Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus.
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Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus
C.M. Visagie,1 J. Houbraken,1 S.-B. Hong,2 V. Hubka,3 C.H.W. Klaassen,4 G. Perrone,5 K.A. Seifert,6 A. Susca,5 J.B. Tanney,6 J. Varga,7 S. Kocsubé,7 G. Szigeti,7 T. Yaguchi,8 and J.C. Frisvad9Abstract
Aspergillus comprises a diverse group of species based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic characters, which significantly impact biotechnology, food production, indoor environments and human health. Aspergillus was traditionally associated with nine teleomorph genera, but phylogenetic data suggest that together with genera such as Polypaecilum, Phialosimplex, Dichotomomyces and Cristaspora, Aspergillus forms a monophyletic clade closely related to Penicillium. Changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants resulted in the move to one name per species, meaning that a decision had to be made whether to keep Aspergillus as one big genus or to split it into several smaller genera. The International Commission of Penicillium and Aspergillus decided to keep Aspergillus instead of using smaller genera. In this paper, we present the arguments for this decision. We introduce new combinations for accepted species presently lacking an Aspergillus name and provide an updated accepted species list for the genus, now containing 339 species. To add to the scientific value of the list, we include information about living ex-type culture collection numbers and GenBank accession numbers for available representative ITS, calmodulin, β-tubulin and RPB2 sequences. In addition, we recommend a standard working technique for Aspergillus and propose calmodulin as a secondary identification marker.
Introduction
Aspergillus is a diverse genus with high economic and social impact. Species occur worldwide in various habitats and they are known to spoil food, produce mycotoxins and are frequently reported as human and animal pathogens. Furthermore, many species are used in biotechnology for the production of various metabolites such as antibiotics, organic acids, medicines or enzymes, or as agents in many food fermentations. The classification and identification of Aspergillus has been based on phenotypic characters but in the last decades was strongly influenced by molecular and chemotaxonomic characterisation.
Micheli (1729) introduced the name Aspergillus, with Haller (1768) validating the genus and Fries (1832) sanctioning the generic name. Aspergillus glaucus (L.) Link [= Mucor glaucus L. ≡ Monilia glauca (L.) Pers.] is the generic type. In total, nine teleomorph genera were traditionally linked to Aspergillus anamorphs (Pitt et al. 2000), one of these being Eurotium Link: Fr. typified by Eurotium herbariorum (Wiggers: Fr.) Link. The others were Chaetosartorya Subram., Emericella Berk., Fennellia B.J. Wiley & E.G. Simmons, Hemicarpenteles A.K. Sarbhoy & Elphick (now considered to belong in Penicillium; Visagie et al. 2014a), Neosartorya Malloch & Cain, Petromyces Malloch & Cain, Sclerocleista Subram. (now considered distinct from Aspergillus; Houbraken & Samson 2011) and Stilbothamnium Henn. Neopetromyces Frisvad & Samson and Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiy. were introduced more recently by Frisvad & Samson (2000) and Udagawa & Uchiyama (2002). Thom & Raper (1945) and Raper & Fennell (1965) published major monographic treatments on the genus Aspergillus and respectively accepted 89 and 150 species. They also disregarded teleomorphic names, contrary to the prevailing nomenclatural code, using only the name Aspergillus. The List of “Names in Current Use” (NCU) for the family Trichocomaceae (Pitt & Samson 1993) accepted 185 anamorphic Aspergillus names and 72 associated teleomorphic names. Pitt et al. (2000) updated this list, accepting 184 Aspergillus and 70 associated teleomorphic names. Both lists were mainly based on the morphological species concept current at that time. However, the move towards a polyphasic species concept incorporating morphology, extrolite data and most importantly phylogenetic data, meant that this list quickly became out-dated. This is not only because new species were described since the late 1990's, but was also a reflection that many species previously considered synonyms based on morphology were shown to be phylogenetically distinct. Old names were thus often re-introduced as accepted, distinct species. As such, we consider updating the list of accepted species to be crucial for the taxonomic and nomenclatural stability of Aspergillus.
The infrageneric classification of the genus Aspergillus is traditionally based on morphological characters. Raper & Fennell (1965) divided the genus in 18 groups. The classification into groups does not have any nomenclatural status and therefore Gams et al. (1985) introduced names of subgenera and sections in Aspergillus. The phenotype based classification of subgenera and sections largely correspond with the current published phylogenies. Peterson (2008) accepted five subgenera and 16 sections in Aspergillus. Houbraken et al. (2014) and Hubka et al. (2014) currently proposed four subgenera (Aspergillus, Circumdati, Fumigati and Nidulantes) and 20 sections. Phylogenetic studies (Berbee et al. 1995, Ogawa et al. 1997, Tamura et al. 2000, Geiser et al. 2008, Peterson 2008, Peterson et al. 2008, Houbraken & Samson 2011) shed light on the relationships between Aspergillus species, but left questions regarding the generic concept unsolved. Because of the new single name nomenclature for fungi (McNeill et al. 2012), it is important to define the phylogenetic relationships of species in Aspergillus and closely related genera. Morphological identification of Aspergillus mostly follows the protocols of Raper & Fennell (1965), Klich (2002), Pitt & Hocking (2009) and Samson et al. (2010). Molecular tools, especially phylogenetic species recognition, are increasingly being used with the internal transcribed spacers of the nrDNA (ITS) now accepted as the official DNA barcode for fungi (Schoch et al. 2012). However, this locus is insufficient for correctly identifying all Aspergillus species and thus a secondary identification marker is needed. In this paper, we discuss different approaches for species identification in Aspergillus. We make recommendations for identifying and characterising Aspergillus species and recommend DNA markers for reliable species identification.
Monophyly of Aspergillus
Aspergillus has been the subject of a large number of taxonomic studies using DNA sequence data. Many of these studies focused on specific groups (species, sections, subgenera) within Aspergillus and the number of phylogenetic studies at the genus level and above are limited. The first studies on the phylogeny of Aspergillus and related genera often used a limited number of strains and phylogenetic markers. Using a dataset of 17 strains, Berbee et al. (1995) studied the possible monophyly of Penicillium using ITS and 18S rDNA sequences. In this study, Eupenicillium javanicum (= Penicillium javanicum), Monascus purpureus, Neosartorya fischeri (= A. fischeri), Eurotium rubrum (= A. ruber) and A. fumigatus form a well-supported clade (98 % bootstrap value, bs) indicating the close relationship among these species. Furthermore, A. ruber, A. fumigatus and A. fischeri were placed together on a branch with moderate statistical support (77 % bs), indicating that Aspergillus is monophyletic. Similar results were found by Ogawa et al. (1997); in their phylogeny based on 18S rDNA data, E. rubrum, N. fischeri and A. fumigatus also formed a well-supported clade (99 % bs), distinct from Penicillium and Monascus. Tamura et al. (2000) determined the relationships within Aspergillus using 18S rDNA. Using a larger sample size, data indicate that Aspergillus is monophyletic, but the overall resolution was limited.
Peterson (2008) studied the phylogenetic relationships within Aspergillus. A phylogeny based on 5.8S rDNA, 28S rDNA and the RPB2 sequences resolved Aspergillus into three main clades, but the relationship among these clades was not statistically supported. These clades roughly corresponded with the subgenera of Aspergillus, with one clade including the subgenera Circumdati and Fumigati, one representing subgenus Nidulantes and another containing members of subgenus Aspergillus. Similar results were obtained by Geiser et al. (2008), although they focused on Aspergillus below genus level. Using a 10-gene phylogeny, Aspergillus could be split in three main clades: subgenera Circumdati, Fumigati and Nidulantes. No strains belonging to subgenus Aspergillus were included in this study. The study of Peterson (2008) further showed that a clade comprising Monascus and Hamigera species was basal to Aspergillus (0.98 posterior probability, pp) and formed a polytomy with clades containing Penicillium and Sclerocleista species (1.00 pp).
The studies by Houbraken & Samson (2011) and Houbraken et al. (2014) used a four-gene phylogeny (RPB1, RPB2, Tsr1 and Cct8) and were based on similar data sets. Using Maximum Likelihood analysis, both studies resolved Aspergillus and its teleomorphs in a monophyletic clade without statistical support (51 and 57 %). A Bayesian analysis was also performed in the study of Houbraken & Samson (2011) and in this analysis, Aspergillus and its sexual states formed a fully supported lineage (1.00 pp). This data is in agreement with that of Houbraken et al. (2014), where a 25-gene phylogeny shows the monophyly of Aspergillus and its teleomorphs (100 % bs). In common with the Peterson (2008) and Geiser et al. (2008) studies, the genus could be subdivided into several clades. Three of those clades (subgenera Aspergillus, Nidulantes, Fumigati) were fully supported in the Bayesian analysis (1.00 pp) and the clade representing subgenus Circumdati was moderately supported (0.94 pp). Interestingly, the type species of Dichotomomyces, Polypaecilum and Phialosimplex were related to members of sections Cremei and Aspergillus (64 % bs, 1.00 pp), placing those genera within Aspergillus. This was unexpected, because species of the genera Polypaecilum and Phialosimplex do not produce typical Aspergillus conidiophores. Phialosimplex was introduced rather recently by Sigler et al. (2010). Species of this genus are closely related in their phylogenies (84 % MP, 18S rDNA; 89 % MP; ITS), and were phylogenetically set apart from Aspergillus and Penicillium, but with low or insignificant support. Based on the data of Houbraken & Samson (2011), combined with phenotypic and physiological characters, Aspergillus could be divided into six subgenera: Circumdati, Nidulantes, Aspergillus, Fumigati, Polypaecili and Cremei. This was also supported in the study of Houbraken et al. (2014), where based on a 25-gene phylogeny, Aspergillus and Penicillium resolved in two separate fully supported clades. Furthermore, Aspergillus could be divided into five clades (no representatives of Phialosimplex or Polypaecilum were included in this study).
Subgenera listed above are strongly linked with teleomorph genera. The teleomorph genus Eurotium is linked to subgenus Aspergillus and the genera Petromyces, Neopetromyces and Fennellia belong to subgenus Circumdati. Neocarpenteles, Neosartorya and Dichotomomyces belong to subgenus Fumigati; Chaetosartorya and Cristaspora to subgenus Cremei and Emericella to subgenus Nidulantes. These subgenera also have distinct physiological and phenotypic characters and this data could advocate splitting the genus in six different genera.
Using a subset of sequences generated by Houbraken & Samson (2011), Pitt & Taylor (2014) re-analysed the phylogenetic relationships of Aspergillus and closely related genera. In their analysis, only members of the Aspergillaceae were included and Bayesian and ML analyses were performed. In the Bayesian analysis, the deeper nodes were generally well-supported; in contrast, the support for these nodes in the ML analysis was poor. Below the genus level, Pitt & Taylor (2014) found that Penicillium is a sister clade of Nidulantes, rendering Aspergillus a paraphyletic genus. Based on this and other data (phenotype, physiology) they advocated splitting Aspergillus into several genera in part to maintain the monophyly of, and the use of the name Penicillium. Pitt & Taylor (2014) speculated that the difference between their analysis and that of Houbraken & Samson (2011) was an improved alignment obtained by omitting more distantly related taxa. This seems unlikely, because the genes sampled consisted of exon sequence only, which results in alignments with almost no gaps. The reason for the inconsistencies among these studies remains unknown.
The deep, basal branches are often short and weakly supported in most studies dealing with the phylogeny of Aspergillus and related genera (Houbraken & Samson 2011, Houbraken et al. 2014, Pitt & Taylor 2014). Room exists for argument about the exact relationships among Penicillium, Aspergillus and related genera. Although based on a limited number of species, the phylogeny of Houbraken et al. (2014) confidently shows the monophyly of Aspergillus. An increase of sample size and the analysis of more loci will lead to increased statistical support of the deeper nodes. Based on the recent 25-gene phylogeny, Penicillium and Aspergillus are divided in two distinct well-supported genera, suggesting the monophyly of both genera (Houbraken et al. 2014). In the near future, genome sequence data will become available and analysis of this data will probably result in well-supported phylogenies.
The Aspergillus conidiophore
As mentioned above, Houbraken & Samson (2011) demonstrated that the type species of Polypaecilum and Phialosimplex were related to members of sections Cremei and Aspergillus, phylogenetically placing those genera within the classical concept of Aspergillus. This was unexpected, because species of Polypaecilum and Phialosimplex do not produce a typical Aspergillus conidiophore. Pitt & Hocking (1985) suggested that, “simultaneously produced phialides and a foot cell are absolute characters for assigning a species to the Aspergillus genus”. However, based on phylogenetic analyses, the production of an aspergillum-like conidial head does not guarantee that a given species belongs to Aspergillus. For example, “Aspergillus paradoxus”, “A. malodoratus” and “A. crystallinus” produce conidial heads with a terminal vesicle reminiscent of Aspergillus, yet belong to Penicillium subgenus Penicillium (Houbraken & Samson 2011, Visagie et al. 2014a, 2014b). On the other hand, species lacking typical Aspergillus-like asexual structures are nested within the Aspergillus clade (Houbraken & Samson 2011). An example is Penicillium inflatum (Stolk & Malla 1971), which produces Penicillium-like conidial heads, although it belongs to Aspergillus section Cremei. Recent multilocus phylogenetic studies also clarified that genera with conidial heads that are dramatically different from a typical aspergillum, such as Dichotomomyces (Saito 1949, Scott 1970), Phialosimplex (Sigler et al. 2010), Polypaecilum (Smith 1961) and Cristaspora (Fort & Guarro 1984) are nested within the broadly defined, monophyletic Aspergillus clade (Varga et al. 2007a, Peterson 2008, Houbraken & Samson 2011). Moreover, there are some Aspergillus species that do not produce asexual structures, which makes it difficult to assign them to a genus usually recognised by asexual morphological characters. An example is A. monodii (syn. Fennellia monodii; Locquin-Linard 1990), which is assigned to Aspergillus section Usti based on a polyphasic taxonomic approach (Samson et al. 2011). Repeated attempts were made to induce conidiogenesis in this species, without success. Additionally, several genera have conidial heads resembling vesiculate Aspergillus conidiophores and/or with branching similar to Penicillium, including Paecilomyces (Samson et al. 2010), Goidanichiella (Kwasna & Behnke-Borowczyk 2010), or Nalanthamala (Schroers et al. 2005). These genera are unrelated or only distantly related to Aspergillaceae.
Previous studies on the genetics and molecular biology of conidiogenesis in A. nidulans and other aspergilli provide another proof that the production of an aspergillum is neither sufficient nor a prerequisite to assign a species to Aspergillus, because mutations in the developmental pathway lead to the formation of conidium-bearing structures not resembling an aspergillum. Aspergillus nidulans is a model fungus for the examination of the genetics and molecular biology of conidiophore development (Clutterbuck 1969, Miller 1993, Adams et al. 1998). Several genes take part in this process (for details, see Adams et al. 1998, Harris 2012) and conidiogenesis is under complex genetic control. In A. nidulans, FluG (associated with the production of a small diffusible molecule) and FlbA (regulator of G-protein signalling) are upstream activators of conidiation (Adams et al. 1998). Several additional downstream transcription factors (FlbB, FlbC, FlbD, FlbE) are required for transcriptional activation of the key component of the pathway, the transcription factor BrlA. This factor activates the transcription factors AbaA and WetA in the pathway that includes multiple feedback loops and is regulated by additional modifiers (e.g. MedA and StuA; Adams et al. 1998, Harris 2012). Most components of the pathway are conserved in other Aspergillus and Penicillium species, suggesting that this regulatory network has been conserved within the Aspergillaceae (Borneman et al. 2000, Yu et al. 2006, Ogawa et al. 2010, Yu 2010, Sigl et al. 2011). Mutations in these genes can lead to dramatic changes in the morphology of the conidial head (Harris 2012). A mutation in a tyrosine kinase gene (AnkA) or the cyclin-dependent cyclase nimX leads to the appearance of septa in the stalk, absence of a terminal vesicle, and the failure to produce proper metulae and phialides because of a failure to undergo the transition from “hyphal-like” to “yeast-like” growth (Ye et al. 1997, 1999, Harris 2012). Mutations in the RgaA locus (homologue of the yeast GTPase-activating protein Rga1) lead to abnormal conidiophores that do not possess a terminal vesicle and form metulae that resemble hyphae (Harris 2012). Other mutations can also lead to the transition of Aspergillus-like conidial heads to Penicillium-like heads, including deletion mutants of nimX (Harris 2012) or a Pcl-like cyclin (Schier et al. 2001), and other mutants described in the literature like the Abnc and V103 mutants of A. nidulans (Giancoli & Pizzinari-Kleiner 2004, Giancoli et al. 2010).
