
the lake Urmia. Tabriz is no more the
magniticent city described by Chanlin ; all
its lar^e buildings having i)een destroyed
by earth{juakes and the hostile attacks of
the Turks, that it was reduced to an insig-
nificant place. But about the year 1!?04,
j)rince Abbas Mirza, tlie heir ai)))arent of
the crown, was appointed to the govern-
ment of Aderbijan, and made Tabriz his
capitaL Since that time, the walls (i> m in
circuit) have been repaired and beautified,
a new citadel made, and many buildings
erected. Here are 1'2 public i)aths, and a
bazar that extends the length of the city ;
but no mo«(]ues of anv particular merit,
<"\cepr. the large ruin of one destroyed by
an earthquake abt)nt the year 1778. The
iidiabitants have a trade in cotton, cloth,
and silks. The marble of Tabriz, famed
throughout the kingdom, is not procured
near the city, Vjut found in large quantities
on the E borders of the lake Urmia. The
town is surrounded by gardens, abounding
in fruit-trees, and on the streams in the vi-
cinity are thousands of poplars, of which
the tiuiber-work of the houses is construct-
ed. It stands near the foot of a moun-
tain, 290 m xw Teheran. Lon. 47 18 e, hit.
'S6 4n.
Tacames, or Atacnmes, a seaport of Quito,
capital of a district, rich in wax, cacao,
and emeralds. It is situate- on a bay
of the Pacific ocean, to which it gives
name, 1'2() m N\v Quito. Lon. 79 30 w,
iat. 0 52 X.
Tucuzze, a river ihat rises in Abyssinia,
40 m to the sse of Socota, flows x and xw
into Nubia, and joins the Nile at Ilak,
Tachau, a town of Buhemia, in the cir-
cle of Pil^e^, on tlie river Mies, 28 m w
Pi 1 sen.
Tacuhga, a town of (jjuito, capital of
a province, rich in corn and cattle. The
streets are wide, and tiie houses all of
pumice-stone, arclicd and hanilsome, but
low. It is seated in a valley, 50 m sbyw
Quito.
Tadcanter, a town in v^' Yorkshire, with
a market on Thursdav. Much limestone is
dug in the neighbourhood. It stands on the
liver Wiiarl', 0 m sw York, and 187 Kby w
Ix)ndon.
Tadivan, or Taduan, a town of Persia, in
I'arsistan, situate in a fruitful valley, GO nt
> Shiras.
Toduior: &ee Falmyra.
Tuddiisac, a tosvM ot Lower Canada, with
a hai"l)Our for the largest vessclsj and a fort
TAG
on an inaccessible rock. It is of |s;reat re-
sort hu- trading with the Indians, who bring
hither furs to exchange for cloth and other
European goods. It stands on the Sague-
iiay, at its junction with the St. Lawrence,
125 ni NE Quebec. Lon. 69 16 vv, Iat.
48 2 X.
T(i /'ill/a, a town of Spain, in Navarre, with
a university. Charles 11, king of Navarre,
built a palace here, which he made his ordi-
nary residence; and Phdip iv honoured the
town with the title of city. It is seated on
the Cidazzo, in a country producing good
wine, 18 m s Pamplona. Lon. 1 3(3 w, Iat.
42 21>K.
Tdff', or Tavc, a river of Wales, whicii
rises in Brecknockshire, flows through
Glamorganshire, by Merthyr Tudfyl, Lan-
dafi, and Cardifl", and enters the Bristol
channd.
Tdfikt, or Tafilelt, a kin'j;dom of Barbary,
on the V. side of JVlount Atlas; bountled on
the N by Algiers, E by tlie Beriberes, s by
Zaara, and w by Darah and JMorocco. It is
a mountainous sandy country, but produces
wheat and barley by the sides of the rivers.
The ir.habitants live upon camel's flesii and
dates, and they breed horses to sell to fo-
reigners. The Arabs live in tents, and the
Beriberes, the ancient inhabitants, dwell in
villages.
Tfifilet, tl'.e capital of tlie above kingdom,
with a castle. It is a trading place, and seat-
ed on a riverofits name, 275 m se Morocco.
Lon. 4 20 w, lat.o0 40x.
Taganrog, a town and fort of Russia, si-
tuate on a promontory at the ke extremity
of the sea of Asoph. It has an artificial
port for vessels of five feet, but large ones
cannot approach nearer than 9 m. It re-
ceives the produce of Russia by water troni
llastof, and carries on a considerable trade
with Constantinople and the Archipelagt),
particularly in corn and butter. The Cal-
mucs have large settlements in its vicinity.
It is ."16 m wbyx Rastof. Lon. 42 C e, Iat.
47 10 X-.
Taghmon, a horougli of Ireland, in Wex-
ford county, 7 m w Wextbrd.
Tiigliacozzo, a town of Naples, in A-
bruzzo Ultra, 18 in sw Aquila, and 33 eke
Rome.
Tagliamento, a river of Italy, which rises-
in the Alps, on the frontiers of GennanY,and
runs s tiirough Friuh and Tie visano, into tbe-
gulf of X'enice.
Tagoast, or Tagavast, a town of the king-
dom of Sus, by some said to be the birth-
place of St. Augustine. A great many Jews
live here, who carry on a considerable
trade. It is seated in a fertile plain, 37 m
s Tarudant.
Tdgniiiiuierfy u town of the kingdom of
Parah v^ith u strong castle on a uioun-
TAI
tuin, seated on the river Darah, 20 ra s
Tattah,
Take}, a town of Hiudoostan, in Cutch,
of whicli it was fonnerly tlie capital. It is
situate on a river, 3'2 m tVotn its mouth in
the gulf of Cutch, and 45 e Booje. Lon. 70
27 E, hit. 23 irx.
Tahncssir, a town of Hindoostan, in
Delhi, held in high reli2;ioii.s veneration
by the Hindoos. It is 9(3 ni nnw Delhi.
Tulioormm, one of the smallest of the
Sandwich islands, lyin-^ otV the sw part of
Mowee, from which it is 9 ni distant. It
is destitute of wood, and the soil seems to
be sandy and barren. Lon. 176 1 J w, lat.
20 33 N.
Tai, a lake of China, lyins; in the pro-
vinces of Kiano-nan and Tche-kiang, It
is 150 in in circuit, and 75 to the se of
Nanking.
Taief, a town of Arabia Deserta, with a
castle on a mountain, 60 m se iVIecca.
Tajgamc, a fortified town of Hindoo-
■stan, in Bejapoor, 17 m N by w Merritch.
Taillebourg, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Charente, on the
river Charente, 8 m N Saintes, and 30 se
Rochelle.
Tain, a borongh of Scotland, capital of
Rosshire. Here is a large square tower,
adorned with live spires, and an elegant
church, formerly collegiate. The manufac-
tures are the spinning of flax and the tan-
ning of leather. The population was 2384
in 1811. Jt is seated near the frith of Dor-
noch, 10 m N Cromarty. Lon. 3 51 w, lat.
57 46 N.
Tajo, or Tagus, a river that has its
source on the confines of Aragon, in Spain,
juns through New Castile, by Araujuez,
Toledo, and Talavera, crosses Estrema-
dura, by Alcantara, into Portugal, where it
flows by Abrantes and Santarein, forms the
Jiarbour of Lisbon, and enters the Atlantic
ocean.
Tai-ping, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Kiang-nan. It is seated on the
K.ian-ku, 25 m ssw Nanking. Lon. 119 15
E, lat. 32 26 N.
Tai-ping, a city of China, of the first
i-ank, in Quang-si. It is seated on a point
/jf land, almost surrounded by a river,360 m
\v by s Canton. Lon. 107 0 e, lat. 22 36 K.
Tai-tcheoH, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Tche-kiang. It is seated on the
bank of a river, in a mountainous country,
720 m SSE Peking. Lon. 12 1 2 e, lat. 28 56 iN.
Tai-tong, a strong city of China, of the
first rank, in Chan-si. It is seated near the
great wall, in a mountainous country, 155
in w Peking. Lon. 113 O e, lat. 40 5 N.
Tai-uun, a city, and the Chinese capital,
of Formosa, with a fort, built by the Dutch,
TAL
and named Zealandiri, Tlie streets aT»
nearly straight, and from 30 to 40 feet
broad, and some of them above 2 m lon" r
they are covered seven months in the year
with awnings to defend them from the heat
of the sun. The harbour only admits
vessels of eiglit feet. It is seated on the
w side of tlie island. Lon. 120 30 e, !at.
23 25 N.
Tai-r/uen, a city of China, capital of
Clian-si. It is 9 m in circuit, but much
decayed since it was the residence of the
princes of the last imperial family of Tai-
ming-tchao. It is 230 m sw Pekinj. Lon.
Ill 56 E, lat. 37 54 N.
Talavera, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, with a fort, manufactures of silk, and
a pottery. Here, in 1809, a bloody battle
was fought between the united British and
Spanish army and the French, in which the
latter were defeated. It is seated on tha
Tajo, 58 m sw Madrid. Lon. 4 1 w, lat,
39 41 N.
Talavernela, a town of Spain, in Es-
tremadura, seated on the Guadiana, 14 ra
E Badajoz.
Talbol, a town of Maryland, capital of
the county of the same name. It is situate
near Chesapeake bay, 90 m ssw Phila-
delphia.
Tnlca, a town of Chili, capital of the
province of Maule, with a fort. It is very
populous, owing to the numerous gold mines
in the vicinity, and the abundance of provi-
sions. It stands among hills, on the river
Maule, 140 m s by w St. .lago. Lon. 7 1 1 w»
lat. 35 13 s.
Talcaguana, a seaport of Chili, on the
SE shore of the bay of Conception, and
near the ruins of the old city of Con-
ception. It is now the only Spanish set-
tlement in the bay, and 9 m from the pre-
sent city of Conception, Lon. 72 30 w, lat.
36 42 s.
Ta-li, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Yun-nan. Here are made curious ta-
bles and ornaments, of fine marble that
is of different colours, representing moua-
tains, flowers, trees, and rivers. It k
160 m WKw Yun-nan. Lon. 100 6 e^
lat. 24 54 X.
TaUagli, or Talloio, a borough of Ireland,,
in Waterford county, but its jurisdiction is
gone into disuse, and the castle is )« ruins.
It is seated near the river Bride^Q m ssw
Lismore, and 26 ene Cork.
Tallano, a seaport of Corsica, on the
gulfof lallano, 24 m knw Bonifacio, aad
30 sswCorte. Lon. 9 ISe, lat. 51 20 is.
Tallerd, a town of France, in tho depart-
ment of Upper Alps, seated on the Durancci^
10 nn. s Gap.
Tulmontj a town of France, \\\ the da*
2Y
TAM
•nrtmcnt of Lower Chareiite, with a har-
bour uear the mouth of the Giroiule, 20 m
«w SahUes.
Talnert', a town ofHincloostan,hi Khan-
^Jesh, t-aid to have been the capital of the
first independent sovereipi of Khandesh,
in 1406. It is situate on the Tupsee, 9'2 m
M'l)y!> Bi'Ovhaiipoor.
Taviulii)i,cca,a town of New Granada, in
the province of St. Martlia, seated on the
Magdalciia, l^O m s St. Martha. Lon. 74
15 w, hit. 8 'lOiN.
Tiimmi, a town of Russia, in the province
«f Caucasia, with a hirge fort, on the s side
of a bay of the Black sea, and on the site
of the city of Phanagora, of which some ex-
tensive riiins yet remain. The town stands
a mile w of tlie fort, near the entrance of
•the bay, from the strait of Taman, and 10
m sby E Yenikale,in Crimea. Lon. 36 24 e,
iat. 45 .0 N.
Tuvian, Strait of, the ancientCimmerian
Bosphorus, a channel that forms the com-
munication between the Black sea and the
sea of Asoph, and a separation between
Europe and Asia. The Bay of Taman ex-
lends E from the Strait.
Tamur, a river that rises in the x part of
T^ornwall, on the borders of Devonshire,
takes a southerly course, separating the two
counties, and ibrms the harbour of Ila-
moaze, at Plymouth.
Taniaru, the capital of the island of So-
<X)tera, with a good harbour. The trade
consists chiefly in alces, frankincense, am-
bergrii-e, and dragonsblood. It is seated
on a bav, on the N coast. Lon. 53 45 E,
iat. 12 18 N.
Tumarachery, a town of Hindoostan, in
Malabar, situate among hills abounding
with teak trees, 22 m ne Calicut.
Tamuricu, a government of Brasil, be-
tween Faraibo and Pernambuco. On the
coast it is only 22 m in extent, but
above 120 in the interior of the country.
An island of the same name, 10 ni long
and 2 broad, separated from the main by a
Tiarrow channel on the s, forms the richest
part of the government. It contains the
<:apital, situate on an eminence, on the s
side, with two forts and a good harbour.
Lon. 35 6 w, Iat. 8 0s.
Tumutcae, a port on the e coast of Ma-
dagascar, defended by a fort. It is the
principal harbour in the island visited by
die Europeans. In 1811, being then in
possession of the French, three British
.ships took the fort and all the vessels in
the harbour. Lon. 49 40 e, hit. 18 5 s.
TinnhoJ) a town of Russia, capital of a
government of the same name, and a bi-
shop's see. It is seated oa the Tziia, wliith
flows into the Mokscha, 223 m se Moscow.
Lon. 41 44 E, Iat. 52 38 N.
TAN
Tame, a river that rises in Staffordshire,
and entering Warwickshire, (lows first E,
and then n, till it re-enters its native
county at Tamworth, below which it
joins the Trent, 7 m above Burton.
Tame, a river and town ; sec Tltume.
Tamiuiiuu, a town of New Spain, in Pa-
nuco, situate on a neck of land, between
the gulf of Mexico and an arm of the sea,
called the lake of Tamiagua, 100 m SSE
Panuco.
Tamieh, a town of Egypt, on a canal
that connnuuicates with the Nile, 12 m ne
Fayouni.
Tumpico, a town of New Spain, in Pa-
nuco, situate near the gulf of Mexico, on a
neck of land formed by the sea and the
lake of Tamiagua, 30 m e by s Panuco.
Tnntuorth, a borough in Staffordshire,
with a market on Saturday, and a manu-
facture of narrow cloths. The e part of
the town is in Warwickshire. Tamworth
castle is the seat of the earl of Leicester.
It is seated on the Tame, at the iuHux of
the Anker, 8 m se Lichfield, and 115 kw
London.
Tanuro, a river that rises in Piedmont,
flows by Cherasco, Alba, Asti, and Alex-
andria, and joins the Po, below Valenza.
Tancos, a town of Portugal, in Estrema-
dura, seated on the Zerara, near its conflux
with the Tajo, 12 m sse Tomar.
Tuncrouul, a town of Senegambia, seated
on the Gambia, where the British have a
fort. Lon. 14 27 w, Iat. 13 10 n.
Tanda, or Tanruhf a town of Hindoo-
stan, in Bengal, of which soubah it was
the capital in the 17th century. There is
little remaining of it but the rampart; and
the period when it was deserted is not
certainly known. It is seated on the Ganges^
120mNwDacca. Lon. 87 56 e, hit. 23 25n.
Tanderagee, a town of Ireland, in Annagh
county, witli an extensive linen manufacture
and a considerable trade. It stands near the
Nevvry canal, 11 m ene Armagh, and 13
NNW Nevvry.
Taneytozcn, a town of Maryland, in Fred-
rick county, 27 in n by e Fredrictown.
Tangej-mmule, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Old mark, with a castle, seated at the
conflux of the Tanger with the Eibe, 24 m
^v^'w Brandenburg.
Tangier, a seaport of the kingdom of
Fez, with a castle, and surrounded by a
wall. The trade consists principally in
supplying the opposite coast of Spam with
provisions, which are pleiitiful and cheap.
It is the residence of the consuls of the
powers in amity with the emperor, and
their houses are constructed in the Euro-
pean style. The habitations of the Moors
: are very low, with flat roofs, and covered
with plaster. The principal street is rather
TAP
large, but all the other streets are crooked
and narrow. Tangier was taken by the
Portuguese, in 1471 ; and they gave it as
a dower to princess Catlierinc, on her mar-
riage with Charles ii of England ; but he
did nut think it worth the expense of keep-
ing, and, in 1683, caused the works to be
blown up. It is seated on a bay of the
strait of Gibraltar, 130 ni nnw Fez. Lon,
5 54w,lat. 35 43N.
Tanjore, a city of Hindonstan,in theCar-
natic, capital of a district that is condition-
ally subiecttoits own rajah, and famous tor
its agricultural riches. The rajah's palace is
a grand square, surrounded by a wall and a
wet ditch ; and adjoining it is a fort, which
contains a celebrated pagoda, deemed the
finest specimen of the pyraniidical temple
in India. It is seated on a branch of the
Caverv, 180 m ssw Madras. Lon. 79 12 e,
iat. 1646N.
Tankiu, a town and fortress of Tibet, at
the foot of a mountain, 105 m wsw Te-
hoo Loomboo. Lon. 87 22 e, Iat. 28 21 n.
2\inna, a fertile island in the Pacific
ocean, one of the New Hebrides, on which
is a volcano and some hot springs. The in-
habitants are brave and hospitable ; and
their arms are bows, slings, spears, and
clubs. It is 22 ni long and 10 broad ; and
■was discovered, in 1774, by Cook, who
named the harbour where he lay. Port Reso-
lution, from the name of his ship. Lon. 169
41 E, Iat. 19 32 s.
Tanna, a town of Hindoostan, in the isle
of Salsette, on the E coast, with a fort
tbat commands the passage between the
island and the Mahratta territories on the
continent. It is 20 m ne Bombay. Lon.
73 5e, Iat. 19 IOn.
Tanore, a town of Hindoostan, on the
seacoast of Malabar, 29 ns s by e Calicut.
Taoo, the most southern of the Friendly
islands, in the Pacific ocean, about 10
leagues in circuit.
Taormina, a town on the e coast of Si-
cily, in Val di Demona, and on part of the
site of the ancient Tauromenium, of which
some considerable ruins yet remain. It is
a strong military position, seated on an
eminence at the foot of a high rock, and
at the head of a rocky bay, 32 m ssw Mes-
sina. Lon. 15 34 e, Iat. 37 49 n.
Taos, a town of New Mexico, on a river
that enters Rio del Norte, 80 ra n St. Fe.
Taouka, a small island in the Pacific
ocean, 65 leagues ne of Otaheite. Lon.
145 y w, Iat. 14 30 s.
Tappahunnoc, a town of Virginia, chief
of Essex county. It has some export
trade, and stands in a rich plain, on the
sw bank of the Rappahannoc, 54 ra ^e
Richmond. Lon. 77 12 w, Iat. 38 0 N.
TAR
Tdppan, a town of New York, in Orange
county, 3 m from the w bank of the Hud-
son, and at the s end of the broad part of
it called the Tappan sea. Here, in 1780,
major Andre was tried and suffered as a
spy, for concerting a plan with general
Arnold to deliver up West Point to tl>«
British. It is 25 m n New York.
Tuppunooly, a seaport on the w side of
Sumatra, situate on a small island, about
3 m fi-om the shore, at the entrance of a
deep bay, which stretches into the heart
of the country. The bay of Tappanooly,
with the island of Mansaler, forms one of
the finest ports in the world, and is capable
of containing the united navies of Europe.
The English E India company have a facto-
ry here. It was taken by the French in 1760,
and again in 1809. Lon. 98 6 e, Iat. 1 40 ».
Tupty ; see Tuptee.
Tar, or Pamlico, a river of N Ca-
rolina, which, flows by Louisburg, Tar-
borough, Greenville, and Washington, into
Pamlico sound, 40 m se of the latter
town.
TaragaUa, a town of the kingdom of
Darah, with a castle, seated on the Darah,
135 m whys Tafilet. Lon. 7 32 w, Iat.
27 25 X.
Tarancon, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, 40 m SE Madrid.
Taransa, one of the Western islands of
Scotland, 4 m long, and 2 where broadest.
Lon. 8 55 w, Iat. 58 2 N.
Tarapaca, a town of Peru, in the bishop-
ric of Arequipa, situate on a river, neurits
entrance into the Pacific, 290 m sse Are-
quipa. Lon.70 6 w, Iat 20 17 s.
Turare, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Rhone, at the foot of a mountain^
20 m WMW Lyon
Tarascon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Moutlis of the Rhone, with a
castle, seated on the Rhone, opposite Beau-
caire, with which it communicates by a
bridge of boats. It has a trade in oil, brandy,
starch, and silk stulVs. it is 9 m N Aries, and
14 Ebys Nismes.
Tarascon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Arriege, on the river Arriege, 7
m SSE Foix.
Turaz, a city of Western Tartar j,
capital of Turkestan. It is seated 00
a river, which flows into the Sirr, 350
m NbyE Samarcand. Lon. 66 30 E, Iat.
44 20 N.
Tarazona, a city of Spain, in Aragon, and
a bishop's see. it is seated partly on a
rock, and partly in a fertile plain, 60 m WNW
Saragossa, and" 130 ne Madrid. Lon. 1 36
w, Iat. 42 2 N.
Tarazona, a town of Spain, in Mancha,
48 m NE Alcarez, and 54 s Cuenza.
2Y2
TAR
Tarbat, n village of Scotland, in Ros-
shire, 10 m ene Tain. It stands on tlie n
side of a peninsula, which projects ^L be-
tween the friths of Moray and Dornoch,
and terminates in two capes ; the northern
one called Tarbiit Ness. Lon. 3 '20 \v, lat.
57 34 N.
Tabert, a town of Scotland, in Ar-
g^leshirc, on the w side of Loch Fine,
where it has a sate and good harbour. Its
castle, now in ruins, appears to have been
of great strensith. It is a place of consi-
derable tratVic both by land and water,
SO m ssw Inveraray, and So xbyi: Camp-
beltown.
Tarbert, a town of Ireland, in Kerry,
on the estuary of the Shannon, in which
is an island, opposite the town, that forms
a safe harbour for vessels in tempestuous
weather. It is 30 m ^ne Tralee, and 34
wsv/ Limerick.
Tarbes. a town of France, capital of the
department of Upper Pyre!:ees, with an
ancient castle, and a college. It ^vas
lately a bishop's see. Here, in 1814, the
allied arniv from 3pain, under lord Wel-
lington, defeated the French under marshal
Soult. It is seated in a fertile plain, on the
Adour, 40 m sw Auch. Lon. 0 4 e, lat.
43 14 N.
Turborovgh, a town of N Carolina,
where large quantities of tobacco, maize,
pork, and beef are collected for export-
ation. It stands on the river Tar, 50
m from its mouth in Pamlico sound,
and 56 Ebyx Ralegh. Lon. 77 55 w,
lat. 35 58 N.
Tarem, a city of Persia, in Laristan,
with a rnud fort. It is meanly built, but is
the residence of many respectable mer-
chants, and stands in a plain covered with
date trees, 80 m eke Lar.
Tarento, a town of Naples, in Terra
d'Otranto, and an archbishop's see, with
a strong castle. It had an excellent port
at the mouth of a river, which becoming
shallow its commerce failed ; but it still
derives some consideration from its fish-
eries. It stands at the >' extremity of a
large gulf of the same name, 55 m nw
Otranto, and 150 Ebys Naples. Lon. 17
29 E, lat. 40 35 n.
Targa, a town of the kingdom of Fez,
on the Mediterranean, with a castle on a
rock, 90 m se Tangier.
Tarifa, a fortified town of Spain,
In Andalusia, with a castle; seated on
an eminence, on the strait of Gibraltar, 52
m SE Cadiz. Lon. 5 36 v/, lat. 36
5n.
Titrija, a town of Tucumr.n, capital of a
district, which feeds a vast numl^r of cat-
tle and sheep. It stands on the St. Juan,
TAR
196 m NNE St. Salvador c!« Jujui. Lon. 64
0 w, lat. 21 40 s.
Turku, a town of Daghestan, capital
of a district. It stands in a narrow glen,
near the Caspian sea, 80 m isw Der-
bend, and 150 ne Teflis. Lon. 47 5 E,
lut. 45 50 N.
Tarina, a town of Peru, capital of a
province, which has many mines of silver,
and feeds abundance of cattle. It is a
large town, with a lucrative trade in wool-
len cloth, and situate on the Chanchamayo,
110 m ENE Lima. Lon. 75 17 w, lat.
11 35 s.
Tani, a department of France, including
part of the old province of Languedoc. It
takes its name from a river, which lises in
the department of Lozhere, and flows by
Mithoud, Alby, Guillac, Montauban, and
Moissac, into the Garonne. Castres is the
capital.
Tarnowitz, a town of Silesia, in the lord-
ship of Beuthen, with a valuable iron mine.
It stands near the frontiers of Poland, 38 m
ESE Oppelen.
Turo, a river of Italy, which rises on the
sw border of the duchy of Parma, and flows
NE to the Po.
Turo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
Parma, near the source of the river Taro,
28 m sw Parma.
Tarporley, a town in Cheshire, with a
market on Tuesday, and a manufacture of
stockings, &c. 11 m ese Chester, and 178
NW London.
Tarrugona, a city of Spain, in Cata-
lonia, and an archbishop's see, vyith a
university. It was very powerful in the
time of "tiie llomans, and has many noble
monuments of antiquity. It is surrounded
by walls, and has two castles. Though
room for 2000 houses within the walls,
there are now not above 600, which are all
built with large square stones. The ca-
thedral is noted for its vast dimensions,
the elegance of its Gothic architecture,
aud a magnificent chapel built witli rich
marble and jasper. The ordinary exports
are corn, wine, and brandy; but its har-
bour is not much frequented. This city
was taken in 1811, by the French, who
massacred the inhabitants. It is seated
on a hill, at the mouth of the Francoli, in
the Mediterranean, 57 ni wsw Barcelona,
and 260 EbyN Madrid. Lon. 1 16 e, lat.
41 ION.
Tarrega, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
situate on a hill, by the river Cervera, 33 m
K by w Tarragona.
Tursus; see Terasso.
Turtari/, a country of Asia, which, takeo
in its utmost limits, reaches from the
eastern oceau to the Caspian sea, and
TAS
from Coren, China, Tibet, Ilindoostan,
and Perbia, to Russia and Siberia. It lies
between 55 and 135 e Ion. and between
'J5 and 55 N lat. being 3600 m in length
and 960 in breadth ; but in the narrowest
part not above 330 broad. It may be con-
sidered under two grand divisions. Eastern
and Western Tartary. The greatest part
of the tbrmer either belongs to the emperor
t)f China, is tributary to him, or is under
his protection ; and is divided into three
provinces, Tcitcicar, Kirin, and Leao-tong.
A considerable part of Western Tartary
has been conquered by the Russians ; and
that part of it e from tlic mountains of
Imaus, or Belnr, to the Caspian sea, is
called Independent Tartary, which has
for many ages been attached to Persia.
These vast countries include the central
.part of Asia, and are inhabited by Tar-
tars of different denominations and man-
ners. For various particulars concerning
them, see the articles Abkhas, Circassia,
Crimea, Cossacks, Georgia, Imeritia, Kal-
mucs, Kisti, Lesguis, Mandshurs, IMingre-
lia, Mongols, Ossi, Somoyedes, Turcomans,
and Usbecs.
Turtas, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Landes, on the river Douse, 13 m
sw Mont de Marsan.
Tarudant, or Terodant, the principal
town of the kingdom of Sus, and the resi-
dence of a governor, or some xeriiF related
to the emperor of Morocco. The inhabit-
ants, about 25,000, were formerly more
considerable ; and it is now famous only
for the manufacture of saltpetre and lea-
ther. It is 120 m sw Morocco. Lon. 8 35
\v, lat. 29 58 x.
Tarzvis, a town of Germany, in Carin-
thia, 28 ra wsw Clagenfurt.
Tasco, a city of New Spain, in the
province of IMexico, with a beautiful
church. It has rich silver mines in the
vicinity, and is situate on the Zacatula,
70 m " ssw Mexico. Lon. 99 29 w, lat.
18 35 X.
Tassacorta, a town of the isle of Paima,
one of the Canaries. It lies sw of St. Cru/,
and being exposed to westerly winds is lit-
tle frequented, but by boats. Lon. 17 58
w, lat. 28 38 ^^
Tassunudon, a city of Ilindoostan,
and ihe capital of Bootan. The castle,
or palace, is an extensive quadrangular
building of stone, with accommodation for
the deb rajah, all the otticers of state, a very
numerous estabUshment of Gylongs, and a
temple of the great idol Mahamoonie. It
is seated on the Tehintchieu, in a well
cultivated valley, surrounded by moun-
tains, covered with trees and shrubs. Lon,
89 33 E, lat. 27 50 .v.
Taasing, an island of Denmark, between
TAV
Funen and Langeland, separated from tike
former by a strait. It is 18 m in circuit,
and has a town of the same name. Lon. 10
47 E, lat. 55 7 N.
Tatah, a town on the common frontiei-s
of Morocco, Darah, and Tatilet, and in the
route from Morocco to Tombuctoo. It is
170 m sbyE Morocco. Lon. 6 15 w, lat.
28 25 X.
Tatta, a city of Hindoostan, formerly
the capital of Sindy. It is seated near a
branch of the Indus, called the Richtel. In
the loth century it was very extensive and
populous, possessing manufactures of silk,
wool, and cotton, and celebrated for cabi-
net ware. Little of those now remain, and
the limits of the city are very circum-
scribed; but it still has a population of
16,000. On the shores of the Indus, above
the delta, considerable quantities of salt-
petre are made; and in the hilly tract,,
which commences within 3 m on the nw
of Tatta, there are alum and salt in
abundance. The Indus, and its branches,^
admit of an uninterrupted navigation from
Tatta to Lahore, for vessels of near 200
tons ; and a very extensive trade was
carried on between those places, in the
time of Aurungzebe; but at present little
exists, owing to a bad government in the
provinces. Tatta is 44 m ssw Hydra-
bad, the present capital. Lon. 68 17 e, lat.
24 44 N.
TattcrshaU, a town in Lincolnshire, with
a market on Friday. It has the remains of
a castle, the lofty tower of which is yet en-
tire. It stands on the Bane, near its con-
flux with the Witham, 22 m SE Lincoln,
and 125 n London.
Tavasllaiid, a province in the middle of
Finland, 150 m long and 100 broad. The
N part is mountainous and woody, but the
greater part consists of fertile plains, wa-
tered by numerous rivers and lakes. The
soil is good, but it is far from being well •
cultivated, and the peasants are generally
poor. The chief traffic is in corn, flax,
hemp, dried fith, cattle, leather, tallow, .
and lime.
Tavastus, or Taz'afitborg, the capital of
the above province, with a strong castle. It
is seated on a river, which flows into the
lake Wana, 110 m >:.ne Abo. Lon. 25 10
E, lat. 6112 N.
Tancliel, a town of Poland, in Pomerella,
seated on the Verd, 30 m nw Culm, and
55 sw INIarienburg.
Taveina, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, seated on the Coraca, 20 ni ene
Nicastro.
Tavira, or Tavila, a towrn of Por-
tugal in Algarva, with a castle, and a
harbour for small craft. It is seated
at the mouth of the Gilaon, in the gulf
TAU
of Cadi7, 21 m r.bvN Faro, and 07 s
Evora.
TavlitocI:, a borougli in Devonshire, with
a market (in Saturday. Here was I'ornierly
a stately abhey, and scnne of its remains are
now formed into tenements. In tlie vicinity
was born tlie famous sir Francis Drake. It
has a manufacture of serges, and is seated
on tlie Tavy, G2 m wbys Exeter and 207
London.
Tuunidco, a town of European Tur-
key, in the province of Thessaly, 18 m >.\v
Zeiton.
2'aumago, a fertile island in the Pa-
cific ocean, 24 m in circuit, discovered
by Quiros in 1606. Lou. 170 45 w, lat.
IS Os.
Tuundu, a town of Ilindoostan, in Oudc,
where cloths similar to Be!i<ial cossaes are
made. It is situate near the Gograh, 8o m
SE Fyzabn;].
TuiLuton, a town of Massachusets, chief
of Bristol county, seated on Taunton river,
which is navigable hence for small vessels
to >Jarranganset bay. Here are various
manufactures of iron; also a manufacture
of ochre into pigments of a dark yellow
colour. It is £6 m s Boston.
Taunton, a borough in Somersetshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Wednesday and Saturday. It is situate
in an extensive and fertile valley, called
Taunton Dean, on the river Tone, which
is navigable hence to the Parret. It has a
large m.anufacture of silk, and a consider-
able one of serges, duroys, druggets, &c. It
had a strong castle, now in ruins; and is a
well-built place, with spacious streets, and
two churclies. The population was C997
in 1811. The spring assizes are held
here. Taunton was the scene of many
bloody executions, in the reign of James ii,
after the defeat of the duke^f Monmouth,
at Sedgenioor near this town. It is 31 m
NE Exeter, and 141 wbys London. Lon. 3
17 w, lat. 50 59 K.
Tavoj/, a seaport on the w coast of Siam,
wrested from the Siamese by the Birmans.
It is 150 m w.NW Siam. Lon. 98 20 e, lat.
14 45N.
Taureuii, an isle of France, in the de-
partment of iinisterre, at the mouth of the
river JMorlaix, with a fort to defend the
port of JMorlaix.
Tuurida, a province of the Russian em-
pire. See Crimea.
Tuuris; see Tabriz.
Taurus, or Kuron, a chain of moun-
tains in Asia, which begins near the shores
of the Archipeliigo, and extends 1000
m to the sources of the Euphrates. The
Taurian chain was formerly considered
as extending to the sources of the Gan-
^QS, and the extremitiss of Asia, so far
TCH
as discovered by the ancients ; but \a-
rious parts of it were knowai by ditierent
names.
Taus, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Pilsen, 31 m ssw Pilsen.
Tavy, a river in Devonshire, which
rises in Dartmoor, flows by Tavistock,
and enters the harbour of Hamoaze above
Plymouth.
Tare, a river in Devonshire, which rises
in Dartmoor, flows by Chimleigh and
Barnstaple, and joins the Towridgc, at its
mouth in the Bristol channel.
T;.ui/, a river of Wales, in Glamor-
ganshire, which flows pamllel to the Neath,
and enters the Bristol channel, at Swansea
bay.
Tuy, a river of Scotland, which rises
on the w borders of Perthshire, flows
through Loch Tay to Dunkeld, Perth,
and Kevvburg, below which to the sea
( above 20 m ) it may be deemed a con-
tinued harbour, and is called the Frith
of Tay, having Fifethire on one side, and
the counties of Perth and Forfar on the
other.
Tay, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Perth-
shire, 15 m long and above a mile broad,
formed by several streams and the river
Tay, which last flows through its whole
length. The banks are finely wooded;
and near the \ extremity is a small tufted
island, on which are the ruins of a priory,
founded by Alexander i, who deposited in
it his queen Sibilla, natural daughter of
Henry i of England.
Tuzouskaia; see Obskaia.
Tcfumg-tc/ia, a city of China, capital of
the s part of Ilou-quang. It is seated on
the river Heng, whicU has a communication
with an extensive lake, called Tong-ting-
hou, 740 m sbyw Peking. Lon. 112 25 r,
lat. 28 He."
Tchang-tc/ieoti, a citv (^f China, of the
first rank, in Fokien. It has a considerable
trade with Emonv, Pong-iiou, and Formosa,
and is 950 m s Peking. Lon. 117 35 e, lat.
24 32 N.
Tchang-te, a city of China, of tlie first
rank, in Ho-nan. Near it is a mountain,
so steep and inaccessilile, that in time of
war it affords a safe asylum to the inhabit-
ants. It is 255 m ssw Peking. Lon. 1115
E, lat. 29 2 N.
Tchuo-king, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Qaang-tong, seated on the river Si,
70 m w^ Canton.
Tchao-tcheov, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Quang-tong, seated on the Pei-
kiang, 86 m e Canton.
Tche-kiang, a province of China, one of
the most considerable in extent, riches, and
population. It is bounded on the N and w
by Kiang-nan,sw by Kiar/g-sijS by Fu-kien,
TCH
and E by the ocean. la this province
whole plains are covered with dwarf mul-
berry trees, and prodii^ious quantities of
silkworms are bred. The tallow trees also
grow here, and a species of mushrooms,
which are transported to all parts of the
empire. The principal branch of trade
consists in silk stutfs; and those in whicli
gold and silver are intermixed are the
most beautiful in China. This province
contains 11 cities of the first rank, 72 of
the third, and 18 fortresses, which in
Europe would be deemed large cities.
Hang-tcheou is the capital.
Tchernigqf] a government of Russia, for-
merly a part of the Ukraine. The capital,
of the same name, is seated on the Desna,
80 m jvXE Kiof, and '240 sby w Smolensk.
Lon.31 15 E, lat. 51 24 n.
Tchesne, a town of A.siatic Turkey, on
the w coast of Natolia, v/ith a citadel. It
stands almost opposite Scio, at the head of
a spacious road, where the Turkish fleet
was destroyed by the Russians, in 1770. It
is 48 m w Smyrna. Lon. 26 26 e, lat. 38
26 N.
Tching-hiang, a city of China, ef the
first rank, in Sc-tcheun. It is 910 ni sw
Peking. Lon. 104 26 e, lat. 27 18 N.
Tching-kiang, a strong city of China, of
the first rank, in Kiang-nan, and the key
of the empire toward the sea. Its situa-
tion and trade, and the beauty of its walls,
give it a preeminence over the other cities
of the province. It is seated on the s side
of the Kian-ku, 470 m sse Peking. Lon.
118 5.0 E, lat. 32 14 if.
Tching-kiang, a city of China, of the
first rank, in the province of Yun-nan, 06
m sby E Yun-nan.
Tching-tcheou, a city of China, of the
first rank, in Hou-quang, seated on an an-
gle formed by two rivers. Under it are five
cities of the third class, in which a kind of
plain earthen ware is prepared, which the
Chinese prefer to the most elegant porce-
lain. It is 765 m ssw Peking. Lon. 109 40
E, lat. 28 23 N.
Tching-ting, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Pe-tche-li. It is 136 m ssw Pe-
king. Lon. 114 21 E, lat. 38 9 n.
Tching-tou, a city of China, capital of
Se-tchuen. It was formerly the residence
of the emperors, and one of the largest and
most beautiful cities in the empire; but
in J646, it was almost entirely destroyed
during the civil wars that preceded the last
invasion of the Tartars. Its temples, and
the ruins of ancient palaces, are objects of
admiration to strangers. It is 810 msw
Peking. Lon. 103 44 e, lat. 30 40 s.
Tchin-ngan, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Quang-si. It is 1250 m ssw Pe-
king, Lou. lOG 0 E, lat. 33 21 K,
TEC
Tcki-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Kiang-nan. It is seated on a
river, 570 m s Peking. Lon. 117 0 e, lat.
30 45 N.
Tchi-yuen, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Koei-tcheou. It is 980 m ssw
Peking. Lon. 107 51 e, lat. 27 1 n.
Tchoka ; see Saghalien.
Tchong-king, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Se-tchuen. It is seated on the
side of a mountain, at the conflux of the
Kincha with the Kian-ku, 750 m sw Pe-
king. Lon. 106 20 E, lat. 29 42 N.
Tchorlu; see Chioido.
Tcltou-kiong, a city of China, of tlie first
rank, in the province of Ynn-nan, 75 m w
Yun-nan.
Tchudskoi ; see Peipus.
Tchukotski, the most eastern part of
Siberia, in the province of Okotsk. Tb«
attention of the natives is confined chiefly
to their deer, with which the country
abounds. They are a well-made, courage-
ous, warlike race, and are formidable neigh-
bours to the Koriacs, who often experience
their depredations.
Tchukotskoi, a cape of Siberia, on the
eastern extremity of Asia, and the sw limit
of Peering strait. Lon. 172 30 w, lat. G4
15 N.
Tchu-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Tche-kiang. It is 730 m sse Pe-
king. Lon. 120 33 E, lat. 28 36 n.
Tcitcicar, the largest of the three pro--
vinces of Eastern Tartary, bounded on the
K by Siberia, ne by the sea of Okotsk, sb
by the province of Kirin, and w by Westera
Tartary and Siberia. It is a mountainous
country, watered by the river Saghalien^
which receives many others in its course.
Tcitcicar, the capital of the above pro-
vince, and the residence of a Mandshur
general. It is a modern city, built by the
emperor of China, to secure his frontier*,
against the incursions of the Russians. It
is seated on the Nonni, 600 m nne Peking.
Lon. 123 50 E, lat. 47 23 N.
Tean, a village in Staffordshire, on the
river Tean, 3 m sbyE Cheadle, noted for
its extensive bleach-works and tape-manu-
factures.
Teuuo, a town of Naples, in Terra de
Lavoro, which abounds with every species
of antiquities, and copious springs of sweet
and mmeral water. It is 15 m ^w Capua.
Tebesta, or I'insa, a town of Algiers, in
the province of Constanlina, with a castle,
and several remains of antiquity. It is
seated at the foot of a mountain, on the
borders of Tunis, 120 m se Constantina.
Lon. 8 5 E, lat. 34 51 n.
Tecali,^ town of New Spain, in Tlascalu»
famous for its mats made of reeds of palra^
and small baskets. It is 17 ra se Puebla.
TEF
Tcceut, n town of th^ Vin£:;clom of Siis,
sn a country ahoundir.g hi "^raiii, dates, ami
sugar canes, 4 in e iVlessa.
Tecklcnbu7g, a town of Westphalia,
capital ofu fertile county. Near it, on a
inomitTsin, is the decayed castle of its an-
cient counts. It has manufactures of linen
clolii, and is ^'2 m NhyE Munster. Lon.
7 47 E, lat. 52 14 K. *
Tccoantcpec, a seujiort of New Spain, in
Guaxacn, with a fortified ahbey, and seve-
ral handsome churches. It stands near a
large bay of the same name, in the Pacific
ocean, at the extremity of a creek, the en-
trance of ^vhich is imptded by a bar. It
5s 150 m Ebys Guaxaca. Lon. 95 55 w,
lat. 16 20 N.
Tecrit, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the
government of Mosul, seated on a rock, on
the w side of the Titrris, 95 m Nbyw
Bagdad, and 130 sbyE Mosul.
Teculet, a town of INIorocco, with an old
castle, seated on the side of a mountain,
at the mouth of a river of tlie same name,
150 ra w Morocco. Lon. 9 45 w, lat. 31
5 N.
Teddi7}gton,^y\\\n^ie in Middlesex, seat-
ed on the Thames, 12 m wsw London.
The church is a perpetual curacy, which
■was enjoyed 50 years by the celebrated
philosopher Dr. Stephen Hales ; he built
The tower of the church at his own ex-
.pense, and was buried under it in 1761.
Tedelez, a towji of Algiers, on the coast
•of the Mediterranean, with a castle, 45 m
I Algiers.
Tednest, a to\Mi of Morocco, in the pro-
vince of Ilea, almost surrounded by a
Tiver, 40 m xe iMogador.
Tedsi, a town of tlie kingdom of Sus,
seated in a plain abounding in corn, 20 m
SE Tarudant.
Teembo, the capital of the country of
Touli, in the e part of Senegambia; situate
near the source of the Gambia. Lon, 10
■2 w, lat. 9 58 n.
l^ees, a river that rises on the confines
of Cumberlnnd, separates the counties of
Durham and York, and enters the German
ocean, below Stockton.
Teesta, n river that rises in Tibet, crosses
the E part of Nepaul (where it is called
the Yo Sanpoo) into Bengal, and there
<livides into two streams that flow to the
Oanges ; one 26 m n, the other 93 ese, of
Moorshedabad.
7'efcsiad, a town of Algiers, with mines
of iron in its neiglibourhood, 32 ni sw
Algiers,
Tejtis, or Tlflis, the capital of Asiatic
Ccorgia, v.ith a citadel. It is called by
tlie inhabitants Thilis Cahar (warm town)
from the warm baths in its neighbourhood.
The city contains 18,000 inhabitants, of
TEI
\vlnch nearly half are Arminians. TTi&
streets seldom exceed seven feet in breadth ;
and the houses are of stone, with flat roofs,
which serve as walks for the women. Here
is a foundery for cannon, mortars, and
balls; and u public school t'ounded by em-
peror Akxandcr. The most flourishing
manufactures are those of silks and printed
linens ; but the chief trade is in furs, sent
to Turkey and the s of Persia, It wa"*
taken in 1723, by the Turks ; in 1734 , by
Kouli Khan; and in 1797, by Aga Mo-
hamed Khan. In 1800 it became subject
to llussia. It is seated on the Kur, at the
foot of a hill, 90 m n P'rivan, and 200 ssw
Astracan. Lon. 44 56 e, lat. 41 20 n,
Tcfza, a strong town of Morocco, capi-
tal of a province. It is seated on the side
fif a mountain, 70 in ^Ni: Morocco. Lon,
5 55 w, lat. 32 0 n.
7V/i?'fl,a town of Algiers, in the province
of Mascara, 55 m ssw Uran.
Teguza, a tov.n of Zaara, capital of a
territory, remarkable for mountains of salt.
Lon. 6 30 w, lat. 21 40 n.
Tcgej-hy, a town of the kingdom of Fez-
zan, 80 m sw Mourzook.
Tegem, a town of Bavaria, with a cele-
brated abbey, seated on a lake, called the
Tegeni See, 30 m sse Munich.
Teglio, a town of .Switzerland, in Valte-
line, situate on a mountain, 9 m sw Tirano.
Teheran, or Tehrauu, a city and the
northern capital of Persia, in Irak. It is.
4 in in circuit, siuTounded by a wall, in'
which are six gates ; and it became the
seat of royalty in 1795. The population
50,000. The king resides in a square forti-
fied palace, which is surrounded by a wait
and a ditch, and is entered by two gates,.
The houses are built of bricks, baked in
the sun, that the city has a mudlike ap-
pearance ; but there are some good bazars,,
and many caravansaries and hummums.
rive m to the s arc the extensive ruins of
the city of Rey, the Rages of Tobit. Te-
heran stands on a salt and moist plain, near
the foot of tbe Albores mountains, 230 m
Ts by W" Ispahan, Lon. 50 55 e, lat. 35 40 N.
Teign, a river in Devonshire, formed of
two branches that rise in the ne part of
Dartmoor, and flowing se enters the Eng-
lish channel at Teignmouth.
Teigmnout/i, a town in Devonshire, with
a market on Saturday. At this place the
Danes first landed, and committed several
outrages. The town consists of two parts,
east and west, each with a church, and the
former is a fashionable bathing-place.
Some vessels are built here, and it has sv
trade in carrving fine clay to Bristol, Staf^
fordsliire, and other places. Four m from
it, on the seacoast, is an extensive quarry o-t
\arious coloured uinrble. It is seated at
TEM
the mouth of the Teign, 13 m s Exeter,
and 187 whys London. Lon.3 29 w, lat.
50 32 N.
Teinitz, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Piisen, with a castle and convent,
seated on the Radbnza, 30 ra wsw Piisen.
leisendorf, a town of Bavaria, in the
duchy of Salzhurg, 12 n\ n\v Salzburg.
Tc'isse, or Tie^x, a river of Hungary,
■which rises in the Carpathian mountains,
flows w to Tokay, and llien s bvTsongrad,
Segedin, and Titul, below which it joms
the Danube.
7'ejiico, a town of Brasii, capital of a
diamond district, the richest in tlie country.
It is situate in the midst of sterility ; but
the shops are well stocked with English
cloth, printed cottons, baizes, hams, cheese,
butter, and porter, ail brought on mules
from St. Salvador, or St. Sebastian. It is
500 m ssw of the former, and 400 N of the
latter. Lon. 42 30 v/, lat. 18 11 s.
Tekin ; see Bender.
Tetemone, a town of Italy, in Stado
delli Presidii, with a small harbour, and a
strong fort ; seated at the mouth of the
Ossa, 10 m X (Jrbitello.
Telese, a town of Naples, in Terra di
X,avoro, 18 m rxE Capua.
Telgen, or Te/ga, a town of Sweden, in
Sudermania, situate on the s part of the
lake Maeler, 12 m sw Stockholm.
Telgen, a town of Sweden, in Upland,
situate on a creek of the Baltic, 26 m ke
Stockholm.
Tclgtt, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Munster. Here is a cele-
brated image of the \'irgin, which is visited
by a great number of pilgrims. It is 5 m
£NE Munster.
Tclles, a town of the kingdom of Fez,
with a small harbour, on tl>e Mediterra-
nean, 100 m ESE Tetuan.
Tellicherxi, a town of Hindoostan, in
Malabar. It was long the chief settlement
of the English on the coast of Malabar,
but nfter the capture of Mahe, in 1793,
the Company's commerce was removed
thither; yet still many rich natives reside
here, and the trade is roasiderable. It is
seated at the mouth of a river, 42 m nnw
Calicut. Lon. 75 'c6 e, lat. 11 45 x.
Teltow, a town of Brandenburg, in the
IMiddle mark, on a lake of the same name,
7 m ssw Berlin.
Teltsch, a town of Moravia, on the fron-
tiers of Bohemia, at the source of the
Teya, 10 m s Iglau.
Tembleque, a town of Spain, in New
Castile, 28 m ese Toledo, and 43 sbyE
Madrid.
Temendefust , a town of the kingdom of
-Algiers, seated 90 the Mediterranean, 10
TO E Algiers.
TEN
Temestar, a strong town of Hungary,
capital of Temes county (formerly called
the Banat of Temesvar) and the see of a
bishop. It stands on the river Bega, which
fonns a morass round it ; and the fortress
requires a garrison of 14,000 men. This
place formerly passed for impregnable ;
but it was taken by prince Eugene, in a
dry season, in 1716. Next to Buda and
I'est this is the handsomest town in the
kingdom, and the popidation was 11,098
in 1815. It is 80 m nne Belgrade, and
160 SE Pest. Lon. 21 21 e, lat. 45 43 N.
Temhcumin, a lake of Canada, 45 m
long and 15 broad, which with its outlet^
tlie river Utawas, form part of the boun-
dary line between Upper and Lower Ca-
nada.
Temissa, a town of Fezzan, where the
caravans from Tombuctoo, Bornou, &c.
that travel by way of Cairo to Mecca,
usually provide corn, dates, dried meat,
and other necessaries for their dreary pas-
sage. It is 120 m EXE Mourzook.
Tempelborg, a town of Further Pomera-
nia, on the s side of a lake and on the fron-
tiers of Poland, 43 m EbyN New Stargard^
Templemore, a town of Ireland, in Tip-
perary county, where much wool is sold
annually in July. It is situate near the Suir^
20 m N Cashel.
Templin, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Ucker mark, which has a great trade in
timber. It was totally consumed by fire
in 1735, but has been rebuilt in a beauti-
ful manner. It stands between the Boden •
see and Dolgensee, 18 m sw Prenzlo, and
42 N'by E Berlin.
Tenasserini, a town of Siam, capital of
a district extending along the seacoast,
now subject to Birmah. It is situate on-
a river oi" the same name, 47 m se Mergui.
Lon. 98 50 \v. lat. 11 35 n.
Tenbuty, or Tembury, a town in Wor-
cestershire, with a market on Tuesdays
seated on the Teme, 15 m wbyN Wor-
cester, and 133 wxw London.
Tenby, a seaport of Wales, in Pem-
hrolceshire, go^ erned by a mayor, with a
market on Wednesday and Saturday. It
has ancient walls, flanked with towers;
but its castle was demolished in the civil
wars. The principal trade is in coal, culm^
and oysters ; and it is a place of great re-
sort for bathing. Five m wsw, on the
coast, are the massive remains of Manor-
beer castle. Tenby is seated on a narrow
rock projecting into the sea, 10 m e Pem-
broke, and 253 w London. Lon. 4 40 w^
lat. 51 44 X.
Tenda, a town of Piedmont, with a for-
tified castle on a rock. It stands on the
Roia, at the influx of the Brogna, 28 m
^"^E Nice, and 65 s Turin.
TEN
Tenday • see Samar.
Tenedos, an island of tlie Archipelapo,
on the coast of Natolia, 14 m s of the
strait of Gallipoli. It is 0 m loni; and (j
broad, inhabited almost \\ holly by Gre<,-ks,
and its muscadine wine is the best in all
the Levant. On the ^e side is the town,
at the foot of a mountain, with a harbour,
defended by a castle. Lon. 2a 58 e, lat.
59 48 N.
Tencn, or Knin, a town of Dalmatia, on
the borders of Bosnia, and a bishop's see.
It has been several times taken by the
Turks and \'enetians, and is 48 m s Bihacz.
Lon. 10 30 F., lat. 44 5 N.
Teneriff] one of the Canary islands, and
the most considerable for riches, trade, and
population. It lies w of the Grand Canary,
is 70 m long and 22 Iroad, and abounds
in wine, fruit, cattle, and game. Part of
this island is surrounded by mountains,
and one in particular, called the Pike of
TenerilV, is 12,.500 feet above the level of
the sea : the ascent to the Pike from the
port of Oratava, at the base of the moun-
tain, is above 11m; and the summit is a
small crater, of about an acre and a half.
This island is subject to earthquakes; and,
in 1704, one destroyed several towns, and
many thousand people. The rocks and
strata are wholly volcanic, and the soil is
famed for fertility. The laborious works
in this island are chiefly performed by oxen
and mules, horses being scarce, and re-
served for the nse of the oliicers. Hawks
and parrots are natives of the island, as
also swallows, seagulls, partridges, and
blackbirds. There are also lizards, locusts,
and dragonflies. St. Christophe de Laguna
is the capital, but the governor resides at
St. Cruz. ,
Teneriff, a town of New Granada, in
tlie province of St. Martha ; seated on the
Magdalena, 105 m sbvw St. Martha. Lon.
74 33 w, lat. 9 45 n."
Tenez, or Tenis, a town of Algiers, in
the province of Mascara, capital of a dis-
trict, with a fort. The chief export is
corn ; but it has no habour, and the road
is exposed to the n and w winds. It is
seated at the mouth of a river, 4 m from
the sea, and 135 whys Algiers. Lon. 0
54 E, lat. 36 28 n.
Te-?iga)>, a city of China, of ihj first
rank, in Ilou-quang. It is 550msbyAV
Peking. Lon. 113 21 e, lat. 31 20 x.'
Tennessee, one of the United States of
America, 420 m long and 100 broad ;
bounded on the n by Kentucky and Virgi-
Jiia, E by N Carolina, s by Georgia, Ala-
bama, and Mississippi, and w by the river
Mississippi. It is divided into 38 counties.
The principal rivers are the Mississippi,
Tenessee, Cumberland, and Holston, and
TEN
is watered by other rivers and creeks.
Tlie Cumberland mountains, a lofty ridge
near 30 m broad, cut this state into the
eastern and western divisions, which were
originally known by the names of the esta-
blishments of Holston and Cumberland ;
but the latter is much the largest part.
The climate is in general heulthful, and
the soil luxuriant. The sunnner is cool
and pleasant in the eastern part; but the
heat is much greater in the western, which
renders that part better calculated for the
production of tobacco, cotton, and indigo.
Some lead-mines have been discovered,
and iron ore abounds in several districts.
Tn 1810 the population was 261,927..
Knoxville is the capital.
Tennessee, a river of the United States,
formerly called the Cherokee river, and
the largest of all those that flow into the
Ohio. Its commencement is formed in
the state to which it gives name, by the
junction of the Holston and Broad rivers,
at fort Grainger, 35 m below Knoxville.
It flows sw, on. tlie e side of Cumberland
mountains, into the Alabama territory,
where it makes a circuit to the w, called
the Great Bend ; it then reenters the state
of Tennessee, which it passes quite through
into that of Kentucky, where it enters
the Ohio, 50 m above the conflux of that
river with the Mississippi. The Tennes-
see is 600 yards broad at its mouth, and
thence navigable by vessels of great burden
for 260 m, to the Muscle Shoals, in the
Great Bend : here the river widens to be-
tween 2 and 3 m, for nearly SO m ; and
these shoals can only be passed in small
boats : hence it may be navigated, by boats
of 40 tons burden, 400 m further to its
commencement.
Tennis, a town of Egypt, situate on an
island in a lake of the same name, 28 m
SE Damietta.
Tensaro; see 2Iobile.
TensiJ}, a river of Morocco, which rises
in the Atlas, e of Morocco, passes 5 m k
of that city, and enters the ocean 15 m s of
Safly.
Tenstndt, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, 10 m ne Langensalza.
Ten-tcheou, or Teu-choo, a city of China,
of the first rank, in Chang-tong, with a
good port, and a strong garrison. It is
seated on the s coast ot' the Yellow sea, 260
m SE Peking. Lon. 120 52 e, lat. 37 46 N.
Tenterden, a town in Kent, governed by
a mayor, with a market on Friday. The
steeple of the church is very lolty, and at
the time of the Spanish invasion, in 1588,
was made use of as a beacon. It is 24 m.
sw Canterbury, and 56 zbys London.
Tentugal, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
8 ra VYNW Coitnbra.
TER
Tepeaca, a town of New Spain, in Tla-
scala, built by Cortes, and then called
Segnra de la Trontera. In the principal
sciuare is a fort, now in a delapidated
state, a beautifui church, and a magniii-
cent convent. It has several manufac-
tures of woollen cloth, and is 17 m ssr.
Puebla.
Tepeleni, a town of European Turkey,
in Albania, with a palace of the vizier of
Janina, where he sometimes holds his
court. It is seated on the Viosa, at the
influx of the Bentza, 32 m.ESE Valota,
and 58 NW Janina.
Tepic, a town of New Sp'r.:!i, in Guada-
laxara, capital of a district that extends to
the seacoast. It is seated on the summit
of a mountain, 110 m wbyN Guadalaxara.
Lon. 101 45 w, lat. 21 3G x.
Tepozcolula, a town of New Spain, in
Tlascala, capital of a district fertile in corn,
cotton, and cochineal. It has manufac-
tures of cotton stufts and chamois, and is
situate amid mountains, 160 m s Puebla.
Lon. or 51 w, lat. 17 10 s.
Tequia, a town of New Granada, in the
district of Tunja, which has a great trade
in sugar, sweetmeats, and the produce of a
rich country. It is 32 m ssw Pamplona,
and 100 nne Tunja.
Teramo, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ultra, at the conflux of the Viciola and
Tordino, 25 m S'E Aquila.
Terasso, or Tersoos, the ancient Tarsus,
a city of Asiatic Turkey, in Caramania,
and a Greek archbishop's see. Most of
the remains of antiquity have been de-
stroyed, or converted into modern build-
incs. There are many mosques, one of
which is visible at a great distance. The
bazars are well stocked ; and cotton and
silk are the principal branches of com-
merce. It is situate in a large fertile
plain, on a river of its name (the ancient
Cydnus) 12 m from the Mediterranean,
and 150 SE Cogni. Lon. 34 53 e, lat. 36
50 N.
Tercera', one of the Azores, of a round
form, about 55 m in circuit, and very fer-
tile. It contains several towns and vil-
lages, with a numberof forts. Angra is
the capital, and the seat of government
for all the islands.
Terchiz, or Tershiz, a town of Persia,
in Chorasan, 120 m avxw Herat. Lon. 57
25 E, lat. 35 5 N.
Terek, or Terki, a town of Russia, in
the province of Caucasia, near tb.e frontier
of Georgia. It is seated on a river of the
same name, near the Caspian sea, 180 m s
Astracan. Lon. 47 SO e, lat. 43 22 x.
Terga, a town of Morocco, seated on
the Omirabi, 00 m n Morocco.
Tergovist, or Tervis^ a town of Euro-
TER
pcan Turkey, in Walachia, with a fine
palace ; seated on the Jalonitz, 35 m nnvt
Buchorest. Lon. 25 48 e, lat. 45 28 N.
Tergouzv ; see Gouda.
Termed, or Toormooz, a town of Usbee
Tartary, in Bokharia, seated on the Amu,
50 m N Balk, and 150 sse Samarcand.
Termini, a town on the x coast of Sicily,
in Val di Mazara, with a strong castle,
warm baths, and the remains of a fine
aqueduct. Here is a royal depot for the
export of corn, oil, olives, and other pro-
ductions; and it has a very large fishery.
It stands near the moutli of a river of the
same name, 20 m ese Palermo.
TermoU, a town of Naples, in Capita-
nata, seated near tlie sea, 43 m nnw
Lucera.
Tcrnate, the most northern and import-
ant island of the proper Moluccas, though
n(.t above 25 m in circuit. It is hilly, and
h;is a number of woods that furnish much
game ; but it produces a great quantity of
cloves, and other fruits proper to the cli-
mate. The chief quadrupeds are goats,
deer, and hogs; and the birds are of dis-
tinguished beauty, particularly the king-
fisher, of a scarlet and mazareen blue. The
Boa-serpent is sometimes found here, ot
the length of 30 feet, and is reported some-
times to swallow even small deer. Ter-
nate is governed by a sultan, who also
controls Machian, Motir, and Mortay, with
the N part of Gilolo, and even some Cele-
bezian isles, and part of Papua, whence he
receives a tribute of gold, amber, and birds
of paradise. In 1638 the Dutch formed
an alliance with the sultan of Ternate and
the lesser princes, which has been repeat-
edly renewed. In 1810 it was taken by
the British. This island lies a little oft' the
w side of Gilolo ; and Fort Orange is at.
the E end, where the chief town is situate.
Lon. 127 32 e, lat. 0 50 x.
Terneuse, a town and turt of the Nether-
lands, in Flanders, on the w branch of the
Scheld, called the Ilondt. It was taken
by the French in 1704. It is 8 ra n Sas
van Ghent, and 25 wxw Antwerp.
Terni, a town of Italy in the duchy of
Spoleto, seated on the Nera, near the in-
flux of the V'elino, which has a famous
cataract a mile from the town. Terni is
the birthplace of Tacitus the historian. It
is 15 m ssw Spoleto, and 46 n Rome.
Ternova, a town of European Turkey,
in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see. It
was formerly the seat of the princes of
Bulgaria, and a strong place, but the forti-
fications are ruined. It is seated on a
mountain, near the Jenera, 88 m Kvr
Adrianople, and 97 xe Sofia. Lon. 26 2
v., lat. 43 1 N.
Ternova, a town of European Turkey,
TER
in Tliessaly, and a bishop's sec, seated on
the Salempria, 10 m wnw Larissa.
Tcrodatit; sec Turudant.
Terouenc, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Pas de Calais, seated on the
Lis, ti m s St. Omer.
Terra Avairalis, the hxrgcst territory on
the ghjbe that docs not bear tlie name of
a continent. It extends from 109 to 153
E Ion. and from 11 to o9 s lat. being abont
three-fourths as large as Europe. \\ lien
this great south land was fu-st discovered
is uncertain ; but it is believed that the
NW parts were visited by Europeans nearly
a century before any authentic accounts
speak of its discovery. A Dutch vatcli,
the Duyfhan, in exploring New Guinea,
made the first authenticated discovery of
Terra Australis, early in lOOG, passing to
the w and s of the n point, now called
Cape York, to 13 43 s lat. but some of the
crew being murdered by the natives, and
the want of provisions, prevented further
researches. Torres, a Spaniard, from
Callas in Peru, was the next who saw the
country, in the same year, and near the
same place; but he had as little know-
ledge of the nature of his discovery, as
had the Duyfhan. He spent two months
in passing the intricate strait that divides
Terra Australis from New Guinea ; and
liis account of this and other discoveries,
addressed to the king of Spain, was kept
so secret, that the existence of such a
strait was generally unknown till 1770,
when it was passed by Cook, who called
it Endeavour Strait : but a copy of Torres'
letter being found in the archives of Ma-
nila, after that city was taken by the Bri-
tish in 17(32, the passage, in honour of the
enterprising navigator, has since been
named Torres Strait. In 1617, and after-
ward, the N and w coasts were traced by
tlie Dutch ; and \'an Diemen Land, then
deemed the s extremity, was discovered
by Tasnian in 1642. Cook, in 1770, ex-
plored the E and xi: coasts; and in 1773,
captain Furneaux, by connecting Tasman's
discoveries with tliose of Cook, completed
the circuit. But, in 1798, surgeon Bass
discovered a strait, which separated Wan
Diemen Land from the s part of the main-
land. This discovery produced surmises
that there might be other such sections
in this vast region ; but in 180!2, captain
Flinders circumnavigated the whole, and
ascertained it to form one land. Terra
Australis is divided longitudinally, by the
meridian line of 135 degrees, into New
Holland and New Sonth'Wales ; but, in
its most extensive signification, it includes
Bass Strait, ^'an Dien.en Land, and the
numerous adjacent islands. See Holland,
TER
Terra di Buri, J.uvuro, and Otranto,
sec Bari, c\c.
Terra del Ksplritu Santo, the most
western and largest island of the New He-
brides, in the Pacific ocean, being 40
leagues in circuit. The land is exceedingly
liigh and mountainous, and in many places
the hills rise directly from the sea. Ex-
cept the clilVs and beaches, every part is
covered with wood, or laid out in planta-
tions. Beside the bay of St. Philip and
St. Jago, on the n side of it, the isles which
lie along the s and E coast form several good
bays and harbours. Lon. 167 e, lat. 15 s.
Terra Firiiui, a name formerly given to
the whole n coast of S America ; including
the isthmus, or province of Panama, and
all other provinces to the E of it as far as
the Atlantic ocean.
Terra del Tiie^o, a large island, sepa-
rated from the southern extremity of Ame-
rica, by the strait of Magellan. This
land of fire did nor receive its name from
any volcanos observed, but from the hres
lighted up along the coasts by the natives,
wlien the first navigators were seen n\
these seas. It is of a considerable extent,
and on all sides penetrated by numerous
inlets, some of winch meet in the interior^
and intersect the country into several is-
lands. The eastern part is low ground,
with some inequalities of surface; but the
soil is not favorable to the growth of plants,
and no trees are to be seen. The s and
sw coasts, and the western part, abound
with forests and mountains; many of the
latter have their summits continually co-
vered with snow. Quadrupeds in this
country are few, if any ; but aquatic fowls
are numerous, and in tlie woody parts there
is a variety of birds. The natives are
short in stature, not exceeding five feet six
inches ; tlieir heads large, their faces broad,
their cheek bones proiuinent, and their
noses flat. They have little brown eyes, ^
without life ; their hair is black and lank,
and besmeared with trainoil. On the chin
they have a few short hairs instead of a
heard. Tlieir natural colour seems to be
an olive brown, but they paint themselves
with various c<jlours. They have no otiier
clothing than a piece of seal-skin, hanging
from their shoulders to the middle of the
back, being fastened round the neck with
a string. Their arms are bows and arrows,.
and darts ; and their instruments for fish-
ing are a kind of fishgigs. They live
chiefly on seal's flesh, and like the fat oily
part most. There is no appearance of any
subordination among them ; and their whole
character is a strange compound of stupi-
dity, indiflerence, and inactivity. The F.
extremity of Terra del Fuego is opposite
the w end of Stiiteu island; and the pus-
TES
;.is:e between them is the strait of Le
i\J;iire.
Terracina, a town of Italy, In Cam-
;';is:na di Roma, with a castle on a rock.
it IS the ancient Auxur, the capital of the
\'olsci, and the cathedral was originally si
*emple of Jupiter. Pias vi huilt a palace
here, and resided during the spring and
autumn, in order to urge on his noble under-
r;\kiiig of draining the Poniptime marshes,
which he begun in 1773, and effectually
completed in ten years. Terracina is seated
among orange and citron groves, near the
sea, on the frontiers of ?v'aples, 54 m sse
Rome. Lon. 13 15 e, lat. 41 24 \.
Terranova, a seaport of Sicily, in Val
di Noto, famous for the export of sulphur ;
seated near the mouth of a river of the
same name, 46 m wnw Noto. Lon. 14
25 E, lat. 37 5 N.
Terranova, a seaport of Sardinia, on a
gulf of the same name on the ne coast, 62
m EXE Sassari. Lon. 9 35 e, lat. 41 3 N.
Terrciason, a town cH" France, in the de-
partmer.t of Dordogne, seated on the Ve-
sere, 28 m e Perigueux.
Terrcnate, a town of New Spain, in
Sonora, 60 m N Arispe.
Terriilon, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on
the w coast of Scotland, in llosshire, be-
tween Gairloch and Applecross. It has
njany creeks and bays.
Terriure a strong town and fortress of
Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 25 m n
Trichinopoly.
Ters/uz, or Turshish, a city of Persia, in
Chorasan, containing about 20,000 inha-
bitants. The chief trade is in iron, wrought
in thick plates ; in indigo and other drugs
brought from the w, and wool, cloths, and
rice from Herat. It is 180 m wxw Herat,
and 180 sbyE Mesched.
Teruel, a city of Spain, in Aragon, and
a bishop's see, with a citadel. It is seated
in a fertile plain, at the confiux of the Gua-
dalquiver and Alhambra, 75 m sw Sara-
gossa, and 112 e Madrid. Lon. 0 56 w,
lat. 40 33 -N.
Tervere, or Veere, a fortified seaport of
the Netherlands, in Zealand, on the ne
coast of the isle of Walcheren. It has a
good harbour, and a line arsenal, 4 m
:vbyE Middleburg, with which it commu-
■nicates by a canal. Lon. 3 42 e, lat. 51
36 N.
Teachen, a town of Moravia, capital of
a circle. It is surrounded by a wall, and
at a little distance is the old castle, on an
eminence, where the ancient dukes resided.
The inhabitants carry on a trade in lea-
ther, woollen stuffs, and wine ; and make
excellent gun-barrels. This town was taken
by the Prussians in 1757, and restored in
1763. In 177?, a treaty of peace was
TET
concluded here between the emperor of
Germany and the king of Prussia. It is
seated in a morass, n»ar the river Elsa, 36
m ese Troppau, and 60 Ebyx Ohautz.
Lon. 18 32 E, Ut. 49 43 n.
Tesegelt, a town of Morocco, seated oa
a craggy rock, said to Le impregnable, at
the mouth of the Techubit, 140 m w'kw
Mordcco.
Teshoo Xoo?Htoo, the capital of Tibet, orof
that part which is immediately subject to the
Teshoo lama, who is sovereign of the coun-
try during the minority of the grand lama.
The large monastery of Gylongs, the tem-
ples and mausoleums, with their numerous
gilded canopies and turrets, and the palace
of the lama, render it a magnificent place.
It stands at the n end of a plain, upon a
rocky eminence, at the entrance of a nar-
row defile, which is defended by the for-
tress of Shiggatzee. The plain, "above 14
m long and 5 broad, is encompassed by-
rocky hills of the colour of rusty iron, and
intersected by the river Painoni-tchieu,
which passes by the fort, and soon joins
the Sampoo. This town was plundered
by the Nepaulese in 1792; but on their
return, they were overtaken and defeated
by the Chinese. It is 160 m w by s Lassa.
Lon. 88 55 e, lat. 29 5 n.
Tesin, a canton of Switzerland, bounded
on the N by Uri, e by Grisons, and s and
w by Italy. It is very mountainous, but
rich in pastures and small cattle. Bellin-
zona is the capital.
Tesino, or Tesin, a river that has its
source in Switzerland, on the s side of St.
Gothard, flows through the canton of
Tesin, and the lake Maggiore, then passes
to Pavia, in Milanese, and a little after
joins the Po.
Tesino, a town of Germany, in the
county of Tyrol, 25 m ene Trent.
Tesset, a town of Zaara, capital of a dis-
trict. It is 350 m ssw Tafilet. Lon. 5 45
w, lat. 25 54 n.