Apart from the typical aspergillum, several Aspergillus species produce other types of conidium-bearing structures. Several A. versicolor and A. sydowii isolates consistently produce diminutive conidial heads, which resemble penicillate (Penicillium-like) conidiophores (Raper & Fennell 1965). Aspergillus implicatus (section Usti, Samson et al. 2011), A. unilateralis (section Fumigati, Samson et al. 2007), A. candidus and other species in section Candidi (Varga et al. 2007b) produce diminutive conidial heads that are frequently uniseriate, in contrast with the larger biseriate heads, and sometimes reminiscent of Penicillium heads, while A. terreus (Deak et al. 2009, 2011), A. flavipes, A. niveus (Pore & Larsh 1968) and A. alabamensis (Burrough et al. 2012) isolates frequently produce accessory conidia in addition to the typical conidial heads.
We suggest that the conidium-bearing apparatus of species of Dichotomomyces, Phialosimplex and the type species of Polypaecilum (Fig. 1), which form part of the monophyletic Aspergillus clade, evolved from Aspergillus-like conidial heads by mutations in the regulatory genes. Harris (2012) proposed that the Aspergillus-like conidial head might have evolved from a penicillus producing ancestor. Moreover, the observations that mutations in several genes taking part in the control of conidiogenesis can lead to the transition of an aspergillum to structures resembling a penicillus, indicate that the aspergillum is more ancient than a penicillus. Full genome sequencing of these isolates would enable studies aimed at determining the molecular basis for these differences, and would help to understand the evolution of conidiophore development in the Aspergillaceae.
Range of conidiophore phenotypes, which phylogenetically belong in Aspergillus. A, B. Basipetospora halophila (CBS 232.32). C, D. Dichotomomyces cejpii (CBS 157.66). E. Phialosimplex sp. (WL04MI-422). F. Phialosimplex caninus (CBS 128032). G, H. Polypaecilum insolitum (CBS 384.61). I. Diminutive conidiophores in Aspergillus arenarioides (CBS 138200). J, K. Diminutive conidiophores in A. subalbidus (CBS 567.65). L, O. Aspergillus sloanii (CBS 138177). M, N. Aspergillus ochraceus (CBS 108.08). Scale bars: A–O = 10 μm.
In conclusion, the production of Aspergillus- or Penicillium-like conidial heads is essential for assigning a species to a given genus. The polythetic morphological definition of both Aspergillus and Penicillium adopted in this paper acknowledges that while certain conidiophore patterns are typical of 90 % or more of the included species, other patterns may occur in a minority of species. Recent data indicate that a polyphasic approach should be used for species assignment including sequence-based identification (Samson et al. 2007).
Nomenclature of Aspergillus and its sexual morphs
Recently, a proposal to dramatically revise article 59 of the former botanical code was accepted by the 2011 International Botanical Congress Nomenclature Section at Melbourne and the principle of “one fungus : one name” was established (Norvell 2011, McNeill et al. 2012). These new nomenclatural rules have large implications for Aspergillus and several options were considered by a meeting of the International Commission of Penicillium and Aspergillus (ICPA) in April 2012. In this paper, we review the arguments leading to our decision to maintain the prevailing, broad concept of Aspergillus, with the modifications included in the diagnosis below.
One option is to split Aspergillus into several clades and use the oldest genus name associated with the resulting genera, such as Neosartorya, Emericella, Petromyces, etc. The type species of Aspergillus is A. glaucus (section Aspergillus). This would mean that the name Eurotium would be lost and the genus name Aspergillus would be applied only to this clade. Species in other clades, such as in section Fumigati would be renamed as Neosartorya, subgenus Nidulantes as Emericella and subgenus Circumdati as Petromyces, although there may be older anamorph generic names for each clade (cf. Seifert et al. 2011). Pitt & Taylor (2014) argued for using Aspergillus, in place of Petromyces for subgenus Circumdati because no more than five of the many currently accepted species possess a known sexual state in Petromyces, while several of these commonly occurring species, such as A. niger, A. ochraceus and A. flavus, are economically important. These arguments are debatable because the same argument could be used for section Fumigati where the medical community could have problems accepting the Neosartorya name.
Option two follows from the first option to split Aspergillus into several genera with different (teleomorph) names, and conserve Aspergillus with another type species (e.g. A. fumigatus or A. niger). If A. niger were chosen, the genus name Aspergillus could be used for e.g. A. niger, A. flavus, A. oryzae, while Emericella, Neosartorya and Eurotium would then be used for species in sections Versicolores, Fumigati and Aspergillus (Emericella for E. nidulans and A. versicolor, Neosartorya for A. fumigatus and A. clavatus, and Eurotium for E. herbariorum and A. penicillioides). The selection of a type other than A. glaucus would provoke debate, because the choice would depend on the economic phenomenon of interest, e.g. A. fumigatus for medical mycology, A. flavus for food and mycotoxin related research or A. nidulans because of its use as a genetic model. The proposal to select a type other than A. glaucus would have to be prepared for the Nomenclatural Committee for the 2017 International Botanical Congress without the support of the International Commission of Penicillium and Aspergillus (ICPA). It would cause further instability and nomenclatural confusion.
Option three is to keep the name Aspergillus and treat other (teleomorph) names to indicate structures with biological significance, but always together with the Aspergillus name. e.g. Aspergillus glaucus with eurotium-type ascomata, or Aspergillus fischeri (neosartorya-type fruiting bodies). This option was chosen by ICPA on April 11, 2012 (http://www.aspergilluspenicillium.org/images/PDF/minutes.pdf). The consequence of this choice is that the majority of Aspergillus names, including their teleomorphs will keep their Aspergillus name, contributing to nomenclatural stability. The option to treat Aspergillus as one genus is strongly supported by the results of phylogenetic analyses that the genus is monophyletic with minor modifications to the classical concept needed. As discussed above, the small genera Dichotomomyces, Polypaecilum and Phialosimplex should be considered synonyms of Aspergillus.
The consequence of the single-name system is that teleomorph-based genera, such as Neosartorya, Emericella, Eurotium, and Petromyces, are synonymised with Aspergillus. This nomenclature is already being adopted in the recently published Aspergillus taxonomies. Hubka et al. (2013a) used a single-name nomenclature in their revision of the genus Eurotium and all accepted Eurotium taxa were listed under their Aspergillus names. Examples of species producing sexual states, but described as Aspergillus include A. waksmanii (Hubka et al. 2013b), A. felis (Barrs et al. 2013), A. huiyaniae (Matsuzawa et al. 2014a), A. siamensis (Eamvijarn et al. 2013), A. caatingaensis and A. pernambucoensis (Matsuzawa et al. 2014b), and A. wyomingensis (Nováková et al. 2014) for species with a neosartorya-type sexual morph, while A. cibarius (Hong et al. 2012), A. osmophilus (Asgari et al. 2014) and A. cumulatus (Kim et al. 2014) were introduced for species with a eurotium-type sexual state.
Recommended methods for the identification and characterisation of Aspergillus
Morphological species recognition
Morphological characters
Morphology forms an important part of the species concept of Aspergillus. Colony characters used for characterising species include colony growth rates, texture, degree of sporulation, production of sclerotia or cleistothecia, colours of mycelia, sporulation, soluble pigments, exudates, colony reverses, sclerotia, Hülle-cells and cleistothecia. Both sexual and asexual reproduction occurs in Aspergillus and the microscopic features of these structures are important. Diagnostic conidiophore characters include the shape of conidial heads, the presence or absence of metulae between vesicle and phialides (i.e. uniseriate or biseriate), colour of stipes, and the dimension, shape and texture of stipes, vesicles, metulae (when present), phialides, conidia and Hülle-cells (when present). The same applies for cleistothecia, asci and ascospores. For cleistothecia, the development of ascomata and the way their walls are produced is also an important character. Ascospore sizes and morphology, particularly the often diagnostic ornamentation (roughening, rims, wings, furrows, etc.) are important for identifying species. Media, inoculation technique and incubation conditions affect morphological characters (Okuda 1994, Okuda et al. 2000). We recommend the following standardised method for laboratories working with Aspergillus (summarised in Fig. 2).
Flow diagram summarising recommended methods for the identification and characterisation of Aspergillus. Frisvad & Thrane (1987, 1993), Smedsgaard (1997) and Klitgaard et al. (2014), refer to methods described for detecting extrolites in fungi.
Inoculations
Inoculations are made from spore suspensions prepared in a 30 % glycerol SS-buffer (0.5 g/l agar, 0.5 g/l Tween 80) solution, which can be stored at −80 °C. Alternatively, spore suspensions can be made in a 0.2 % agar and 0.05 % Tween 80 solution, and stored at 4 °C. Plates are inoculated in three-point pattern using a micropipette and inoculum size of 0.5–1 μl per spot.
Medium preparation
For media preparation, we recommend using 90 mm Petri dishes with 20 ml medium per plate (Okuda 1994, Okuda et al. 2000). Glass Petri dishes were used traditionally, but vented or unvented polystyrene dishes have mostly replaced these. Vented Petri dishes allows for more oxygen transfer and thus more typical conidiophore morphology than unvented dishes. However, not all institutions use vented dishes. Media recommended as standard for Aspergillus include Czapek Yeast Autolysate agar (CYA) and Malt Extract agar (MEA, Oxoid). Although we propose the use of Oxoid MEA, many laboratories use Difco. It is thus important to mention in descriptions which brand of malt extract is used. In addition, two different MEA formulations are used in recent descriptions. Blakeslee's (1915) MEA is traditionally used because it was a standard used by Raper & Fennell (1965), but CBS uses a differently formulated MEA (summarised in Table 1) from which a large number of species has been described recently. It is thus important to also note this formulation in species descriptions. To observe a wider range of characters it is useful to use additional media, including Czapek's agar (CZ), 20 % sucrose CYA (CY20S), 20 % sucrose MEA (MEA20S), Yeast Extract Sucrose agar (YES), Dichloran 18 % Glycerol agar (DG18), Oatmeal agar (OA) and Creatine Sucrose agar (CREA). CZ was used by Raper & Fennell (1965) in their taxonomic treatment and is still widely used today. However, lately CYA has been more widely used. Media such as CY20S, ME20S and DG18 allow for growth of xerophilic Aspergilli, mostly classified in section Aspergillus, and are useful for the full development of diagnostic characters of these species. YES, together with CYA, is required for extrolite profiling of strains discussed below. Sexual reproductive structures are more readily produced on OA and thus can add valuable taxonomic information, even though we are aware that OA is very difficult to standardise across different laboratories. We do suggest, however, that prefabricated OA formulations or precooked oats (“3 minute oats”) are unsuitable, and for best results organic uncooked oats should be used. Acid production is often a useful character and this is observed on the purple medium CREA, which turns yellow when acid is produced by colonies. For consistent conidial colours, the addition of zinc-sulphate and copper-sulphate as trace elements (1 g ZnSO4·7H2O and 0.5 g CuSO4·5H2O in 100 ml distilled water) is of utmost importance because these metals vary widely in water sources in different locations and are critical for pigment production. Analytical grade inorganic chemicals are recommended for medium preparations. For optimal colony growth and colour, the type of agar plays also an important role and in some cases strongly influences these phenotypic characters. It is therefore important to test the agar for consistent character development. After extensive comparisons, So-BI-Gel agar (Bie & Berntsen, BBB 100030) is used at CBS. Medium formulations are summarised in Table 1.
Table 1
Media used for morphological characterisation.
| Czapek stock solution (100 ml) (Pitt 1979) | |
| NaNO3 | 30 g |
| KCl | 5 g |
| MgSO4·7H2O | 5 g |
| FeSO4·7H2O | 0.1 g |
| dH2O | 100 ml |
| *Store at 4–10 °C | |
| Trace elements stock solution (100 ml) | |
| CuSO4·5H2O | 0.5 g |
| ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.1 g |
| dH2O | 100 ml |
| *Store at 4–10 °C | |
| Blakeslee's Malt extract agar (MEAbl,Blakeslee 1915) | |
| Malt extract (Oxoid) | 20 g |
| Peptone (Oxoid) | 1 g |
| Glucose | 20 g |
| CuSO4·5H2O | 0.005 g |
| ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.01 g |
| Agar | 20 g |
| dH2O | 1000 ml |
| *Mix well and autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. pH 5.3 ± 0.2. | |
| Creatine sucrose agar (CREA,Frisvad 1981) | |
| Sucrose | 30 g |
| Creatine·1H2O | 3 g |
| K3PO4·7H2O | 1.6 g |
| MgSO4·7H2O | 0.5 g |
| KCl | 0.5 g |
| FeSO4·7H2O | 0.01 g |
| CuSO4·5H2O | 0.005 g |
| ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.01 g |
| Bromocresol purple | 0.05 g |
| Agar | 20 g |
| dH2O | 1000 ml |
| *Mix well and autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. pH 8.0 ± 0.2. | |
| Czapek's agar (CZ,Raper & Thom 1949) | |
| Czapek concentrate | 10 ml |
| Sucrose | 30 g |
| CuSO4·5H2O | 0.005 g |
| ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.001 g |
| Agar | 20 g |
| dH2O | 1000 ml |
| *Mix well and autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. | |
| Czapek Yeast Autolysate agar (CYA,Pitt 1979) | |
| Czapek concentrate | 10 ml |
| Sucrose | 30 g |
| Yeast extract (Difco) | 5 g |
| K2HPO4 | 1 g |
| CuSO4·5H2O | 0.005 g |
| ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.01 g |
| Agar | 20 g |
| dH2O | 1000 ml |
| *Mix well and autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. pH 6.2 ± 0.2. | |
| CYA with 20% sucrose agar (CY20S,Klich 2002) | |
| Czapek concentrate | 10 ml |
| Sucrose | 200 g |
| Yeast extract (Difco) | 5 g |
| K2HPO4 | 1 g |
| CuSO4·5H2O | 0.005 g |
| ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.01 g |
| Agar | 20 g |
| dH2O | 1000 ml |
| *Mix well and autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. pH 5.4 ± 0.2. | |
| Dichloran 18% Glycerol agar (DG18,Hocking & Pitt 1980) | |
| Dichloran-Glycerol-agar-base (Oxoid) | 31.5 g |
| Glycerol (anhydrous) | 220 g |
| CuSO4·5H2O | 0.005 g |
| ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.01 g |
| Chloramphenicol | 0.05 g |
| Agar | 20 g |
| dH2O | 1000 ml |
| *Mix well and autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. After autoclaving, add 0.05 chlortetracycline. pH 5.6 ± 0.2. | |
| Malt Extract agar (MEA,Samson et al. 2010) | |
| Malt extract (Oxoid CM0059) | 50 g |
| CuSO4·5H2O | 0.005 g |
| ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.01 g |
| dH2O | 1000 ml |
| *Mix well and autoclave at 115 °C for 10 min. pH 5.4 ± 0.2. | |
| Malt Extract 20% Sucrose agar (M20S,Samson et al. 2010) | |
| Malt extract (Oxoid CM0059) | 50 g |
| Sucrose | 200 g |
| CuSO4·5H2O | 0.005 g |
| ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.01 g |
| dH2O | 1000 ml |
| *Mix well and autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. pH 5.4 ± 0.2. | |
| Oatmeal agar (OA,Samson et al. 2010) | |
| Oatmeal flakes | 30 g |
| CuSO4·5H2O | 0.005 g |
| ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.01 g |
| Agar | 20 g |
| dH2O | 1000 ml |
| *First autoclave flakes (121 °C for 15 min) in 1000 ml dH2O. Squeeze mixture through cheese cloth and use flow through, topping up to 1000 ml with dH2O with 20 g agar. Autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. pH 6.5 ± 0.2. | |
| Yeast extract sucrose agar (YES,Frisvad 1981) | |
| Yeast extract (Difco) | 20 g |
| Sucrose | 150 g |
| MgSO4·7H2O | 0.5 g |
| CuSO4·5H2O | 0.005 g |
| ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.001 g |
| Agar | 20 g |
| dH2O | 885 ml |
| *Mix well and autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. pH 6.5 ± 0.2. | |
Incubation
Inoculated CYA and MEA plates are incubated reverse side up at 25 °C, with additional CYA plates incubated at 30 and 37 °C. In section Circumdati, characters on CYA at 33 °C have been shown to be taxonomically informative (Yilmaz et al. 2014, Visagie et al. 2014b), while growth on CYA at 45–50 °C is informative for section Fumigati. Plates should be kept in the dark and to allow for sufficient aeration they should not be wrapped with Parafilm (Okuda et al. 2000). For standard bench top incubators, plates should not be placed in plastic boxes. Many laboratories use walk-in incubators where plates must be incubated in plastic boxes. In these cases, care should be taken to allow for sufficient aeration by, for example, not having too many plates in one box. Incubation times are standardised at seven days, after which colony growth rates and other characters should be recorded. Additional important characters are often observed by incubating cultures for longer periods of time, in particular characters of sclerotia or ascomata. In these cases it should be noted in descriptions.
Microscopy
As a standard, microscopic observations are made from conidiophores produced on MEA after 7–10 d, although other media can also be used when stated in descriptions. OA is good for observing cleistothecia in sexually competent species. Lactic acid (70 %) or Shear's solution works well as a mounting fluid (Samson et al. 2010). Lactophenol is corrosive and the phenol toxic, and as a result is not recommended as a mountant for slides. Aspergillus conidia are hydrophobic. As such, mounts can be washed with drops of 70 % ethanol to wash away excess conidia and prevent air-bubbles from being trapped. Fine needles can be used to tease apart tufts of conidiophores. For best observation of conidiophore characters, differential interference contrast microscopy (= Nomarski) is suggested when possible; we note that Aspergillus conidiophores are often birefringent, exhibiting colours that are artefacts of polarised light under DIC illumination and not indicative of pigmentation.
Molecular species recognition
Identification markers
The nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer rDNA region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) is the official DNA barcode for fungi (Schoch et al. 2012), because it is the most frequently sequenced marker in fungi and has primers that work universally. As such, it is good practise to include ITS sequences whenever new species are described, although it sometimes does not contain enough variation for distinguishing among all species (Schoch et al. 2012). An ITS phylogeny of Aspergillus is provided as supplementary material (Fig. S1) to demonstrate the lack of variation in some clades. As such, a secondary barcode or identification marker usually is needed to identify an Aspergillus culture to species with confidence.
The secondary marker, similarly to ITS, should make use of universal primers, be easy to amplify and in contrast to ITS, should distinguish among all species. Another important consideration is the completeness of the current database available for each gene, i.e. how many species have in fact been sequenced. Based on these criteria, there are three realistic options, namely calmodulin (CaM), β-tubulin (BenA) or the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). RPB2 is not easy to amplify, rendering its use as secondary identification marker frustrating. In contrast, BenA is easy to amplify, but has been reported to vary in the number of introns and PCR sometimes results in the amplification of paralogous genes (Peterson 2008, Hubka & Kolarik 2012). A similar problem was noted in a strain of A. udagawae (CCF 4477), where available CaM primers amplified a pseudogene and the resulting phylogeny had a very long branch for this strain in the A. udagawae clade (Nováková et al. 2013). Otherwise, CaM is easy to amplify, distinguishes among all Aspergilli (except for A. elegans and A. steynii, where ITS distinguishes between them, Visagie et al. 2014b), as demonstrated in the gene tree included as supplementary material (Fig. S2). In addition, the CaM sequence database is almost complete for all accepted species. As such, from a practical point of view, we suggest the use of CaM as a temporary secondary identification marker in Aspergillus. A case study for CaM in the section Nigri is provided below. Primers and thermal cycle protocols commonly used for PCR amplification are summarised in Table 2.
Table 2
Primers and annealing temperatures used for amplification and sequencing.
| Locus | Amplification | Annealing temp (°C) | Cycles | Primer | Direction | Primer sequence (5′–3′) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) | standard | 55 (alt. 52) | 35 | ITS1 | Forward | TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G | White et al. 1990 |
| ITS4 | Reverse | TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC | White et al. 1990 | ||||
| V9G | Forward | TTA CGT CCC TGC CCT TTG TA | de Hoog & Gerrits van den Ende 1998 | ||||
| LS266 | Reverse | GCA TTC CCA AAC AAC TCG ACT C | Masclaux et al. 1995 | ||||
| β-tubulin (BenA) | standard | 55 (alt. 52) | 35 | Bt2a | Forward | GGT AAC CAA ATC GGT GCT GCT TTC | Glass & Donaldson 1995 |
| Bt2b | Reverse | ACC CTC AGT GTA GTG ACC CTT GGC | Glass & Donaldson 1995 | ||||
| Calmodulin (CaM) | standard | 55 (alt. 52) | 35 | CMD5 | Forward | CCG AGT ACA AGG ARG CCT TC | Hong et al. 2005 |
| CMD6 | Reverse | CCG ATR GAG GTC ATR ACG TGG | Hong et al. 2005 | ||||
| CF1 | Forward | GCC GAC TCT TTG ACY GAR GAR | Peterson et al. 2005 | ||||
| CF4 | Reverse | TTT YTG CAT CAT RAG YTG GAC | Peterson et al. 2005 | ||||
| RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) | touch-up | 50–52–55 (alt.:48–50–52) | 5–5–30 | 5F | Forward | GAY GAY MGW GAT CAY TTY GG | Liu et al. 1999 |
| 7CR | Reverse | CCC ATR GCT TGY TTR CCC AT | Liu et al. 1999 | ||||
| 5Feur | Forward | GAY GAY CGK GAY CAY TTC GG | Houbraken et al. 2012 | ||||
| 7CReur | Reverse | CCC ATR GCY TGY TTR CCC AT | Houbraken et al. 2012 |
A common problem experienced with sequence-based identifications is comparing newly obtained sequences with verified sequence databases. GenBank is a public, archival database, meaning that it accepts all sequences submitted and cannot always verify the taxonomic names attributed to the sequences. This results in BLAST searches that often give hits to misidentified sequences in the database. In a step towards cleaning up misidentified GenBank sequences, the RefSeq initiative was launched (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/), which contains only verified ITS sequences (Schoch et al. 2014). For Aspergillus, all ex-type sequences were included in the RefSeq database. This should result in a great improvement of species identification based on ITS. However, for alternative genes there is no such database. In an attempt to aid identifications, GenBank accession numbers for CaM sequences of ex-type species are added to the accepted species list presented below. We have also included representative BenA and RPB2 sequences when they are available. These can be downloaded from GenBank and used for creating a local BLAST file to aid in faster and more accurate identifications.
Case study: calmodulin in section Nigri
Partial calmodulin gene sequences of about 1500 strains of Aspergillus section Nigri, previously amplified and aligned using the software package BioNumerics 5.1 (Applied Maths) with manual adjustments as necessary, were subjected to homology screening using the same software to assemble a reduced data set representative of the entire population of sequenced strains. This reduced panel of 129 DNA sequences, representative for the known diversity among 1438 strains of section Nigri, were aligned by Clustal W (Thompson et al. 1994) using MEGA version 5 (Tamura et al. 2011) and analysed to generate phylogenetic trees in MEGA version 5 (Fig. 3). Both the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method (Saitou & Nei 1987) and the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method based on the Tamura-Nei model (Tamura & Nei 1993) were used. The analyses confirmed the existence of 25 well defined species clades in section Nigri. The aligned data set was exported to FASTA format for analysis of sequence diversity and polymorphism using the DnaSP v5 software (Librado & Rozas 2009). The software generated a haplotype data file that demonstrated the presence of 70 different haplotypes (see below) among the 129 representative strains, with the number of aligned sites in the complete data file being 536, with 188 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected. An assembly of the 188 SNPs generated as a NEXUS file permitted a comparison of the differences in each haplotype, to identify fixed SNPs for each species of section Nigri. The analysis and comparison of these SNPs led to the identification of the following polymorphic nucleotides conserved at the species level, identified by their relative position in the full 536 bp alignment (included as supplementary material; Fig. S3):
Phylogenetic tree obtained with 188 polymorphic sites and fixed SNPs (conserved in spp.) derived from the calmodulin sequences of strains representative of the genetic variability of the 25 recognised species in Aspergillus section Nigri (* = type strains).
SNPs fixed for Aspergillus section Nigri uniseriate species (nucleotide position and letter):
76 T, 81 A, 84 C, 115 T, 116 A, 179 A, 225 T, 249 A, 252 A, 268 T, 387 A, 411 T, 417 T, 420 C, 429 G
SNPs fixed for Aspergillus section Nigri biseriate species (nucleotide position and letter):
84 T, 115 G, 116 G, 179 G, 249 C, 252 G, 268 C, 411 C, 420 T, 429 A
SNPs fixed for A. niger/welwitschiae complex species (nucleotide position and letter):
64 G, 91 T, 291 T, 381 T
SNPs fixed for A. welwitschiae in respect to A. niger (nucleotide position and letter):
202 T, 209 T, 519 T
Specific SNPs unique or combination of position for the different species (nucleotide position and letter):
A. brasiliensis: 80-81-82 A-C-C, 181 A, 236 G.
A. costaricaensis: 316 G.
A. carbonarius: 78 A, 236 A, 404-405 A-A, 413-414 A-A.
A. ellipticus: 80 T, 412 T, 74-75-76-77 G-G-G-G.
A. floridensis: 128 C, 383 C.
A. heteromorphus: 79 C, 80 C, 89-91 T-A, 232-233 C-T, 206-208-209 T-A-A, 216-217-218 A-C-C.
A. homomorphus: 223 C, 238 C, 403 G, 415 G 381-382-383 A-C-G.
A. ibericus: 133 T, 160 T, 218-219 C-T.
A. japonicus: 516 T.
A. luchuensis (= A. acidus)/A. piperis: 83 T, 137 T, 151 C in A. luchuensis, and T in A. piperis.
A. saccharolyticus: 185 A, 198 G.
A. sclerotiicarbonarius: 108 T, 137 G.
A. sclerotioniger: 92 G, 202-203 T-T, 416-417-419 C-A-G.
A. trinidadensis: 261 G.
A. uvarum 204-205-206-208 C-A-C-T.
A. vadensis:161 A, 217 T.
A. welwitschiae: 209 T.
The other species not included, such as A. aculeatinus, A. aculeatus, A. fijiensis/brunneoviolaceus, A. indologenus, A. japonicus, A. neoniger, A. tubingensis, lacked unique species specific SNPs within the section Nigri, but a combination of SNPs differentiates all from closely related sister species:
A. tubingensis/A. neoniger 204-205-206-222 CATT in A. neoniger and CCTA in A. tubingensis.
A. japonicus/A. indologenus 339-342-366-369 CTTC in A. indologenus and CCTT in A. japonicas.
A. aculeatinus 158-159-160-161-175-176 CCACAA.
A. aculeatus: 194 T, 342-354-357-360 TTCT.
A. fijiensis/A. brunneoviolaceus: 483-486 CT.
Some combinations of SNPs were identified for a unique and atypical strain of A. aculeatus (ITEM 4760 = CBS 620.78), but we cannot determine whether they are species specific or strain specific, or whether this strain available might represent a yet unidentified, distinct species in the A. aculeatus clade. The haplotype analysis presented shows CaM sequences have fixed SNP's that is unique and specific to species and that the gene is suitable for identifying isolates in the section Nigri.
Extrolite data
Isolates of Aspergillus species usually produce a diverse range of secondary metabolites that are characteristic of the different groups of sections of Aspergillus. For example, isolates of species of Aspergillus section Flavi nearly all produce kojic acid (Varga et al. 2011), while species in other sections produce other small acidic molecules, e.g. penicillic acid by most species of Aspergillus section Circumdati (Frisvad et al. 2004). Specific secondary metabolites are often only found in one section of Aspergillus, but some important extrolites, such as ochratoxin A, are produced by species in sections Flavi, Circumdati and Nigri (Frisvad et al. 2004, 2011, Varga et al. 2011). Production of a particular secondary metabolite is thus an efficient identification aid for allocating a species to section, while several identified secondary metabolites can be very effective in identifying an Aspergillus isolate to species. Although polyphasic identification is recommended, secondary metabolite profiles occasionally may be sufficient to identify isolates of Aspergillus to species. A qualitative database on the verified production of secondary metabolites by different species of Aspergillus is required to enable identification of Aspergillus isolates based only on this methodology. Furthermore, growth media and conditions, and analytical procedures must be standardised, but several papers contain recommendations on how to extract, separate and identify secondary metabolites (Nielsen et al. 2011a, Kildgaard et al. 2014, Klitgaard et al. 2014). It is important to note that although normal identification media often yield secondary metabolites, different media may give very different profiles of secondary metabolites (Nielsen et al. 2011b).
Misidentifications in Aspergillus
It is critical that Aspergillus isolates used for reports of new or interesting extrolites be properly identified. Unfortunately, many strains continue to be misidentified, resulting in chemical data that is linked to an incorrect species name. More seriously, when regulated mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A or aflatoxin are attributed to misidentified species, regulatory officials may include the incorrect names in quarantine legislation, or initiate food-safety recalls based on scientifically inaccurate information. An early example of the misattribution of toxins to a species involved an entomogenous strain of A. flavus that infected pupa of a wax moth, and was reported to produce asperflavin, anhydroasperflavin, the mycophenolic acid precursor 5,6-dihydroxy-4-methylphthalide and asperentins (Grove 1972a,b, 1973). The strain was explicitly reported not to produce aflatoxins, and chemical data indicate that the strain was A. pseudoglaucus (formerly Eurotium repens). A recent example is a strain identified as Aspergillus sydowii (PFW1, strain unavailable) that was reported to produce 17 secondary metabolites from different biosynthetic families (Zhang et al. 2008) that are typical of A. fumigatus (Frisvad et al. 2009); the culture was probably a typical A. fumigatus strain. Similarly, a fungus identified as A. variecolor (B-17, strain unavailable) produced 23 metabolites (Wang et al. 2007) all typical of Aspergillus section Aspergillus. The fungus was reported as halotolerant, and was most probably a species with a Eurotium-like sexual state, but the new metabolites were unfortunately all named after A. variecolor (variecolorins A-L).
In some cases, these problems were caused by mixed or contaminated cultures. For example, a series of A. niger extrolites (Nielsen et al. 2009) were reported from Cladosporium herbarum (Ye et al. 2005) and Pestalotiopsis theae (Ding et al. 2008). Although the original cultures may have been correctly identified (unfortunately, they were not deposited in a culture collection), these strains were obviously contaminated with black aspergilli, because the metabolites that were structurally elucidated or identified have never been otherwise attributed to any Cladosporium or Pestalotiopsis species. In the latter case involving isolates from tea, the metabolites were named after the Pestalotiopsis (pestalazines and pestalamides), but they are probably just metabolites of A. luchuensis, a species also found on tea (Hong et al. 2013). Similarly, strains of Chaetomium globosum (Wang et al. 2006) and Microascus tardifaciens (Fujimoto et al. 1999) were reported to produce a series of Aspergillus extrolites typical of species formerly classified in Eurotium, but were probably either misidentified or the cultures were mixed.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting (MALDI-TOF MS)
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting (MALDI-TOF MS) is fast becoming an important tool for species identification in the medical field, having been successfully applied to bacteria (Hettick et al. 2006, Siegrist et al. 2007) and yeasts (Amiri-Eliasi & Fenselau 2001, Kolecka et al. 2013). The medical importance of various Aspergillus species causing aspergillosis, most notably A. fumigatus, has led to a few studies testing MALDI-TOF as an identification tool. As with MALDI-TOF experiments on the closely related Penicillium (Welham et al. 2000, Hettick et al. 2008, Del Chierico et al. 2012, Chalupová et al. 2014), results seem promising (Bille et al. 2011, De Carolis et al. 2011, Iriart et al. 2012, Verwer et al. 2013). For example, De Carolis et al. (2011) showed that MALDI-TOF successfully distinguished between the closely related A. fumigatus and A. lentulus. In all of these studies, wide variation is observed in spectra of different strains of the same species, with Hettick et al. (2008) also reporting variation between duplicates of the same Penicillium strain. However, in most cases, spectra from the same species cluster together, meaning that the database should be expanded to include as many strains as possible to increase identification accuracy.