Tessiu, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Mecklenburg, on the river Ilakenitz, 12 in
se Rostock.
Tessoiui, a town fif Fezzan, seated near
a river, 90 m ese Moursouk.
Test, or 'Tese, a river in Hampshire,
■which rises near Whitchurch, flows by
Stockbridge and Rumsey, and enters the
head of the bay of Southampton, at Red-
bridge.
Tesse de Buck, a town of France, in the
department of Gironde, situate on the sea-
coast, at the s side of the basin of Arca-
thon. It exports the pitch, tar, and resin
of the neighbouring pine forests, and is 27
in vvsw Bourdeau.x.
Tethury, a town in Gloucestershire,
with a market ou Wednesday, and a trade
TEU
in yain ">''<1 «'ool. It is 25 m ene Enstol,
and 99 w London.
Tetschen, or Tttzen, a town of iMiliemia,
in the circle of Leitmeritz, wiili a castle
on a rock ; sealed on the Elbe, '29 m se
Dresden.
Tettnaiii:, a town of Snabia, in a
lordship of ihe same name, 0 m n Liii-
dau.
Teliuin, a city of the kingdom of Fe/,
with a castle, and a convenient harbour.
The houses are two stories iii^h, flat at
the top, and whitewashed ; they have only
little holes toward the streets, which are
very narrow ; and the windows are on the
other side, facing a courtyard, in which is
generally a fountain. Some of the women
scarcely ever take the air, excepting on
these flat roofs ; and the inhabitants dance,
sing, and take all their amusements on
them. The Jewish town is quite distinct
from that of the Moors; hue the only dif-
ference between them is, that the streets
are covered with a roof extending from the
houses on each side, and have the appear-
ance of subterranean passaj;es. The popu-
lation 80,000, one fourth of which are
Jews, The trade is very considerable;
and the chief manufactures are silk, car-
pets, and mats. The environs abound in
■vineyards and gardens, and the fruits here
are better nurtured than in any other part of
the empire. This city was the residence
of several European consuls till the year
1770, when the emperor would no longer
let them remain. It is seated on tlie river
St. Martin, near the Mediterranean, 140
m NNW Fez. Lon. 6 23 w, lat. 35 37 n.
Teu-choo ; see Ten-tcheou.
Teverone, a river of Italy, the ancient
Anio, which rises in the Apennines, 50 m
above Tivoh, glides through a pla'n till it
comes near the town, when it is confined
for a short space between two hills, cover-
ed with groves. These were supposed to
be the residence of the sibyl Albunea, to
•whom an elegant temple here was dedi-
cated. The river moving with augmented
rapidity, as its channel is conlined, at last
rushes over a lofty precipice ; and the noise
of its fall resounds through the hills and
groves of Tivoli. Having gained the plain,
it soon afterward receives the waters ot
the lake Solfatara, and then joins the
Tiber, near Rome.
Teviot, a river of Scotland, which rises
in the mountains in the sw of Roxburgh-
shire, passes KF, through the county, and
unites witli the Tweed a little above Kelso.
The d.'ile through which it flows takes in
so great a part of the county, that the
shire itself is often called Teviotdale.
Teukera, a seaport of Barbary,in Barka,
en a bay of the Mediterranean, 120 m
TEZ
Lon. 19 10
lat. 32
wsw Derna.
25 N.
Teupilz, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle mark, with a castle in a lake, 25 m
sby E Berlin.
Teuschintz, a town and rastle of Fran-
conia, in the principality of Bamberg, 17 in
N C'nlmbach.
Teiisirifj:, a town of Boiiemia, in the
circle of Pilsen, 30 m n\v Pilsen.
'I'ezvkenhuri/, a l)orough in Gloucester-
shire, with a market on Wednesday and
Saturday. Here are the remains of a
monastery, and its church now forms one
of the noblest parish churches in the king-
dom. In 1471, Edward iv gained here a
decisive victory over the Lancastrians.
Tewkesbury has manufactures of nails,
cotton stockings, and mustard, and a con-
siderable trade in malt. It is seated on
the Avon, near its union with the Severn,
10 m N Gloucester, and 103 wkw Lon-
don.
Texas, a province of New Spain, bound-
ed on the N by the country of Louisiana,
E by the state of Louisiana, s by the gulf
of iVlexico and New Leon, and w by Coha-
huila. Its extent is about 700 m to nne
and 200 in breadth ; is inhabited by many
nations of Indians, and at present has but
few settlements. It is well watered and
woody, and abounds with wild horses.
The capital is St. Antonio.
Tezet, an island of the Netherlands,
separated from the continent of N Holland
by a narrow channel of the same name,
defended by a strong fort on the mainland,
called the Helder. The Texel channel is
the best and most southern entrance into
the Zuider zee, and through it most of ,
the ships pass that are bound to Amster-
dam. In 1799, the fort was taken by the
British ; and the whole of the Dutch fleet,
lying within the channel, surrendered to
them; but the British abandoned the fort
soon afterward. Lon. 4 59 e, lat. 53
10 N.
Teya, a river of Germany, which rises
near Teltsch, in Moravia, flows e, by
Zuaim, on the borders of Austria, and
enters the Moraw, on the confines of Hun-
Teyn, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Bechin, seated on the Muldau, 10 ra
SE Piseck,
Teza, a town of the kingdom of Fez^
with handsome streets, and neat houses.
The principal mosque is very large, and
has a fine porch. It is seated on a hill,
by a sm.all river, 75 m e Fez. Lon, 3 40
w, lat. 34 10 N.
Tezcuco, a city of New Spain, in the
province of Mexico, formerly one of the
most populous and celebrated, and stilt
THA
has some magnificent buildings. Here
Cortez caused a canal to be due;, and
built 18 brigantines to carry on the siege
of Mexico. It has woollen and cotton
manufactures, and stands on the river and
near the lake of its name, IG m ene
Mexico. See Mexico.
Teida, a town of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Mascara, witli a castle, 15 m
sw Oran.
Tezout, a town of the kingdom of Fez,
seated on ihe point of a rock, 15 m s
Melilla.
Tezzoute, a town of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Constantina. Its ruins are 10 in
in circuit, among which are magnificent
remains of city gates, an amphltlieatre, a
temple dedicated to Esculapius, and other
elegant structures. It is 90 m ssw Con-
stantina.
Thainee, a town of the kingdom of
Tunis, near the mouth of a river of the
same name, 120 m s Tunis. Lou. 10 15
E, lat. 34 50 N.
T/iai?ie, or Tame, a river that rises near
Tring in Hertfordshire, crosses Bucking-
hamshire to the N of Ailesbury, enters
Oxfordshire at the town of Thame, and is
thence navigable for barges to Dorchester,
where it joins the Thames.
Thame, or Tame, a town in Oxfordshire,
with a market on Tuesday ; sealed on a
river of the same name; 12 m e Oxford,
and 44 w by N London.
Thatnes, the finest river in Britain,
whose two sources, the Churn and Isis,
are in Gloucestershire, and form their
junction in Wiltshire, 2 m to the w of
Cricklade. Some writers have continued
the name of Isis to the Thames till it
arrives at Dorchester, and receives the
Thame; but this is an impropriety, being
contrary to ancient and unquestionable
authorities. The Thames, from the above
point of junction, proceeds to Cricklade,
where it receives several rivulets, which
cause it to widen considerably in its course
to Lechlade ; and being there joined by
the Coin and Lech, at the distance of 138
m from London, it becomes navigable for
vessels of 50 tons. At Oxford (in whose
academic groves its poetical name of Isis
has been often invoked) it is joined by the
Charwell; at Abington, by the Ock ; and
at Dorchester by the Thame. Passing by
Wallingford to Reading, it there receives
the Kennet ; and thence proceeds by
Henley, Marlow, Maidenhead, Windsor,
Staines, Chertsey, Kmgston, and Brent-
ford, in its course to London ; during which
it receives the Loddun, Coin, VVey, Mole,
Brent, and Wandie. From Lechlade to
London it forms a boundary to Oxlbrdsliire,
Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, 8urry, and
THE
Middlesex. From London the river pro-
ceeds by Greenwicii, Woolwich, Grays-
Thurock, Gravesend, and Leigh, to the
German ocean, in which course it parts
Essex from Kent, and receives the Lea
llodinc, and Darcnt. Though the Thames
is said to be navigable 138 m above Lon-
don Bridge, there are so many flats, that
in summer, the navigation westward would
be stopped, were it not for a number of
locks .• but the first lock is 52 m above
that bridge. The plan of new cuts has
been adopted, in some places, to shorten
the navigation ; there is one near Lechlade,
and another a mile from Abingdon. A
conmiunication is effected between this
river and the Severn, by a canal from
Lechlade to Stroud; and a communication
between this river and the Trent and the
Mersey has likewise been effected, by a
canal from Oxford to Coventry ; and ano-
ther canal extends from this, at Braurpston^
to the Thames at Brentford.
Thames, a river of Connecticut, formed
of two principal branches, the Shetucket
and the Quinabaug, which have their junc-
tion at Norwich. From this place the
Thames is navigable 15 m to Long-island
sound, which it enters below New London,
forming the fine harbour of that town.
Thuiiisbruck, a town of Upper Saxony,
inThuringia, on the river Unstrut, 3 ni w
Langensalza.
Thanet, an island comprising the e
angle of Kent, being separated from the
mainland by the two branches of the
Stour. It produces much corn, and the s
part is a rich tract of marshland. Jt con-
tains the towns of Margate and Ramsgate,
and several villages.
Thanhamen, a town of Suabia, on th«
river iMindel, 14 m n Mindeiheim.
Thasos, an island of the Archipelago, on
the coast of Macedonia, at the entrance of
the gulf of Contessa. It is 12 m long and
8 broad, and abounds in all the necessaries
of hie. The fruits and wine are very deli-
cate ; and there are mines of gold and
silver, beside quarries of fine marble. The
chief town, of the same name, has a har-
bour frequented by merchants. Lon. 24
32 E, lat. 40 59 N.
Thaxted, a town in Essex, with a mar-
ket on Friday. It has a large and beauti-
ful church, and is seated near the source of
the Chelmer, 20 m > by w Chelmsford, and
44 NNE London.
Theaki, one of the Ionian islands in the
IVIediterranean sea, 24 m long and 6 broad,
separated from the ne part of that of Cefa-
lonia by a narrow channel. It is the an-
cient Ithaca, celebrated as the birthplace
and kingdom of Ulysses. The chief towa
is Vathi, which has a spacious harbour, oa
THE
A bav tliat nearly intersects tlie Island
into two parts. Lon. 20 40 i;, lat. 38
Thehaid, the part of I'ppei Egypt tliat
extcniis from tlio phiin oj' Tliebes to the
borders of NuViia. It is now the least
ierlile and popuk)iis of any part in ]"'irypt,
beiug full of deserts; but celebrated for
its immense grottos or excavated temples,
and for having been the retreat of a great
number t)f Christians, who lived here in a
solitary manner. It is now inhabited
principally by Arabs.
Tlidics, an ancient city of Upper Egypt,
■which stood on both sides the Nile, on a
plain betsveen Kous and Esne, and was
■celebrated for having 100 gates. The ex-
tent of its ruins, from each bank of the
river to the sides of the enclosing moun-
tains, and the immensity of its colossal
fragments, whose dimensions almost ex-
ceed belief, still ofi'er many astonishing
objects: the sepulchres also of its kings,
are excavations in the mountains, covered
with sculptures and paintings, still in a
high degree of preservation. The villages
of Cainack and Luxor, are seated among
its ruins, which are hence called the anti-
quities of Carnack and Luxor.
Thebes, or T/ieva, a town of European
Turkey, in Livadia, 4 m in circuit, but so
full of ruins that it does not contain above
3000 Turks and Christians. The only
part now inhabited was originally the
-castle, called Cadma;a, from Cadmus, the
founder. It is famous for a fine sort of
white clay, of which bowls for pipes are
made, that dry naturally and become as
hard as stone. Here are two mosques,
and several Greek churches. It is seated
in a great plain on an eminence between
two rivers, 28 m nw Athens,
T/teiz, or Tiszu, a considerable river of
Hungary, which rises in a mountain on the
confines of Galicia, whence it traverses
Upper Hungary to the w, then flows s
through Lower Hungary, till it enters the
Danube, 25 m above Belgrade. The carp
and other fishes of this river are so abun-
dant, that it is said to contain two parts of
water and one of fishes.
Themai; a town of Franconia, in the
county of Hennebeig,near the river Werra,
10 m SE Meinungen.
T/iengen, a town of Suabia,. capital of a
princely county, in the langravate of Nel-
lenburg. It is situate on the Hegau, 8 m
K Schafhausen.
Theodosia; see Cuffa.
T/ierah, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gujrat, 19 m s Theraud.
Tlieraud, a town of Hindoostan, capital
of a district in the NW extremity of Gujrat.
It is surrounded by a wall aud deep ditch,
THI
120 m NNW Ahmednagur. Lon. 71 58 r,
lat. 24 37 N.
T/iercsiopal, or Tlieresiemtadt, a town
of Hungary, the largest in Batsch countj.
The population in 1815 was 21,753. It
is situate in an extensive marshy plain,
near the Palitser lake, 100 m ssk Pest.
Lon. 19 52 i:, lat. 4G 5 x.
TlKTinia, an island of the Archipelago,
s of the island of Zia, and near the gulf of
luigia, 12 m long and 5 broad. The soil
is good and well cultivated, and it has a
great deal of silk. The principal town, of
the same name, is the residence of a Greek
bishop. Lon. 24 59 t, lat. 37 31 n.
T/iessali/, a province of European Tur-
key, bounded on the N by Macedonia, e
by the Archipelago, s by Lavadia, and \v-
by Albania. It is fertile to exuberance,
and produces oranges, lemons, citrons,
jiomegranates, grapes of an uncomnioa
sweetness, excellent figs and melons, al-
monds, olivts, cotton, chestnuts, &c. La-
rissa is the capital,
Tbetford, a borough in Norfolk, govern-
ed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday.
It is seated on the Little Ouse, which here
divides Suffolk from Norfolk, and is na-
^■igable from Lynn. It has two p^arish-
churches (one of them on the Suffolk side
of the river) and a considerable manufac-
ture of woollen cloth and paper. The
spring assizes for the county are held here.
It is 30 m ssE Lynn, and 80 xe London.
Lon. 0 50 E, lat." 52 28 x.
Theux, a village of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, 3 m >w Spa, where
the French obtained a victory over the
Austrians in 1794.
Thiagur, a town and fortress of Hindoo-
stan, in the Carnatic, 59 m wsw Pondi-
clierry.
Thiel, or Tiel, a strong town of the
Netherlands, in Gelderland, taken by the
French in 1794. It is seated on the Waal,
18 m w Nimeguen.
Thielt, a town of the Netherlands, in
Flanders, 10 m N Courtray.
Thiengen, a town of Suabia, on the
river Wuttuch, 13 m w Schaffhausen.
Tillers, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Puy de Dome, with manufactures,
of paper, thread, and cutlery ; seated on
the side of a hill, 21 m Ebyx Clermont.
Thionville, a strong town of France, in
the department of Moselle. The Aus-
trians bombarded it in 1792, but were
obliged to raise the siege. It is seated on
the Moselle, over which is a bridge defend-
ed by a hornwork, 14 ni N Metz, and 3S
sw I'reves.
Thirlmere', see Leathes-uuter.
Thirsk, a borough in N Yorkshire, witl»
a market cu Monday, and manufacture*
THO
of coarse linens, sacking, &:c. The chui'cli
was erected <iut of the ruins of its strong
castle, flestroved by Ileurv ii. It is 24
la KW York, ;ind 220 n by \v London.
Thiviers, a town of Trance, in the de-
partment of Dordogne, 18 in N^r. Peri-
gueiix.
Tlioinua, St. an island in tlie gulf of
Guinea, disccvered in 1(310 by the Por-
tuguese, to whom it belonjjs. It is almost
round, about 30 m in diameter ; and con-
sists chiefly of hiils, intermixed with val-
levs, wltich are often tilled with a thick
fog. It produces plenty of sugar-canes,
rice, and liiiliet ; and on the same vir.e are
blossoms and j;reen and ripe grapes all the
year round. The climate is unwholesome
to the Portuguese, but it agrees well with
tlie original natives, and also with the
cattle, which are lartrcr here than on the
coast of (Juinea. Pavoasan is the capi-
tal.
Thomas, St. one of the Virgin islands,
:n the W Indies, with a harbour, a town,
and a fort. It is 25 m in circuit, and the
trade is considerab:;-, particularly in times
of peacs. It belongs to the Danes, and
Port Franco is the chief place. Lon. 65
4 w, hit. lo Q^, N.
27wmu:;,St. a city of Caracas, capital of
Spanisli Guayana. seated at the foot of a
hill, on the right bank of the Orinoco,
above its delta of mouths. It is fortified,
and on the' opposite batik is a fortress ;
this city being the central and protecting
point of the trade carried on in these
waters. A governor resides here, who is
dependent on that of Caracas, and also a
bishop. Lon. 6.3 55 vv, lat. 8 f N.
Tlwmas, 8L a town of Hindoostan, on
tlse coast of the Carnatic, noted for making
tlie best coloured stuffs in Lidia, ii ra s
Madras.
Thomastoicn, a borough of Ireland, in
Xilkesuiy county, with a castle, and a
beautiful bridge over the river Nore, 10 m
SSF. Kilkenny.
Thoniastown, a town of the district of
Maine, in Lincoln comity, with a trade in
lumber and lin^c ; seated on the w side of
Penobscot bay, 30 m EbyN Wiocasset.
Thonon, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Geneva, and chief place of the
district of Chablais. It has 'jl palace and
several cor.vents: iMid is seated on the
lake cf Geneva, at the intlux of iha riv<;r
Drama, 22 m >l Geneva. Lon. 6 23 e,
lat. 4(3 23 N.
Thorn, a city of W Prussia, witli a
celebrated protestant academy. In tiie
church of St. John is an epitaph of the
famous Copernicus, who was born here ;
but he chiefly resided, and was buried at
THU
Frauenburg. Thorn, in 1703, was taken
by the Swedes, who demolished the fortifi-
cations. Betv\een 1708 and 1710 it was
visited by the plague. In 1793, tiie king
of Prussia forcil.Iy took possession of this
town from the Pfiles, and annexed it to hii
dominions. It is seated on the Vibtula,
over which is a long wooden bridge, G7 m
s D>mtzic, and 105 nw Warsaw. Lon. IS
42 F,lat. 53 G N.
Thorn, a town in W Yorkshire, witli a
market on NVednesday, situate in a marshy
soil near the river Don, 10 ra :^e Doncas-
ter, and 105 Nby w London.
Thoriihury, a town in Gloucestershire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Saturday. It is 21 msw Gloucester, and
l'^2 w London.
T/wniet/, a village in Cambridgeshire,
6 in NE Peterborough. Near it was
mitred abbey, and the nave of the;hurc \
is still remaming.
Thorney, a small island in a bay of thi
English channel, near the coast of Sussex,
with a village of the same name, at the
mouth of the Lavant, 7 m sw Chiches-
ter.
Thornhill, a town of Scotland, in Dum-
friesshire, with manufactures of coarse
iinen and woollen cloth, situate near the
river Nith, 15 m nnw Dumfries.
Thouars, a town of France, in tite de-
partment of Two Sevres. The castle «f
i's ancient dukes is on a I'ock, surrounded
bv walls 120 feet high, builtofvvhite stone.
It is seated on a hill, by the river Thoue,
32 m SF, Angers, and 102 sw Paris.
Thrapstnn, a town in Northamptonshire,
with a market on Thursday, seated o\\ the
Nen, 20 la sw Peterborough, asid 73 kkw
London.
Three Hills Island, one of the Ne'v-
Hebrldes, in the S Pacific ocean, 12 m ia
circuit, lying to the s of MasicoUo.
Three Rivers, a t;own of Lower Canada,
the capital of thai country when it belonged
to the French, it is situate on the river
St. Maurice, which, before its lunctioa.
with the St. Lawrence, is divided by two
islands into three channels, it ha-: tv\o
churches, a convent, a fort, and a haspitai.
Nine m up the river are considerable iron-
works. It is 70 m wsw Quebec. Lon.
72 27 w, lat. 4G 24 x.
Thain, a town of the Netherlands, i»
the territory of Liego, seated on the .^uin-
bre, 8 m sw Charleroy, anci 15 sc Mans.
Thulc; see Fula,
Thuii, a town of Switzerland, in th»
canton of Bern, with a castle. It is seated
on a lake of the sams name (14 ni long
and 3 broad) where the river Aar issues
from it; J 5 in sbvr. Bern.
' 2 Z
TIB
Thur, a rapid river of'SwitzerhmH, whit-li
lias its source from two brandies, near
Wildlians, in tlie s part of the valley of
TogL't nliuri;, and flows into the Rhine, 7 m
to thf s-w of SchalVl-.ausen.
Tlnuiau, a canton of Switzerland, l.ving
^aloHL' llif nver I hur ; bounded on the s
by the canton of St. Gall, w by that ot
Zuhcli. ami n and E by ths lake and terri-
tory ol ('(instance. It is extremely popu-
lous, and the most pleasnnt and ferule
part of Switzerland, thonuh somewhat
mountainous toward the soulii. Fraren-
feid is 1 he capital.
Thutiv^iu, a province of (>ermany, in
the circle of Upper Saxony ; bounded on
the E liv Wisnia, s by Francouia, w by
Hes-.e and Eiclifeld, and n by the duchy
of Brnnswiclv and the principality of Au-
halt. It is 73 m lon^ and nearly as much
broad, aboundinjj; in com, fruit, and wood.
It belon!j;s to the duke of Saxony and se-
yeral ptity sovereigns. Erfurt and Lan-
gensal/a arc the chief towns.
Thuj-Us, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary
county, divided nearly into two equal parts
by the rivtr Suir. Un the e side of the
river is the tower of a monastery, with
some reuKiiiis of the cross aisle. It is 13
in N by E Cashel, and Qb w Kilkenny.
Thurso, a town of Scotland, in Caith-
ness, at the mouth of the river 1 hurso, on
the sw side of a spacious bay. It has a
considerable coasting trade in corn and
fish, and manufactures of woollen and
linen cloth. It is 20 ra n'v Wick, and
56 KE Dornoch. Lon. 3 18 w, lat. 58
Tibrr, a river of Italy, which issues
from the Apennines, in Floreutino, tlows
throuiih the Ecclesiastical State by BorLio,
St. Sepulchro, Citta di Castella, (Jrto, and
Home, 10 m below which it enters the
Mediterranean sea, between Ostia and
Porto.
J'lberiua, a town of Syria, in Palestine,
on the w side of a lake of its name, called
also the Sea of Galilee and the I^ake of
Gencsareth. It is surrounded by walls,
bas a castle on an eminence, and a very
ancient cliurch, called the House of Peter.
About n mile to the s are the celebrated
hot baihb oi' Emmaus; and some founda-
tions of the old city are yet to be traced.
The lake is environed by lolty mountains ;
and along its borders are to be seen the
remains of ancient tombs, hewn in the
rocks iV.cing the water. The town of
Tiberias is 64 m kne Jerusalem.
Tibtt, a country of Asia, bounded on the
K by the threat desert of Kobi, in Tartary,
E by China, s by Biruiah a^d Assam, and
»w and w by llindoostan. 'J his country
TIB
is of g;reat altitude, being a part of the
elevaterl tract that {;ives rise not only to
the rivers of hicba and China, but also to
those of Siberia and Tartary. The length
from E to w cannot be less than ijOOm;
the breadth about 500, but is very unequal.
The western and narrowest part is some-
times called Little Tibet. Notwithstand-
ing the very rough aud sterile stale of
'libet, and the severity of the climate,
from its great elevation, the inhabitants
are in a high state of civilization; their
houses lofty and built of stone; aud the
nsefid manufactures in some degree of
improvement. Tlie principal exports arc
gold, gold-dust, diamonds, pearls, lamb
skins, goats hair, shawls, woollen cloths,
rock salt, musk, aud tincal or crude borax.
The nature of the soil prohibits the pro-
gress of agriculture ; but wheat, peas, aud
barley are cultivated. Here are many
beasts of prey, and great abundance and
variety of wild fowl and game; with nu-
merous flocks of sheep and goats, and
herds of cattle, of a diminutive size, as
well as small horses. TheTibetians are
governed by the grand lasna, who is not
only submitted to, and adored by them,
but is also the great object of adoration
for the various tribes of pagan Tartars,
wlia walk through the vast tract of conti-
nent that stretches from the river Volga
to Corea. He is not only the sovereiga
pontiff, the vicegerert of the deity on earth,
but by the more remote Tartars is abso-
lutely regarded as the deity himself. Evet*
the emperor of C'l.ina, who is of a Tartar
race, does not fail to acknowledge the
grand lama, in his religious capacity, ai-
though, as a temporal sovereign, the lama
liimseU" is tributary to that emperor. The
opinion of the most orthodox Tibetians is^
that when the grand lama seems to die,
either of old age or infirmity, his soul, in
reality, only quits a crazy habitation, to
look for another younger or better ; and
it is difcovered again in the body of some
child, by certain tokens known only to
the lamas or priests, in which orde.- lie
always appears. These tokens are prin-
cipally known to tlie Teshoo lama, who,
in authority and sanctiiy of character, is
next to the grand lama, aud, during his
minority, acts as chief. The lamas, who
form the greatest and most powerful bod .•
in the state, have the priesthood eutirei /
in their hands. At the head of their
liierarchy are three lamas: the Dalai
lama, who resides ^at Lassa; the Teshoo
laina, who lives at Teslico Loomboo ; and
the Taranat lama, whose scat is Kharca,
in the north. The priests constitute many
monastic orders, which ai-e held in great
TIC
veneration araon;:; thein. Tlie most nu-
merous sect are called 'jylonw--, who are
exempt from labour, enjouied temperance,
and interdicted all intercourse with the
t'emale sex: they aboiuid over all the
country, notwitiistanding the severity ot"
discipline; since every family consisting
ot' more than tour b.iys is obliged to con-
tribute one of them to this order; and it
is also encouraged by ambition, as the
otficers of state are usually selected from
this sect. Beside the religious influence
and authority of the grand lama, he is
possessed of unlimited power throughout
his dominions. The religion of I'ibet,
thoiigh, in many respects, it di tiers from
that of the Indian braniins, yet, in others,
has a great aiiinity to it. 1 he practice of
polyandry is universally prevalent; and
one female associates with all the brothers
of a family, without any restriction of age
or number: the choice of the fetnale is the
privilege of tiie elder brother. 'Ihis ex-
traordinary custom, and the celibacy of
the priests, may have been intended to
guard against too ninnerous a population
in an unfertile country. The Tibetians
preserve entire the mortal remains of their
sovereign lamas only ; every other corpse
is eitlier consumed by *^ire, ore:<posed to be
the promiscuous ibod of beasts and birds of
prey. They have great vene-ation for the
same places of popular esteen;, or religious
resort, in- liiadoostan, as are respected
there : the arts and sciences they believe
had their origin in the holy city of Benares ;
they highly respect the water of the Ganges,
whose source is deemed to be in heaven ;
and Sagor and Jagernrut they esteem
places of peculiar sanctity. VUe capital
is Lassa.
Tiburon., a cape at the most western
extreusitv of St. Domingo, with a town and
fort, on an open road, opposite Port Anto-
nio in Janudca. Jt was taken by the
English and the French ri>yalists in
1794, but retaken by the French repub-
licans the next veai-. Lon. 74 82 w, lat.
18 '25 N.
Tickill, a tov.n in W York.->liire, with a
maiket {;n Friday. It had a castle and
fortilications, deuiolished in the civil wars,
of which gome ruins remain. It is 3 ni s
Duncaster, and 154 n by w London.
Ticondtroga, a fort of the state of New-
York, bidlt by the French in 1756, on the
narrow passage between the lakes George
and Champlain. It was taken in 1777 by
the English, but evacuated soon after. It
had all the advai ta;es that art or nature
could give : b\it is now in ruins, and forms
an appendage to a farm, it is 14 m s
Crown Point.
TIL
TideswelL a tov^n in Derbyshire, on the
s conlines of the Peak, with a market oa
Wednesday. Here is a well that ebbs and
flows two or three times in an hour alW
great rains ; the water gushu'g from several
cavities at once^ for the space of five
minutes : the well is three feet deep and
broad, and the water rises and falls tw«
feet. It is deemed one ot the wonders of
the Peak. Tideswell is 22 m ^\v Derby,
and 160 NNW L«nd')n.
Tidore, an ishmd, one of the Molucca^
16 m to the s of Ternate. It is 20 ra in
circuit, and produces cloves and flax. The
wools, and the rocks that surround it,
render it a place of del'ence. It is govern-
eu by a sultan, who possesses also the s
part of Gilolo, and claims tribute fron*
My^ol. Lon. 12G 40 r., lat. ION.
Tiet; see Thiel.
Tien sing, a city of China, a\ Pe-tcheli^
seated on the Pei-ho, at the influx of the
Eu-ho. On the opposite side of the river
is a summer palace of the emperor. The
city has a great trade in salt, and is 90 ra
SE Peking.
Tiess; see Teisse.
Tijiis; see Tejiis.
Tigre, one of the two grand divisions of
Abyssinia. It includes the :•: e part of
the empii-e, and is subdivided into several
provinces, through which passes all the
merchandise of the kingdom, destined to
cross the Red Sea for Arabia. Antalo is
the capital.
Tigris, a river of Asiatic Turkey, which
has its source in the mountain Tchilder, in
Diarbek. It flaws by Diarbekir, Gezira,
Mosul, and Tecrit, in which course it
separates Diarbek from Kurdistan; thea
enters Irak Arabi, and passes by Bagdad
to Corna, wliere it joins the Euphrates^
35 m above Bassora. At their juncticn
the Tigris is the more powerful stream;
for itste:us the tide which here flows 20 ts
further up the Euphrates.
Tilburi/, Eaat, a viliagQ in Essex, near
the mouth of the Thames, z of Tilbury
Fort. In this parish is a field, called Cave
Field, in which is a horizontal passage to
one of the spacious caverns in the neigh-
bouring parish of Chad well. l}v. Derham
measured three of the most considerable of
them, and found the depth of one to be 50,
another 70, and the third 80 feet. Their
origin is too rcniote for investigation.
Tilbury, Went, a village in Essex, to the
X of I'ilbury Fort. In 'iSO,- it was the see
of bishop Cedda, or St. Chad, who con-
verted tiic- East Saxons. Vvl-.eu the Spanish
annadrt was. in the English chanael, ia
1533, queen Elisabeth had a camp here,
and some traces of it are visible, in 1727 ,
2 Z 2
TIM
R medicinal spring was d'.ecovered near
diis villa<;e.
Tilbury Fort, a fortress in Essex, situate
on tlie Thames, c-pposite Gravesentl. It
has a double nuiat, the iiuiennost of wliicli
is 180 feet bnnid ; and its cliief strenjith on
the land fiide consists in being able to lay
th (whole level under water. On the side
^«xt the river is a stronjj; curtain, and a
platform; on botti which, asidthc bastions,
are planted a {j;!tat number of guns. It is
£8 in Ebys London.
Tillias, a town of France, in the de-
{laitn-iont of Eure, six m ne Verneuil, and
li \v Dreux.
Tilsit, a town of Prussia, in the Lithua-
nian department, with a castle. It is situ-
ate on the Nienicn, and has a considerahle
(radein corn, liiisecd, butter, cheese, and
<;ther pr'nisions. In 1757, it was taken
liy the Russians, but soon abandoned. In
1307, it was taken' by the Iwencii ; soon
i;frer which two treaties of peace were
signed, between France and Prussia, and
France and Russia, on a Ooating raft ex-
pressly contrived for the occasiosi; the
three sovereii^iis being tliero in person. It
is 50 m ^E Konigsberg, and 93 ssv* Mit-
tau. Lcn. 22 3 e, lat. 55 8 k.
Timatta, a town of New Granada, in
Popayan, chiet of a district abounding in
cotton, honey, and cattle. It is seated on a
river, 90 m kse Popayan. Lon. 75 12 w,
»at. 2 14n.
Tunbuctoo; see Tombuctco.
Timerycoita, a town and fortress of
Hindoostan, in t'le Carnatic, chief place
1.1 the district of Palnaud. It is 73 m ^w
Ongole, and 77 sse Ilydrabad. Lon. 79
50 E, lat. 16 17 K.
Timen, or Timoan, an island on tlse e
coast of tiie JMalaya peninsula, 30 m in
circuit. It is mountainous and woody,
and produces plenty of cocca-nuts and
nee.- Lon. 104 25 eJ lat. :3 0 k.
Timor, an island in the Indian ocean,
to the w of the nw point of Tcna Australis.
ft is 250 m long and 50 broad, and abounds
in sandal wood, wax, and honey. The
Dutch took it from the Portuguese, in
1613, who had established themselves in
various parts, and they still retain some
distinct ones on tlic xe side. But the prin-
cipal town is Copang, on t!ie sw point of
the island, situate on a fine bay, defended
by fort Concordia, where the Dutcli main-
tain a strong garrison. Ships are here
supplied with all kinds o?" provisions, both
cheap and in abundance, particularly buf-
falos and poultry. In 1311 it war. occupied
hv the British. I^jn. 123 36 e, lat. 10
m's.
Timorlaut, an island in the Indian ocean,
TIN
between Timor and New Guinea. It is
(iO m long and 25 broad, and the s point is
in lon. 131 54 e, lat. 3 15 s.
Tina, a town of European Turkey, in
R)snia, on tlie river Tis, 37 m Nw Spa-
latro.
Tiitc/tah/, a town of Ireland, in Wicklow
county, 15 m N Ferns, and 21 sw Wick-
low.
Tiug-ichctm, a city of China, of the tirst
rank, in Fo-kien. It is 1'80 in s Peking.
Lon. 116 30 K, lat. 25 48 N.
Tiiiian, an island in the Pacific ocean,
one of the Ladrones, 12 m long and 6
broail. The soil is dry, and somewhat
sandy. Here are cattie, fowis, and plenty
of wild hogs. It afibrds abundance of
cocoa-nuts, paupaus, guava.-, limes, sour
oranges, and bread-iruit ; also much cot-
ton and indigo. There are no streams ;
and the water of a ivcU, supposed to be the
same at wiiich Anson filled his casks iu
1742, was found by Byron, in 1765, to be
brackisli and full of worms. Both these
officers experienced that the fish caught
hero were un\\holesome. Another incon-
venience arises from the number of mus-
kitos, and other kinds of f}i..s ; and there
are likewise many venenious insects, centi-
pedes, and scorpions. The road is dan-
gerous, fay the bottom consists of hard
sand and large coral rocks. Lon. 146 0 i:,
lat. 15 0 N.
Tinnevelly, a town of Hindoostan, capi-
tal of a district at the s extremity of the
Carnatic. It is seated on a river, which
flows into the gulf of Manara, 80 m ssw
Madura. Lon. 77 50 r, lat. 8 45 x.
Tino, the ancient Tenos, an island of
the Archipelago, to the se of Andros, from
whicli it is separated by a narrow channel.
It is 15 m long and 8 broad, and produces
abundance of silk, of w liich excellent stock-
ings and gloves are made. The fortress
stands on a rock ; and here is a bishop's
see of the Latin church, though the Greeks
have 200 papas or priests. The capital is
of the same name. Lon. 25 10 E, lat. 37
40 K.
Tintagel, a village in Cornwall, a mile
w of Bossiney. It is noted for the sjdcn-
did remain of a caitle, on a bold promon-
tory in the Bristol channel, said to have
been the birthplace of king Arthur, and
the seat of the ancient dukes of Cornwall.
Tintern, a village in Monmouthshire,
on the river Wye, 5 m K by e Chepstow.
It has a manufacture of iron wire; aii^o the
venerable remain of an abbey, which is u
beautiful specimen of Gothic architec-
ture.
TintOy a river of Spain, whicli rises ia
the province of Seville, and has its name
TIR
from the water being tinged of a yellow
colour. Near its springs it has a petri-
fying quality, no {ish will live in it, nor
any plants grow on its hanks ; these pro-
perties continue till other rivul.-ts enter
and alter its nature; for when it pusses by
Niebla it is not different from other rivers,
and IS m below it enters the bay of Cadi/.,
at Huelva.
Tinzeda, a town of Barbary, in the
county of Darah, on the river Dras. Lou.
6 13 w, hit. I'T SO y.
Tiorn, ;xi\ island on the w coast of Swe-
den, 25 m in circut, and abounding in ex-
cellent pasture. Lon. 11 29 r., lat. 58
On.
Tlperah, a large district of Ilindoostan,
in Bengal, between the river jMegr.a and
the binders of Birinah. It is famous for
excellent betel nuts, and coarse cotton
goods. The chief town is Comillah.
Tipperary, a county of Ireland, in the
province of JMunster, GO m long and 40
broad; bounded on the N by l^iug county,
E by Queen county and Kilkenny, s by
Waterford, and w by Galway, Clare,
Limerick, and Cork. It is divided into
18G parishes, contains about 170,000 in-
habitants, ar.d sends four members to par-
iiament. The s partis fertile; but the N is
rather barren, und terminates in a row of
12 mountains, the higiiest in Ireland, called
Phelem-dhe-jiladina. The river Sure runs
through it trom x to s. Clonmel is the
capital.
Tippcrari/, a town of Ireland, in the
above county, formerly considerable, but
now a poor place, 13 m wsw Cashel.
Tipsd. ; see Tebesta,
Tipton, a hu'ge village in Staffordsiiire,
on the Birmiiigliam caual, 2 m N Dudley.
It is celebrated for rich iron mines, the
number of its iron-works, and various ma-
imfactures of iron.
Tiruno, a town of Switzerland, capital
of a district in Valteline. It contains
several handsome buildings; but from nar-
row streets, and ruinous houses, tiie
g^eneral appearance is desolate. There are
some remains of its walls and fortress,
built as a defence against tlie Grisons,
who destroyed them when they acquired
possession of Valteline. The staple com-
merce consists in the exportation of wine
and silk. Near the town is the magnifi-
cent church of the Madona, nuich visited
ihy catiiolic pilgrims. The massacre of the
pi'otestants of V'alteline, in 1620, began in
this town. It is seated on the Adda,
12 m sw Bormio. Lon. 9 58 e, lat. 46
Tir^h, a tor.n of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, situate on the Meinder, 32 m sse
Sinynvx.
TIT
Tire>i, an island of Scotland, one of the
Hebrides, lying to the w of Mull. It is
16 m long and 3 broad. The surface in
general is low and even, and it is noted
for its marble quarry, and a handsome
breed of little horses.
Tirlemont, a town of the Netherlands,
in Brabant, formerly one of the most con-
siderable cities in that duchy, but ruined
by the wars, and by a great fire in 1701.
Near this place llieAustrians were defeated
in 1792 by the Frencli, who the year fol-
lowing were routed by the former. It is
seated on the river Ceet, 10 m esb
Louvaiii.
Tirnau, a town of Hungary, and a
bisliop's see, witli a seminary for young
clergy. It is seated on the Tirna, 27 m
NE Presburg.
Tirsc/ienreld, a town of the palatinate
of Bavaria, seated on a lake, 10 m s Egra.
Tlsza ; see T/icisz.
Titeri, the middle or southern jjrovince
of the kingdom of Algiers, in wiiich is a
lake of the same name, formed by tlie river
Shellif, near its source. Toward the >' it
is mountainous and narrow, and to the s
it extends far into the desert. The Anwall
mountains on the river Isser rise to a great
height ; but to the se are some of the
higiiest in the whole kingdom; called Jur-
jura and Felizia. The latter are a rocky
ridge, extending about 20 m, and in most
places inaccessible. Here dwell the Ca-
byls, an independent tribe, who have never
been subdued by the Algerines. Thi? pro-
vince is the smallest and least importanl.
Tlie principal town is Bu-lida.
Titicaca, or Chucjeito,iX lake ofCharcas,
in the diocese of Paz, of an oval figure,
200 m in circuit. Many streams enter
into it, and its outlet is the river Desagua-
dero. It contains several islands, and on
tlie largest, called Titicaca, the mostsplen-
flid temple in the em;jire v.as erected to
the memory of Manco Capac, the first
inca; but it was wliolly destroyed by the
Spaniards. The Indians navigate this lake
on ratts, supported by inflated skins, and
carry on a considerable trade with the
towns on its banks, of which Chucuito is
the chief.
Titclijidd, a village in Hampshire, or
the river Aire, 3 rn w Fareham. It had
formerly an abbey ; and on its site are the
remains of a mansion, where Charles i
was concealed in his flight from Hampto'ii
court, in 1647.
TUlisberg, one of the highest mountains
in Switzerland, in the canton of Uri, 11m
to the ssw of AltortF.
Titschien, New, a town of Moravia,
the circle of Prerau, well bi-ilt andl;-
fended by walls, 23 ni Ei)VN Prerau.
TLA
Tiltwaniiip, a town of Biivarla, in tlic
ducliv ol ." alzhuii:;, bcatcd on the Sal/ii,
to m A>\v Suiilmri.'.
Ttlul, a town otllu'.ipary, i^eatec^ on tlie
lliei-z, near its conihix witli llie Danuhe,
32 m NNw Bel >: mile, anil li.") ssw 'liiert-
siopol.
Tiverton, a buiougli in Uevonshiic, go-
verned h\ a ninvor, with a market on Tues-
day. It liiis loii^ been noted tor woollen
man n fad me?-, |)art;culari_v kerseys. IJcre
are tv. o churclics ; also a tVeesclioi^l (found-
ed l)_v a ckithicr of the town) that ha'^ an
endowment for the maintenance of 4
schohirs at Oxford, and 4 at Camhriilge.
Near the <jhl church is the remain of a
cattle, j>art of which, now forms the ollices
of a farm. The j;opulation was 6732 in
1811. It is seated on the river Kx, 14
m hKF. Exeter, and IGl \vb_vs London.
Lon. 3 38 w, hit. 50 54 N.
Thancn, a town of Siheria, in tiie pro-
.*ince of Tobolsk, cm the river Tura, at
stlie inHiix of the Pisclma, 170m s\v 'Jc-
;iK.lsk.
Tivul't, r. town of Jtaly, in Campagiia di
licma, and a bisiii p's s-ee. Ihougli now
poor, it boasts of greater antiquity t.'uai
ilonic, being tl:e ancient Tibiir, which was
founded by a Grecian colony. It was the
iavorite cuuritry residence of the ancient
Komans, as Frescaii is of the moderns.
The cathedral of fet. Lawrence contains
die shrine of that m<irtyr. Ja the market-
place are two images of onei;tal granite,
represoiting the Egyptian deiiy Isis. T he
djacent country yields excellent oil. Kear
I'ivoH'is the ruin of the magnificent villa
V/uilt by emperor Adrian, a celebrated cas-
cade, a temple of \'csta and another of
the svbi! AlLuiiea, a famous villa called the
Villa Esleme, imd the remarkable lake of
Solfutara. Tivoli is seated on an eminence,
and on the river Teveione, 15 m lne
Heme.
r/.c, a town of Persia, in ]\Iekran, sii uate
at the head ol Churbar hay, and at the end
of a v;,i!ey, surrounded by hill?. Id m .Nvr
Churl.ra-, and 80 sw Kidge.
Tizzano, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Piirmu, 13 ui s Parma.
TUiscula, a province of New Spain ;
bounded on the N 'oy Panuco, i: by \'era
Cruz, s by Guaxaca and the Pacific ocean,
and V. by' Mexico. On the w side ihere_
is a chain of suountains for the space of
55 m, v,cll cultivated ; and the n I'.art is
an immense plain, elevated more than (3000
feet above the level ff the sea- It is so
eminently fertile in maize, that hence it
had t:;e name of Tlascaia, the Land of
Bi-ead. 'ii»e s part is less fertile, but well
adapted for the cultivation of sugar, cot-
ton, and tobacco. This province contains
TOB
the mountain P/ipocrt/fyjc//, the highest iu
New Spain. Puebia is tiic capital
Tldscalft, a town of New Spain, formerly
a populous city and the capital of the above
province. It has manufactures of woollen
and cotton articles, and is seated on a
river, 18 m n by e Puebia.
TIonHdii ; see Tniiicsan.
Tobaao, the most southern of the Caribe
islands, and the mo^t castf rn excei)t Bar-
bados. It is 27 m long and 8 broad ; and
near the r>r. extremity is Little 'i'obago,
which is 2 m long. '1 he climate is not so
hot as miiht be expected from its situation
so near the Cfjuaior; nor is it visited by
such dreadful Imrricanes as fretjuently de-
solate the other islands, it is diversified
with hills and vales, and equal in richness
of produce to any island in these seas. In
1748, it was declared a neutral island,
but in 1763 was ceded to the British. It
w as taken by tlie French in 1781, and ccm-
firined to them in 1783. In 1703 and
1803 it was taken by the British, and
ceded lo them in 1814. The principal
jilace is Scarborough.
Toierwvry, a town of Scotland, in the
island of Mull, with a goc:d harbour, and
a customhouse; seated on a fine bay, near
the Kvv e:;d of the sound of Mull. Lon. i>
59 w, lat. 56 46 k.
Tobolsk, a government of tl.e Russian
empire, which comprehends the greatest
part of western Siberia. It is divided into
the two provinces of Tobolsk and Tomsk.
Tobolsk, a city, capital of the above go-
vernment (formerly of all Silieria) and an
archbishop's see. It is seated on the Irtysh,
opposite the influx of the Tobol, and di-
vided into the upper and lower town. 'I he
upper town., which is pi-operly the city,
siaiids on a hill, on the i: side of the fort,
and is enclosed wilti an earthen rampart.
It has three wooden churches and a con-
vent ; and in the fort are the governor's
liouse, the archbishop's palace, the ex-
chantie, and two ciiuicliee, which are all
stone" buildings. The lower town stands
on a plain, between the city and river.
Most of the houses were t:Tmeily of wood,
and nearly consumed by a fire ah'out 1786 ;
but it is now rebuilf, and chiedy ijf stone.
The population 15,C00, of which almost
the fourth part are Taitars, who drive a
great trade on the river Irtysh, and carry
tiieir goods to China. There are also a^
great number of Kalmucs. The rest of
Tlie inhabitants arc Russians, whose an-
cestors were banished hither for their
crimes, or such as are exiles themselves.
All the Ch.nese caravans are obliged to
pass through this town; and al the furs
furnished by Siberia are biougiit here into
a warehouse, and ihence forwarded to the
TOI
Siberian chancery, at. Moscow. Here are
many artificers, who want neither tooh
nor materials to carry on their trades ;
but from the cheapness of all the neces-
saries of lite, indolence and sloth prevail
to such a depree, that it is ditiicult to net
any thing made. Tobolsk is J 100 m cby \
Moscow, and I'JOO nbys. Petersburg. Lon.
68 25 r, lat. 58 le n.
Tucunlin, a river of Brasi!, which flous
in a N direction above 900 m, and enters
the estuary of the Para, abo\ c the city of
Para.
Tacal, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in Roum,
governed by a waywode, or prince. 'J he
houses are handsomely built and the streets
paved, which is uncommon in these parts:
but the town has an odd appearance, being
built on uneven cround. Tliere are two
rugsed perpendicular rocks of marble, v%ith
an old castle on each ; and so many streams,
that each house has a fountain. The po-
pulation 80,000. Here are 12 mosques,
and a vast number of chaptls : the Armi-
nians have seven churches, and the CJreeks
only one. The chief trade is in copper
vessels; but much yellow leatlier and silk
is manufactured, 'i'ocat may be consider-
ed as tlie centre oi trade in Turkey ; for
caravans come hither from several parts.
The vicinity abounds in fruil and excellent
wine. It is seated on the Tozan, 35 m
NW Sivas,, and 190 e Angora. Lon. 30
SB E, lat. 39 35 x.
Tocuynia, a town of New Granada, in
a coimtry aboundinsi in fruit and sugar-
canes. Here are hot baths between two
cold springs ; and near the town is a vol-
cano. It is seated on the Pati, near its
entrance into the Magdalena, G4 m wsw
St. Fe.
Tocriir, a kingdom of Nigritia, lying to
the E of Tombuctoo, on both sides the
Niger. The capital is of the sauie name,
seated on the s side of the Niger, 320 m t
Tombuctoo. Lon. 0 18 v.',lat. IG 38 N.
Tovuyo, a town of Caracas, in the pro-
vince of Coro, with manufactures of woollen
and leather, and a great trade in tiour and
salt. It is sealed in a valley between two
ranges of mountains, 140 m s Coro.
Todi, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
Spoleto, seated on a hill, near the Tiber,
22 m E Spdleto.
Toggcnbiirg, a district of Switzerland,
lying between the cantons of Zurich and
• Appenzel, and now included in the canton
of St. Call. It is a narrow valley, be-
tween fertile mountain.s, and feeds numerous
cattle. Ihe chief town is Lichteneteigsen.
loinse)/, a town of France, in the depart-
ment ot Ain, with a college; seated near
the conflu.x of the Saone and Chalarone,
15 m N Trevoux.
TOL
Tokaj/, a town of Hungary, chief of a
district, celebrated for wiiie, v. liich is pre-
ferred to all others in Hungary. In the
vicinity are large salt-works. It stands
at the conflux of the Bodrog with tb*
Theisz, '22 m ssw Ujhely, and 50 ENJi
Agria. Lon. 21 35 k, lat. 48 8 n.
Tolagu Buy, a bay on the \e coast of
the northern island of ISew Zealand. Lon.
178 34 E, lat. 38 21 s.
Toledo, a city of Spain, in New Castile,
(i)f which it was formerly the capital) and
the see of an archbishop, who is primate
of Spain, with a royal castle and a famous
university. It stands on a conical hill,
which is nearly surrounded by the river
Tajo ; and on the land side is an ancient
wall, flanked with 100 towers. There are
a great nuu>ber of superb structures, be-
side 17 public sfiuares, vvher«i the market*
are kept. The cathedral is the richest in
Spain; the Segrario, or principal chapel,
contains 15 laige cabinets let into the Avail,
full of g' id and silver ves.-eis, and other
works. Here are 38 religious houses, with
a great number of churches belonging to
27 parishes, and some hospitals. The in-
liabitan'iS; once estimated at 200,000, are
now reduced to 25,000, and have manu-
f^ictures of arms, silk, and wool. WithoHt
the town are the remains of an amphi-
theatre, and other antiquities. It i»
37 m s Madrid. Lon. 3 20 w, lat. 3ft
50 N.
Toliii, n fortified tov.-n of the Nether-
lands, in Zealand, ou an island of the same
name, separated by a narrow channel froov
Brabant. On the Brabant side it i>as a fort
called Schlyckenburg, 5 m nw Btrgen op
Zoom. Lon. 4 20 e, lat. 51 SO N. "
Tohntino, a town of Italy, in the mar-
quisate of Ancona, v. h.ere the relics of
St. Nicolas are kept. It is seated on th«
Ciiitnto, 12 m sw Macerata,
Toltiburg, a seaport of Russia, in tie
government of Riga, seated on the gulf
of Finland, GO m w ?<arva. Lon. 26 4 I,
lat. 59 38 N.
TolJ'a, a town of Italy, in the patrimony
of St. Peter. In the environs are warm
baths, nsines of alum and iron, and quar-
ries of alabaster and lapis lazuli. It is
4 n) NE Civita V eccliia.
Tolhuys, a town of the Netherlands, in
Gelderland, seated on the Rhine, 8 na »
Nimeguen.
Toll ; see Monastir,
Tolland, a town of Connecticut, capital
of a county, which is hilly, but good for
grazing, it is IH m ne Hartford.
Toimezo, a town of Italy, in lYiuli, with
a castle. NeaV it is an extensive linen
manufacture. It star.ds on the Taglifc,
raento, 14 m NW Udina.
TOM
Toliiiino, a town of Geraiany, in the
-duchy ot" Caiiiiola, 1'2 m N Goritz.
Tolnit, a town ot" llun-jaiy, in a connty
of tlie same iiaaip, wliich ])ro(luccs ricli
wine, and tl\e finest toLacco in tlie kinjj;-
dom. it is situate on ilie Dannhc, 53 m
nLv F. Szexartl, and 7") shy w Hnda.
ToLmuii, a town of tliiuloostan, in tlie
4;ountry of Bcisilaiia, 70 n» w Buili.nnponr,
and 1 ,'"l V. Suiat. Lon. 7 J 3 v., lat. '21 15 n.
jfW<)/«(7a, a seaport ot liaibai-y,iii Baica,
anciently called i'toleniais ; seated on the
Mediterranean, 80 in whyN Derna. Lon.
no U) E, lat. S'2 5'2 N.
Tolosa, r. town of Spain, in Biscay, capi-
tal of the district (if (-iuipuscoa, celebrated
for its '.teel niamifactnres, particularly of
iwoid-lvladc-. It was taken by the French
in 1794. It is seated in a valley, between
the Araxis and Oria, 30 ni e Bilboa. Lon.
S 5 w, lat. A-6 1'2 n.
ToUt, a seaport of New Granada, in
the province of Canhaj^eiia. It is t'ainons
for its bahani, produced from a tree like
a pine, and seated on a bay, o4 ni s Car-
thasieiia. Lon. 75 26 w, lat. 9 li'i ^'.
Tolucu, a town of New Spain, in the
province of Mexico, at the foot of a moun-
tain, in u valley abounding in corn, 25 in
•nsw iMexico.
Tumar, a town of Portuj^al, in Estrema-
dura, on the river Naboan, at the foot of
the inountains, where there is a castle be-
longing to the knights of Christ. This
town was burnt by the Frencli, on their re-
treat, in 1811. it is iO m shy e Coinibra,
and 65 NE Lisbon.
Tunihtchbee, a river that issues from the
mountains in tiie nw part of tiie territory
of Alabama, and flows s 200 in to its junc-
tion with the river Alabi.ma. The greatest
part of its course is in the state of Mis-
sissippi, the stream frequently crossmg the
boundary line betv.een the two countries.
Toiiihuctoo, or Timbucloo, a kingdom of
Nigritia, winch lies to the ne of Bandiarra,
.and w of Tocriu-. It produces plenty of
corn, coifce, indigo, cattle, milk, butter,
honey, and Avax. The king is desjiotic,
and has iJOOO horsemen, beside a great
■liumber of loot, who frequently take cap-
tives, and sell them to the merchants tur
slaves. '1 he houses are built like hells,
^vith walls of hurdles plastered with clay,
Jind covered with reeds. Both men and
women are fond of dancing, and spend a
great part of the night in that exercise.
Tuiiihnctoo, the capi'alof the above king-
dom, with a royal paTace. It has a square
wall, with a gate in eacli side, which en-
closes a very large area ; but the houses
ieing spacious, and having for the most
part no upper apartments, the populati(jn
IS not proportionaJly great. Here are many
TON
cotton-weavers, and ingenious mechanics.
Cloth and other l^uropean merchandise
are brought by caravans tVom Barbary ;
these arc exchanged for ivory, slaves, sena,
gold-du-^t, dates, ostrich 'feathers, &c.
brought from the interior and more mari-
time parts of Africa, 'i'liis city is subject
to a well regulated police, and the iniiabit-
anls are in general rich. It stands in a
jjlain, surrounded by sandy eminences, 1£
in N of the jNit'er,.and 27o"ke Sego. Lon.
2 22 E, lat. 15 42 N.
^ 'iomina, a town of Pern, in the province
of Charcas, GO m ne Plata.
Tonnin,a. town on the e coast of Celebes,
on a bay to whicli it gives name. Lon.
119 0 E, lat. 0 45 s,
Tomsk, a town of Siberia, capital of a
province, in the goveninurnt of I'oliolsk.
On the highest part stands a woodeii castle,
defended by cannon; and in it are a cathe-
dral built t)f w(hkI, the chancery, and an
arsenal. The inhabitants carry (ui a great
trade, this town being on the great road
to the E and n parts of Siberia. Here
are all kinds of artificers and tradesmen,
but they are indolent and slothful. It con-
tains above 2000 houses, and is seated on
the river Tom, 5(jO m e by s Tobolsk. Lon.
84 19 E, lat. 57 4 n,
Tondern, a town of Denmark, in the
duchy of Sleswick, which is well built,
and has a considerable trade in corn, cat-
tle, silk, and line lace. An old palace,
which was formerly fortified, is now dis-
mantled and in ruins. It is seated on the
river ^V'idaw, and on a bay of the German
ocean, 28 m sbyn Pupen, and 40 kw
Sleswick. Lon. 9 40 e, lat. 54 53 n.
Tonga, the largest of the Trienily is-
lands, GO m in circuit ; and from it the
whole group is Irequently called tlie Tonga
Islaiuls. It was discovered by Tasman,
who called it Amsterdam; and was visited
by Cook in 1773 and 1777, who lay at
anchor on the vv part. The kmdis low, with
many gentle risings, and Aery fertile, being
wholly laid out in plantations, with roads
"or lanes for travelling. It is the seat of
government for all the otlier islands, and
has tl:e best harbour, or anchoring- place,
to be found among them. Lon. 174 46 w,
lat. 219 s.
Toiigcren, or Tongrcx, a town of th«
Netherlands, in the territory of Liege,
fi;rnier!y one of the most flonrisliing cities
in the Reman province of Gallia Belgica.
It has greatly suti"pred by wars, particularly
by Atlila, in the lifth century, and by the
Normans in the ninth. It is seated on the
Jeckar, 13 m Kw Liege.
Tong-gin, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Koei-tcheou. It is 850 m ssw
Peking. Lon. 108 37 v, iut. 27 40 ^-.
TON
Tongho, a city of Pegu, capital of a pro-
vince, noted for produclni; tlie best beetle
nut. It has a fort, deemed the strongest
ill the Biraian empire, and is seated near
the Setiuir:, 90 m k Pegu. Lon, 96 45 e,
lat. 18 4DX.
Tong-tchang, a city of China, of the
first rank, in Chang-tong. It is seated near
the N end of the Grand canal, 210 m s
Peking. Lon. 110 12 e, lat. 30 .30 N.
Tong-tcliou., a small city of Cliina, in Pe-
tche-li, seated on the Pciho, 12 m cbys
Peking.
Tong-tchuen, a fortified city of China,
of the first rank, in Setchuen. The inha-
bitants are all soldier;, who have followed
the profession of arms, iroin father to son.
It is 1000 m sw Peking. Lon. 101 30 v.,
iat. 25 50 N.
ToAi^'^ze, a village of Scotland, in Suther-
iandbhire, on the k side of a bay of the
iiordiern ocean, to which it gives name,
48 ui NX'.v Dornoch.
Tongusians, or Tonguts, a people who
inhabit the e part of.Siberia, and chietiy
subsist by grazing, and hunting of sables.
Tiicy live in huts, made of wooden poles,
covered over with hair and rubbish, except
a hole at the top to let out the smoke. Tiie
lire is in the middle, and they sit round it
tipon turfs. Both sexes are very strong
and have broad faces ; and they all ride
on horseback, not excepting the girls. The
men and women dress alike in a sort of
frock, with boots of skins on their legs.
They are pagans ; and their common drink
is water.
Tonna, a town of L^pper Saxony, in the
principality of Gotha, 0 rn n Gotha.
Toiinay Boutonns, a town of France, in
the department of Lov.er Charei-te, on the
river Lioutonne, 17 m N Saintes.
Tonnai/ Charente, a town of France, in
the department of Lower Charente, with a
castle ; sei:ted on the Charente, 3 ra e
Rochcfcrt, and 15 xw Saintes.
TonneiiiK, a \.o\\\\ of i-Vance, in the de-
partment of Lot and Garonne. Here is
a manufacture of pins, and m.ucii tobacco
is cultivated. It is seated on the Garonne,
liJ m ^■w Agen.
Tonneire a town of France, in the de-
partment of Yonne, famous for good wine;
seated on the Armancon, 27 m s Troyes,
jiud 102 E Paris.
Ton/iingcn, a seaport of Denmark, in
the duchy of Sieswick. It v. as formerly
fortified, but the works were demolished
in 1714, as was likewise its castle in 1734.
The harbour is commodious, and defended
by three batteries. It is seated on the
Eyder, 10 m from its mouth, and 25 wsw
Sieswick. X^n- 9 1*0 k, lat. 54 SO ir.
Tonoru, a town of i*indoo='-a.'i, in My-
TON
sore, formerly a city of great extent, as
appears by some ruins of the walls. Here
are three temples in good preservation ;
and near it is an immense tank of water,
between two rocky hills. It is 10 m N
Seriugapatam.
Tonquin, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on
the N by China, y. by Cliina and the gulf of
Tonquin, s by Cochingchina, and w by
Lao. It is 450 m in length, and 380 in
breadth in the n", but narrows to 70 as it ap-
proaches the s. Toward China is a large
tract of desert, and a cliain of mountains,
through which there is only one passage,
defended by a wall; yet it is one of the tiuest
countries of the east, for population, fer-
tility, and trade. The extremes of heat
and cold are never feit ; for periodical rains,
the vicinity of the sea, t!ie number of rivers
and canals, and the irrigations for the cul-
ture of rice, all tend to maintain a mode-
rate temperatu:;ej which, while it is grate-
ful to the human species, is singularly
favorable to vegetatii n. Rice is the prin-
cipal produce, of which two abundan. crops
are reaped in the year; and sometimes be-
tween these, a crop of pulse will be raised
in three weeks. Maize and Turkey corn
are successfully cultivated. Potatoes,
yams, and other farinaceous and nutritive
pl.uits are plentiful, and a great variety of
excellent herbs grow spontaneously in the
woods. The ox and bulfalo are used both
in agriculture and for lood. Horses are
small and of httle utility. There are no
camels, sheep, nor asses ; but goats and
hogs are in abundance. The chief com-
modities are gold, musk, silk, cotton,
drugs of many sorts, woods for dymg,
lackered and earthen wares, salt, aniseed,
and worm-seed. The commerce of Ton-
quin is almost limited to a coasting trade;
the jealousy of government prohibiting a
free intercourse with other nations, and
keeping foreign ships at a distance from
their harbours.- TIr; Chinese, indeed, are
permitted to ascend some of the rivers;
but they are not sutfered to remain long,
nor to have any fixed habitation. The
Tonquinese are of middling stature, and.
clean limbed, with a tawny complexion ;
their faces oval and tlattisii, witli noses
and lips well proportioned, and their hair
black, long, and cuarse. They die their
teeth black, and their lips of a bright red,
They are dexterous, active, and ingenious,
but have more aptitude for imitation than
in\ep,tion. Silks and cottons are the ma-
nufactures in which tlieir skill appears pre-
eminent, and of tliese the principal gar-
ments are made : but the poor people and
scildiers wear only cotton of a daik tawny
colour, and children go naked till the age
of seven. Both men and women wera
TOO
turbans, and p;o barefooted ; persons of
consequence only wenrsanrlals within doors.
Their lioiises are small and low, and the
walls either ot mud, or hurdles dauberi over
vfith clay. They have only a ^iround iloor,
with two or three partitions, and each
room has a square hole to let in the liuht.
Thev have stools, benches, and chairs ;
and on the side ot" a table is a little altar,
with two incense j'ots thereon, which no
house is without. The country abounds
with villaiies, which consist ot" 30 or 40
houses, sin-rounded by trees ; and in some
places are banks to keep the water iVoin
overflownio their gardens, where they have
oranges, betels, punikins, melons, and salad
herbs. In the rainy season, tiorn AJay to
Aus;ust, tliey cannot pass from one house
to another, without wadinj; through the
water, but sometimes they have boats.
The Tonquinese in general are comteous
to strangers ; but the great men are haughty
and amhiiious, the soldiers insolent, and
tlie poor thievish. 'J hey buy all their
wives, of which the great men have several.
The men are so addicted to gaming, that
when every thing else is lost, they will stake
their wives and children ; and in hard times
they will sell them to buy rice to maintain
themselves. The iiistnevv moon that hap-
pens after the midtllc of January is a great
festival, when they rejoice for ten days tn-
getl'/er; and they have ar.other great feast
in Way or June, s^lien their first harvest is
got in. Their religion is paganism and yet
they own a Supieine Being. Their idols have
human shapes, but in very dlflerent forn-is:
they have likeviise some resembling ele-
phants ai.d horses, placed in small low
temples built of tiuibcr. Tlie language is
very guttuial, and some of the words are
pronounced through the teeth: it has a
great resemblance to the Chinese, and the
characters are the same ; and like them
they write with a hair pencil. 1 his ki; g-
doni about the year 3800 beratne sul "it( t
to Cc'ChiiKhnia, and is rultd by a victioy.
C'achao is the capital.
Totiiiei g, a seaport of Norway, in the
province ot Aggerhuys. It has some c<an-
merce in timber; and near ic is ^^icil(■e,
the most considerable salt-wcrk in the king-
dom. It is seated ori a bay, 46 m s Chris-
tiana. Lon. 10 14 K, lat. 58 30 K.
Toohouai, an i-sland in the Pacific ocean,
tliscovercil by Cook, in 1777. It is not,
in any directioii, above 6 m over, but theie
are hilis in it of a considerable elevation,
covered with herbage (except a few rocky
cliifb) and patches of trees inteisfiersed to
their summits. It is plentifully stocked
with hogs and fiiw Is, and produces various
fruits and roots. Lon. 149'.i3w, lat. '23 52 s.
Tootfrnbah, a town and fortress of Ilin-
TOR
doostai), in Mooltan, situate on tlie Pravey
(30 in km: Mooltan.
Toombuddra, a river of IlindoostaB,
formed by the union of the Tooin and
Buddra, near llooly Onore, in Mysore.
It flows Iv into Bcjapoor, >vh<;re it con-
tinues a winding course to the r until it
joins the Kristna, marking the Nw boun-
dary of the British dominions in this
quarter of the country.
Toongabbte, i\ town of New S Wales,
seated at the head ot the liarhonr of Port
Jackson, 15 m wbyN .Sydney.
Too7-7iwoz ; see Termed.
Topel, or Topi, a town of Bohemia, in
the circle of Pilsen, at the source of a
rivulet of the same name, 25 m nw l^ilsen.
Topctina, a town of New Spain, in Me-
choacan, at tlie mouth of a river, near the
Pacific ocean, 55 m nw Zacatula.
Toplitz, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Leutmeritz, celebrated for its numer-
ous hot springs. Near this place the Aus-
trians defeated the Prussians in 1762. It
is 16 m NW Leutmeritz.
Topolitza, a town of European Turkey,
in Moldavia, 12 m sw Niemecz.
Topottzun, a tow?< of Hungary, near the
river Neutra, 18 m nne Neutra.
Topmum, a seaport of Devonshire, with
a market on Saturday. Here is a spacious
quay, belonging to the city of Exeter, of
whicli this town is the port. Most of the
inhabitants are employed in the shipping
business. It is seated at the head of the,
estuary of the Ex, 5 m se Exeter, and 170
sw London.
^br, a seaportof Arabia, with a good har-
bour defended by a castle. Here is a Greek
convent, in the gardens of which are foun-
tains of bitter water, said to be those that
IMo-es rendered sweet, by throwing in a
piece of wood. It stands on the w side of
the peninsula formed by the two arms of
the Ked sea, 110 m sse Suez. Lon. S3
35 E, lat. 28 15 N.
Tvrhay, a bay of the English cliannel,
on the coast of Devonshire, to the e of
Dartmouth, formed by two capes, called
Berry Head and Bob Nose. Here the
piiiice of Orange hmded in 1G88, when he
came from IlcUand, to preserve the country
from popery and arbitrary power. 'I he s
point. Berry head, is in lon, 3 28 w, lat.
50 24 N.
Torbia, a town of Piedmont, in tlie
county of Nice. Here is an ancient Go-
thic tower, and in the environs are many
remains of Roman monuments. It is 7 m
E Nice.
Torbole, a town of Italy, in Trentino,
14 m SE Trent.
Torcello, a town of Italy, on a small
island of the saiuc name, in the gulf of
TOR
Venice. It has several churches and an
eleuant luniiiery, and is 7 ni x Venice.
Tarda, or Torenburg, a town of Tran-
sylvania, famous for its salt-works, 15 m
WKw Clausenburp, and 48 kw Ilcniiaii-
staclt.
Tordt stilus, a town of Spain, in Leon,
with a palace, where queen Joan, mother
of Charles v, ended her melancholy days.
It is seated on the Douro, 15 m sw Valla-
dolid, and 75 sse Leon.
Toiee, a town of Hindoostan, in Bah.ar,
capital of a district. It is 112 ni ssw
Bahar. Lon. 85 '2 E, lat. 2o 41 N.
ToreJIo, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
where a batlic was gained by the French
over the Spaniards, in 1794. It is seated
near the mouth of the Ter, 19 m tbys
Gironna, and 60 ne Barcelona.
Tor^au, a town of the kin>i,dom of Saxony,
in Misnia, with a castle. It is noted for ex-
cellent beer, and has manuHictures of silk
and cloth. Here the king of Prussia ob-
tained a great victory over the Austrians
in irt30. It stands among groves and
lakes, Oil tlic river Elbe, 28 m knw
Meissen. Lon. 13 3 e, lat. 51 32 N.
Torigny, a town of France, in the de-
partment of M.'inche with a castle, 7 in
SK St. Lo.
Tonnes,. a rirer of Spain, which rises in
the mountains of Avihi, in Castile, passes
by Aiva, Tormes, and Salamanca, and joins
the Douro, below Mirande de Douro.
Tuntu, a town of Hungary, capital of
a county, with a ca=t!e. It is seated on
an eminence, near the Bodva, 22 m wsw
Kaschau. Lon. 21 2 i:, lat. 48 32 x.
Tornea, a river of Sweden, which rises
on the binders of Norway, forms several
lakes, and flows sbyE into the gulf of
Botlniia, at Tornea.
Tornea, a town of S%veden, in ^Y Both-
nia ; but ceded to Russia, with Finhuid,
in 1809. It had formerly a good harbour,
but IS now miicii injured by the accumu-
lation of sand. The chief exports are
butter, tallow, salted provisions, timber,
and furs. It iias also some inland trade,
lor the Laplanders come annually to ex-
change tlieir skins and furs for what they
want, 'ihe liouses are low, but some have
two stories, witii sashed windows. The
ciiief articles of trade are dried fish, rein-
deer skins, iron, deals, and tar. In the
vicinity is an entire mountain of iron ore.
It is seated on a peninsula, formed by
tlie river Tornea, at the N extremity of
the gulf of Bothnia, 165 m ke TJmca.
Lon."^24 12 E, lat. C5 51 N.
'Toro, a town of Spain, in Leon, seated
on a hill, by the river Douro, over which
is a bridge, 20 ra enc Zamoro, and 30
NNE Salamanca.
TOR
Toron, a town of European Turkey, m
Macedonia, situate on a neck of land be-
tween the gulfs of Monte Santo and Cas-
sandra, t)0 111 S£ Salonica. Lon. 21 10 r^
lat. 39 58 N.
Torquay, a village in Devonshire, near
the N sideof 1 orbay, 7 m se Newton Bushel.
It has a neat range of buildings for summer
visitors, who may here enjoy convenient
bathing and a romantic situation. Near it
is a singular cavern called Kents-hole,
whicli is 60 feet long, and in no part more
than 20 high.
Tor(iueniudc'., a town of Spain, in Leon,
seated on the Arlanza, 14 ni EbyN Pa-
lencia.