Taxonomy
Following the phylogenetic study by Houbraken & Samson (2011), the type species of Polypaecilum and Phialosimplex were shown to be related to members of sections Cremei and Aspergillus, placing those genera within Aspergillus. Varga et al. (2007a) showed that Dichotomomyces, which also has a Polypaecilum-like asexual state, is closely related to sections Fumigati and Clavati, and proposed the synonymy of this genus with Aspergillus.
The relationship of Penicillium inflatum with other members of the Aspergillaceae was studied by combining the RPB2, Cct8 and Tsr1 data sets (Fig. 4). Statistical support was measured by Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis using the RAxML (randomised accelerated maximum likelihood) software (Stamatakis 2014) and by Bayesian tree inference (BI) analysis using MrBayes v3.1.2 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003). Prior to the analysis, the most suitable substitution model was determined using MrModeltest 2.3 (Nylander et al. 2004), utilising the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The phylogeny shows that P. inflatum belongs to Aspergillus section Cremei (Gams et al. 1985; Fig. 4). This section (the A. cremeus species group of Raper & Fennell 1965) includes species with colonies in shades of yellowish brown to brown or grey green, biseriate conidial heads and long conidiophores. Peterson (1995, 2000) studied section Cremei in detail and transferred several species to this section based on molecular evidence, including A. wentii (from section Wentii), A. dimorphicus (from section Circumdati), A. gorakhpurensis and A. pulvinus (from section Versicolores). Later, Varga et al. (2000) also transferred A. sepultus to this section. Recently, Peterson (2008) found that A. brunneouniseriatus (previously assigned to section Ornati) also belongs to section Cremei, although supported only by low bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities. The species assigned to this section are economically less important, with the exception of A. wentii, which is a source of enzymes, and frequently included in ‘koji’ (Raper & Fennell 1965, Lowe 1992).
Combined phylogeny of the RPB2, Cct8 and Tsr1 gene regions showing the phylogenetic position of P. inflatum (≡ A. inflatus) in Aspergillus sect. Cremei. The tree was rooted to Talaromyces flavus. Branches with bootstrap support above 80 % and/or posterior probability above 0.95 are given above thickened branches.
When Stolk & Malla (1971) described P. inflatum, they speculated that the swollen apices of its conidiophores and strongly diverging metulae might suggest that the species belongs in Aspergillus. They decided to place it in Penicillium because of the lack of a foot-cell, its thin conidiophore walls and the fact that its metulae did not develop simultaneously. Penicillium inflatum was reported to produce sterigmatocystin (Rank et al. 2011), confirmed for all strains of P. inflatum in the present study, with three of the strains also producing patulin or its precursor 6-methylsalicylic acid. Patulin occurs in species in Aspergillus, Penicillium and Byssochlamys, but sterigmatocystin is restricted to species in four different sections in Aspergillus (Ochraceorosei, Versicolores, Nidulantes and Flavi) and has never been found in Penicillium sensu stricto. Chemotaxonomic evidence thus supports that P. inflatum should be transferred to Aspergillus.
Among the species formerly ascribed to Phialosimplex, Polypaecilum and Basipetospora, two of these are halophilic and like other halophilic species do not produce many extrolites (Frisvad 2005). No traceable extrolites were found in Basipetospora halophila and Polypaecilum pisci. Phialosimplex chlamydosporus did not produce any extrolites under the conditions tested, while Phialosimplex sclerotialis and Polypaecilum insolitum each produced only what appeared to be unique extrolites for those species, preventing any chemotaxonomic comparison with other Aspergillus species. However, Phialosimplex caninus produced asterric acid, erdin and sulochrin, extrolites found in Aspergillus terreus (Samson et al. 2011), Penicillium glabrum (as P. frequentans) (Mahmoodian & Stickings, 1964) and P. estinogenum.
Houbraken & Samson (2011) found that the type species of Cristaspora, C. arxii, formed a well-supported clade with members of section Cremei (A. pulvinus, A. wentii, A. brunneouniseriatus) and that this clade is more closely related to members of the subgenus Aspergillus than to subgenus Circumdati. The transfer of C. arxii is therefore proposed below. Cristaspora arxii shares the production of rubratoxins together with Aspergillus (Dichotomomyces) cejpii (Varga et al. 2007a) and Talaromyces purpurogenus (Yilmaz et al. 2012). Rubratoxins are not produced by species of Penicillium.
By including genera and species with morphological structures deviating from the typical aspergillum, the generic concept should be emended to the following polythetic description:
Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller, emended description
Generic type: Aspergillus glaucus (L.) Link
Vegetative mycelium hyaline to brightly pigmented. Conidiophores (aspergillum) consisting of thick-walled basal cells (foot cell) producing stalks, usually aseptate and unbranched, terminating in inflated apex (vesicle) which can be globose, ellipsoidal to clavate; conidiophores in some species may be septate, lack a foot cell, lack a veiscle, or consisting of single conidiogenous cells with one to several loci. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, producing dry conidial chains borne directly on the vesicle (uniseriate) or on metulae (biseriate); in a few species, appearing to be annellidic or polyphialidic. Conidia greatly varing in colour, size, shape and ornamentation. Cleistothecia of various structures produced by some species with mostly a thin ascoma wall consisting of a single layer of hyphal networks, sometimes covered by layers of Hülle cells or sclerotium-like. Asci globose usually containing eight ascospores. Ascospores often lenticular, hyaline or coloured, varying in size, shape and ornamentation. Sclerotia or sclerotium-like structures regularly present in some species, varying in colour, size and shape, consisting of thick-walled cells, sometimes containing ascigerous structures. Hülle cells sometimes covering cleistothecia or occurring in compact masses in the mycelium, varying in shape and size, but mostly thick-walled and hyaline.
The following new combinations and new names are proposed:
Aspergillus arxii (Fort & Guarro) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809575.
Basionym: Cristaspora arxii Fort & Guarro, Mycologia 76: 1115. 1984.
Typus: CBS H-14047, culture ex-type CBS 525.83 = ATCC 52744 = FMR 416.
Aspergillus assulatus (S.B. Hong, Frisvad & Samson) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809576.
Basionym: Neosartorya assulata S.B. Hong, Frisvad & Samson, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 93: 95. 2008.
Typus: KACC 41691, culture ex-type KACC 41691 = IBT 27911.
Aspergillus astellatus (Fennell & Raper) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809577.
Basionym: Aspergillus variecolor var. astellatus Fennell & Raper, Mycologia 47: 81. 1955.
≡ Emericella astellata (Fennell & Raper) Y. Horie, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 21: 491. 1980.
Typus: IMI 061455, culture ex-type CBS 134.55 = CBS 261.93 = NRRL 2396 = ATCC 16817 = IMI 61455 = IMI 61455ii = NRRL A-1634 = QM 1910 = WB 2396.
Aspergillus australensis (Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809578.
Basionym: Neosartorya australensis Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga, Stud. Mycol. 59: 174. 2007.
Typus: CBS 112.55, culture ex-type CBS 112.55 = NRRL 2392 = IMI 061450.
Aspergillus baarnensis Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, nom. nov. MycoBank MB809579.
Basionym: Oospora halophila J.F.H. Beyma, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenk., Abt. 2 88: 134. 1933.
≡ Basipetospora halophila (J.F.H. Beyma) Pitt & A.D. Hocking, Mycotaxon 22: 198. 1985.
= Scopulariopsis halophilica Tubaki, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 14: 367. 1973.
Typus: CBS 232.32, culture ex-type: CBS 232.32 = VKM F-204.
Etymology: Latin, baarnensis, named after the city of Baarn, the Netherlands, the original home of CBS where Oospora halophila was discovered.
Note: Non Aspergillus halophilus Sartory, R. Sartory & J. Mey., Ann. Mycol. 28: 362. 1930. Non Aspergillus halophilicus C.M. Chr. et al., Mycologia 51: 636. 1961. With the names A. halophilus and A. halophilicus already being occupied, the new name is proposed.
Aspergillus caninus (Sigler, Deanna A. Sutton, Gibas, Summerb. & Iwen) Houbraken, Tanney, Visagie & Samson, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809580.
Basionym: Phialosimplex caninus Sigler, Deanna A. Sutton, Gibas, Summerb. & Iwen, Med. Mycol. 48: 338. 2010.
Typus: UAMH 10337, culture ex-type CBS 128032 = UAMH 10337.
Aspergillus capsici (J.F.H. Beyma) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809581.
Basionym: Scopulariopsis capsici J.F.H. Beyma, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 10: 50. 1945.
≡ Polypaecilum capsici (J.F.H. Beyma) G. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 44: 439. 1961.
Typus: CBS 176.44, culture ex-type CBS 176.44 = IMI 086564 = LSHB BB423 = QM 7962.
Aspergillus cejpii (Milko) Samson, Varga, Visagie & Houbraken, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809582.
Basionym: Talaromyces cejpii Milko, Novosti Sist. Nizsh. Rast. 1: 208. 1964.
≡ Dichotomomyces cejpii (Milko) D.B. Scott, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 47: 428. 1970.
Typus: CBS H-7011, culture ex-type CBS 157.66.
Aspergillus chinensis Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, nom. nov. MycoBank MB809583.
Basionym: Emericella appendiculata Y. Horie & D.M. Li, Mycoscience 39: 161. 1998.
Typus: CBM FA-865, culture ex-type CBS 128791 = IFM 54282 = CBM FA-865.
Etymology: Latin, chinensis, named in reference to the type originating from China.
Note: Non Aspergillus appendiculatus Blaser, Sydowia 28: 38. 1975. The name A. appendiculatus is already occupied and therefore the new name is proposed.
Aspergillus chlamydosporus (Gené & Guarro) Houbraken, Tanney, Visagie & Samson, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809584.
Basionym: Sagenomella chlamydospora Gené & Guarro, J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1723. 2003.
≡ Phialosimplex chlamydosporus (Gené & Guarro) Sigler, Med. Mycol. 48: 341. 2010.
Typus: IMI 387422, culture ex-type CBS 109945 = IMI 387422 = FMR 7371.
Aspergillus delacroxii Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, nom. nov. MycoBank MB809585.
Basionym: Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus Fennell & Raper, Mycologia 47: 79. 1955.
≡ Emericella nidulans var. echinulata (Fennell & Raper) Godeas, Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 46: 193. 1972.
≡. Emericella echinulata (Fennell & Raper) Y. Horie, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 21: 492. 1980.
Typus: IMI 061454, culture ex-type CBS 120.55 = NRRL 2395 = ATCC 16825 = IMI 061454 = LCP 84.2557 = QM 1909 = WB 2395.
Etymology: Latin, delacroxii, named after Edouard Georges Delacroix (1858–1907).
Note: Non Aspergillus echinulatus (Delacr.) Thom & Church, The Aspergilli: 107. 1926. The name A. echinulatus is already occupied and therefore the new name is proposed.
Aspergillus denticulatus (Samson, S.B. Hong & Frisvad) Samson, S.B. Hong, Visagie & Houbraken, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809586.
Basionym: Neosartorya denticulata Samson, S.B. Hong & Frisvad, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 93: 95. 2008.
Typus: CBS 652.73, culture ex-type CBS 652.73 = KACC 41183.
Aspergillus desertorum (Samson & Mouch.) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809587.
Basionym: Emericella desertorum Samson & Mouch., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 40: 121. 1974.
Typus: CBS H-7045, culture ex-type CBS 653.73 = NRRL 5921 = IMI 343076.
Aspergillus ferenczii (Varga & Samson) Samson, Varga, Visagie & Houbraken, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809588.
Basionym: Neosartorya ferenczii Varga & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 59: 178. 2007.
Typus: CBS 121594, culture ex-type CBS 121594 = NRRL 4179 = IBT 27813 = DTO24F2.
Aspergillus galapagensis (Frisvad, S.B. Hong & Samson) Samson, Frisvad & Houbraken, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809589.
Basionym: Neosartorya galapagensis Frisvad, S.B. Hong & Samson, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 93: 96. 2008.
Typus: CBS 117522, culture ex-type CBS 117522 = IBT 16756 = KACC 41935 = DTO3H4.
Aspergillus inflatus (Stolk & Malla) Samson, Frisvad, Varga, Visagie & Houbraken, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809590. Fig. 5.
Aspergillus inflatus. A. Colonies on CYA. B. Colonies on MEA. C. Colonies on CREA. D–H. Conidiophores. I. Conidia. Scale bars: D–I = 10 μm.
Basionym: Penicillium inflatum Stolk & Malla, Persoonia 6: 197. 1971.
Typus: CBS H-7500, culture ex-type CBS 682.70 = FRR 1549 = IMI 191498.
Aspergillus insolitus (G. Sm.) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809591.
Basionym: Polypaecilum insolitum G. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 44: 437. 1961.
Typus: CBS 384.61, culture ex-type CBS 384.61 = ATCC 18164 = IFO 8788 = IMI 075202 = LSHB BB414 = MUCL 3078 = QM 7961.
Aspergillus jaipurensis Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, nom. nov. MycoBank MB809592.
Basionym: Emericella indica Stchigel & Guarro, Mycol. Res. 103: 1059. 1999.
Typus: IMI 378525, culture ex-type IMI 378525.
Etymology: Latin, jaipurensis, named after the city Jaipur in India, the origin of the type strain.
Note: Non Aspergillus indicus B.S. Mehrotra & Agnihotri, Mycologia 54: 403. 1963. The name A. indicus is already occupied and therefore the new name is proposed.
Aspergillus papuensis (Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga) Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809593.
Basionym: Neosartorya papuensis Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga, Stud. Mycol. 59: 190. 2007.
Typus: CBS H-6277, culture ex-type CBS 841.96 = IBT 27801.
Aspergillus pisci (A.D. Hocking & Pitt) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809594.
Basionym: Polypaecilum pisci A.D. Hocking & Pitt, [as ‘pisce’] Mycotaxon 22: 200. 1985.
Typus: FRR 2732, culture ex-type FRR 2732 = ATCC 56982 = IMI 288726.
Aspergillus pluriseminatus (Stchigel & Guarro) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809595.
Basionym: Emericella pluriseminata Stchigel & Guarro, Mycologia 89: 937. 1997.
Typus: FMR 5588 (isotype IMI 370867), culture ex-type CBS 100523 = FMR 5588 = IMI 370867.
Aspergillus sclerotialis (W. Gams & Breton) Houbraken, Tanney, Visagie & Samson, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809596.
Basionym: Sagenomella sclerotialis W. Gams & Breton, Persoonia 10: 109. 1978.
≡ Phialosimplex sclerotialis (W. Gams & Breton) Sigler, Med. Mycol. 48: 341. 2010.
Typus: CBS 366.77, culture ex-type CBS 366.77 = IAM 14794.
Aspergillus shendaweii (Yaguchi, Abliz & Y. Horie) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809597.
Basionym: Neosartorya shendaweii Yaguchi, Abliz & Y. Horie, Mycoscience 51: 260. 2010.
Typus: CBM FA-0958, culture ex-type IFM 57611.
Aspergillus similis (Y. Horie, Udagawa, Abdullah & Al-Bader) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809598.
Basionym: Emericella similis Y. Horie, Udagawa, Abdullah & Al-Bader, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 31: 425. 1990.
Typus: CBM 10007, culture ex-type CBS 293.93 = NHL 3000.
Aspergillus solicola Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, nom. nov. MycoBank MB809599.
Basionym: Neosartorya warcupii Peterson, Varga & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 59: 201. 2007.
Typus: NRRL 35723, culture ex-type NRRL 35723.
Etymology: Latin, solicola, meaning soil inhabitant, in reference to the type strain that was isolates from soil.
Note: Non Aspergillus warcupii Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 50. 1985. The name A. warcupii is already occupied and therefore the new name is proposed.
Aspergillus tsunodae (Yaguchi, Abliz & Y. Horie) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, comb. nov. MycoBank MB809600.
Basionym: Neosartorya tsunodae Yaguchi, Abliz & Y. Horie, Mycoscience 51: 261. 2010.
Typus: CBM FA-0950, culture ex-type IFM 57609 = NBRC 106416.
Proposed list of accepted Aspergillus names
The following list includes species accepted in the genus Aspergillus and is updated from Pitt & Samson (1993) and Pitt et al. (2000). Noticeable changes from the previous lists are the incorporation of Aspergillus names for species previously accepted in the associated teleomorphic genera, as well as species previously classified in Cristaspora, Dichotomomyces, Basipetospora, Phialosimplex and Polypaecilum as well as Penicillium inflatum. The nomenclatural list includes MycoBank numbers, collection numbers of type and ex-type cultures and GenBank accession numbers to ITS barcodes and alternative identification markers BenA, CaM and RPB2. Similar lists are published for Penicillium (Visagie et al. 2014a) and Talaromyces (Yilmaz et al. 2014).
A considerable amount of time and effort was spent on having the list as complete as possible. However, we acknowledge that there might be some mistakes in this list. As such, we gratefully accept any comments on missing names, errors, new data that has become available, or on methods to make the list more functional. As the taxonomy keeps evolving in fungi, this list will be kept up to date on http://www.aspergilluspenicillium.org from where comments can be sent to curators of the list. The website also lists currently considered synonym names and is not included in the list below.
Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller, Hist. Stirp. Helv.: 113. 1768. MycoBank MB7248.
≡ Aspergillus P. Micheli, Nov. Pl. Gen.: 212, t. 92.1729. [MB39019]. anamorphic synonym.
= Eurotium Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 31, t. 2:44. 1809. [MB1942]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Briarea Corda, Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), Abt. 3, Pilze Deutschl. 2–6: 11. 1831, fide Raper & Fennell 1965. [MB7448]. anamorphic synonym.
?= Cladaspergillus Ritgen, Schr. Marb. Ges.: 89. 1831, fide Saccardo 1901. [MB7673]. anamorphic synonym.
?= Sceptromyces Corda, Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), Abt. 3, Pilze Deutschl. 3–11: 7. 1831, fide Engelke 1902 (q.v.). [MB9797]. anamorphic synonym.
?= Rhodocephalus Corda, Icon. Fung. (Prague) 1: 21. 1837, see Samson et al. 2011. [MB9736]. anamorphic synonym.
?= Acmosporium Corda, Icon. Fung. (Prague) 3: 11. 1839, fide Hughes 1958, Seifert et al. 2011. [MB7022]. anamorphic synonym.
= Moniliger Letell. 1839, fide Seifert, Gams, based on the protologue. [MB1839]. anamorphic synonym.
?= Sphaeromyces Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 4: 365. 1845, fide Carmichael et al. 1980. [MB9985]. anamorphic synonym.
= Emericella Berk., Intr. Crypt. Bot. (London): 340. 1857. [MB1772]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Sterigmatocystis C.E. Cramer, Vierteljahrsschr. Naturforsch. Ges. Zürich 4: 326. 1859, fide Clements & Shear 1931, Raper & Fennell 1965 (q.v.). [MB 10091]. anamorphic synonym.
= Otomyces Hallier, Z. Parasitenk. (Jena): 202. 1869, cf. Raper & Fennell 1965. [MB9176]. anamorphic synonym.
?= Gutturomyces Rivolta, Dei Parassiti Vegetali: 579. 1873, fide Dict. Fungi 10th ed. [MB8406]. anamorphic synonym.
= Basidiella Cooke, Grevillea 6: 118. 1878, fide Seifert 1985. [MB7334]. anamorphic synonym.
= Alliospora Pim, J. Bot., London: 234. 1883 fide Al-Musallam. [MB7098]. anamorphic synonym.
= Theclospora Harkn., Bull. California Acad. Sci. 1: 41. 1884, fide Peek & Solheim 1958, Raper & Fennell 1965. [MB5414]. teleomorphic synonym (= Emericella).
= Pyrobolus Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 868. 1891, fide Kuntze 1891, Dict. Fungi 10th ed. [MB4621]. teleomorphic synonym (= Eurotium).
= Euaspergillus F. Ludw., Lehrb. Niederen Kryptog. (Stuttgart): 258. 1892, fide Raper & Fennell 1965. [MB8213]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Stilbothamnium Henn., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 542. 1897, fide Roquebert & Abadie 1973, Samson 1979, Samson & Seifert 1985. [MB10117]. anamorphic synonym.
= Aspergillopsis Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 20: 434. 1910, fide Raper & Fennell 1965. [MB9176]. anamorphic synonym.
= Rhopalocystis Grove, J. Econ. Biol.: 40. 1911, fide Raper & Fennell 1965. [MB9745]. anamorphic synonym (= Aspergillopsis).
= Sartorya Vuill., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci., Sér. D184: 136. 1927, fide Malloch & Cain 1972, Samson 1979. [MB4867]. teleomorphic synonym (= Neosartorya)
= Diplostephanus Langeron, Crypt. Fr. Exs.: 344. 1922, fide Thom & Raper 1945, Raper & Fennell 1965. [MB1625]. teleomorphic synonym. teleomorphic synonym (= Emericella).
= Redaëllia Cif., Arch. Protistenk. 71: 424. 1930, fide Alecrim, Ann. Fac. Med. Univ. Recife 18: 81. 1958. [MB9699]. anamorphic synonym.
= Cladosarum E. Yuill & J.L. Yuill, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 22: 199. 1938, fide Raper & Fennell 1965. [MB7679]. anamorphic synonym.
= Royella R.S. Dwivedi, Proc. Indian Sci. Cong. 47.3: 320–321. 1960, fide Scott 1970, Varga et al. 2007a. [MB4801]. anamorphic synonym (= Dichotomomyces).
= Polypaecilum G. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 44: 437. 1961. [MB9503]. anamorphic synonym.
= Dichotomomyces Saito ex D.B. Scott, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 55: 313. 1970. [MB1520]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Chaetosartorya Subram., Curr. Sci. 41: 761. 1972. [MB965]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Edyuillia Subram., Curr. Sci. 41: 756. 1972, fide Samson 1979. [MB1747]. teleomorphic synonym (= Eurotium).
= Syncleistostroma Subram., Curr. Sci. 41: 756. 1972, fide Samson 1979, see also Malloch & Cain 1972. [MB5333]. teleomorphic synonym (= Petromyces).
= Fennellia B.J. Wiley & E.G. Simmons, Mycologia 65: 936. 1973. [MB1984]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Gymnoeurotium Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2619. 1973, fide Samson 1979, Benny & Kimbrough 1980. [MB2173]. teleomorphic synonym (= Edyuillia = Eurotium).
= Harpezomyces Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2619. 1973, fide Samson 1979, Von Arx 1987. [MB2249]. teleomorphic synonym (= Chaetosartorya).
= Petromyces Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2623. 1973. [MB3854]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Neosartorya Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2620. 1973. [MB3480]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Hemisartorya J.N. Rai & H.J. Chowdhery, Kavaka 3: 73. 1976, fide Samson 1979, Samson & Gams 1985. [MB2286]. teleomorphic synonym (= Neosartorya)
= Saitoa Rajendran & Muthappa, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Sect. B 89: 185. 1980. [MB4830]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Cristaspora Fort & Guarro, Mycologia 76: 1115. 1984. [MB25633]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Neopetromyces Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 45: 204. 2000. [MB28424]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiy., Mycoscience 43: 4. 2002. [MB28596]. teleomorphic synonym.
= Phialosimplex Sigler, et al., Med. Mycol. 48: 338. 2010. [MB513392]. anamorphic synonym.
Aspergillus acanthosporus Udagawa & Takada, Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 14: 503. 1971 ≡ Hemicarpenteles acanthosporus Udagawa & Takada, Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 14: 503. 1971 ≡ Neocarpenteles acanthosporum (Udagawa & Takada) Udagawa & Uchiy., Mycoscience 43: 4. 2002. [MB309201]. — Herb.: NHL 22462. Ex-type: CBS 558.71 = NRRL 5293 = ATCC 22931 = IMI 164621 = NHL 2462. ITS barcode: EU078625. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU076322; CaM = EU078677; RPB2 = EF669779).
Aspergillus aculeatinus Noonim et al., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58: 1733. 2008. [MB505075]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 121060 = IBT 29077. ITS barcode: EU159211. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU159220; CaM = EU159241; RPB2 = HF559233).
Aspergillus aculeatus Iizuka, J. Agric. Chem. Soc. Japan 27: 806. 1953. [MB292831]. — Herb.: IMI 211388. Ex-type: CBS 172.66 = NRRL 5094 = NRRL 20623 = IMI 211388 = ATCC 16872 = WB 5094. ITS barcode: EF661221. (Alternative markers: BenA = HE577806; CaM = EF661148; RPB2 = EF661046).
Aspergillus aeneus Sappa, Allionia 2: 84. 1954. [MB292832]. — Herb.: CBS H-6735. Ex-type: CBS 128.54 = NRRL 4769 = ATCC 16803 = IMI 069855 = LSHBBB 355 = MUCL 13570 = QM 1945 = WB 4279 = WB 4769. ITS barcode: EF652474. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652298; CaM = EF652386; RPB2 = EF652210).
Aspergillus affinis Davolos et al., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62: 1014. 2012. [MB517245]. — Herb.: ATCC MYA-4773. Ex-type: CBS 129190 = IBT 32310 = ATCC MYA-4773. ITS barcode: GU721090. (Alternative markers: BenA = GU721092; CaM = GU721091; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus alabamensis Balajee et al., Eukaryot. Cell 8: 720. 2009. [MB543648]. — Herb.: UAB20. Ex-type: CBS 125693 = UAB20. ITS barcode: FJ531193. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ491731; CaM = EU147583; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus albertensis J.P. Tewari, Mycologia 77: 114. 1985 ≡ Petromyces albertensis J.P. Tewari, Mycologia 77: 114. 1985. [MB105069]. — Herb.: UAMH 2976. Ex-type: NRRL 20602 = ATCC 58745 = UAMH 2976. ITS barcode: EF661548. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661464; CaM = EF661537; RPB2 = EU021628).
Aspergillus allahabadii B.S. Mehrotra & Agnihotri, Mycologia 54: 400. 1963. [MB326609]. — Herb.: CBS H-6736. Ex-type: CBS 164.63 = NRRL 4539 = ATCC 15055 = IMI 139273 = MUCL 13571 = WB 4539. ITS barcode: EF669601. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669531; CaM = EF669559; RPB2 = EF669643).
Aspergillus alliaceus Thom & Church, Aspergilli: 163. 1926 ≡ Petromyces alliaceus Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2623. 1972. [MB256402]. — Herb.: TRTC 46232. Ex-type: CBS 536.65 = NRRL 315 = ATCC 10060 = DSM 813 = IFO 7538 = IMI 051982 = IMI 051982ii = QM 1885 = WB 315. ITS barcode: EF661551. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661465; CaM = EF661534; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus ambiguus Sappa, Allionia 2: 254. 1955. [MB292834]. — Herb.: CBS H-6737. Ex-type: CBS 117.58 = NRRL 4737 = ATCC 16827 = IMI 139274 = QM 8155 = WB 4737. ITS barcode: EF669606. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669534; CaM = EF669564; RPB2 = EF669648).
Aspergillus amoenus M. Roberg, Hedwigia 70: 138. 1931. [MB250654]. — Herb.: Munster, isol. ex Berberis sp. fruit, M. Roberg (type locality, this specimen was not deposited into herbarium). Ex-type: NRRL 4838. ITS barcode: EF652480. (Alternative markers: BenA = JN853946; CaM = JN854035; RPB2 = JN853824).
Aspergillus anthodesmis Bartoli & Maggi, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 71: 38. 1979. [MB309207]. — Herb.: RO 103 S. Ex-type: CBS 552.77 = NRRL 22884 = IMI 223070. ITS barcode: FJ491662. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661108; CaM = FJ491648; RPB2 = EF661039).
Aspergillus appendiculatus Blaser, Sydowia 28: 38. 1975 ≡ Eurotium appendiculatum Blaser, Sydowia 28: 38. 1975. [MB309209]. — Herb.: ZT 8286. Ex-type: CBS 374.75 = ETH8286 = IMI 278374. ITS barcode: HE615132. (Alternative markers: BenA = HE801333; CaM = HE801318; RPB2 = HE801307).
Aspergillus arachidicola Pildain, Frisvad & Samson, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58: 730. 2008. [MB505189]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 117610 = IBT 117610 = IBT 25020. ITS barcode: EF409241. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF203158; CaM = EF202049; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus arcoverdensis Y. Horie, et al., Mycoscience (in press). [MB804028]. — Herb.: CBM-FA-39845. Ex-type: IFM 61334 = JCM 19878. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB818845; CaM = AB818856; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus ardalensis A. Nováková et al., Mycologia (in press). [MB808140] . — Herb.: PRM 923450. Ex-type: CCF 4031 = CCF 4426 = CMF ISB 1688 = CBS 134372 = NRRL 62824. ITS barcode: FR733808 (Alternative markers: BenA = HG916683; CaM = HG916725; RPB2 = HG916704).
Aspergillus arenarioides Visagie, Hirooka & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 110. 2014. [MB809195]. — Herb.: CBS H-21812. Ex-type: CBS 138200 = DTO 268E3. ITS barcode: KJ775562. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775091; CaM = KJ775390; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus arenarius Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 475. 1965. [MB326610]. — Herb.: IMI 55632. Ex-type: CBS 463.65 = NRRL 5012 = ATCC 16830 = IMI 055632 = IMI 055632ii = WB 4429 = WB 5012. ITS barcode: EU021615. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = EU021681; RPB2 = EU021653).
Aspergillus arxii (Fort & Guarro) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, published here ≡ Cristaspora arxii Fort & Guarro, Mycologia 76: 1115. 1984. [MB809575]. — Herb.: CBS H-14047. Ex-type: CBS 525.83 = ATCC 52744 = FMR 416. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = JN121529).
Aspergillus asperescens Stolk, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 20: 303. 1954. [MB292835]. — Herb.: IMI 46813. Ex-type: CBS 110.51 = NRRL 2252 = NRRL 4770 = ATCC 11079 = DSM 871 = IMI 046813 = QM 1946 = WB 2252 = WB 4770 = WB 5038. ITS barcode: EF652475. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652299; CaM = EF652387; RPB2 = EF652211).
Aspergillus assulatus (S.B. Hong, Frisvad & Samson) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, published here ≡ Neosartorya assulata S.B. Hong, Frisvad & Samson, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 93: 95. 2008. [MB809576]. — Herb.: KACC 41691. Ex-type: IBT 27911. ITS barcode: HF545007. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = HF545311).
Aspergillus astellatus (Fennell & Raper) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, published here ≡ Aspergillus variecolor var. astellatus Fennell & Raper, Mycologia 47: 81. 1955 ≡ Emericella astellata (Fennell & Raper) Y. Horie, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 21: 491. 1980. [MB809577]. — Herb.: IMI 061455. Ex-type: CBS 134.55 = CBS 261.93 = NRRL 2396 = ATCC 16817 = IMI 61455 = IMI 61455ii = NRRL A-1634 = QM 1910 = WB 2396. ITS barcode: EF652446. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652270; CaM = EF652358; RPB2 = EF652182).
Aspergillus aurantiobrunneus (G.A. Atkins, Hindson & A.B. Russell) Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 511. 1965 ≡ Emericella nidulans var. aurantio-brunnea G.A. Atkins, Hindson & A.B. Russell, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 41: 504. 1958 ≡ Emericella aurantiobrunnea (G.A. Atkins, Hindson & A.B. Russell) Malloch, Can. J. Bot. 50: 61. 1972. [MB326612]. — Herb.: IMI 74897. Ex-type: NRRL 4545 = NRRL 2775. ITS barcode: EF652465. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652289; CaM = EF652377; RPB2 = EF652201).