Torre del Greco, a town of Naples, in
Terra di Lavoro. It was destroyed by an
eruption of Vesuvius in 1631 ; and by
another in 1794. It stands on the lava that
covers the former habitations, and on the
bay of Naples, 5 m se Naples.
Torre dc Moncorio, a town of Portugal,
in Tra los Monies, surrounded by a wall,
and defended by a Ijastion and a castle,
27 m SK Mirandela, and 42 ssw Bra-
ganza.
Torre de las Salinas, u town of Spain,
in Valencia, near the coast of the Mediter-
ranean. Here is a small lake formed by
saline springs, and the most considerable
salt-work in all Spain. It is 20 m se Ori-
gola, and 37 nxe Carthagena.
Torrcjo, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tile, 15 -11 s Madrid.
Torremacha, a town of Spain, in Estre-
madura, 10 m sbyw Merida.
Torres, a town of Spain, in Granada,
seated on the Mediterranean, 45 m sw
Granada.
Torres ^ovas, a town of Portugal, in
Estren;adura, with a castle ; seated in a
fertile plain, 38 m x by e Santaren.
Torres Sirait, a channel that separates
New Guinea from Terra Australis. It was
passed through in 1770 by Cook, who,
supposing his ship to be the first explorer,
named i': Endeavour Strait; but it has
since appeared to have been explored by
Torres, a Spaniard, so early as 1600, and
in honour of the discoverer has received
its present appellation. See Teira Aus^
tralis,
Torres Vedras, a town of Portugal, in
Estremadura, with a castle; strongly seat-
ed near the Atlantic, 27 m N Lisbon.
Torrexinieno, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, 9 m wbyx Jaen.
Torridge, a river in Devonshire, which
rises on a high moor, near the source of
tiie Tamar, not far from the Bristi'l chan-
nel. It flows SE to Hatherly, and then
receiving the Oak from Oakhampton, turns
short to the n, and passing by Torringtoii
TOR
and Biddefonl, cnteis tlie Btistol cliannel,
at Ravnstablc bay.
Torriij^Uci, a town of the duchy of Genoa,
14 m KE Genoa.
ToryiiifitoHf a town in Devonshire, l'o-
verncd by a mayor, with a \nai ket on Siitm--
<iay. It has two chinchc-, a niannfactiirc
ot slulls, and soni" remains of a castle. It
is seated on tlie Torridfie, 11 in sbyw
Barnstable, and 19i whys London.
'J'oia/iok, a town of Knssia, \i\ tlie so-
verninent of Tver. Ihe inhabitants chiefly
subsist by the sale of neat articles jr.ade of
red, yellow, and <;reen Turkey leather. It
is seated on the Tverza, 33 m Tv w Tver.
TorsfiaUa, a town of Sweden, in bnder-
mania, on the river that flows from the
lake Ilielinar to the Maelar, near its en-
trance into the latter, o3 ni wbyN Stock-
holm.
Torlola, the principal of the Viroin
islands, in the W Indies, 12 m loni: and 4
broad. It beloniied to the Dutch, who built
a str(ing fort, from which they weie ex-
pelled by the British in lOGG. it produces
excellent cotton, sugar, and rum. The
harbour is at the E end of tlie isb.tul. Lon.
61 50 \v, lat. 18 28 n.
Turtona, a town of Italy, in JMilanese,
with a siood citadel on an eminence. It
has been often taken in the wars of Italy,
and is seated on the Scrivia, 42msbyv>'
Milan. Lon. S 58 e, lat. 44 54 N.
Torlorella, a town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Citra, 5 m ne Folicastro.
Tortorici, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Demona, 13 m sw I'atti.
Toitosa, a city of Spain, in Catalonia,
and a bishop's see, with a university and
a citadel. It is divided into the old and
iiew town, both surrf)unded by modern for-
tifica'iions. The entrance is over a linroe
bridge of boats, on the river Ebro, whose
head is fortified. It has a great number
of churches and religious houses ; among
M-hich the cathedral, the royal college of
Dominicans, and the convent of the Car-
melites, are the most remarkable. It is
situate in a country fertile in corn antl fruit,
and abounding with quarries and mines of
silver, iron, alabaster, jasper of divers co-
Jours, and stones with veins of gold. Here
is a great deal of silk and oil, and very
fine potters ware'. In 1811 it surrendered
to the French. It is seated partly on a
plain, and paitly on a hill, 48 m sw Tarra-
gona, and 96 se Saragossa. Lon. 0 35 e,
lat. 40 43.
Turloaa, a town of Syria, with a castle.
It is surrounded by lofty walls, and stands
near the Mediterranean, 35 m >ne Tripoli.
2'ortue, or Tortuga, an island of the W
Indies, near the >; coast of llisnaniola, so
Lvamed from the creal nuinbvi- of lortoiics
TOT
found on and near it. Here the French
bucaniers used to fortify themselves. It
is 20 m long and 4 broad ; the n side is
mounrainous, and abounds in wild boars,
but the s is very fertile. The chief place
is Cayona, defended by a fort ; and it has
a sat(L' harbour for large vcsheis. Lon. 72
44 w, hit. 20 4 N.
Tortuga, or Sal Toriuga, an uninhabited
island near the coast of Caracas, GO m w
of the island of Margaretta, and about 26
in circuit. It has a few goats ; and tor-
toises come upon tiie ;,audy banks to lay
their eggs. At the e end is a large saline
pond where salt begins to kern in April ;
and for some months after ships come heie
to lade salt. At the w end is a SiUall har-
bour with fresh water. Lon. 05 2(3 w, hit.
11 C X.
Torzok, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Tver, with a trade in grain, and
manufactures of leather into articles of
dress, which arc stichcd and embroidered
with gold and silver thread. It is situate
on the Tverza, 4G m w:,\v Tver.
Tosa, a seaport of Spain, in Catalonia,
on a bay that forms a good harbour.
It is built partly on a plain, atid partly
on a steep hill that pnijects into the sea.
On the top of tlie hill is a strong ci-'
tadel, with other fortifications. It is
5? m KK Barcelona. Lon. 2 54 e, lat.
41 42 N.
Tasciniella, a town of Italy, in the patri-
mony of St. Peter, 35 m n Rome.
Tosena, a town of Sweden, in W Goth-
land, 20 m WNW Uddevalla.
Tosia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, with several handsome mosques;
seated on the side of a hill, 85 m ne
Angura.
To.^so, a town of Sneden, in W Goth-
land, 42 m kxe Uddevalla.
Tostf a town of Silesia, in the princi-
pality of Oppeln, with a castle, 25 m ese
Gppehi.
Taster, or Slnrder. a city cf Persia, ca-
pital of Kusistan, on the river Karoon. It
was once a celebrated city, where the kings
of Persia had a magnificent palace. In
scripture it is called Shushan, and the river
is named Ulai. The houses are good, and
principally built of stone, but the streets
are narrow and dirty. 1 he inhabitants,
Persians and Arabs, exceed 15,000; and
they have manufactures of silks, stulls, and '
rich cloths. It is 190 ni wsvv Ispahan.
Lon. 43 58 E, lat. 31 4.0 N.
Totiicss, a borotigh in Devonshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on Satur-
day, and a manufacture of serges, Sec. It
had formerly a wall, with four gates, only
one of which is now standing; and the
ruiiib of the castle present a vtuierable ap-
TOU
pearance. It is seated on the side of a
liill, by tl-.e river D^irt, 27 m sw Exeter,
and \[}6 whys London.
Tolienftam, a village in Middlesex, 5 m
N London. Here ure tlu-ee almshouses ;
one of them founded in 1.09(} by Balthazar
Zanclies, who was confectioner to Philip ii
of Spain, and the lirst who exercised that
art in this country.
Tcttington, a town in Lancashire, noted
for its trade and nianutactnres. The in-
habitants v.ere 591? in 1811. It is 4 ni
ivxvv Bury.
Tcn'J, a furtified town of France, in the
departmer.t of Meurte, and lately a bisiiop's
see. The cathedral and late episcopal
palace are handsome srnictures. It is
seated on the Moselle, in a plain almost
surrounded by mouiiiain=i, 13 m whys
Nancy, and 34 wsw Metz.
'J'uu/on, a fmtified city and jcaport of
France, capital of the department of Var,
and lately an episcopal see. h is divided
into the old and new quarter : the first,
which is ill built, has nothing remarkable
in it but the Hue anx Arbies (a kind of
mall) and the tov.nhonse; the other con-
tains tiie magniiicent works constiucted
by Louis XIV, ;7i;;ny tine honsos, and ;i
grand oblong square, lined with trees, and
serving as a parade. The old and new
harbours cornmunicate with each other by
Rieaiis of a canal. 'J lie ol-:! haven has a
noble quay, on which is the townhouse,
and it is protected by two moles, begun by
Henry iv. The new liaven was constructed
by L«juis xiv, as were the tortificalions :
it contains an arsenal, a rope-walk,, a park
of artillery, dock-yards, bi.sins, and every
tl:iiii;; to be expected in the second port for
men of war in this country. Both the old
and new port liave r.n outlet into tlie outer
road or harbour, which is 10 m in circuit,
surrounded by iiills, and the entrance de-
fended by a fort and batteries. Toulon is
t!ie only mart in the Mediterranean for the
re-exportati<!n of the products of the E In-
dies. In 1706 it was bombarded by the
allies both by land and sea, by which al-
most the whole town was demolished, and
several ships burned ; but they were at
last obliged to raiie the siege. In 1721 it
CKjJerienced the dreadful ravages of a jjcsti-
letice. In 1793 it capitul-ateri, in the name
of Louis XVI r, to the Britisii, who, not
finding the place tenable, evacuated it the
same year. Toulon is seated on a bay of
the Mediterranean, 30 m ese Marseilles,
a»d 195 SSE Lyon. Loa. 5 56 i:, lut. 43
7n.
Toulouse, a city of France, capital of the
department of IJpper Garonne, and an
archbishop's see. It contains 60,000 in-
wibitantS; aud is the largest city in trance,
TOU
next to Paris and BourdeauK, though the
population bears no proportion to its ex-
tent. It was the capital of the Tectosagi,
who made so many conque?cs in Greece.
It was ne.xt a Roman colony, and succes-
sively the capital of the Visigoths (who
destroyed the superb amphitheatre, ttie
capitol, and other Roman monuments)
and that of Aquitaine. Tl;e walls of the
city, as well as the houses, are built with
brick. The metropolitan church would
be incomparable, if the nave was equal
to the choir; and the archbishop's palace
is magniticsnt. The townhouse forms a
perfect square of 324 feet, and is Go high :
the principal front occupies an entire side
of the grand square, called the Place Royale.
In the great hall, called the Ilall of lUus-
trious Men, is the statue of the chevalier
Isaure, and the busts of all the great men
to whom the town has given birth. Tou-
louse, communicating with the Atlantic
by the river Garonne, a!;d with the jMe-
diterranean by the canal of Languedoc,
might have been a very commercial city ;
but the taste of the inliabitants has ueea
principally for the sciences and belles
lettres. The little commerce they have
consists in leather, wo'j!, drapery, blankets,
mignionets, oil, iron, mercery, hardware,
and books , and near it is a manufacture
of indigo, from the woad plar/t. The
bridge over the Garonr.e, equal to that of
Tours, forms a communication witli the
suburb of St. Cyprian. Here, in 1814,
marshal Soult was defeated by lord VVel-
lington : both generals being then ignorant
ol the allied powers being in possession of
Paris. Toulouse is 125 in se Bourdeaux,
and 350 sbyw Paris. Lon. 1 26 e, lal.
43 36 N.
Tour, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Puy de Dome, 22 m s Clermont.
2ou7' la Blanche, a town of France, in
the department of Dordogne, 15 m kw
Perigutux.
Tour du Pin, a town of France, in the
department bf Isere, on a river of the same
name, 25 m e A'ienne.
Tour du Rousillon, a town of France,
in the department of F'astern Pyrenees,
on a hill near tlie river Tet, 3 m i;
Perpignan.
Tour la Ville, a town of I'rauce, in the
department of Manche, celebrated for its
manu'iicturc of glass. It is separated froiu
Cherburg by a river.
Tonraine, an old province of Fr.ance,
bounded on the n by Maine, r by Or-
leanois, s by Berry, and w by Anjou
and Poiioii. The river Loire runs througii
the middle ; and it is, iu genera], a plea-
sant and iertile countiji. It now loirca the
departtnent cf ludre und Loire.
TOW
Tournan, a town of France, in I lie de-
partment of Seine and Manic, 'JO in Fsr.
Paris.
Tournar/, a city of tlie Xi'therlands, in
l"laiider«, and a bisliop's see, witli a strong
castle. It has several tine manufactures,
and is parlicnlarly famons for 5j;ood slock-
ings. J lie cathedral, and the abbey of
•St. Martin, are very iniiiinificent. It has
been often taken, the last time by the
French, on the con<|uest of FiaiuK-rs, in
1794. It is seated on both sides the Scheld,
over which is a bridue, 14 m e.se Lisle,
and 30 ssw Ghent. Lon. 3 24 e, lat. 50
SS N.
Tourne/iem, a town of France, in the
department oi Pas de Calais, 9 m y\v St.
Omer.
Tonrtion, a town of France, i'l the de-
partment of Ardeche, witli a fine collc^,e,
and a castle; seated on the side of a nionii-
tain, by the river Rhone, 38 m n Vivers,
and 43 s Lyon.
Tournus, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Saoiie and Loire, on the river
Saone, 15 m s Chalons.
Tours, a city of Fiance, capital of the
department of Indre and Loire, and an
archiepiscopal see. It is seated on the
Loire, and near the Cher. Over the for-
mer is one of the finest bridges in Eurojjpj
consisting of 15 elliptic arches, each 75
feet in diameter. The principal church is
remarkable for the delicacy of its structure,
curious clock, mosaic pavement, and rich
library of manuscripts. The population
23,000. The red wines of Tours are much
esteemed, and it has considerable manu-
factures of ail sorts of silk stuffs. In
one of the suburbs is the abbey of Mar-
moutier, reputed the most ancient in the
west. Near the city is Piessis-les-Tours,
a palace built by the profligate and super-
stitious Louis XI, who died here, in 1483.
Tours is 60 m nne Poitiers, and 130 sw
Paris. Lon. 0 42 e, lat. 47 24 n.
Tousera, a town of Barbary, in Biledul-
gerid, dependent on Tunis. Lon. 10 55 r,
lat. 32 30 N.
Tuaceoter, a town in Northamptonshire,
with a market on Tuesday, and manu*'ac-
tures of lace and silk. It ^\a^ once strontily
fortiiied, and the Iioman Watling-street
passes through the town. It is seated on
the Wetdoii, 9 in ssw Northampton, and
60 xw London.
Tim ion, a village in W Yorksiiire, 3 m
SE ladcaster, famous for the battle be-
tween the houses of York and Lancaster,
so fiitai to the latter, on i'uliu-Suudav,
14*1.
TiTiy, a river of Vv'ales, which rises in
Cardgunshire, enters Carmarthenshire at ■
its m: extremity, tmd iiows by Llanymd-
TRA
doory, Liandilovawr, and Carmarthen, into
the Bristol channel.
Touj/n, a to nil of Wales, in Merioneth-
shire, frequented by some genteel families
in the bathing season. It is seated on the
Desyiini, at its entrance into Cardigan
bay, 11 m s Barmouth, and 218 wmw
London.
Tra los Monies, a province of Portugal,
beyond the mountains, with regard to the
other provinces of this kingdoni, whence it
had its name. It is bounded on the n by
Galicia, v.- by Eutre Deuro e Minho, sw
and s by Beira, and r. by Leon. It abounds
in wine, oil, and cattle; and the Douro
divides it into two parts. xMiranda is the
capital.
Trachenberg, a town of Silesia, capital
of a principality, abounding in corn, cattle,
and timb'i'r. It has a fine castle, :uid is
scared on the Hartcli, 26 m nnw Bresiau.
Lon. 16 .56 r, lat. 51 27 n.
Ti'ufulgur, a promontory of Spain, in
Andalusia, at the entrance of the strait
of Gibraltar. Off this cape, in 1805,
admiral lord Nelson engaged the com-
bined fleet of France and Spain, under
admiral V'illeneuve, when 19 sail of the
line were taken, sunk, or destroyed, with-
out the loss of one British ship ; but the
noble commander fell, by a musket-hall,
near the close of the engagement. This
cape is 30 m ssE Cadiz. Lon. 6 2 w, lat.
36 11 N.
Tnigonara, a town of Naples, in Capiii-
nata, 20 m nw Lucera.
Trajunopoii, a town of European Tur-
key, in Romania, and a Greek archbishop's
see, thougii a small place and thin of
people. It is seated on the MarJssa, 10 m
s Adrianople, and 135 w by n Constan-
tinople.
Tntjetto, a town of Naples, in Terra di-
Lavoro, built on the site of the ancient.
]\liiiturna. Here are the ruins of an am-;
phitheatie and aqueduct. It is seated nearj
the mouth of the Garigliano, in the Medi-^
terraiicaii, 25 m nw Capua. Lon. 14 4 B|L:
lat. 4120 -\. I
Truin, a town of Bavaria, on the rlvery
Anibs, 5 m s Abensperg, and 20 E In-j^
goidsiadr.
Truiiia, a town of Sicily, in \^al d^
DeiiH na, seated on a mountain, at thai
scuirce of the river Traina, 39 m v/ Taor- 11
nniia.
I'rulee, a borough of Ireland, capiial
of Kerry county, with a castle. It sends
a nitmher to jiia-liaroent ; and in 'i:e
vicinity is a clialybeate spring. It st . .-j
oil ihe river Lee, "hich tlows to the ! ■. u 1
of Tralce bay, 60 m sw Limerick. Lon. 1
Ow, lat. 52 4 k.
Tralleborg, a seaport of Sweden, i
TRA
Schonen, near the Baltic, 19 m s Lund.
Loii. 12 58 E, lat. 53 20 x.
Trainore, a town of Irelaiui, ia Water-
ford county, much frequented for sea
bathiug; seated on a danj^erous bay of
its name, 7 m s Waterford.
Trancoso, a town of Portugal, hi Tra
los Monies, with a castle, 9 m whys
Pinhel.
Tranent, a town of Scotland, in Ilading-
tonshire, G m whys Hadington, and 10 e
Edinburg.
Trani, a city of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, the see of an archbisliop, and the
usual residence of the governor of tiie
province, which is sometimes caVed Terra
di Trani. It is much decayed since the
harbour has been choked up, and stands
on the gulf of Venice, 26 m w by >; Bari,
and 125 n by e Naples. Lon. 10 3(i r,
lat. 41 18 N. '
Tranquebar, a seaport of Hlndoostan,
in the country of Tanjore, with a fort and
factory belonging to the Danes, who pay
an annual rent to the rajah. The town is
surrounded by a \\'all and bastions ; and
contains three churches, a large mosques,
and several pagodas. In 180?, it was
taken by the British. It is seated at
one of the mouths of the Cavery, 149
m s by w Madras. Lon. 79 55 e, lat.
11 On.
Transylvania, a country of" Europe,
formerly annexed to Hungary; bounded
on the w and N by Hungary, e by Mol-
davia, and s by Walachia. It is 1(30 m
long aiid 150 broad, and surrounded by
high mountains, whicli, howaver, are liot
barren. It produces as much corn and
wine as is vvanled, and there are rich
mines of gold, silver, lead, copper, quick-
silver, and tellurium ; the last never yet
discovered in any other part of the world.
It has undergone various revolutions, and
now belongs to the house of Austria. The
inhabitants arc nf various religions, as
Papists, Lutherans, Calvinists, Socinians,
Arminians, Greeks, and Mohamedans.
Hermanstadt is the capital.
Triipuni, a seaport on the xw point
of Sicdy, in Val di Mazara, with a strong
fort. It has an excellent harbour in the
form of a sickle, whence its ancient name
Drepanum ; and is a trading place, fa-
mous lor salt-works, and fisheries of tunny
and coral. It is 28 m n Mazara, and
6t) w Palermo. Lon. 12 38 E, lat. 38
10 N.
Trurbach, a town of Germany, in the
circle of t'pper Rhine, with a fortress on
a mountain. It was taken by the French
in 1794, and is seated on the Moselle,
47 m whys Mentz. Lon. 7 6 e, lat.
49 58 N.
TRli
Trasmaur, a town and castle of Austria,
seated on the Tr:!sen, near its conflux with
the Danube, 12 m w Tula.
Trau, a seaport of Dalmatia, and %
bishop's see. it is seated on the gulf of
Venice, and joined by a long bridge to the
isle of Bua, 18 m w by n Spalatro. Lon.
Ki 12 E, lat. 43 38 N.
Travancor, a province of Southern
Hindoostan, extending along the coast
ot Malabar fiom Cape Comorin to the
province of Cochin. It is 140 m in
length, by 70 in breadth at the N ex-
tremity, and contracting gradually to the
s point. In the lofty forests, and woods
below, are many elephants, buftalos, and .
tigers. The chief products are pepper,
cocoa nuts, cardamons, cassia, frankin-
cense, and other aromatic gums. The rajah
receives an annual subsidy from the Eng-
lish and generally resides atTrivandapatam.
Travancor, the capital of the above
province, surrounded by strong and exten-
sive lines. It is 124 m sse Cochin.
Lon. 77 12 E, lat. 8 30n.
Trave, a river of Lower Saxony, in the
duciiy of Ilolstein, which flows by Sege-
berg, Oldeslo, and Lubec, and enters the
Baltic, at Travemunde.
Traveinunde, a seaport of Lower Sax-
ony, in the duchy of Ilolstein, with a
strong fortress ; seated on the Baltic, at
the mouth of the Trave. It is the port of
Lubec, to which it belongs, and is 12 m ne
of that city.
Truvers, a town of Switzerland, m
the canton of Neuchatel, 11 m w Neu-
chatel.
Traunstcin, a town and castle of Bava»
ria. Great quantities of salt are made
here, from water brought 14 m over moun-
tains, by means of engines and pipes, from
Keichenhall. It is seated on the river
Tr;uin, IG m wnw^ Salzburg.
Trautcnau, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Konigingralz, 21 m n Koni- .
ginsirat/,.
Trai/guera, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
30 m sw Torlosa.
Trebbin, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Middle mark, 22 m ssw Berlin.
Trebiu, a river of Italy, wdiich rises
in the duchy of Genoa, flows by Bobio
in Milanese, and joins the Po, above,
Placentia.
Trebigr'ui, a town of Turkish Dalma- .
tia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the
gulf of Venice, at the mouth of the Tre-,
benska, 14 m N lta<;usa.
Trebiiuccia, a town of Naples, in Ca-
labria Citra, on the gulf of Tarento, 10
m r.XE Cassano.
Trcbiaond, a city of Asiatic Turkey,
in Iloum, and a Greek archbishop's sec,.
TRE
with a castle. Tlie walls are liifih, with
battlements; ami are built with the ruins
of ancient structures, on which are in-
bcriptions not lonihle. The town is not
populous, tor it includes many <:in-dens, and
the houses are bi;t one stciy hi!;h. The
harbour is at the f. end of the town, and
the mole built hv the Genoese is almost
destroyed. It has a considerable trade,
though its port can only receive small
vessels. It standi at the foot of a very
€teep hill, on the Ulack sea, 100 m nw
Eiiertmi, and 170 ene Tocat. Lon. 39
i!OE, hit. 41 Ok.
Treliilz, a town of INIoravin, with ma-
nufactures of cloth, iron, and glass; seat-
ed on the Jgia, 21 m si; Iplau.
Ti-ebnilz, a ^own of Silesia, in the
principality of (Jcls, with a Cistercian
Jiunnery, VI in N Brcslau.
Trebscn, a town of the kin{;dnm of
Saxouy, in Misnia, seated on the Mulda,
il m Kbys Lcipzic.
Trefiirt. a town of Germany, in Lower
Hesse, with a castle, seated on a hill,
«ear the Werra, ?jQ m ese Cassel.
Trcgai-on, a town of Wales, in Cardi-
ganshire, with a market on Thursday ;
-eated on a branch of the Tyvy, 1.5
ra s by E Aberystwith, and 204 w by N
London.
Tregony, a borough in CiTiivvall, go-
verned by a mayor, with a fuarket on
•Saturday; seaitd on the Fale, C m e
Truro, and 2ao whys London.
Treguicr, a seaport of France, in the
departmeiit of Cotes du Nord, and lately
the see of a bishop. It is seated on a
peninsula, near the English channel, 22
m Kw St. }3rieuc. Lun. 3 13 w, hit. 48
47 K.
Trellchvrg^ a town of Sweden, in
Schonen, seated on the Bailie, 20 m s
Lund.
Tremesan, or Tlcm?,an, a city of Al-
giers, in the province of ]\Liscara, sur-
rounded by strong walls, and inhabited by
poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews. In the
time of tiie Arabs, it was the residence of
powerful piii'.ces ; but is now dwindled to
a fifth part of the ancient city. Its once
fiourislnng manufactures of carpets and
woollen co\erlets are in a state of decay ;
and the former masterpieces of architec-
ture have disappeared, it is 100 m ssw
Oran. Lon. 1 12 w, lat. 34 ^6 x.
Trei-niti, three islands of Naples, in the
gt:".f of \'enice, 15 m from the n coast of
Capitanata. They are called Tremiti, or
Ht. Nicola, St. Domino, and Capraria.
Ttie first, which is the principal, has a
Benedictine convent and a castle. Lon. 15
S® E, lat. 42 10 N.
i'revi€ui(/e, a town of France, in the de-
TRE
partment of Vienne, seated oa the Ben-
jiailc, 35 m Ebys Poitiers.
Tremp, a town of Snajn, in Catalonia,
on the river Noguera Pallaresa, 20 m n
Lalaiiuer.
Troichin, a town of Hungary, capital of
a county, %vith an ancient castle on a
rock. It has celebrated hot baths, and is
seated near the Waag, 70 m km: IVes-
burg. Lon. 18 5 e, lat. 48 54 N.
Trent, a principality of Germany, lately
a bish()|)ric, in the s part of Tyrol, among
the Alps, bounded by Tyrol Proper, and
the territories of Venice. It produces ex-
cellent wine.
Trent, a fortified city, capital of the
above principality, with a handsome castle,
a cathedral, three parish-churches, a col-
lege, and some coinents. It is fariious in
church history for a celebrated council,
which v.as held from 1545 to 1503. Thii
city was several times in the hands of the
French dunng the late war. It is situate
between two mountains, on the river Adige,
07 m Nvv Venice. Lon. 10 55 e, lat.
40 2 N.
Trent, a river that rises in Staffordshire,
from three springs to the w of Leek, v.iid
flows SE through the county to the sw bor-
ders of Derbyshire, where it receives thi:
'Tamo. It then takes a ke direction, be-
tween the two counties, till it receives sha
Dove, when it penetratesDerbyshire, cross-
es the s angle, and tbrming, fur a short
space, its sejiaration from the counties of
Leicester and Nottingham, it enters the
latter coun'^y at the &\v extremity; thence
crossing obliquely to the e, it flows alony;
the whole eastern side, forming, toward
the N part, the boundary between thai;
county and Lincolnshire, a corner of which
it crosses, and, bclov. Gainsborough, meets.
the O'lse on the borders of Yorkshire,
where their united stream forms the Hum-
ber. This river is of itself navigable from
Burton in Staifordshire ; and by canals it
lias a communication with the Mersey, the
Severn, and the Thames.
Trent, a river of N Carolina, which runs
into the Neus, at Newbern, where it is
three quarters of a mile broad.
Trenton, a town of New Jersey, in Tlnn-
terdon county, and the capital of the state.
Here are four edifices for public worship,
and a flourishing academy. The popula-
tion was 0312 in 1810. It is seated of?
the Delaware, opposiie the falls of that
river, 34 m ke Philadelphia. Lon. 74 5(J
w, lat. 40 15 N,
Trenton, a town of N Carolina, chief of
Jones county. It stands ou the river Trent^
18 lu sw Newbern.
Trenton, a town of the district of
Maine, in Hancock county, opp<^&ile the
TRE
N end of Mount Desert island, 30 m
ENE Castine.
Treport, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine, seated on the
English channel, at the mouth of the
Bresle. It is the port for the town of
Eu, nearly 2 m distant, and is 17 m ne
Dieppe.
Trepto, a town and castle of Hither Po-
merania, in the duchy of Stettin, on the
river Tollensee, and frontiers of Mecklen-
burg, 25 m N New Strelitz.
Trepto, New, a town of Further Po-
merania, with manufactures of stockings
and woollen stuffs, seated on the Rega,
near its mouth in the Baltic, 16 m ene
Carain.
Treshanish lales, four fertile islands on
the w coast of Scotland, between the is-
lands of Coll and Mull.
Treuenhrietzen, a town of Branden-
burg, in the Middle mark, '20 m s Bran-
denburg.
Treves, or Triers, a territory of Ger-
many, lately an archbishopric, in the
circle of Lower Rhine ; bounded on the n
by the territory of Cologne, e by Wettera-
via, s by the palatinate of the Rhine and
Lorrain, and w by Luxemburg. It is 100
m in length, but the breadth is very differ-
ent. There are many mountains and fo-
rests ; but near the Rhine and Moselle the
soil is fruitful, abounding in corn and wine.
Treves, or Triers, a city and the capital
of the above territory. It has a castle, a
university, numerous remains of antiquities,
and many fine churches and palaces ; but
has greatly suffered by war, and is now
neither large nor populous. It is seated
on the Moselle (over which is a handsome
bridge) between two mountains, covered
with vineyards, 20 ra ne Luxemberg, and
55 sbyE Cologne. Lon. 6 43 e, lat. 49
47 N.
Trevi, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
Spoleto, 12 m Nby w Spoleto.
Trevico, a town of Naples, in Principato
Ultra, 25 m e Benevento.
Trevier de Courtes, St, a town of France,
in the department of Ain, 20 m nnw
Bourg en Bresse.
Trevier en Domhes, St. a town of France,
in the department of Aine, 18 m sw Bourg
en Bresse.
Treviglio, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
17 m ene Milan.
Trevino, a town of Spain, in Biscay,
■with a citadel, seated on a hill, near the
river Aguda, 10 m s Vittoria.
Trevisano, a province of Italy, in the
territory of Venice ; bounded on the w by
Vicentino, u by Feltrino and Bellunese, c
b^ Friuli, and s by the gulf of Venice,
TRI
Dogado, and Paduano. The soil is fertile,
and produces corn, wine, and wood ; and
the exports are cattle, silk, and woollen
cloth. Treviso is the capital.
Treviso, or Trevigio, a fortified city of
Italy, capital of Trevisano, and an arch-
bishop's see. It had formerly a university,
which was transferred to Padua. It is the
residence of many noble %miiies, and
seated on the Sile, at the influx of tha
Plavesella, 18 m nnw Venice. Lon. 12
18 e, lat. 45 44 N.
Trevoux, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Ain, and recently the capital
of the principality of Dombes. The most
remarkable buildings are the ancient mint,
the late parliament house, the governor's
house, and the printing-office. The latter
is celebrated for the Literary Journals com-
posed by the Jesuits of the college of Louis
le Grand. Tretoux is seated on the side
of a hill, by the river Saone, 12 m n Lyon,
and 188 sbyE Paris. Lon. 4 61 e, lat.
45 54 N.
Treysa, a town of Germany, in Upper
Hesse, seated on a hill, near the river
Schwalm, 16 m ene Marburg.
Trezzo, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
seated on the Adda, on the frontiers of
Bergamasco, 18 m ne Milan.
Triana ; see Rancagua.
Tribuu, a town of Moravia, in the circle
of Olmutz, 30 m Nw Olmutz.
Triberg, a town of Suabia, in Bris-
gau, situate on the Guttach, 15 m ne
Friburg.
Tribsees, a town of Hither Pomerania,
with a castle, which commands the pass
into Mecklenburg. It is seated on the
Trebel, 22 m ssw Stralsund, and 28 ese
Rostock.
Tribstadt, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Deux Fonts, 16 m enk Deux
Fonts.
Tricala, a city of European Turkey, in
Thessaly, and a Greek bishop's see. Here
are seven mosques, ten Greek churches,
and two synagogues. It is seated near the
Salembria, 36 m whys Larissa.
Tricala, a town of European Turkey,
in Macedonia, seated on the Strimon, ^0
iH ene Salonica.
Tricarico, a town of Naples, in Basili-
cata, 13 m se Acerenza, and 21 sw Ma-
tera.
Triceto, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citra, 14 m se Scalea.
Trichinopoly , a city of Hindoostan, in
the Carnatic, capital of a fertile district,
which was formerly a principality. It is
surrounded by a double wall, with towers,
and a ditch ; and stands on the s side of
the Cavery. which a little above divide*
3 A
TRI
into two branches, and forms tTie island of
8erinp;ham, on which are two maiinificcnt
pagodas. It is 17 m wbyN Tanjore.
Lon. 78 50 E, hit. 10 50 N.
Tricolo(*i\ a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatir, where Tinpoo was defeated by
the British in 1790. It is 14 \\\ w Poiidi-
chcrry.
Triers; see Treves.
Triest, a seaport of Germany, in Car-
niola, and a bishop's see. The harbour is
spacious, screened by u wall fbrtitieil with
a bastion. The houses stand on the side
of a mountain, extending tlieuiselves (juite
to the sea; and on the top of the mountain
is a castle, in which tlie go^■erno^ of the
town and its territories resides. The prin-
cipal buildings are the cathedral, the
palace, the exchange, the public library,
the hospital, and an extensive theatre.
The inhabitants, about 32,000 of various
nations, have a great trade in soap, oil,
almonds, silk, irou, copper, &c. and they
make good white wines. Triest w as taken
by the French in 1797, and evacuated in
tlie same year ; in 1809 it was ceded by
Austria to France, but restored in 1815.
It stands on a gulf of its name, which is
the \n part of the gulf of Venice, 12 m n
Capo dTstria, and 36 sw Laubach. Lou.
14 3 i:, hit. 45 51 N.
Trikeri, a town of European Turkey, in
Thessaly, which has a trade in corn, oil,
and sponges. It is situate at the entrance
of the gulf of Volo, 16 m sse Volo.
Trim, a borough of Ireland, capital of
Meath county. Here are the ruins of a
large castle and several religious founda-
tions. It is seated on the Boyne, 27 m nw
Dublin. Lon. 6 48 w, lat. 53 32 N.
Trincomalee, a seaport on the f, coast
of Ceylon, with a harbour reckoned the
fmest in the E Indies, but situate in a
barren part of the island, lor the nearest
farm villages are distant upward of 12 m.
The harbour is defended by two forts;
Trincomalee, which commands the en-
trance, and Ostenburg, built upon a cliff
projecting into the sea, overlooks the har-
bour. The town occupies more ground
than Columbo, but contains fewer houses,
and of an inferior appearance. 'J'lie circuit
within the walls is about 3 ni, but in this
space is included a rising point, imtne-
diately over (he sea, covered with thick
jungle. Trincomalee was taken from the
Dutch, by the English, in 1782; retaken
by the French the hanie year; restored to
the Dutch by ihepeace of 1783 ; and again
taken by the English in 1795. It stands
on a spacious bay of the same name, 90
Ml K^t Candy. Lou. 81 18 e, lat. y
•.i'i N.
TRI
Triiig, a town in IJortfordshire, with a
market on Friday, sealed near the Grand
Junction canal, 22 m w Hertford, and 31
WNw London.
Trinidad, an i',!an(l on the ne coast of
S An)erica, separated from Fariu on the
3, Vjy a channel about 10 ni widt-, and fron»
'^umana on the w, by tlie gulf of Paria.
It is 80 m long and 50 broad ; produces
sugar, cotton, maize, line tobacco, cocoa,
indigo, and fruit; and has abundance of
fine timber trees. Many trees broiiglit
from the E Indies and Otaheite also
flourish here; and cinnamon is become
abundant. The lake Brea, or of pitch, is
;i wonderful phenomenon ; it covers about
150 acres, and is capable of sujiplying all
the dock-yards of Great Britain. This
island was taken, in 1595, by sir Walter
Balegli, and in 1676, by the French, who
plundered and left it. In 1797, it was
captured by the British, and ceded to
them in 1802. The ("apital is .St. .Joseph.
Trinidad, a city of New Spain, in Guati-
mala, near the head of a bay of the Pacific
ocean. It is a place of great trade, its
port, called Acajutla, being the nearest
landing to Guatimala, for all merchandise
that comes from Mexico and Peru. Th«
city is 4 ra from the port, and 1 10 esk
Guatimala, Lon. 90 20 w, lat. 13 46 N.
Trinidad, a town of New Spain, in
Veragua, near the mouth of a river that
enters the Caribean sea, 20 m ese Con-
ception. Lon. 81 23 w, lat. 8 40 n.
Trinidad, a seaport of Cuba, in a bay
on the s part of the island. In 1812 the
town vvas almost destroyed by a hurricane ;
several ships in the harbour were sunk,
and others driven on shore. It is 40 m
sw Spiritu Sauto. Lon. 80 1 w, lat. 21
48 N.
Trinidad, a town of New Granada, in
the province of St. F^, seated on the Mag-
dalena, 58 m Kw St. Fe.
Triiiidada, three rocky islets in the
Atlantic ocean, 200 leagues e Spiritu
Santo, in Brasil. The largest is not 3 m
in circuit, and the Portuguese keep a
small garrison here to prevent a contra-
band trade with Brasil. Lon. 29 35 w,
lat. 20 30 s.
Trinity, a sea])ort on the N side of
Martinico, with a spacious and safe har-
bour, and a considerable triide. Lon. 61.
8 w, lat. 14 53 N.
Trino, a town of Piedmont, in Montser-
rat, formerly a strong place, but the forti-
fications are for the most part demolished.
It is 8 m Nw Casai.
Trinomalt/, a town of Hindoostan, iu-
Uie Carnatic, near which the combined
armj' of Hyder and the uizam were d«-
TRl
fealed by the British in 1768, It is 47 ra
5SW Arcot, and 63 wnw Pondicherry.
Tripatoor, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Curnatic, 37 m ene Madura, and 58 sw
Tanjore.
Tripoli, a country of Barbary, extending
along the coast of the INIediterranean from
the i;iilf of Cabes to the s extremity of the
gah'of Sidra, and bounded on the e by
Barca, s by Fezzan, and w by Biledul-
gerid and Tunis. There are numerous
harbours on the coast, some of them capa-
cious, and surrounded by a fine country ;
but the interior is not very fertile, and the
e part is quite a desert. It has the title
of a kingdom, but is gos^emed by a pashaw,
who is nominally subject to the Porte.
Tripoli, a city and seaport, capital of
the above country, with a castle and a
fort. It was taken by emperor Charles v,
who settled the knights of Rhodes here ;
but they were expelled by the Turks in
1551. The great mosque fronts the
pashaw's castle, and is a very elegant
structure. The houses of the higher
classes of the inhabitants are usually built
of stone, and white-washed: those of the
lower orders are fabricated of earth, small
stones, and mortar ; and are all of a square
form, with a court in the centre, and only
one story high, with a flat roof and no
windows to the street. Bazars occupy a
considerable portion of the city. The
harbour, defended by a mole and batteries,
!s capable of containing a large fleet of
merchant ships. The population 25,000;
among whom are many Moors aud Jews :
Vhe latter curry on all the traffic of the
jolace, and make all the gold and silver
ornaments for the Moorish and Arab wo-
men. The chief exports are wool, drugs,
barilla, skins, salt, trona, ostrich fea-
thers, gold dustj ivory, dried fruit, and
dates. Some of these, and other articles,
are brouglit hither by caravans from Mo-
rocco. Fezzan, and other interior parts.
^J'ripoli is seated on the Mediterranean,
surrounded by a wall with six bastions,
275 m SSE Tunis. Lon. 13 5 e, lat. 32 5 n.
Tripoli, a town of Syria, on the Medi-
terranean, with a citadel, and a handsome
mosque. All the houses have fountains
belonging to them. The harbour, 2 m w
of the town, ig formed by a round piece of
land, united to the mainland by an isthmus;
and on each side is a bulwark to defend
the entrance, which is incommoded by a
sandbank. Tripoli is the residence of a
pashaw, who also governs the territory
about it, wi)ere there is a great number
of mulberry-trees, and other fruits. The
connnerce consists almost wholly in coarse
silk, which is made use of for laces. It is
TRO
90 m new Damascus, and 120 s Scande»
roon. Lon. 36 20 f, lat. 34 50 N.
TripoUtza, a city of European Turkey,
capital of Morca. It is encompassed bv a,
stone wall, with bastions, and has a square
fort on an eminence. Here are four large
mosques, and six Greek churches. The
palace of the pashaw is a large quadrangular
building of wood, with a spacious court iu
the centre, and galleries round the four
sides. The patriarch of Morea also re-
sides here. The houses are mean and
irregular, and the population 15,000. Tha
chief trade is in'corn and wool ; and its port
is Lerna. It is seated in the valley of
Tegea, beneath one of the summits of tha
mountain Msenalion, 30 m n Misitra. Lon*
22 34 E, lat. 37 40 N.
Tripontary, a town of Hindoostan, ia
Cochin, the general residence of the rajah,
10 m w Cochin.
Tripaor, a town of Hindoostan, in Coim-
betore, with a fort at a little distance,
seated on the Noijel, 31m ene Coimbe*
tore.
Trist, an island of New Spain, on th©
coastof Tabasco, in the bay of Campeachy,
separated by a narrow channel, on the e,
from the isle of Port Royal. It is 18 m ia
circuit. Lon. 92 45 w, lat. 18 16 N.
Triztan d'Acunha, an island in the At«
lantic ocean, 15 m in circuit. The land is
high, and rises gradually toward the centra
of the island (which terminates in a lofty
conical peak) in ridges, covered with trees
of a moderate size and height. The coast is
frequented by seals, penguins, and alba-
trosses. Lon. 11 44 w, lat. 37 6 s.
Trivandapatam, a town of Hindoostan^
in Travancor, with a castle and palace, the
usual summer residence of the rajah, 17 ra
w by s Travancor.
Trivento, a town of Naples, in th»
county of Molise, seated on a hill, near
the river Triguo, 11 m N Molise.
Trividy, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, with a pagoda that forms a cita-
del, 26 m sw Pondicherry,
Trochteljingen, a town of Suabia, situ-,
ate on the Smeicha, 16 m xw Buchau,
and 29 s Stutgard.
Tros^en, a town of Switzerland, and
the chief place of the protestant par?
of the canton of Appenzel. It has ma-
nufactures of cloth, and in the vicinity
is a mineral spring. I is 7 ra nnk
Appenzel.
Troja, a town of Naples, in Capitanata,
on the river Chilaro, 32 m ene Benevento,
and 60 Nw Naples.
Troinu, a town of Sicily, in Val di De-
mona, noted for woods of fine timber, 40
jn w Taormina.
3 A8
TRG
Trohi, a towii of Lithuania, capital of a
palatinate. It is seated among lakes, 18
m w Wilna, and 85 nne Grodno. Lon.
26 13 E, lat. 54 38 N.
Trolhatta, a town of Sweden, in W
Gothland, seated on the Gothu, which
here has four cascades that fall 100 feet
in the space of two miles. A canal for
vessels to pass by these falls is cnt through
a rock of granite, 10,400 feet in length and
22 in breadth, anfl at a depth in one part
of 150 lieet. It is 45 m nne Gothenburg.
Tron,St. a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, with a Benedictine
aljbey, 2 1 m n w 1 jege.
Tro7iye.m, the ancient capital of Nor-
way, commonly, by the Irish, called Droii-
thetm.
Tropea, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ultra, seated on a high rock, on the gulf
of St. Eufemia, 10 m nw Nicotera.
Tropez, St. a seaport of France, in the
department of Var, with a citadel ; seated
on a bay of the Mediterranean, 38 m ene
Toulon. Lon. 6 40 e, lat. 43 1(3 n.
TroppaUy a strong town of Silesia, capi-
tal of a principality, which belongs partly
to Austria and partly to Prussiiu Here is
an ancient palace, three churches, a col-
lege, four convents, and a coinmandery
of the order of St. John. It was taken by
the Prussians in 1741 and 1756, but re-
stored to Austria by a treaty after each
capture ; and it is the seat of regency for
ell the Austrian part of Silesia. In 1758,
the greatest part of the town was destroyed
by fire. It stands in a fruitful country,
on the river Oppa, 40 m ne OlmutZ; and
90 SSE Breslau. Lon. 17 54 e, lat. 49
52 N.
Trosa, a seaport of Sweden, in Suder-
mania, seated on the Baltic, 35 m sw
Stockholm. Lon. 17 29 e, lat. 59 0 n.
Troubridge, a town in Wiltshire, with
a market on Saturday, and considerable
manufactures of broad cloth and kersey-
mere. The population was 6075 in 1811.
It is seated on a hill, by the river Were,
23 m sw Marlborough, and 99 w Lon-
don.
Troy, a town of New York, the largest
-in Reniselaer county, and a place of con-
siderable trade. It stands on the e side
of the Hudson, 3ms Lausinburg.
2yoi/es, a city of France, capital of the
department of Aube, and a bishop's see,
with a castle, in which the ancient counts
of Champagne resided. It is surrounded
by good walls, and has a noble cathedral ;
but almost all the houses are of wood.
The commerce, once very flourishing, now
consists only in some linens, dimities, fus-
tno^ wax-chandleiy, candles, aod wine.
TSC
It is seated on the Seine, 28 m r. byw
Sens, and 82 se Paris. Lon. 4 5 e, lat.
48 18 N.
Trims, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Grisons, seated on the Rhine, 7
m w Uuntz.
Truro, a borough in Cornwall, governed
by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday
and Saturday. The summer assizes are
held here and at Bodmin alternately. It
is a stannary town, and the chief businn^^
is in shipping tin and copper ore, found in
abundance in its neighbourhood. Here,
after the battle of Nastby, tlie forces ol
Charles i, under lord Hopeton, surrendered
to general Fairfax. Truro is seated be-
tween the rivers Kenwyn and St. Allen, at-
the head of FalnioiUh haven, 10 ra N Fal-
mouth, and 257 whys London.
Truro, a town of Nova Scotia, in Hali-
fax county, at the head of a narrow gnli"
in the bay of Fundv, 40 m ^ by w Hali-
fax.
Truro, a fishing town of Massarlinsetts,
in Bai-nstable county, on the .n part of th*
peninsula of Cape Cod, 9 m s Province-
town.
Truxillo, a town of Spain, in Estrema-
dura, with a citadel on the top of a lii'll.
It is the birthplace of the noted Franrib
Pizarro, and situate on the side of a hi!!,
near the river Magasca, 70 m ^e Badajoz,
and 90 sw Toledo. Lon, 5 43 w, lat. ."9
26 N.
Truxillo, a city and seaport of Pern,
capital of a province, and the see of a
bishop. It was built by Pizarro, in 1535,
and its territory abounds in corn, wine,
olives, and sugar. It is surrounded by a
lo% brick wall, and seated in a fine plain,
on a small river, near the Pacific ocean,
300 m Nw Lima. Lon. 78 52 w, lat. H
8 s.
Truxillo, a seaport of New Spain, in
Honduras, on the gulf of that name, ll
stands 3 m from the sea, between two
rivers, the mouths of which, and some
islands before them, form the harbour. It
is 140 »n NE Valladulid. Lon. 86 30 w,
lat. 15 46 N.
TriMttlo, a town of Caracas, in the pro-
vince of Maracaibo, with a trade m goat
and sheep skins, cheeses, and woollens. It
is situate between two mountains, 140 m
SSE Maracaibo. Lon. 70 15 w, Jat. U
34 N.
Tsanad, a town of Hungary, in a county
of tlie sanie name, and on the river Maros,
23 m Ebys Segedin.
Tiche'rkask, the capital of the territory
of the Don Cossacs, with a gymnasium or
university. It is situate on an island
formed by the Don, and so intersected by
3
TSI
the river aad numerous canals, as to bear
some resemblance to Venice. Here are
four churches of stone, and three of wood;
one of the latter belongs to the Tartars,
who have a district of the town peculiar to
themselves. The first church erected
here was founded by Peter the great, and
in it are kept the rich standards, flags,
lances, &c. presented from dirt'erent sove-
reigns. Tlie other public edifices, and the
houses, are of wood ; most of the latter
built on piles, to avoid the inundation that
connuonly lasts from April to June. In
most of the streets is a wooden bridge that
runs along the middle, from which smaller
ones lead to the door of each house ; but
where this is not the case, the iuhabitants
use boats during the inundation. The
shops are numerous, containing the pro-
duce of Turkey and Greece; and there are
two public baths. The principal exports
are fish, iron, caviare, and wine. The in-
habitants, estimated at 15,000, are a mix-
ture of various nations. The Cossacs
have a majestic appearance; are cleanly
in their persons and apparel, polite, sin-
cero, hospitable, generous, and humane.
The common dress of the men is a blue
jacket turned up with red, and a waistcoat
and trowsers of white dimity. The dress
of the women differs from all the costumes
of Russia; and its grandeur is vested in a
cap, somewhat resembling the mitre of a
Greek bishop; the hair of married women
is tucked under this cap, which is covered
with pearls and gold, or adorned with
flowers. The girls wear a silk tunic, with
trowsers fastened by a girdle of solid sil-
ver, yellow boots, and an Indian kerchief
rolmd the head. The town stands on the
N side of the main stream of the river, 40
m ENE Asoph, and 340 s by e V^oronetz,
Lon. 39 36 e, lat. 47 4 n.
Tsc her nu flora, a town of Moravia, in
the circle of Brin, with a castle on a moun^
tain, 13 m n>w Brin,
Tschernenit, a town of Germany, in
Carniola, with a castle, and a comman-
dery of the Teutonic order, 33 m se Lau-
bach.
Tschirne, a town of Silesia, in the prin-r
cipality of Glogau, with a castle, and good
cloth maiiutactures, 22 m eke Glogau.
Tschopau, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Misnia, celebrated for its blue
manufacture; seated on a river of the same
name, 7 m se Chemnitz.
Tshetshen ; see Kisti.
Tsiumpa ; see Ciumpa,
Tsi-nan, a city of China, capital of
Chang-tong. It was once the residence of
a long series of kings, whose tombs, rising
on the neighbouring mountains, are beauti-
ful objects. It is seated on the river Tsi
*ruc
or Tslng-ho, 230 m ssE Pekmg. Lon. tl7
55 E, lat. 36 56 n.
Tsi-ning, a city of China, of the second
rank, in Chang-tong. It is situate on the
Grand canal, 275 m s Peking. Lon. X16
24 E, lat, 35 24 N.
Tsin-tcheim, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Chang-tong, It is 250 m ssE
Peking. Lon. 119 2 E, lat. 36 40 N.
Tso7ig-nnng, an island of China, 15 ni
long and 10 broad, lying at the mouth of
the Kian-ku, and separated from the pro-
vince of Kiang-nan by two channels, 13 m
broad. The principal revenue arises from
salt, which is made in such abundance, on
the N side of the island, that it can supply
most of the neighbouring countries. It
contains only one city, of the third class,
but villages are very numerous. The coun-
try is delightful, and intersected by many
canals. The city, of the same name, is
situate at the se end. Lon. 121 55 e, lat.
30 15 N.
Tsongrad, a town of Hungary, in a
county of the same name; seated on the
Theisz, opposite the influx of the Koros,
33 m N Segedin.
Tuam, a city of Ireland, in Galway
county, and an archbishop's see. The
cathedral is small, and serves as a parish
church ; but the palace is a spacious vener-
able structure. The houses are well built,
and form four main streets, which diverge
nearly at right angles from a qeat market-
house. Here is an improving linen manu-
facture, and a brisk retail trade. It is 20
m KNE Galway. Lon. 9 16 w, la^;. 53
26 N.
Tuban, one of the strongest tovyns of
Java, with a harbour, and a king of its
own. It is seated on the n sicje of the
island- Lon. Ill 51 e, l^t. 6 0s.
Tubingen, a town of Wirtemberg, with
a celebrated university, and a fortified
castle on a mountain. Here are good stuff
manufactures ; and in the townhouse is a
curious clock. It is seated on the Neckar,
in a country abounding in corn and wine,
20 m s Stutgard, and 50 Ebys Strasburg.
Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 48 32 n.
Tucunian, an extensive government of
the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres; bounded
on the N by Charcas, e by the same and
Paraguay, s by Buenos Ayres and Cuyo,
and w by Chili. Many rivers water this
country, and all of them, with liie excep-
tion of two, after flowing many leagues,
lose themselves by forming lakes or shal-
low sheets of water, which are mostly
saline. The N part is intermixed with
mountains, plains, and vallies, producing
abundance of seeds, plants, and fruits of
all kinds ; also tobacco, cotton, and fine
timber, the last of which is a great articie
TVE TUL
•f trade to Peru and Parajuay. llie ^ are broad and long; extending;, in straight
part is au immense plain, almost without lines, from an octagon in the centre : the
a tree, watered by many streams, from houses of this octagon, and of the
the Andes, and clothed in perpetual ver- principal streets, are of brick, stuccoed
dure. In this rich pasturage, the cattle white, and make a magnificent ajjjwar-
imported from Europe have imiltiplied to ance. Here is an ecclesiastical seminary,
an almost incredible degree; and hence which admits 600 students. In 177o,
Peru is supplied with beeves, horses, and the empress founded a school for the in-
rnules, and immense numbers of hides are structiou of '200 burgers children; and, in
exported to Europe. This country is di- 1779, an academy for the education of 1'20
vided into several provinces. of the young nobility of the province. Tver
yVtwwu", or N;. il/ir/(«e/, a city, capital contains upward of 15,000 inhabitant?,
of the al'ove gt)vernment, and the see of a and is 100 m NW Moscow, Lon. 0(3 5 v.,
bisiiop, who resides at Cordova. Beside lat. 50 47 x.
the cathedral, it has two convents, and a 2\i/^gurt, the capital of Biledulgcrid,
college that was built by the Jesuits. The and of a district called Wadreag. It is a
chief trade is in timber, mules, and oxen large and populous city, surrcvmded by
trained for the travelling wagons, and in high and thick walls, and has a great trade,
the wagons themselves. It is situate in a It stands close by a mounta'u near the
fruitful valley, on the river Tucuman, near river Tegsah, 280 m sse Algiers. Lon. 5
its conflux with the Dulce, 700 ra Nw 50 e, lat. 32 15 n.
Buenos Ayres. Lon. 64 25 w, lat. 26 Iw/«, a government of Russia, formerly
59 s. " a province of the government of Moscow.
Tucuyo, a town of Caracas, in Vene- The capital, of the same name, has manu-
zuela, on a river of the same name, 60 m factures of silver, copper, and plated ar-
I Truxillo. tides, tire-arms, hardware, and leather;
Tudelu, a town of Spain, in Navp^rre, and in the vicinity are coal and iron mines,
■with a castle. A battle was fought here. It is seated on the Uplia, 115 m sbyw
in 1808, between theSpaniards and French, Moscow. Lon. 37 24 e, lat. 54 10 n.
in which the latter were victorious. It is Tula, a town of New Spain, in the pro-
seated in a country that produces good vince of Mexico, on a river of the same
wine, on the river Ebro, 44 m s Pamplona, name, 40 m n by w Mexico,
and 100 e Burgos. Lon. 1 38 w, lat. 41 Tulbagh, a town of the Cape territory,
J2 N. which gives name to a large district- It is
Tver, or Taer, a government of Russia, situate in a fertile track, near the source
formerly a province in the government of of the Breede, which flows sse to 8t.Sebas-
Novgorod. It was the first province mo- tian bay, 75 m nne Capetown, Lon. 19
delled according to the code of Catherine 16 e, lat, 33 4 s.
II. The country produces abundantly all Tulebras, a town of Spain, in Navarre,
kinds of corn and vegetables. The forests situate on the Queios, 7 m w Tudela.
yield valuable timber. The quadrupeds, Tullamore, a town of Ireland, in King
and the feathered race, are the same as in county, on a river of the same name, and
all the N of Europe, Beside the fishes near the grand canal, 10 m whys Philip-
coramon to most lakes and rivers, there is town.
one called the sterlet, a species pf sturgeon. Tulle, a town of France, capital of the
highly esteemed for its flavour ; and of its department of Correze,and lately a bishop's,
roe the finest caviare is made, see. The cathedral is famous for its high
r«er, a city, capital of the above govern- and curious steeple. It is seated at the
ment, and an archbishop's see, with a for-
tress. It is a place of considerable com-
merce, being seated at the conflux of the
conflux of the Correze and Solane, in a
country surrounded by mountains and pre-
cipices, 37 m sse Limoges, and 62 sw
Pverza and Volga, along which is conveyed Clermont. Lon, 1 42 e, lat. 45 16 n.
all the merchandise sent by water from Tullow, a town of Ireland, in Carlow
Siberia, and the s provinces, toward Peters- county, with the remain of a castle, now
burg. It is divided into the old and new converted into a barrack ; situate on ths
town: the former, situate on the right river Slaney, 9 m Ebys Carlow.
bank of the Volga, consists almost entirely Tuln, a town of Austria, and a bii.hop's
of wooden cottages ; the latter having been
destroyed by a conflagration^ in 176.S, has
risen with lustre from its ashes. Catherine
II, at her own expense, raised the gover
see; seated near the Danube, J 5 m wkvv
Vienna.
Tuhk, a borough of Ireland, in Roscom-
mon county. Though now a small place,
nor'shouse, the episcopal palace, the courts the ruins of churches, castles, &c. besi(r
of iustice, the exchange, the prison, and testimony to its former importance. It is
some other public edifices. The streets 11 m K Roscommon,
TUN
Tumlez, n town of Peru, in the district
nf Piura, where the Spaniards first landed
in 15'2C, under Pizarro. It had tlien a
stately temple, and a palace of the incas.
It is seated on a river of the same name,
which flows into the bayofCuayaquil, 1'20
m NE Piura.
lumcHiu, a town of Hindoostan, in
Mysore, with a well-built fort, and about
600 houses ; seated in a fine open country,
34 ra SE Sera.
Tumen, a town of Siberia, in the
province of Tobolsk, 150 m wsw To-
bolsk.
Tvtnlock, a town of Hindtwstan, in Ben-
gal, with a manufacture of salt, situate on
the Iloophly, 35 ra sw Calcutta.
Tunbridp.e, a town in Kent, with a
market on Friday. Here are the ruins of
a large castle, erected by Ivichard earl of
Clare, natural son of Richard i; and a
famous freeschool, founded by sir Andrew
Judd, lord mayor of London, in 1551. In
the vicniity is a stronij chalybeate sprint;;
and a manufacture of gunpowder. It is
seated on the Medway, 12 ni wsw Maid-
Stone, and 30 SSE London.
Tunbrid^e Wells, a town in Kent, much
resorted to on account of its chalybeate
waters, discovered in 1606, by Dudley lord
North, who recovered from a deep con-
sumption by drinking them- The Wells
are at the bottom of three hills, on which
are scatlere(;l some good houses, orchards,
and gardens ; and as the country is natur-
ally wild, the effect of the whole is roman-
tic and pictoresque. Here are many
buildings for the accommodation of visi-
tors, a ciiapel of ease, and shops noted for
their elegant turnery ware. A mile and a
half from the Wells are several rocks,
which in some parts are 75 feet high, the
mean height 40, with surprising clefts and
chasms between them, that they have the
appearance of the hulks of men of war,
ranged close together. The town is 5 m s
Tunbridge, and 35 sse London.
Tunginskvi, a town of Russia, situate
«n the Irkut, 80 m sw Irkutsk. Lon. 103
15 E, lat. 51 18 N. .
Tungnruis^uii, a river that issues from
the lake Laiiricocha_, in Peru, near the city
of Guanuco, flows n to Jaen de Braca-
moros, in Quito, and thence e till it meets
die Ucayale, from the s, after a course of
above 900 m. 'I'heir junction forms the
river Amazon.
2'u?ya, a city of New Granada, capital
of a district, in the province of St. Fe.
The country abounds in cattle, corn, and
fruit; also in saltpetre, that here are the
only manufactures of gun-powder in the
kingdom. Near the city are mines of gold
and emeralds. It is seated on an eminence,
TUN
in a valley, 65 m nnE St, F€. Lon. 73 41
w, lat. 5 24 N.
Tunkat, a town of Western Tartary, in
Turkestan, seated in a large plain, on the
river llak, near its conflux with the Sirr,
100 m SE Taraz, Lou, 67 40 e, lat, 43
30 K.
Tunis, a country of Barbary, 200 m
from N to s, and 120 fiom e to w ; bound-
ed on the jN and e by the Mediterranean, s
by Tripoli and Biledulgerid, and w by
Algiers. This country was formerly a mo-
narch}', but in 1574 it became a republic,
under the protection cf the Turks, and pays
a certain tribute to the bey, who resides
at Tunis. The soil in the e part is but in-
different, for want of water. Toward the
middle, the mountains and valleys abound
in fruit ; but the w part is the most fertile,
being watered by rivers, llie chief pro-
ductions are wheat, barley, oil, woo!, wax,
tallow, and a variety of fruits. The moun-
tains near Tunis abound m silver, copper,
and lead; hut jealousy and indolence ren-
der them little sources of national wealth.
In the woods and mountains are lions,
bisons, ostriches, monkeys, roebucks, hares,
pheasants, partridges, and other sorts of
birds and beasts. The form of govern-
ment is by a divan, or council, whose pre-
sident is the bey. The inhabitants are' a ,
mixture of Moors, Turks, Arabs, Jews,
and Christians, merchants and slaves; and
they carry on a great trade in linen and
woollen cloth, Morocco leather, gold dust,
lead, horses, oil., soap, and ostrich eggs and
feathers. The established religion is Mo-
hamedanism. All public instruments are
written in the Arabic tongue, but com-
merce is usually carried on by that of tha
Lingua I'ranca.
Tunis, the capital of the above country,
with a citadel on an eminence, and the
fortress of Goletta on the side of a canal,
which is the greatest naval and military
depot belonging to the bey. The city
stands on the w side of a shallow lake,
9 m in diameter, which is entered from
the port, or bay of Goletta, by a narrow
passage between the s point of Cape Car-
tlia geand the opposite cape. It is an ob-
long square, 5 m in circuit, with a lofty
wall, five gates, and 35 mosques. The
population 60,000. Tunis is built without
any regularity ; the streets, in general, are
narrow and dirty ; and there are few build-
ings of any magnificence, except the great
mosque, the bey's palace, and a tew others.
The houses are all built of stone, though
but one story high, and have flat roots.
Near the centre of the city is an extensive
piazza, containing numerous tradesmen's
shops. The divan, or council of state,
assembles in an old palace, where the bey
TUR
formerly resided. The Mohamedans here
have nine colleges for students, and a great
number of smaller schools. Tunis is a
place of great trade, and has manufactures
of velvets, silks, linen and woollen goods,
fire-arms, sword cutlery, Morocco leather,
and red caps worn by the connnon people.
It is 320 m NNW Tri|)oii, and 380 e Algiers.
Lon. 10 6 E, lat. 3() 4f) n.
Tunkerstoun; see Uphrata.
Tuptee, a river of llindoostan, which
rises among the Ingardy hills, in the N part
of Berar, flows w through Khandesh and
Gujrat, and enters the gulf of Cutch, at
Swally. Its very winding course, estimated
at 500 m, is through a country producing
much of the cotton exported from Surat
and Bombay.
Turcoin, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, where the allies, under
the duke of York, were defeated by the
French in 1794. It is 6 m nne Lisle.
Turcomania, a country of Independent
Tartary, lying between the Caspian sea
and the lake Aral. It is said to be ex-
tremely populous, and to yield abundance
of corn. The Turcomans are smmis, and
therefore execrated by the Persians, who
deem them infidels. They live in tribes,
being subject to no particular governor ;
but each tribe chooses a nominal chief,
who has no further authority among them
than that of settling difterences and ar-
ranging their civil economy. As a people,
they have no fixed habitations ; but carry
about the black horse-hair tents in which
they live. Their general characteristics
are those common to all wandering nations ;
great hospitality within their own bounda-
ries, and universal depredation abroad.
They make incursions into Persia, fre-
quently crossing the wide intervening de-
sert of sand, and surprising and carrying
away, from the centre of towns and vil-
lages, men, women, and children. These
expeditions are performed on horseback
by parlies of 20 or 30 with incredible
speed and activity ; for they are admirably
supported by their horses, which, like their
riders, undergo immense fatigue with a small
portion of food. Their horses are bought
by the neighbouring nations at vast prices,
which, with the sale among other tribes
of their captives, and of their camels,
sheep, &c. supply the chief source of a
Turcoman's wealth. The people live on
corn, the flesh of horses, camels, and sheep,
and the milk of mares and camels. They
excavate a large hole in the ground, in
which they make a fire; and, placing the
meat in the embers, cover it up until it be
baked. To the northward of Turcomariia
are the Kamchauks, who inhabit a desert,
and are reported to be most ferocious and
TUR
warlike, and hitherto unconqucred. All
these inhabit the eastern coast of the Cas-
pian sea.
Turcnne, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Correze, with a castle, 1(3 m
bsw Tulle.
Turin, a fortified city of Piedmont, the
residence of the king of Sardinia, and an
archbishop's see. It stands in a fertile
plain, at the conflux of tlie Doria with the
I'o. IJcre are many large squares, anion"
which that of St. Charles is the most spa-
cious ; the buildings are handsome, and it
has extensive arcades on each side. Most
of tiie streets are well built, uniform,
straight, and tcnuinate on some agreeable
object: the Strada di Po, the finest and
largest, leads to the royal palace, and is
adorned with piazzas, filled with shops ; as
are various others of the best streets ; all
of which are kept clean by means of a
canal from the Doria, with sluices that
flow through them into the. Po. The po-
pulation 80,000. The cathedral is an an-
cient edifice, in no respect remarkable;
but several of the churches are notable for
their magnitude or their pillars, or the
variety of marbles employed in their de-
coration. The palace consists of two mag-
nificent structures, joined together hy a
gallery, in which are several pictures, sta-
tues, and antiquities of great value. The
citadel is a regular pentagon, and deemed
the strongest in Europe ; it comprehends
an extensive arsenal, a cannon foundery,
a chymical laboratory, &c. The univer-
sity is an extensive building, with two
colleges dependent on it ; and here is also
an academy. Near the city, on the banks
of the Po, is the beautiful castle of Valen-
tin, the garden of which is applied to bo-
tanical studies. In 1798, the French re-
publican army took possession of Turin,
and obliged the king to retire to Sardinia.
In 1799, the French were driven out by
the Austrians and Russians; but shortly
afterward the city surrendered to the
French, who retained it till 1814. Turin
is 68 m Nw Genoa, and 80 sw Milan,
Lon. 7 40 E, lat. 45 4 n.
Turinge, a town of Sweden, in Snder-
mania, 24 m wsw Stockholm.
Turinsk, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Tobolsk, with a fort, 190 m
whys Tobolsk. Lon. 63 44 e, lat. 58
5 K.
Turitaciiry, a town of llindoostan, in
Mysore, consisting of an outer and inner
fort, strongly defended by a ditch and mud
wall, and an open suburb at a little dis-
tance. Here are two small temples of
curious workmanship. It is 47 m n Se-
ringpatam.
Turkestan, a country of Western Tar-
TUR
tary, bounded on the n and E by the coun-
try of the Kalmucs, s by Bokharia, and w
by the lake Aral. The chiet" of this
country is generally called the khan of the
Karakalpaks. Tlie capital is Taraz.
Turkey, a large empire, extended over
part of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Turkey
in Europe is bounded on the n by Croatia,
Sclavonia, Hungary, Transilvania, and
Poland, F. by New Russia, the Black sea,
the sea of Marmora, and the Archipelago,
s by the Mediterranean, and w by that sea
and the Venetian and Austrian territories.
It contains part of Moldavia, Walachia,
Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia, part of Croatia
and .Dalmatia, Romania, Macedonia, Al-
bania, Thessaly, Eivadia, and Morea.
These countries lie between 17 and 40 e
Ion. and 36 and 49 n lat. Turkey in Asia
is bounded on the N by the Black sea and
Circassia, e by Persia, s by Arabia, and
w by the JNIediterranean and the sea of
Marmora. It lies between 27 and 46 e
Ion. and 28 and 45 n lat. and contains the
countries of Irak, Diarbek, Kurdistan, Ar-
menia, Roum, Karamania, Natolia, and
Syria. In Africa, the Turks have Egypt,
part of Nubia, and Barca ; and the states
of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers, are under
their protection. Of these countries, (which
see respectively) the climate, productions,
manners, &c. must be various The 1 urks
are generally robust, well shaped, and of
a good mien. They shave their heads, but
wear long beards, except those in the serag-
lio, or palace, and military men, who wear
only whiskers. The turban worn by the
men is white, and never put off but when
they sleep : no one but a Turk must pre-
sume to wear a white turban. Their
clothes are long and full; and though more
in quantity than the climate seems to re-
quire, are free from ligatures. They sit,
. eat, and sleep on the floor, on cushions,
mattresses, and carpets. In general, they
are very moderate in eating, and their meals
are dispatched with great haste. Their
principal food is rice ; and the frugal re-
past is followed by fruit and cold water,
which are succeeded by hot coffee, and
pipes with tobacco. With opium they
procure what they call a kief, or placid in-
toxication. Chess and draughts are favorite
games; and the coffeehouses and baths
furnish other sources of amusement. Warm
bathing is a frequent practice and an
amusing pastime ; but, with all their ablu-
tions, neither the men nor the women are
remarkable for cleanliness, as the articles
of dress next to the body are rarely washed.
Their active diversions consist in shooting
at a mark, and tilting with darts, at which
they are very expert; and some of high
raak are fond of hunting. Polygamy is
TUR ,
allowed among them ; but their wives,
properly so called, are no more than four
in number. The fair sex here are kept
under a rigorous confinement : the Arabic
word harem, which signifies a sacred or
prohibited thing, is, in its fullest sense,
used both of the habitation of the women,
and of the women themselves. The Turks
believe in one God, and that his great pro-
phet is Mohamed : they appropriate to
themselves the name of Mooselmin, which
has been corrupted into Musselmen, signi-
fying persons professing the doctrine of
Mohamed, which he calls Islaemism.
Drinking wine is prohibited by this prophet
in the Koran, yet the Turks make use of it
occasionally, without any scruple; though
instead of it they generally use sherbet, a
liquor made of honey, spices, and the juice
of fruits. In their demeanour, the Turks
are grave, sedate, and passive ; but, when
agitated by passion, furious, raging, and
ungovernable ; full of dissimulation, sus-
picious, and vindictive beyond conception ;
in matters of religion, tenacious, supersti-
tious, and morose. Though they seem
hardly capable of much benevolence, or
even humanity toward Jews, Christians,
or any who differ from them on religious
topics ; yet they are far from being void of
affection for those of their own religion.
The morals of the Asiatic Turks are far
more preferable to those of the European.
They expend great sums on caravansaries
and fountains, not only in the towns, but in
the country, and other solitary places, for
the refreshment of travellers and labourers.
They are charitable toward strangers, let
their religion be what it will ; and no
nation suffers adversity with greater pati-
ence than they. The Turks, in general,
are an indolent race, except in a military
capacity, and disinclined to industry and
trade. I hey content themselves with ma-
nufacturing cotton stuffs, carpets, leather,
and soap; and the most valuable of their
commodities, such as silk, a variety of
drugs, and dying stuffs, are generally ex-
ported without giving them much addi-
tional value by their own labour. The
internal commerce of the empire is very
inconsiderable, and chiefly managed by
Jews and Arininians. The Greeks, who
compose a large portion of the inhabitants
of Turkey in Europe (the ancient Greece)
are in stature above the niidclle size, strong
and well made, with faces and forms like
those that served for models to the ancient
sculptures. They are gay, witty, and crafty;
exercise various trades, and apply to
maritime affairs. The rich are well in-
formed, supple, and very intriguing ; and
make every exertion to be employed as
physicians, interpreters, or agents, by the
TUR
Turks who hold the first places of the em-
pire. They are at the same time, in gene-
ral, timid, superstitious, and strict ob-
servers of fasts. 'I'heir priests are very
numerous, and affect austerity of manners ;
the higher clerjiv arc learned, and have
sufficient incomes for respectability of
appearance, but the other ecclesiastics
are ignorant and poor. The emperor
of Turkey, or grand signior, is absolute
master of the goods juid lives of his sub-
jects, insomuch that they are little better
than slaves. The grand vi/ier is the chief
next the emperor; but it is a dangerous
place, for he often takes off their heads at
liis pleasure. Though the grand signior
has such great jiower, he seldom extends
it to persons in private life, for these may
remain as quiet as in any other part of the
world. The nobility among the Turks are
the chief military officers, judges, and
priests. The beglerbegs or viceroys, the
pashaws or governors, the sangiacs or de-
puty-governors, and the officers of state,
tire, in general, the children of Christian
parents, who are commonly taken iu war,
or purcliased. The Turks have always very
numerous armies on foot, the cliief of
which are the janisaries, who have been
bred in the seraglio, and have used mili-
tary discipline from their infancy. Of
these they have always 25,000, and there
may be 100,000 who have that name.
The tributary princes are obliged also to
send auxiliaries. Tiic whole Turkish araiy
makes above 300,000 men. Their navy,
which is laid up at Constantinople, cou-
aists of about 40 large ships, but in time
of war auxiliary ships arc received from
.Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli ; they also buy
up or hire merchant ihips, and thus raise
a fleet of 150 sail, exclusive of gallies.
Constantinople is the capital of all Turkey.
Turkkeini-, see Durklieini.
Tui'ki}), a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Caucasia, situate on the Caspian
sea, 140 m s Astracan. Ton. 47 15 e, lat.
44 15 K.
Turnagain, Cape, a cape on the e side
of the northern island of New Zealand.
XoH. 176 56 E, Lat. 40 28 s.
Turnau, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of pjantzlau, on the river Iser, 12 m
>>"E Jung Btitzlau.
Turnliuut, a town of the Netherlands, in
Brabant, near which, in 1596, prince Mau-
rice of Nassau, with only 800 horse, to-
tally defeated the Spaniards, consisting of
6000. It is 24 ra >E Antwei'p.
Turon, a seaport of Cochinchina, situate
near the moutli of a river tliat enters a
bay of the same name, which affords a
safe retreat for the largest ships in the
most tempestuous season. The houses are
TUS
low, and mostly built of bamboos, covered
%yith reedy grass, or rice-straw. In the
vicinity are plantations of sugar-canes and
tobacco. Turon is 40 m se Hue. Lon,
107 40 F, lat. 16 9 k.
Turpa Cala, a town of Turkish Arme-
nia, seated near the loot of a high moun-
tain, on the slope of a conical hill, on the
top of wiiich is a strong castle, 100 m tSE
Erzerum.
Turrrjf, a town of Scotland, in Aber-
deenshire, with luaiiuractures of linen yarn,
thread, arid brown linens. It is situate
on a rivulet, near its conflux with the De-
vcron, 9 m sbyE Banff, and 34 KHw
Ahi^rdeen.
Tursliish ; see Tershiz.
Tumi, an episc<n)al town of Naples, in
Basilicata, on the river Sino, 8 m w of the
gulf of Tarcnto, and 30 s Matera. Lon.
16 32 E, lat. 40 25 x.
Tvaa, a town on the n coast of Sicily,
in Val di Demona, with a strong castle. It
is noted for excellent wine and ')il, and
stands on a high hill, 15 m ese Cefala.
Tuscaiii/, a grand duchy of Italy, be-
longing to the house of Austria. It is 120
m long and 80 broad ; bounded on the N
and E by the Ecclesiastical State, s by tlie
Mediterranean, and w by that sea, the
duchy of Lucca, and Modenese. Beside
this, a small part of the duchy, to the NW,
is enclosed by the sea and the duchies of
Genoa, Parma, Moclena, and Lucca. Tus-
cany is divided into three provinces, Floren-
tino, Pisano, and Sienese. It is watered
by several rivers, of which the Arno is the
chief. There are several mountains, in
which are mines of iron, alam, and vitriol;
also quarries of marble, alabaster, and por-
phyry, beside hot baths and mineral waters.
Many parts of it are fruitiul in corn and
wine, and produce plenty of citrons,
ornnges, pomegranates, and other fruits.
JJanna is gathered in the marshy lands
near the sea, and the salt pits are rich.
The inhabitants are distinguished by their
attachment to commeice, and have esta-
blished various manufactures, particulailt
of silks, stuffs, earthen ware, and gflt
leather. They are much visited by fo-
reigners, on account of their politeness^
and because the Italian language is here
spoken in its greatest purity. Francis,
duke of Lorrain, became possessed of this
grand duchy in 1735, and he was raised
to the dignity of emperor of Germany in
1745, by which means Tuscany became
annexed to the hou-e of Austria. In 1801,
on the ascendency of the French in Italy,
the Austrian archduke Ferdinand was
obliged to give up Tuscany to a prince of
Spain, Louis the son of the duke of Parma,
to whom the French j^ave the sovereignty
TWI . TYR
Iby the name of the kingdom of Etruria ; on an eminence by the river, is Strawberry
and it was ceded to liiin by the treaty of hill, the elejjant retreat of tlie late Horace
Luneville. In 1807, this country was for- Wal^Hile, earl of Orford.
nuilly ceded to France; but in 1814 it Tycokzin, a town of Poland, in Pola-
was restored to the Austrian archduke, chia, seated on the Narew, 22 ni nw Bielsk.
Florence is the capital. Tydore, one of the Molucca islands, 10
Tusis, a town of Switzerland, in the cai>- m to the s of Ternate.
ton of Grisons, seated near the torrent Tj/nan, a town of Ireland, in Armagh
Noll a, 16 m sby w Coire
Tutbiuy, a village in Staffordshire, near
the river Dove, 4 m NW Burton. It has a
considerable cotton manufacture, and for-
merly had a large castle, of which several
county, 7 ni w Armagh,
Ti/ue, a river in Northumberland, formed
by a branch from the e part of Cumberland,
and another from the hills on the borders
of Scotland. These uniting a little above
tov\'ers and a small part of the wall still Hexham, form a large river, which llow^
remain. by Newcastle, and enters the Gei-maa
Tuticorin, a town of Ilindoostan, in the ocean, at Tynemonth.
Carnatic, where there is a pearl lisheiy. !Z'yyie, a river of Scotland, in Iladmgton-
The Dutch had here formerly a fort and shire, which rises on the borders of Edin-
factory. It is seated on the gulf of Manara, burgshire, flows by lladington, and entera
40 m tbyx Tinnevelly. the Gernian ocean to the w of Dunbar.
Tutlingen, a town of Suabia, with a Tyneinouth, a town in Northumberland,
castle on a mountain, belonging to the king near the mouth of the Tyne. It has a
of Wirtemberg. Near it is the celebrated castle seated on a high rock, inaccessibl©
foundery of Ludwigsthal. It is seated on on the sea side; a stnmg fort that com-
the Danube, over which is a bridge, 58 m mands the entrance of the river; and ex-
ssw Stutgard. Lon. 8 48 e, hit. 48 2 K. tensive military barracks. A bar lies across
Tutura, a townof Russia, in the govern- the mouth of the river, with several rocks
ment of Irkutsk, situate on the Lena, 160 about it called the Blnck Middins, to avoid
m N Irkutsk. Lon. 105 40 e, lat. 54 40 K. which there are lighthouses. Tynemonth.
Tuxford, a town in Nottinghamshire, has some considerable salt-works; and.
■with a market on Monday, 13 m nnw here, and at Shields, large vessels take in
Newark, and 137 n by w Lonilon. their loading of coal and goods brought
Tuy, a city of Spain, in Gulicia, and from Newcastle. The population was
a bishop's see. It is surrounded by walls 5834 in 1811. It is 9 ua eke Newcastle,
and ramparts, and well furnished with and 277 n by w London,
artillery, being a frontier town toward Tyre; see Sur.
Portugal. It stands on a mountain, near Tyrol, a princely county of Gernwnj,
the river Minho, 53 ni s Compostella, and in the circle of Austria ; bounded on the;
260 WNW Madrid. Lon, 8 32 w, lat. 42 n by Suabia and Bavaria, e by the duchies
of Salzburg and Carinthia, s by Italy, iuid
w by Switzerland. Though a mountainous
country, the valleys are fertile in corn and
wine, and it has an excellent breed of cat-
4 N.
Tuzla,a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Ca-
ramania, at the western extremity of a lake
of the same name, 28 ra \ Cogni.
Txceed, a river of Scotland, which rises tie. It likewise yields salt, all kinds of ores,
from numerous springs in the s part of and various sorts of precious sto;jes. The
Peebleshire, called Tweedsmuir. It divides principal rivers ;::e the Inn, Adige, and
that county almost into two equal parts, Eysach. The country is divided into three
crosses the n part of Selkirkshire and Ilox- parts ; Tyrol, properly so called, the prin-
burgshire, then forms the boundary be- cipality of Trent, and the prnicipality of
tween Berwickshire and England, and Brixen. This county was overrun bv the
enters the German ocean, at Berwick. French and Bavarians in 1805 ; and by
Tweedmouth, a town in the detached the treaty of Presburg was ceded to Ba-
part of Durham called Islandshire, situate varia. In 1809, it was formally ceded to
on the Tweed, at the s end of Berwick Italy; but in 1814 was restored to Austria,
bridge, and may be deemed a suburb to Inspruck is the capital,
that borough. Tyrone, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
Tzcer; see Tver. vince of Ulster, 46 m long and 37 broad ;
Twickenham, a village in Middlesex, bounded on the n by Londonderry, £ by
seated on the Thames, 3 m ssw Brentford. Armagh and Lough Neagh, sw by Ferma-
Here are many handsome villas; and here nagh, and w by Donegal. It is divided
stood the favorite residence of Pope, w Inch into 35 parishes, contains about 28,700 in-
has been recently levelled to the ground, habitants, and sends three members to
This celebrated poet and his parents are parliament. It is a rough country, but
interred in the church. Near the Tillage, tolerably fertile. The chief rivers are the
VAD
Bldckwater, IMouniP, and Foyie. llie
assizes are lield at Oinaclt, \nit the ^niu-
cipal town is Diin^annon.
Tj/stedy a town ot" Denmark, in N Jut-
land, with a citadel ; sealed on the p,iiir
of Lymford, 40 ni w Albnrg. Lon. 8 '25
t, lat. 50 54 N.
Ti/vt/, or Tehy, a river of Wales, in
Cardiganshire, which issues from a lake on
the F side of tlie county, and flows by
Tregannon, l.lanbedrr, Newcastle, and
Cardigan, into Cardigan bay.
Tzaritziti, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Saratof, seated on the Volga,
I'JO m ^w Astracan. Lon. 45 25 v., lat.
48 0 N.
Tzernitz, a town of European Turkey,
in Romania, near the river Tzerna, 32 m
MJE Adrianople.
Tzivihk, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Kasan, 50 m w Kasan. Lon. 47
25 F., lat. 55 40 n.
Tzuruchatu, Sturoi, a town of Russia,
in the government of Irkutsh, seated on
the Argunia, and the borders of China,
160 ra SE Nertchinsk. Lon. 119 32 e. lat.
49 18 N.
U. V.
Vanst, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of INIanche, with a small har-
bour and some salt-works, 14 m ese
Cherburg.
Vubres, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aveiron, lately an episcopal
^ee. It has manufactures of serges, dimi-
ties, and cottons; and stands at the contiux
of two small rivers that flow into the Tarn,
oO m SSE Rodez, and 32 e Alby.
Vacha, a town of Germany, in Upper
Hesse, on the river VVerra, 40 ra se Cassel.
Vache, an island of the W Indies, of a
triangular form, 24 m in circuit. It is 12
m from the s coast of .St. Domingo, oppo-
site St. Louis.
Vacheluse, one of the Lipari islands, 3
m to the s of Stromboli.
Vada, a town of Tuscany, at the month
of the Cecina, 26 m sse Leghorn.
Vadacurrat/, or Vudaishcry, a town of
Hiudoostan, ni Malabar, with a neat fort
on the top of a hill. It is a place of con-
siderable tratle, and stands on the seacoast,
at the K end of a long inland navigation,
24 m K>w Caiicut.
larfflgan/, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Tinnevelly, 40 m kw Tinne-
velly.
Vad'tn, a town of European Turkey, in
Bessarabia, situate on the Danube, 92 m
w Nicopoli.
Vado, a town of the duchy of Genoa, on
VAL
a bay of the Mediterranean, 3 m s Savotia^
and 24 sw Genoa.
Vddcstein, a tcfwn of Sweden, in Gotli-
land, where the kings of Sweden had a
palace, now in nuns, and some of its de-
tached parts inliahited by weavers of da-
mask linen. It is seated on the lake
Wetter, near the river Motala, 32 in w
Nordkoping.
Vadvtz, a town and castle of Suabia, in
the priiicijiality of Lichtenstein, 26 lu s
Liiidan.
Vitenn, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
seated on the Castro, 23 m st Cordova.
Vaiiiutch ; see W uigatz.
Vfii/iend, a town of Persia, in Segestan,
on a river of the same name, 40 m esi
Arokhagc.
Vailthigen, a town of Wirtemberg, seat-
ed rtn the 1'a\/., 18 m n>w Stutgard.
Vaisflu, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of \ auctuse ; lately a bishop's see,
and subject to the pope. It is seated on
a mountain, near the river Oreze, and the
ruins of ancient Vaison, which was one of
the largest cities of the Gauls. It is 22 m
>E Avignon, and 23 sse Montelimar.
Val, a village of the Netherlands, 3 m
w Maestricht, where, in 1744, marshal
Sa\e obtained a victory over the duke of
Cumberland.
I'al di Demona, a province in the nf.
angle of Sicily. It means the valley of
demons, and is so called from Mount Etna,
which ignorant and superstitious people,
from its fiery eruption;,, believed to be the
chimney of hell. The capital is Messina.
Val di Mazara, a province in the w
angle of Sicily, so called from the town of
Mazara. It contains Palermo, the capital
of the whole island.
Val di Nolo, a province in the se angle
of Sicily, so called from the town of Noto.
its capital.
Valais, a canton of Switzerland, of which
it was formerly a dependant county. It is
a valley, 100 m long and 20 broad, be-
tween ridges of high mountains, among
which are the Great St. Bernard, Simplon,
( ;nmsel, Furca, and others, whose summits
are never ivtQ from snow . 1 he s chain
separates it from the canton of Geneva
and Piedmont ; the > divides it from the
canton of Bern. The river Rhone flows
impetuously through its whole length,
whence it is sometimes called the Valley
of the Rhone. The country is divided into
Upper and Lower \'alais. The former
reaches from Mount Furca, its e boundary,
to the river Morge, below Sion ; and th«
latter from that river to St. Gingou, on the
lake of Geneva. A country consisting of
plains, elevated vallies, lofty mountains
clothed with wood and studded wjtk
VAL
hamlets, rugged rocks, cataracts, glaciers,
and snow clad mountains ot" a prodigious
height, must exhibit a great variety of
climates and prospects. The productions
must vary also according to its singular
diversity of climates, which are of every
latitude from that of Sicily and Iceland;
and the variety of scene is as rapid a tran-
sition from tlje most frightful prospects,
apparently threatening death and destruc-
tion, to the most pleasing view of a bril-
liant and vigorous vegetation. It has more
than sufficient wine and corn for interior
consumption, the soil in the midland and
lower districts being exceedingly rich and
fertile; but in the more elevated parts,
barley is the only grain that can be culti-
vated with success. The inhabitants pro-
fess the Roman catholic religion, and they
have no manufactures of any consequence.
In 1802, Valais was constituted an inde-
pendent republic; in 1810, it was annexed
to France, and made a department called
Simplon; but in 1815, it was restored to
•Switzerland, and made an additional can-
ton. Sion is tlie capital.
VulckoKur, a town of Sclavonia, seated
«n the VV'alpo, near its conilux with the
Danube, 70 m wnw Belgrade.
Vald/ji, a town of Riissia, in the govern-
snent of Novgorod, on the side of a lake of
the same name, surrounded by hills. 1 he
lake is .20 n\ in circuit, and has an island
m the middle, on which is a convent sur-
rounded by trees, Ihe town contains
several brick buildings ; and the wooden
houses are more decorated than the gene-
rahty of Russian cottages, it is 72 m se
.Novgorod. Lon. 33 44 e, lat. 57 50 N.
Valdajnes, a town of Portugal, in Tra
Jos Montes, 9 m esi: Mirandola.
Valdeburon, a town of Spain, in the
province of Leon, near the source of the
Esla, 38 NE Leon.
Valdecabras, a town of Spain, in New
Castile, 10 m nne Cuenza.
Valdecona, a town of Spain, in Catalo-
nia, 15 ms by w Tortosa.
Faldemoro, a town of Spain, in New
Castile, 13 ms Madrid.
Vuldepenas, a town of Spain, in Mancha,
28 ni ESE Ciudad Real.
I'aldigem, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
near the Douro, 4 m ne Lamego,
Valdivia, a city and seaport of Chili,
built in 1552 by Pedro de Valdivia, after
he had conquered the country. It is sur-
I'ounded by walls built of earth, and de-
fended by several forts and batteries ; the
two entrances of its capacious harbour
liave also numerous pieces of cannon on
each side. Being the most important port
in the Pacific, a military governor, sent
ftom Spain, resides here. The city and
VAL
its district extends from the ocean about
36 m long and 18 broad, on both sides the
river Valdivia, in the midst of the country
occupied by the Aiaucunians. The dis-
trict abounds in valuable timber and the
purest gold dust. The city stands on the
s side of the river, 10 m from the Pacific
ocean, and 210 s Conception. Lon. 72
20 w, lat. 39 46 N.
Valence, a city of France, capital of the
department of Drome, and a bishop's see,
with a citadel, and a school of artillery.
It is surrounded by walls ; and the greatest
part of the public places, and many private
houses, are adorned with fountains- Be-
side the handsome cathedral, there are
many other churches, as well as convents.
Ihe population 9000 ; and it has a good
trade in woollen cloth and skins. It is
seated on the Rhone, 60 m s Lyon. Lon. ■*
52 E, lat. 44 55 N,
Valence, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot and Garonne, on the river
Garonne, 12 m se Agen.
Valencia, a province of Spain, formerly
a kingdom ; bounded on the n by Aragon,
KE by Catalonia, e by the Mediterranean,
s and sw by Murcia, and w by New Cas-
tile. It is 220 m long and from 20 ro 60
broad, and the most pleasant and populous
country in Spain ; for here they enjoy a
perpetual spring. It is watered by a great
number of streams, natural and artificial,
and fertile in rice, fruit, oil, wine, and all
the necessaries of life. In the mountains
are mines of iron and alum, and quarries
of marble, jasper, and lapis calaminaris.
Here is also much silk, cotton, and hemp;
and the manufacture of theiu employs a
considerable population. Notwithstand-
ing all this abundance, tlie Valancian pea /
santry are very poor.
Valencia, a city, capital of the above
province, and an archbishop's see, with a
university and a citadel. It contains 12,000
houses within the walls, and as many in
the suburbs and pleasure gardens around.
The cathedral has one side of the choir
incrusted with alabaster, and adorned with
paintings of scripture history. The palace
of the viceroy, that of Ciuta, the monas-
tery of St. Jerom, the exchange, and the
arsenal, are all worthy of notice. Here
are manufactures ot cloth and silk, and
several remains of antiquity. Sailing ves-
sels cannot enter the river; but its exports
are considerable, and of similar articles as
Alicant. The city was taken by the earl
of Peterborough in 1705, and lost again
two years after. In 1812, after a bombard-
ment of four days, it surrendered to the
French. It is seated on the Guadalavia,
9 ra from its mouth, and 130 ese Madrid.
Lon. 0 27 w, lat. 39 27 jf.
VAL
Yalencla, a city of tlie province of Ca-
*ac;is. The principal church is on the e
side of the j;»'ci't sqiiaie, and some of the
streets are well built, biic- the houses arc
in c;eMoral low and i!ret;uhir. It is situate
in an extensive jiiain, near the beautilid
lake 'lacarigua, 77 ui sw Caracas. Lon.
68 14 w, Vm. 10 11 n.
y uifncia d' Alciintura, a town of Spain,
in Estreinadura, with an old castle. It is
surrounded by walls, and staniU on a rock,
near the fnntiers of P(irtui;al, '28 ni sw
Alcantara, and 45 nnw Badajdz.
Vulencicnnes, a city of France, in the
depar'nicnt of Nord. The Sclield flows
tlirons;!) it, and here begins to be naviirable.
The streets are narrow and croi)ked, and
many of the houses are of wt)od. The
citadel and fortifications were constructed
bv order of Louis xiv, who took this town
from the S|);uiiar()s ; and it was confirmed
to him bv the treaty of Nimegnen, in 1078.
In 1793, it was taken by the allies, after
a sevGi-e siege ; but it surrendered to the
French in 1704. This city is noted for
the manufactures of lace, woollen stuffs,
and cambric. The population 21,000. It
is 28 HI SE Lisle, and 120 k?:e Paris. Lon.
3 32 E, lat. 50 21 N.
Valentine, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Garonne, 9 m ke
St. Bertrand.
Vulenzu, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
capital of Luinelline. It has been often
taken, and is sealed on a mountain, near
the river To, 12 m ese Casal, and 35 ssw
Milan.
Valenza, a fortified town of Portugal, in
Entre Douro e Minho, seated on an emi-
nence, near the river Minho, opposite
Tuy, in Spain, and CO m nnw Braga.
Vulestra, a town of Italy, in jModenese,
12 m sw Modena.
Valtttu, a city of Malta, the capital of
that island, and wonderfully strong both
by nature and art. It is seated on a penin-
sula, between two of the finest ports in the
•world, whicii are defended by almost im-
pregnable fortifications. That on the se
sidf; of the city is the largest ; il runs 2 m
inland, and is surrounded by such high
grounds, that the largest ships may ride in
the most stormy weather, almost without
a cable. This basin is divided into live
distnict harbours, all equally sale, each
capable of containing a vast number of
ships. The entraiice is scarcely a (piarttr
of a mile broad, and is commanded on
each side by strong batteries, fronted by a
quadruple battery, one above the other,
the largest of which is on a level with the
water., The harbour on the K side, though
oiiiv used for fishing, and as a place of
quaraiitine, is likewise well dulended ;
VAL
and in an island in the centre of it, is Q
castle and a lazaret. Valetta has three
gates, and the streets are all paved with
flat square stones. The houses are neat,
and built of stone ; the roofs forming a flat
terrace plastered with pozzolana ; and most
of tlit^m have a balcony to the stieet. The
princi|)at buildings are the palace of the
grand muster, the Infirmary, the conserva-
tory, and the magnificent church of St.
John. The pavement of this church is com-
posed entirely of sepulchral monuments
of the finest marbles, porphyry, lapis
hizuli, and a variety ot other valuable
stones. Tliere are some other churches
richly endowed, and several convents. The
great source of water tl*at supplies Valetta
risCS near Citta \'ecchia, and is thenc«
conveyed by an aqueduct, erected at the
exjiense of one of the grand masters. Not-
withstanding the supposed bigotry of the
INlaltese, here is a mosque, in which the
Turkish slaves are |jermitted to enjoy their
religion. The inhabitants are estimated
at 50,000, and half of them are foreigners.
The Turks besieged this city in 1566 ; but
after many dreadful assaults, were com-
pelled to raise the siege, witti the loss of
;iO,OOQ men. It surrendered to the Frewch,
under Bonaparte, in 1798; and they, in
luOO, surrendered it to the British, after
a blockade of two years. Valetta is 70 m
SE of Cape Passaro, in Sicily. Lon. 14
27 E, lat. 35 54 N.
Valette, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cbarente, 12 m sbyE Angouleme.
Vulkeiibufg, or Fanquemont, a town of
the Netiierlands, in Limburg. In 1672,
it was taken by the French, who demo-
lished the fi)rtifications. It is seated on
the Geule, 8 m EbyN Maestricht.
Valludolid, a city of Spain, in Leon,
capital of a princiircdity, and a bishop's see,
with a university. It is surrounded by
strong walls, has long and broad streets,
and is adorned with handsome buildings,
squares, and fountains. The marketplace,
called El Campo, is 700 paces in circuit,
surrounded by a great number of convents.
There are 70 monasteries and nunneries,
the iniest of which is that of the Domini-
cans, remarkable for its church, which is
one of the most magnificent in the city.
The kings forii;erly resided at this place;
and the royal palace, wliich still remains,
is of very large extent, though but two
stones high. The townhouse takes up the
entire side of a square. 1 he house of tha
inquisition is an odd structure, for there
are no windows, but a few holes to let in
the light. Here are some woollen manu-
factures, and many goldsmiths and jewel-
lers. The population 20,000. The en-
virons are- covered with >;ardens, orchards,
VAL
vineyards, meadows, and fields. It is seat-
ed on the Esciirva, near the Fisnerga, 7i
m S9F, Leon, and 100 nxw Madrid. Lon.
4 47 w, lac. 41 42 n.
Valladolid, a city of New Spain, in Me-
choacan. See Mccfioucan.
Valladolid, or CWwj/cgttrt, a city>of New
Spain, capital ot" Honduras, and a bishop's
see. It is seated \\\ a plain, and on a river
that flows into ilonduras bay, 280 m e
Guatiinahi. Lon. 88 '20 w, lat. 14 35 N.
Vuliadolid, a town of New Spain, in
Jucatan. The environs produce abund-
ance of cotton. It is 110 m e Merida.
Vullclonga, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Ultra, 18 m kne Nicotera.
Vallesnnot, or Valwont, a U)wu of France,
in the department of Lower Seine, 22 ni
>w Rouen.
Vallen^aif, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre, seated on the Nabon,
5i8 m N by w Chateauroux.
Vallengin, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Neuchatel, seated on the Seyou,
3 m XNW Neuchatel.
rollers, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre and Loire, noted for
mineral water, 4 m xw Tours.
Valleri/, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Somnie, at the mouth of the
rirer Somme, whose entrance is dangerous.
It is 10 m wxw Abbeville, and 100 Nbyw
Paris.
Vallery en Caux, St. a town of France,
in the department of Lower Seine, near
the seacoast. William duke of Normandy
sailed hence when he made his descent on
England. It is 15 m wsw Dieppe, and
100 xw Paris.
Vallier, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Drome, near the river PJioue,
18 ra \ Valence.
Vails, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
with a manufacture of leather, 10 m x
Tarragona.
Valogiie, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Manche, noted for cloth and
leather, 10 m sse Cherburg, and 50 WNW
Caen.
Vukma, Or Avlona, a seaport of Euro-
pean Turkey, in Albania, and a bishop's
see. It supplies Upper Albania with the
articles of Italian manufacture; and ex-
ports the oil, wool, and timber of the sur-
rounding countiy. It is sealed at the en-
trance of the gulf of Venice, near the
mountains of Chimera, 70 ra s Durazzo.
Xon. 19 S6 E, lat. 40 48 x.
]'alparaho, a seaport of Chili, in the pro-
vince of Quillota, with a g')oA and well
frequented harbour, defended by a fort.
Its proximity to St. Jago has drawn hither
all the commerce formerly carried on be-
tween that ciiv ajid CdJao. wjjich consists
VAN
principally ofwheat, tallow, leather, copper,
cordage, and dried fruits. It is seated ou
a bay of the Pacific ocean, at the foot of
a high mountain, 75 m wkw St. Jaeo.
Lon. 71 45 w, lat. 33 3 s.
Valperga, a town of Piedmont, 16 in »
Turin.
Valpo, a town of Sclaronia, with a
castle ; situate on the Karasitza, 17 m
WKw Essek.
Valreas, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Vaucluse, 18 m ne Orange.
Vuls, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ardeche, celebrated for mineral
springs. It is seated on the Ardeche, 18
m x\v \'iviers.
Valteline, or Valle-telino, sikrlWe valley
of Switzerland, lately subject to the Ori-
sons, but now to Austria. It is 50 m long,
and from 12 to 15 broad, enclosed between
two chains of high mountains ; the x chain
separates it from the canton of Orisons,
the s from the Venetian territories; on the
E it is bounded by the county of Bormio,
and on the w by that of Chiavenna and th«
duchy of Milan. The river Adda flows
through its whole length into the Iak«
Como; and it is divided into three dis-
tricts, upper, middle, and lower, of which
the chief towns are Tirano, Sondrio, and
jVIorbegno. The inhabitants are Roman
catholics, and have no mannfactures; but
they export wine, silk, plants, cheese, but-
ter, and cattle. On July 20, 1620, ther«
was a general massacre of the protestants
in this valley.
Valva, a town of Naples, in Abruzz*
Citra, 18 m ssw Civita di Chieti.
Van, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in Kurdi-
stan, with a strong castle on a mountain,
in which the Turks keep a numerous gar-
rison. It is governed by a begierbeg,.and
seated on the e part of an oval lake of its
name (160 m in circuit) 80 m exe Betlis.
Lon. 43 35 e, lat. 38 38 x.
Van Dievien Lund, an island on the s
coast of Terra Australis, 160 ra long and
80 broad, separated from New S Wales,
by Bass strait. It was discovered by Tas-
man in 1642, and till 1798 v.as deemed
the s extremity of New Holland. Cook
called here in 1777, for supplies of wood,
water, and grass. The natives are of a
common stature, but rather slender, thit
skin black, and the hair woolly. They arc
entirely naked, appear to be more bar-
barous and uncivilized than those of New
S Wales, and subsist entirely by hunting.
They have no knowledge of fishing; evea
the bark canoe of their neighbours is un-
known to them, and when they want to
pass any sheet of water, a rude ruft is
constructed ior the occasion. Their ariK*
and huntii)!^ impleir.ejjts also indicate aa
VAR
inferior degree of civilization. The land
is chiefly high, diversified with hills and
rallies, which are well wooded and wa-
tered. The forest trees seem to be all of
the pine kind, growing qnite straight to a
height proper for masts. 1 he low lands
produce flowering shridis, and odorifcrons
plants. The qnadrupcds and birds dilfer
little from those of New S Wales; and its
mineral productions are much the same.
In 1804, a Ihltish settlement was esta-
blished on the SK part, near the mmith of
the Derwent, and named llobart; it has
a chinch, tlie altar of which is ovt r the
vault of colonel Collins, the first lieu-
tenant-governor, who died here in 1810.
Lou. 147 28 I-, lat. 42 59 s.
Vancouver Island ; see Quadra.
Vannes, a seaport of Trance, capital of
the department of Moibihan, and a bi-
shop's see. The principal exports are
corn, iron, cider, salt,'aud fish. It is seated
on the gulf of Morbihan, 56 m sw Rennes,
and 255 wbys Paris. Lon. 2 46 w, lat.
47 39 N.
Var, a department of France, including
part of the old province of Provence. It
takes its name from a river which has its
source in the county of Nice, and enters
the Mediterranean, 4 m w Nice. Toulon
is the capital.
Varallo, a strong town of Italy, in Mi-
lanese, on the river Sesia, and the frontiers
of Piedmont, 33 m e Aosta, and 47 wkw
Milan.
Varamhon, a town of Trance, in the de-
partment of Ain, on the river Ain, 14 m
SSE Bourg en Bresse.
Varasdin, a town of Croatia, with a cas-
tle and a citadel ; seated near the Drave,
40 m NNE Agram. Lon. 16 32 e, lat. 46
ir N.
Vardar, a river of European Turkey,
•which rises in Mount Scardus, and flows
s through Macedonia, into the gulf of
Salonica.
Varella, a cape on the e coast of Ci-
ampa. Behind it is a mountain, re-
markable for having a high rock, like a
tower, on its summit. Lon. 109 17 e, lat.
12 50 N.
Varennes, a town of France, in the
department of Allier, seated on an emi-
nence, near the river Allier, 20 m s
Moulins.
Varennes, a town of France, in the
department of Meuse. Here Louis xvi,
his queen, sister, and two children, were
arrested in their flight in 1791, and con-
ducted back to Paris. It is 13mwbyN
Verdun.
Varese, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
where some of the Milanese nobility
reside. It is seated near a lake of
VAU
its n.iine, and the source of the Olona,
26 ni Nw Milan. Lon. 8 51 E, lat. 45
48 N.
Viirkehi, a town of Transylvania, 40 m
s Weisscnburg.
Variiuis, a province of the government
of Caracas, bounded on the n by Maca-
raibo and (Jararas, r. by Guayana, and 8
and w l)y New Granada. It is celebrated
for tobacco and ciiocolate, and abounds in
all kinds of fruit. The chief rivers are the
Arauca, A pure, and Mela.
Variriax, a city and the capital of the
above province. It is situate in a rich
plain, near the river St. Domingo, which
flows to the A|)ure, 300 m sw Caracas.
Lon. 70 20 w, lar. 7 12 N.
Varna, a seaport of European Turkey,
in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's .^ee, with
a castle. It exports corn, fowls, butter,
eggs, and cheese to Constantinople. It
is seated near the mouth of the Varna, in
the Black sea, 22 m N Mesembria, and
145 NW Constantinople. Lon. 27 48 e, lat.
43 24N.
Varshah, a town of Hindoostan, in
Lahore, near which are hills that abound
in fossil salt. It is 124 m w Liihore.
Varzey, a town of P'rance, in the depart-
ment of Nievre, 24 m n Nevers.
Vasil, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Novgorod, situate on the Volga,
60 m E Novgorod. Lon. 45 44 e, lat. 56
16 N.
Vasmlborough, a town of the district of
Maine, in Lincoln county, seated on the
Kennebec, 10 m n Hallowell.
Vai,sy,\ town of Trance, in the de-
partment of Upper Marne. In 1562, a
bloody persecution of the protestants be-
gan here, by order of the duke ot Guise,
it is seated on the Blaise, 10 m ^w
Joinville.
Vatan, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre, 8 m nw Issoudun.
Vatica, a seaport of European Turkey,
in Morea, situate on a large bay to which
it gives name, 44 m se Misitra. Lon. 23
2 N, lat. 36 38 n.
Vauban, Fort ; see Louis, Fort.
Vauciuse, a department of France, in-
cluding the county of Venaissin and terri-
tory of Avignon. It takes its name from
the fountain of Vaucluse, 12 m e Avignon,
celebrated by Petrarch. The chief town is
Avignon.
Vaucouleurs, a town of France, in the
department of Meuse, on the side of a
hill, by the river Meuse, 23 m se Bar
le Due.
Vaud, a canton of Switzerland, including
what was lately called Pays de Vaud, and
some other districts; bounded on the w
and a by Neuchatel, e by Friburg, and s
UCA
by the lake of Geneva. It rises gradually
from the edge of the lake, is riclily laid
out in vineyards, corn-fields, and meadows,
and chequered with many villages and
towns. The capital is Lausanne.
Vaudonoiit, a town of France, in the
department of Meurte, 18 m s by w
Nancy.
Vauville, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Manche, on a bay to which it
gives name, 9 m vv Cherburg.
Vuuxhall, a village in Surry, seated on
the Thames, 2 m sw London. It is cele-
brated for its gardens, which, as a place of
public entertainment, are the finest in Eu-
rope; and over the river it has a beautiful
iron bridge of nine equal arches.
Ubedu, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with a strong castle; seated in a fertile
country, near the river Guadalqniver, 22
m NE Jaen.
Uberkingen, a village of Suabia, in the
territory of Ulm, 2 m wsw Geislingen. It
has baths of mineral water, which are
much frequented.
Uberlingen, a town of Suabia, in the
county of Furstenburg. The principal
trade is in corn to Switzerland ; and near
it are famous baths. It is seated on a high
rock, near the lake of Constance, 7 m n
Constance.
XJbersko, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Ciirudin, 10 m ene Chrudin.
Vbes, St. or Sduval, a seaport of Portu-
gal, in Estremadura, with a strong citadel,
and a good harbour, defended by three
forts. It is built on the ruins of the
ancient Setobriga, at the head of a bay,
near the inllux of the Cadaon, and has
a good trade, particularly in salt, of whicli
a great quantity is sent to the colonies in
America. It stands at the end of a plain,
5 m long, extremely fertile in corn, wine,
and fruit; the k end bounded by moun-
tains, covered with pines and other trees,
and containing quarries of jasper of several
colours. It is 22 m se Lisbon. Lon. 8 b'k
w, lat. 38 22 n.
Ubigau, a town of the duchy of Sax-
ony, seated on the Elster, 28 m se Wit-
tenberg.
Ubi/, an island on the e side of the
entrance of the gulf of Siani, 20 m in
circuit. It yields good water and plenty
of wood. Lon. 104 4d e, lat. 8 55 x.
JJcuyale, or Faro, a river formed in
Peru, by the junction of the Beni and
Apurimac, in lat. 10 50 s, where it is 2 m
in v\idth. It flows n, with a gentle cur-
rent, above 550 m till it meets the Tungu-
ragua from the w m lat. 4 55 s, where their
junction is the commencement of the great
river Amazon,
VED
Ucedo, or Uzedn, a town of Spain, in
New Cas'ile, with a castle ; seated on the
Xarama, 32 m nne JVladrid.
Uckei-, a river of Germany, wliich
issues from a lake of the same name,
near Prenzlo, in the Ucker mark of'
Brandenburg, flows k into Hither Po-
merania, and, being joined by the Ran-
do, enters the Frisch Haft', at Ucker-
munde.
Uckermunde, a town of Hither Pome-
rania, in the duchy of Stettin, seated on
the Frisch llaff, at the influx of the Ucker,
8^ m NW Stettin.
Uddevalla, a seaport of Sweden, in Ba-
hus, situate on a bay of the Categat. The
houses are built of wuod, and the streets
are spacious. It has a strong fort, an
arsenal, rope-walks, and tar and iron
works; also a trade in iron, pianks, and
herrings. It is 46 m n Gothenburg. Lon.
11 56 E, lat. 58 20 N.
Udina, or XJdine, a city of Italy, capi-
tal of Friuli, with a citadel. It contains
16,000 inhabitants, and in 1750, on the
suppression of the patriarchate of Aqui-
leia, was made the see of an archbi-
shop. A treaty between the Austrians and
French was signed here in 1797. It is
seated in a large plain, on the river and
canal called La Roia, 20 m nw Aqiiileia,
and 65 ne Venice. Lou, 13 3 e, lat. 46
12 N.
Udinskoi, a town of Siberia, in the go-
vernment of Irkutsk, seated on the Selinga,
150 m E Irkutsk. Lon. 108 20 e, lat. 52
On.
Udipu, a town of Hindoostan, in Ca-
nara. Here are three temples, placed in a
common square, and surrounded by 14
Hindoo colleges. It stands amid rice
fields, 2 m from the sea, and 34 knw
Mangalore.
XJdskoi, a town of Siberia, in the pro-
vince of Okotsk, situate on the Ud, 300
ra sw Okotsk. Lon. 135 30 e, lat. 55
6 N
VecJif, a river that rises in Westpha-
lia, near Munster, crosses the counties
of Stenfort and Bentheim, and entering
Overyssel, passes by Onnnen, Haff'elt, and
Svvartsluys, below which it enters the Zui-
der zee.
Veclit, a river of the Netherlands, which
branches oil' from the old channel of the
Rhine, at Utrecht, and enters the Zuider
zee, at Muyden.
Vechlu, a town and fortress of Westpha-
lia, in the principality of Munster, on a
river of the same name, 27 m s Oldenburg,
and 35 >;ne Osnaburg.
Vedenskoi, a town of Russia, in the go-
veruraeat of Archangel, situate on the \'ok-
3 B
VEL
scha, 200 ni esk Archangel. Lon. 40 44 r.,
lat. 68 45 N.
F^v'' ; see Tervere.
J'V.rfl, a town of Spain, in Asturias, near
tho coast, 34 m n\v Ovicdo.
Vega, a town of Spain, in the province
of Leon, 2'2 m nne Leon. — Another, 55
in \v Leon.
Vci^u, a town of St. Domingo, seated
in the largest and fitiest valley in the
Tshmd, on the river Yaque, G5 m w Sa-
mana.
Vepnt/man, a town of Spain, in the pro-
vince of Leon, 28 m nne Leon.
Vcg/ia, an island in the gulf of Venice,
on the coast of Croatia. It is 90 ni in
circuit, fertile and populous, producing
much wine and silk, and has small horses
in high esteem. The town of the same
name has a go(id harbour, a strong citadel,
and is the see of a bishop. Lon. 14 56 e,
lat. 45 22 N.
Vegliuiia, a town of Piedmont, on an
eminence, near the river Doria, 12 m nw
Turin.
Veiros, a town of Portugal, in Alen-
tejo, seated on the Anhaloura, 10 m ssw
Portalegre.
Veisenburg, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Revel, near the gulf of Finland,
50 m E Revel.
Veit, St. a town of Germany, in Carin-
thia, with' an old castle ; seated at the
conflux of the Glan and Wunich, 8 m n
Clar-enfurt.
Vela, a cape on the n coast of New Gra-
nada, 160 m ENE St. Martha. Lon. 7 1 25
w, lat. 12 30 N.
Velar/, an old province of France,
bounded on the n by Forez, w by Au-
vergne, s by Gevaudan, and e by Vi-
varez. It is full of high mountains,
covered with snow the greater part of
the year, but abounds in cattle. It
now forms the department of Upper
Loire.
Velburg, a town of Bavaria, in the prin-
cipality of Neuburg, with a decayed cas-
tle, 22 m NW Ratisbon.
Veldentz, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, with a castle. The
environs produce excellent Moselle wine.
It is seated on the Moselle, 19 m ne
Treves.
Veletri, a town of Italy, in Campagiia
dl Roma. Here are large squares adorned
with fine fountains, and a magnificent pa-
lace belonging to the bishop of Ostia. It is
seated on the s side of Mont Albano, 18
m SE Rome.
Velez, a town of New Granada, famous
for a manufacture of excellent cotton stuff's,
and for mules, horses, sugar, honey, and
VEN
brandy. It i§ situate at the foot of a vol-
cano, 25 m NW Tunja.
Velcz de Go/naru, a seaport of the king-
dom of Fez, with a castle, seated between
two high mountiiins, on the Mediterra-
nean, 120 m KNE Fez. Lon. 4 0 w, hit.
55 10 N.
Velcz Malaga, a town of Spain, in Gra-
nada, near which is a considerable manu-
facture of playing cards. It is seated in a
rich plain, between two rivers, near the
Mediterranean, 13 ni e by n Malaga, and
G2 sw Granada.
Vellore, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, capita! of a district lying in the
eastern Gauts. It has a large and strong
fort, which was chosen for the residence
of the family of the late sultan of Mysore ;
but in 1806, an atrocious revolt and mas-
sacre took place, and the males were re-
moved lo Calcutta. The town is pretty
large and well built, and seated on the Pa-
liar, 14 m w Arcot.
Veltzen; see Ultzen.
VenujTo, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, seated under a lofty mountam,
near the Volturno, 25 m xby w Capua.
Venaiisin, a small but fertile county of
France, lately depending on the pope, but
now included in the department of Vau-
cluse. Carpeutras was the capital.
Vcnant, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas do Calais, on the river
Lis, 6 m N by w Bethune, and 27 se Dun-
kirk.
Vena$que, a town of Spain, in Aragon,
in a valley of the same name, and on the
river Essara, 47 m nne Balbastro.
Vena!>que, a town of France, in the
department of V'aucluse, on the river
Nasque, 10 m ese Carpentras, and 13
ENE Avignon.
Vencatighery, a town of Hindoostan, in
Mysore. Here are the remains of the ra-
jah's palace, and the ruins of a fort. Near
this place iron is smelted from black sand.
It is 61 m EbyN Bangaloor.
Ve?ice, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of V^ar; lately a bishop's see. It is 9
in N Antibes, and 9 w Nice.
Vendee, a department of France, includ-
ing part of the old province of Poitou. It
is so called from a small ri\*ar, which flows
s to the Sevre, by Fontenay le Comte, the
capital of the department.
Venden, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Riga, on the river Aa, 36 m
ENE Riga.
Vendome, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Loir and Cher, on the river
Loir, 30 m ne Tours, and 95 sw Paris,
VendrcU, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
25 ra wsw Barcelona.
VEN
Vcneria, a town of Piedmont, which
toot its name from a magnificent hunting-
seat, built by a duke of Savoy. It has ma-
nufactures of wool and sili;, and stands on
the Stura, 8 m nnw Turin.
Venezuela ; see Coro, and C(tracas.
Veniumhady, a town of Hindoostan, in
Barramahai, with a mud fort and two tem-
ples ; situate on a branch of the Palar, 24
m r.NE Kismaghery.
Venice, a territory of Italy, which com-
prehends the Dogado, Paduano, \'icentino,
Veronese, Bresciano, Bergamo, Cremasco,
Polesino di Ilovigo, Trevisano, Feltrino,
Bellunese, Cadorino, and part of Friuli and
Istria. This territory was formerly a ce-
lebrated republic, and the government
aristocratic; for none could have any share
in it but the nobles. The doge, or ducal
governor, was elected by a plurality of
votes, and held his dignity for life : his
office was to marry the Adriatic sea, in the
name of the republic; to preside in all
assemblies of the state ; and to have an eye
over all the members of the magistracy.
On the other hand, there were five councils,
which so liniited his power, that he has
been justly defined to be, in habit and
state, a king; in authority, a counsellor;
in the city, a prisoner ; and out of it, a
private person. Tliis constitution, how-
ever, no longer exists. In 1797, a tumult
having happened at Venice, in which some
French soldiers were killed, the French
seized the city, and instituted a provision-
ary democratic government : but, soon
after, by the treaty of Campo Formic, the
city and territory of Venice, lying to the
K and w of the river Adige, was ceded to
Austria as a duchy, and the remainder of
the territory was annexed to what the
French then styled the Cisalpine republic.
In 1805 commenced a short war between
Austria and France; and by the treaty of
peace at Presburg, the duchy of Venice
was given up, and its territory made a
part of the newly erected kingdom of Italy.
But in 1814, by the peace of Paris, the
whole of this territory was restored to the
dominion of Austria. The Venetian ter-
ritories on the continent, enumerated
above, are described in their respective
places. Venice was once one of the most
powerful, commercial, and maritime states
in Europe. For this it was indebted at
first, to the monopoly of the commerce of
India ; the products of that country being
conveyed, in tiie middle ages, up the gulf
of Persia, and the river Tigris, to Bagdad,
and thence by land to the Mediterranean
ports : and, afterward, the supplying of the
crusaders with provisions and military
stores was an additional source of opulence
VEN
and power. All this declined, however,
after the discovery of the Cape of Good
Hope by the Portuguese, in 1486; which,
in its consequences, reduced the state of
Venice from the highest splendour to com-
parative insignificance. The Venetians are
lively and ingenious, extravagantly fond of
amusements, with an uncommon relish for
humour. They are in general tail, well
made, and of a ruddy brown colour, with
dark eyes. The women are of a fine style
of countenance, with expressive features,
and a skin of a rich carnation : they are of
an easy address, and have no aversion to
cultivate an acquaintance with strangers
who are properly recommended. What-
ever degree of licentiousness may prevail
among them, jealousy, poison, and th&
stiletto have been long banished from their
gallantry. The common people display
some qualities very rarely to be found iu
that sphere of life, being remarkably sober,
obliging to strangers, and gentle in their
intercourse with each other.
Venice, a superb city, capital of the
above territory. In the 4th century, when
Attila king of tlie Huns ravaged the n
part of Italy, many of the inhabitants
abandoned their country, and retired into
the islands of the Adriatic sea, now called
the gulf of Venice. These islands being
near each other, they found means to join
them, by driving piles on the sides, and
forming the channels into canals, on which
they built houses, and thus the city of
Venice had its beginning. It is the see of
a patriarch, and stands on 72 little islands,
about 5 m fro a the mainland, in a kind of
laguna or lake, separated from the gulf of
Venice, by some islands, at a few miles
distance. These islands, in a great mea-
sure, break the force of the Adriatic storms,
before they reach the laguna. The inha-
bitants, about 180,000, have a flourishing
trade in silk manufactures, bonelace, and
all sorts of glasses and mirrors, which
make their principal employments. Most
of the houses have a door opening upon a
canal, and another into a street; by means
of which, and of the bridges, a person may
go to almost any part of the city by land,
or by water. The streets, in general, are
narrow ; and so are the canals, except the
Grand canal, which is very broad, and has
a serpentine course, through the middle of
the city. There are upward of 500 bridges
in Venice; but what pass for such are only
single arches thrown over the cauals ; most
of them very paltry. The Ilialto consists
also of a single arch, but a very noble one,
and of marble, built across the grand canal,
near the middle, where it is the narrowest :
tliis celebrated arch is 90 feet wide on the
3 B 2
VEN VER
level of the canal, and 24 feet high. The from his bucentaur, or state barge, attended
beauty of it is impaired by two rows of by all the nobility and ambassadors in gon-
shops, which divide its upper surface into dolas was omitted in 1797, for the first
three narrow streets; but the view from it time for several centuries,
is lively and magnificent; tlio canal covered Venlo, a strong town of the Netherlands,
by boats and gondolas, and flanked on each in I'pperGueUlerlaiul, and a place of trade
side by magnificent palaces, churches, and for merchandise coming from tlic adjacent
spiios. 'Jhe pia/y.a di St. Marco is a kind countries. In 1702, it surrendered to the
of irrigolar<-|ua(lraiigle, formed by a number allies, and was confirmed to the Dutch by
of buildino-s all of marble; namely, the the barrier treaty in 1715. It was taken
ducal palace; the churches of St. Mark by the French in 1791. It is seated on
and St. Gcminiitno; and u noble range of the r. side of the Meuse, opposite Fort St.
bHi!din:;s, in which are the museum, the Michael, 11 m n Ruromoiide. Lon, 6 6
public library, the mint, 8..c. The patriar- e, hit. 51 22 n.
clial churcli of St. Mark, one ot the richest Venom, a town of Naples, in Basilicata.
and most expensive in the world, is crown- It is the birthplace of Horace, and seated
ed by five domes, and the treasury is very on the Ofanto, 13 m nw Acerenza.
rich "in jewels and relics. The ciiurches r<;«/a tic C;«;r, a town of New Granada,
and convents are numerous, in which the in the isthmus of Panama, and on the river
most arlniirable part are the paintings; Chagre. Here the Spaniards used to bring
and indeed V'enicc, highly renowned ibr the merchandise ot Peru and Cliili on
valuable paintings, far surpasses, in this mules from Panama, and embark it on the
respect, even lumie itself. The ducal river for Porto Bello. It is 20 m «
palace is an immense building : before the Panama.
subversion of the republic, it contained the Venzone, a town of Italy, in the country
apartments of the doge; halls ftud ciiambcrs of Friuli, situate on tlie Tagliamento, 18
for the senate, and the different councils m nnw Friuli.
and tribunals ; and an armory, in which a Terw, a town of Spain, in Granada, 34 m
great number of muskets were kept, ready nnf, Almeria, and 80 e Granada,
charged, that the nobles might arm them- Vera, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on
selves on any sudden insurrection. Tlie the Bidassoa, 28 m n liyw Pamplona,
arsenal is a fortification, 3 m in compass; Vcrn Cruz, a province of New Spain,
containing a great quantity of arms for foot extending along the gulf of Mexico from
and horse arranged in an ornamental man- the river Panuco to the lake Terminos ;
iier, and every convenience for building bounded on the ^ by Panuco, E by the gulf
ships, casting cannons, making cables, sails, of Mexico and .Tiicaton, s by Chiapa and
anchors, &c. The handsome structure called Guaxaca, and w by Tlascala. The n part,
II FonticadiTedeschi, containing 22 shops in which is the capital city, is iormed of
and 100 rooms, is that where the German part of the province of Tlascala, and con-
merchants lay their commodities. The tains all the necessaries of life in abun-
bank of Venice is supposed to be the first dance. The s part comprehends the former
of the kind in Europe, after the model of province of Tabasco, w hicli is rich in maize,
which those of Amsterdam and Hamburg rice, pepper, and cocoa-nuts, and has
were established. In this city a famous plenty of cedar, brasil, and other kinds of
carnival is held from Christmas till Ash- wood. This province lias several pyra-
wednesday ; in all which time libertinism midical remains of temples ; also tvyo re-
reigns thi(uigh the city, and thousands of niaikable summits, the pike of Orizaba,
foreigners fretiuent it from all parrs of and the cofre of Pero^e.
Europe. Tlie chief diversions are ridot- Vera Crvz, a city and the capital of the
tos and masquerades ; and St. Mark-place abtne province. It is situate at the sw
is the general rende'«ous. Venice is in- part of the gulf of Mexico, and is now the
eluded in the province called tlie Dngado, principal seaport in all New Spain. Tiie
and is 125 m n.\e llorence, and 140 e harbour is defended by a fort, situate on a
Milan. Lon. 12 21 E, hit. 45 27 N.
VeJiice, Gulf of, a sea or gulf of tlie
Mediterranean, between Italy and Turkey
in Europe. It is the ancient Adriaticum
Mare, and is still sometimes called tlie
Adriatic Sea. Ihere are many islands in
it, and many bays or small gulfs on each
coast. The grand ceremony of the doge of
rock of the island St. Juan de Ulna, nearly
adjoining. This port is the centre of
the treasure and merchandise of New
Spain, arid it receives much 1^ India pro-
duce by way of Acapulco from the Philip-
jjine islands, which are hence exported to
Europe and ihe W Indies. An aniuiai fair
is held here for the rich merchandise of
Venice marrying the Adriatic annually on the Old world ; and such crowds of Spa-
Ascension Day, by dropping into it a "ring mards attend, that tents are erected for
2
VER
their accommodation. The site of this
town is famous on account of the landing
of Cnrtez, in 1519, with 500 Spaniards,
■when he undertook the conquest of Mexico;
and the Old Town, 16 m to the NW, is
deemed the first colony founded by Cortez.
The city is beautifully and regularly built,
and of materials drawn from the bottom of
the sea; for no rock is to be found in the
environs, nor any springs of potable water,
that the best is rain-water preserved in
cisterns. The inhabitants are estimated
at 16,000, exclusive of the militia, and
seafaring people. It is 190 m Ebys
Mexico. Lon. 96 9 w, lat. 19 12 n.
Vera Paz, a province of New Spain,
bounded on the n by Jucatan, e by the
bay and province of Honduras, s by Gua-
tiniala, and w by Chiapa. It is full of
mountains, deep ravines, and forests ; but
there are many fertile vallies, which pro-
duce some corn and fruits, and feed a great
number of horses and mules. The princi-
pal commodities are drugs, cacao, cotton,
wool, and honey.
Vera Paz, or Cohan, the capital of the
above province, and a bishop's see, but is
inconsiderable. It stands on a river, which
runs into the gulf of Dulce, 120 m ^E
Gualimala. Lon. 91 '2 w, lat. 14 46 n.
Veragua, a province of New Spain,
bounded on the n by the Caribean sea, e
by the province of Panama, s by the Paci-
fic ocean, and w by Costa Rica. It is
a mountainous and barren country, but
abounds in mines of gold and silver. This
province is famed for being the first Euro-
pean colony attempted to be planted by
Columbus (in 1503) on the continent of
America. He named the river Verdes
Aguas [Green Waters] from the colour of
its waves; this has gradually been corrupt-
ed into Veragua, and from this river the
province takes its name. The province is,
geographically, the most southern of New
Spain and of N America ; but it is, poli-
tically, included in New Granada, in S
America. St. Jago is the capital.
Veramally, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, 23 m sw Trichinopoly.
Verbano; see Maggiore.
Verbasz, a town and fortress of Hun-
gary, on the s side of the francis canal,
37 m s Theresiopol.
Verberie, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Oise, on the river Oise, 10 m
KE Senlis.
Vercelli, a city of Piedmont, the capital
of a lordship, and a bishop's see. In 1705
all its fortifications were demolished by
the French. The townhouse, tiie gover-
nor's palace, and the hospital, are hand-
some structures. The population 20,000.
It is seated at the conflux of the Ccrva
VER
with the Sesia, 40 m ne Turin. Lon. 8 24
E, lat. 45 31 K.
Vercholensk, a town of Russia, in the
government of Irkutsk, seated on the Lena,
120 m N Irkutsk. Lon. 105 35 e, lat.
54 0 N.
Verchotura, a town of Russia, in the
government of Perm, and a bishop's see.
This was the first town the Russians built
in Siberia. It is situate near the river
Tura, 120 m N Catharinenburg. Lon. 60
15 E, lat. 58 45 K.
Verd, Cape, a promontory on the coast
of Senegambia, which has its name from
the verdure that clothes it, consisting
chiefly of palm trees. It is 145 m to the
NW of the mouth of the Gambia. Lon. 17
31 w, lat. 14 44N.
Verd Islands, Cape, islands in the At-
lantic, above 300 m to the w of the coaSt
of Africa, between 13 and 19 x lat. They
are said to have been known to the an-
cients, under the name of Gorgades; but
not visited by the moderns till discovered,
in 1446, by Anthony Noel, a Genoese, in
the service of Portugal, and received their
general name from their situation opposite
Cape Verd. They are ten in number, lying
in a semicircle, and named St. Antonio,
St. Vincent, St. Lucia, St. Nicholas, Sal
Bonavista, Mayo, St. Jago, Fuego, and
Bravo. St. Jago is the principal.
Verden, a duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Westphalia, 28 ni long and nearly
as much broad ; bounded on the w and n
by the duchy of Bremen, and e and s by
the duchy of Luneburg. It consists chiefly
of heaths and high dry lands ; but there
are good marshes on the rivers Weser and
Aller. It was formerly a bishopric, which,
at the peace of Westphalia, was secular-
ised, and ceded to Sweden ; in 1712 it was
taken by the Danes, who, in 1715, ceded
it to the electoral house of Brunswick,
■which cession, in 1718, was confirmed by
the Swedes. The inhabitants are Luther-
ans.
Verden, a town of Westphalia, capital
of the above duchy. It contains four
churches, and is seated on a branch of the
Aller, 18 m ese Bremen. Lon. 9 20 E,
lat. 52 58 N.
Verdun, a strong town of France, in the
department of Meuse, and a bishop's see.
The citadel was constructed by Vauban,
who was a native of this place. Beside
the cathedral there are a collegiate and
nine parish churches. Verdun surrender-
ed to' the Prussians in 1792, but was re-
taken s(jon after. It is seated on the Meuse,
28 m NbyE Bar le Due, and 140 r byw
Paris. Lon. 5 23 e, lat. 49 9 n.
Verdun, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Saone and Loire, seated on
VER
th« Saone, at the influx of tlie Doubs, 30
m Kby s Autun.
Verdun, a town of Fitincf, in tlie de-
partment of Upper Garonne, seated on
the Garonne, 20 m nnw Toulouse.
I'trca, a town of European Turkey, in
Macedonia, 48 in w Salonica.
I'crei'ia, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Moscow, 56 ni wsw^ Moscow.
Vergennes, a town of Vermont, in Addi-
son county, seated on Otter creek, 6 ni
from its moutli in Lake Cluunplain, and
10 N Middlebury.
Verinu, a town of Caracas, in Cumana,
celebrated for its tobacco; situate on a
gulf of the Atlantic, 45 rn E Cumana.
Vermundois, an old territory of France,
in Picardy, which abounds in corn and
excellent flax. This territory, with that
of Soissonnois, now form the department
of Aisne.
Vermanton, a town of France, in the
department of Yonne, 14 ra sse Aux-
erre.
Vermejo, a river that rises in Tucuman,
on the borders of Peru, flows se to the
Paraquay, and enters that river a little
above its junction with the Panara.
Vermont, one of the United States of
America : bounded on the n by Lower
Canada, e by the Connecticut, which
divides it from New Hampshire, s by Mas-
sachusets, and w by New York. It is 158
m long and 70 broad, and "Ivided into 11
counties; Windham, \. .ndsor. Orange,
Caledonia, Essex, Bennington, Rutland,
Addison, Chittenden, Franklin, and Or-
leans. A chain of mountains, running n
and s, divides the state nearly in the
centre, between the river Connecticut and
lake Champlain. The natural growth
upon this chain is hemlock, pine, spruce,
and other evergreens: hence they are called
the ^reen Mountains, and give name to
the state. Tlie country is generally hilly,
but not rocky, and the soil is fertile. It
lias numerous streams and rivers, which
all rise in the Green mountains ; the largest
are on the w side, and the chief are
Otter creek. Onion river, Moille, and Mis-
chiscoui; the most numerous are on the
E side, and the largest are West river.
White river, and I'oonsoomsuc. Iron ore
abounds, and renders this state the seat of
flourishing manufactures of every thing
made of iron and steel ; the other chief
manufactures are pot and pearl-ash, maple
sugar, and spirits. In 1810 the popula-
tion was 217,913. The principal town
is Windsor.
Vernet; see Jssoire.
Verneuil, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Eure, seated on the Aure, 22
ni sw Evreux, and 65 whys ^iris.
VER
Verrieuil, a town of France, in the d<v
partment of AUier, 3 m from the river
Allier, and 15 s Moulins.
Vernon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Eur(?, with a fortress at tho
end of the bridge, over the Seine, 27 ra sii
Rouen, and 42 nw Paris.
Veroti, a town of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma, seated on the Cosa, three m s
Alatri.
Verona, a city of Italy, capital of Vero-
nese, and a bishop's see. It has three
forts, and is surrounded by thick walls,
deep ditches, and good ramparts. The
river Adigc divides it into two parts, which
communicate by four bridges. The streets
are neither clean nor straight; the best is
that called the Corso, which is pretty long ;
and there is a handsome square called tlie
Piazza d'Arnii. This city is famous for
antiquities; the most remarkable is a
Ron»n amphitheatre, of which seven rows
of benches are still entire; but various
repairs have been made from time to time.
In the townhouse are the statues of five
illustrious natives ; Catullus, /F.miHus,
Marcus, Cornelius Nepos, the elder Pliny,
and Vitruvius. Beside the cathedral there
are 48 parish-churches, 13 other churches,
41 convents, and 18 hospitals. The pa-
laces of Bevilacqua and Scipio Maftei con-
tain many valuable paintings, antiques,
and other curiosities. Most of the build-
ings are of marble, above 30 kinds of which
are found in the neighbourhood. The
principal trade arises from the manufac-
tures of silk, wool, gloves, and leather.
Near the city is Campo Marzo, where fairs
are held in May and November. Verona
was taken by the French in 179G, and re-
taken by the Austrians in 1799. It is 20
m NNE Mantua, and 54 w Venice. Lon.
11 18e, lat.45 36 N.
Veronese, a province of Italy, in the ter-
ritory of \'enice, bounded on the N by
Trentino, e by Vicentino and Paduano, s
by Mantuan, and w by Bresciano. It is
35 111 long and 27 broad, and a very fertile
country, abounding in corn, wine, fruit,
and cattle. Verona is the capital.
Verovitza, a strong town of Sclavonia,
seated near the Drave, 55 m wnw Essek.
Verrez, a town of Piedmont, with a for-
tress so strong by nature as to be deemed
impregnable. It is 15 ni sse Aosta, and
35 N Turin.
Verrieres, a towui of Switzerland, in the
canton of Neuchatel. The environs are
celebrated for excellent cheese. It is 6 m
E^^, Pontarlia, and 20 <vsw Neuchatel.
Verrua, a town of Piedmont, in Mont-
serrat. In 1705, it was besieged by the
French for six months, and then reduced
to a heap of ruins. It is seated on a hill,
VES
Dear the river Po, 18 m w Casal, and 20
KE Turin.
VfTsailles, a town of France, capital of
tlie department of Seine and Oise. It
contains 60,000 inhabitants, and, since
the revolution, has been made a bishop's
see. In the reign of Louis xiii, it was
only a small village, in a forest 80 m in
circuit ; and here this prince built a hunt-
ing seat in 1630. Louis xiv enlarged it
into a magnificent palace, which was the
usual residence of the kings of France, till
1789, when Louis xvi and his family were
removed from it to Paris, aud also the
greater part of its beautiful paintings and
ornaments. The government afterward
established here a great museum of the
French school, which is now become a
noble collection. The gardens are adorn-
ed with a vast number of statues, and the
waterworks are magnificent. The gardens
and the park are five m in circuit, and sur-
rounded by walls. Versailles is 10 mwsw
Paris. Lon. 2 7 e, lat. 48 48 n.
VEZ
Durgeon, 24 m n Besan^on, and 106 ese
Troyes. Lon. 6 8 e, lat. 47 36 n.
Vesuvius, a volcanic mountain of Italy,
7 m to the e of Naples. It is near 30 m
in circuit at the base, and about 3600 leet
high. The base on all sides is covered
with towns, which with the villages and
villas above them to some height, may be
said to cover the lower parts of the raoun«
tain with fertility, beauty, and population.
The next region is a scene of perfect devas-
tation, furrowed on all sides with streams
of lava, extended in wide black lines over
the surface. The»upper part has the shape
of a truncated cone ; it is covered almost
entirely with ashes, and extremely difficult
of ascent. The top of this is a narrow
ledge of burnt earth or cinders, nearly 2 m
in circuit, with the crater open beneath,
about 350 feet in depth. The shelving
sides of the crater are formed of ashes and
cinders, with some rocks and masses of
lava intermingled, enclosing at the bottom
a flat space of nearly half a mile in dia-
Versailles, a town of Kentucky, ciiiefof nieter. To the s of this cone, separated
Woodford county. It is seated on a small
stream that flows into Kentucky river, 13
m whys Lexington.
Versetz, a town of Hungary, and a
bishop's see. It contains some extensire
barracks; and near it are the ruins of a
castle. It is 45 m s Temeswar.
Vei'soix, a town of France, yj the depart-
ment of Ain ; seated on the lake of Geneva,
at the influx of the river Versoix, 6 m se
Gex, and 7 n Geneva.
Vert Bay ; see Fundi/.
Verius, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of i\Iarne, at the foot of a mountain,
on which are good vineyards, 17 m sw
Chalons, and 78 ne Paris.
Verviers, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, with a trade in
ckjth, seated on the Weze, 4 m sv Lim-
burg, and 17 ese Liege.
Vervins, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aisne, famous for a treaty, in
1398, between Henry iv of France and
Philip II of Spain. It is sealed on the
Serre, 40 m ne Soissons.
Verzuolo, a town of Piedmont, with a
castle. It is surrounded by an ancient
wall, flanked with towers, and seated in a
fruitful soil, near the Vratia, 3ms
Saluzzo.
Veselevo, a town of Lithuania, on the
river Berezina, 11m w^w Borisow.
Vesley, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aisne, on the river Aisne, 10 m
ene Soissons.
Vesoul, a town of France, capital of the
department of Upper Saone. In the vici-
nity is a medicinal spring. It is seated at
the foot of a mountain, near the river
by a deep dell, is a ridge called Monte di
> omnia, tiom a town that stands near its
base : the distance between these two
summits, in a straight hue, is about 3000
feet. The ridge on the side toward the
cone presents a rugged precipice, but the
other sides shelve gently to the plain. The
eruption of Vesuvius in the year 79, in the
time of Titus, was accompanied by an
earthquake that overturned several cities,
particularly Pompeii and Herculaneum,
and proved fatal to Pliny the naturalist :
great quantities of ashes were carried not
only to Rome, but also beyond the Medi-
terranean into Africa. Another violent
eruption, in 1631, totally destroyed the
town of Torre del Greco. Next to those
in 79 and 1631, that of 1794 was the most
violent; the lava flowed over 5000 acres
of cultivated land, aud Torre del Greco
was again destroyed.
Veszprinz, an episcopal town of Hun-
gary, capital of a county, with a castle.
It is seated on the Sed, 27 m wsw Stuhl-
weissenburg. Lon. 17 58 e. lat. 47 4 n.
Vevey, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Vaud, with several splendid edi-
fices. The principal manufacture is hats;
it has a large trade in cheese, and its wine
is in great estimation. It stands on the
Ve\eyse, near the lake of Geneva, 10 m
E by s Lausanne.
Veuclre, a town of France, in the de-
partment of AUier, on the river AUier, 17
m Nw Moulins.
Vei/ne, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Alps, 12 m whys
Gap.
Vciday, a town of France, in the de-
VIA
partment of Yonne, the birthplace of
Theodore Beza. It is seated on liie top of
a mountain, near tlie river Cure, 26 ni
Ehys Aiixerre.
Vezelize, a town of France, in the ile-
partmcnt of Meiirte, seated on the Brenon,
12 m s Nancy, and 14 sf, Toul.
Vffi, a govern inent of Siberia, formerly
included in the government of Tobolsk. It
is duided into two provinces, Ufa and
Orcnliurg.
Vj'u, the capital of the above govern-
mcnt. It is seated on the river Ufa,
near its conflux with tlie Bielaia, 7dO
m Ehys Moscow. Lon. 56 0 e, hit. 54 50 N.
Vffenheim, a town of t'ranconia, in the
principality of Anspach, with a castle ;
situate on the Goliacii, 15m n by e Iloten-
burg, and 2'2 se VVurtzburg.
Ugeuto, a town of Naples, in Terra
d' Otranto, 8 m w Aiessana, and 20 sw
Otranto.
Ugie, a river of Scotland, which crosses
the N part of Aberdeciis-hire, and enters
the German ocean below Inverugie, a mile
N of Peterhead.
Ugliaiii, a town of Piedmont, 9 m n
Ivrea, and 10 ese Aosta.
Ug/ich, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Jaroslaul, with a trade in
leather and soap; seated on the Volga,
45 m w Jaroslaul.
Ugogna, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
seated on the Tosa, 16 m N V'arallo, and
45 Nw Milan.
Viudana, a town of Italy, in Mantuan,
seated on the Po, 8 m N Parma, and 17 s
Mantua.
Viana, a town of Spain, in Navarre,
seated near the Ebro, 4 m ne Logronno,
and 42 sw Pamplona.
Viana, a town of Portugal, in Entre
Douro e Minho, with a good harbour for
small vessels, and a road defended by a
fort. It is well built, and stands at the
foot of a steep mountain, near the mouth
of the Lima, 20 m wbyN Braga.
Viunden, a town of the Netherlands, in
Luxemburg, divided into the old and new
to\^ n by the river Uren. It has a castle, on
an inaccessible rock, and manufactures of
cloth and leather. It is 22 m N Luxemburg,
and 22 nw Treves.
Vianen, a town of the Netherlands, in
S Holland, with a castle; seated on the
Leek, 7 m s Utrecht, and 30 E by N Kut-
terdam.
Viatka, a government of Russia, -which
was formei'ly a province of Kasan. It
takes its name from the river Viatka, which
flows tlirough the country, and joins the
Kama.