Aspergillus auratus Warcup, Gen. Aspergillus: 263. 1965 ≡ Sartorya aurata (Warcup) Subram., Curr. Sci. 41: 760. 1972 ≡ Neosartorya aurata (Warcup) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2620. 1973 ≡ Aspergillus igneus Kozak., Mycol. Pap. 161: 52. 1989. [MB326613]. — Herb.: IMI 75886. Ex-type: CBS 466.65 = NRRL 4378 = ATCC 16894 = IFO 8783 = IMI 75886 = QM 7861 = WB 4378. ITS barcode: EF669979. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669835; CaM = EF669905; RPB2 = EF669766).
Aspergillus aureolatus Munt.-Cvetk. & Bata, Bull. Inst. Jard. Bot. Univ. Beograd 1: 196. 1964. [MB326614]. — Herb.: CBS H-6738. Ex-type: CBS 190.65 = NRRL 5126 = ATCC 16810 = IMI 136527 = IMI 136527ii = WB 5126. ITS barcode: EF652501. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652325; CaM = EF652413; RPB2 = EF652237).
Aspergillus aureolus Fennell & Raper, Mycologia 47: 71. 1955 ≡ Sartorya aureola (Fennell & Raper) Subram., Current Science 41: 760. 1972 ≡ Neosartorya aureola (Fennell & Raper) Malloch & Cain., Can. J. Bot. 50: 2620. 1973 ≡ Aspergillus aureoluteus Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 34. 1985. [MB292836]. — Herb.: CBS 105.55. Ex-type: CBS 105.55 = NRRL 2244 = ATCC 16896 = IFO 8105 = IMI 061451 = IMI 061451ii = MUCL 13579 = QM 1906 = WB 2244. ITS barcode: EF669950. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669808; CaM = EF669877; RPB2 = EF669738).
Aspergillus aureoterreus Samson et al., Stud. Mycol. 69: 45. 2011. [MB560392]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 503.65 = NRRL 1923 = ATCC 16793 = IFO 30536 = IMI 82431 = MUCL 38644 = QM 7472 = VKM F-2035 = WB 1923. ITS barcode: EF669580. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669524; CaM = EF669538; RPB2 = EF669622).
Aspergillus auricomus (Guég.) Saito, J. Ferment. Technol. 17: 3. 1939 ≡ Sterigmatocystis auricoma Guég., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 15: 186. 1899. [MB119950]. — Herb.: CBS H-9173. Ex-type: CBS 467.65 = NRRL 391 = IBT 14581 = ATCC 16890 = IMI 172277 = LCP 89.2596 = LSHBA 41 = WB 391. ITS barcode: EF661411. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661320; CaM = EF661379; RPB2 = EF661301).
Aspergillus australensis (Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, published here ≡ Neosartorya australensis Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga, Stud. Mycol. 59: 174. 2007. [MB809578]. — Herb.: CBS 112.55. Ex-type: CBS 112.55 = NRRL 2392 = IMI 061450. ITS barcode: EF669953. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669811; CaM = EF669880; RPB2 = EF669741).
Aspergillus austroafricanus Jurjevic, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn, IMA Fungus 3: 67. 2012. [MB800597]. — Herb.: BPI 880914. Ex-type: NRRL 233. ITS barcode: JQ301891. (Alternative markers: BenA = JN853963; CaM = JN854025; RPB2 = JN853814).
Aspergillus avenaceus G. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 26: 24. 1943. [MB284296]. — Herb.: CBS H-6739. Ex-type: CBS 109.46 = NRRL 517 = ATCC 16861 = IMI 016140 = LCP 89.2592 = LSHBBB 155 = QM 6741 = WB 517. ITS barcode: AF104446. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ491481; CaM = FJ491496; RPB2 = JN121424).
Aspergillus baarnensis Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Oospora halophila J.F.H. Beyma, ZentBl. Bakt. ParasitKde, 2 88: 134. 1933 ≡ Basipetospora halophile (J.F.H. Beyma) Pitt & A.D. Hocking, Mycotaxon 22: 198. 1985 = Scopulariopsis halophilica Tubaki, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 14: 367. 1973. [MB809579]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 232.32 = VKM F-204. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = JN121509).
Aspergillus baeticus A. Nováková & Hubka, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62: 2783. 2012. [MB564188]. — Herb.: PRM 860609. Ex-type: NRRL 62501 = CCF 4226 = CMFISB 2153. ITS barcode: HE615086. (Alternative markers: BenA = HE615092; CaM = HE615117; RPB2 = HE615124).
Aspergillus beijingensis D.M. Li et al., Mycoscience 39: 299. 1998. [MB446575]. — Herb.: CBM FD-285. Ex-type: CBM FD-285. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus bertholletius Taniwaki et al., PLoS ONE 7: e42480-P6. 2012. [MB800125]. — Herb.: CCT 7615. Ex-type: ITAL 270/06 = IBT 29228. ITS barcode: JX198673. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = JX198674; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus bicolor M. Chr. & States, Mycologia 70: 337. 1978 ≡ Emericella bicolor M. Chr. & States, Mycologia 70: 337. 1978. [MB309212]. — Herb.: NY RMF 2058. Ex-type: CBS 425.77 = NRRL 6364 = ATCC 36104 = IMI 216612. ITS barcode: EF652511. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652335; CaM = EF652423; RPB2 = EF652247).
Aspergillus biplanus Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 434. 1965. [MB326615]. — Herb.: IMI 235602. Ex-type: CBS 468.65 = NRRL 5071 = ATCC 16858 = IMI 235602 = QM 8873 = WB 5071. ITS barcode: EF661210. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661116; CaM = EF661130; RPB2 = EF661036).
Aspergillus bisporus Kwon-Chung & Fennell, Mycologia 63: 479. 1971. [MB309213]. — Herb.: BPI NRRL 3693. Ex-type: CBS 707.71 = NRRL 3693 = ATCC 22527 = IMI 350350 = NRRL A-17271 = QM 9700. ITS barcode: EF661208. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661121; CaM = EF661139; RPB2 = EF661077).
Aspergillus bombycis S.W. Peterson et al., Mycologia 93: 691. 2001. [MB474687]. — Herb.: BPI 745225. Ex-type: CBS 117187 = NRRL 26010 = IBT 23536 = IMI 386978 = NBRC 100700. ITS barcode: AF104444. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY017547; CaM = AY017594; RPB2 = EF661458).
Aspergillus brasiliensis Varga, Frisvad & Samson, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57: 57. 2007. [MB510581]. — Herb.: CBS 101740. Ex-type: CBS 101740 = IMI 381727 = IBT 101740. ITS barcode: FJ629321. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ629272; CaM = FN594543; RPB2 = EF661063).
Aspergillus brevijanus S.W. Peterson, Mycologia 100: 217. 2008. [MB506751]. — Herb.: IMI 16066. Ex-type: CBS 111.46 = NRRL 1935 = ATCC 16828 = CBS 119.45 = IMI 016066ii = IMI 16066 = NCTC 6971 = QM 7417 = WB 1935. ITS barcode: EF669582. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014078; CaM = EF669540; RPB2 = EF669624).
Aspergillus brevipes G. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 35: 241. 1952. [MB292837]. — Herb.: IMI 51494. Ex-type: CBS 118.53 = NRRL 2439 = NRRL 4078 = NRRL 4772 = NRRL A-5521 = ATCC 16899 = IFO 5821 = IMI 51494 = LSHBBB 263 = LSHBSm 242 = QM 1948 = WB 4078 = WB 4224 = WB 4772. ITS barcode: EF669954. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669812; CaM = EF669881; RPB2 = EF669742).
Aspergillus brevistipitatus A. Nováková & Hubka, Fungal Diver. 64: 260. 2014. [MB803934]. — Herb.: PRM 860543. Ex-type: CBS 135454 = CCF 4149 = CMF ISB 2152 = NRRL 62500 = IFM 60858. ITS barcode: HF937386. (Alternative markers: BenA = HF933364; CaM = HF933388; RPB2 = HF937380).
Aspergillus bridgeri M. Chr., Mycologia 74: 210. 1982. [MB110494]. — Herb.: NY JB 26-1-2. Ex-type: CBS 350.81 = NRRL 13000 = IBT 13380 = ATCC 44562 = IMI 259098. ITS barcode: EF661404. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661335; CaM = EF661358; RPB2 = EF661290).
Aspergillus brunneouniseriatus Suj. Singh & B.K. Bakshi, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 44: 160. 1961. [MB326616]. — Herb.: IMI 227677. Ex-type: CBS 127.61 = NRRL 4273 = ATCC 16916 = IFO 6993 = IMI 227677 = QM 6990 = WB 4273. ITS barcode: EF652141. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652123; CaM = EF652138; RPB2 = EF652089).
Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus Bat. & H. Maia, Anais Soc. Biol. Pernambuco 13: 91. 1955. [MB292838]. — Herb.: IMI 312981. Ex-type: CBS 621.78 = NRRL 4912 = IMI 312981 = WB 4912. ITS barcode: AJ280003. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661105; CaM = EF661147; RPB2 = EF661045).
Aspergillus brunneus Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 9: 185. 1893 ≡ Eurotium echinulatum Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 9: 266. 1893. [MB204832]. — Herb.: IMI 211378. Ex-type: CBS 112.26 = CBS 524.65 = NRRL 131 = NRRL 134 = ATCC 1021 = IFO 5862 = IMI 211378 = QM 7406 = Thom 4481 = Thom 5633.4 = WB 131. ITS barcode: EF652060. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651907; CaM = EF651998; RPB2 = EF651939).
Aspergillus caatingaensis Y. Horie et al., Mycoscience 55: 84. 2014. [MB801323]. — Herb.: IFM 61335H. Ex-type: IFM 61335. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB743855; CaM = AB743861; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus caelatus B.W. Horn, Mycotaxon 61: 186. 1997. [MB436955]. — Herb.: BPI 737601. Ex-type: CBS 763.97 = NRRL 25528 = ATCC 201128. ITS barcode: AF004930. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661470; CaM = EF661522; RPB2 = EF661436).
Aspergillus caesiellus Saito, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 18: 49. 1904. [MB205025]. — Herb.: IMI 172278. Ex-type: CBS 470.65 = NRRL 5061 = ATCC 11905 = IFO 4882 = IMI 172278 = WB 5061. ITS barcode: EF652044. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651884; CaM = EF652030; RPB2 = EF651981).
Aspergillus caespitosus Raper & Thom, Mycologia 36: 563. 1944. [MB284298]. — Herb.: IMI 16034ii. Ex-type: CBS 103.45 = NRRL 1929 = ATCC 11256 = IMI 16034 = MUCL 13587 = NCTC 6972 = NCTC 6973 = QM 7399 = WB 1929. ITS barcode: EF652428. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652252; CaM = EF652340; RPB2 = EF652164).
Aspergillus calidoustus Varga, Houbraken & Samson, Eukaryot. Cell 7: 636. 2008. [MB504846]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 121601. ITS barcode: HE616558. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ624456; CaM = HE616559; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus californicus Frisvad, Varga & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 69: 91. 2011. [MB560400]. — Herb.: CBS H-20635. Ex-type: CBS 123895 = IBT 16748. ITS barcode: FJ531153. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ531180; CaM = FJ531128; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus campestris M. Chr., Mycologia 74: 212. 1982. [MB110495]. — Herb.: NY ST 2–3–1. Ex-type: CBS 348.81 = NRRL 13001 = ATCC 44563 = IMI 259099. ITS barcode: EF669577. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014091; CaM = EF669535; RPB2 = EF669619).
Aspergillus candidus Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 16. 1809: Fr. [MB204868]. — Herb.: CBS 566.65. Ex-type: CBS 566.65 = NRRL 303 = ATCC 1002 = IMI 16264 = IMI 91889 = LSHBA c .27 = NCTC 595 = QM 1995 = Thom 106 = WB 303. ITS barcode: EF669592. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014089; CaM = EF669550; RPB2 = EF669634). Note: CBS 567.65 was incorrectly published to represent NRRL 303 (Samson & Gams 1985) and was considered the neotype of A. candidus. CBS 566.65 represents NRRL 303 and is the correct ex-neotype of the species.
Aspergillus caninus (Sigler et al.) Houbraken et al., published here ≡ Phialosimplex caninus Sigler et al., Med. Mycol. 48: 338. 2010. [MB809580]. — Herb.: UAMH 10337. Ex-type: CBS 128032 = UAMH 10337. ITS barcode: GQ169315. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = JN121445).
Aspergillus capensis Visagie, Hirooka & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 105. 2014. [MB809193]. — Herb.: CBS H-21810. Ex-type: CBS 138188 = DTO 179E6. ITS barcode: KJ775550. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775072; CaM = KJ775279; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus capsici (J.F.H. Beyma) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, published here ≡ Scopulariopsis capsici J.F.H. Beyma, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 10: 50. 1945 ≡ Polypaecilum capsici (J.F.H. Beyma) G. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 44: 439. 1961. [MB809581]. — Herb.: CBS 176.44. Ex-type: CBS 176.44 = IMI 086564 = LSHB BB423 = QM 7962. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus carbonarius (Bainier) Thom, J. Agric. Res. 7: 12. 1916 ≡ Sterigmatocystis carbonaria Bainier, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 27: 27. 1880. [MB100545]. — Herb.: CBS 556.65. Ex-type: CBS 111.26 = NRRL 369 = ATCC 1025 = IMI 16136 = LSHBA c .11 = NCTC 1325 = NRRL 1987 = QM 331 = Thom 4030.1 = WB 369. ITS barcode: EF661204. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661099; CaM = EF661167; RPB2 = EF661068).
Aspergillus carlsbadensis Frisvad, Varga & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 69: 92. 2011. [MB560399]. — Herb.: CBS H-30634. Ex-type: CBS 123894 = IBT 14493. ITS barcode: FJ531151. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ531179; CaM = FJ531126; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus carneus Blochwitz, Ann. Mycol. 31: 81. 1933. [MB259903]. — Herb.: IMI 1358818. Ex-type: CBS 494.65 = NRRL 527 = ATCC 16798 = IMI 135818 = QM 7401 = Thom 5740.4 = WB 527. ITS barcode: EF669611. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669529; CaM = EF669569; RPB2 = EF669653).
Aspergillus cavernicola Lörinczi, Contrt. Bot. Cluj: 341. 1969. [MB326617]. — Herb.: CBS 117.76. Ex-type: CBS117.76 = NRRL6327. ITS barcode: EF652508. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652332; CaM = EF652420; RPB2 = EF652244).
Aspergillus cejpii (Milko) Samson, Varga, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Talaromyces cejpii Milko, Nov. sist. Niz. Rast. 1: 208. 1964 ≡ Dichotomomyces cejpii (Milko) D.B. Scott, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 55: 314. 1970. [MB809582]. — Herb.: CBS H-7011. Ex-type: CBS 157.66. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU076314; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = JN121447).
Aspergillus cervinus Massee, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 158. 1914. [MB211549]. — Herb.: WIS WISC WT 540. Ex-type: CBS 537.65 = NRRL 5025 = ATCC 16915 = IMI 126542 = QM 8875 = WB 5025. ITS barcode: EF661268. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661251; CaM = EF661261; RPB2 = EF661229).
Aspergillus chevalieri (L. Mangin) Thom & Church, The Aspergilli: 111. 1926 ≡ Eurotium chevalieri L. Mangin, Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 9 10: 361. 1910. [MB292839]. — Herb.: IMI 211382. Ex-type: CBS 522.65 = NRRL 78 = ATCC 16443 = IMI 211382 = NRRL A-7803 = Thom 4125.3 = WB 78. ITS barcode: EF652068. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651911; CaM = EF652002; RPB2 = EF651954).