Viatka, the capital of the above govern-
ment, and a bishop's see, with a castle.
VIC
It was formerly called Khlynof, and ii
seated on the river \ iatka, 100 m n Kasan.
Lon. 54 15 e, lat. 57 25 n.
Viazina, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Smolensk. It has 32 churches,
but is irregularly built, and far from being
populous. In 1812 the greatest part of
It was burned by the Russians, before
they evacuated it on the approach of the
I'rench. It is seated on (he Dnieper, 80 m
ene Smolensk.
Viborg ; see Wihurg.
Vic, a town of Prance, in the depart-
ment of Meurte, seated on the Seille, 15 m
ENE Nancy.
Vic, or pique, a city of Spain, in Cata-
talonia, and a bishop's see. It is seated
in a fertile plain, on a small river that
flows into the Ter, 35 m n Barcelona.
Lon. 2 13 E, lat. 41 55 N.
Vic Bigore, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Pyrenees, situate on
the Adunr, 12 m n Tarbes.
P^ic le Compie, a town of France, in the
department of Puy de Dome, with a palace,
where formerly the counts of Auvergne re-
sided. About a mile from it are mineral
springs. It is seated near the Allier, 15 m
SE Clermont.
P'tc Fezensac, a town of France, in the
department of Gers, seated on the Douze,
15 m w Auch.
Vicegrad, a town of Hungary, with a
castle on the top of a rock, in which the
crown of Hungary was formerly kept. It
is seated on the Danube, 13 m e Gran.
Vicentino, a country of Italy, in the
territory of Venice ; bounded on the n by
Trentino and Feltrino, e by Trevisano and
Paduano, s by Paduano, and w by Vero-
nese. It is 35 m long and 27 broad, and
so pleasant and fertile, that it is called the
garden and flesh-market of Venice. Here
are also mines of silver and iron, and quar-
ries of stone, almost as fine as marble.
Vicenza, a city of Italy, capital of Vi-
centino, and a bishop's see. It has no
walls, but is a large place, with above 20
palaces from the designs of Palladio, who
was born here. The cathedral is embellish-
ed with marble, and has some good paint-
ings. There are above 60 other churches ;
and in that of St. Corona, the high altar
and the painting of the Magi paying adora-
tion to Christ, by Paul Veronese, attract
particular notice. In the fine s(juare be-
fore the towiihouse are two lofty columns,
with St. Mark's winged lion on one of them,
and on the other a statue of our Saviour.
The other remarkable places are the Monte
della Ficta with its tine library, the Pa-
lazzo V^echio with its admirable paintings,
the Theatruin Olympic urn after the model
of the amphitheatre of Palladio, and the
VIE
triumphal arches in the public promenade
of Campo Marzo. Tlie principal maiui-
factures are silk, damask, and taffeta.
About 4 m from the city, tin a mountain, is
the church of Delia Madonna di Monte
Berico, which is much frequented by pil-
grims. Vicenza is seated in a fertile plain,
between two hills, at tb.e union of tlie
rivulets Bachiglione and Rerone, 2'2 m e
Verona, and 3'i \v Venice. Lcn. 11 40 e,
lat. 45 28 N.
Vichy, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Allier, near which are some mi-
neral springs. It is seated on the AUier,
40 m s Moulins.
Vico, a town of Naples, in Principato
Citra, near the bay of I^aples, 5 m ne
Sorento.
Vico, a town of Corsica, in which is the
cathedral of the bishop of Sajjona, a town
now in ruins, a little to the J.w, Vico
stands on a small river, near the gulf of
Sagona, 16 m ne Ajaccio.
Vicovaro, a town of Italy, in the province
of Sabina, seated near the Teverone, 10
m NE Tivoli.
Victoria, a town of the province of Ca-
racas. It was almost entirely destroyed
by the earthquake in 1812, and is seated
in a well-cultivated district, near the river
Tuy, 30 m sw Caracas.
Victoria Fort ; see Bancout.
Vielsk, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of V^oldgda, situate on the Vaga,
156 m NNE Vologda. Lon. 41 45 e, lat.
61 40 N.
Vienna, a city of Germany, capital of
Austria, and an archbishop's see. It stands
in a fertile plain, on the right bank of the
Danube, at the influx of tlie rivulet \'ien.
The city is not of great extent, nor can it
be enlai'ged, being limited by strong forti-
fications, but It is populous, and contains
78,000 inliabitants. The streets in general
are narrow, and the houses high ; but there
are several hue squares, and in that called
Joseph-square, is a colossal equestrian
statue m bronze of Joseph ix. The chiuf
public buildings are the imperial palace,
the palaces of the princes, the imperial
chancery, the imperial arsenal, the city
arsenal, the mint, the general hospital, the
townhouse, the customhouse, the bank, the
library, and the museum. \'ienna was in-
effectually besieged by the Turks, in 1589
and 1683. iVt the latter period, the siege
was raised by John Sobieski, king of Po-
land, who totally defeated the Turkish
army. No houses without the walls are
allowed to be budt nearer to the glacis than
600 yards ; so that there is a circular held
of that breadth all round the city. 'I he
eight suburbs are said to contain 220,000
inhabitants ; but they are not populous in
VIE
proportion to their size, for many houses
have extensive gardens. The circuit of
the city and suburbs is upward of 18 m.
Many families live during the winter with-
in the fortifications, and spend the summer
in the suliurbs. The catliednd is built of
freestone, and the steejile contains a bell
of uncommon magnitude, cast out of the
cannon taken from the Turks. Joining to
this church is the archbishop's palace.
The university had several thousand stu-
dents, who, when this city was besieged,
mounted guard ; as they did also in 1F41.
The archducal libraiy is much frequented
by foreigners ; it contains about 100,000
printed books, and 10,000 manuscripts.
The archducal treasury, and a cabinet of
curiosities of the house of Austria, are great
rarities. 'I'he Danube is here very wide,
and contains several woody isles, fine of
which is the Prater, or imperial park ; it
also forms a sort of harbour, where are
magazines of navy! stores, and ships have
been fitted out to serve on that river against
the Turks. The trade of V^ienna is in a
flourishing state, and it has maimt'actures
of silk studs, gold and silver lace, tapestry,
looking-glasses, porcelain, &lc. In 1805,
this city surrendered to the Prencli and
their allies ; but was given up by the peace
at Preshurg. In 1815, a congress of the
sovereigns in Europe assembled here, to
complete the provisions of the treaty of
Pans in 1814. Vienna is 350 m nne
Rome, and 570 E Paris. Lon. 16 16 e,
lat. 48 13 N.
Vienna, a town of Maryland, in Dor-
chester county. It has a brisk trade with
the neighbouring seaports, and is situate
on the Nanticdke, 14 m from its mouth,
and 63 se Washington.
Vienne, a town of I''raiice, in the depart-
ment of Isere, seated on the Rhone, over
which it had formerly a bridge, but only
some piers remain. Bcfiire the revolution,
it was the see of an archbishop, and the
capital of a province called Viennois. The
cathedral is a handsome Gothic structure.
In 1311, a general council was held here,
at which pope Clenient v presided. The
commerceof \ ienne consists in wine, silks,
and sword-blades. Itis 17 m sse Lyon, and
46 nw Grenoble. Lon. 4 5^ e, lat 45 32 n.
Vienne, a department of France, formed
of part of the old province of Poitou. It
takes its name from a river, which rises in
the depaitment of Correze, and flows into
the Loire 5 m above Saumur. Poitiers is
the capital.
Vienne, Upper, a department of France,
comprisnig the old province of Limosiu.
Limoges is the capital.
Vierraden, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Ucker mark, seated on tlie Vcsle, near
VIL
its conflux with the Oiler, '22 in ese
Prenzlo.
VieizoH, i\ town of France, in the depart-
ment of C'iier, famous for its forges, seated
on the Clier, near the influx of the Yevre,
17 m NW Bourges, and 48 sby r, Orleans.
Velsti, a town of Naples, in C'apitanata,
on the i;ulf of N'enice, in the place called
the Spur of the Boot, and at the foot of
mount Gargano, 25 ni nf. Manfredonia.
Lon. IG 40 E, lat. 41 51 N.
J'ict, St. or St. Vit/i, a town of the Ne-
therlands, in Luxemburg, near the source
of the Uren, 24 ni sse Liniburg, and 48 N
Luxemburg.
Vigan, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gard, 22 ni wsw Alais, and 38
AVMw Nismes.
Hgevanu, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
with a strong castle on a rock; seated
near the Tesino, 1(3 m s\v Milan.
f'ignot, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Meuse, on the river Meuse, 16 m
E Bar le Due, and 24 ssK Verdun.
y'lgnuolu, or Vignola, a town of Italy,
in Modenese, 15 m se Modena.
Vigo, a seaport of Spain, in Galicia,
situate on the s side of a bay of its name,
defended by a fort on an eminence, and an
old castle. It has a good harbour, into
which, in 1702, the English and Dutch
fleet forced their passage, and made them-
selves masters of the Spanish plate-fleet,
Avhen just arrived from America. In 1719,
the English got possession of Vigo, but
relinquished it after raising contributions.
It is 14 m WfvW Tuy, and 47 s Compostella.
Lon. 8 40 w, lat. 42 14 n.
Vjlie'y, a town of Hungary, capital of
Zeniplincoy, which is celebrated for Tokay
wine. The population in 1815 was 6327.
It stands on a river that soon joins the
Badrog, 30 m sse Kaschau, and 70 ke
Agria. Lon. 21 48 e, lat. 48 23 n.
Vihiers, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mayenne and Loire, 20m s Angers,
and 20 whys Saumur.
I'ijanagram, a town of Hindoostan, in
the Circars, district of Cicacole, 36 m sw
Cicacole.
Vdaine, a river of France, which rises in
the department of Mayenne, passes by
Vitre and Rennes, divides the department
of Morbihan tiom that of Lower Loire,
and enters the bay of Biscay, below Roche
Bernard.
Villa de Conde, a town of Portugal, in
Entre Douro e Minho, at the mouth of the
Ava, 20 m >: Oporto.
Villa I'lor, a town of Portugal, in Tra
los Montes, 28 m sbyw Braganza.
Villa Franca, a seaport of the county
of Nice, with a castle and fort. The har-
bour is capacious, and the mountains
VIL
which enclose it extend into the sea like
promontories. It was taken by the French
in 1705, 1744, and 1792. It is 3 m e
Nice.
Villa Franca, a town of Italy, in Vero-
nese, with a silk manufacture, 10 m s Ve-
rona.
Villa Franca, a town of Portugal, in
Estremadura, on the estuary of the Tajo,
20 m NE Lisbon.
Jllla Franca, a town on the s coast of
St. Michael, one of the Azores, defended
by a fort and other works. Opposite this
j)hice, half a mile from the shore, is a small
ishiud, which has a basin with a narrow _
entrance, where 50 vessels might anchor in
security. It is 16 m EbyN Punta del
Guda. Lon. 25 30 w, lat. 37 50 n.
Villa Franca de Vanades, a town of
■ Spain, in Catalonia, with manufactures of
small aims and linen, and several brandy
distilleries, 18 m whys Barcelona.
Villa llermimi, a town of Spain, in Va-
lencia, near the river Millas, 58 m n Va-
lencia.
Villa Hermosa, a town of New Spain,
in Vera Cruz, on the river Tabasco, 60 m
sw Tabasco, and 70 ne Chiapa.
Villa de Ilorta, the capital of Fayal,
one of the Azores. It is seated on the w
coast, and has a harbour, land-locked on
every side except the e and ne, defended
by several forts. Lon. 28 41 w, lat. 38
32 N.
Villa d' Inglesias, a town of Sardinia,
and a bishop's see, 35 m wsw Cagliari.
Villa Joiosa, or Joysa, a town of Spain,
in Valencia, on the coast of the Medi-
terranean, 18 m ENE Ahcant, and 24 s
Gandia.
Villa Nova d' Asti, a fortified town of
Piedmont, 14 m w Asti.
Villa Nova da Cervera, a town of Por-
tugal, in Entre Douro e Minho, situate on
the Minho, near its mouth, 27 m Nw
Braga, and 45 n Oporto.
Villa Nova de Fortimao, a fortified sea-
port of Portugal, in Algarva, on a river
that forms a spacious and secure harbour,
defended by two forts. It is 9 m e^e
Lagos, and 42 w by s Tavira. Lon. 8 27
w, lat. 37 12 N.
Villa Nova de Porto, a town of Portugal,
in Entre Douro e Minho, seated on the
Douro, opposite Oporto (on which it de-
pends) and defended by several forts.
I 'ilia Nova dc Principe, a town of Brasil,
in the government of Porto Seguro, situate
near the diamond mines> 130 m w Porto
Seguro.
Villa Real, a tow n of Portugal, in Tra
los Montes, at the conflux of the Corgo
and Ribera, 12 m NbyE Lamego, and 38
SE Braganza.
VIL
t^ilU Real, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
near the Miiijures, 40 m ^'^E X'alencia.
Filla Rica, a town of lirasil, in the go-
vernment of Spiritu Santo, 150 in whys
Spiritu Santo.
/•7//« Rica, a town of Chili, on the lake
Malabaiisen, 60 in ke Valdivia.
nila Rica de Spiritu Santo, a town of
Paraquay, on the river Tebiquarimini, (30
in SE Assnm})tion.
Filla I'iciosa, a fortified town of Por-
tugal, in Alentejo, with an old castle, and
a palace where the dukes of Braganza
fonueriy resided. In tiie suburb is an an-
cient temple, originally built to the honour
of Proserpine ; and in the neighbourhood
are quarries of fine green marble. It is 12
m sw Elvas, and '.Vo ne Evora.
Filla Ficiosa, a town of Spain, in As-
turias, seated on the bay of Biscay, 3^ m
K K Oviedo.
Villach, a town of Germany, in Carin-
thia, with a castle. Near it are medicinal
baths. It is seated at the conflux of the
Geil with the Drave, 16 m w by s Clagen-
furt.
Villaine, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mayenne, 16 m EbyN Ma-
yenne.
Fillalgardo, a town of Spain, in New
Castile, seated on a hill, near the river
Cabriel, 50 m se Cuenza.
I'^illalpcmdo, a town of Spain, in Leon,
37 m s Leon.
Fillamiel, a town of Spain, in Leon, 48
in s Ciudad Rodrigo.
Fillarino, a town of Spain, in Leon, on
the river Douro and confines of Portugal,
45 ni WNW Salamanca.
Filledieu, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Manche, 12 m nne Avranches,
and 18 se Coutances.
Fillefort, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lozere, 18 ra e Meude, and
1!) N Alais.
Fillefranche, a town of France, in the
department of Khone, surrounded by walls,
and seated on the Saone, 18 m Nbyw
Lyon.
Fillefranche, a town of France, in the
department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a
fort ; seated on the river let, 25 m wsw
Perpignan.
Fillefranche, a town of France, in the
department of Aveiron, with a great trade
in linen cloth ; seated on the Aveiron, 20
m w Rodez.
Fillefranche, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Garonne, on the canal
royal, 22 m se Toulouse.
Fillejuive, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Paris, 4ms Paris.
Fillemur, a town of France, in the de-
VI N
partmcnt of Upper Garonne, seated on the
Tarn, 12 m ^ne Toulouse.
Fillena, a town of Spain, in ^lurcia,
with a castle, formerly of great strengtii.
In the neighbourhood is a morass, from
which salt is made. It is 18 m sse AI-
mair/.a, and 50 k by e Murcia.
Filleiieuve, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lot and Garonne, on the river
Lot, 17 m K Agen.
Filleneuve, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Gard, on the river Rhone, op-
posite Avignon, 21 m ene Nisipes.
Filleneuve, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Bern, at the e extreiiiity of
the lake of Geneva, 3 m from the influx
of the Rhone, 17 se Lausanne, and 47
ssw Bern.
Filleneuve de Berg, u town of France,
in the department of Ardeche, 13 m s
Priv;is.
Villiers Coterefs, a town of France, in
the department of Aisne, 12 m sw Suis-
sons, and 44 ne Paris.
Fillingen, a town of Suabia, in^Brisgai:,
strong by nature on account of the sur-
rounding mountains and narrow passes.
Here is a Benedictine abbey, and a good
bath in the neighbourhood. It is 20 m
EbyN Friburg.
Fiheck, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Bambertr, near which are
several founderies. It is seated on the Vils,
20 m N Amberg.
Fdskofen, a town of Lower Bavaria. In
1745, tlie Austrians took it by storm. It
stands on the Danube, at the influx of the
X'ills, ] 1 m wbyN Passau.
T'ilvorden, a town of the Netherlands,
in Brabant, witii an ancient castle; seated
on the Senne, 7 m j.ne Brussels.
Finiieru, u town of Portugal, in Alentejo,
12 m w by n Estremos.
Finiieru, a village of Portugal, in Estrc-
madura, 30 m n Lisbon. Here, in 1800,
a battle was fought between the British
and French, in which the latter w-ere de-
feated.
Fimioso, a town of Portugal, in Tra los
Montes, 15 m wnw Miranda, and 17 se
Braganza.
Finiiroz, a town of Spain, in Valencia.
The environs are -covered with vineyards,
and much brandy is exported. It is seated
at the mouth of the Servol, 23 m s Tor-
tosa, and 88 XNE Valencia.
Fmccnnes, a village of France, 4 m e
Paris. Here is a palace or castle erected
by Francis i, in which Charles v expired,
and also Henry v of England. It was re-
paired and enlarged by Louis xiv ; and the
ancient towers served as a state prison.
J'lncenncs, the capital of the state of
VIN
IiK^iana and of Knox county, witli a fort.
It is seated on the VVahasli, o]>|iositc the in-
flux of tiie Oinhra, 160 m wnw Fraukfoit,
in Kentucky. Lon. 87 20 w, lat. .''.8 40 n.
rincent, Cape St. the sw prouioiitory of
Poituiial, 25 ni whys Lagos. Lon. 9 0
vv, lut. 37 3 N.
P'iyiccnt, Si. one of the Caribe islands,
lying 55 m to the w of Barbados. It is
inhabited by CariLs, a warlike race of In-
dians, between whom and the abori<!,incs
of the larger islands there is a manifest dis-
tinction. 1 liey a.re conjectured to ha\e
been originally a colony from N America ;
their fi(!rce manners a|iproachiuf; nearer to
those of the orij;iual natives of that conti-
nent, than they do to that of S America,
and their lane,ua<;e also having some atli-
nity to that spoken in Florida. In their
■wars they preserve their ancient practice
of destroying all the males, and preserviiig
the women either for servitude or for
breeding. St. Vincent was long a neutral
island ; but, at the peace of 176;), the
French agreed that the right to it should
be vested in the British. The latter, soon
after, engaged in a war against the Carihs,
on the windVvard side of the island, who
■were obliged to consent to a peace, by
which they ceded a large tract of land to
the crown. 1 he consequence of this was,
that in 1779, they greatly contributed to
the reduction of this island by the French,
who, however, restored it in 1783. In
1795, the French landed some troops, and
again instigated the Caribs to an insurrec-
tion, which was not subdued for several
months. St. \ incent is 14 m long and 10
broad. It is extremely fertile for the rais-
ing of sugar and indigo ; and bi'cad-fruit
trees, brouglit from Otahcite, thrive re-
markably well. A ridge of mountains
passes along tlie middle, through its whole
length, the highest of which, called Souf-
frier, is at the n ei.tremity. Fiom this
mountain, in 1812, after the lapse of near
a century, proceeded a dreadiiil eruption,
by which the island was enveloped in a
chaotic gloom for three days, and wholly
covered by showers of volcanic matter.
Kingston is the capital.
Vincent, St. one of theCape Verd islands,
12 m long and 3 broad, and uninhabited.
On its Kw side is a good bay, wlieie ships
may obtain wood, water, and wild goals.
Lon. 25 30 w, lat. 17 30 N.
Vincent, St. a town of Ihasil, in the
government of St. Paul, and a bishop's
see, /nth a castle. It formerly gave name
to the government, and stands on an island
in the bay of Santos. The harbour is now
so choked with sand, that it is not prac-
ticable even for canoes. See Santo*.
VIR
Plncent, St. a town of Spain, in Asturias,
seated on the bay of Biscay, 9 m whys
Santillana.
Vindliya, a chain of mountains in Hin-
doostan, which passes w through Bahar
and Benares, and continues on through
Allahabad and Malwa, nearly parallel to
the river Nerbudda, almost to the gulf
of Cambay. They are inhabited by vari-
ous tribes of predatory thieves.
Fin^orla, a tovin of Uindoostan, in Con-
can. About 10 m to the wsw are some
rocks in the sea, called Vingorla Rocks.
The town is situate near the mouth of a
river, 38 m knw Goa. Lon. 73 22 e, lat.
15 54 N.
Vintindglia, a town of the duchy of
Genoa, witii a small harbour, and a strong
castle on a iiigh rock. In 1746, it was
taken by the king of Sardinia; but re-
covered in 1747, by the Genoese, with the
assistance of the French. It is seated on
the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the
Rotta, 20 m wr, Nice, and 24 sw Oneglia.
Lon. 7 37 E, lat. 43 53 n.
Vique; see Fie.
Vue, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Calvados, with manufactures of
coarse woollen cloths; seated on the Vire,
30 ni SE Coutances, and 150 w Paris.
Virgin, Cupe, a cape of Patagonia, at
the V. entrance of the strait of Magellan;
so called by Magellan, because he disco-
vered it on the feast of St. Ursula. Lon.
67 54 w, lat. 52 23 s.
Virgin Gorda, or Spanishtown, one of
the Virgin islands. It has two good har-
bours, and is defended by a fort. Lon. 64
0 w, lat. 18 18 N.
Virgin Islands, about 40 islands, islets,
and keys, in the W Indies, between St.
Juan de Puerto Rico and the Caribe islands.
They are possessed by the English and
Danes. In the first division, belonging to
ti'ie Enylish, is Tortola, to which belong
.Tost Van Dyke, Little Van Dike, Guana,
Beef, and Thatch islands. In the second
division is Virgin Gorda, to which belong
Anegadu, Nicker, Prickly Pear, the Mus-
kifi.s, the Commanoes, &c. Of the Danish
islands, the principal are St. Thomas, St.
Croix, and St. Jolin. The chief, and
almost the only staple productions of these
inlands, are sugar and cotton. 'J he largest
island is Tortola.
J'irginia, one of the United States of
Anicrua, 446 m long and 224 broad;
bounded on the n by Pennsylvania and
JMaryland, e by Maryland and the At-
lantic ocean, sbyvv Carolina and Ten-
nessee, and w by Kentucky and Ohio. It
is dividtd into 97 counties. Several ridges
of mountains cross the country from n to
VIS
s, the most easterly above 100 m from the
Atlantic ; and among them have been dis-
covered caves, in which nitre is produced
in great abundance. Here are mines of
lead, copper, iron, and coal ; marble is
found in great quantities, and limestone;
and many medicinal springs have been dis-
covered in different parts. The principal
rivers are the James, York, llappahannoc,
and Potomac, whicli are full of convenient
harbours ; and there ar^ many other rivers,
some of which are capable of receiving
the lai-gest merchant ships. The land
toward the mouths of the rivers is low, and
fit for rice, hemp, and maize ; that higher
up is generally level, and watered by
springs; and between tlie ridges of the
mountains are long and fertile valleys. The
land near the sea is sandy, and without
stones, that the horses here are seldom
shod. The richest lands lie near the
branches of the rivers, and abound with
various sorts of timber, surprisingly large.
The principal produce is tobacco, wheat,
and maize. In 1310, the ptipulation was
974,622. The capital is lliclnnond.
Virginia, a town of Ireland, in Cavan
county, on a river of the same name, 15 ni
SE Cavan.
Virnenberg, a town of Germany, in the
territory of Treves, seated near the Nesse,
26 m WNVv Coblentz.
Virton, a town of the Netherlands, in
the duchy of Luxemburg, 22 m w Luxem-
Vi&chma, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Tobolsk, 2G8 m sw Tobolsk.
Lon. 61 22 E, lat. 62 36 n.
Vi&et, a fortified town of the Netherlands,
in the duchy of Liniburg, seated on the
Meuse, 15 m nw Linjbuig.
Viseu, a city of Portugal, in Tieira, and
a bishop's see. It was founded by the Ro-
mans, who called it Visontiuni, and stands
amid mountains, 50 m ke Cuitnbra. Lon.
7 42 w, lat. 40 56 n.
Vishnei l^oloshok, a town of Russia, in
the goveriniient of Tver. It has a canal,
which, by uniting the Tverza and the
Msta, connects the inland navigation be-
tween the Caspian and the Baltic; :ind
above 4000 vessels pass it annually. The
merchandise of Astracan, and other parts
of the s of llussia, are brought to this
place, which is spacious, and full of build-
ings and shops. It is seated tm tl;e Zua,
near its couHux with the Tvei'.a, 7U m ^vv
Tver. Lon. u4 35 e, lat. 57 30 .v.
Fisiupuor ; see Bcjitpour.
Visa, a mountain of the Cottian Alps,
and the highest peak of that chain, which
separates Piedmont from the rreuch pro-
vince of Datipliiny. It is the Mons \'e-
rulus of the itouians. The river Po has
VIT
its source on the eastern flank of this moun-
tain, from which three vulleys descend
into the plains of Piedmont.
Vispach, a town of Switzerland, in
Upper Valais, on a river of the same name,
near its junction with the Rhone, 24 m
Eby N Sion.
Uid, ^orth and South, two islands of
the Hebrides, on tlie w coast of Scotland.
N Uist is 20 m long and 12 broad, and
the face of the country corresponds with
that of Lewis. S Uist is 23 m long and 7
broad, and trees are here equally unknown.
Many cows are annually exported ; but
kelp is "he staple commodity, of which
above 1000 tons are annually manufactured
in each. The island of Bcnbecula Jicp be^
tween theni, and they are each about 16 ni
to the w of the most western point of the
isle of Skye.
Fistula, a river that rises in the Carpa-
thian mountains on the confines of Mo-
ravia and Hungary, flows through Poland
and Prussia, by Cracow, Sandomir, War-
saw, Culm, Marienweider, Marienburg,
and Dantzic, to the Baltic. Below Ma-
riciiwerder it divides into two streams,
each of which divides into two others ;
three of these flow to the PYisch Haf, the
largest by Marienburg ; and the fourth
or main stream enters the gulf of Dantzic
at Weisselmunde.
Uitenhage, a town of the Cape territory,
which gives name to a fertile district. It
has a manufacture of salt ; and is situate
ou the Zwartkops, 9 m from it; mouth in
Algoa bay, and 400 e Capetown. Lon.
25 18 e, lat. 33 58 s.
Fiterbo, a town of Italy, capital of the
patriuKany of St. Peter, and a bishop's see.
it contains 16 parish-churches, numerous
convents, and many palaces and fountains.
Near the city is a hot mineral spring,
much frequented. It is seated at the foot
of a niountainj in abeautiiul valley, 40 m
NNW Rome. Lon. 12 2a e, lat. 42 25 N.
Fitli, Si. see Viet, St.
Vitu, St. see Fiuine.
f'^ltre, a town of France, in the depart
ment of Ille and Vilaine, with a trade in
linen cloth, and knit stockings and gloves;
seated on the Vilaine, 20m ^E Rennes,
and 52 se St. Malo.
Vtlrij le Brule, a village of France, 2 m
NE Vitry le Francois. It was formerly a
consl lerable town, but was burnt by
Loiii-. VII, and on this accountcalled Brule.
The I'.ngli^jh and Burgundians, in the war
with Charles vri, set lire to Vitrv, and 60
villages. It was ft thi.'-d time burned and
ruined by the troops of emperor Charles v.
Vitri/ le Francois, a. town of France,
in the department of Marne, built by
Francis i, after the destruction of Vitry
UKR
lo Brule by Chitrles v. It ha? a trade in
corn, nnd is seateci on the Manic, 15 in
SE Clialons, aiul 100 k Paris.
J'itlcau.v, a town of Fraiioe, in tlie de-
partiiieiit of Cote d'Or, seated on tlic river
l^raine, auionsr the mountains, where tliere
are (jiiarries of niarldCj l'.i in SE Senuir,
and C'7 w Dijon.
Vittorid, a city of Spain, capital of the
district of A lava, in liiscay. Jt is sur-
r.nunded by double walls, and the lar<;e
streets are bordered with trees. In the
firincipal square are the towrdiouse, two
convents, and a fine fountain. It has a
i;reat trade in hardware, parlici:larly in
sword-blades, which are made here in large
quantilies. JSear this cyty, in 1813, a
complete victory was obtained by the allied
forces under lord Wellington, over the
French army under Jerome Bonaparte and
marshal .lourdan. It is seated in a plain,
fertile in corn and grapes, 3'2 in sl Bilboa,
and 13i} x Madrid.' Lou. 2 38 w, iat. 42
45 N.
Vittoria, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto,
and county of iVlodica. It has a trade in
corn, wine, and oil, and stands in a plain,
15 rn WNW Modica.
Viviircz, an old territory of France, in
the KE part of Laiiguedoc, on the banks of
the Rhone, which parts it from Dauphiny.
It now forms tlie department of Ardeche.
I'ivero, a town of Spain, in Galicia, on
a steep hill, near the river Landrova, which
iorms a tide haven, and flows into the bay
of Biscay. It is 22 m jav Mondonnedo.
Fiviers, a ton'ii of I'rancc, in the depart-
ment of Ardeche, and lately a bishop's see.
it is seated among basaltic rocks (on one
of which the cathedral is built) near the
river Rhone, 16 m sbvE Frivas. Lon, 4
41 i:, Iat. 44 29 N.
r^izagapaf.am, a town of Ilindoostan,
on the coast of the Circars, district of Cica-
cole, with a fort that defends the harbour.
'I'he town is inconsiderable, the Europeans
;;enerally residing at V\'alloor, a village 3 m
to the ne; and at Semachellum, a village
5 in to the w, is a Hindoo temple of great
iaine. The staples of the ports are wax,
salt, and indigo. It is 56 m ssvv Cicacole.
i.on.83 28E,"lat. 17 42 N.
Fizini, a town of Sicily, in \'al di Noto,
25 m ^•^w Noto.
Vkenskoi, a town of Russia, in the go-
\ernmeiil (jf 'I'obolsk, at the conlluxof the
irtisch and Obv, 196 in N Tobolsk. Lon.
Ci9 15 E, hit. 0"l 10 N.
Ukraine, a country of Europe, lying on
(he borders of Poland, Russia, and Little
'lartary. Its name signities a frontier.
J5y a treaty between Russia and Poland,
in 1693, the latter remained in possession
of the Ukraine, on the w side of the
ULM
Dnieper, whiHi constituted a palatinate
called Kiof ; while the r side was allotted
to Russia, and called the government of
Kiof; but Russia having obtained the
Polish part, by the treaty of partition,
in 1793, the whole belongs now to that
power. That part of the tJkraine, on the
w side of the Dnieper, is but indilVerently
cultivated; that on the e side, inhabited
by the Cossacs, is in much better condition.
1 he principal town is Kiof. See Cossacs.
J'ladimiry see I'olodimir.
Vlupvol, a town of Scotland, in Rosshire,
on the E side of the narrow part of Loch
Broom, at the mouth of a river of its name,
with a good harbour and commodious road.
It is a great fishing station, and situate in
the midst of a wool country, 30 m nw
Dingwall. Lon. 5 3 w, Iat. 57 54 N.
Uleaborg, a seaport of I'inland, and the
capital of E Bothnia, with the ruin of a
castle on an island, and a commodious
harbour 2 m below the town. The chief
exports are deals, pitch, tallow, dried lish,
and tar. In 1714, this town was demo-
lished by the Russians ; and in 1808, the
Swedes surrendered it to the Russians. It
is situate near the mouth of the Uiea, 340
m N by E Abo. Lon. 24 40 e, Iat. 65 18 n.
Flielund ; see FUe.
JJUetea, one of the Society isles, in the
Pacific ocean. It has a good harbour on
the w side, called Ohamaneno. Lon. 151
38 w, Iat. 16 45 s.
VLls-wuter, a lake on the borders of
Westmorland and Cumberland, 10 m to
the N of Ambleside. It is 8 ni long, and
abounds with char and other fish. The
river Eamont flows through this lake, and
by Penrith, to the Eden, forming that part
of the boundarv line between the two
counties.
Vim, a free city of Suabia, whose terri-
tory is 27 m long and 21 broad. It is a
large and liandsorne place, and strongly
fortified. 1 he cathedral is a magnificent
structure. Here is an excellent college,
with a theological seminary annexed; and
a convent for the daughters of the nobility
and citizens, who are here educated, and
afterward at liberty to marry. The other
most remarkable buildings are the abbey
of St. Michael, commonly called VVengen,
the townhouse, the arsenal, the magazines,
and the valuable town library. The inha-
bitants are protestants, estimated at 15,000,
and have a good trade in linens, fustians,
paper, wine, and wood. The duke of Ba-
varia took it in 1702, by stratagem ; but
surrendered it after the battle of Blenheim,
in 1704. It was taken by the French in
1796, and it surrendered to them in 1805.
It is seated at the conflux of the Blau with
the Danube, opposite the influx. oi the
UMM
Her, 36 m wby» Augsburg, and 40 se
Stuts;arcl. Lon. 9 56 e, lat, 48 24 ».
JJlmeJi, a town of Germany, in the terri-
tory of Treves, '28 m w Coblentz.
JJlotho, or Vlothow, a town of West-
phalia, in the county of Ravensberg, near
which is a medicinal spring. It is 6 in s
Miniien.
Ulrichstein, a town of Germany, in Up-
per Hesse, with a fortified castle, 15 tn se
Marburg.
lUricshamn, a town of Sweden, in W
Gothland, formerly called Bogesund, but
changed in 1741, in compliment to queen
Ulrica Eleanora. It has a considerable
trade in cattle, provisions, tobacco, See. and
is 50 m E Gothenburg.
Ulster, a province of Ireland, 116 ni
long and 100 broad ; bounded on the e by
the Irish sea, n by the Northern ocean,
w by the Atlantic ocean, sw by the pro-
vince of Connaught, and s by that of
Leinster. It contains the counties of Do-
negal, Londonderry, Antrim, Tyrone, Fer-
managh, Monaghan, Armagh, Down, and
Cavan. The principal place is London-
derry.
Ultzeii, or Veltzen, a town of Lower Sax-
ony, in the duchy of Luneburg, with a trade
in flour and wool ; seated on the Ilmenau,
20 m SSE Luneburg.
Ulverston, a town in Lancashire, with a
market on Monday. It stands at the foot
of some hills, has a canal to Morecambe
bay, and is the port of the district of
Furness. Since the dechne of Dalton, it
has considerably increased ; has manufac-
tures of cotton, check, canvas, and hats;
and exports much corn, limestone, iron
ore, and blue slate. It is 18 m nw Lancas-
ter, and 261 NNw London. Lon. 3 12 w,
lat. 54 14 N.
Umago, a small seaport of Istria, seated
near the gulf of Largona, 12 m sw Capo
d' Istria.
Umbria, a name sometimes given to the
duchy of Spoleto. Umbria was the northern
province of ancient Italy, extending N from
the Nar to the Rubicon.
Umhriatico, a town of Naples, in Cala-
bria Citra, seated on the Lipuda, 15 m n
by w St. Severina.
Umea, a seaport of Sweden, capital of
W Bothnia. The houses are built of wood;
and it stands at the mouth of the river
Umea, in the gulf of Bothnia, 310 m n
by E Stockholm. Lon. 19 18 e, lat, 63
58 N.
Ummerapoor, a city of Birmah, and the
metropolis of the Birman empire, with a
spacious square fort completely fortified
after the eastern manner. It was founded
in 1783 by emperor Minderagree, 4 m to
9
UNI
the HE of Ava, the Airnier capital. The
houses are raised on posts from the ground ;
the smaller supported by bamboos, the
larger by strong timbers. The streets are
all straight, many of them wide, paved
with brick, and frequently crossed by
others at right angles. The royal palace
is a splendid edifice, within the fort, and
not any nobleman of the court is permitted
to enter it with his feet covered. The
temples and monasteries are numerous,
and thoogh in general composed of wood
are very magnificent : the unbounded ex-
penditure of gilding, which is bestowed on
the outside of the roofs, particularly on
the lofty spires, render them objects of
extraordinary splendour. In 18CiO, the
population was estimated at 175,000.
Ummerapoor is situate on a peninsula,
formed by the Irrawaddy on the w, and a
narrow channel branching e from the
river, which soon takes a n direction, and
expands to a lake on the e side of the
city, 7 m long and a mile and a half broad.
It is 520 m E Calcutta. Lon. 76 7 e, lat.
21 57 N.
Vnderwalden, a canton of Switzerland,
bounded on the k by the canton of Lu-
cern and the lake of the Four Cantons, e
by high mountains which separate it from
the canton of Uri, s by Mount Brunich,
which parts it from the canton of Bern,
and w by that of Lucern. It is 24 m
long and 20 broad, and divided into the
Upper and Lower Valley, by a forest
called Kesterwald, which crosses the can-
ton from N to s. The coimtry abounds in
fruit and cattle, but produces little corn
and no wine. 'J he inhabitants are Roman
catholics. Stanz is the capital of the Lower
Valley, and Sarnan of the Upper and of the
whole canton.
Unghrcir, a town and fort of Hungary,
capital of a cc^unty. It stands on an island
formed by the Ung, 52 m Ebys Kaschau.
Lon. 22 29 e, lat. 48 34 n.
Vniegow, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Lenczicz, with a fine cas-
tle belonging to the archbishop of Gne-
sen; seated on the Warta, 20 m ssw Lcn-
czicz.
Unich, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Roum, which has a srrcat trade with Con-
stantinople and Theodosia. It is seated
in a fruitful district, and on a bay of
the Black sea, 100 m n by e Tocat.
Union, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of
Fayette county. It is situate on Redstone
creek, 14 m sbvE Brownsville, and 28 NE
Morgantown.
Union, a town of New York, in Tiogn
counfv, where the judicial courts are held
in October. It is situate on the Susqnehana,
vm
w of the influx of tlie Chenango, 50 m e by s
Newtown, and loO K\v New York.
United Stutes of America, a republic of
N America, fouhded in 17t>3. It tlien
consisted of thirteen btates; namely, AJas-
sacliLisets, New Hampshire, KlKule Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, 33elaw;irc, ^lavylaiid, Vir-
ginia, North Cainlina, Siiutli Carolina,
and Georpa. T he following eight have
since bttn formed, and united to them;
Vermont, UI;io, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky,
Tenuesse, Mississipi, and Louisiana. I here
are, besides, on the e side of the Mississipi,
three teriitories. Alabama, i\Ji(.hig,an, and
the Northwest Territory, which will be
received into the Union in a fe.v years.
The ^Missouri Territory, on the w side of
the Alississipi, or the country of Louisiana,
likewise belong,s to the United States,
These districts are ail noticed in this
work in their proper places. The popula-
<lion of tlie I'nited States in 1791 was
3,929,3 xJd ; in 1801 it was 3,305^638 ; and
in 181U It was 7,238,4'2L No part of the
globe is so well supplied with rivers, great
and small springs, and lakes, as the United
States; that a coiiunuuication by water,
from one extremity to the other, is more
easy than in England : and a great multi-
tude of bays and excellent harbours are
on the coast of every maritime state. Iii
the large tov\ns the houses are of brick ; in
the others, and their environs, the half,
and often the whole of them are of planks:
but 80 m from the sea, in the cential and
southern states, and still more particularly
in those w of the Allegany mountains,
above half of the inhatiitants live in log-
houses. The 13 original states long flou-
rished as provinces of Great Britain ; but
the British parliament attempting to tax
theiTi by its sole authority, without the in-
tervention of their assemblies, a civil war
ensued. The Americans formed a con-
gress, which, in 1/7G, disclaimed ail de-
pendence on the mother country : the
French king entered into an aUiance with
them in 1778; the colonies, powerfully
assisted by France, were successful ; and
Great Britain acknow li dged their indepen-
dence by the peace of 1783. The federal
<»onstitution of the United States is go-
verned by a congress, consisting of a pre-
sident, vK-epresident, senate, and house of
representatives. The fust president, gene-
ral Washington, was elected in 1788.
Every state lias its own. governor, constitu-
tions, and laws for its distinct government;
and each slate sends a proportionable
number of representatives to the congress.
In the United States there is no religious
establishment supported by the ruling
UNZ
power; it being judged more prudent to
leave religion to its own operations, than to
inlluence belief by holding out any emolu-
ment to those who might exercise the
religion of the state. Notwithstanding
this seeming neglect, the people in general
are as religiously disposed as they are
in most other countries. The judicial
part oi the constitution appears, in gene-
ral, to correspond with that of England,
though it m;iy not be altogether so pure
in practice, especially in the minor courts.
The army and navy of the United States
are on a tbrmidable scale ; tiieir numerous
trading vessels visit every coast, without
r.gard to distance or danger; and their
internal trade flourishes by means of
extensive navigable rivers, and the occa-
sional aid of canals. The national revenue
for the year 1816 was stated at 36,743,574
dollars, of which the commercial duties
produced three-fourths, and the rest pro-
cured by a light taxation and the sale
of public lands. In 1819 most of the
taxes imposed on account of the late war
were repealed, and the expenditure of the
year was estimated at only 11,800,000
dollars. The United States, in 1812,
entered into a war against Britain, which
was carried on by sea and land, with
variable success on both sides, tQ its termi-
nation by a treaty of peace, signed at
Ghent, in 1814. The city of Washington
is the inetropolis.
Vnnu, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Mark, environed by walls and
ditches, and formerly a considerable han-
seatlc town. It is seated on the Kottelbeck,
10 m ssvv ILini.
Umia, a river of European Turkey, which
rises in Bosnia, on the frontiers of Croatia,
passes by Vvihitsch, and joins the Save, 16
m ab(-ve Gradisca.
Unnury, a to>in of Sweden, in the pro-
vince of Smoland, 4'^ m \v Wexico.
Unst, the most northern of the Shetland
islands, and of the British dominions. It
is 10 m Ioi:<; and 4 broad, and more level
than the other isles. It feeds many sheep,
horned cattle, and hogs ; and about 80 tons
of cured fish are annually exported. The
NF. point is called Laraba Ness. Lon. 0 10-
w, lat. (30 55 N.
Unierseen, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, near which is the famous
cavern of St. Pat. It stands on the river
Aar, between the lakes Brientz and Thun,
23 111 SSE Bern.
Uma, a town of Hussia, in a province of
the same name, in the government of Kos-
stroma. It is situate on the river Unza,
92 m ENE Kostroma. Lon. 44 15 e, lat.
57 5t^ n.
VOL
Voghcrn, a town of Italy, in Milanese,
seated on ihe Stalfora, 9 ui ne 'I'ortona.
Voglabruck, a town of Anslria, on the
river Vogel, 28 m xe Salzburg, and 33 sw
Lintz.
Void, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Meiise, 18 ra esf. Bar le Due.
Voigilarul, a territory of tlie kingdom of
Saxonv, in the sw part of the niarquisate
of Misnia, bounded on tlie w by Thurin-
gia and Franconia. It is very hilly, and
abounds in wood ; bat the vallies afford
plenty of corn and pasture, and feed threat
numbers of excellent cattle. Plauen is the
capital.
Voigtsherg, a town and citadel of the
kingdom of Saxony, in Voigtland, 5ms by e
Plauen.
Voitsherg, a town of Germany, in Sti-
ria, seated on the Kainach, 18 m w by s
Gratz.
Vokelmark, or Volkenmuik, a town of
Germany, in Carinthia, seated on the
Drave, 17 ni e by s Clagenfurt.
Votano, a town of Italy, in Ferra-
rese. seated on the gulf of Venice, at
one of the mouths of the Po, 34 m e
Ferrara.
Volconda, a town of Hindoostan, in
the Carnatic, with a fort on a rock 200
feet high. It is 76 m sw Poudicherry. Lon.
79 5 E, lat. 11 19 K.
Volga, a river of Ptussia, which forms
part of the boundary between Europe and
Asia. It has its source in two small lake=,
in the government of Pleskof, about 90 ni
w of Tver, begins to be navigable a few in
above that tbwn, and is there augmented
bv the influx of the Tverza. It waters
some of the finest provinces of the Russian
empire, passes by Jaroslaul, Kostroma,
ISiishnei Novgorod, Kasan, Simbirsk, Sa-
ratof, Tzaritzin, and Astracan, and enters
the Caspian sea by numerous mouths.
This is the largest liver in Europe ; and,
ii! a winding course of 1700 m, lias not a
sii'.gle cataract to interrupt the navigation.
By means of this noble strean;, the river
Tverza, and the canal of Vishnei Vo-
loshok, there is a navii:able commu-
nication trom the Caspian sea to the
Baltic.
]'ulhi/nia, a palatinate of Russian Po-
land, 2ii0 m long and 130 broad; bound-
ed on the N by Polesia, e by Kiof, s by
Podolia, and w by Austrian Poland. It
consists chiefly of fertile plains watered by
a great number of rivers. Lucko is the
capital.
Vollenlwcen, a town of the Netheiiancis,
in Overyssel, with a castle, and a small
port on the Zuider zee, 12 m xw Zwol.
Voiauir, a town of Russia, in the gtj-
VOL
vernmont of Ri^n, on the river Aa, 60 la
NEliiga.
Volo, a town of European Turkey, «»
Thes^aly, with a citadel and a fort. 'J'he
chief exports are wheat, oil, tobacco, and
sponges. It is seated at tlie skirt of the
celebrated mount Pelion, and near the
head of a gulf of its name, where there is a
good harbour, 38 in se Larissa. Lon. 22 55
E, lat. 39 21 N
Volodimir, or VUidimir, a government of
Russia, formerly a province of the govern-
ment of Moscow. The soil is extremely
fertile, and in the forests are innumerable
su''arnis ot bees.
Voloilimir, the capital of the above go-
vernment. It is seated on the Kliasma,
110 m EbyN Moscow. Lon. 40 28 £, lat.
55 53 E.
Vologda, a government of Russia, oivird-
ed into the two provinces of Vologda and
Ustiug. It is a marshy country, full of
forests, lakes, and rivers, and noted for fine
wool.
Vologda, the capital of tlie above govern-
ment, and the see of an archbishop. It has-
a magnilicent cathedral, several churches,,
a castle, and a fortress. The principal
trade is in hemp, matting, leather, and tal-
low. It is seated in a marsh, on the river
Vologda, which flows into the Sukhona,
257 m N by e Moscovr. Lon. 39 40 e, lat.
.59 20 X.
Vohk, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Saratof, situate on tlie Volga,
76 m XE Saratof. Lon. 47 45 e, lat. 52
15 X.
Volta, a river of Guinea, which sepa-
rates the Gold coast from the Slave coast,
and enters the Atlantic ocean with great
rapidity by a wide mouth, which ss crossed
by a bar. On its left bank, close to the
entrance, is the Danish fort of Prind-
stein, or Volta. Lon. 1 58 e, lat. 5 50 x.
Volta gio. a town of the duchy of Genoa,
15 m X by w Genoa.
Volierra, a walled town of Tuscany, in
the territory of Pisa, containing several
palaces and many anti juities. It is seated
on the sumnut of a mountain, SO m ssw
Florence, and 32 se Pisa.
Voltri, a town in the duchy of Ge-
noa, near whicli tlie Austrians were de-
feated by tiie irench in 1796. It is 6 m w
Genoa.
Vollurara, a town of Naples, in Capita-
nata, at the loot of the Apennines, 2U nt
w Lucera, and 5'J xe Naples.
Volturno, a river of Naples, vvl>ici?
rises in the Apennines, passes by Jser-
nia and Capua, and enters the gulf «ji'
Gaieta.
Vohk, a town of France, in the d«-
3 C
YOU
partmnnt of Puy do Dome. Here are im-
mense ([iiaiTics, wliicli fiimisli niatcriiils
for tlie buildiuiis ol'tlie adjacent towns, and
for the statues in tho churches. It is (3 m
^- Clermont.
Vonitza, a town of Euro|)ean Turkey,
in Livadia, with a castle; seated at tlie
head of a deep bay on the s side of tlie
s^ulf of Arta, 17 m"ss\v Arta, and GO jcw
Xiepanto.
Voo7-n, a fort of the Netherlands, in
Geldcrland, on a small island iormed by
the V.'aal and the Meuse, 7 m t by .\
Bomniel.
Voorn, an island of the Netherlands, in
S Holland, between the mouths of the
Meuse, 20 m long and 5 broad. This is-
land, with Overflackee and Goree, form
the territory called Voornhmd, which an-
ciently belonged to Zealand. Biiel is the
capital.
Voickn, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Osnaburg, ','0 m nxe Os-
iiaburg.
Voidon, a town of W Prussia, on the
Vistula, 15 ni ssw Culm.
Vorinjien, a town of Suabia, in the
principality of Ilohenzollern, situate on the
Lauchart, "lO ra se Iloenzoliern.
Voronctz, a govenmnent of Russia, and
one of the richest countries in the empire,
aboundinu; ill corn, cattle, and other neces-
saries of life.
Voronetz, the capital of the above go-
vernment. Here Peter the great built his
first ship of war, when he projected the
conquest of the Black sea. It then did
not consist of above 100 wooden huts, but
is now a handsome town, and holds inter-
course with all parts of the empire. Here
are considerable manufactures of woollen
-cloth and hardware ; and grease, prepared
from the substance of rattle, is a great
article of trade. The town is strong by
nature, and seated on the Voronetz, near
its junction with the Don, 2o0 ra sse
Moscow. Lon. 39 44 e, lat. 52 3G n.
Vo:<i:c&, a department of France, includ-
ing the SE part of the old province of Lor-
rain. It is so called from a chain of moun-
tains, formerly covered with wood, that
separates this department from those of
Upper Saone and Upper Rhine. Epinal
is the capital.
Vourla, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, seated on two eminences near the
gulf of Smyrna, 30 m whys Smyrna.
VouiUe', a village of Prance, in the de-
partment of Vienne, 10 ni w Poitiers.
Here Clovis gained a battle, in 507, against
Alaric, king of the Visigoths, which ex-
tended the French empire from the Loire
to the Pyrenees.
UPS
]'on-(chun<s, a city of China, capital of
Hou-(|nang, and the rendezvous, as jt were,
of all the commercial people in the empire.
As every branch of trade is carried on
here, its port on the Kian-kn, is always
crowded with vessels; the river being
sometimes covered with them G m in
length. The beautiful chrystal found in
its mountains, the plentiful crops of fine
tea, and the prodigious sale of the bamboo
paper made iiere, contribute no less to
make it famous than the continual influx
of strangers. ]t is G55 m s Peking. Lon.
112 25 E, lat. 30 30 X.
Vouziers,VL town of France, in the de-
partment of Ardennes, on the river Aisne,
28 m s Mezieres, and 32 exe Rheims.
Vpholland, a village in Lancashire, 3 m
w Wigun, with considerable manufactures
common to the county.
Upland, a province of .Sweden, in the
division of Sweden Proper, between Su-
dermania, Westmania, Gestricia, and the
Baltic. Tt is 70 m long and 45 broad,
chiefly covered with shapeless stones and
forests of pine; But it is enriched with in-
exhaustible mines of copper, iron, and sil-
ver; and the peasants are chiefly employed
in the manufacture of those metals. Stock-
holm is the capital.
Uppingham, a town in Rutlandshire,
with a market on Wednesday, seated on an
eminence, G m s Oakham, and 89 k by w
London.
Upml, a city of Sweden, in Upland, and
an archbishop's see, with a castle, and a
university. A river flows through it, to
the lake Maeler, which facilitates some
trifling commerce. The streets are drawn
at right angles from a central kind of
square; some of the houses are built of
brick, but the generality are of wood,
painted red, and the roofs covered with
turf. Upsal was formerly the metropolis
of Sweden; and near it is the morasteen,
a circular range of stones, where the king
used to be elected. It still contains many
objects of curiosity, and is the residence of
several Swedish noblemen. The ancient
palace was a magnificent building, until
great part of it was consumed by fire, in
1702. The cathedral, a large structure of
brick, contains the remains of the famous
Gustavus Vasa and Charles Linnc, and
several objects of curiosity : in the library
is a MS copy of the Testament in the
Sues-Gcthic language, in silver letters on
purple coloured parchment; also a sealed
chest, enclosing the secret papers of Gus-
tavus III, which is not to be opened till
50 years (1842) after his disease. The
universitv, founded in 147G, is the most
ancient in Sweden, and the first seminary
URA
la tljci norin fqr academical cducntion.
The IfuVai' Society here is likewise the
oldest association of the kind in the north.
Here is an observatory, planned by the
-celebrated Celsus, from whicii the Swedish
geograpliers compute the longitude. The
-botanical garden, of whicii llie famous
Linr.e was snperintendant, is almost deso-
lated; but a new one, and much larger, lies
xm the w side of the palace. Upsal contains
about 4000 inhabitants, exclusive of the
-•students, who are seldom fewer than 500.
-It is seated in a vast open plain, fertile in
•corn, 40 in nkw Stockholm. Lon. 17 39 e,
lat. 59 52 N.
Upton, a town in Worcestershire, with
a market on 'Jhursdar, seated on the
-Severn, 11 m s Worcester, and 111 w^■\v
London.
Uracfi, a town of Wirtemberg, with a
^ecaved castle on a mountain. It has a
trade in paper, damasks, and linen, and is
■21m SSE Stutgard.
l.'raiiuai/, a large river that rises in
JBrasil, in the government of Rio Grande,
among the mountains near the coast of the
Atlantic. It flows w along a high valley,
and on emerging from the mountains,
overflows the plain to a great extent. It
.then proceeds ssw through the government
x>( Buenos Ayres, where, after a course
of 690 m, it joins the Panama, and the
united stream forms the connnencement of
■the great river Plata.
Uraic/iore, a town of European Tur-
"key, in Livadia, and a bishop's see. It
is governed by a bey, and stands on the
left bank of the Aspro, ','5 m wnw Le-
|)anto.
Ural, a river of Russia, which rises in
IMount Caucasus, flows by Orcnljurg,
Uralsk, and Gurief, and enters the Caspian
sea by three mouths.
Ural 2Ioiintains, a chain of mountains
In Russia, extending from 50 to 67 n lat.
vor about 1100 m, and forming a consi-
derable part of the boundary between
ILurope and Asia. The centr'al part of
/his chain abounds in metals, and fine
white marble. Pauda, one of the highest
mountains, is said to be 4512 feet above
ihe level of the sea.
Uralian Cossucs, a Tartar tribe that
inhabit the Russian province of Oren-
burg, on the s side of the river Ural.
These Cossacs are descended from those
X)f tlie Don; and are a valiant race. They
.profess the Greek religion ; but there are
dissenters from the established religion,
.whom the Russians called Roskolniki, or
Separatists, and who style themselves Sta-
roverski, or Old Believers. These con-
sider tJie i^ervice of tlie established cUutcU
URG
as profane, and have their own pnests^
and ceremonies. Tiie Uralian Cossrtics are
ail enthusiasts for the ancient ritualyand
prize their beards almost equal to tScir
lives. They are very rich, in cous<*-
quence of their fisheries in the Caspiaa
sea. Their principal fishery is for st»i>-
geons and beluga, whose roes supply^
large quantities of caviare; and tlie tish^ '
chiefly salted and dried, afford ii consi-
derable article of consumption in the Rus-
sian enii)ire.
Uralsk, a town of Russia, in the go—
vernment of Caucasia and province of
Orenburg. It is seated on the Ural, 375-
m NNE Astracan. Lon. 50 10 e,^ lat.
52 0 N.
Urhania, a town of Italy, in the duchjr
of Urbino, built by Urban yiii, on the
Metro, 7 m ssw Urbino.
Urbanua, a town of Virginia, in Mid^
dlesex county, seated on the Rappnhan-
noc, 22 m from its mouth, and. 73 sk
Richmond.
Urbino, a duchy of Italy, in the Eccla-
siastical State, 55 m long and 45 broad;,
bounded fni the .\ by Romagna, xi: by the
gulf of Venice, se and s by Ancona, and w
by Perugino and Tuscany. The air is noC
deemed wiiolesome, nor is the soil fertile-
The chief production is silk, and game is.
plentiful.
Urbino, the capital of the above duchy,
and an archbishop's see. The universitj
contains a noble college and 16 convents.
Great quaiuities of line earthen ware ai-e
made here; and it is the birthplace of the il-
lustrious painter Raphael. It was taken by
tlie French in 1796. It stands on a hill,
between the rivers Metro and Foglia, 5'd nt
Y. Plorence, and 120 X Rome. Lon. 12 40
E, lat. 43 46 N.
Ure, a river in Yorkshire, which rises
on the confines of Westmorland, Hows
by Middleham, Ripoii, Boronglibridge, and
Aldborough, and a little below joins the
Swale, where the united stream tbrnis the
Ouse.
Urcden, a town of Westphalia, in the-
principalilv of Munster, with manufactures
of excellent linen; seated on the Berckel,
26 m WNW Alu lister.
Urgel, a city of Spain, in Catalonia^
and a bishop's see. It is seated on the
Segra, in u fertile plain, surrounded by
mountains, covered with vineyards, 75J
m XX w Barcelona. Lon. 1 28 E, hit. 4^
24 N.
Urghens, a town of the country of Ckis,-
rasm, of which it was formerly the CJipitat j
seated on a small river that riuis into thft
l.ike Aral, 00 m kxw Ivhiva, Lou. 5Q v'>
X, lat. -12 24 N.
3C2
USH
Uri, a canton (ifSwit/.crland, 50 in lone;
and 12 lirnail; l;muided on the N l>y llie can-
ton of Sclnvcitz and t!ie Waldstadter see,
X by tlie cf;ntons of Grisons and Glari^, s
by tliat of 'I'esin, and w hy tluise of Uiider-
walden and Rem. Altorf is tlic capital,
isec Sc/iueilz.
Vri, Luke of; sre Vi (iLlsUullc?- .See.
Vr-iiiia, or Onmmich, a town of Persia,
an Aderliijai), sitiiaic on tlie w part of a
lake of tlie same name. The lake, some-
times called Shaliee lake, is of an oval
form, loO in in ciicuii:; Imt on llic r. side
it is penetrated by a long mountain, or jx;-
iiinsula, called Sliahcc, which extends to
the centre : its waters produce much salt,
and on its r. borders are found imuiense
Llocks of \\liat is called the marble of
Tabriz. The town is pretty lari;i:, and GO
311 sw Tabriz.
Urmund, a town of Wcstplialia, in the
tluchy of Juliers, seated near tha Mease,
10 m" XNE IMaestricht.
Urscrai, a town of Switzerland, in tlie
canton <if Uri, situate in an elevated
valley, on the Reuss, 17 m ssf, Altorf.
Ursinjun, a town of Persia, in Farsistan,
situate in a hij^hly cultivated valley, and
encompassed by extensive L^ardens, 30 m
ENE Shiras.
Ursitz, Sf. a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, indebted for its origin to
a hermitage, built in the seventh cent\n-y
by St. Ur^in;us. It is seated on the Doubs,
6ms Poreutrui.
Usbec Turlury, a vast coimtry of Vv ast-
ern Tartary, bounded on the x by the
country of the Kalmucks and Turkestan,
E by Tibet, s by liindoostan and Persia,
and vv bv the Caspian sea. These Tartars
are divided into several tribes, governed by
their respective kb.aus, or princes. When
under one sovereiiiu, they were the most
powerful of all the Tartarian nations. '1 he
principal khans pride themselves in being
tlescended from Tamerlane, whose birth-
place uas J^amarcand, the present capital
of the country. Tlie Usbecs, in their per-
sons, are said to have better comj)lexuais
and more engaging features thaa the Kal-
iiiucs. Their religion is Mohamedanism ;
and they difier, in general, very little iVoni
the people of the norlbern prcivintes ol
liindoostan.
Vsedmn, an islanri of Hither Pomerania,
in the Baltic sea, between ths uiouths of
the I'eene aiiil .Swin, with two torts named
after these two rivers. It has a town of
the same name, on the sw coast, -10 m x\v
-Stettin. Lon. 14 'i r, lat. o3 68 x.
I'shunt, an island of Prance, 12 m from
the extreme \< point of France, in tl:e di-
r)artment of Finisterre. It is IJ m in cir-
UTR
cuit, and contains several hamlets, inha-
bited by lishermei). On the n side is St.
Michael bay, which alVords good anchor-
age. Ton. .') 5 w, lat. 18 ."lO N.
Vsin^en, a town of Germany, in VVet-
teravia, with a handsome castle ; seated oti
the Usbach, \'l m ssr. Weilburg.
Vsh, a river that rises in Wales, on the
\v side of Brecknockshii'C, ilows by Breck-
nock, and entering Monrviontlishire, passes
by Abergavenny, Usk, Caerleon, and New-
port, into the Bristol channel.
Co/.-, a town in Monmouthshire, with
a market on Monday, anri a n)anufacture
of japanned ware, llere are the ruins of
a castle and pruu-y ; part of the latter is
converted into a farm-house, and its church
is now the parish-church. It is seated on
the river Usk, 12 m sw ilonmouth, and
142 wby N London.
i^:kiulj; ssc Scopia.
Uii'.ur, a town of Lower Sa.\ony, in the
principality of Calenberg, 14 m xw Got-
tiiigeu.
i'ssel, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of L'orrcze, 32 la ne Tulle, and 53
ESF, Limoges.
Vstanio, a town of Italy, in Cremo-
iiese, seated on the Oglio, 12 m ke Cre-
moria.
V!ita?il.z, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower I'yrences,. 0 m ss£
Bayonne.
Citicd, a small island in the Mediterra-
nean, 35 m N of Palermo in Sicily, it
was uninhabited tiii 1765, when a citadel
was built and a colony settled. It pro-
duces wheat, barley, soda, Sec. and in the
vicinity are some coral banks, 'i he island
is without springs, and only supplied with
fresh water bv rain kept in cisterns. Lon.
13 0 E, lat. oU43 X.
Ustiug, a town of Russia, in the govern-
meiit ot" Vologda, capital of a province,
and an archbiJhop's see. Great quantities
of Drain are sent hence to di.%rent parts.
It is sealed on the Dwina, at the inilux of
the Sukhona, 404 m xe Moscow. Lon.
16 .':;0 E, lat. 61 15 X.
Vtcmus, a river that forms part of the
bour.darv line between Upper and Lower
Canada," and enters the St. Lawrence at
the island of Montreal. It issues from
the lake Temiscamin, and has a se course
of above 300 m, in which are se\ tral rapids
au'i falls.
Vlira, a town of Xcv lork,in lierke-
mer county. It is well built, and has an
episcopai,"a presbyterian, and two \Velch
chmches. It sNmds on the ?vIoliawk, over
which is a covered wooden bridge, ot some
Icncth, 15 ra xxw Home.
Uirccht, a province of the Netherlands,
UXB
30 m long and 20 broad ; bounded on t!ie
N by Holland and t!ie Znider 7,ce, e and s by
Geltlei'land, and w by Ifoihmd. Tlic. soil
is fertile, and there are no inundations to
fear as in tiie other provinces.
Vtrec/il, a fortified city, capit;il of tiie
above province, with a famous uuiversity.
It is of a square form, about 3 m in circuit,
without its four suburbs, whicli are con-
siderable. It stands on what may be called
a liill, in this flat country ; and the inha-
bitants are estimated at 32,000. 'J'he
steeple of tlie catliedral is very high, and
the view from the top is celebrated as the
most extensive in Europe. Here is a great
imniber of churches and hospitals; and
the townhouse is a noble building. The
principal manufactures are silk and fire-
arms; and it has au extensive foundery
for camion balls. Two canals pass through
the city, and over them ;iie 36 stone
bridges. The environs are full of gardens,
walks, and groves, which, added to the
purity of the air, render Utrecht one of the
most agreeable ))lace3 for residence in these
parts. Here was concluded, in 1713, tl^e
peace that terminated the wars of queen
Ann. Utrecht surrendered to the Prus-
sians in 1787, and to the Frencli in 1795,
each time without resistance. It is seated
on the Rhine, 18 m se Amsterdam, and 35
KNw Niineguen. Lon. 5 8 e, iat. J52
6 X.
Uire?-ci, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
near which is a salt spring, 12 m se
Seville.
Uttoxeter, a town in Staffordshire, with
a market on Wednesday, and manufac-
tures of hardware; seated on a rising
ground, near the river Uove, 13 m ^k
Stafford, and 135 nnw London.
Utznavh, a town of Switzerland, capita 1
of a district in the canton of St. Gall. It
is situate in a plain, 3 m E from the lake of
Zurich, and 15 x by w Glaris.
Vichovar, a town of Sclavonia, on the
river Danube, 23 m se Essek.
Vulcuno, one of the Lipari islands, 12 m
in circuit, and in the form of a cone witii
the top broken off. It continually emits
smoke only. It is uninhabited, but occa-
sionally visited by other islanders, to cut
brushwood x\:r fuel, which grows in the
crater of an old volcano. Vulcanello, an-
ciently a distinct island, to the N, iias been
joined to Vulcano by a narrow neck, form-
ed by an eruption. They lie s of Lipari,
aepara'ed by a deep channel 2 m broad.
Uxbrid^c, a town in Middlesex, with a
market on Thursday, and a great trade in
malt, corn, and Hour. The Coin flows
through it in two streams, and the Grand
Junction canal passes close by. A treaty
was carried on here bitweeu Charles i and
WAD
the parliament, in lG-14, and the liouse itt
which tlie plenipotentiaries met, is still
called the Treaty-house, though recently
converted into an inn. Near the town are
the remains of an ancient camp. Uxbridge
is 15 m w byN London.
V
:', a town of Massachusets, in
Worcester county, 16 m sbyE Worcester,
and U) sw Boston.
Uzeila ; see Uccdo.
L'2e/, a town of Franco, in the depart-
ment of Cotes du Nord, 17 m sw St.
Brieuc.
Vzerclie, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Correze, seated on a craggy rock,
at the foot of which flows the Vezere, 10
m xKw Tube, and 36 sse Limoges.
JJzea, -i town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gard. .Before the revolution it
was a bishop's see, and below the palace
is a spring that supplies the aqueduct of
ISismcs. It is seated in a country abound-
ing in corn, oil, silk, and good wine, 12 la
K Kismes.
W.
Wiiug, a river of Ilungary, which rises
in the Carpathian mountains, flows by
Trenchin and Leopoldstadt to Komorn^
and there joins the Danube.
TT««/, a river of the Netherlands, being
the s branch from the Pihine below Emme—
rick. It flows w through Gelderland, by
Nimeguen, Thiel, Bommel, and Gorcum,
and joins the Meuse, at Briel.
Wabash, a river of the United States, in
Indiana. It rises near some small lakes
to the w of Lake Erie, takes a ssw course
of 400 m, and enters the Ohio 100 m above
the conflux of that river with the Missis-
sippi. The Wabash is navigable 340 m,
and it approaches within 9 m of the navi-
gable waters of Lake Erie.
Wachenheim, a town of Germany, in
the palatinate of the llhine, 17 m ssw
Woiin=.
IVuchovia, a tract of land in N Carolina,
between the rivers Dan and Yadkin, in
Surry county ; consisting of 100,000 acres,
purchased by the Moravians, in 1751, and
named by them from an estate of count;
Zinzendorf's in Austria. It contains se-
veral settlements, of which Salem is the
principal.
Wac/itendonk, a town of the Nether-
lands, in Upper Gelderland, seated in a
morass, on the river Niers, 5 ms Gelders.
Waclitersbach, a town of Germany, in
Wetteravia, with a castle, 20 ra exe.
Ilanau.
iradcxboivush, a town of N Carolina,
WAL
«51ii€f of Ausoii county. It is seated on a
lofty liil), CO ra \v 'r;i',ettevilic.
Waihltii«., a town of Sweden, in E Gotli-
l;uKi, wiiii a cnstlu, Iniih l>y Giisiavus
A'asa 31J loll ; si'.;ituil on llie lake WcUer,
520 in w Linkdjniii;'.
]]'c/.i;iiii>i!^cn, a" town of the Netherlands,
in Gciderl-.ind, willi n trade in cattle and
totacco; seiUcd on the llh'tue, 1': ni w
JVrnhc'uTi.
]Vugtuii:iir, a town of Ilindoostan, in
<)uji".a', near the moutli of a river ot t!ic
same name, in the siulf Canibny, 71 m
\\h\s Sniat. l.r.w. 71 5B f, hit. ill 3 .n.
iVtil^stadt., a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Troppaii, 1-1 ni sse Trop-
pa;i.
Waiii-iii, a town ef Lower Sasony, m
ihe ducliv of Mi'cklerdiurg, sealed near
the lake Calpin, I'i ni s ?laleliin, and '27
vxw New Stieiitz.
Wuhrenhriick, a town of the duchy of
Saxony, on llic river Elster, 14 ni k Tor-
Waihliiigen, a town of ^'> li-teinhcrjr, on
the river items, 7 ni vnl Stuti!,ard.
JVaidi'uiusen, a tovvn of the pah'itinate
■.«f Bavaria, 'ia ni ne Aniherg.
IVaid/iovcn, Balrisc/i, a town of Austria,
on tire river ]ps, '23 m sw St. I'oiten.
V>'uid lior.cn, Bohmiscli, a town and castle
of An&Xria, en the river, Teya, 10 m xxw
Born.
Waiga/z, or Vcdgalch, an iilaiid ai.d
sirait between Nova Zenibla and ilussia.
1,01). 9.3 ;J0 E, lat. 69 SO n.
IVaivJleet, a town in Lincolnshire, with
a market en Saturday ; seated on tlie river
JJaxA), near' a creek of the ;-ea, which admits
small craft, 14* n» ke Boston, and 1213
2v by E London.
WuUzcu, a town of IIunL'ary, and a
3jJsbop's see. A large annual fair is kept
liere. It is situate on the Danube, 22 ni
3.3jyE Pest.
Wdkcjki'cl. a town in W Yoikshire, with
a market on Friday. It has two chniclies,
•aiid an ancient stone bridge over the (.'al-
lien on which Edward iv erected a chapel
"to the V'leniory of his liUher, \\lin lost Ir.shfe
in the battle near this place in 1460. Here
wre considerable nianid'acturcs of woollen
clotli and stufts, and a hall lor the sale of
tJje £;oods ; a fviie <4raniniar school, which
lias several exinbitions to both the nuiver-
sities ; and a grand court-house; also, for
alte west riding of the county, a legister
K^nce ipr deeds, a lunatic asylum, and a
L,©use, of correction. The population was
£!5U3 in 1811. It is 28 m svv York, and
2Si J-NW Loudon.
WaUacliin, a province of Turkey in En-
j-ope, 17.5 jn long and 125 broad ; bounded
<jii l5;e a by Transyhaiua and i\ioldavia,
WAL
r. and s by the river Danube, which sepa-
rates it from Bulgaria, and w by Servia and
Hungary. It is watered by many rivers
that all flow to the Danube, abounds i.>\
good horses and cattle, has numerous mines
of salt, and produces wine, oil, and alf
mmnier of European fruits. It was ceded
to the Turks by the treaty of Belgrarle, in
17;'.!,). 'Ihc inhabitants are chieily of the
(Jrei;k church. It is governed by a way-
wode or prince, styled also the hospodar,
who is a vassal of the eujpire. Buehorest
is the capital.
Wuludia, a town of INIorocco, with a
very spacious harbour, but the entrance is
obstructed by rocks. It stands on an ex-
tensive plain, which produces every neces-
sary and luxury of life, 130 ni wnw JNIo-
rocco. Lou. 8 25 \v, lat. ?>\ 5G N.
IValajuhnagur, a town of Ilindoostan,.
in the C'arnalic. It is large, regularly
buill, and [lopulous, and the centre ot the
trade betv>een thec<uuurv above the Gauts
and tlie seacoast. It stands on the is' side
of the I'aliar, 5 m >T,Arcol.
Widchcreri, an island of the Netherlands,
the [jrincipal one oi' tlic province ot Zea-
land, and the most westerly, lying at the
moLith oftheScheld. it is 9 m long and
8 broad, and being low is suliject to inun-
dations, but has good arable and pasture
lands. In 1809, the British sent an im-
mense armament to take this island, as a.
primary object, in which they succeeded ;
but tlie expedition returned without at-
tempting any other design. The capital of"
this island, "and of the whoie provmcc, is
Midd!cbin-g.
WalcQur, a town of the Netherlands, in
tlie county of Namur. The Trench at-
tempted to take it in 1689, but were com-
pelled to retire, with, great ioss. It is-
seated on the Ileura, 27 m sw Namur. _
Vi'aldbiirg, a castle of Snabia, which
pives name" to a county, between the Da-
nube and the Her. It stands on a moun-
tain, 7 m N Wangen, and 38 sby w Ulni.
Waldeck, a county of Germany, in the
circle of L'nper Rhiiie, 30 m long and 24
broad; bou'uded on the e and s byLower
Ileise, w by the duchy of Westphalia, and
N by the principality ef Paderborn. It is a.
mountainous country, covered with woods;,
and has mines of iron, copper, quicksilver,
and alum. Corbach \s the capital.
Waideck, a town in the above county,
wi:;h a castle; seated on the Steinbach, (i
m SE Corbach.
WuUkii, or Saffron Widden, a town hi
Essex, governed by a mayor, with a mar-
ket on Saturday, and a trade in nuift. It
has a large church, and stands on a hi!l_,^
among fields that were tormerly cultivated
'.\ill> saffrou. The keep of its anciciir.
WAL
castle is still to be seen. It is 2' m Ni;W
Clie'msford, arid 42 xbyE London.
Waldcnburg, a town and castle of tlie
kingdom of Saxoi'y, in Misnia, situate on
the Muldau. Tlie old town, on the opoosite
side of t!ie river, is famous for brown and
white earthen ware. It is 12 m kne
Zwickau.
W(ddenbia'£^, a town of Francouia, in
the principality of llohenlohe, with an an-
cient castle on a mountain, G m i:byN
Ohrin|:en.
Wuldhcitn, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in ilisnia. Here was tbnnerly
a moiiastery, now converted into an orphan
iiouse and liouse of correctioti, in which
viirious manufactures are carried on. It
is situate on the Zichopa, 30 m se Leip-
zic.
Wrddkircb, a townofSuaiiia, in Brisgau,
on the river Eltz, 6 m nxe Friburg.
V.'uldnmachen, a town of the palatinate
ofBa\aria, on the river Schwarza, 32 la
XSE Amberi;.
Wuldiiborough., a town of the district of
Main, in Lincoln county, 16 m e Wis-
casset.
JValdsafsen, a town of the palatinate of
Bavaria, near which is a rich Cistertiau
abbey. It is 44 m nne Aniberg.
Wuldsee, a town of Suabia, witii a castle,
10 m NXE Ravensburg-.
JFahhhut, a strong town of Suabia, on9
of the Forest towns; seated on ihe llhine,
at the entrance of the Black forest, 19 m
Vv'sw Schaffhausen.
Wakhladter See, or Jjike of the Four
Cantons, one of the finest lakes in Switzer-
land, lying between the cantons of Lucern,
Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden. Ic con-
sists of three principal branches, called t'ne
lakes of Lucern, Schweit/, and Uri. The
upper branch, or lake of Lucern, stretches
from Kussnatcii to DuUenwal, a ■village
near Stantz. It is bounded toward the
town by cultivate;! hills, contrasted on the
opposite side by an enormous mass of bar-
ren and craggy rocks ; llount ['date, one
of the highest mouHtains in Switzerland,
rising boldly from the lake. Toward the e
of this branch, tlie lake contracts iiito a
liarrow creek, scarcely a mile across. Soon
after, it again widens, and forms the second
branch, or lake of Scliweitz; having on the
w side the canton of Underwalden, and on
the E that of Schweitz. Here the moun-
tains are more lofty and varied ; some co-
vered to the summits with verdure, others
perpendicular and craggy. Near Brnmen,
commences the third branch, or lake of Uri,
which takes a se direction. It is deej) and
narrow, and bordered on both sides by
wild and romantic rocks, covered with
beech and pine to tlie very edge of the
WAL
water. The river Reuss flows through this
lake.
V/aks, a principality in the w of Eng-
land, 12U m long and 80 broad ; bounded
on the K by the Irish sea, w by that sea,
and St. George channel, s by the Bristol
channel, and e by the counties of Chester,
Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth. It con-
tains 8125 square m, or o,'200,000 acres.
The population was 011,788 in 1311, ex-
clusive of the army and. navy, for which a
thirtieth part may'be added. It is divided
into North and South \Vales, each containing
six counties ; namely, Anglesey, Carnarvon,
Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth, and Montgo-
mery, in N Wales; Brecknock, Cardigan,,.
Carnuulhen, Glamorgan, Pembroke, and
Radnor, in S "Wales. It is the country to
which vlie ancient Britons tied, when Eng-
land was invaded by the Saxons. They
are now called Welsh, and continue to
preserve their own language. They were
long governed by independent kings, till
the reign of Edward i, when their last
prince Llewellin, being vanquished and
slain, in 12B3, the country was united to
England. The natives submitted to the
English dominion with extreme reluctance;
and Edward, as a conciliatory means,
promised to give them for their prince a
Welshman by birth, and one who could
speak no other language. This notice be-
ing received with joy, he invested in the
principality his second son, Edward, then
an iulaiit, who had been born at Carn;i.;;-!-
von. The deach oi'his eldest son, Alpiionso,.
happening soon after, young Edward be-
came heir also of the Engiisli monar--
chy, and united both nations under one.
government; but some ages elapsed, before
the animosity which had lung subsisted
between them was totally extinguished.
From the time of Edward ir, tlie eldest
son of tiie king of En;:land has always been •
created prince of Wales. The country
is mountainous, bat not barren, producing,
all the necessaries of life; the cattle and
sheep are numerous, but small, and it is-
particulariy famous for goats. It is wa-
tered by many rivers, the principal of
which, and other pardculars, are noted in
the difierent count it:s.
IVules, Neto Nurt/i and South, a large
country of New Britain, lying w and sw of
Hudson bay, and little known. See Bri-
tain, Is'ew.
Wa/es, New South, a country that
forms the e part of Terra Australis, ex-
tending from 135 to 153 E long, rmd from
11 to 39 s hit. The e coast of' this terri-
tory was first explored by Captain Cook,
in 1/70; and a design was forined, in con-
sequence of his recommendation, to settle
a colony of convicts at Botany bay. Cap-
WAL
tiiin Pliillp, ciovcnior of tlic iiitcmlod sf.t-
tlement, arrived with his colony at IJotany
bay, early in 1783; hut fiiuiing this bay
ineligible, he tixoci upon Port Jai-lcsoit, 13
m further to the n ; and here a sL>ttlci)ieut
was begun, to whicdi lie gave the name of
Sydney Cove. With respect to tiic adjoin-
ing conntry, a vast chain of lol'ty hills,
named the Blue J.lor.ntains, about 40 ni
inland, runs nearly in a N and s direction
further than the eye can reach. The ge-
neral face of it is diversified with gentle
risings and small winding valleys, covered,
for the most part, with large spreading
trees, vvliich atl'or.i a succession of leaves
in all seasons; and a variety of (lowering
slu•ub^, almost all new to an European,
abound in those places v\lr.ch are frcelVoui
trees. 'I'lie heat is never excessive in sum-
mer, nor the cold intolerable in svinter;
storms of thunder and lightning are fre-
quent, but the atmosphere is generally
bright and clear. The (juadrupeds are
principally of the oppossuni kind, of which
the most remarkable is (he kangaroo. The
native dog? are extremely fierce; tiiere are
also weasels and ant-eaters, and tliat sin-
gular quadruped the duck-billed platypus,
whose jaws are elongated into the com-
plete bill of a bird. There are many
beautiful birds of various kinds; among
which the principal are a black swan, and
the ostrich or cassowary. • Several kinds
of -serpents, large spiders, and scolopendfas,
have been met with ; and three or f'our
species of ants, particularly green ants,
whitii build their nests upontrees in a siiign-
iar nitii'ijier. Ihere ai-c likewise nKioy
■curious fishes; thouirh tt;elii)iiy tribe seein
aiot to !.ie so plentil'ul hei'e as they gener-
-nliy are in higher latitudes. The natives
vi' this coast are represented as a most
savage race of people. They go entirely
nuked; and though pleased at first with
6ome 'H-ijaments that were given them,
they seen threw them away as useless;
Lot thev all expressed a great desire for
iron tocls. Their colfiur is rather a deep
chocohiie, than a full iilark ; but the filth
with which their skin is coveicd, prevents
its true colour from appearing. iVIauy have
tiieir l)odics marked with scars, that some oi'
them make a very hideous figiu-e, but all these
seem to bcreckoncd marks of honour. Some
ofthtm perforate the cartilage of the nose,
and ihrust a bone through it, as a kind of
t)rnameiit ; and their hair is generally clot-
ted with a red gum. 'J'hey paint themselves
with various colours, and sometimes oriia-
tuent themselves with beads and shells,
hut make no use of the beautiful feathers
<4f their birds. Mo.st of the men are with-
oiit one of the foreteeth in the upper jaw,
and it n common for the women to cut oft
WAL
twojoints of the little finger. Of the culti-
vation of the ground they have no notion ;
that they depend for subsistence on the
fruits and roots they can gather, and the
aniuuils and tish they catch ; the latter is
the ]u-incipal part of their subsistence.
They set fire to the grass, in order to drive
out tlie oppossums.and other animals, from
their retreats; and they set decoys f(u-
quails. 'J'here is no good reason ior sup-
posing them to be cannibals; l.<ut they eat
animal substances raw, or nearly so. They
strike the fish from their canoes with spears,
sometimes caich them with hooks, and
al.<o make use of nets, "hich are generally
made of the fibres of the ilax plant; but
some appear to be made of the fur of an
animal, and others of cotton. Their hooks
are made of theinside of a shell very much
resembling the mother-of-pearl. Their
ciudts arc nothing more than large pieces
of bark tied up at both ends with vines;
and, considering their slight texture, the
dexterity with which they are managed,
and the boldness with which they ven-
ture out to sea in them, are wonderful.
'J'heir liuis consist of pieces of bark laid
together in the form of an oven, open at
one end, very low, but long enough ihv a
man to lie at full length; but they seen\ to
depend more for shelter on the caverns with
which the rocks abound. In some things
they possess a great power of imitation :
they can imitate the songs and language
of tlic Europeans almost instantaneously,
much better than the latter can imitate
tiieirs by long practice. This talent is
also diseeriiable in their sculptures, every
where to be met with on the I'ocks : ther-.e
represent men and other animals, and,
though rude, are very surprising for people
who have not tlie knnwiedge of construct-
ing a comfoitable habitation, nor of nu'.king
chithes. In person t!',ey,are active, vigor-
ous, and stout, though generally lean. Ihe
women, sucli as have been seen, have s(^fc
and ])leasing voices; and seem not to be
destitute of modesty. The men display
great personal bniveiy on tlie appearance
of any dtmger; im^, \\ith all their courage,
they are nuich ai'raid of a nmsket. They
seem very little gi\ en to thieving, in com-
parison with the inhabitants of most of the
islands in the Southern ocean ; bat th.ey
are ever ready to couimit depredations on
the Indian corn, whenever there is a proba-
bility of their attempts proving successful.
They are very expert at th.rowing their
javelins, and will hit a mark at a consider-
able distance. Their munbe'r seems to be
few, in comparison to theextentof the coun-
try; and they certainly burn their dead.
'ihe jealousy of the Europeans, which ori-
gi:)ally existed, has now entirely vanished;
WAL
and the proximity of a civilized colony has
in some degree tended to soften their rative
rudeness and barbarism. Tlie British set-
tlement at Sydney has continued to flourish
and estemrfrom its first establishment,
and is now become nearly independent of
tlie mother. country for all the necessaries
of" life. Iron and coal, both of a very
fine quality, are in abundance; but the
most prizable subjects yet discovered are
valuable stones, of which the white and
yQliow topazes are of greater worth than
those produced in Brasil. In 1314, gover-
nor Macquarie, with his retinue, passed
the chain of tiie Blue Mountains, and en-
tered a country similar in appearance to
that they had left. The site for a town was
fixed upon, to which the governor gave the
name of Bathur.st, on the left bank of a
river, na>ned Macquarie, in Ion. 149 38 e,
iat. 33 24 s. During tiie governor's stay
at Eathurst, sm-dl parties of men and boys
made frequent visits, but no females : they
always obtained meat, some slop clothing,
and tomahawks, which last seemed to be
highly prized by them. The natives here
are in appearance very like thnse of Sidney,
though "rather stronger made; but their
language is totally diilerent. The men
were covered with skins of different ani-
mals, neatly sewed together, and wore the
far side inward; on the outer or skin side
were wrought curious devices, and on one
was seen a St. George's cross, as regularly
formed as could be made. By the neatness
of the sewing and works on the cloaks,
these people appear to have made some
little advance to civilization beyond what
those of Sydney have done ; for in other
respects they seem to be harmless and
inoifensive, and by no means warlike or
savage. Frum Bathurst an exploring party
vvenf 155 m to the s, through fine vallies
separated by hills covered with useful trees,
and abounding in rivers, pools, and streams;
and the country afforded, as far as the
sight extended, no barrier to the w. The
jurisdiction ut' the governor ef New S
'Wales extends from 10 37 to 43 49 s Iat.
and from the meridian lino of 125 e Ion. it
extends e to all the adjacent islands in
the Pacific ocean, within the above-men-
tioned latitude. Sydney is the capital.
IValct, a town of INigritia, capital of
Becroo. It is 100 m > by w Sego, and
arO v/bys Tombuctoo. Lon. 3 0 w, Iat.
15 45 N.
Walliof, a town of the duchy of Cour-
land, 34 m >'. Tdittaw.
Walhenrkd, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Thuringia, seated on the Sorge, 8 m ^w
Nordhausen.
V.'allenburg, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of J5asel, with a castle on a high
WAL
rock; seated on the Ergetz, 12 m sbyE
Basel.
Wallenstadt, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of St. Gall. It is a great tho-
roughfare for merchandise passing from
Germany, through the cimntry of the Gri-
sons, to Italy. It stands on the e end of
a lake of the same name, 9 m vf Sargans,
and 15 a'w Coire.
Wallcnatcidt, a' lake of Switzerland, 10 m
long and 2 broad, bounded on both sides
by high mountains. On the side of the
canton of Glarus, the mountains are chiefly
cultivated, and studded with small vil-
lages; on the other side, for the most part,
t;ie rocks ai'e craggy and jjerpendicular.
Through this lake flows the Mat, which
soon alter Joins the Lintli, and forms the
river Linnnat.
Wallersteia, si town of Suabia, with a
castle, 0 m sw Oettingcn.
WaLlinuford, a borough in Berkshire,
with a market on Tuesday and Friday,
a;!'.i a great trade in corn and malt, it
was once surrounded by a wall, and had a
castle, now demolished ; and consists of
I'our parishes, but has only one church now
in use. It is seated on the Thames, over
which is a stone bridge, 14 m j;w Head-
ing, and 40 w London.
Wallhiaford, a town of Connecticut, in
Ncwhaven county, 13 m sw Middleton,
and 13 NE Nevvhaven.
IValUdil, a town of New York, in Ulster
county, on a creek of its name, 11 m w
Newburg.
Vi'aliicij, an island on the coast of Lan-
cashire. It is 9 m long and a mile broad,
and serves as a buUvark to the hundred of
Furness, against the waves of the Irisii
sea.
W'jJpoie, a town of New Hampshire, in
Cheshire county, seated on the Connec-
ticut, 14 m Kbyv.' Kecne, and 108 w
Portsmouth.
Walsall, a town in Staffordshire, govern-
ed by a mavor, with a market (m,l'uesday,
and manufactures of hardware. The po-
pulation was 5648 in 1811. In theneigh-
iiourhood are valuable lime- works. It is
seated on the side ol"a hill, 15 m s Stafford,
and 115 mw London.
Viuhhavi, Nort/i, a town in Nort'olk,
with a market on I'uesday, 10 m e Nor-
wich, and 125 kne London.
Wuhin'iliom, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Friday, liere are the ruins of
a monastery ; and in the neighbourhood
much saffron is grown. It is 25 m KW
Norwich, and 113 nne London.
Wulj'rodc, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Linieburg, with a convent of
nuns ol noble extraction; seated on the
Bohme, 15 m cbys V'erden.
WAN
Walfeubuch, a towii of Wu-tcuiVei-g, on
the i-iver Aid), 10 m sby w Stuti:;int. "
Tf a/Jcr.s/iauscit, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Tluirinjiia, which bclun_<;s, witli the ad-
jacent castle of Tennehpi-L:, to !^aNe-Gotlia.
Jt has manuiacturcs of ch)th, and stands
on the Horsfi, 5 ni ssv Clotlia.
M altham, Jiis/iop, a town in Hampshire,
Avith a market on Friday. Here tl»e bishops
of Winchester had formerly a stately palace,
wliich was destroyed in the civil wars. It
is 0 m ssK Winchester, and 63 whys
London.
Waltham Ahhci/, a town in Essex, witii
a market on 'J'nesday. li iiad a niaj;ni(i-
ccnt abbey, founded by king Harokl, some
fragments of wiiich remain. Harold and
liis two brothers, after the battle of Hast-
ings, were interred here ; and a stone
coliin, snpposed to have been his, was dis-
covered in the reign of Elisabeth. Wal-
tham has some gunpowder mills, and aia-
imfactures of printed linens and pins, it
is seated on th.e k side of the river Lea,
■which here forms several islands, 12 m
K byE London.
V, aliham Cross, a villa'ie in Hertford-
shire, a mile w of W'altham Abbey. Here
are some considerable remains of a beauti-
ful cross erected by Edward i, in horiour
of Ids queen Eleanor.
Wullhamstow, a vilhifre in Essex, near
the river Lea, 5 mKE London. It lias a
large and handsome church, and many
elegant villas.
Walton, a village in Essex, on the ne
coast, (i m s Harwich. Here are coppcras-
ivorks, and a lighthouse 80 feet high.
JJa'lon, a village in Surry, seated on
the Thames, over ^vhich it has a large brick
bridge, 0 m whys Kingston.
Walton-le-Du/e, a village in Lancashire,
with considerable manufactures common
to the county, seated near the Lancaster
canal, and tiie river Ribble,2 m sse Preston.
iValuru, a town of Hindoostan, in My-
sore, with a castle. Tiie chief manufac-
ture is cotton cloth, and in the vicinity
many coarse lilankets are woven. It is 20
m E byN Bangaloor.
WandersU'bcn, a town of Upper Saxony,
in the principality of Akenburg, 9 m s\v
Erfm-t.
Wandicatta, a town and fortress of Hin-
doostan, in Balagaut, capital of a large
district. It is situate on the Pennar, LO
m vv'jsw Cudapah. Lon. 78 20 e, hit. 14
44 J.-'.
Wundipoor, a strong town of Hindoo-
stan, in Bootan, situate on the narrow
extremity of a rock, where three streams
juoite and form the river Chaan-tcb.ieu, 18
?n £bys Tassisudon.
Wandiwuiih, u town of Hindoostan, in
WAN
the Carnalic, where tlie British totally
defeated the French in 17(30. It is 31 m
SSE Arcot, and 43 nnw Pondichcrry.
M'umhicorth, a village in Surry, seated
on the Wandle, near its conllux witli the
Thames, 5 m wsw London. Here are
manufactures I'oi' bolting cloth, tiie printing
of calicos and kerseymeres, and the wIuIl'ii-
ing and pressing of stulVs; with oil and
wliite lead mills, iron and vinc:gar works,
and distilleries. It has also a coimniuliuus
basin for barges.
Vi'aitJ'ried, a town of Germany, in Lower
Hesse, situate on the \yerra, 15 m w
Mulhausen, and 36 ese Casscl.
Wans^aiu, a country of Nigritia, lying s
of Zanfara. It abounds in rice and corn ;
and has many beeves, asses, and fowls„
but no camels, horses, sheep, nor goats.
The king has a large army, whose weapons
are guns, sjiears, and bows and arrows.
The country is watered by the Niger,
which here divides into several branches.
Ghanarais the capital.
YVangen, a town of Suabia, with a trado
in wine, fine paper, linen, and hardware;
seated on the Overarg, 13 m ne Lindau,
and 21 w Kempton.
Wangen, a town and castle of Switi^er-
land, in the canton of Soleure, seated oa
the Aar, 7 m eke Soleure, and 23 nne.
Bern.
V/angen, a town of France, in tlie de-
partment of Lov?er Rhine, seated on the
side of a hill, and surrounded by a v.all.
12 m w Strasburg.
Wankunecr, a town of Hindoostan, in
Gujrat, surrounded by a wall with towers-
and bastions, and has a good bazar. It
stands on the angle formed by the junction
of tiie Patallia with the Muchoo, 43 m.
E by X Noanagiir.
Wuiilcckhcad, a village of Scotland, in
Dumfriesshire, 4 m x Sanquhar. Here are
rich lead mines, and a number of smelling-
houses.
IVaiistead, a village in Essex, on tlio
skirls of Epping forest, G m xe London.
It is distinguished for its handsome mo-
dern cliurch, and Wanstead-house, one of
the nios*; magnificer.t seats in England,
IVanUige, i\ town in Berkshire, with a
market on Saturday, and a manulacture of
sacking. It is fainous for being the birtli-
place of king Alfred; and many battles
with the Danes have been fought in the
vicinity. It stands on the branch of the
Ock, 12 m sby w Oxford, and (30 w Lon-
don.
IVantzciniu, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Rhine, which was
taken by the Austrians in 1793. It is 6
ni X Strasluirg.
]''an;:lci'cn, a town of Lower Saxony, iu
WAR
tlie priiiciprtlity of Magdeburg, 12 m wsw
JVlan'deburg.
Wura, a town of Nigrltia, capital of
Bergoo. It is 320 m ssE Boriiou. Lon.
25 25 E, lat. 15 SO N.;^
WaruTtgii!, a city of IlincJoostan, in
Hydrabiid, capital of a district. It is sup-
posed to have been tlie metropolis of
Telingana ; and its ancient site is still
evident from its old ramparts, which are
amaziug,lv extensive. A modern fortress
is constructed within it, and is in tiie pos-
session of the nizam. It is -bO m nne
HydrabaH. Lon. 79 3 r, lat. 17 52 N.
Warbcrg, a seaport of Sweden, in Hal-
land, with a castle at the mouth of the
harbour, on a rock surrounded by water.
it is seated near the Categat, 34 m
SSE Gothenburg. Lon. 11 5G e, lat. 57
12 V.
1^ (a-hu7\i', a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Paderborn, seated on the
Dvnnl, 17 m SSE Paderburn.
IViwdc, a town of Denmark, in N Jut-
iand, near the nioutli of a riverof the same
nanic, 15 ni n Ripen.
Wurdiiuij!^, a seaport of Norway, capi-
tal of a 'government, which includes Nor-
Avegian Lapland. It stands on a small
island of the same name, near the conti-
nent, and has an old fort where the gover-
nor resides. It is 150 m ese of the North
Cape. Lon. 31 7 e, lat. 70 23 K.
Wardln; set Groshzcardtti.
Wardsbridge, a town of New York, in
X^lster county, seated on Walkill creek, 16
m v.- bys IN ew burg.
Ware, a town in Hertfordshire, with a
market on Tuesday ; seated on the river
Lea, by which large rpnmtities of malt and
com are sent to London. It is 2 ni Ebyx
Hertford, and 21 NbyE London.
V,'arce, a town of Guinea, capital of a
district, in the kingdom of Eeain. It is 70
lu ssw Benin. Lon. (3 0 e, lat. 5 58 x.
Wareltum, a borough in Dorsetshire,
governed by a mayor, with a markec on
Saturday. It stands between the I'rome
aiul Piddle, at their entrance into
locbford lake, the v.- part of Poole har-
■bour. It had eight churches, now reduced
to three ; also a wall of earth and a castle ;
and tlie harbour is now almost clK)ked up.
In 1762, two thirds of the town wa? de-
stroyed by fire, but has been rebuilt.
Above the bridge, over the Frome, is a
good salmon fisiiery ; aud in the neighbour-
ijsjod fine clay is dug, of which an innnense
<]iiautity is sent coastwise. Wareham is
the Jbirtfiplace of tlie celebrated Horace
Walj>oJe. It is 20 m e Dorchester, and
112 wbjs London.
Wareadorf, a. fortified town of West-
jjhaiia, ia the piiiicipality of Jliliuistcr^ with
cood. linen manufactures, seated on the
Ems, 12 m Ebys Munster.
Warka, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Masovia, on the river Pilsa, 45 ni
s bv E Warsaw.
'U'arhu-orlli, a village in Northnmber-
Innd, at the month of tho Coquet, 5 ni sn
Alnwick. It has a castle, the seat of the
duke of Nortluunbeiland; and near it, on
the bank of the river, is a hermitage con-
sisting of three apartments, cut in a rock.
Warmbister, a town in Wiltshire, with
a market on Satin-(4ay, a woollen manufac-
ture, and a great trade in malt. It has two
churchc<, and is seated at t!ie source of
the Willy, 22 m nw Salisbury, and 9S
whys London.
iVur minder, a town of Virginia, in Am-
herst county, on the x side of James river,
70 m wbyN Richmond.
Wurncmunde, a town of Germany, in
the duchy of Jleckl^nburu, with a fort ;.
seated near the Baltic, at the mouth of the
Warne, 9 m knw llosti)ck.
Warneton, a to\»n of the Netherlands^
in Flanders, on the river Lis, 8 m nw Lisle.^
IVarren, a tov.-n of the district of
IMaine, in Lincoln county, 7 m w Thomas-
ton..
Warren, a town of Rhode Island, m
Bristol county, which has a good trade,,
particularly in ship-buikling. It stands on
Warren river and the ne part of Naragan-
set bay, 10 m sse Pro-. idence._
Wurren, a town of \'irginia, on the n
side of .lames river, 10 m eke NVarminster,
and 21 ssw Charlottesville.
Warreiiton, a town of N Carolina, chief
of Warren county, 35 m wbyN Ilalifa.x,
and 54 mne Ralegh.
Warrington, a town in Lancashire, with
a market on Wednesday. It has manu-
factures of canvas, cottons, checks, hard-
ware, pins, and glass; and a considerable
traibc in malt. Here are two churches,,
an excellent freeschool, and a noted aca-
demv for the education of youth. The
population was 11,738 in 1811. It is-
seated on the Mersey, over which is a
bridge, 1(3 m e Liverpool, and 182 KXW
London.
V\'arrior,vi town of Ilindoostan, in the.
Carnatic, 37 m nke Tanjore, and (31 ssw
Pondicherry.
irtJr.5(/«;," a duchy of Poland, created by
the French in 1807, and given to the king
of Saxony, by the treaty of Tilsit. It con-
tained GreatPoland, with other territories
in Poland then subject to Prussia: see
Poland. The duchy was retained by
Saxony till 1815, when it was annexed, by^
tlie c(ingress of Vienna, to the empire of
Russia, except tlie territory of Posen^ whicli
was restored to Prussia.
WAR
IVarxozr, a city of Poland, lately the
metropolis dI" tint country, and now tlie
capital (if tlie above duchy, and of all the
other Polish territories subject to Russia.
It is built partly on a plain, and partly on
a gentle rise trom the Vistula; cxtendinc;,
with the suburbs of Kraka and Praiza, over
a vast extent of c;round. It conlains above
66,000 inhabitants;, and numerous gardens
thickly planted with fruit trees. The
streets are narrow and ill paveil ; the
cliurches and public buildings, larce and
magnificent; the palaces of the nobility,
numerous and splendid; but the greatest
part of the houses, particularly in tlie
suburbs, are mean wooden hovels. In
1794, the empress of Russia put a garrison
into this. city, which was expelled by the
citizens. The king of Prussia afterward
besieged it, but was compelled to raise
the siege. It was then undertaken by the
Russians, who took by storm the suburb
of Praga, on the opposite side of the river,
massacred the inhabitants, and nearly re-
duced it to ashes. The immediate conse-
quence was the surrender of the city to
the Russians, who, in 1796, delivered it up
to the king of Prussia. Toward the end
of 1806 the Frtnch occupied tbis city, and
by the treaty of 1 ilsit it was given to Sax-
ony; and in 1815, by the congress of
Vieinia, it was transferred to Prussia. War-
saw is 170 m s Konigbberg, and 180 exe
Breslau. Lon. 21 0 k, lat. 52 14 n.
Wai'la, u river that rises in Little Po-
land, flows through Great Poland by Sira
Vv^AS
It is situate on a rocky cniinenco, by tlie
river Avon, 10 ni ssw Coventry, and 90
Nw London. Lon. 1 3f> \v, lat. 52 17 x.
Wii7'uick, a town of \'irgin'ia, capital of
a county, it is seated on the right bank
of .lames river, 15 m se Richmond.
Warwick, a town of Maryland, in Cecil
countv, on the i: shore of Chestipeak bay,
15 m sw Philadelphia.
Wuj-zvick, a town of Rhode Island, chief
of Kent county. It has a cotton manu-
facture, and is situate at the head of iS'ara-
ganset bay, 8 m s Proviihjiice.
Wdvuickshire, a county of England,
boundr'd on the N by Derbyshire, kk by
Leicestershire, r. by Northamptonshire, sk
by Oxfordshire, sw by Gloucestershire, w
by Worcestershire, and ^'\v by Stalford-
shire. It is 47 m long and 30 broad, con-
taining 629,760 acres; is divided into four
hundreds, and 205 parishes ; has one city
(Coventry) and 12 market-towns, and sends
six members to parliament. 'Ihe popula-
tion was 228,735 in 1811. The n part,
called the Woodlands, is divided from the
s, called the Feklon, by the river Avon ;
and the soil of both is rich and fertile. It
produces corn, flax, wood, wool, cheese,
coal, iron, and limestone; and the breeds
of cattle and sheep are of a superior kind.
The principal rivers are the Avon, Tame,
and Arrow. It is also intersected by seve-
ral canals, vvhich, communicating with
others that proceed to the rivers Thames,
Severn, IMersey, and Trent, are of consider-
able advantage to its trade and commerce.
dia and Posnan, passes by Driessen and The capital is Warwick, but Birmingham
Landsbcrg in Brandenburg, and enters the is the largest town
Oder at Custrin
Wartii, a town of P(jland, in the pala-
tinate of Siradia, on the river Warta, 12 m
K Siradia.
]]'a7tenherg, a town of Silesia, capital
cf a lordsiiip, with a castle. In 1742 it was
entirely reduced to ashes, except the old
castle, which is now used as a brewery. It is
S8m, KElJreslau. Lon. 17 50 e, lat. 51 19 n.
Wartcnber^, a fown of Silesia, in the
principality of Giogau, 20 m ^w Glogau.
Wasa, a province of Finland, lying on
the gulf of Bothnia, between Finland
Proper and Bothnia. It is 170 in long
and from 50 to 100 broad ; and, though
low and marshy toward the sea, is in gene-^
ral fertile and well cultivated. The chief
exports are rafters, deals, pitch, tar, rye,
skins, seal-oil, and tallow.
Tr«so, the capital of the above province,
with two harbours. Vessels of fir are
constructed here for sale, and it has a
Wuru-k'k, a borough and tke capital of manufacture of woollen cloth, and some
Warwickshire, governed by a mayor, with
a market on Saturday. It was fortified
v.'ith a wall, now in ruins; but has still a
fine castle of the ancient earls oi Warwick,
inhabited by the present possessor of that
title. The town was nearly destroyed by
f.re in 1694, and now principally consists
of oiTC regular-built street, at the end of
which is an ancient gate.^ It had formerly
six monasteries and six churches ; of the
latter tw o only remain : it has likewise a
handsome shircl'.ouse, a good Ireesehool,
and a noted hospital for 12 decayed gentle-
men. The population was 6497 in 1811.
tanneries. It is situate amid recks and
trees, near an inlet of the gulf of Bothnia,
180 m Kbyw Abo. Lon. 21 45 e, lat.
63 0 N.
jrashiiigfon, a hilly district in the sw
part of S Carolina, com prehending the coun-
ties of Pendleton and Grenville. Pickens-
ville is the capital.
Washington, a town of N Carolina, in
Beaufort county. It has a great export
trade, and a good harbour near the mouth
of the river Tar, 38 in ke Newbern. Lon.
77 23 E, lat. 35 30 x.
Wdsliingtun, a town of the state of
WAS
Georgia, chief of Wilkes county. A mile
E of the town is a sprini; that is heneficial
ill scorbutic cases. It stands on the Kettle
creek, 50 m WNW Augusta. Lon. 3^ 30 w,
lat. C3 12 N.
Washington, a town of Pennsylvania,
chief of a county, and considerable for a
variety of nuuiufacrures. It stands on a
branch of C-hartier creek, 10 m above
Morganza, a:id 22 SSW Pittsburg. Lou.
80 SO w, lat. 40 11 X.
JTui^lniiiilDn, a town of Kentucky, cliief
of Mason county. It is a commercial place,
situate in a fine country near the Ohio,
()?, ra r.NK Frankfort. Lon. 83 33 w, lat.
38 20 K.
iroi/u'/iiji'f)", the metropolis of the United
.*^tates of America, in the district of Co-
lumbia. It is seated on the Potomac, at
tiie junction of the Eastern branch, or
Annacostia river, eMtending about 4 m up
each river. Over tlie Potomac is a wooden
bridge, a mile in lengtli, with a draw for
the passage of vessels. This city, in 1792,
was established by the LTaited States, to
be the permanent seat of government, after
the year IGOO. It is divided into squares
or grand divisions by streets running due
X and s, and r. and w ; which form the
ground-work of the plan : but from the
capitol, the president's house, and some
of the important areas in tiie city, run
diasonal streets, from one material object
to another, w'iiich produce a variety of
prospects. 'Ilie great leading streets are
160 feet wide; including a pavement of
10 feet and a gravel walk of 30 feet planted
with trees on each side, and 80 feet of
paved street in the middle for carriages.
Tlie other streets are, in general, 110 I'eet
wide, with a few only 90 icet, except
North, Sovitii, and Capitol streets, which
are ItiO feet, 'i he diagonal streets are
named after the states composing the
Union, while those running n and s aie,
from the capitol eastward, named East
First-street, East Second-street, &c. and
those w of it are, in the same manner,
called West First-street, West Second-
street, &c. Those running e and w are,
from the capitol northward, named North
A-street, ISorth B-street, &:c. and those s
of it are called Soutii A-street, South B-
street, ike. The s'juares, or divisions of the
city, aauiunt to lloO ; the rectangular ones
contain from three to six acies, lait the
irreguiar divisions, produccij by the di-
agonal streets, are some of them small.
All the houses must be .of brick or stone.
The capitol (or house for the legislative
bodies) is on an eminence, about a mife
troin the Eastern branch, and not mucli
niore frOiTi the Potomac, conim.auding a
vie'.v cf the city and of the country round.
Vv'AS
The president's hftuse is on a rising ground,
iiot far from the Potomac, possessing a de-
lightful water prospect, and a view of the
capitol. Due s from the president's house,
and due w from t!ie capitol, run two great
pleasure parks or malls, winch intersect,
and terminate upon the banks of the Po-
tomac, and are to be ornamented at the
sides by a variety of elegant buildings,
houses for foreign ministers, &:c. Inter-
spersed tiirough tiie city, where the most
material streets cross each other, are a
variety of open a-eas, formed ia various
regular figures; the b.est of these are ap-
propriated to the different states composing
the Union, and to bear their respective;
names. Upon a small eminence, where a
line due w from the capitol and s from the
president's house intersect, is an equestrian
statue of general Wasiiington, the first
president of tlie United States. Places
are marked out for other public buiidinc^s;
as a marine hospital, v\it!i its gardens; a
general exchange, and its public walks ; a
fort, magazines, and arsenal ; a city hall,
churches, colleges, markethouses, theatre,
&c;. Tiie Eastern branch is sufriciently
deep for the largast ships, tor 4 m above
its junction with the Potomac, and the.
channel lies close along the edge of the citv..
The Potomac produces a communication
by water between the city and the interior
parts of Virginia and Maryland, by means
of the Shamiandoah, the Sout'i "branch,
Opecan, Cape Capon, Patterson creek, Co-
nooche<:ue, and Monocasy, for upward of
200 m through a liealthy region, producing
tobacco, hemp, mai/e, wheat, and other
small grain, with fruits and vegetables in
abundance. The lands upon t!ie Potomac,
above the city, all around it, and for 60 m
behru, are high and dry, abounding with
springs of excellent water, and covered
with timber trees of various kinds. A few
miles below the city, on tf.e banks of the
Potomac, are inexhaustible mountains of
freestone, of which the public edifices are
buiidmg; and above the city are immense
quantities of excellent coal, limestone,
marble, and blue slate. The Tyber, which
is the principal stream t'nat passes through
the city, is to be collected in a grand re-
servoir, near the capitol, whence it will be
carried in pipes to different jiarts of the
city ; wiiile its surplus water will fall down
in cascades, through the public i^ardeus w
of the capitol,^ into a canal. S;nce 1792,
many workmen have been eniployed, but
many years will be required to complete
the plan. In 1800, after llie avljournment
of congress, at tlieir last session in Phila-
delphia, the public oiiiccs, ;rccords, and
property were removed t" tliiscity; and
on the 22d of November, the congress as-
WAT
semblcd here for tlie first time. In iVAO,
tlie nuinber of inhabitants in tlie city and
its district was 2i,02o. In 1814, a British
niihtary and naval tbrce, ly n sudden in-
cursion, entered the city, set on fire the
capitol, the president's house, the trea-
sury, the dock-yard, &c. but tliey liave
been restored in a better style of archi-
tecture. Washington is 144 m sw Phila-
delphia, the late capital of the United
States. Lon. of the capitol, 7(i 53 w, lat.
58 55 X.
Washington Islands, or New 2Iarqucsas;
see higrobdm Islands.
V.'assenberg, a town of Wcstplialia, in
the duchv of Juliers, seated on the lloer,
17 m Nw .Tuliers.
Wusserburg, a town of Bavaria, with a
■castle, and four chnrcl-.es. The jirincipal
trade is in salt. In 1800, the French took
it by storm. It is stilted on the Inn, 23
m E Munich, and ?)S nw^ Salzburg.
Wassertrud'ingcn, a town of Franconla,
in the princi[)aiity of Anspach, seated on
the Wernitz, 6 m k Oettingen.
Wust-watei;a. lake in Cumberland, 7 m
UNE Ravenglass. It is 8 m long and above
half a mile broad, lying in W»stda!e, among
the western mountains. The Screes, a very
high ridge of mountains, run along the se
side of the lake. Its outlet, at the s end,
joins the river Irt, which enters the sea at
Jlavenglass.
Wusungen, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia. On a mountain to the N of it
is the ancient castle of Mayenluft. It is
seated on the Werra, 5 m x Meinungen.
Watchet, a town in Somersetshire, with
a market on Saturday; seated on the Bristol
channel; at the mouth of a harbour fre-
quented by coal ships, which are freighted
hence with limestone, alabaster, and kelp.
It is 14 m NW Taunton, and 156 whys
London.
Wateeoo, an island in the Pacific ocean,
-discovered by captain Cook. It is 18 m
in circuit, composed of hills and plains,
and the surface covered with verdure. On
the rising grounds the islanders build their
houses, which are long ami spacious. The
manners of the people, and their religious
opinions and ceremonies, greatly resemVjle
those of Otaheite. Lon. 158 15 w, lat.
21 Is.
Wuterhury, a town of the district of
Maine, in York county, seated on Mousom
river, 15 m kw Wells.
Wciterford, a county of Ireland, 46 m
long and 25 broad ; bounded on the s by
St. George channel, w by Cork, k and xe
by the river Suir, which separates it from
Tipperary and Kilkenny, and e by Water-
ford haven, which parts it from Wexford.
It is divided into 74 parishes, contains
WAT
about 110,100 inhabitriuts, and sends four
members to prirliaujcnt. It presents a
diversity of soil and prospect, but in gene-
ral is pleasant and fertile, yet in many parts
mountainous and rocky. The chief rivers
are the Suir and Blackwater.
Wiifcrfu7-d, a city and seaport, capital
of the above county, and a bishop's see
united with Lismore. The cathedral is an
elegant modern structure ; but nearly the
whole of the interior was destroyed by fire
in 1815. The population 40,000; audit
sends a member to parliament. It has an
excellent harbour, the entrance of whicii
is defended by Duncannon fort. V^essels
of great burden may ride at the quay, but;
the largest ships generally lie a few miles
lower. The conmierce is very consider-
able; and packet-boats sail regularly hetice
for Milford-haven. The principal exports
are beef, pork, corn, butter, and linen. It
stands on the river Suir, 8 m n of St.
George channel, and 85 ssw Dublin. Lun.
7 10 Vv, lat. 52 13 n.
Wuterford, a town of New York, in Al-
bany county, situate at the junction of the
Mohawk with the Hudson, 9 m n Albany.
Waterloo, a village of the Netherlands,
in Brabant, 9 m s by e Brussels. It gives
name to a great battle, fought 2 m to the
s of it (Mont St. Jean) in 1815, between
the British and Prussians under Welhngtoa
and Blucher, and the French under Bona-
parte, in which the latter were totally de-
feated.
Wutersay, one of the Hebrides of Scot-
land, to the s of Bara. It is 4 m long
and 3 broad, including the two bays by
which it is nearly intersected. The bay
at the E end is a very commodious harbour
for ships of any burden, and Deer island
lies at its entrance. Lon. 7 28 \v, lat. 5(i
51 X.
Wutertown, a town of Massachusets, ia
Middlesex county, seated on Charles river,
7 m from its mouth in Boston harbour, and
9 £SK Concord.
Watford, a town in Hertfordshire, with
a market on Tuesday. In and near the
town are paper and silk mills. It is seated
on the Coin, 7 m sbyw St. Albun, and 15
N\v London.
Watlington, a town in Oxfordshire, with
a market on Saturday; seated near the
Chiltern hills, on a brook, which, with the
continued ridge, divides the county from
Buckinghamshire. It is 14 m SE Oxford,
and 46 w London.
Watten, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nord, on the river Aa, 5 ra N St...
Omer.
Wutton,^ town in Norfolk, with a market
on W^ednesday, 18 m w by s Nonvich, and
91 XKE London.
WEE
V>'uTe7-e7i, a town of the Netherlands,
in Brabant, situate on tl>e Dyle, 12 m s
Lou vain.
Wuxhohn, a fortress on the coast of
Sweden, in tlie Baltic, situate on a small
island at the entrance of the lake Maeler.
Here all honicward-buund ships are search-
ed. It is 1(5 m F. Stockholm.
1V(iy, an island near the n point of that
of Sumatra. It is the largest of the islands
that form the entrance of the channel of
Acheen ; and is peopled by men banished
from Aclieen. Lon. 94 50 r, lat. 5 35 x.
V,'(nineshoroiig/i, a town of the state of
GeorgTa, chief of Burke county. It is 25
:n ssw Augusta. Lon. 82 5 w, lat. 32
Wuzein, a town of the kingdom of Fez,
situate on the side of a lofty red moun-
rain, in the middle of a plain, 55 m xw
Fez.
Wea?', a river that rises in the w part of
the county of Durham, flows sk by Stan-
hope to Bishop Auckland, and thence xe
by Durham to Sunderland, where it enters
the German ocean.
IVeurmouth, Bishop, a town in the county
of Durham, on the s side of the Wear,
adjoining the w part of Sunderland. An
iron bridge extends over the rivor, of one
arch 23G feet span, erected in 1796. It
lias manufactures of canvas, and partakes
in the commerce of Sunderland. The po-
pulation was 7060 in 1811. It is 208 m
js'byw London.
h'earmout/i, JSTonk, a town in the county
of Durham, on the N side of the mouth
of the Wear, opposite Sunderland. Here
was an extensive monastery, which was
destroyed by the Scots. The population
was 5355 in 1811 ; and it shares in the
trade of Sunderland.
Weulhersfield, a town of Connecticut,
in Hartford county, on the river Connec-
ticut, 5ms Hartford.
Wedensc/tzveil, a town of Switzerland,
in the canton of Zurich, with a castle;
situate on the w side of the lake of Zurich,
10 m SE Zurich.
Wedneshury, a town in Staffordshire,
with a market on Saturday. The popula-
tion was 5372 in 1811. Here are consider-
able manufactures of hardware, several
iron forges, and mines of excellent coal.
It is 13 m ssw Lichfield, and 124 >w
JLondon.
Weedon, a village in Northamptonshire,
■8 m XKW Towcester. It stands on the
Grand Junction canal, and has a great
ordnance depot and barracks.
Weert, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege. In 1702, it was
besieged by the allies who destroyed the
ijastle j and in 1791 it was taken by the
WEI
French. It is seated on the nVer Brey,
10 m v>-KW lvuremop.de.
Weeve?', a river that rises in the jj part
of Shropshire, crosses Cheshire, and re-
ceiving the Dane from the e, enters the
estuary of the Mersey. It is navigable to
Winsford, some m above Nortlnvich, in
Cheshire.
Wcibstadt, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, 15 m ese Heidel-
burg.
Weic/ifelhiirg, a town of Germany, in
Carniola, with a castle on a mountain, and
a manufacture of line stockings, 10 m se
Laubach.
Weichterhach, a town of Germany, in
the county of Isenberg, with a castle;
seated on the Kinzig, 20 m se Giessen,
and 23 ne Frankfort.
Weickersheim, a town of Franconia, in
the principality of Hohenlohe, with a fine
castle, on the river Tauber, 3 m e Mergeu-
theim.
Weida, a town of the kingdom of Saxony,
in \'oigtland, on the rivulet Weida, at its
conflux with the Elster, 9 m s Gera.
Weiden, a town of the palatinate of Ba-
varia, with manufactures of linen, woollen
stuffs, and saltpetre; seated on the Nab,
18 m NE Amberg.
Weighton, a town in E Yorkshire, with
a market on Wednesday, and a canal to
the head of the Humber. It is 18 m ese
York, and 190 xbyw London.
Weil, or Weilerstadt, a town of Wir-
temborg, seated on the Worm, 12 m w
Stutgard.
Weil, or Wyl, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of St. Gal, on the river Thur,
19 m ssw Constance.
U eilbu7'g, a town of Germany, in Wet-
teravia, capital of the county of Nassau-
Weilburg. The prince's palace is an an-
cient structure. It is seated on the Lahn,
over which is a bridge, 25 m nkw Frank-
fort. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 50 26 n.
Weile, a seaport of Denmark, in N
Jutland, situate at the head of a bay in
the Little Belt, 35 m ssw Arhusen, and
38 NE Ripen. Lon. 9 30 e, lat. 55 45 N.
WeilheiTTi, a town of Bavaria, with a
castle, on the river Amper, 28 m ssw
Munich.
Weil/teim, a town of Wirtemberg, on
the river Lauter, 20 m se Stutgard.
Weimar, a town of L^pper Saxony, in
Thuringia, capital of the principality of
Saxe-Weimar. In the duke's palace is one
of the most considerable libraries in Ger-
many, with a cabinet of coins and medals.
It is seated on the 11m, 12 m w Erfurt,
and 26 wsw Naumburg. Lon. 11 27 5,
lat. 51 2 N.
Weinfelden, a town of Switzerland, ia
WEL
^\ith !i market on Wcilncsday, 8 m w
Oumllo, -and 83 XNW London.
M'cllan(l,i\ liver that rises in Nortlianip-
toiihhiie, and separates that county fiom
Leicestershire, Kntlandsliire, and Lhicohi-
shire ; it pastes by Dcepinj; t'.i Staniibrd,
traces of ancient fortilications. It stands and is thence navigable to the I'ossdilie
on the skirt of a mountain and the river wash, wliicli it enters below Spahlinii
WEL
Thursan, seated on the Thur, 5 m sw
Constance.
Weingar-tcn, a town of Germany, in tlic
territory of Spire, 9 m shyr. rhilipsbnri);.
Wtinheitn, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, which exhihits
Weschnitz, 10 m n lleidelberi;.
Wchishcrg, a town of Wirtemberu, witli
a ruined ca-tle on a liill. It stands partly
on tiie hill, and partly in a valley, famous
for wine, 5 m m; Heilbron.
Weisscliiiuiide, a fortress of W Prussia,
seated at the w mouth of the Vistula, to
defend the harbour of Dant/ic.
WeiSie!nbu7-<(, a town of France, in the
M'cllingliorougfi, a town in Northamp-
tonshire, with a market on Wedncsilay,
and manufactures of shoes and lace. Kcar
it is a chalybeate spring, called Uedwe;!.
The town is seated on the side of a hill, by
the river Nen, 12 nt ak Northampton, and
07 Nby V.' London.
M'clluigtoiu a town in Shropshire, with
a market on Tiiursday. In the uei5;hbonr-
department of Lower Rhine. Between hood are founderies, iron mines, and coal
this place and LaiiterburL', are the famous works. It is seated near Wrekin Inll, 12
lines from whicii the French drove the ni r. Shrewsbury, and 150 Nw London.
Austrians in 1T44 ; and in 1793, the Wellington, a town in Somersetshire,
Prussians drove the French frosn the same with a market on Thursday, and manutac-
position. It is seated on the l,auter, 10 m tures of serines, druggets, and earthen ware ;
sw Landau, and 22 ne Strasburg. Lon. seated on the Tone, lo ni ke Exeter, and
8 n E, lat. 48 53 n. 14° whys London.
WeUsenburg, a town of Franconia, in TFt7/.s-, a city in Somerselslnre, governed
the territory of Aichstadt, seated on the by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday
Rednith, 5 m x Pappenheim, and SO sw and Saturday, and manufactures of kmt
KuremburL'. worsted stockings. It stands at the toot
Weissetilurg, or Carhburg, a city of of a hill, and has its name from the wells
Transylvaina, capital of a county, and a and springs about it ; and is a bishop's
bishop's see, with a university. It is seated see, jointly with Bath. The cathedral is
on the side of a hill, near the river Maros, a stately pile ; and the bishop's palace is
42 m wxw liermanstadt, Lon. 2-1 0 e, surrounded by walls and a moat. Ihe
lat. -15 55 N. population was 5156 in ISll. The city
Weimenburg, a town of Switzerland, in is well built and neatly paved; and the
summer assizes are held here alternately
with Bridgewater. It is IG m s Bristol,
and 120 w Loudon. Lon. 2 37 w, lat. 51
12 X.
M'ells, a town in Norfolk, which has a
It is seated on'theSaal, 17 ni large church, and a considerable corn trade.
It stands near the sea, 27 m x bye SwatT-
ham, and IIG nse London.
Myelin, a town of the district of Maine,
in York county, on a bay of its name, 88
ni NbvE Boston. Lon." 70 52 w, lat. 43
the canton of Bern, celebrated for its mi-
neral waters, 20 m s Bern.
M'ehaenfth, a town of Upiier Saxony,
in Thuringia. Upon a white rock, above
the town, "is a fine citadel, called Angus
tushurg
sw Leipzic.
Weuseiihorn, a town and castle of Sua-
bia, in a ctmnty of its name; seated on
the Roth, 10 m'sE llin, and 28 w Augs-
buie;.
Weisseiisee, a town of Upper Saxony, in 20 i>. .
Thuringia, with a superintendency and
commandeiy of the knights o:' l\Ia!ta. Tlie
lake formerly in its neighbourhood was
drained, and converted into arable land in
1705. It iii 21 m ^E Langensalza.
Weisienstadt, a town of Franconia, in
Welh, a town of W Florida, on the w
side of St. Andrew bay, 60 m w '--it. iMarcO.
Lon. 85 50 vr, lat. SO 24 x.
ire/s, a town of Austria, with a castle,
and a Kreat trade in timber ; seated on
the Traun, near a large forest, 14 m ssw
the margravate of Bayreuth, situate on the Lintz.
Esier, 17 m w Culmbacli. Wehhpool, a corporate town of Wales,
"'Welan. a te)wn of E Prussia, celebrated and the largest m i\Iontgomerys.nre, with
for the treaty concluded here with Poland, a market on Monday. It is a great mart
in 1657, when the elector, Fredrick-Wil- for Welsh cottons, tiannels, &c. vyhicli are
liam, was invested with the soverei<;nty of sent chielly to Shrewsbury ; and nas a ca-
Ducal Prussia. It is seated on the Pre^el, pacious townhall, in winch the assizes are
at the influx of the Alia, 30 m ese KoniL-s- held. Near the town are the remains ot
\jQyrr_ Powis castle, a large structure built on an
\Vddon, a to^n in Northan;ptonshirc, eminence. The population was 3440 m
WER
1811. It is seated in a nch vale, near the
river Severn, 9 m n Montgomery, 19 w
Shrewsbury, and 17ti xw London.
]Velwarn, a town of Bohemia, in tlie
circle of Rakonitz, 13 ni x Prague.
Welivi/n, a village in Hertfordshire, 5 m
i; Hatfield. Dr. Young was rector of this
place, and here was the scene of his cele-
brated Night Thoughts.
Welzhelm, a town of Wirtemburg, capi-
tal of a lordship ; seated on the Lein, 19 m
E Stutgard.
Went, a town in Shropshiie, with a market
on Thursday, seated on the Roden, 9 m ^-
Shrewsbury, and 172 nw London.
JVeJmjsi, Easier and Wester, two villages
of Scotland, in Fifeshiie, nearly adjoining
each other, on the coast of the frith of
Forth, 4 m ke Kirkaldy. The former has
the ruin of an old castle, a manulacture
of linen, and a considerable brewery. The
hitter has a good harbour, a fine castle on
11 promontory, and a trade in salt and coal.
Wendliiigcn, a town of ^Virtemberg,
situate on the Neckar, at the influx of the
Lauter, 12 m sse Stutgard.
JFendovcr, a, borough in Buckingham-
sliire, with a market on Thursday, 7 in se
Aylesbury, and 35 wbyx London.
'jFener, the largest hike of Sweden, lying
in W Gothland, to the isw of the lake
Wetter. It is 100 m in length, in some
places 40 in breadth, and contains several
islands. The surface of the lake is about
140 feet higher than that of the sea. It
receives 24 rivers, and its outlet is the
river Gotha, at the sw extremity.
TFenersbiirg, a town of Sweden, in W
Gothland, with a castle. It is the staple
for all the iron sent from the province of
Wermeland to Gothenburg. It stands at
the w end of the lake VVener, where the
river Gotha issues from the lake, and at
the foot of the mountain Hallyberg, 50 m
NNE Gothenburg. Lon. 12 48E,lat.58 20N.
TFenlock, or Much IFenloch, a borough
in Shropshire, with a market on Monday,
12 m SE Shrewsbury, and 148 kw London.^
JFenticortk, a vidage in Yorkshire, 3 m
KW Rotherham. Here is Wentworth-house,
a noble seat built by the late marquis of
Rockingham.
IFeohley, a borough in Herefordshire,
with a market on Tuesday, and famous for
excellent ale. The site of its ancient castle
is now a bowling-green. It is 8 m K\v
Hereford, and 147 wnw London.
JFerben, atown of Brandenburgh, in the
Old mark, at the conflux of the Havel
with the Elbe, 3 m w Havelberg.
JFerchtereii, a town of the Netherlands,
in Brabant, at the conflux of the Demer
with the Dyle, 9 m ese Mechlin.
WER
TFerden, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of ]Mark, with a rich abbey ; seated
on the Ruhr, 13 m ne Dusseldorf.
TP'crdenberg, a fortified town of Switzer-
land, in the canton of Glarus, with a castle
on an eminence. It is seated near the
Rhine, 10 m sse Appenzel, and 26 exe
Glarus.
JFerdenj'els, a town and castle of Bava-
ria, which gives name to a county on the
frontiers of Tyrol. It is 17 m s Weilheim,
and 22 KW Inspruc.
IFerfen, a town and fortress of Germany,
in the ducliy of Salzburg, situate on the
Salza, 22 rasbyE Salzburg.
TFerl, a town of the duchy of Westpha-
lia, with a castle, seated on the Sisek, 8
m s Ham.
TFermeland, a province of Sweden, the
N part of Gothland, between Dalecarlia
and the lake Wener. It is 100 m long and
50 broad, and fertile ; diversified by moun-
tains, rocks, hills, and dales, clothed with
forests of birch, poplar, mountain ash, pine,
and fir. It also abounds with lakes ; some
so narrow as to appear like broad rivers,
and others of a circular shape. Nume -
ous rivulets flow from these lakes, and
form, sometimes, small pictoresque cata-
racts. The chief river is the Clara, or
Stor Elbe, in which is a good salmon-
fishery. It has mines of silver, lead, copper,
and iron, with forges, founderies, &c. Carl-
stadt is the capital.
JFern, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Munster, with a monastery,
seated near the Lippe, G m w Ham.
IFernigerode, a town of Upper Saxony,
capital of a county abounding in moun-
tains, the principal of which is Great
Brocken, or Blocksberg, by some deemed
the highest in all Germany. On a moun-
tain, directly above the town, is the castie,
the residence of the counts of Stolberg,
with a valuable library. The principal
business of the town consists in brewing,
distilling, and manufactures of cloth and
stuff's. It is 12 m whys Halberstadt, and
23 SSE Wolfenbuttle. Lon. 10 58 e, lat.
51 53 N.
TFerra, a river of Germany, which rises
in the principality of Coburg, 3 ra above
Eissficld, and flows by Hilburghausen,
Meinungen, Salzungen, Vacha^ Trefurt,
Wanfried, AUendorf, and Wirtzenhausen ;
it then enters the duchy of Brunswick,
passes by JNIunden, and a little below that
town joins the Fulda, where the united
stream forms the Weser.
JFerthei?/!, a town of Franconia, capital
of a county that yields excellent wine.
The princes and counts of Lowenslein-
■NVertheiui have both palaces here. Th#
3D
WES
princes are catholics; but the count?, the
niagisti'ntc?, aiiti most of tlic inhubituius,
are protestants. It is seated at t!ie contliix
of the 'laiiber witli tiie Maine, 10 m w
^Vlu■t•/bll^^^ Lon. 0 -IS v., lat. 49 48 N.
Jf'cruicI;, a town of the Netherlands, in
rianders, seated on the Lis, 8 m sr, Ypres.
Jf'esel, a town of West]'haiia, in the
duchv of Cleve, wi.h a strong; citadel. Here
are two cluirclics for the Calvinists, one I'or
tlie Lutlicrnns, and one for the papists.
Tlie population 8000; and th > chief manu-
factures are linen and woollen stuffs. It
was taken by the French in 1759, but re-
stored in 1703. If is seated on the Rhine,
beh)vv the indux of the Lippe, 25 m sr,
Cleve, and 50 wsw Mujister. Lon. 0 37
E, lat. 51 38 X.
Tl^csel, t'pper, a town of Germany, in
the territory of Treves. On an adjacent
juountain is the ruined castle of Schom-
berg. It is seated near the Rhine, '20 m s
Coblentz.
IJcsen, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of St. Gall, which sends corn, wine,
and cctton into tiie cantons of Giaris and
Grisons. It is situate at the w end of the
lake "NValienstadt, 8 m KbyE Giaris.
TVcsenbu7'g, a fortified town of Russia,
Jn the government of Esthonia, seated on
the Wiss, 45 m e Revel.
^^ escr, a river of Germany, formed by
the union of the Werra and Fulda, in the
duchy of Erunswick, at Muiiden. It ilows
along the confines of Westplialia and Lower
Saxony by Corvey, Hanieiin, Minden, and
Hoye ; receives tlie Allcr, from \'erden ;
passes by Bremen, and enters the German
ocean at Garlsburg.
IFcit Faint, a furtrcss of New York, in
Orange county, on tlie w bunk of the Hud-
son. It is situate amid the high lands, and so
strong by nature and art, that it is called tlie
Gibraltar of America. A number of troops
are stationed here to guaril the arsenal and
stores belonging to tlie United States. It is
'20 m s Poughkeepsie, and 54 n New York.
\\ esihurij, a borough in Wiltshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a m;u-ket on Fri-
day, and a manufacture of broad cloth.
On a hill to the e is Bratton castle, the re-
main of a fortification, where tlie Danes
held out 24 days against the English. It
is 26 m Kw Salisbury, and 99 w London.
JVcsAertn, a city of Sweden, capital of
V/estmania, and a bisiiop's see, with a
citadel, and a famous college. It has seve-
ral manutactures, and a considerable trade
in copper, brass, and iron, of which large
quantities are sent to Stockholm. Here
are tiie ruins of an ancient royal palace.
The cathedral is celebrated fur its tov.er
and spire, esteemed the highest m tlie king-
WES
dom, nnd for the tomb of the unfortunate
Eric XIV, It is seated on the n side of the
lake Maeler, 45 m wnw Stockholm. Lon.
17 0 1'., lat. 59 o8 n.
Westerburg, a town of Germany, in
V> etteravia, with a castle, 22 m sw Dil-
lenbiirg, and 43 Nw Frankfort.
IJ estcrfiaw, a tt)wn in Kent, with a
market on \N edncsday, seated on the Da-
rent (which rises from nine springs near
this town) 21 m sse Loudon.
1^ caterh/, a town of Rhode Island, in
Washington county, which has a good
coasting trade, and extensive fisheries. It
stands on the Paukatuc, 5 m e Stoninjjton,
in Connecticut.
\\ edcrn Islands; see Azores, and He-
brides.
Uesterrrald ; see Welteravia.
11 cstcruich, a seaport of Sweden, in
Smoland, with a good harbour and quay,
a cloth manufacture, and trade in shij)-
timber and all sorts oi' naval stores. It is
seated on the Baltic, 56 m n Calraar, and
120 sw Stockholm. Lon. 16 0 e, lat. 57
40 N.
Wcstficld, a town of Massachusets, in
Hampshire county, on a river of its name,
10 ni w Springfield.
Wiistluyj'f)!, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate ofthe Rhine, with three churches,
7 m sw Worms.
Westhqfcn, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Rhine, 12 m w Stras-
burg.
Wesiinaniu, a province of Sweden, in
the divisi(jn (;f Sweden Proper, between
Uj'land, Sudermaiiia, Nericia, Wermeland,
and Dalecarlia. It is 75 m long and 45
broad, and abounds in copper and iron
mines. The face of the country is diver-
silied like \Vernieland. Westeras is the
capital.
Westminster, a ci'.y in JMiddlesex, the
residence ofthe British monaich, the seat
of the parliament and of the high courts of
justice, and constituting, with London and
Soulhwark, the metropolis of the empire.
On the tlissolution of its abbey, in 1541,
Iletiry viii erected it into a bishopric, ap-
])ointnig the county of Middlesex (Fulham
excepted) for (he diocese. It had, how-
ever, only one prelate, for Edward vi, soon
after, dissolved it; and the abbey is now
only a collegiate church. Westminster,
through courtesy, still bears the title of a
city ; and it sends two members to parlia-
ment, which are chosen by the household-
ers, there being no freemen nor incorporat-
ed companies. In the city are two parish
churches, St. IMargaret and St. John ; and
seven in the liberties, namely St. Clement,
St. Mary, St. Paul, St. Martin, St. Ann,
WES
St. James, and St. George. The precinct
of St. Martin-Ie-grand, though within the
city of London, is under the jurisdiction
of Westminster. The population was
362,085 in iSll. See London.
Westminster, a town of X'ermont, in
Windham county, on Connecticut river,
opposite Walpole in New Hampshire, and
40 m KE Bennington.
IJ'estmorhnid, a county of England,
hounded on the Nw and n by Cumberland,
E and SE by Yorkshire, and .s and sw by
Lancashire. It is 42 m long and 32 broad,
containing 462,080 acres ; is divided into
four wards, and 32 parishes ; has eight
market-towns ; and sends four members to
parliament. The population was 45,922
in 1811. It is a region of lofty mountains,
naked hills, dreary forests, and barren
moors ; but is watered by numerous rivers
and several lakes. The soil on the moun-
tains is barren, but that in the vallies is
fertile, producing good corn and grass,
especially near the rivers. In the hilly
parts on the w borders are some mines of
copper, but the ore lies very deep. The
mountains, usually called Fells, are stored
with prodigious numbers of grouse; and
on the niipors great quantities of geese are
bred ; hogs also are numerous, and many
excellent hams are cured here. This county
yields abundance of limestone and the finest
blue slate; and has manufactures of coarse
woollen cloth, worsted stockings, flannels,
tanned leather, and gunpowder. I'he prin-
cipal rivers are the Eden, Lune, and Ken;
and the chief lake is Windermere, the
largest in England. Appleby is the county
town.
Westphalia, one of the circles of Ger-
many, bounded on the e by Lower Saxony,
s by Hesse, Wetteravia, and Treves, w by
the Netherlands, and n by the German
ocean. The soil produces pasture and
some corn, though there are a great many
marshes. The horses are large, and the
hogs in high esteem, especially the hams,
known by the name of Westphalia hams.
The principal rivers are the Weser, Ems,
Lippe, and Roer. It contains the princi-
palities of Munster, Liege, Paderborn,
Osnaburg, Emden or E Friesland, Meurs,
Minden, and Verden; the duchies of West-
phalia, Berg, Juliers, Clevc, Oldenburg,
and part of the territories of the princes of
Nassau; the counties of Mark, Ravens-
berg, Steinfurt, Tecklenberg, Lingen, Ben-
thenn, Diepholt, Hoya, Schaueuburg, 8pi-
getburg, Lippe, Ritberg, and other smaller
ones ; and several lordships and abbies.
In 1800, the part of this circle lying on
the left bank of the Rhine, being lull one
third of the whole territory, was ceded to
WET
France ; but it was restored in 1815. Mun-
ster is the chief city.
Westphalia, a duchy of Germany, in the
circle of Westphalia, 40 m long and 25
broad ; bounded on the n by the princi-
palities of Munster and Osnaburg, and the
county of Lippe, w by that of Mark, s by
the territories of Nassau, and e by the
counties of Witgenstein, Hartzfeld, Wal-
deck, and the landgravate of Hesse. It
is mountainous and full of wood, but mo-
derately fertile. Arensberg is the capital.
Westport, a town of Ireland, in Mayo
county, well built, and increasing in size
and trade; situate at the mouth of a small
river, which enters Clew bay, 10 m wsw
Castlebar.
JFestra, one of the Orkney islands, 9 m
long and 3 where broadest, lying 9 m nne
of Pomona. It has a trade in kelp, and
a good harbour for small vessels on the uw
side. Lon. 2 52 w, lat. 69 8 N.
IVetherhy, a town in W Yorkshire, with
a market on Thursday ; seated on the
Wharf, 15 m wbys York, and 191 Nbyw
London.
Wetter, a lake of Sweden, in Gothland, -
lying SE of the lake Wener. It is 80 ra in
length, and in some places 14 in breadth.
Its surface is 140 feet higher than that of
the Wener; and it contains a few islands,
one of which, called Wisingfo, is 10 m
long, and has a magnificent castle. Above
forty small streams enter this lake, and its
outlet is the river Motaia, which flows e
into the Baltic.
Wetteravia, or WeteraWy an extensive
province of Germany, lying between the
territories of Treves and Mentz on the s,
and the duchies of Berg and Westphalia,
the landgravate of Ilesse, and the princi-
pality of Fulda on the n ; having the Rhine
to the w, and the Fulder to the e. It is
divided into two parts by the river Lahn :
the southern part, or Wetteravia Proper,
belongs to the circle of Upper Rhine; and
the northern, or Westerwald, belongs to
the circle of Westphalia. It contains
several small counties.
Wetti7i, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Magdeburg, with a casile on a
mountain ; seated on the Saal, over which
is a ferry, 9 m nnw Halle.
Wettingen,a town of Switzerland, in the
county of Baden, celebrated for its wooden
bridge 240 feet long, of a single arch, over
the river Limmat. It is one mile s Baden.
Wetzlar, a town of Germany, in Wet-
teravia, capital of a county. It is sur-
rounded by ditches and walls flanked with
towers ; and near it is the castle of Carls-
mund, or Kalschmitt. It stands at the
conflux of the Lahn, Disle, and Dillen, 30
3D 2
WEY
m N Frankfort. Lon. 8 Sf r,, lat. 50
iio N.
Weiiehburg, a town nnd cituilol of Wost-
plialia, in tlio principality of Patkn-boru,
9 ni s Paderborn.
iVcxford, a comity of Ireland, in the
iirovincc of Minister, 30 ni lon^ and 24
iroad ; bounded on the n by Wicklow, e
by St. George clianncl, s by the Atlantic
ocean, w by 'NV'aterford and Kilkenny, and
M\v by Catherlongh. It contains 109
parislies, sendsfour members to parliament,
and is fertile in corn and grass. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Barrow and Slaney.
Wexford, a borough and the capital of
the above county. It has a spacious har-
bour at the mouth of llsc Slanoy, but the
water is not deep enough for large vessels
to go up to the town. Over the river is a
wooden bridge ioGO feet in length. Much
woollen cloth is manufactured here and in
the neighbourhood. The inhabitants are
estimated at 9000; and it sends a member
to parliament. It is 76 m s Dublin. Lon.
6 19 w, lat. 52 22 n.
Jf'exlo, a town of Sweden, in Smoland,
capital of a district. It is situate on the
lake Ilelga, which contains a group of
woody islands, 54 m wnw Calmar. Lon.
14 57 E, lat. 56 51 N.
Jf'ey, a river that rises in Hampshire,
flows through Surry, by Godalming and
Guilford, and enters the Thames, at Wey-
bridge.
T-FeytriV/ige, a village in Surry, seated on
the Wey, near its entrance into the Thames,
2 m E Cbertsey. Here is Woburn Farm,
tiie plantations of which were the first
specimens in England of the ornamented
farm.
WeyJiill, a village in Hampshire, 3 iii w
Andover, famous for an annual fair, lasting
10 days, for all kinds of cattle, leather,
hops, cheese, and pedlary.
\Veymes, a town of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, with a harbour, whence much coal
and salt are exported. It stands on the
frith of Forth, 4 m ne Kirkaldy, and 12
sby w Cupar.
Weymouth, a seaport and borough in
Dorsetshire, with a market on Tuesday and
Friday. It stands on a bay of its name,
in the English channel, and on the s side
of the mouth of the Wey, which separates
it from the borough of Mclcoinb Regis.
The two boroughs are united as one cor-
poration, governed by a mayor, and the
communication between thcni is by means
of a bridge. The harbour is injured by
sand, that its trade is much reduced ; but
tills is compensated by the great resort of
persons for the purpose of sea-bathing;
and the royal family have often honoured
WHI
it with their residence. A few plain and
striped cottons are made here ; and it has
a handsome battery, a royal assembly
room, and an elegant theatre. In the
church is a fine altar piece, executed and
presented by sir. Tames Thornhill, who was
born at Melcoinb llegis. Near it, at x\w.
village of Nottington, is a famous sulphur-
ous sjiring. Weymouth is 9 m s Dorchester,
and 128 wsw London. Lon. 2 IM w, lat.