Aspergillus chinensis Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Emericella appendiculata Y. Horie & D.M. Li, Mycoscience 39: 161. 1998. [MB809583]. — Herb.: CBM FA-865. Ex-type: CBS 128791 = IFM 54282 = CBM FA-865. ITS barcode: AB249003. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB248345; CaM = AB476806; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus chlamydosporus (Gené & Guarro) Houbraken et al., published here ≡ Sagenomella chlamydospora Gené & Guarro, J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1723. 2003 ≡ Phialosimplex chlamydosporus (Gené & Guarro) Sigler, Med. Mycol. 48: 341. 2010. [MB809584]. — Herb.: IMI 387422. Ex-type: CBS 109945 = IMI 387422 = FMR 7371. ITS barcode: AJ519984. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = JN121425).
Aspergillus chrysellus Kwon-Chung & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 424. 1965 ≡ Chaetosartorya chrysella (Kwon-Chung & Fennell) Subram., Curr. Sci. 41: 761. 1972 ≡ Harpezomyces chrysellus (Kwon-Chung & Fennell) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2619. 1973 ≡ Aspergillus chryseides Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 36. 1985. [MB326618]. — Herb.: IMI 238612. Ex-type: CBS 472.65 = NRRL 5084 = ATCC 16852 = IMI 238612 = IMI 238612ii = QM 8876 = WB 5084. ITS barcode: EF652155. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652109; CaM = EF652136; RPB2 = EF652090).
Aspergillus cibarius S.B. Hong & Samson, J. Microbiol 50: 713. 2012. [MB800861]. — Herb.: KACC 46346. Ex-type: KACC 46346. ITS barcode: JQ918177. (Alternative markers: BenA = JQ918180; CaM = JQ918183; RPB2 = JQ918186).
Aspergillus citrisporus Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math. Naturwiss. Cl., Abt.1, 111: 1036. 1902 = Neosartorya citrispora Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2620. 1973. [MB211485]. — Herb.: ex caterpillar dung, Kittery Point, R. Thaxter (FH). Ex-type: NRRL 4225 and NRRL 4735 (representative strains). ITS barcode: EF669702. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669674; CaM = EF669688; RPB2 = EF669661).
Aspergillus clavatonanicus Bat. et al., Anais Fac. Med. Univ. Recife 15: 197. 1955. [MB292840]. — Herb.: IMI 235352. Ex-type: CBS 474.65 = NRRL 4741 = ATCC 12413 = DMUR 532 = IMI 235352 = JCM 10183 = QM 7059 = WB 4741. ITS barcode: EF669986. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669842; CaM = EF669912; RPB2 = EF669773).
Aspergillus clavatus Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 2, 2: 71. 1834. [MB211530]. — Herb.: IMI 15949. Ex-type: CBS 513.65 = NRRL 1 = ATCC 1007 = ATCC 9598 = ATCC 9602 = CECT2674 = DSM 816 = IMI 15949 = LSHBA c .86 = LSHBA c .95 = MIT213 = NCTC 3887 = NCTC 9 = NCTC 978 = NRRL 1656 = QM 1276 = QM 7404 = Thom 107 = WB 1. ITS barcode: EF669942. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669802; CaM = EF669871; RPB2 = EF669730).
Aspergillus conicus Blochwitz, Ann. Mycol. 12: 38. 1914. [MB120214]. — Herb.: IMI 172281. Ex-type: CBS 475.65 = NRRL 149 = ATCC 16908 = IMI 172281 = QM 7405 = Thom 4733.701 = WB 149. ITS barcode: EF652039. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651881; CaM = EF652033; RPB2 = EF651975).
Aspergillus conjunctus Kwon-Chung & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 552. 1965. [MB326620]. — Herb.: IMI 135421. Ex-type: CBS 476.65 = NRRL 5080 = ATCC 16796 = IMI 135421 = QM 8878 = WB 5080. ITS barcode: EF661179. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661111; CaM = EF661133; RPB2 = EF661042).
Aspergillus conversis Hubka & A. Nováková, Fungal Divers. 64: 262. 2014. [MB803935]. — Herb.: PRM 860541. Ex-type: CBS 135457 = NRRL 62496 = CCF 4190 = CMF ISB 2151 = IFM 60857. ITS barcode: HF937385. (Alternative markers: BenA = HF933363; CaM = HF933387; RPB2 = HF937379).
Aspergillus coremiiformis Bartoli & Maggi, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 71: 386. 1979. [MB309214]. — Herb.: RO 102 S. Ex-type: CBS 553.77 = NRRL 13603 = ATCC 38576 = IMI 223069 = NRRL 13756. ITS barcode: EF661544. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014104; CaM = EU014112; RPB2 = EU021623).
Aspergillus corrugatus Udagawa & Y. Horie, Mycotaxon 4: 535. 1976 ≡ Emericella corrugata Udagawa & Y. Horie, Mycotaxon 4: 535. 1976. [MB309216]. — Herb.: NHL 2763. Ex-type: CBS 191.77 = NHL 2763. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus costaricaensis Samson & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 50: 52. 2004. [MB500007]. — Herb.: CBS H-13437. Ex-type: CBS 115574 = IBT 23401 = CECT 20579 = ITEM 7555. ITS barcode: DQ900602. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ629277; CaM = FN594545; RPB2 = HE984361).
Aspergillus costiformis H.Z. Kong & Z.T. Qi, Acta Mycol. Sin. 14: 10. 1995 ≡ Eurotium costiforme H.Z. Kong & Z.T. Qi, Acta Mycol. Sin. 14: 10. 1995. [MB363444]. — Herb.: HMAS 62766. Ex-type: CBS 101749 = AS 3.4664. ITS barcode: HE615136. (Alternative markers: BenA = HE801338; CaM = HE801320; RPB2 = HE801309).
Aspergillus creber Jurjevic, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn, IMA Fungus 3: 69. 2012. [MB800598]. — Herb.: BPI 800912. Ex-type: NRRL 58592. ITS barcode: JQ301889. (Alternative markers: BenA = JN853980; CaM = JN854043; RPB2 = JN853832).
Aspergillus cremeus Kwon-Chung & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 418. 1965 ≡ Chaetosartorya cremea (Kwon-Chung & Fennell) Subram., Curr. Sci. 41: 761. 1972 ≡ Harpezomyces cremeus (Kwon-Chung & Fennell) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2620. 1973 ≡ Aspergillus cremeoflavus Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 37. 1985. [MB326621]. — Herb.: IMI 123749ii. Ex-type: CBS 477.65 = NRRL 5081 = ATCC 16857 = IMI 123749 = QM 8879 = QM 9191 = WB 5081. ITS barcode: EF652149. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652120; CaM = EF652125; RPB2 = EF652101).
Aspergillus cretensis Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 50: 33. 2004. [MB500002]. — Herb.: CBS H-13446. Ex-type: CBS 112802 = NRRL 35672 = IBT 17505. ITS barcode: FJ491572. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY819977; CaM = FJ491534; RPB2 = EF661311).
Aspergillus cristatus Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 169. 1965 ≡ Eurotium cristatum (Raper & Fennell) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 64. 1972. [MB326622]. — Herb.: IMI 172278. Ex-type: CBS 123.53 = NRRL 4222 = ATCC 16468 = IMI 172280 = MUCL 15644 = WB 4222. ITS barcode: EF652078. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651914; CaM = EF652001; RPB2 = EF651957).
Aspergillus crustosus Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 532. 1965. [MB326623]. — Herb.: IMI 135819. Ex-type: CBS 478.65 = NRRL 4988 = ATCC 16806 = IMI 135819 = NRRL A-3254 = QM 8910 = WB 4988. ITS barcode: EF652489. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652313; CaM = EF652401; RPB2 = EF652225).
Aspergillus cumulatus D.H. Kim & S.B. Hong, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24: 335. 2014. [MB807118]. — Herb.: KACC 47316. Ex-type: KACC 47316. ITS barcode: KF928303. (Alternative markers: BenA = KF928297; CaM = KF928300; RPB2 = KF928294).
Aspergillus cvjetkovicii Jurjevic, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn, IMA Fungus 3: 69. 2012. [MB800599]. — Herb.: BPI 880909. Ex-type: NRRL 227. ITS barcode: EF652440. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652264; CaM = EF652352; RPB2 = EF652176).
Aspergillus deflectus Fennell & Raper, Mycologia 47: 83. 1955. [MB292841]. — Herb.: IMI 61448. Ex-type: CBS 109.55 = NRRL 2206 = ATCC 16807 = IMI 61448 = NRRL A-2700A = QM 1904 = UC4638 = WB 2206. ITS barcode: EF652437. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652261; CaM = EF652349; RPB2 = EF652173).
Aspergillus delacroxii Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus Fennell & Raper, Mycologia 47: 79. 1955 ≡ Emericella echinulata (Fennell & Raper) Y. Horie, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 21: 492. 1980. [MB809585]. — Herb.: IMI 061454. Ex-type: CBS 120.55 = NRRL 2395 = ATCC 16825 = IMI 061454 = LCP 84.2557 = QM 1909 = WB 2395. ITS barcode: EF652445. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652269; CaM = EF652357; RPB2 = EF652181).
Aspergillus delicatus H.Z. Kong, Mycotaxon 62: 429. 1997 ≡ Neosartorya delicata H.Z. Kong, Mycotaxon 62: 429. 1997. [MB437509]. — Herb.: HMAS 71159. Ex-type: CBS 101754 = AS 3.4697. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = DQ114124; CaM = DQ114132; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus denticulatus (Samson, S.B. Hong & Frisvad) Samson et al., published here ≡ Neosartorya denticulata Samson, S.B. Hong & Frisvad, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 93: 95. 2008. [MB809586]. — Herb.: CBS 652.73. Ex-type: CBS 652.73 = KACC 41183. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = DQ114125; CaM = DQ114133; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus desertorum (Samson & Mouch) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Emericella desertorum Samson & Mouch., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 40: 121. 1974. [MB809587]. — Herb.: CBS H-7045. Ex-type: CBS 653.73 = NRRL 5921 = IMI 343076. ITS barcode: EF652505. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652329; CaM = EF652417; RPB2 = EF652241).
Aspergillus dimorphicus B.S. Mehrotra & R. Prasad, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 52: 331. 1969. [MB326625]. — Herb.: IMI 131553. Ex-type: CBS 649.74 = NRRL 3650 = IMI 131553 = QM 9190. ITS barcode: EF652154. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652111; CaM = EF652135; RPB2 = EF652096).
Aspergillus discophorus Samson, Zalar & Frisvad, Mycologia 100: 787. 2008 ≡ Emericella discophora Samson, Zalar & Frisvad, Mycologia 100: 787. 2008. [MB507360]. — Herb.: CBS H-19889. Ex-type: CBS 469.88 = IBT 21910 = IMI 328717. ITS barcode: EU448272. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY339999; CaM = EU443970; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus diversus Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 437. 1965. [MB326626]. — Herb.: IMI 232882. Ex-type: CBS 480.65 = NRRL 5074 = ATCC 16849 = IMI 232882 = QM 8882 = WB 5074. ITS barcode: EF661213. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661114; CaM = EF661128; RPB2 = EF661034).
Aspergillus duricaulis Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 249. 1965. [MB326627]. — Herb.: IMI 172282. Ex-type: CBS 481.65 = NRRL 4021 = ATCC 16900 = IMI 172282 = IMI 367413 = NRRL A-5509 = QM 8884 = WB 4021. ITS barcode: EF669971. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669827; CaM = EF669897; RPB2 = EF669758).
Aspergillus eburneocremeus Sappa, Allionia 2: 87. 1954. [MB292842]. — Herb.: TMI 69856. Ex-type: CBS 130.54 = NRRL 4773 = ATCC 16802 = IMI 69856 = MUCL 13588 = QM 1949 = WB 4773. ITS barcode: EF652476. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652300; CaM = EF652388; RPB2 = EF652212).
Aspergillus egyptiacus Moub. & Mustafa, Egypt. J. Bot. 15: 153. 1972. [MB344341]. — Herb.: IMI 141415. Ex-type: CBS 656.73 = NRRL 5920 = ATCC 32114 = IMI 141415. ITS barcode: EF652504. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652328; CaM = EF652416; RPB2 = EF652240).
Aspergillus elegans Gasperini, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. 8: 328. 1887. [MB212852]. — Herb.: CBS 102.14. Ex-type: CBS 102.14 = CBS 543.65 = NRRL 4850 = IBT 13505 = ATCC 13829 = ATCC 16886 = IFO 4286 = IMI 133962 = QM 8912 = QM 9373 = WB 4850. ITS barcode: EF661414. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661349; CaM = EF661390; RPB2 = EF661316).
Aspergillus ellipticus Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 319. 1965. [MB326628]. — Herb.: CBS 707.79. Ex-type: CBS 482.65 = CBS 707.79 = NRRL 5120 = ATCC 16876 = IMI 172283 = NRRL 20624 = QM 8886 = WB 5120. ITS barcode: EF661194. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661122; CaM = EF661170; RPB2 = EF661051).
Aspergillus elongatus J.N. Rai & S.C. Agarwal, Can. J. Bot. 48: 791. 1970. [MB309217]. — Herb.: CBS 387.75. Ex-type: CBS 387.75 = NRRL 5176 = QM 9702 = WB 5495. ITS barcode: EF652502. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652326; CaM = EF652414; RPB2 = EF652238).
Aspergillus eucalypticola Varga, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 69: 9. 2011. [MB560387]. — Herb.: CBS H-20627. Ex-type: CBS 122712 = IBT 29274. ITS barcode: EU482439. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU482435; CaM = EU482433; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus falconensis Y. Horie et al., Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 30: 257. 1989 ≡ Emericella falconensis Y. Horie et al., Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 30 257. 1989. [MB127891]. — Herb.: CBM 10001. Ex-type: CBS 271.91 = IFM 4997 = NHL 2999 = ATCC 76117. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus felis Barrs et al., PLoS ONE 8: e64871-P8. 2013. [MB560382]. — Herb.: CBS H-21125. Ex-type: CBS 130245. ITS barcode: JX021685. (Alternative markers: BenA = JX021700; CaM = JX021715; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus fennelliae Kwon-Chung & S.J. Kim, Mycologia 66: 629. 1974 ≡ Neosartorya fennelliae Kwon-Chung & S.J. Kim, Mycologia 66: 629. 1974. [MB309218]. — Herb.: IMI 278382. Ex-type: CBS 598.74 = NRRL 5534 = ATCC 24325 = IMI 278382 = PIL605 = QM 9952. ITS barcode: EF669994. (Alternative markers: BenA = AF057320; CaM = EF669920; RPB2 = EF669781).
Aspergillus ferenczii (Varga & Samson) Samson et al., published here ≡ Neosartorya ferenczii Varga & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 59: 178. 2007. [MB809588]. — Herb.: CBS 121594. Ex-type: CBS 121594 = NRRL 4179 = IBT 27813 = DTO24F2. ITS barcode: EF669977. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669833; CaM = EF669903; RPB2 = EF669764).
Aspergillus filifer Zalar, Frisvad & Samson [as ‘filifera’], Mycologia 100: 787. 2008 ≡ Emericella filifera Zalar, Frisvad & Samson, Mycologia 100: 787. 2008. [MB540309]. — Herb.: CBS H-19886. Ex-type: CBS 113636 = IBT 23443. ITS barcode: EU448277. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF428372; CaM = EU443973; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus fischeri Wehmer, Zentbl. Bakt. ParasitKde, Abt. II 18: 390. 1907 ≡ Neosartorya fischeri (Wehmer) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2620. 1973 ≡ Aspergillus fischerianus Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 39. 1985. [MB202877]. — Herb.: IMI 21139ii. Ex-type: CBS 544.65 = NRRL 181 = ATCC 1020 = DSM 3700 = IMI 211391 = QM 1983 = Thom 4651.2 = WB 181. ITS barcode: EF669936. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669796; CaM = EF669865; RPB2 = EF669724).
Aspergillus flaschentraegeri Stolk, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 47: 123. 1964. [MB326629]. — Herb.: CBS 108.63. Ex-type: CBS 108.63 = NRRL 5042 = ATCC 15535 = IMI 101651 = QM 8889 = WB 5042. ITS barcode: EF652150. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652113; CaM = EF652130; RPB2 = EF652102).