50 40 N.
Weymouth, a town of JMassachnsets,
capital of Norfolk county. It is situate
on the s side of I5oston harbour, 14 in sk
Bosti)n.
Whallcy, a village in Lancashire, 4 m s
Clithero ; noted for the ruins of its abbey,
formerly of great note, on the bank of the
Calder.
Wheeling, a town of Virginia, in Ohio
county, which participates with Pittsburg
in the trade to the western country. It is
situate at the mouth of a creek on Ohio
river, 45 m sw Pittsburg.
Whernaide, the highest mountain in
Yorkshire, situate amid other mountains,
12 m KNw Settle. Its summit is 2384 feet.
above the level of the sea; and near the
top are four or five tarns, or small lakes.
Its extensive base contains several spacious
caverns, of which the principal are the
Yordas, Gatekirk, and Greenside caves.
Whidah, a kingdom of Guinea, extend-
ing about 100 rn along the Slave coast, and
12 m inland. Europeans who have been
in this country extol it as the most beauti-
ful in the world ; and that spring and
autumn reign in alternate succession. The
country is populous, and the people, in
their manners, have been compared to the
Chinese; having the same persevering in-
dustry, .ceremonious civility, jealous alfec-
ti-on for their women, and thievish inclina-
tions in trade. Bows, arrows, assagays,
and clubs, are the principal weapons of
the Whidanese. They are said to have a
faint idea of a Supreme Being, to whom
they attribute omnipotence, and consider
him as the Creator of the universe. lie is,
they say, too highly exalted to have any
concern about his creatures ; and the go-
vernment of the world he leaves to the
fetiches, to whom, therefore, they apply
as the mediators between God and them.
These fetiches are divided into three classes;
snakes, tall trees, and the sea ; and some-
times they add a fourth, the chief river of
the kingdom, the Euphrates. The deified
snakes are about a yard long, amazingly
tame and familiar ; and no insult or injury
can be ofl'ercd to them by a native, under
pain of death. Here are beeves, goals,
sheep, hogs, and poultry; also elephants,
WHI
buftalos, tigers, several kinds of deer, and
a sort of iiares. The fruits are citrons,
lemons, oranges, bananas, tamarinds, &c.
and there are vast nnmbers of palm-trees,
from which much wine is made. The trade
consists of slaves, elephant teeth, wax,
and honey ; and the manufactures fire
cloths, umbrellas, baskets, pitchers for pito
or beer, plates and dishes of wood, gourds
iinely ornamented, white and blue paper,
Ci-c. In 1727, the king of Dahomy reduced
this country to the state of a dependent
province. The capital is of the same name,
iar2;e and populous; near which the French,
Britisi), and Portuguese have forts, a pistol-
shot distance from each other. It is
situate on the Euphrates, about 7 m from
the sea. Lon. 2 31 e, lat. G 14 K.
W.'uthurn, a town of Scotland, in Lin-
litligowsliirc, with a manufacture of cotton,
21 m W'bys Edinburg.
Wliithi/, a seaport in N Yorksliire, v;itli
a market on Saturday. It stands on both
sides the mouth of the Esk, over which
is a drawbridge, and vessels may enter
of 200 tons. The town is irrcgulariy built,
but many of the houses are handsome. The
outei- harbour, though formed by five piers,
Isas its water much agitated in storms ;
but the inner one, above the bridge, is per-
fectly smootii. ^Vliitby has several ship-
building establishments, a considerable
manufacture of canvas, a great traffic in
tlie carrying business, and sends ships to
the Greenland fishery. In the neighbour-
hood are some large alum works, aud in
the aluminous rocks the skeletons of vari-
ous animals have been found. In 17^7, a
new-built quay, running parallel to a high
cliff, fell into the sea, followed by large
masses of the cliff. The remains of an
abbey church are on this cliiT; of which
some parts liavc fallen since the above ac-
cident. Whitby is the birthplace of James
Cook, the great circumnavigator. The
population was 6969 in 1811. It is 415 ra
KNE York, and 243 K London, Lon. 0 30
w, lat. 54 30 i\.
YViiitchurcli, a borough in Hampshire,
with a market on F'-iday, and a manufac-
ture of shaloons and serges. It is seated
on the Test, near its source, 12 m N Win-
chester, and 56 v/bys London.
Whitchurch, a town in Shropshire, with
a market on Friday, 20 \v. n Shrewsbury,
and 160 ^w London.
V.'hite Mouutains, the highest part of a
ridge of mountaiiis, .in the state of New
Hampshire, extending froju^ ne to sw.
Their height above an adjacent plain is
550U feet ; and the plain is 3500 feet above
the level of the sea. They arc covered
with snow and ice nine monilis in the year;
jind during that time exhibit the bright ap-
WHI
pearance from which they are denominated
the White Mountains. Although 70 m in-
land, they are seen many leagues oft' at sea,
and appear like a bright cloud in the horizon.
Their highest summit is in lat. 44 N.
White Seciy a large bay of the Frozen
ocean, on the coast of Russia, on the e side
of which stands the city of Archangel.
Whitehnten, a seaport in Cumberland,
with a market on Tuesday. It is seated
on a creek of the Irish sea, on the N end
of a great hill, washed by the tide on the
w side, where there is a large whitish rock,
and a strong stone wall that secures^ the
harbour. Near it are many coal-mines,
some of which run a considerable way
under the sea, and are the great source of
its wealth ; but its trade is now extended
to foreign parts. A packet-boat sails hence
weekly to Douglas, in the isle of Man.
Here are six yards for ship-building, an ex-
tensive canvas manufacture, three large
roperies, and several copperas works. The
town is defended by batteries, and has
three neat churches. The population was
10,106 in 1811. It is 37 m sw Carlisle,
and 294 iSMW London. Lon. 3 35 w, lat.
54 25 N.
Whitehall; see Skenesboivugh.
Whitehorn, a borough of Scotland, ia
Wigtonsliire, near the bay of Wigton, It
is a place of great antiquity, having been
a Roman station, aud tiie first bishopric in
Scotland. Here are several cotton manu-
factures, a considerable tannery, and quai'-
ries of variegated marble. It is 11 m a
W'igton.
Whiiestozon, a town of New York, iii
Herkemcr county, on the s side of the Mo-
hav>'k, between Old and New Fort Schuyler,
30 m v/NW Canajohary.
Whitstahle, a village in Kent, at the
mouth of the e branch of the Medway,
7 m NNw Canterbury. It is a small port,
whence Canterbury is supplied with coal ;
and it has several copper and salt works.
JV hit sunt ide hland, one of the New
Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean, 30 m long
aiid 8 broad. It was discovered by captain
Wallis, on Whitsunday, 1767. Lon. 16£»
20 E, lat. 15 44 s.
Whittington, a village in Derbyshire, 3 m
I.- Chesterfield. It is f^imous foi- a thatched
cottage, in the upper story of which the
glorious revolution of 1688 was planned ;
and in 1788, the hundredth anniversary of
that auspicious event was celebrated here,
by the descendants of the illustrious leaders,
and a numerous gentry.
Viliiltkburi/ Foreat, a forest in the S part
of Northamptonshire, 9 ra long and 3 broad,
in which is a fine seat, called W' akefield
Lodge.
WhiUkscif^ a brgc village in Q^mbrJcl^e-.
WIC
shire, with two churches, situate 4 m n of
the lake Whittlesey-nicre, and 5 e Pctcr-
borouch.
Whittlexcy-mere, a lake in the n part of
Huntingdonshire, 3 m long and nearly 2
broad. It lies in the fenny district, 2 mto
the SE of Yaxley.
WihUngeyi, a town of Suabia, with a
Benedictine abbey, seated near the conflux
of the Her with the Danube, 3 m ssw Uhn.
Wibtirg, or Vihorg, ;i government of
Russia, formerly a part of Finland. It
was ceded by the Swedes to the Russians,
partly by the peace of Nystadt in 1721,
and partly by the treaty of Abo in 1743.
Beside pasture, the country produces rye,
oats, and barley, but not suthcient for the
inhabitants. Lutheranism is the established
religion ; but Greek worship has been ju-
troduced by the Russians.
Wihurg, a fortified seaport, capital of
the above government, and a bisiiop's see,
with a strong citadel. The houses are
almost entirely built of stone. The chief
exports are planks, tallow, pitch, and tar.
In 1793, it was almost destroyed by fire.
The surrounding country is pleasant ; and
near it, at Iraatra, is the famous cataract
of the Woxa, which makes a noise more
stunning than that of the Rhine at Lauften.
Wiburg stands on the ne point of the gulf
of Finland, 110 m nnw Petersburg. Lon.
29 10 E, lat. 60 56 n.
Wiburg, a city of Denmark, in N Jut-
]and,capital of adiocese, and the seat of the
chief court of justice in the province. In
1726, a fire burnt the cathedral, a church,
the townhouse, and the bishop's palace ;
but they have all been magnificently re-
built. It is seated on a lake, in a penin-
sula, 95 m N Sleswick. Lon. 9 50 e, lat.
56 20 N.
Wick, a borough of Scotland, capital of
Caithness, with a harbour on an inlet of
the German ocean, at the Inouth of a river
of the same name. Much kelp is made
here, but the fisheries are the chief objects
of importance. The population was 5080 in
in 1811. It is 55 m ke Dornoch. Lon.
2 51 w, lat. 58 21 N.
Wick, a fortified town of the Nether-
lands, in the duchy of Liraburg, seated on
the Meuse, opposite Maestricht, with which
it communicates by a bridge.
Wick Duerstede ; see Duerstede.
Wickerad, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Juliers, with two castles, 12 m n
Juliers.
Wickford, a town of Rhode Island, in
Washington county, on the w sidt of Nar-
niganset bay, opposite the N end of Cano-
iiicut island, 10 n» kw Newport, and 20 s
Providence.
]VickloiOj a county of Ireland, in tiie pro*
WIG
vincc of Leinster, 33 m long and 20 broad;
bounded on the n by Dublin, e by the
Irish sea, s by Wexford, w by Catherlougli
and Kildarc, and nw by Kildare. It is
divided into 58 parishes, has about 58,000
inhabitants, and sends two members to
parliament. It is mountainous and woody,
interspersed with rocks and bogs ; but the;
vallies are fertile, well cultivated, and
watered by small rivers.
Wicklow, a borougii and the capital of
the above county. It is seated on the Irisli
sea, with a narrow harbour at the mouth
of the river Lcitrim, 23 m sse Dublin.
Lon. 6 12 w, lat. 52 58 N.
Wickwar, a town in Gloucestershire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on Mon-
day, 17 m KE Bristol, and 111 w London.
Widdi7i, a fortified town of European
Turkey, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's
see. It has often been taken and retaken
by the Austrians and Turks. It is seated on
the Danube, 100 m >'by w Sotfa, and 140
ESE Belgrade. Lon, 24 27 e, lat. 44 12 n.
WidnooJi, a town of the kingdom of Sus,
and a great place of trade, situate on a
river that flows into the Atlantic, to the s
of Cape Non. It is 100 m ssw St. Cruz.
Lon. 10 50 w, lat. 28 10 N.
Wied, a county of Westphalia, at the
conflux of the rivers Wied and Rliine. It
is composed of two parts, the upper county,
or Wied-Runkel, and the lower county, or
Wied-Neuwied, each governed by its own
count, llie capitals are Dierdorf and
Neuwied.
Wielieska, a town of Poland, in Galicia,
celebrated for its salt mines, which are the
richest in Europe. In these mines are
several small chapels, excavated in the
salt ; and upward of 2000 souls reside
chiefly in the mines. It is 8 m sse Cracow.
Wiehin, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Siradia, with a good castle, 16 m
s Siradia.
Wieselburg, a town of Hungary, capital
of a county. Here are some extensile go-
vernment magazines for receiving grain and
other products of the kingdom. It is 23 m
SSE Presburg.
Wiescnsteig, a town of Suabia, capital
of a lordship, with a castle ; seated on the
river Fiis, in a valley enclosed by moun-
tains, 16 m WNw Uhn, and 25 ese Stut-
gard.
Wiesenthul, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in IVlisnia, with manufactures of
iron, steel, and fire-arms, and a consider-
able trade in leather. It stands on a rivulet
of the same name, on the frontiers of Bo-
hemia, 15 m >; by £ Carlsbad.
Wigan, a borough in Lancashire, govern-
ed by a mayor, with a market on Mouilay
and i'Yiday. It |ia$ a mtinufacture cfstro'ig
WIG
checks, and other articles of iineu and
cotton. Braziery has long Imen a staple
article ; and there is a large pottery of line
ware. The population was 14,000 in 1811.
In the neighbourhood are very extensive
iron-works; a mineral spring, of a similar
nature with that of Harrowgate ; and
plenty of that species of coal, called Cannel,
lit which snutV-boxes and a variety ol' toys
are made. In 1650, a battle was fought
here between the forces of Charles i and
those of the parliament, in which the earl
"t Derby, who commanded tlie former, was
taken prisoner, and afterward beheaded.
^Vigan is seated on the river Douglas,
which is made navigable to the Kibble,
and joins to a canal from Liverpool. It is
Vi9 m s Lancaster, and 19t3 ^"^w London.
Lon. 2 50 w, lat. 53 34 n.
Wtgfit, an island in the English channel,
on the coast of Hampshire, to which county
ir belongs. The strait that separates it
trom the mainland is of unecjual breadth,
being about a mde over toward the western,
and 7 m at the eastern extrer.iity. The
lorm of the island is somewhat like a
lozenge, with its angles toward the cardinal
points, 21 ra from e to \v, and 13 from K
to s It is divided into two parts by the
liver Medina or Cowcs, which rises in the
southern angle, and enters the sea at the
northern, at the townofCowes, opposite
the mouth of Southampton bay. The se
coast is edged with very steep cliffs of
chalk and freestone, hollowed into caverns
in various parts ; and vast fragments of
rocks are scattered along th.e shore. The
sw side is fenced with lulty ridges of rocks,
and the w extremity of them is called the
ixeedles, from the slender form and erect
position of two of them; but these no lon-
ger exist, having tumbled into the sea
about the year 1780. Between the island
and the mainland are various sandbanks,
especially olf the eastern part, where is
the safe road of St. Helen. Across the
island, from e to w, runs a ridge of fine
downs, which feed a great number of rich
lleeced sheep ; rabbits aud poultry are also
very plentiful, and vipers are caught in
large numbers lor medicinal purposes. To
the X of this ridge the land is chiefly pas-
ture ; to the s of it is a rich arable country,
producing great crops of corn, particularly
barley. Among its products are a pure
white pipe clay, aud a tine white chrysta-
line sand; of tlie latter' great quantities art;
exported for the use of the glasa-works in
various parts. In 1811 the population
was 24,1,'0. The principal town is the
borough of Newport; and it likewise con-
tains the boroughs of Newton and Yar-
mouth.
WIL
market on Tuesday, aud manufactures of
coarse linen and cotton ; seated among the
moors, 12 m sw Carlisle, and 304 nxw
London.
M'igton, a borough and seaport of Scot-
land, capitalof ^^'igtonshire. (Jii the s
side, near the mouth of the Bladenoch,
are the ^•estiges of an ancient castle ;
and to the ne is a great morass, called the
IMoss of Cree. Here are manufactures of
woollen and cotton, the former chiefly of
plaids and flannel. The population was
1711 in 1811. It is situate on a hill,
which overlooks the bay of Wigton, 90
ni sw Edinburg. Lon. 4 23 w, lat. 54
57 N.
1 1 igtonshlrc, or West Galloway, a count j'
of Scotland, bounded on the N by Ayrshire,
KE by Kircudbrightshire, and on all others
sides by the Irish sea. The greatest ex-
tent in any direction does not exceed 30
m, and its figure is very irregular. It is
divided into 17 parishes, and sends a mem-
ber to parliament. The population was
26,891 in 1811. The bays of Luce and
Ryan extend inland, forming by their ap-
proximation a peninsula, called the Rhyus
of Galloway. The principal rivers are the
Luce, Cree, and Bladenoch. The coast is
tolerably fertile; but the interior and nor-
thern parts are mountainous, fit only for
the pasturage of sheep and beeves.
XViliacs, a frontier town of European
Turkey, in Bosnia, seated on a lake formed
by the river Unna, 40 m se Carlstadt, and
220 w Belgrade. Lon. 16 10 e, lat. 45
34 x.
Vi'ddbad, a town of Wirtemberg, with
a celebrated warm bath, seated on the
Ens, 24 m w Stutgard.
WiUberg, a town of Wirtemberg, situ-
ate on the Nagold, 19 m sw Stutgard.
Vvildberg, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Ivllddle mark, 28 m n Brandenburg.
Wildes/iausen, a town of Westphalia,
capital of a small bailiwic, lyings of the
duchy of Oldenburg, and belonging to the
duchy of Brunswick. It is seated on the
Hunte, 20 m sw Bremen. Lon. 8 27 e,
lat. 52 53 N.
Mitdkaus, a town of Switzerland, in tlie
canton of St. Gall, situate near the source
of the Thar, and at the skirt ofientis, the
highest mountain of Appenzel, 16 m x.ne
Wallenstadt.
Wildutigtn, a town of Germany, in the
county of NValdeck, with a castle. ' Near
it are mineral springs, and min5S of copper,
iron, and lead. It is 14 m S'^ECorhach.
WiUielinstein, a fortress of 'Westphalia,
in the county of Schauenburg, on an island
formed of stones sunk for the ■purpose, in
SteinhuJer-mc-re.
It was erected in 176.-)
iHtvUf u tuwa ill Cumberland^ with a b^' Wjilitun gouat of sfghaueubur^-Lippe,
WIL
for tlie improvement of his new inventions
in tlie art of war. It stands near the town
of Stcinhude, IS m \vnw Hanover.
Wilkes, a town of N Carolina, caiiitul of
a county. It is seated on the Yadkin, near
its source, -10 m nne Morguntown, Lon.
81 38 w, lat. 30 4 N.
IViikesbarre, or WUkeshurg, a town of
Pennsylvania, chief of Luzerne county.
The vicinity abounds in coal. It stands on
the r. branch of the Susquehana, 90 m KW
Philadelphia. Lon. 7(3 Vi w, lat. 41
13 N.
Wilkoniiers, a town ofLithuania, in the
palatinate of Wilna, seated on the Sweita,
48 m NNW Wilna.
Willenhall, a considerable village in
Staftbrdshire, 2 m e Wolverhampton, with
an extensive manufacture of lucks and
other articles of iron.
Williai/i, Fort; see Calcutta.
William, Tort, a fort c?f Scotland, in the
county of Inverness, situate on a plain, at
the extremity of Loche Linnhe, where that
arm of the sea bends to the w, and forms
Loch Eil. It is of a triangular figure, and
adjoining it on the sw is the village of
Maryburg, which has a considerable coast-
ing trade. The Caledonian canal com-
mences near the fort. It is G4 m sw In-
verness, and 127 Nw Edinburg. Lon. 5 G
w, lat. 5G 50 N.
WiUium Henri/, or Sorel, a town of
Lower Canada, at the conflux of the Sorel
with the St. Lawrence. It has a protestant
and a Roman catholic church; and is a
great channel of intercourse with the
United States. It is 40 m ke Montreal,
and 120 sw Quebec. Lon. 73 22 w, lat.
45 55 ^T.
JVilliamsborovgh, a town of N Caro-
lina, chief of Granville county, with a
flourishing academy. It has a brisk trade
with the back country, and stands on a
creek that flows into the Roanoke, 50 ra
-WNW Halifax.
Williamsburg, a town of New York, in
Ontario county, on the e side of the Ge-
nessee, near the influx of Canaserago creek,
SO m sw Canandaqua.
Williamsburg, a town of Virginia, for-
merly the capital of that state, it is situ-
ate between two creeks ; one flowing into
James, and the other into York river; and
the distance of each landing-place is about
a mile from the town. The college of
William and iMary is fixed here ; but since
the removal of the seat of government,
this and other public buildings are much
decayed. It is GO m ese Richmond. Lou.
77 3 w, lat. 37 10 n.
Williamsport, a town of Maryland, in
Washington county, seated on the Poto-
juuc^ ut tile influx of Conegocheaciue creek,
WIL
6 m sw Elisabethtown, and 73 nnw Wash-
ington.
JMUiamstadt, a strong seajiort of the
Netherlands, in Dutch Brabant, built" by
William prince of Orange, in 1585. It is
one of the keys of Holland, and Ins a good
harbour. This place made a gallant de-
fence, in 1793, against the French, who
were obliged to raise the siege ; but it sur-
rendered to them in 1795. It stands on
that part of the Meuse called Hollands
Diep, 15 m avnw Breda. Lon. 4 30 r,
lat. 51 39 jr.
JFiUiamston, a town of Massachusets,
in Berkshire county, with a flourishing
seminary called Williams College, in ho-
nour of its liberal founder. It is 28 m n
Lenox, and 130 wnw Boston.
IVilliamston, a town of N Carolina,
chief of Martin county. It is situate on
the Roanoke, 21 m w Plymouth, and 55
SE Halifax.
Jr'illis Isle, a rocky island at the xe end
of the island of Soudiern Georgia. It was
discovered in 1775, and contained the
nests of many thousand shags. Lon. 38
30 w, lat. 54 b s.
IFillisau, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Lucern, seated among mountains,
on the river Yv'iger, IG m \\ xw Lucern.
Wilmanstrund, a town of Russia, in the
government of Wiburg. In 1741, a battle
was fought near this town between 3000
Swedes and 1G,000 Russians; but, at last,
the former were obliged to yield to supe-
riority of number. It is seated on the s
side of the lake Saima, 40 m knw Wiburg,
and 100 icKW Petersburg.
Wilmington, a maritime district of N
Carolina, comprehending the counties of
Brunswick, New Hanover, Onslow, Dup-
lin, and Bladen.
JFilmington, the capital (if the above
district, and of New Hanover county. It
has a consideralde trade to the W Indies,
and stands on the xe branch of Cape Fear
river, 34 m from the sea, and 90 ssw New-
bern. Lon. 78 20 w, lat. 34 5 n.
JVihnington, the largest town of the
state of Delaware, and capital of New-
castle county, with six edifices for public
worship. Tlie town and its neighbourhood
is the seat of several manufactures ; and
almost the whole of the foreign exports
of the state are from this place. The
population was 440G in 1810. It is situate
on the N side of Cinistiana creek, 2 m w
of the river Delaware, and 28 sw Phila-
delphia. Lon. 75 40 w, lat. 39 43 N.
Wilmsldw, a town in Cheshire, with a
market on Saturday, seated on the Bolin,
13 m N Congleton, and 174 xw London.
IFilna, the capital of Lithuania, in a
palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's
WIL
see, ■with a university, an ancient castlo,
and a royal palace. It stands on several
little eminences, and has two considerable
suburbs called AntokoUo and Kudaiska.
Here are upward of 40 cl>urches; and the
magnificent one belonginsi; to the castle has
a very rich treasury. In 1748, a confiag-
ration destroyed 13 churches ; and in 1749,
another lire happened by lightning, which
consumed six churches : beside these, the
Jewish synagogue, the council-house, 33
palaces, and many other buildings were
destroyed. The churchi^s have been re-
built, and some of them in a more elegant
manner than before ; but the city has not
recovered its former grandeur. V\ ilna was
taken by the Russians in 1794, and with
its territory annexed to that empire. In
1812, it was entered by Bonaparte in his
progress to Rivssia ; on his return, he re-
entered it, but immediately lied in disguise
to France; and soon after the city was
retaken by the Russians. It is seated on
the V/ilia, 180 ra e Konigsberg, and 240
JJE V/arsaw. Lon. 25 28 e, hit. 54 41 n.
Wihdorf, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in IMisnia, near which, in 1745,
the Saxons were defeated by the Prussians.
It is 9 m vv Dresden.
U'llsiiac/i, a tov.n of Brandenburg, in
the mark of Pregnitz, 14 ni nw Ilavel-
berg.
JVihowitz, a. town of I\Ioravia, in the
circle of Ilradisch, 15 m ene Uradisch.
Wihter, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Ilolstein, 10 m N Gluckstadt.
JVilton, a borougli in Wiltshire, govern-
ed by a mayor, with a market on Vvednes-
ilay, and a manufacture of carpets and
thin woollen stuffs. It was formerly the
capital of the county, but is now much re-
fluced. Here is Wilton-house, the niag-
niticent seat of the earl of Pembroke. It
is seated between the rivers Willy aral
Nadder, 3 m wbvN Salisbury, and 85
whys London.
f Wiltshire, a county of England, bound-
ed on the E by Eerksliire and Hampshire,
s by Hampshire and Dorsetsiiire, vv' by
Somersetshire, and nw and n by Glouces-
tershire. It is 53 m long and 38 broad,
containing 821,120 acres; is divided into
28 hundreds, and 302 parishes; has one
city and 23 market-towns ; and sends 34
jnembcrs to parliament . The population
was 193,823 in 1811. The air is sharp on
the hills in winter, but mild during that
season in the vales. The land in the N
parts is generally hilly and woody, but
very fertile ; and iiere is made that kind
of cheese so much esteemed as North
Wiltshire- In the s it is rich and fertile.
In the middle it chiefly consists of downs
that afford the best pasture fur sheep j and
WIN
in the valiics, which divide the downs, are
corn-fields and rich meadows. The chief
commodities are sheep, wool, wood, and
stone ; of this last there are excellent quar-
ries on the banks of the Nadder, where
some of the stones are 23 yards in length,
and four in thickness, without a flaw.
The chief manufoctures are the chtTerent
branches of the clothing-trade. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Upper and Lowe'r
Avon, the Nadder, \\'iily, Bourn, and
Ivennet. Salisbury is tiie capital.
JVimhledun, a village in Surry, on an
elevated heath, 7 m sw London. Here
are many handsome villas; and it lias cop-
per mills, a manufacture ibr printing caili-
cos, and another of japan ware. On the
sw angle of the common is a circular en-
campment, including seven acres; the
trench deep and perfect.
TFimborn, or JVimborn Minsie?-, a town
in Dorsetshire, with a market on Friday.
It had a monastery, in which were interred
the W Saxon kings Etheldred and Sige-
worth, and queen Ethelburga. Its noble
church, called the Minster, was Ibrmerly
collegiate. It is seated between the Stour
and Allen, G m n Poole, and 100 sw Lon-
don.
Wimmerbi/, a town of Sweden, in Smo-
land, 28 m wsw Westerwick.
Wiminis, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, seated on the Sibnen, 18
ni s Bern.
iVimpfen, a town of Suabia, consisting
of two towiis, called Wimpfen on the
Hill and Wimpfen in the Vale. In the
former is a Lutiieran parish church, and a
grammar school ; and in the latter is a
catholic abbey, and a monastery. A salt-
work was established here in 1701. It is
seated on the Neckar, 8 m n Heilbron, and
22 E Heidelberg.
iFmcaunton, a town in Somersetshire
with a market on Wednesday, and a ma-
nufacture of ticking and do"^ug]as; seated
on the side of a hill, 24 m s Bath, and 108
^vby3 London.
Winchcomb, a town In Gloucestershire
with a market on Saturday. It was fori
merly noted for its abbey, whose mitred
abbot sat in parliament. Near the town
is the ruin of Sudeley castle, where Catha-
rine Parr, queen of Henry vrir, and a ter-
ward wife to sir Thomas Seymour, died in
childbed, not without suspicion of poison.
Winchcomb is seated in a bottom, 15 m'
KE Gloucester, and 99 wnw- London.
(Pinc.'ielsea, a town in Sussex, an appen-
dage to the cinque ports, governed by a
mayor, with a market on Saturday. It
was built about 3 m from the place where
a town of the same name had been swal-
lowed up by tlie £e:v. The »iew town being
WIN
sacked by the French and Spaniards, and
deserted by the sea, dwindled to a mean
place. Three of the gates are yet standi-.:^,
bat much decayed. Two m f.ive ot the
town, is Camber castle, built by Henry yni.
Winchelsca is seated on a rocky clitl", on
an inlet of the sea, 4 m sw Kye, and (3-1 se
London.
U'incliendim, a town of Massachuscts,
in W<M'cester county, situate on Millers
river, 30 m xxw NVorcester.
Winchester, a city in Hampshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on
Wednesday and Saturday. The decayed
walls are a mile and a half in circuit, and
liave four gates. Here are eigl»t churches,
beside the'cathedral, in which were inter-
red several Saxon kings and queens, whose
bones were collected by bishop Tox, put
into six gilded cotiins, and placed on a wall
in the s side of the choir. In this cathe-
dral also is the marble coffin of William
Tlufus. On a fine eminence stood the
castle, which was taken from Charles i,
and afterward demolished, except the mag-
nificent hall, in which the assizes are now
held. Near this is the shell of a palace,
built by Charles ii, but never finished : it
has been converted mto a barrack for 1800
infimtry, and the wings fitted up for the
ofiicers'. Here also is St. iNlary College,
founded by VviUiam of Wykeham, which
has exhibitions for New College Oxford ;
and contiguous to it is a sjiacious quad-
rangular edifice fi)r commoners or gentle-
men not on the foundation. Near the s
end of the city is the hospital of St. Cross,
founded by a bishop of this see, for a mas-
ter, nine poor brethren, and four out-pen-
sioners. All travellers, who call at this
liospital, have a right to demand some
bread and beer, which is always brought to
tliem. Near the e gate of the city is St.
John hospital, in the hall of which the
corporation give their entertainments.
Winchester was of great note in the time
of the Saxons, and here Egbert was crown-
ed the first sole monarch of England.
Here Henry u held a parliament, king
John resided, Henry in was born, Richard
II held a parliament, and Henry iv was
married, as was also JNIary i. 'I'be popu-
lation was 0rO5 in 1811. It is seated on
the Itchen, which is navigable hence to
Southampton, 21 m ^w Chichester, and
G2 wbyN Loudon. Lon. 1 12 w, lat.
51 4 N.
Vt'incheater, a town of V^irginia, capital
of Fredrick county. It has four edifices
for public worship, and stands near tiie
head ofOpeckon creek, which flows into
the Potomac, 70 in WxNW Washington.
Lon. 78 134 i:, lat. 39 15 N.
W'^ncksHr, a town uf licuuicky, Qhief
WIN
of Claik county. It is situate between
the head waters of the Kentucky and the
Licking.
Wiiidau, a seaport of the duchy ofCour-
land, with a castle. The exports are pitch,
tar, wax, &c. and some ships are built
here. It stands at the mouth of a river of
the same name, in the Baltic, 76 ni isw
Mittau. Lon. 21 50 e, lat. 57 15 N.
W indcrmcre,0Y Winanderfnere, the most
extensive lake in England, lying between
Westmorland and Lancashire. It extends
12 m from k to s, but in no ))art broader
than a mile; and is famous for fine char,
trout, perch, pike, anil eel. The principal
feeders are the rivers Rothay and Brathay,
and its outlet is the river Leven. This lake
is frequently intersected by promontories,
and is spotted with ten beautiful islands.
Among these, the Holme, or Great Island,
an oblong tract of 27 acres, crosses the
lake in an oblique line. Its borders rise
in a very bold manner, from slopes of cul-
tivated enclosures, enlivened by woods,
villages, seats, and farms, to finely wooded
hills, craggy and pointed rocks, or abrupt
and wild mountains, in pictoresque con-
fusion.
]] indliam, a town of Connecticut, capi-
tal of a county. It is seated on the She-
tucket, 14 m XKW Norwich, and 22 ese
Hartford. Lon. 72 10 w, lat. 41 45 x.
Windisgratz, a town of Germany, in
Stiria, 24 m nw Cilley."
Windlingen, a town of Wirtemberg,
seated on the Lauter, at its coniiux with
the Neckar, 12 m se Stutgard.
]]'i?idsbi(ck, a town and castle of Suabia,
in the nmrgravate of Anspaeh, seated on
the Rednitz, 10 rn se Anspach.
Wiiuhheim, a town of Franconia, sur-
rounded by ramparts, which serve for a
promenade. It is ssated on the Aisch, 30
m SE Wurlzburg, and 32 ssw Bamberg.
}yindsor., a borough, in Berkshire, go-
verned by a mayor, with a market on Sa-
turday. It is celebrated fur a magnificent
castle", built originally by William i, and
enlarged by Henry i. It was the resi-
dence of the succeeding monarchs, tdl
Edward iii (who was born in it) caused
the ancient building to be taken down, an'd
began the present structure and St. George s
chapel. Great additions were made to
the castle by Edward iv, Henry vii, Henry
viii, and Elisabeth. Charles ii enlarged
the windows and made them regular, lur-
nished the royal apartments with paintings,
enlarged the" terrace walk on the n side,
anil carried it round the e and s sides.
George lu contributed much to its im-
provement, made it his chief residence,
and died here in 1820. This castle stands
on u high hill, wluch vises ffyin tlie town
WIN
by a gentle ascent ; and its fine terrace,
faced with a rampart of freestone, 1870
feet in length, is one of the noblest walks
in Europe. Its numerous edifices consti-
tute two courts, the upper and lower ; and
from that called the Round Tewer, there
is an extensive view into twelve counties.
St. George's chapel, or the collegiate
church, stands between the two courts;
it was begun by Edward iir, enlarged by
Edward iv, and finished by Henry vii :
the interior architecture is greatly admired,
particularly its stone roof; and the whole-
was repaired and beautified in 1790. In
this chapel are interred Henry vi, Edward
IV, Henry viii, his queen Jane Seymour,
and Charles i. And at the e end a large
vault was constructed in 1810, by order of
his late majesty, as a place of sepulture for
himself and his family. The royal founda-
tions in this castle are ; the Order of the
Garter, instituted by Edward iii, consist-
ing of the sovereign and 25 knights com-
panions, exclusive of the priuces of the
blood royal ; and the Royal College of St.
George, consisting of a dean, 12 canons, 7
minor canons, and 18 alms knights. Oppo-
site the SE side of the castle, is a modern-
built mansion, called the Queen's Lodge ;
and below this is the Lower Lodge. Ad-
joining the queen's lodge is the little park,
which extends round the e and n sides of
the castle, and is 4 m in circuit. On the
s side of the town is the great park, which
is 14 ra in circuit : it has a noble road
from the tov.n, near 3 m in length, adorned
on each side with a double plantation of
stately trees, to the sunmiit of a delight-
full hill, on which is Cumberland Lodge.
Windsor contained 6155 inhabitants in
1811 ; and it enjoys great advantages from
the continual resort of visitors. It is situ-
ate within a bend of the Thames, over
which is abridge to Eton, 17 m Ebyw
.Reading, and 22 w London, Lon. 0 3G
AV, lat. 51 ?.0 N.
Windsor, the chief town of \'ermont,
and the capital of a county. The assembly
of the state holds its session here and at
Rutland alternately. The population was
898 in 1810, It is seated on the ('onnec-
ticut, 40 m Ebys Rutlancl, and 110 ke
Albany. Lon. 72 4 w, lat. 43 27 X.
]\ incisor, a town of Connecticut, in
Hartford county, on the river Connecticut,
at the influx of Windsor Ferry river, 7 m
X Hartford.
Windsor, a town of N Carolina, chief
of Bertie county. It is situate on the
Cushai, 23 m w bys Edenton.
Windsor, a town of Massachusets, in
Berkshire county, seated among hills, 20
jn NNW Lenox, and 13G wbvN Boston.
WindiQVj ^ town of New York, in I hter
WIN
county, on the w side of the Hudson, just
above the high lands, 6 m n of West
Point.
Windsor, a town of Nova Scotia, with a
college, founded by royal charter in 1802.
It is seated on a river of the same name,
25 m N\v Halifax.
Windsor Forest, a forest in the e part
of Berkshire, 50 m in circuit. Tiiough
the soil is generally barren and unculti-
vated, it is finely diversified by hills and
dales, woods and lawns, and delightful
villas. It contains several towns and vil-
lages, of which Wokingham is the prin-
cipal.
Winnenden, a town and castle of Wir-
temberg, 12 m ene Stutgard.
Wiunicza, a town of Poland, in Podolia,
with a castle ; seated on the river Bog, 35
m N Bracklau.
Jlinnipci^, a lake of L^pper Canada,
300 m Nw of Lake Superior. It is 250 m
long and from 8 to 70 broad, and contains
a number of small islands. The lands on
its banks produce vast quantities of wild
rice, and the sugar-tree in great plenty.
This lake receives the waters of several
small lakes and rivers in every direction,
and at its nw extremity the navigable
river Saskatchuvan, whose head waters in-
terlock with some of those of the river
Columbia.
Wimishorough, a town of 8 Carolina,
chief of Fairfield county, with a seminary
called ^Nlount Zion College. It stands on
Wateree creek, which flows into the river
of that name, 3G m n by w Columbia. Lon.
81 15 w, lat. 34 28 N.
Wimchoten, a fortified town of the Ne-
therlands, in Groningen. Here, in 1568,
was fought the first battle between the re-
volted Dutch and the Spaniards, who were
defeated by Louis, brother to the prince of
Orange. It is 6 m s of Doilart bay, and
19 ESE Groningen.
Winscn, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Luneburg, with a castle, seat-
ed on the Luhe, near its conflux with the
Ilmenau, 15 m nw Luneburg. — Another,
seated on the Allcr, G m below Zell, and
47 ssw Luneburg.
Winsford, a village in Cheshire, on the
river Weever, 4 m wbyN Middlewich.
Here is a manufacture of salt, and abun-
dance of salt rock, of which great quan-
ties are sent to Liverpool for exporta-
tion.
WinslozD, a town in Buckinghamshire,
with a market on Tuesday, 7 ni jsw Ayles-
bury, aad 49 wkw London.
\] insloio, a town of the district ofr\Iaine,
in Lincoln county, with a fort; seated on
the Kennebec, 21 m n Hallowell.
Wiiiitcr^ [\ town iu Dei'bysliirc, \s\ix\\
WIR
has a meeting tor the siiie of provisions on
Saturday. It is situate among rich Icad-
iiiinos, '26 m ^xw Derby.
lVi)itcrkrg, a town of the duchy of
■\VestplKvlia, 12 m sw Corbacli, and 28 se
Arensburg.
Winicrbcrg, a town of Bohemia, in ihe
circle of Prachin, 25 m wsw Piseck.
Wiritcrburg, a town of Germany, in the
county of Sponlieim, 10 m wnw Crciitz-
iiaili/and I'i sse Sinunevn.
\\ iiitcringham, a town in'Lincolnsliire,
governed by a mayor, but has no market ;
sealed near tlic llumber, 33 m x Lincoln.
IVhitcrt/iur, a tov.n of Switzerland, in
the canton of Zurich, wiiere there are mi-
neral baths. The articles made here by
tiie smitlis and turners are in great Cbtima-^
tion; and it has manufactures of oil of
vitriol, earthen ware, striped camlets, and
cotton. It is seated on the river Ulacli,
14 m NE Zurich.
Wintcrion, a village on the E coast of
Norfolk, near a promontory called Wniter-
tonness, on which is a lighthouse, 10 m
why w Yarmouth.
Winihrop, a town of the district of
Maine, in Lincoln county, 10 ni whys
Harrington.
WinLon, a town of N Carolina, chief of
Hartford county. It is situate on tlie Cho-
wan, 12 m sse' Muifreesborough, and 30
ivvv Edenton.
Winweiler, a town of Germany, capital
of the county of Falkenstein. In the vici-
nity is a considerable iron foundery. It is 2-4
m wsw Worms, and 2? ke Deux Pouts.
Wimcick, a village in Lancashire, 3 m
N Warrington. It is deemed the richest
rectory inthe kingdom ; and on the s side
of the church is a Latin inscriplion, inti-
mating that the place was once a favorite
seat of Oswald, king of Northumberland.
Wippcrfurt, a town of Westphalia, in
the duchy of Berg, with manufactures of
chjths, coarse cottons, and hats. In the
vicinity are many iron founderies. It is
seated on the Wipper, near its source, 30
m ese Dusseldorf.
JFippra, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
county of INIansfeld, situate on the Wipper,
10 m WNW Eisleben.
Vi'irkszcorili, a town in Derbyshire, \vith
a market on Tuesday. Lead ore is found
here in great abinulance, and it is the
greatest mart lor lead in England. Mill-
stones and grir.dstones are also found in
th.e neighbourhood, as well as veins of an-
timony^ It is seated in a valley, near the
source of the Ecclesboru, 13 m N by w
Derby, and 1 JO kkw London.
H'irtcwberg, or Wurtenherg, a kingdom
of Germany, in the circle of Suabia ;
bouutkii on thg k by the pulatuiate of the
WIS
Rhine and Franconia, e and s by several
})rovinces of Suabia, and w by tlie Black
forest, and the marrjuisate of Baden. It
is G5 m in length, and nearly as much' in
breadth; and is one of the most populous
and fertile countries in Germany, though
there are riiany mountains and woods. It
produces plenty of pasture, corn, fruit,
and a great deal" of Neckar wine, so called
from tiie river Neckar, which runs through
the country. There are also mines and
salt springs, and much* game. This coun-
try, formerly a duchy, was erected into a
kiiigdcm in loO.). Stulgurd is the capital ;
and the ancient castle of Wirtemherg is -t
m E of that city.
JFisbadcn, a town of Germany, in Wct-
teravia, with a palace belonging to the
prince of Nassau-Usingen. The adjacent
country is surrounded by pleasant hills,
which yield excellent wine. The town
has some warm baths, formerly of great
repute. It is 6 m i* Mentz, and 22 w
Frankfort.
Wishench, a town in Cambridgeshire, in
the isle of Ely, with a market on Saturday.
It has a considerable trade in corn, and of
oil pressed from seeds at mills in the neigh-
bourhood. The population was 6300 in
1811. It is seated on a navigable river,
18 m from the sea, 34 ni\nv Cambridge,
and 89 N London.
V'isby, a town of Sv/eden, capital of
tlie isle of Gotliiand, and a bishop's see,
with a castle. Here are the ruins of
several churches and other edifices, \\hich
indicate its former consequence; but the
port will nov/ admit only a few small ves-
sels. It is seated on the side of a rock, on
the w coast, 129 m s Stockholm. Lon. 13
14 E. lut. 57 36 N.
Wiscasset, a seaport of the district of
Maine, in Lincoln county, with a flourish-
ing trade. The county courts are some-
times held here. It is seated on the
Shecpscut, near the sea, 32 m ne Bruns-
wick. Lon. 69 45 w, lat. 43 57 k.
]\ hcligrod, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Plocksko, seated on the
\ istula, 18 m Ebys Plocksko, and 53 WNW
Warsaw.
Wialodi, a town of Germany, in the pa-
latinate of the Rhine, seated on the Elsatz,
14 m Eby K Spire.
WUwar, a seaport of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Mecklenburg, with a citadel.
By tl:a peace of Westphalia, in 1648, it
became the property of Sweden ; but it has
suffered frequently in subsequent wars.
The three principal churches, the town-
house, and the palace of IMeckleiiburg, are
the most remarkable buildings. The royal
Swedish tribunal for the German dominions
pf thi\t crown is established at this place,
WIT
It is seated on a bay of the r.altic, 30 m
E by N Liibcc, and So wsw Rostock. Lon.
11 3iE, lat. 53 56 k.
Wislon, a town .of Wales, in Pembroke-
shire, s;ovemcd by a mayor. It had an
extensive castle, which is now in ruins.
It is 6 m EKE Haverfordwest, and 248 WKW
London.
Witepsk, a strong town of Lithuania,
lately the capital of a palatinate, but now
subject to Russia, and in the government
of Polotsk. It is seated in a morass, at
the conflux of the Widsba with the Dwina,
6'> m ESE Polotsk, and 75 wkw Smolensk.
Lon. 29 40 E, lat. 55 43 K.
Witgcnau, a town of Lusatia, on tiie
river Elster, 17 m nkw Budissen.
Witgennv, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Bechin, on the river Lausnitz, 14
m E Budwcis.
Wifgenslein, a castle of Germany, in
Westenvald, which gives name to a small
ctmnty, united to thatofSayn. It stands
on a high rock, 13 m l\w Marburg.
Wiihcnn, a river in Lincolnshire, which
flows K by Grantham, to Lincoln, and
thence se by Tattershall and Boston into
tlie Germari ocean. From Lincoln it has
a communication with the Trent, by a na-
vigable canal, called the Fossdike, cut by
Henry i.
Wltham, a town of Essex, with a market
on Thursday, seated on a rivulet, near its
conflux with the Blackwater, 8 m ke
Chelmsford, and 33 eke London.
Witlich, a town of Germany, in the ter-
ritory of Treves, with a castle called Otten-
stein. In the neighbourhood are many
copper-mines. It is seated' on the Leser,
19 m KKE Treves.
IVitmujicl, a town of Westphalia, in E
Friesland, seated On the llarle, 20 m ke
Emden.
Witnei/, a tow-n in Oxfordshire, with a
market on I'hursday. Here are manufac-
tures of the finest blankets, and otherthick
woollens, called bear-skins and kerseys. It
is seated on the Windrush, 11 ra wkw
Oxford and 65 London.
^Vitsfock, a town of Brantlsnburg, in the
mark of Pregnitz, with celebrated cloth
manufactures, on the river Dosse, 17 m
Kxw Ruppin.
V\'itlenherg, a strong town, capital of the
duchy of Saxony, with a famous university,
and a castle. It is the place where the general
assemblies of the circle of Upper Saxony
are held. Martin Luther began the refor-
mation here, in 1517, and is buried in the
church of All Saints. Wittenberg has
suffered greatly by wars, particularly in
the siege by Austrians in 1760. It is seated
on the Elbe, over which is a bridge, 65 m
KW Dresden. Lon. 12 45 f, lat. 51 51 K.
WO A
Wittcnhurg, a town of Brandenburg, in
the mark of Pregnitz, seated on the Elbe,
7 m ssw Pcrleberg.
Wittenberg, a town of Lower Saxony,
in ]\Iccklenburg, 15 ni wsw Schwerin.
WittenhaU, a large village in Stafford-
shire, 3 m E Wolverhampton, partaking in
the trade of that town.
Wiftenstcln, a town of Russia, in the
government of Livonia, 40 m sc Revel.
Witzcn/tausen, a town of Germany, in
Lower Hesse, seated on tlie Werra, liJ m
E [)y K Cassel.
Wiveliscomhe, a town in Somersetshire,
with a market on Tuesday, and a manu-
facture of blanketing, kerseys, and other
coarse cloths. It stands on "the Thone^ 20
m K Exeter, and 153 v/bys London.
Witcnhoe, a village in Essex, seated on
the Coin, 3 m se Colchester, of which it is
the port, and has a customhouse. The
Colchester oysters are chiefly barrelled at
this place.
WludUictzckas, a town and fortress of
Russia, in the province of Caucasia, which
may be considered as the key to the mili-
tary road through the Caucasus into Geor-
gia. It is situate at the e extremity of the
valley of the Terek, on the right bank of
the river, 30 m w by s Kizlar, and 90 e
Catharinograd.
Wladislaw, a town of Poland, capital of
a palatinate of its name, and of the province
of Cujavia, with a fort, it is the residence
of the bishop of Cujavia, and stands on th^
Vistula, 98 m wkw Warsaw. Lon. 18 50 e,
lat. 52 54 K.
IVlodzimibrz, a town of Little l^oland,
iji Volhinia, with a castle ; seated on the
Bug, 46 m w Lucko.
Wlotbo, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Ptavens berg, seated on the Weser,
7 m sw Mindeu.
Woahoo, one of the Sandwich islands,
the second in size, 22 m Nwof Morotoi.
From the appearance of the ke and kw
parts, it is the finest island of the group,
and in the highest state of cultivation. A
bay is formed by the n and -sv extremities,
into which a river flows, through a deep
valley ; but the water is brackish for 200
yards from the entrance. It is supposed
to contain 62,000 inhabitants. J.ieut.
Ilergist, who had been sent from England,
in 1791, with a supply of provisions for
captain Vancouver, then on a voyage of
discovery, was here, with Mr. Gooch the
astronomer, surprised and murdered by the
natives. This island, in 1810, was the re-
sidence of the king (see Ozc/ii/hec) or prin-
cipal chief of the Sandwich islands, who
had then a navy of 60 decked vessels. The
government is entirely absolute; but rapid
progress is making toward civilization.
WOL
All vessels find shelter, provision, and tradp
in tlie liarbour, wliich is the only secure
one in the whole group. The king's house
is built in the European style, near the sea,
distinj^uished by the Uritish colours. Here
are also a battery, guard-house, powder-
magazine, and two storehouses for European
goods. Lon. lo7 51 w, lat. 'il 43 N.
lVubur7i, a town iu Eedtordshire, with a
market on Friday. It had an ancient ab-
bey, on the site of which the present niag-
iiilicent edifice called VVoIuirn Abbey was
built by the late duke of Bedford. The
town was burnt down in 1724, but has been
neatly rebuilt. Near it is found great
plenty of fullers earth. It is 12 m s Bed-
Ibicl, and 42 KNW London.
Wodnuni, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Prachin, seated on the Bianitz^
12 m s Piseck.
Wverdcn, a town of the Netherlands, in
S Holland, seated on the Reine, 10 m w
Utrecht.
IVokei/, or Okei/, a village in Somerset-
shire, on the s side of the Mendip hills, 3
m w Wells. Here is a famous cavern,
called Wokey Hole ; the entrance is only
six feet high, but it soon expands into a
spacious vault, 80 feet in height; the roof
composed of pendant rocks, whence a clear
water, of a petrifying quality, continually
drops. From this grotto a narrow pas-
sage conducts to another of less height;
and beyond a second narrow passage is a
third grotto. The extremity is above 200
yards from tlie entrance.
Woking, a village in Surry, on the river
Wey, 5 in nise Guildford. In the manor-
liouse here died Margaret countess of
Puchmond, mother of Henry vii. The
shell of the guard room is still remaining.
Wokingham, or Oitkinghum, a corporate
town in Berkshire, with a market on Tues-
day, noted for a great supply of poultry.
Here all the courts for Windsor forest are
held. Four m to the sse are vestiges of
some Roman entrenchments called Cesars
Camp. It is 7 m ese Reading, and 31
whys London.
iVohm, a strong town of Silesia, capital
of a principahty, with a fme castle, many
handstJiiie buildings, and a great woollen
manufacture. It is seated near the Oder,
surrounded by a morass, 20 m inW Breslau.
Lon. 16 45 E, lat. 51 18 n.
Wolbeck, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Monster, 7 m sse Munster.
Woldeck, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Mecklenburg, 21 m e\e Strelitz.
WolJ'ach, a town of Suabia, in the prin-
cipality of Furstenberg, on a river of the
same name, at its contiux with the Kint-
zig, 19 m ne Friburg.
Wolfcnbuttk, a principality^ of Lower
WOL
Saxony, which constitutes a part of the *
duchy of Brunswick. It is- divided into
two parts by the principalities of Hilder-
sheim and Halbertstadt ; the northern bor-
ders on the duchies ofI>uneburg and Mag-
deburg ; the southern lies between the i
principality of Ileldosheim, the abbey of
Corvey, and the county of Werninerode.
The N pait produces abundance of grass,
grain, flax, hemp, silk, and various kinds
of pulse and fruit. The s part is hilly and
has little arable land, but yields plenty of
timber and iron, and has manufactures of
glass and fine porcelain, with a very rich
mine and salt works in the Hartz forest.
The principal rivers are the Weser, Leine,
and Ocker. The established religion is the
Lutheran.
WolJ'enhultlc, a strong city, capital of
the above principality. It has a castle, a
long time the residence of the dukes, in
which is an excellent library, with a cabi-
net of curiosities relating to natural his-
tory. The academy is very famous, and is
called the Ducal great school. In the
principal church is the burial-place of the
princes, which is an admirable piece of
architecture. Wolfenbuttle is seated in a
marshy soil, on the Ocker, 7 m s by w
Brunswick, and 30 w Ilalberstadt. Lon.
10 45 E, lat. 52 10 N.
Wolj'ersdike, a small island of the Ne-
therlands, in Zealand, between N Beveland
and S Beveland.
Wolf'sherg, a town of Germany, in Car-
inthia, with a castle ; seated on the Levant,
at the loot of a mountain, 26 m ene Cla-
genfurt.
Wolgast,n seaport of Hither Pomerania,
witii one of the best harbours on the Baltic.
Only the tower of its ancient castle is now
standing. It is seated on the Pcene, or w
channel of the Oder, 54 m N w Stettin. Lon.
13 52 e, lat. 54 4 N.
Wolkenstein, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the circle of Erzgeberg, with a castle on
a rock, near the Zschopa, 15 m sse Chem-
nitz.
Wolkomysk, a town of Lithuania, in the
palatinate of Novgrodeck, seated on the
Ros, 23 m se Grodno.
Wollin, a fortified town of Hither Po-
merania, capital of a fertile island of the
same name, between the two eastern
branches of the Oder. It is seated on the
Diwenow, 12 ra sw Camin, and 30 N
Stettin. Lon. 14 40 e, lat. 53 50 n.
Wolmirstadt, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the duchy of jMagdeburg, on the river
Ohra, 10 m n Magdeburg.
Woloczok, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Novgorod. Here is a canal
which unites the Tiverza with the Msta,
and the carrying trade upon it is consider-
woo
aVile. It is 100 m se Novgorod. Lon. Si
20 E, lat. 57 30 k.
]]'^olsi>igluin7, a town in the county of
Durham, with a market on Tuesday, situ-
ate on the Wear, amid mines of lead and
coal, 16 m w Durham, and 2b7 >n\v
London.
Wulverhampton, the largest town in
Staffordshire, with a market on Wednesday.
It has a collesiiate church, annexed to the
deanery of Windsor, and a handsome cha-
pel ; also a Scotch kirk, a Roman chapel,
and several meetinr-houses. The popula-
tion was 14,836 in loll. Here are great
manufactures of locks, hinges, buckles,
cork-screws, axes, hatchets, files, candle-
sticks, and other articles of iron and brass;
also tin and japan wares. It is seated on
a hill, nearly encompassed by canals, 16 m
s Stafford, iuid 1-22 NW London. Lon. 2
8 w, lat. 52 35 n.
IVolvei/, a village in Warwickshire, 5 m
SE Nuneaton. Here Edward iv was sur-
prised and taken prisoner by Richard
Kevil earl of Warwick.
Wumddorf, a town of Pennsylvania, in
Berks county, 68 ni Nw Pluladelphia.
Woodbridge, a town in Sufl'olk, with a
market on Wednesday, seated on the e
side of a sandy hill, by the river Deben, 8
m from the sea. It has docks for building
ships, convenient wharfs, and a great corn
trade. It is 7 m exe Ipswich, and 77 ne
London.
Woudbridge, a town of New Jersey, in
Middlesex county, 3 in i; by w Amboy,
and 70 ne Philadelphia.
Woodburi/, a town of New Jersey, chief
of Gloucester county. It is situate near
the Delaware, 9 m s Philadelphia.
Woodchester, a village in Gloucester-
shire, 2 m s Stroud. It has a broadcloth
and a silk manufacture. A great tesselated
pavement and other splendid Roman anti-
quities have been disco\ered here.
Woods, Luke of the, a lake of N Ame-
rica, 70 m long and 50 where broadest,
but very irreijidar in its shape. It lies
V)etween the \\ innipeg and Lake Superior,
chiefly in the Northwest territory of the
United States, but the n part is in Upper
Canada ; and from this point its waters
flow N\v to the Winnipeg. It contains
several islands ; and the lands on its banks
are covered with oaks, pines, firs, &c.
Woodstock, a borough in Oxfordshire,
governed by a mayor, witli a market on
Tuesday. It is chiefly noted for Blenheim
house, built at the expense of the nation
for the duke of Marlbtnough, in memory
of his signal victory over the French and
Bavarians, in 170i. In Blenheim park
formerly stood a loyal palace, the I'avorite
retreat of several kings of Lxigland, till the
WOR
reign of Charles i, when it was almost
wholly in ruins. After the building of
Blenheim, every trace of this edifice was
removed, and two elms were planted on its
site. King Ethehed held a parliament at
Woodstock palace; and hero Alfred the
great translated Boetius de Consolatiouc
Philosophiie. Henry i beautified the pa-
lace ; and here resided Rosamond, mis-
tress of Henry ii. Edmund, second son of
Edward r, was born at this palace; aho
Edward, eldest son of Edward iii ; and
here the princess Elisabeth was confined
by her sister jMary. Woodstock has a
manufacture of gloves, and of steel watch
chains. The poet Chaucer was born, lived,
and died here. It is 8 ra nw Oxford, and
62 WNW London.
Woodstock, a town of ^'irginia, chief of
Shenandoah county. It stands on a branch
of Shenandoah river, 2-1 m ssw Winches-
ter.
Woodstock, a town of Vermont, in Wind-
sor county, with a court-house, situate on
the ^Vaterquechie, 5 m kw Windsor.
Woodsloun, a town of New Jersey, in
Salem county, 10 ni N by e Salem, and 26
ssw Philadelphia.
Wooler, a town in Northumberland,
with a market on Thursday. Near this
town the Scots were defeated on Holy-rood
day 1102; and the battle was so bloody,
that it gave the name of Redriggs to the
place where it was fought. W^ooler is seat-
ed on the river Till, near the Cheviot hills,
14 m s Berwick, and 317 k by w London.
Woolpit, a village in Sufl'olk, 8 m Ebys
Bury St. Edmund, noted for making white
bricks.
Woohcich, a town in Kent, with a market
on Friday. It is of great note for being
the most ancient mihtary and naval arsenal
in England, and for its royal dock-yard,
where men of war have been built as early
as the reign of Henry viii. At the eastern
-part of the town is the royal arsenal, in
which pre vast magazines of great guns,
mortars, bombs, balls, powder, and other
warlike stores; a foundery for casting ord-
nance; aird a laborator}', where fire-works
and cartriges are made, and bombs, car-
cases, grenados, &c. charged for pub-
lic service. Here are also extensive artil-
lery barracks, for the accommodation of
tiie officers and privates ; and a royal
military academy, where cadets are in-
structed in the artillery and engineer ser-
vice. Woolwich is seated on the Thames,
which is here so deep that large ships may
at ail times ride with safety. The jiopula-
tion was 17,05'4 in 1811. It is 8 m e
London.
Worcester, a town of Massachusets, ca-
pital of Worcester county, and the laigest
won WOR
inland town in New EiKiland. Tlie pnl)iic Friesland, seated on a lake, near Zuidcr
buildings are two churclies, a conrt-liouso, zee, 18 in sw l.cwaiden.
and a gaol. It lias a great inland trade,
and manufactures of j30t and })carl-aiii,
cotton and linen goods, and some otluT
articles. Here, in 1791, was |)rinted an
edition of the Bible in royal r|uarto, tlie
filist of that kind published in Anitiica. It
is situate in a healthy vale, 45 m whys
Boston. Lon. 71 55 w, lat. 42 20 n.
VVorxestcrylhe capital of Woiccstersliire,
and a bishop's see, w ith a market on ^Vcd-
ncsday, Friday, and Saturday. It contains
jiine churches, beside the cathedral, and
two more without the walls of the city
]l'ord('Ti, a town of Lower Saxuny,iiil the
duchy of Ilol^tein, situate on the Elbe, 10
m Nw Gluckstadt. v
Vt'ordai, Grosscn, a town of Lower Sax-
ony, in the duchy of Bremen, 10 m k^w
Stade.
Wordinlorn, a town of Denmark, on
the s coast of the island of Zealand, from
wiiich there is a much frequented passage
to the islands of Falster and Layland. It
is 46 m ssw Copenhagen. Lon. 11 58 r.,
lat. 55 3 k.
M'oringen, a town of Germany, in the
also meetinii-houses for various sectaries territory of Cologne, seated near the Rhine,
as well as Roman catholics. Edgar's 8 m nnw Cologne.
Tower, a strong portal, is part of its an-
cient castle; here are also three grammar-
schools, seven liospitals, a public infiruiary,
and a \\ ell contrived quay. It is govern-
IVorkington, a town in Cumberland, at
the mouth of the Derwent, in the Irish
sea. The river admits vessels of 400 tons,
and the harbour is commodious. This
ed by a mayor, carries on a considerable was the landing-place of ]\Iary queen of
trade in carpets and gloves, and has a royal
ananufacture of elegant porcelain. The
populati'jn was 13,814 in 1811. Here
Cromwell, in 1651, obtained a victory over
the Scotch army, which had marched into
Scots, when she was driven to take refuge
in England. In the neighbourhood is a
large iron foundery, some salt-works, and
numerous collieries. The principal manu-
factures are canvas and cordage, but the
England to reinstate Charles ii, who, after coal trade is its chief support. Thepopu-
this defeat, escaped with great difficulfy lation was 5807 in 1811. ItisSmwbys
into France. Worcester is seated on the '^ '
Severn, 36 m nke Bristol, and 111 av>,w
London. Lon. 2 0 w, lat. 52 9 n.
Worcestershire, a county of England,
bounded on the n by Shrojishire and Staf-
fordshire, E by Warwickshire, se and s by
Gloucestershire, and vv by Herefordshire.
It is 30 m long and 20 broad, containing
43 1,360 acres; is divided into live liundreds,
and 171 parishes; lias one city, and 11
market-towns ; and sends nine memliers to
parliament. The population was 160,546
in 1811. The soil in the vales and mea-
Cockermouth, and 302 >']SW' London.
Lon. 3 27 w, lat. 54 31 N.
Worksop, a town in Nottinghamshire,
with a market on Wednesday. Here was
once an abbey, the gate of which remains;
and also its church, with two lofry towers
at tiie w end. On the w ^ide of the town
is a circular hill, which was the site of a
castle. Quantities of licorice are grown
in the vicinity. Near the town is the noble
seat ot the duke of Norfolk, the ancient
structure of which was destroyed by fire
in 1764; and 2 ra to the se is Clumber
dows is very rich, particularly the vale of Park, the seat of the duke of Newcastle.
Evesham, which is styled the granary of
these parts. The hills have generally an
easy ascent, except the Malvern hills in
the sw part of the county, and feed large
tlocks of sheep. The other hills are the
Lickv, near Broomsgrove, toward the n ;
and the Breden hills, toward the se. This
county had formerly two large forests,
but the iron and salt-works have in a man-
ner destroyed them. Here is plenty of fruit
of most sorts, especially pears, which are
in many places found growingin the hedges.
The chief commodities are coal, corn, hops,
cloth, cheese, cider, perry, and salt. The
principal rivers are the Severn, Teme or
Tend, and Avon.
Worcu?/!, a town of the Netherlands, in
S Holland, seated on the s side of the
Mouse, opposite the influx of the Waal, 8
m M\w Iluesden.
Worcum, a town of the Netherlands, in
The canal from Chesterfield to the Trent
passes near this town. It is 22 m n\v
Newark, and 146 Nby w London.
Worms, a city of Germany, capital of a
territory. It is I'amous for a diet held in
1521, in which Luther assisted in person.
The cathedral is magnificent, and the prin-
cipal Lutheran church has a beautiful altar,
and fine paintings. In 1689, it was taken
by the French, and almost reduced to
ashes. In 1713, a treaty was concluded
here between Great Britain, Hungary, and
Sardinia. In 1792, Worms surrendered to
the French, who evacuated it the next year,
alter the loss of Mentz ; but it was again
taken by them in 1794. It has now only
5000 inhabitants, and exhibits many re-
mains of its former grandeur. It is seated
on the Rhine, 27 m ssw Mentz. Lon. 8
28 E, lat. 49 36 K.
Worsleif, a town in Lancashire, noted
WRI
fur its immense coal-woiks, kc. Tim po-
]iulation was 0151 in 1811. It stands oii
tiie duke ofBridgewatei's canal, 7 in v..nw
3Ianchester.
Worstead, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Saturday. This place is noted
fur the introduction of that sort of twisted
yarn called rtJori/erf; and has a manufac-
ture of stockings and stuffs. It is 12 ni ^'
Norwich, and 121 xe London.
WGri/iiii^, a village in Sussex, 8 m sbyw
Steyning. It was lately a poor fishing ham-
let, but is now become a fashionable place
of resort for sea bathing, with a ciiapei of
case, long rows of superb buildings, and
the nsnal accommodations tor amusement.
}^ ortliiiiiitoii, a town of Massachusets,
in Hampshire county, 19 m wbyx Nor-
tiiampton.
Wottoii Basset, a borough in Wiltshire,
governed by a mayor, with a market on
Iriday. It is a mean town, 30 m x Salis-
bury, and b8 w London.
]]^ottun under Ed<:e, a town in Glouces-
tershire, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Friday, and a manufacture of
cloth. It is seated under a fertile emi-
nence, 20 m KE Bristol, and 109 v/nw
London.
irVag/)!/, a town in Lincolnshire, with
a market on Thursday, 11 m ene Lincoln,
and 143 x London.
Wrath, Cape, a rugged and lofty pro-
montory of Scotland, in Sutherlaud^hirc,
which is the nw point of Great Britain.
Lon. 4 47 w, lat. 53 34 x.
Wrekin, a detached hill or mountain in
Shropshire, 8 in ese Shrewsbury. It was
;'. famous station of the Rumans, and its
height is 1320 feet; above the level of the
■,-1 a.
Wrenthum, a town of Massachusets, in
Norfolk county, 27 m ssw Boston.
JFrexhaw, a town of \y ales, in Denbigh-
shire, with a market on ^.londay and
Thursday. It is the largest tow n in North
AVulcs, aiul a great mart tor flannel. The
)><)puIation was 4524 in 1311. It has the
Janguage and appearance of an English
town, and a large church with a lofty
steeple. h\ the vicinity is a foundery for
rannon and other articles; and the adjacent
cnuntry alTords plenty of lead. It is seat-
1.(1 on a river, which flows into the Dee, 13
111 whys Chester, and 17G xw London.
Lon. 3 10 w, lat. 53 2 N.
liriczen, or Brietzeii, a town of Bran-
denburg, in the .Middle mark, situate on a
lake formed by the inundations of the
Oder, 37 m ene Berlin.
Wrington,a. town in Somersetshire, with
a market on Tuesday. Much teasle is
grown liere, and sold to the cloth imvnufac-
WUR
turera. It Is the birthplace of the cele-
brated John Locke, aud seated near the
source of the Yeo, 10 m sw Bristol, aud
125 w' London.
Wrutham, a town in Kent, with a mar-
ket on Tuesday. It has a large church,
ill which are 10 stalls; and the archbishops
of Canterbury formerly had a palace here.
It is 11 m wvw Maidstone, and 24 se
London.
Wroxeter, a village in Shropshire, near
the Severn, 5 m se Shrewsbury. It is said
to have been a city built by the Britons,
3 m in circuit, environed by a wall and a
trench, which may be traced in several
places; and over the river are the traces of
a bridge, discernable at low water.
IFunncnberg, a town of Westphalia, in
the principality of Padcrborn, which re-
cei\ed its name from a victory gained by
Charlemagne over the Saxons in 974. It
is 14 m s Paderborn.
IJ'uaschelburg, a town of Silesia, in the
county of Glatz, with a good trade in yarn,
10 m wxw Glatz,
Wumdorj, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the principality of Calenburg, 10 ra nv^'W
Hanover.
YVunsicdeJ, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Bayreuth. Near it are
mines of copper and iron, and quarries of
marble. It is seated on the ilosslau, 12 m
w Egra, and 34 e Bayreuth.
Wurda, a river of Hindoostan, which
rises among the Iiijardy hills, in the X part
of Berar, and flows se through the pro-
vince to its junction with the Godavery.
Its circuitous course is about 200 m, and
forms the boundary between the nizam's
territories and those of the Nagpoor Muh-
rattas.
M'la'tenbnrg ; see V>"utemherg.
JVurtzburg, a grand duchy of Germany,
comprehending a great part of Franconia.
It is 05 in long and 50 broad ; bounded on
the N by Henneberg, e by Bamberg, s by
Aiispacli, Ilohenlohe, and Mergentheiin,
and w by Wertheim, Alentz, and Fulda.
The soil is very fertile, and produces more
corn and wine than the inliabitauis con-
sume. This territory, lately a bishopric,
was given to the elector of Bavaria, in
1803 ; and in 1805, was ceded to the arch-
duke Ferdinand; but, in 1815, it w'as re-
stored to the king of Bavaria.
Wurlzburg, a fortified cit)-, capital of
tlie above duchy, with a magnllicent palace,
a university, an arsenal, and a handsome
hospital. The fortress stands on an emi-
nence, and communicates wi'th the city by
a stone bridge ; it includes the late epis-
copal palace, and a church, supposed to
be the oldest in Franconia. Beside the
3E
WYE
cathedral, tlieie are several collegiate
and parisli churches, colleges, abbies, and
convents. Here is acaniiuii and bell foun-
derv; also cloth and stuff manufactures
established in the house of correction.
Wurtrburg was taken, in 179(i, by the
Trench, who were defeated here soon after,
and the city retaken; but they became
masters of it again in 1800. It is seated
on the Maine, 40 m wsw Bamberg, and 65
INE Frankfort. Lon. 10 14 e, lat. 49
46 N-
IViirtftcIi, a town of Snabia, in the
county of Vv'aldburir, with a castle ; situate
on the Aitracli, 17 m n Wangon, and 28
sby w Ulni.
Wta-zen, or Wurtzen, a town of the
kingdom of Saxony, in Misnia, witii a
castle. It was formerly a bishop's see;
and has a cathedral and two churches.
Here are fine bleaching grounds for linen ;
but the principal trade is in beer, of which
great quantities are exported, it is situate
on the Muldau, la m E Leipzic, and 44
WKw Dresden,
]]'usterhiiitsen, n town of Brandenburg,
In the Middle mark, seated on the Spree,
15 m SSE Berlin. — Another, seated on the
Doffe, 17 m ene Ilavelberg, and 44 xw
Berlui.
Wustrau, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Luneburg, seated on the
Dumme, at its contlux with the Jetze, 14
m s Danneberg.
Vt'^i/ccmib, or Hii^h Vvyconih, a boroiigh
in Buckinghamshire, governed by a mayor,
■with a market on Friday. h\ 1744 a i?o-
inan tesselated pavement was discovered
in an adjacent meadow ; and near it are
n\any c(<rn and paper-mills. It is seated
on the Wyck, 12 m sse Aylesbury, and 31
WNw London.
Wye, a town in Kent, whose market is
now disused; seated on the Stour, 10 m
ssw Canterbury, and 55 se London.
Wye, or Ye, a river of the Netherlands,
which enters the Znider zee, 5 m e Am-
sterdam, and forms the boundary between
N anri S Hoihmd. It is rather an arm or
bay of the Zuider zee, and vessels go out
of it into the lake of llacileni, by the river
Spar.
Wye, a river that issues from Plynlini-
monhill,in the s part of Montgomeryshire,
very near tli'j source of tlie Severn. It
crosses the XECdrnerof Kadnorshire, giving
Dame to ttie town of Rhyadcrjowy [Fall ol
the WveJ where it is precipitated in a
cataract. Then f iwing between this
county and Brccknocksiiire, it enters
Herefordshire, passing by Hay to Hereford,
a few miles below which it receives the
Liig; it then flows by !Jo;s and Mouujoulh,
XAL
and separating the counties of Monmouth
and Gloucester, enters the Severn, below
Chepstow. This river is navigable almost
to Hay, and a canal forms a cinnmunication
between it and the Severn from Hereford
to Ohnicester.
Tiw//; see Weil.
]\ ynwnd/i(im, a town in Norfolk, with a
market on Friday, and a manufacture of
small wooden ware. The church is the
eastern part of an ancient abbey, and on
its lofty steeple w as hung Ket, the rebel, in
the reign of Edward vi. Here is a free-
school founded by queen Elisabeth. It
is 9 m wsw Norwich, and 100 nne Lon-
don.
Wynaad, a district of Ilindoostan, lying
on the summit of the western Gauts, about
the 12th degree of latitude, anrl included
in the proviiicc of Malabar. IMany places
are overrun with forests, and of dithcnlt
access ; and it j)roduces the best carda-
moms in India. It is governed by a rajah,
who has considerable power within his own
limits.
Wyre, a river in Lancashire, which
rises 6 m se Lancaster, passes by Gar-
stang, and enters the Irish sea, below
Foulton.
X.
Xabea, a seaport of Spain, in Valencia,
near the coast of the Mediterranean, 44
ni KE Alicant. Lon. 0 3 e, lat. 38
48 K.
Xftcca, or Sciaccci, a seaport of Sicily,
in \'al di Mazara, with an old castle. Heie
are iariie granaries for the reception of
corn, and mainit'actures of beautiful vases.
The chief exports are corn, sulphur, and
barilla. In the vicinity are celebrated hot
batiis. It is seated on the e coast, at the
foot of a mountain, 30 m se Mazara, and
48 .-sw Palermo. Lon. 13 12 k, lat. 37
36 \.
Xagua, a seaport on the s coast of
Cuba, seated on a bay that is 15 ni in
circuit, and siirrounded by mountains. It
is one of tlie finest ports in the W Indies,
84 m se Havana. Lon. 80 45 w, lat,
22 10 X.
Xnlupa, a city of New Spain, in Vera
Cruz, and a bisbops's see. It is noted tin-
the sireatest fair in America, which con-
tinues six weeks, and is attended by mer-
chants and factors from an immense dis-
tance. Here is produced the famous pur-
siative xalap, nov«' written jalap, which is
the root of a plant. The ricliest merchants
of Vera Cruz have houses here, in which
XIC
thev enjoy a cool retreat, wiiile the coast is
almost uninhabitable from the great heats.
The inhabitants are estimated at 13,000.
It stands at the s skirt of a mountain, in a
hi<ih and romantic situation, 50 m wsw
Vera Cruz. Lon. 96 55 w, lat. 19
30 N. '
Xalisca, a town of New Spain, in Gua-
dalaxara. wiiich gives name to a district.
It is 14 m Nw Conipostella, the capital of
the district,
Xutiva, or St. Philip, a town of Spain,
in \'aiencia, with a handsome church and
several fine fountains. Ilavins; taken the
part of Charles in, in 1707, Philip v or-
dered it to be deinohshed, and a new town
to be built called St. Philip. It is seated
on the side of a hill, by the river Xucar,
32 m sw Valencia, and 50 nw Alicant.
Lon. 0 14 w, lat. 39 4 n.
Xavicr, a town of Spain, in Navarre,
the birthplace of the celebrated Romish
saint and missionary of that name. It is
35 m SE Pamplona.
Xavicr, St. a town of Paraguay, in the
province of Plata, 200 m w Rio Janeiro.
Lon. 50 6 w, lat. '24 0 s.
Xauxa, -A town of Peru, in the province
of Guaniancja, noted for its silver mines.
It has manufactures of woollen stutfs, and
is seated in a fertile country, on a river of
the same name, 100 m e Lima.
Xenil, a river of Spain, which rises in
the E part of Granada, and flows by Gra-
nada, Loxa, and Ecija, into the Guadal-
quiver.
Xeres, a town of New Spain, in Nicara-
gua, seated on a river that flows into
Fonseca bav, 70 m ^'w Leon. Lon. 88 20
w, lat. 13 24 N.
Xeres de los Cuhalleros, a town of Spain,
in Estremadura, seated near the Ardila,
38 m s Badajoz.
Xeres de la Foniera, a town of Spain,
in Andalusia, famous for the wine called
Slierry. It is seated on a rivulet, which
soon joins the Guadalete, 38 m ssw
Seville.
Xeres de la Fontera, a town of New
Spain, in the s part of Zacatecas, 80 m
K byE Guadalaxara. Lon. 102 50 w, lat.
22 22 N;
Xeres de Guadiana, a town of Spain, in
Andalusia, seated on che Guadiana, 28 ni
N by E Ayamonte.
Xerica, a town, of Spain, in Valencia,
on the river Morviedo, at the foot of a
mountain, on which are the remains of an
ancient castle, 15 m Kw Segorbe.
Xtrumenhu, a town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, 18 m sw Badajoz, and oG e
Evoia.
Xicoco, 01- Si kokf, an island of Japan,
VAN
250 m in circuit, lying between those of
Niphon and Ximo, from which it is separated
by narrow channels.
Ximena, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, with a foundery for iron cannons
and balls ; situate on the side of a steep
rock, near the Gu»diaro, 18 m knw Gib-
raltar.
Ximo, or Kiiisiu, an island of Japan, the
second in size and eminence. It is 450 m
in circuit, and lies to the sw of Niphon,
from which it is divided on the N by a
narrow channel. On tlie w coast is Nan-
gasaki, the only port of Japan into which
foreign vessels are admitted,
Xixona, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
seated among mountains, in a country that
produces excellent vrine, and the valuable
drug called Kermes. It is 15 m n Ali-
cant.
Xucar, a river of Spain, which rises in
the KE part of New Castile, passes by
Cuenza, and entering the province of V"a-
lencia, runs into the gulf of Valencia, at
the town of Cuilera.
Xudnogrod, a town of Turkish Croatia,
17 m N Sebenico, and 37 e Kzara.
Y,
Yuchtu, a fort of Russia, in the gevern-
raent of Irkutsk, on the borders of Chinese
Tartary, 48 m ssw Selenginsk,
Yadkin ; see Pedee.
Yukobstadt, a town of Courland, situate
on the Dwina, 75 m ese Mittau.
Ydkoubovo, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Polotsk, with a castle. Here,
in 1812, the Russians defeated the French
in a battle that continued three days. It
is 26 m N by w Polotsk.
Yakuslk, or Jakutskoi, a town of Siberia,
capital of a province, i;i the government of
Irkutsk . It has a wooden fort, and is seated
on the Lena, 960 m ke Irkutsk. Lon, 129
48 E, lat. 62 2 N.
Yale, a town of Ceylon, capital of a pro-
vince. It is 56 m SE Candy.
Yamburg, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of Petersburg, situate on the
Luga, 20 ra e Narva.
Yamina, a town of Nigritia, in Bani-
barra, near the river Niger, 80 m w
Sego.
Yaiig-tcheov, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Kiang-nan. Its district is inter-
sected by a number of canals ; and it car-
ries on a great trade, particularly in salt,
which is made on thescacoast of this juris-
diction. The city stands on the left bank
of the Kian-ku, where the Imperial canal
3 E 2
YAR
crosses that river, 485 m $ by E Peking,
Lon. 113 54 r., lat. 32 26 N.
Yao-gang, a city of Cliina, of the first
rank, in Yiin-nan. Its tenitory is inter-
mixed with mountains, fine forests, and
fruitful vallies, and produces abundance of
musk. Near tlie city is a sprinj:, from
which is made very white salt. It is 100
wbyN Yun-nan. I^oa. 100 45 f,, hit. 25
12 K.
Yao-tcheu, a city of Ciiina, of the first
rank, in Kian^-si. It stands on the w
side of the hike Poyang, 700 m 5 Peking,
Lon. IIG 40 E, lat. 29 '3 n.
Yure, a river in Norfolk, form*d by tlie
contluence of several streauis that rise in
the lieart of the country. It passes by
Norwich, and is navigable thence to
Yarmouth, wlicre it enters tlie German
ocean.
Yurkan, or Irken, a town of Tartary,
in the country of Cashgur, with a larije
palace, where the khan of the Elutli
Tartars generally resides. It has a con-
siderable trade, and stands in a fertile
country, on a nver of the same name,
100 m SE Cashgur, Lon. 79 d e, lat, 38
40 N.
Yurm, a town in N Yorks:h!re, with a
market on Thursday, and a trade in corn,
bacon, and lead; seated on the Tees, 17
m NbyE Northallerton, and 239 ^byw
London.
Yarmouth, a seaport and borough in
Norfolk, governed by a mayor, with a
market on Wednesday and Saturday. It
is seated at the mouth of the Yare, and
has a convenient harbour, with a very ex-
tensive quay. The foreign tVade is con-
siderable, and some ships are sent to the
Greenland fishery. A great number of
herrings are cured here, and exported to
southern countries. Yarmouth is much
frequented for sea-bathing, and, beside the
machines, has a building called the Bath-
house. It has two churches, and a very
spacious market-place; but the streets, in
general, are very narrow. The population
was 17,977 in Itill. Off the inoutiioftlie
harbour is a bar, which prevents the entry
of ships of large burden; and the »iany
sandbanks off the coast form tlie Yar-
mouth Roads, so noted for frequent ship-
wrecks. \armouth is 23 m e Xorwicii,
and 124 m; London. Lon. 1 45 e, lat.
52 38 N.
Yunnovlh, a borougli in Ilampslilre, on
the NW coast of- the isle of Wight, with a
fortified castle, and a convenient quay. It
is seated at the mouth of the Yar, 10 m w
Newport.
Yurmouih, a seaport of Massachusets,
in Barn&table tounty, on the ^ side of the
YEM
peninsula of Cape Cod, 5 m Knw Barn-
stable. Lon. 70 12 w, lat. 41 52 n.
Yurmouth, ^orth, a town of the district
of I\Iaine, in Cumberland county, on a
small river that flows into Casco bay, 14
m N by E Portland.
Yanujui, a \illage of the kingdom of
Quito, near a plain of the same name, 1'^
m NE Quito. This plain was chosen for
the base of the operations for measuring
an arch of the meridian, by LUloa and tlie
French mathematicians.
Yaxlci/, a town in Huntingdonshire,
with a market on Tuesday, and extensive
barracks ; stated on an eminence, near
VVhittlesey-mere, 3ms Peterborough, and
78 N London.
Yaj/nangheoum, a town of Birm.ah, cele-
brated for the oil wells in its neighbour-
Iiood, which supply the whole empire, and
many parts of India, with pctrolium. The
inhabitants are employed in making jars
to contain the oil. It stands on a creek of
the Irrawaddy, 28 m sbyE Sillah-mew.
Yazoo, a river of the state of Missis-
sippi, which rises from several sources near
the N boundary, and flows 150 m sw to
tile Mississippi", wliich it enters by an out-
let 230 yards wide.
Yclsted; see Ydad.
Ye ; see Wye.
Yea, a town of Peru, with a trade in
glass, wine, brandy, ^c. It is seated in a
valley, watered by a river, 50 m ese Pisco,
and 170 sse Lima.
Yell, one of the Shetland islands, to the
N of that called Mainland. It is 20 in
long and 8 broad, and has several good
harbours. The only arable land is on the
coast, the interior affording coarse pas-
turage for sheep and beeves.
Yellow River; see Hoan-fio.
Yellow Sea, a gulf of the N I'acific ocean,
which extends N between the provinces of
Chan-tong and Pe-tche-li in China on the
w, and the peninsula of Corea on the e.
The coasts in general are low, and the
water of a dirty yellow or green colour.^
In the SE part are an immense number of
small islands, called the Corean Archipe-
lago. The N extremity is called the Gulf
of^Leao-tong; and the w, the Gulf of
Pe-tche-li.
Yellowitone River; see Rochejaune.
Yemen, a province of Arabia I'elix, com-
prehending the most fertile part of Arabia,
and lying on the coast of the iled sea and
Indian ocean. Miilet is the grain chietly
grown; but the principal object of cultiva-
tion is coffee, which is all carried to Beit
el I'aki. Nearly the whole commerce of
the country is carried on by Mocha, but
Sana is tlie capital.
YEZ
Yenikule, a town and fortress of Crimea,
on the strait of Taman. The fortress stands
on some hi^li cliifs e of the town, and
commands the passage between the Black
sea and the sea of Asoph. The vicinity
abounds in antiquities. It is 5G ni EbyN
Catfa. Lon. 'iO 22 E, lat. 45 12 N.
Yenisei, or Jcnisa, a large river of Sibe-
ria, which runs from s to >', and enters
the Frozen ocean, to the e of the bay of
(Jby.
Yeniseisk, or Jcntskoi, a town of Siberia,
in the province of Tomsk, on the river
Yenisei, 310 m en e Tomsk. Lon. 92 35
r., lat. 58 G x.
Ycniie, a town of Savoy, near the Rhone,
13 m Nw Cliambery.
Yen-ngun, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Chen-si. It stands on the river
Ven, 390 ni s\v Peking. Lon. 108 50 e,
lat. 30 44 X.
Yen-ping, a city of China, of the first
rank, in lokien. It stands on the brow
of a mountain, by the river Miiiho, 820
in s Peking. Lon. 116 54 e, lat. 20
40 N.
Yen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Chang-ton^;. Its district, which
is enclosed between two considerable rivers,
is well cultivated, and the mountains cover-
ed with woods. It is 270 m s Peking.
Lon. 116 30 E, lat. 35 44 \.
Yen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Tche-kiang. In the neighbour-
hood are mines of copper, and trees that
yield an excellent varnish, which, when
once dry, never melts again, and will bear
boiling water. The paper made here is in
high esteem. It is 050 m sse Peking.
Lnn. 119 14 E, lat. 29 S8 x.
Yen-tching, a town of China, in Chan-
tong, where a kind of glass is made, so
delicate, that it will not endure the in-
clemencies of the air. It is 45 m se
Tsi-nan.
Yeovil, a corporate town in Somerset-
shire, with a market on Friday. Here
are manufactures of cloth and leather
gloves ; and the trade in hemp and flax
is considerable. It is seated on the Yeo
or Ivil, 20 ra s Wells, and 122 whys
London.
Ytsdik/tast, a town of Persia, in Farsis-
tan, on the confines of Irac Agemi ; seated
<jn a rocky eminence, 75 m SSE Ispahan,
and 130 xbyw Shiras.
Yet/wl/ii, a town of Scotland, in Rox-
burgshire, on the rivulet Bowmont, and
borders of Northumberland, 9 m se
Kelso.
Yezd, a city of Persia, in Irak, on the
borders of Farsistan. It has manufactures
of silk and cotton stuffs, fine porcelain, and
carpets; aad i$ ^ place 91 considerable
YOIl
trade. The inhabitants are estimated at
above 90,000, of whom 15,000 are Gue-
bres, or worshippers of fire. The city is
destitute of a wall, and the fort has a
mean appearance. Cattle are scarce here,
and the greatest part of its corn is ob-
tained from the vicinity of Ispahan. It
is situate in a sandy desert, contiguous
to a high range of mountains, 200 ni
e by s Ispahan. Lon. 56 10 e, lat. 32
20 \.
Yezdikhamt, a town of Persia, In Irak,
situate on the edge of a high and rocky
bank, which, with its rude fortifications,
give it a singular appearance, it is 80 m
SSE Ispahan. ^
Yonkers, a town of New York, in West
Chester county, on the river Hudson, 17
m nxe New York.
Yonne, a department of France, con-
taining part of the old province of Bm--
'gundy. It is so called from a river, which
rises in the department of Kievre, flows
by Chateau-Chinon, Clameci, Anxerre,
Joignv, and Sens, and joins the Seine at
Montereau. Auxcrre is the capital.
York, a city, the capital of Yorkshire,
and an archbishop's see, with a market on
Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. It is
the Eboracum of the Romans, and was
for ages their imperial city to the time of
Constantine, who removed the seat of em-
pire to Byzantium, now Constantinople.
It was then the first city in Britain, and
continued in great power to the time of
William i, by whom it was destroyed,
after having surrendered to him through
famine. York never after attained its
former elevation of grandeur, and is now
deemed, in point of rank, the second city
in the kingdom. Though now surpassed
in wealth and population by many of the
more modern trading towns, it still sup-
ports a considerable degree of consequence,
and is the residence of many genteel fami-
lies. The population was 19,099 in 1811.
The cathedral of St. Peter, generally called
the Minster, is reckoned the largest and
most magnificent Gothic structure in the
world : the e window is said not to have
its equal in tracery, painting, and pre-
serviitien, and was the work of John
Thornton, a glazier of Coventry, in 1405.
Beside the cathedral, York contains IT
churches iu use ; though in the reign of
Henry v there were 44 parish-churches, 17
chapels, and nine religious houses. It is
divided by the Ouse into two parts, which
are united by a modern stone bridge; and
the river is navigable for vessels of 70 tons
to the bridge, which is 00 m from the sea.
York is surrounded by walls, and is entered
by four bars or gates and five posterns.
The cattle, which was formerly a place of
YOR
great strength, is now a county prison for
debtors and felons : its e side is washed
by the river Foss, which soon after enters
the Oiise. Near it, on an artificial nmunt,
is ClilTord's Tower, a round shell, said by
some to have been raised by William i,
but others deem it a Roman work. It
was used as a garrison in the civil wars,
and till the year 1(383, when the ma;;azine
blowing up, reduced it to its present form.
Without Bootham bar stood the magnifi-
cent abbey of St. Alary, some ruins of
which remain; and on part of its site is
the manor or royal palace, built by Henry
VIII, where several of the kings have
lodged, though it is now neglected. York
is a county of itself, governed by a lord-
mayor; the prelix of lord being given by
Richard ii ; and its county includes Ainsty
Liberty, in which ar.i .35 villages and ham-
lets. The guild-ball, built in 1446, is a
grand structure supported by two rows of
oak pillar.s, each pillar being the stem of a
single tree. The corporation built a man-
sion-house, ill 1728, for the lord-mayor;
and among the other modern buildings are
a noble assembly-house, designed by the
earl of Burhngton ; an elegant court-house,
on the right of the castle ; a theatre-royal,
a county hospital, and an asylum for luna-
tics, York is 190 m sse Edinbitrg, and
195 Nbyw London. Lon. 1 7 w, lat. 53
59 N.
York, a city of Upper Canada, and the
seat of government of that province. It
is situate on the nw side of Lake Ontario,
with a harbour, formed by a long peninsula
that runs into the lake. On the extre-
mity of the peninsula, called Gibraltar
Point, are stores and blockhouses ; and on
the mainland, opposite this point, is the
garrison. The government Imuse is about
ii m above the garrison, near the head of
the harbour, on a spot well suited for gar-
dens and a park. The front of the city,
as now laid out, is a mile and a half in
length ; but the buildings increase slowly.
The river Don enters the harbour a little
above the town, running through a marsh,
which, when drained, will alYord excellent
pasture. York was taken by the Ameri-
cans in 1813, and while in their posses-
sion they destroyed all the public edifices.
It is 4.'> m KNW Fort Niagara, and 140
w by s Kingston. Lon. 79 36 w, lat.
43 35 N.
York, a town of Pennsylvania, capital
of a county. It has six cdiiices for
public worship, and stands on Codorus
■creek, which Bows into the Susquehana,
88 m w Philadelphia. Lon. 76 48 w,
lat. 39 55 N.
York, a seaport of the district of Maine,
capital of a county. The river pf its
YOR
name enters York harbour below the
town. It is 75 m nne Boston. Lon. 70
45 w, lat. 43 7 N.
York, jVea;, one of the T'nitcd States of
America, 350 m long and 300 broad ;
bounded on the w and ^ by Canada, r, by
Vermont, Massachuscts, and Connecticut,
and s by the Atlantic ocean, New Jersey,
and Pennsylvania. It is divided into 'il
counties ; namely, New York, Richmond,
Suffolk, West Chester, Queen, King, Orange,
Ulster, Duchess, Columbia, Rensselaer,
Washington, Clinton, Saratoga, Albany,
Montgomery, Ilerkemer, Ononda'go, Ot-
sego, Ontario, and Tioga. New York, in
general, is intersected by ridges of moun-
tains running in a ke and sw direction.
Beyond the Allegany mountains, however,
the countrv is quite level, of a line rich soil,
covered with various kinds of trees. East
of these mountains it is broken into hills
and vadeys : the hills are thickly clothed
with timber, and, when cleared, afford fine
pasture ; and the valleys produce hemp,
flax, peas, grass, oats, maize, and vvheat.
The metallic productions are iron, tin,
lead, and plumbago. This state abounds
with several fine lakes; and the chief rivers
are the Hudson and Mohawk. In 1810 it
contained 959, 2*20 inhabitants. The city
of New York is the capital, but the judi-
cial courts are held at Albany.
York, Nezv, a city and the capital of the
above state. It stands on the sw point of
an island, called Manhattan, at the con-
flux of Hudson and East rivers, and is
5 m in circuit. Surrounded on all sides
by water, it is refreshed by cool breezes
in summer, and the air in winter is more
temperate than in other places under the
same parallel. The island is 15 m long ;
but not two where broadest ; and at the x
end it is joined to the mainland, on the w,
by a bridge called Kings Bridge. 'Ihere
is no basin for the reception of ships ; but
the road v.here they lie, in East river, is
defended from the violence of the sea by
some islands that interlock with each other;
and on these islands and some points of the
river, ten forts are erected. 'Ihe popula-
tion was 96,373 in 1810, and 100,619 in
1816. Here are 53 churches and meeting-
houses, and a noble seminary of education,
called Columbia College; but the most
magnificent edifice is Federal Hall, in the
front of which is a gallery 12 feet deep,
where the illustrious Washington took his
oath of ofiice, at the commencement of the
federal constitution, in 1789. Here are
also a large state prison, numerous com-
mercial and charitable institutions, literary
establishments, &.c. The markets are
abundantly supplied with every thing in its
season, that land and >vater affords, This
YOR
city, in time of peace, has more commer-
rial business than any other town in the
United States; but in time of war is inse-
C'Jie, without a maritime force. It is 97
HI NE Philadelphia. Loii. 74 11 w, lat. 40
•iO N.
York River, a river of Vircinia, formed
by the conflux of the Pamunky and IMatta-
]K)ny, 20 m above York Town, below which
place it enters Chesapeak bay.
York Toicn, a seaport of \ irginia, capi-
tal of York county, with the best harbour
in the state for vessels of the largest size.
Here, in 1781, the Eritish army were cap-
tured by tlje combined force of the United
States and France. It is seated on York
river, near its entrance into Chesapeak
bay, 13 m e Wiliiunisburg. Lon. 7t) 52
w, lat. 37 18 N.
Yorkshire, the largest county in Eng-
land, bounded on the n by Westmorland
and the bishopric of Durham, e by the
( iernian ocean, s by Lincolnshire, Notting-
hamshire, and Derbyshire, s\v by Cheshire,
\v by Lancashire, and nw by Westmor-
land. It extends 90 m from N to s, and
115 from E to w, and contains 3,348,320
acres. From its great extent it has been
divided into three ridings, called tlie North,
East, and West; is subdivided into 26
wapentakes, and 634 parishes; has one
City and 60 market-towns ; and sends 30
members to parliament. Tiie population
was 973,113 in 1811. The air and soil of
this extensive county vary extremejy. The
E riding is less healthy than the others;
but this inconvenience decreases in propor-
tion as the country recedes from the sea.
On the hilly ]iarts of this riding, especially
in what is called the York Wdlds, the soil
is generally barren, dry, and sandy ; but
great numbers of lean sheep are sold hence,
and sent into other parts to be fattened.
The W riding, which is much the largest,
enjoys a sharp but healthy air, and the
land on the western side is hilly, stony,
and not very fruitful; but the intermediate
valleys consist of much good arable ground,
and pasture for the largest cattle. It also
produces iron, coal, lime, jet, alum, horses,
and sheep. Here the clothing manufac-
tures principally flourish. The N riding,
in general, exceeds the other two in the
salubrity of the air. The worst parts
breed lean cattle ; but, on the sides of
the hills, in the valleys and plains, it
produces good corn, and rich pasture for
large cattle. Ilichmondshire, in the nw
part of this riding, was formerly a county
I if itself; here many lead mines are worked
to great advantage. In Yorkshire likewise
are the districts of Ilolderness, on the
borders of the Humber; Cleveland, on the
confines of Durham ; and Craven, on the
YSS
borders of Westmorland and Lancashire.
In this last district are three higii moun-
tains, named Whernsidc, Ingleborough,
and Pennygant; thej' form a sort of tri-
angle from their tops, at the distances of
about 5, 6, and 8 m, wliile their bases
nearly unite. The principal rivers are the
Ouse, Aire, Don, Derwent, Calder, Warf,
Nidd, Ure, and Hull, and they all termi-
nate in the Humber, which enters the Ger-
man ocean, between Yorkshire and Lin-
colnshire.
Yo-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Hou-quang. It stands on the
river Kian-ku, and on tlie lal;e Tong-ting,
which is more than 200 m in circuit. The
great number of barks and mercliandise
that are brought hither, render it one of
the richest cities of the enij^iie; and the
vicinity is full of different kinds of orange
and lemon trees. It is 700 m shy w Pe-
king. Lon. 112 35 e, lat. 2J 23 n.
Youghdll, a borough and seaport of Ire-
land, in Cork county. It is surrounded
by walls, has a collegiate clmrch, a com-
modious harbour with a well-defended
quay, and a manufacture of earthen ware.
It sends a member to parliament, and is
situate on the river Blackwater, near the
entrance of a bay to which it gives name,
28 m Ebyx Cork. Lon. 8 10 w, lat. 51
49 N.
Yproi, a fortified city of tlie Nether-
lands, in Flanders, and a bishop's see. It
has considerable manufactures of cloth and
serges, which are the principal articles of
trade ; and the canal of Busingen, and the
New Cut, greatly expedite the conveyance
of goods to Nieup(n-t, Ostend, and Bruges.
It has been often taken and retaken ; the
last time by the French in 1794. It is
seated on the Yperlee, 15 m w Courtray.
Lon. 2 48 E, lat. 50 51 n.
Yriex, St. a town of Fratice, in the de-
partment of Upper Vienne, on the river
Ille, 20 m sby w Limoges.
Ysendi/k, a strong town of the Nether-
lands, in the isle of Calsand, seated on a
branch of the Scheld, called the Blie, 8 m
E Sluys, and 18 j;w Ghent.
Yssel, or Issel, a river of the Netherlands,
which branches off from the Rhine, below
Huessen, and flowing by Doesburg, Zut-
phen, Deventer, and Campen, enters the
Zuider zee by two channels.
Yssel, or Little Issel, a river of the Ne-
therlands, which flows by Ysselstein, Mont-
ford, Oudewater, and Gouda, and enters
the Mer\', e, above Rotterdam.
Yssel, or Old Issel, a river that rises ia
Westphalia, in the duchy of Cleve, flows
by Ysseiburg into the county of Zutphen,
and enters the Yssel, at Doesburg.
Ysselt>urg, a town of Westphalia, in the
YUN
riuchy of Cleve, on the river Vsscl, 14 m
Yaselmond, an island of the Netherlands,
in S Holland, lyins; between tlie Merwe on
the X, and anotiier branch of the Meiisc
on the s. It has a town of the same name,
nearly 3 ni w Rotterdam.
Ysselstein, a town of the Netherlands,
in S Holland, with a castle, on the river
Yssel, 5 m ssw Utrecht.
Ystiuf, or Ydsted, a seaport of Sweden,
in Schonen, with a good liarbonr, and a
noted manufacture of excellent gloves. In
the vicinity is a modern royal palace. It
is situate on a bay of the Baltic, 2(3 m se
Lund. Lon. 13 44 f, hit. 55 22 x.
Ythan, a river of Scotland, in Aberdeen-
shire, which crosses the country in a se
direction, and enters the German ocean,
at the village of Newburg, 15 m n-ne Aber-
deen.
Yucatan ; see Jucatan.
Yuen-kia?}g, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Yun-nan. It stands on the Ho-ti,
145 m ssw Yun-nan. Lon. 101 44 r, lat.
«3 27 N.
Yuen-min-yuen, a village of China, 12
m NNW Pekin, where the emperor has a
palace.
Yuen-tcheoii, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Kiang-si. It is 750 m s Peking.
Lon. 113 58 E, lat. 27 50 N.
Yuen-yang, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Hou-quang. It is situate on the
river Han, 515 m ssw Peking. Lcn. 100
CO E, lat. 52 50 n.
Yverdun, a strong town of Switzerland,
in the canton of \'aud, with a castle, k
college, and a hospital. Near the town is
a sulphurous spring, with a commodious
bathing-house. The principal trade is in
wine, and meichandise passing between
Germany, Italy, and France. It has some
remains of Roman antif4uities, and stands
on the lake of Nenchatel, at the influx of
the Orbe and Thiele, 38 m wsw Bern.
Lon. G 59 E, lat. 4(i 44 n.
Yveiot, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Seine, 7 m knw Caudebec. .
Yugyakerta ; see ]il(itareni.
Yuma, or Long-inland, one of the Ba-
hama islands, in the VV Indies, lying at the
^'E extremity of the Great Bahama bank.
It is 70 m long and 8 broad. Beside otlier
produce, much salt is exported, chiefly
ji-om Great Harbour, on the r. side of the
island. Lon. 74 45 w, lat. 23 15 n.
Fwwe/o^, a cluster of small islanda among
the Bahama islands, lyii'g to the sw of
Ynraa.
Yuna^ a river of St. Domingo, which
tneanders navigable through the rich jihiins
m \ ega and Cotuy^ and enters the head of
fcaniana bay,
VVR
Yung-ning, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Yun-nan. It stands at the n ex-
tremity of the province, and on the borders
of Tibet, 230 m nnw Yun-nan. Lon. 100
24 E, lat. 27 50 x.
Yung-pc, a city of China, of the first
rank, in the province of Yun-nan. It is
170 m Nw Yun-nan. Lon, 100 34 e, lat.
26 44 N.
Yung-ping, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Pe-tche-li, on a river that enters
the gulf of Leao-tong. Near it stands the
fort Chun-hai, which is the key of the pro-
vince of Leao-tong. This fort is near the
beginning of the great wall, which is built
for a leagup together, in a boggy marsh,
from the bulwark to the sea, Yung-ping
is 115 m E Peking. Lon. 108 34 e, lat.
39 55 X,.
Yiiug-tchang, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Yun-nan. It stands amid high
mountains, on the borders of the province,
in the neighbourhood of a savage people,
whose manners the irihabitants of this
country partake of. The country produces
gold, honey, wax, amber, and a vast quan-
tity of fine silk. It is 210 m w Yun-nan.
Lon. 99 2 E, lat. 25 5 x.
Yung-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Ilou-quang. It is 885 m ssw Pe-
king. Lon. Ill 15 E, lat. 2G 10 x,
Yun-hing, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Ho-nan. It is 430 m s Peking.
Lon. 113 52 e, lat. 83 Ox.
Yun-nan, a province of China, at the
sw extremity, 300 m long and 250 broad ;
bounded on the x by Tibet and Se-tcheun,
E bv Koei-lc!ieou and (^uang-si, s by the
kingdoms of 'J'onquin and L;io, and w by
those of Pegu and Birmah. Its gold,
copper, and tin mines ; its amber, ruhies,
sapphires, agates, pearls, marble, musk,
silk, elephants, horses, gums, medicinal
plants, and linen, have procured it the high-
est reputation. Its commerce and riches
are immense ; and it is deemed also one
of the most fertile provinces in the em-
pire.
Yun-nan, a city and the capital of the
above province. It was once celebrated
for magnificent buildings, vast gardens,
tombs, triumphal arches, and elegant
squares ; all of which have been destroyed
by the Tartars, in their different invasions ;
and the city at present cnnti.ins nothing
remarkabie. It stands at the X extremity
of a lake, 1260 ni ssw Peking. Lon. 102
SO E, lat. 25 6 N.
Yurcup, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Caramania.. seated on the Kizil Irmak, 43
|u wxw Kaisarieh, and 130 xe Cogni.
Yvry, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Etirc, on the river Kurc, 1(^ ni ^
J^vreux,
ZAA
z.
Zaah, n district of Alfriers, in the de-
sert, behind Mount Atlas, belonging to the
province of Constantina. The people of
Zaah are poor and indigent. Dates are
their principal article of food ; and they
have extensive plantations of palm trees.
Tiiey carry on some commerce in Negros
and ostrich feathers. In the capital, they
are known by the name of Biscaris, and
constitute, under a common head, a kind
of distinct corporation : they have even a
common treasury for the purpose of mu-
tually relieving each other. They are fre-
quently employed in the houses of the Euro-
peans; as, beside the laniruage of the
country, they speak the Lingua Franca.
All the inhabitantsofZaab are dog-eaters;
and, in general, neither scrupulous nor
squeamish with regard to their food. The
villages which the Biscaris inhabit in tlwir
native country are small, and remarkable
only for dirtiness and poverty. The chief
place of the district is Biscara.
Zaara, or the Desert, a vast country of
Africa, 1500 m in length by 800 in breadth ;
bounded on the x by Barbary, e bv Fezzan
and Cassina, s by Xigritia and Senegambia,
and w by the Atlantic oce.an. This drearv
waste is much higher than the bordering
countries, and appears, in general, of a
smooth surface, without a tree, shrub, or
any other landmark. Some* parts consist
of solid rock ; and others of what is called
soil, baked down by the extreme heat of
the sun, nearly as hard as marble, so that
the foot of man or beast leaves no impres-
sion. On this hard surface, from 10 to
'.iO m apart, are small dells, wliich serve as
receptacles for the little rain that falls ;
and in these grow a dwarf thorn bush,
thinly scattered, and a few prickly shrubs.
Other parts of tlsis trackless desert are
covered with loose sand, which is whirled
about by every w'ind, and sometimes formed
into inmiense heaps, from one to four
hundred feet in height : these moveable
hills are fatal to travellers, should a strong-
gale arise while in the midst of them. The
northern and eastern parts are here and
there interspersed with spots of astonishing
fertility; these are called oases, or islands,
bearing some resemblance to islands in
the sea, and they are crowded with inha-
bitants. These oases are formed into n
number of states, governed by petty princes ;
and those of which some intelligence has
been obtained, are noticed in this work in
their proper places. The inhabitants, con-
sisting of various tribes, are wild and
ignorant, and profess the Mohamedan re-
ZAt
ligion, Unless where they approach tlie
country of the Negros. They maintain to-
ward each other the maxims of apparent
hospitality, but a Christian is every where
odious. Their language is chiefly adialect
of the Arabic; and their only intercourse
with other nations Ik carried on by the
caravans that periodically traverse this
immense do»ert. The Zaara contains ante-
lopes, wild boars, leopards, apes, ostriches,
and serpents ; a i'ew horses and beeves ;
and many sheep, goats, and camels. Much
salt is produced in the desert, which the
Arabs carry into Nigritia, and bring back
provisions, blue cotton cloth, and slaves.
Zabin ; see Zembin.
Zuhola, a town of Transylvania, on tha
confines of Moldavia, 5 m sw Neumark.
Zacatecax, a province of Kcw Spain,
bounded on the n by New Biscay, e by
Panuco and Mechoacan, and sw "and w
by Guadalaxara. It is a mountainous and
arid country, but abounds with villaees,
and its silver mines are deemed among the
richest in America.
Zacatccas, a city, capital of the above
province and a bishop's see. The popu-
lation 33,000. It is surrounded by rich
silver mines, and IGO m nne Guadalaxara.
Lon. 101 35 w, lat. 22 58 N.
Zacatulu, a seaport of New Spain, in the
province of Mexico, on ft river of the
same name, near the Pacific ocean, 230
m wsw JMexico. Lon. 1-02 45 w, lat.
18 0 .\-.
Zuchan, a town of Furtlier Pomerania,
13 ni E New Stargard.
Zadonetz, a town of Russia, in the go-
vernment of V'oronetz, with a fort ; seated
on a hill, on the left bank of tlie Don, 50
m N Voronetz.
Znfru, a town of Spain, in Estremadura,
with a castle ; seated at the foot of a moun-
tain, near the river Guadaxiera, 20 m sw
Medina.
Zugbarci, a town of Nigritia, in Bornou,
on the river Fittree, 170 m se Bornou.
Zasoi-'ui, a town of European Tni-key,
in Albania, near the sources of the Viosa,
27 m N Janina. — Another, in Bulgaria;
see Develto.
Zugrab; see Agram.
Zaiiara, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with, a citadel; seated on a craggy rock,
42 m SE Seville.
Zahna, a town of tlie duchy of Sasony,
6 m NE Wittenberg.
Zuina, a town of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Constar.tina, supposed, from some
considerable ruins, to have been tlie an-
cient city of Zama. It is 28 m se Seteef,
and 46 sw Constantina.
Zuiiie, a river of Barbary, which sepa-«
rates the kingdoius of Algiers and Tunis,
ZAM
and enters the Meditenanean at the island
of Tabarca.
Zuire, or Barhcla, a large river of Africa,
whose source is unknown. In 1316 capt.
Tuckey ascended it, by water and land
journeys, 280 m from its mouth ; when,
from fiitii^ue and sickuc&s, all further pro-
gress was obHs^ed to be ahiuidoned. Here,
in Ion. 15 20 w, lat. 4 35 s, the river is a
placid stream in an open country, and
hence flows wsw 100 m in a breadtii of
from 12 to 4 m ; the lower part between
barren mountains, in which course it has
two cataracts. The clianiiil then becomes
sudder.ly contracted by the bases of the
mountains approachint; each other, and
for 40 m, in a more southerly direction,
the breadth does not exceed 500 yards
where widest : in this part, called the Nar-
rows, the stream is bristled with rocks,
which in several places form rapids and
cataracts. As all the water above the
Narrows cannot pass througl) that ciiannel,
it is supposed a great portion must flow by
subterraneous passages ; for on the channel
regaining its width, there is produced a
succession of dangerous wliirlpools. Ihe
river then (juits its moinUainous shores,
and soon afterward is divided, by a number
of low islands, into several streams ; these,
on reuniting, form a very deep estuary that
almost stems the tide of "the Atlantic ocean,
which it enter.', in lat. 0 10 s, by a mouth
9 m broad.
Zaku, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
Kurdistan, with a castle in which a Kur-
dish chief resides. It is seated amid moun-
tains, on the river Kabour, 90 ni sse
Betlis.
Zalameu, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
12 m N jNiebla, and 33 wnw Seville.
Zalamea, a town of Spain, in Estrema-
dura, anciently called Ilapa. It has many
vestiges of its former splendour, and is 38
m SE Merida.
Zambezi, a large river of Caffreria, which
flows through the states of Mocarango,
and enters th.e Mosambirjue chaimel by
two mouths. The bifurcation is about
90 m from the sea ; the northern and prin-
cipal branch is called the Quilimaney,
and the southern the Cumara.
Zmnora, a city of Spain, in Leon, and
a bishop's see. In the environs fine turcois
stones are found. It is seated on a hill,
by the river Douro, over which is a bridge,
S2 m Nby vv Salamanca, and 146 nw ]\la-
.drid. Lon. 5 56 w, lat. 41 50 n.
Zumora, a town of the kingdom of
Quito, which formerly had rich mines of
gold. It is seated on a river of the same
name, 230 m s Quito. Lon, 78 20 w, lat.
4 6 s.
^ariiora, a town pf New Spain, in Me»
ZAN
choacan, situate on the Rio Grande, 60
m Nw Mechoacan.
Zumora, a town of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Constantina, 250 m w Ilamamet.
Lon, 6 25 E, lat. 36 20 k.
Zamoski, a town of Poland, in flie pala-
tinate of Belt/., with a citadel, a cathedral,
and several other churches. It is 37 m ssw
Chelm, and 44 WNW Beltz.
Zampaso, a town of New Spain, in the
province of Mexico, seated on a small
lake, 30 m k Mexico.
Zunesville, a town of the state of Ohio,
which is well built, and has various manu-
factures. It is situate on the e bank of
the Muskingum, 56 m e Columbus,
Zunfiiru, a kingdom of Nigritia, to the
s of Zegzeg, between Cassina and Bornou.
The inhabitants are tall in stature, of a
very black complexion, w ith broad faces,
and savage dispositioi.s. The capital, of
the same nan'e, stands on a river that forms
a lake n of Ghana, and tlicn flows through
that city into the Niger. It is 230 m .ne
Ghana, and 450 wsw Bornou. Lon. 16
0 E, lat. 18 30 X,
Zunte, one of the Ionian islands, near
the coast ot Morea, 1? m s of the island
of Cephalonia, "It is 12 in long and 4
broad. The principal riches consist in
currants, which rival those of Corinth ; and
it has springs of petroliuui that have been
celebrated tor ages. Here are also the
finest peaches, with other choice fruits,
and excellent wine and oil. The natives
speak both Greek and Italian, though there
are very few Roman catholics among tliem;
but they have a biahop as well as the
Greeks. Here are about 50 villages, but
no other town than Zaiite, which is forti-
fied, and has a good harbour on the e side
of the island. Lon. 20 50 e, lat. 37 43 K,
Zanzehur, a country on the e coast of
Africa, between 3 n and 10 s lat. It in-
cludes several petty kingdoms, in which
the Portuguese formerly hud settlements ;
but it is now subject to the kingof Mascat.
The inhabitants are all blacks, with curled
woolly hair; and are either Mohamedans
or pagans, the latter much the more numer-
ous. The principal territories are Juba,
Melinda, Moinbaza, and Quiola, The Por-
tuguese trade for slaves, ivory, gold, os-
trich feathers, wax, and drugs. The inland
country is represented as lying low, and
intersected with woods, forests, marshes,
lakes, and rivers, the latter, for the most
part, covered with weeds and thickets ; all
which so infect liie air, that the products
of the earth are corrupted, and the inha-
bitants sickly and indolent. But here are
rich mines of gold, easily got; by the help
of which grain, roots, fruits, &c. arc pur-
chased from oiher parts,
ZBO
Zanzehar, an island in the Indian sea,
Ivin? 20 m from the coast of Zanzebar.
It is 55 m long and 15 broad; abounds in
wood, water, rice, and otlier pronsions;
and on the v,' coast has a town of the same
name, with an excellent harbour. Lon. 41
43 E, lat. 6 5 s.
Zara, a seaport of Dalmatia, capital of
a county, and an archbishop's see, with a
citadel. The iiarbour, which lies to the
N, is capacious, safe, and well guarded ;
and the citadel is divided from the town by
a deep ditcli, hewn out of a roclc. Near
the church are two fluted columns of the
Corintidan order, supposed to have been
part of the temple of Juno. Zara is seated
on a small peninsula, in the gulf of Venice,
75 m WNw Spalatro. Lon. 15 12 E, lat.
41. 8 X.
Zaran^, or Dooahak, a city of Persia,
ra])italof Segistan. The modern city, called
Dooshak, is small and compact, but the
ruins cover a vast extent of ground. It
stands in an open country, about 8 m from
tiie river Hermund, which flows into the
lake Zerch. The vicinity aildrds good
jiaslurage, and wheat and barley in suiH-
cient quantities to be sent to Herat. It is
140 m s by e Herat, and 500 e Ispahan.
Lon. (Jl 20"e, lat. 32 15 x.
Zarih, a town of European Turkey, in
Morea, 22 m e Misitra.
Zarko, a town of European Turkey, in
Thcssaly, seated in a fine plain, 22 m wsw
Larissa.
Zitrnata, a town of European Turkey,
in Morea, seated on an eminence, 20 m
wsw Misitra.
ZarnciK, a town of Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Sandomir, 32 m x Sandomir.
Zurnoioitz, a town of Prussia, in Po-
merelia, on a bay of the Baltic, 38 m xnw
Dantzic.
Zanima, a town of Quito, with mines of
gold, wiiicii, not being of the finest alloy, is
juade on tiie spot into trinkets. It is 30
ni NW Loxa.
Zuslau-, a town of Poland, in Volhinia,
seated on the Horin, 30 m nnw Constan-
tinow.
Zator, a town of Poland, in Galicia, with
a castle; seated on an eminence, near the
river Vistula, 20 m wsw Cracow.
Zaxcch, a town of Persia, in Chorasan,
situate on the Tedjen, 20 m tVom the Cas-
pian sea, and 80 n Mesched.
Zuxcilu ; see Zucela.
Zbaras, a town of Poland, in the palati-
nate of Podoiia, '23 m e Zborow, and 68
N by w Kaminieck.
Zborow, a town of Poland, in Galicia.
Here, in 1649, John Casimir, king of Po-
land, with 20,000 men, was attacked by
310,000 Coisacks aud 'i'artap, for three
ZEA
days successively, but defended himself so
bravely, that tiie latter consented to terms
of accommodation. Zborow is 52 in e by s
Lemberg. Lon. 25 16 e, lat, 49 46 a.
Zea, or Zeia ; see Zia.
Zealand, or Zeeland, an island of Den-
mark, of a triangular fijrm, 230 m in circuit.
It is the largest of the isles of the Baltic
sea, and lies at its entrance, having the Ca-
tegat on the x, the Sound on the e, and the
Great Belt on the w. On the n side, the
gulf of Isefiord penetrates far inland, and
divides into two branches ; it has a narrow
and shallow entrance, defended by a fort
on the w point. The whole coast is much
indented by large bays ; and within the
country are several lakes, which, as well
as the rivers, abound in fisli. It is exceed-
ingly fertile ; producing grain of all sorts,
pai-ticularly barley, with excellent pasture,
and in most parts plenty of wood. It is
particularly famous for its breed of horses.
Copenhagen is the capital of this island,
and of the whole kingdom.
Zealand, a province of the Netherlands,
bounded on the N by the isles of Holland,
E by Dutch Brabant, s by Flanders, and w
by tiie German ocean. It is composed of
several islands, the principal of which are
Walcheren, Schowen, IN and S Beveland,
Tolen, Duyveland, aud Wolfersdike. The
inhabitants are at a great expense to de-
fend themselves from encroachments of the
sea, in keeping up their dikes. The river
Schcld forms the most of these islands,
and the soil of them is fruitful. The prin-
cipal towns are Middleburg and Flushing.
Zealand, Neic, an island in the Pacific
ocean, lying e of Van Diemen Land. It was
discovered by Tasman,in 16 12, who travers-
ed the E coast from lat. 34 to 43 s, and en-
tered a strait; but being attacked by the
natives, soon after he came to an anciior,
in the place to which he gave the name of
Murderers-bay, he did not go on shore. He
called the country Staten Land, though it
has been generally distinguished in our
maps by the name of New Zealand. From
the time of Tasraan, the whole country,
except that part of the coast seen by him,
remained unknown, and was supposed to
be part of a southern continent, till 1770,
when it was circumnavigated by Cook,
who found it to consist of two large islands,
separated by a strait four or five leagues
broad, to which he gave his own name.
On the w side of this strait, and at the if
end of the southern island, is Queen Char-
lotte sound, which was a place of rendez-
vous in bis subsequent voyages. The coasts
are indented by deep bays, and there are
also several rivers, capable of receiving
large vessels. The southernmost island is
for the most part mountainous and barren^
J^EA
Jis tar inland as tlie eye can reach ; lut
the land bordering on the seacoast is clolli-
Cd tiiick with wocd. The norlhcrnniost
ibland has a much better appearance ; lur
the hills and mountains arc covered with
wood, and every valley has a rivulet of excel-
lent water. The soil ofthcsc valleys, and the
plains, of which there are many overf^rown
with wood, is in general li^ht, but ft-rtile.
The winters are milder than in Ent;,land,
and the summers not hotter, though more
equably warm. There arc forests of vast
extent, full of straight and large trees.
Wild celery, and a kind of cresses, grow
plentifully in almost every cove. Yams,
sweet potatoes, and cocoas, are raised by
cultivation. Cook, in 1773, planted several
spots of grotuid with garden seed« ; and,
in 1777, in several of lliese spots, although
totally neglected, and overrun by weeds,
werefoun'd potatoes, cabbages, onions,
leeks, purslain, radishes, mustard, &cc. In
other places every thing had been rooted
out to make room for temporary villages.
The only quadrupeds were dogs and rats;
but various animals have since been intro-
duced from Eurojjc. The birds, like the
vegetable productions, are almost entirely
peculiar to the country. Cook introduced
European poultry, and on his last visit
found them increased, both in a wild and
domestic state, beyond all danger of being
ever exterminated. The men are stout,
well made, and fleshy ; but none of them
corpulent, like the inhabitants of Otaheite;
and they are exceedingly vigorous and
active. " The women possess peculiar
traces of form and person. The bodies of
both sexes are marked with black stains,
called amoco, which is the same as tatco-
ing at Otaheite. Their dress consists of
a garment about five feet long and four
broad : they bring, two corners of it over
their shoulders, and fasten it on the breast
with the other part, which covers the body;
and round the waist it is again tied with a
oirdle of mat. They ornament their heads
with feathers, pearlVuells, bnnes, 5cc. The
women sometimes wear necklaces of sharks^
teeth, or bunches of long beads made of
bones or shells. Their houses are miserable
lodging places ; and their only furniture is
a few small baskets, in which they put
their fishing-hooks and other trilles. Their
food consists chiefly of fish ; and instead
of bread, they eat the root of a kind of
fern, which th"ey scorch over the fire, and
then beat with a stick till the dry outside
falls olF. Their cookery consists wholly in
roasting and baking, which latter is per-
formed in the same manner as at Otaheite.
I'he women eat in common with the men,
and their method of feeding corresponds
with the nastinegs pf iheir persona- Fron*
2KI
Cape Kidnappers, in lat. 30 -13, for upward
of 80 leagues, to the northward, the people
acknowledge one sovereign, called Teratu,
and under him are several subordinate
chiefs. This part of the coast is much
the most populous ; tillage, weaving, anu
the other arts of jjcace, being best known,
and most practised. The canoes are more
decorated, the plantations more numerous,
and the clothes and carving finer, than any
where else. In other parts, they are scat-
tered along the coast, in single families, or
in tribes, under an aristocratical chief, and
each in a state of perpetual hostility. Such
continual wars, and the iidmman banquet
that is the consequence of victory, among
a people in other respects mild and gentle,
leave little room to doubt that they are_
cannibals. They have a faint sense of
religion, and believe in a multitude of
deities ; but the Christian missionaries
liave made some converts among them.
These two islands lie between lat. 34 and
48 s, and Ion. IGG and 179 e.
Zchid, a city of Arabia, in the province
of Yemen. It was once very considerable,
but the walls are demolished, and the prc-^
sent buildings scarcely occupy the half of
its ancient extent. It is seated on a river,
10 m from the Red sea, and 140 n Moclia.
Lon. 44 28 E,lat. 15 10 n.
Zebu, one of the Philippine islands, be-
tween those of Leyta and Negros. It is
110 m long and 30 broad, and has a town
of tlie same name, on the i". coast. Lon.
122 30 E, lat. 10 3tJ n.
Ziuiic, a town of Barbary, in the country
of Tripoli, seated on a bay of the Mediter-
ranean, 120 m SE Tripoli.
Zegedin, or Szeged, a strong town of
Hungary, with a trade in salt, tobacco,
wool, and corn. It is situate on theTheiz,
opposite the infiux of the Maros, 65 m Nw
Temeswar, and 93 se Pest. Lon. 20 25 E,
lat. 46 20 N.
Zegzeg, a kingdom of Nigritia, to the N
of Zanfara, between Cassina and Bornou.
It consists partly of plains and partly of
mountains; the former abound with water,
and are exceedingly fruitful. The capital
is of the same name, 380 m ne Cassina,
Lon. 16 0 E, lat. 20 45 N.
Zehdenick, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Ucker mark. Here is a foundery for
nnn-lars, bombs, and cannon-balls, which
are sent to distant provinces. The Havel
becomes navigable at this place. It is 30
m >i Berlin.
Zeila, a seaport of the kingdotn of Adcl,
and a place of considerable trade. Ititanda
on a peninsula, in the gulf Aden, 170 m
KNE Aucagurel. Lon. 44 55 e, lat. 11
15 N. , , , . .
Zcil, a town of franconia ;iii the pniici-
ZEN
pality of Bamljere, seated on the Maine,
10 111 Nw Bambers;.
Zfil, a town and castle ofSuabia, seated
on tlie Aitrach, 4 m n Leutkirch.
Zeila, a seaport of tlio king,doin of Adel,
nil a bay of the Arabian sea. Lon. 44 22
}:, lat. 11 9 X.
Zeiiuu, a town of European Turkey, in
Thessaly, wiih a castle; seated on the
side of a bill, in a valley watered by the
Eliada, which flows into the gulf of Zeitun.
To the s of the mouth of the river coni-
mciices the famous pass of TherinopylcC.
The town has a great trade in grain, and is
iO ni ssE Larissa.
Zeitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
duchy of Naumburg, with a castle, and a
collegiate church. It has cloth and stuff
nianufactures, and is seated on tlio Elster,
23 in ssw Leipzic.
Zell, a town of Lower Saxony, capital
of a duchy, in the principality of Luneburg.
It is surrounded by ditches and ramparts,
on which are planted chestnut and Inne
trees; and has manufactures of snuff, wax,
and hats. The castle, surrounded by a
moat, was formerly the residence of the
dukes of Zell; and was repaired by G»orge
III of England, for the residence of his
nnfortunate sister, the queen of Denmark,
who died here in 1775. Zell is seated on
the Aller, at the influx of the Euse, 28 m
EXE Hanover, and 40 ssw Luneburg. Lon.
10 14 E, lat. 52 42 N.
Zell, a town of Suabia, seated in the
vale of Ilammersbach, on the river Kint-
zig, 18 m SE Strasburg.
Zell, a tow'n of Germany, in the terri-
tory of Treves, seated on the IMosclle, 5 m
KXE Trarbach.
Zell in the Finzgau, a town of Bavaria,
in the ducliy of Salzburg, seated on a lake,
SO m w lladstadt, and 34 sw Salzburg.
Zell in Zillertlial, a town «f Bavaria,
in tlie duchy of Salzburg, seated on the Zil-
ler, 24 m e Inspruck, and 52 sw Salzburg.
Zellerfeld, a town of Lower Saxony, in
the duchy of Brunswick, with a inine-
otiice, and a mirit in which 200,000 dol-
lars are annually coined. It stands in the
llartz forest, 9 m ssw Goslar.
Zeluiu, a town (jf Lithuania, in the pala-
tinate of Novgrodek, 50 m wsw Kovgro-
dek.
Zembin, or Zabin, a town of Lithuania,
in the palatinate of .Alinsk, 14 m xw Bori-
sow, and 36 xe Minsk.
Zemplln, a town of Hungary, in a
county of the same name ; seated on the
Bodrog, 9 m exe Ljhely, and 33 sw Kas-
chau.
Zengan, a large town of Persia, in Irak.
It is the capital of a rich district, whicii
pays no revenue, but furnishes t'le king
' ZIA
with 5000 horsemen, who are paid, fed,
and clothed fruai its own produce. It \i
160 in wxw Teheran. Lon. 48 15 E, lat.
3G 26 X.
Zengjiin, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in
the pashahc of Aleppo, situate on the Eu-
phrates, 55 m XXE Aleppo.
Zcnta, a town of Hungary, memorable
for a signal victory gained in 1697, by
prince Eugene over the Turks, commanded
by emperor Mustapha ir. It is seated on
the Theysse, 52 m x Belgrade, and 52 w
Temeswar.
Zei-hst, a town of L'l'pper Saxony, in the
principality of Anhalt, with a fine castle.
It is famous for good beer, and has manu-
factures of gold and silver. This town is
the largest in the principality, and 10 lu
xxv/ Dessau. Lon. 12 20 E,"lat. 52 2 x.
Zerca, a town and fortress of Persia,
in the province of Tarsistan, 18 ni xxE
Shiras.
Zcreh, or Zcrrah, a lake of Persia, ex-
tending on the borders of Segistan andCho-
rasan, 100 m in length and 20 in breadth.
It is principally formed by the rivers Heir-
mund and Eerah, and in the dry season
resembles more a marsh than a lake, being
covered with rushes and reeds. It alwunds
with fish and wild fowl; and in the centra
is an island, on which is a town, called
Kookhozerd.
Zernetz, a town of Switzerland,, in the
canton of Grisous, with a mineral spring;
seated on the Iim, 23 m ese Coire. Lon.
10 6 e, lat. 46 43 x.
Zetland Islands; see Shetland.
Zeulen, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Bamberg, on the river Ro-
tach, 21 m xe Bamberg.
Zeulenroda, a town of the kingdom of
Saxony, in Voigtiand, with nianufactures
of stuffs and stockings, 14 m xw Plauen.
Zetjbo; see Seibo.
Zia, or Zea, the ancient Ccos, an island
of the Arcliipelago, to the s of Negropont,
15 m long and 8 broad. It belongs to the
Turks, but most of the inhabitants are
Greeks, and h^^ve a bishop. It abounds in
barley, wine, and silk; also a sort of oak,
called velani, whose acorns are the best;
trading commodity of the island, being used
by diers and tanners. Here arc consider-
able vestiges of the ancient Cartlnea and
loulis, and of a curious road between these
two cities. The famous Arundelian marble
at Oxford, was tliscovered among the mas-
sive ruins of loulis, though generally be-
lieved to have been found in Paros. Tho
town of Zia, the only one in the island,
stands on part of the site of Carthiea, on
an eminence, 3 m from the w coast, wliero
it has a goud harbour. Lon. 34 2,-ijJi> iut»
S?43i>. Tcj/hduv.
ZOA *
Ziegenhah, a town of Silesia, in tlie
principality ot'Neisse, wit!) sevoral fbunde-
ries, and a nmnnfactin'e of excellent glass ;
seated on the iliela, 10 ni s Ncisse.
Zic^enhai/ii, ii fortified town of Germany,
in Lowerllesse, with a fine castle hclon^iiiii;
to the prince of Iltsse-Cassel, and an arse-
nal. The snbnri) called Weinhan?en is a
handsome place, and more extensive than
the town. Jn 1757 it was taken by the
French ; and in 1761 it was ineflectually
besieged by the allies, who rednced two
thirds of the town to ashes by their can-
nonade. It stands in a morass, snrronnded
by the river Schwalm, 28 m ssk Cassel.
Ziegenruck, a town of t!ie kini>doni of
Saxony, in Misnia, on the river Saal, 10 m
s Neubtadt.
Ziegeser, cr Ziesar, a town and castle of
Brandenburt'^ in the JNliddle mark, IB n\
wsw Brandenburj;, and 22 ene Magde-
burg.
Zienlenzig, a town of Brandenbnrg, in
the New mark, belonging to the knights of
Malta. It has manufactures of cloth, and
is 20 m ESE Custrin.
Zierenberg,a.Xov,'\\ ofGermany,in Lower
Hesse, situate on a hill, by the river Warne,
8 m WNw Cassel.
Ziriozee, a strong town of the Nether-
lands, in Zealand, capital of the isle of
Scliowen. It was the ancient residence of •
the counts of Zealand, and then a place of
much more consequence, the port having
been since tilled witli sand. It is 12 ni ne
Middleburg, and 18 sw Britl. Lon. 4 10
E, lat, 51 36 N.
ZHara, the chief town of the province
of Darien, in New Granada. It is situate
on the Atarte, 250 m ssw Carthagena.
Lon. 76 59 w, lat. 7 15 n.
Zitlcnc, a fortified town of Lusntia, which
has four large and six small gates. It has
an extensive trade in linen, white damasks,
woollen cloth, and blue paper, 'i he cathe-
dral has three organs; and near it is a col-
lege, where the languages, drawing, and
other arts, are taught gratis. Joining to
the cloisters is a library, the finest in all
Lusatia; and at a small distance from it
is an orphan-lunise. Zittau being occupied
by the Prussians, in 1757, was taken by the
Austrians, who almost entirely destroyed
it by the bombs ami cannonade. It is
seated on the Neisse, 17 m sw Gorlitz,
and 25 SE Dresden. Lon. 15 l e, lat. 50
54 N.
Znaim, a strong town of Moravia, capi-
tal of a circle, with a castle, in which area
great many pagan antiquities. The vicinity
yields excellent wine. It is seated on the
Teya, 35 m sw Brinn, and 42 nnw \'ienna.
Lon. 16 0 E, lat. 48 48'n.
Zoura, a fortified tovai of the country of
ZVE
Tripoli, with a good harbour on the Modi-
terranean, 60 m w Tripoli. Lon. 11 53 E,
lat. 32 -15 N.
ZobiUx, a town of the kingdom of Sax-
ony, in Misnia. The inhabitants subsist
principally by working serpent-stone, found
in the neighbourhood, into pitchers, howls,
tea and coiVee cups, i^c. The red species
of this stone, which is considered as the
finest, belongs solely to the sovereign. It
is 17 m s Freyberg.
Zohie.n, a town of Silesia, in the princi
pality of Schweidnitz, 9 m ene Schweid-
nitz.
Ziifftngen, a town of Switzerland, in
Argau, with an elegant church, and u
public library, containing several curious
manuscripts. Near it, on a stupendous
and craggy rock, is the castle of Lenzburg ;
also a forest that contains the best pine-
trees in all Switzerland. It is seated on
the VVigher, 9 m ssw Aran, and 26 nw
Lucern.
Zolnuck, a town of Hungary, capital of
a county. It is seated on the Teysse, at
the influx of the Sagelia, 62 m ne Coiocza,
and 62 e Buda. Lon. 20 50 e, lat. 47
ION.
Zomhor, a town of Hungary, near the
Francis canal, which extends,62 m between
the Danube and the Theiz. The popula-
tion in lolo was 15,106. It is 35 m se
Thcresiapol. Lon. 19 19 e, lat. 46 46 N.
Zons, a town of Germany, in the terri-
tory of Cologne, witli a castle; seated on
the Ilhine, 13 m nnw Cologne.
Zo?'l)iiS, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
circle of Leipzic, with a citadel, 24 m nnw
Leipzic.
Zorndorf, a village of Brandenburg, one
m n Custrm. Here, in 1758, the knig of
Prussia, after a dreadful conflict, totally
defeated the Russians.
Zos'^en, a town and castle of Branden-
burg, in the Middle mark, situate on the
Notte, 19 m s Berhn.
Zmifi see Guur.
Zouan, a town of the kingdom of Tunis,
famous for the dying of scarlet caps and
the bleaching <if Imen, 36 m s Tunis.
Zuckmunlcl, a town of Silesia, in the
principality of Neisse, and a bishop's see.
it has mines of gold, silver, copper, and
iron, and is 15 m s Neisse.
Zucela, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan,
situate in a district of remarkable fertility.
The remnants of ancient buildings, the
number and size of the cisterns, and the
construction of the vaulted caves, intended
perhaps as repositories for corn, exhibit
wonderful vestiges of its ancient splendour.
It is 60 m ENE Mourzook. Lou. 16 34
E, lat. 27 59 N.
Zrcnigorod, a town of Russia, in the
ZUM
covemment of Moscow, situate on the
Moskya, 28 ni w Moscow.
Ztip, the smallest canton of Switzerland,
hounded on the e and n by Zurich, w by
Luccrn, and s by Schweitz. It is rich in
piibtura^e ; lias plenty of various kinds of
stone fruit, as well as walnuts and chest-
nuts; and its wine is of a very acid fla-
vour.
Ziig, the capital of the above canton.
Here are several handsome churches, and
a good townliouse. It is seated on a lake
of its name, 12 m Ions; and 3 broad, and
13 m Nw Schweitz. Lon. 8 2-1 r, lat.
47 4 X.
Zuliree, a town of Balloi^istan, in Jala-
way, surrounded l)y a mud wall, 43 m N
bvw Khozdar, and 43 se Helat.
Zuidcr Zee, a great b;iy of the German
ocean, which extends fron^. x to s in the
Netherlands, between the provinces of
Frieshmd, Overvs^el, Gelderland, and N
Holland.
Zulauf, or Suluu, a town of Silesia, in
a lorflship of the same name, 5 m sw
Militsch.'
Zulch, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Juliers, seated on the Nassel, 12 m s
Juliers.
ZuUichau, a town of Brandenburir, in the
New mark. The castle stands without
the walls of the town, and has a rampart
and ditches. The suburbs contain more
houses than the town itself, and among
them is a large orphanhouse, to which is
annexed a school, an academy, &c. Here
are good cloth mannfictures, and the vici-
nity produces much corn and wine. In
1759, a battle was fought near this town
between the Pruirsians and Russians, in
whicli the former were defeated. It is situ-
ate in a plain, near the Oder, 24 m e by n
Crossen. Lon. 15 52 e, lat. 52 9 x.
Zulplia, or Julf'a, a town of Persia,
almost close to Ispahan, to which it is
a sort of suburb, and separated from it by
the river Sanderon. It was peopled by a
colony of Arniiniiuis, brought hither by
Shah Abbas, and contains several churches
and monasteries.
Znlz, a town of Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Uppeln, 14 m i; by s Neisse,
and 2(i ssw Oppcln.
Zuiz, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Grisons, on the river Inn, 26 ni
SE Coire.
Zuiiiunipa, a town of Tucuman, on the
river Dolce, 110 in sssSt. Jago del listero.
Zuniui/u, a town of Spain, in Biscay,
near the coast, 15 miles w by s bt. Sebas-
tian.
Ziimpatiiio, a t(l^^•ll of New Spain, in the
provnicc of Mexico, 100 m n by e Aca-
pulco, and 105 s Mexico.
.• ZUR
Zurich, fi canton of Switzerland, bound-'
ed on the N by Schaft' hausen, e by Thurgau
and St. Gall, 's 'u> Claris, Schweitz, and
Zug, and w by Lucc.u and Argau. Zu-
rich is the first canton in rank, and also in
extent of territory. It abounds in wine
and excellent pasture ; but corn not being
sufficient for interior consumption, the
deficiency is chiefly supplied from Suabia.
The inhabitants are all Calvinists.
Zuric/i, the capital of the above canton.
It stands at the x end of the lake Zurich,
where the river Linunat issues from the
lake, and divides the city into two un-
equal parts, which communicate by two
fine bridges, one so large that it serves for
a market place. It was formerly an im-
perial city, and is one of the best built in
this country, but the streets are narrow.
The cathedral was founded by Charle-
magne, and is adorned with a statue of
that emperor. The two divisions of
Zurich are called the old town and the
suburbs ; the former is surrounded by the
same battlements and towers that existed
in the 13th century; the latter is strength-
ened by fortifications in the modern style.
In one of the towers is a celebrated ob-
servatory. The arsenal is well supplied
with cannon, ammunition, and musr|Uets ;
and the townhouse is a magnificent edi-
fice. Among the charitable foundations
are an orphan-house; a hospital fiir the
sick of all nations, v\hich usually contains
about oOO patients; and the Almosen
Amt, or foundation for the poor, which
puts out children as apprentices, and
distributes money, clothes and books of
devotion, to poor persons. Here are seve-
ral manufactures ; particularly crapes,
muslins, cottons, linens, and silk hand-
kerchiefs. Zuiich was taken by the Trench
in 1798, and retaken by the Austrinns the
year following ; but the latter were soon
obliged to evacuate it, on the French gain-
ing a decisive victory over the Austro-
Russian army near this city. It is 35 m
sw Constance, and 55 xe Bern. Lou. 8
32 e, lat. 47 22 x.
Zurich, a lake of Switzerland, which
forms a kind of crescent, 30 miles long and
4 broad. The borders are studded with
villages, surrounded by a multiplicity of
isolated houses and cottapcs ; and the s
part appears bounded by the stupendous
high mountains of Schweitz and Glaris.
The river Limmat runs through its whole
length to the city of Zurich.
Zuritu, a town of Spain, in New Castile,
with a castle, seated on the Tajo, 38 m £
Madrid.
Zurzdch, a town of Switzerland, i.i
Argau, with a castle on an eminence. It
contains several convents, churches, an I
ZWI
other public edifices; and is cclelivatcd
for its lair, which hists 15 days, \vheii all
the coinimuiities of Europe nud Asia in:iy
be purchased. It is seated on the Rhine,
just above t!ie influx of the Aar, 9 m n
Baden.
Zurzorixa, a town of New Spain, in
Meclioacan, situate on an island in a iakcj
25 in wsw Mechoacan.
Zutplieii, a stron<; town of the Nether-
lands in Geiderland, capital of the quarter
or county of its name. It is seated at the
conflux of the IJerkel with tiie Yssel, 9 m
s bv E Deventer, and 55 e by s Amster-
dam. Lon. 6 13 r, lat. 52 10 k.
Zta/st, a villa;;e of the Netherlands, 5 m
from "Utrecht. It abounds in plantations
and shady walks, and is ornaiiipnted by
the spacious buildings which count Zinzen-
dorf appropriated 'to the fraternity of
Hcrahuthers or Moravians, who are em-
ployed in various kinds of manufacture.
Zuyst is much frequented in the summer
months, by merchants w ho have no country
seats of their own.
Zwellendum, a town of the Cape territory,
which gives name to a district. It is
situate at the s skirt of tiie Black moun-
tains, 90 m E Capetown. Lon. 19 04 E,
lat. .'33 57 s.
Ziccnknu, a town and castle of the kmg-
dom of Saxony, in Misnia, seated on the
Elsler, 6 m s Leipzic.
Zuetel, a town of Austria, at the con-
flux of the Zwetcl with the Kamp, 26 m
WNW Krenis.
Zmckuu, a town of the Uui^dom of
ZYT
Saxony, in Misnia, on the frontiers of
Voigtland, with a citadel, three churches,
and a Latin school, in which is u pond
library. Here are manufactures of cloth
and leatiier, and a trade in corn and beer.
It is seated on the Mulda, '^'0 in kne
Plauen, and '21 s Altenburg. Lon, 12
28 Y, lat. 50 42 N.
Ziiiiigenberg, a town of Germany, in
tlie ])rincipahty of Ilesse-Darmstadt, 10
m s Darmstadt, and '22 N Heidelberg.
Zuitttiii, a town of Moravia, in the circle
of Olmutz, 40 m w^w Olmut?.
Zrcoll, a fortified town of the Nether-
lands, in Overyssel, with three handsome
suburbs. The population 10,000. On the
adjacent mountain of St. Agnes was for-
merly an Augustine convent, in which
Thomas Kempis lived 71 years, and died
in 1471. A canal begins near this place,
and extends to the river Yssel, which is
defended by several forts. ZwoU is the
most opulent town in the province, and
stands on an eminence, by the river Aa,
14 m K Deventer, and 31 wsw Coevorden.
Lon. 0 3 E, lat. 52 31 x.
Ziconigrad, a town of Dalraatia, 36 m s
Bihacs, and GO se Segna.
Zioonitz, a town of the kiivgdom of
Saxony, in INlisnia, 14 m ssw Chemnitz.
Zicornick, a town of European Turkey,
in Bosnia, CO m e Scraio, and 03 sw Bel-
grade.
Zytomiers, a town and fortress of Poland,
in \ oihinia, seated on the Ciecirief, 120
m E Lu';ko. Lon. 20 22 e, lat. 50 35 K.
THE END.
t. Uililwi", Piiiilii,
Tffttr l{iii!;e-S!rept, Louilon,
"^v
^ /
/ y^ 9 /^^ '' ^
, / i,^/^ ^/ :^--^^
s '-/^
ilar /g.
G
102
B77
1820
Brookes, Richard
The general gazetteer
17th ed.
..^j
, ^ PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
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