Aspergillus flavipes (Bainier & Sartory) Thom & Church, Aspergilli: 155. 1926 ≡ Sterigmatocystis flavipes Bainier & Sartory, Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 27: 90. 1911. [MB265045]. — Herb.: IMI 171885. Ex-type: NRRL 302 = ATCC 24487 = IMI 171885 = QM 9566 = Thom 4640.474 = WB 302. ITS barcode: EF669591. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014085; CaM = EF669549; RPB2 = EF669633).
Aspergillus flavus Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 16. 1809: Fr. [MB209842]. — Herb.: IMI 124930. Ex-type: CBS 569.65 = NRRL 1957 = ATCC 16883 = IMI 124930 = QM 9947 = WB 1957. ITS barcode: AF027863. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661485; CaM = EF661508; RPB2 = EF661440).
Aspergillus floccosus (Y.K. Shih) Samson et al., Stud. Mycol. 69: 45. 2011. [MB560393]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 116.37 = IBT 10846 = IBT 22556 = WB 4872. ITS barcode: FJ531205. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ491714; CaM = FJ531219; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus flocculosus Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 50: 33. 2004. [MB500003]. — Herb.: CBS H-13435. Ex-type: CBS 112785 = NRRL 35668 = IBT 23121. ITS barcode: EF661432. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661352; CaM = EF661371; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus floridensis Jurjevic, G. Perrone & S.W. Peterson, IMA Fungus 3: 169. 2012. [MB802363]. — Herb.: BPI 883907. Ex-type: NRRL 62478 = ITEM 14783. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = HE984412; CaM = HE984429; RPB2 = HE984376).
Aspergillus floriformis Samson & Mouch., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 40: 343. 1975. [MB309219]. — Herb.: CBS 937.73. Ex-type: CBS 937.73 = IMI 278380. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus foeniculicola Udagawa, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 20: 13. 1979 ≡ Emericella foeniculicola Udagawa, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 20: 13. 1979. [MB309220]. — Herb.: NHL 2777. Ex-type: CBS 156.80 = ATCC 42155 = IMI 334933 = LCP 84.2560 = NHL 2777. ITS barcode: EU448274. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU443990; CaM = EU443968; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus foveolatus Y. Horie, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 19: 313. 1978 ≡ Emericella foveolata Y. Horie, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 19: 313. 1978. [MB309221]. — Herb.: IFM 4547. Ex-type: CBS 279.81 = IFM 4547 = NHL 2839 = NBRC 30559 = IFO 30559. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus frequens Hubka et al., Mycologia (in press). [MB808141]. — Herb.: PRM 923458. Ex-type: NRRL 4578 = ATCC 16805 = CBS 586.65 = IMI 135423 = CCF 4555. ITS barcode: EF669602. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014082; CaM = EF669560; RPB2 = EF669644).
Aspergillus fresenii Subram., Hyphomycetes (New Delhi): 552. 1971 ≡ Sterigmatocystis sulphurea Fresen., Beitr. Mykol.: 83. 1863. [MB309222]. — Herb.: IMI 211397. Ex-type: CBS 550.65 = NRRL 4077 = ATCC 16893 = IMI 211397 = NRRL A-5355 = NRRL A-5520 = WB 4077. ITS barcode: EF661409. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661341; CaM = EF661382; RPB2 = EF661296). Note: previously incorrectly named Aspergillus sulphureus (Fresen.) Wehmer (Visagie et al. 2014a, 2014b).
Aspergillus fructus Jurjevic, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn, IMA Fungus 3: 70. 2012. [MB800600]. — Herb.: BPI 880915. Ex-type: NRRL 239. ITS barcode: EF652449. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652273; CaM = EF652361; RPB2 = EF652185).
Aspergillus fruticulosus Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 506. 1965 ≡ Emericella fruticulosa (Raper & Fennell) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 61. 1972 ≡ Aspergillus fruticans Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 40. 1985. [MB326630]. — Herb.: IMI 139279. Ex-type: CBS 486.65 = NRRL 4903 = ATCC 16823 = IMI 139279 = O-1077 = QM 8033 = WB 4903. ITS barcode: EF652483. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652307; CaM = EF652395; RPB2 = EF652219).
Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis S.B. Hong, Frisvad & Samson, Mycologia 97: 1326. 2006. [MB500296]. — Herb.: CBS 117186. Ex-type: CBS 117186 = IBT 12703. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = DQ094885; CaM = DQ094891; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen., Beitr. Mykol.: 81. 1863 ≡ Neosartorya fumigata O'Gorman, H.T. Fuller & P.S. Dyer, Nature, Lond. 457(no. 7228): 473. 2009. [MB211776]. — Herb.: IMI 16152. Ex-type: CBS 133.61 = NRRL 163 = ATCC 1022 = ATCC 4813 = IMI 16152 = LSHBA c .71 = NCTC 982 = QM 1981 = Thom 118 = WB 163. ITS barcode: EF669931. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669791; CaM = EF669860; RPB2 = EF669719).
Aspergillus fumisynnematus Y. Horie et al., Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 34: 3. 1993. [MB360061]. — Herb.: CBM FD-0001. Ex-type: IFM 42277. ITS barcode: AB250779. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB248076; CaM = AB259968; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus funiculosus G. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 39: 111. 1956. [MB292845]. — Herb.: IMI 44397. Ex-type: NRRL 4744 = NRRL 2550 = NRRL A-6752. ITS barcode: EF661223. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661112; CaM = EF661175; RPB2 = EF661078).
Aspergillus galapagensis (Frisvad, S.B. Hong & Samson) Samson, Frisvad & Houbraken ≡ Neosartorya galapagensis Frisvad, S.B. Hong & Samson, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 93: 96. 2008. [MB809589]. — Herb.: CBS 117522. Ex-type: CBS 117522 = IBT 16756 = KACC 41935 = DTO3H4. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = DQ534145; CaM = DQ534151; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus germanicus Frisvad, Varga & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 69: 91. 2011. [MB560401]. — Herb.: CBS H-20636. Ex-type: CBS 123887. ITS barcode: FJ531146. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ531172; CaM = FJ531141; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus giganteus Wehmer, Mem. Soc. Phys. Genève 33: 85. 1901. [MB206765]. — Herb.: IMI 227678. Ex-type: CBS 526.65 = NRRL 10 = ATCC 10059 = DSM 1146 = IFO 5818 = IMI 227678 = QM 1970 = Thom 5581.13A = WB 10. ITS barcode: EF669928. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669789; CaM = EF669857; RPB2 = EF669716).
Aspergillus glaucus (L.) Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 16. 1809 ≡ Mucor glaucus L., Sp. Pl.: 1186. 1753 ≡ Monilia glauca (L.) Pers., Syn. meth. fung.: 691. 1801 ≡ Eurotium herbariorum (Weber ex F.H. Wigg.) Link, Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3: 31. 1809. [MB161735]. — Herb.: IMI 211383. Ex-type: CBS 516.65 = NRRL 116 = ATCC 16469 = IMI 211383 = LCP 64.1859 = Thom 5629.C = WB 116. ITS barcode: EF652052. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651887; CaM = EF651989; RPB2 = EF651934).
Aspergillus gorakhpurensis Kamal & Bhargava, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 52: 338. 1969. [MB326632]. — Herb.: IMI 130728. Ex-type: CBS 648.74 = NRRL 3649 = IMI 130728 = QM 9187 = WB 5346. ITS barcode: EF652145. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652114; CaM = EF652126; RPB2 = EF652097).
Aspergillus gracilis Bainier, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 23: 90. 1907. [MB167554]. — Herb.: IMI 211393. Ex-type: CBS 539.65 = NRRL 4962 = ATCC 16906 = IMI 211393 = QM 8915 = WB 4962. ITS barcode: EF652045. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651883; CaM = EF652031; RPB2 = EF651980).
Aspergillus granulosus Raper & Thom, Mycologia 36: 565. 1944. [MB284302]. — Herb.: IMI 17278ii. Ex-type: NRRL 1932 = ATCC 16837 = IMI 17278 = QM 6846 = WB 1932. ITS barcode: EF652430. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652254; CaM = EF652342; RPB2 = EF652166).
Aspergillus griseoaurantiacus Visagie, Hirooka & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 112. 2014. [MB809197]. — Herb.: CBS H-21814. Ex-type: CBS 138191 = DTO 267D8. ITS barcode: KJ775553. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775086; CaM = KJ775357; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus haitiensis Varga, Frisvad & Samson, IMA Fungus 1: 194. 2010. [MB517384]. — Herb.: CBS H-20503. Ex-type: CBS 464.91. ITS barcode: FJ491657. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ491670; CaM = FJ491645; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus halophilicus C.M. Chr. et al., Mycologia 51: 636. 1961 ≡ Eurotium halophilicum C.M. Chr., Papav. & C.R. Benj., Mycologia 51: 636. 1961 [1959]. [MB326633]. — Herb.: BPI 566153. Ex-type: CBS 122.62 = NRRL 2739 = ATCC 16401 = IFO 7054 = IMI 211802 = NRRL 4679 = NRRL A-7206 = QM 8894 = WB 4679. ITS barcode: EF652088. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651926; CaM = EF652034; RPB2 = EF651982).
Aspergillus heteromorphus Bat. & H. Maia, Anais Soc. Biol. Pernambuco 15: 200. 1957. [MB292846]. — Herb.: IMI 172288. Ex-type: CBS 117.55 = NRRL 4747 = ATCC 12064 = IMI 172288 = QM 6954 = WB 4747. ITS barcode: EU821305. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661103; CaM = EF661169; RPB2 = EF661050).
Aspergillus heterothallicus Kwon-Chung et al., Gen. Aspergillus: 502. 1965 ≡ Emericella heterothallica (Kwon-Chung, Fennell & Raper) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 62. 1972 ≡ Aspergillus compatibilis Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 42. 1985. [MB326635]. — Herb.: CBS 488.65. Ex-type: CBS 488.65 = NRRL 5096 = ATCC 16847 = IMI 139277 = QM 8916 = WB 5096. ITS barcode: EF652499. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652323; CaM = EF652411; RPB2 = EF652235).
Aspergillus heyangensis Z.T. Qi, Z.M. Sun & Yu X. Wang, Acta Mycol. Sin. 13: 81. 1994. [MB414654]. — Herb.: HMAS 58982. Ex-type: CBS 101751. ITS barcode: FJ491520. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ491521; CaM = FJ491522; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus hiratsukae Udagawa et al., Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 32: 23. 1991 ≡ Neosartorya hiratsukae Udagawa, Tsub. & Y. Horie, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 32: 23. 1991. [MB354908]. — Herb.: NHL 3008. Ex-type: CBS 294.93 = NRRL 20820 = IMI 349859 = NHL 3008. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = AY870699; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus homomorphus Steiman, et al. ex Samson & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 50: 58. 2004. [MB500011]. — Herb.: CBS H-13440. Ex-type: CBS 101889. ITS barcode: EF166063. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY820015; CaM = FN594549; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus hortai (Langeron) C.W. Dodge, Medical Mycology. Fungous diseases of men and other mammals: 628. 1935. [MB252620]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 124230 = NRRL 274 = ATCC 10070 = IBT 26384. ITS barcode: FJ531192. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ491706; CaM = FJ531242; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus huiyaniae Y. Horie et al., Mycoscience 55: 218. 2014. [MB803656]. — Herb.: IFM 57847H. Ex-type: IFM 57847 = JCM 19448. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB787219; CaM = AB787564; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus ibericus R. Serra, J. Cabañes & G. Perrone, Mycologia 98: 298. 2006. [MB501326]. — Herb.: MUM-H 03.49. Ex-type: NRRL 35644. ITS barcode: EF661200. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661102; CaM = EF661163; RPB2 = EF661065).
Aspergillus iizukae Sugiy., J. Fac. Sci. Tokyo University, Section 3 9: 390. 1967. [MB326636]. — Herb.: TI 0007. Ex-type: CBS 541.69 = NRRL 3750 = IMI 141552 = QM 9325. ITS barcode: EF669597. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014086; CaM = EF669555; RPB2 = EF669639).
Aspergillus implicatus Persiani & Maggi, Mycol. Res. 98: 871. 1994. [MB362533]. — Herb.: ROHB 110 S. Ex-type: CBS 484.95. ITS barcode: FJ491656. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ491667; CaM = FJ491650; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus indologenus Frisvad, Varga & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 69: 9. 2011. [MB560389]. — Herb.: CBS H-20629. Ex-type: CBS 114.80 = IBT 3679 = ITEM 7038. ITS barcode: AJ280005. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY585539; CaM = AM419750; RPB2 = HE984366).
Aspergillus inflatus (Stolk & Malla) Samson, Frisvad, Varga, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Penicillium inflatum Stolk & Malla, Persoonia 6: 197. 1971. [MB809590]. — Herb.: CBS H-7500. Ex-type: CBS 682.70 = FRR 1549 = IMI 191498. ITS barcode: FJ531054. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ531008; CaM = FJ531090; RPB2 = JN406529).
Aspergillus insolitus (G. Sm.) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, published here ≡ Polypaecilum insolitum G. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 44: 437. 1961. [MB809591]. — Herb.: CBS 384.61. Ex-type: CBS 384.61 = ATCC 18164 = IFO 8788 = IMI 075202 = LSHB BB414 = MUCL 3078 = QM 7961. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = JN121510).
Aspergillus insuetus (Bainier) Thom & Church, Manual of the Aspergilli: 153. 1929 ≡ Sterigmatocystis insueta Bainier, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 24: 85. 1908. [MB267997]. — Herb.: CBS 107.25. Ex-type: CBS 107.25 = NRRL 279 = NRRL 1726 = ATCC 1033 = IFO 4128. ITS barcode: EF652457. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652281; CaM = EF652369; RPB2 = EF652193).
Aspergillus insulicola Montem. & A. R. Santiago, Mycopathologia 55: 130. 1975. [MB309225]. — Herb.: CBS 382.75. Ex-type: CBS 382.75 = NRRL 6138 = ATCC 26220. ITS barcode: EF661430. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661353; CaM = EF661396; RPB2 = EF661286).
Aspergillus intermedius Blaser, Sydowia 28: 41. 1976 ≡ Eurotium intermedium Blaser, Sydowia 28: 41. 1976. [MB309226]. — Herb.: IMI 89278. Ex-type: CBS 523.65 = NRRL 82 = ATCC 16444 = DSM 2830 = IMI 089278ii = IMI 89278 = LSHBBB 107 = LSHTM 107 = QM 7403 = Thom 5612.107 = WB 82. ITS barcode: EF652074. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651892; CaM = EF652012; RPB2 = EF651958).
Aspergillus itaconicus Kinosh., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 45: 60. 1931. [MB268225]. — Herb.: IMI 16119. Ex-type: CBS 115.32 = NRRL 161 = ATCC 10021 = IHEM 4378 = IMI 16119 = LSHBA 48 = MUCL 31306 = QM 1980 = Thom 5344 = Thom 5660.48 = WB 161. ITS barcode: EF652147. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652118; CaM = EF652140; RPB2 = EF652103).
Aspergillus ivoriensis Bartoli & Maggi, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 71: 383. 1979. [MB309228]. — Herb.: RO 101 S. Ex-type: CBS 551.77 = NRRL 22883. ITS barcode: EF652441. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652265; CaM = EF652353; RPB2 = EF652177).
Aspergillus jaipurensis Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Emericella indica Stchigel & Guarro, Mycol. Res. 103: 1059. 1999. [MB809592]. — Herb.: IMI 378525. Ex-type: IMI 378525. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.). Note: Non Aspergillus indicus B.S. Mehrotra & Agnihotri, Mycologia 54: 403. 1963.
Aspergillus janus Raper & Thom, Mycologia 36: 556. 1944. [MB284303]. — Herb.: IMI 16065. Ex-type: CBS 118.45 = NRRL 1787 = IMI 16065 = NCTC 6970. ITS barcode: EF669578. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014076; CaM = EF669536; RPB2 = EF669620).
Aspergillus japonicus Saito, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 20: 61. 1906. [MB160656]. — Herb.: CBS 114.51. Ex-type: CBS 114.51. ITS barcode: AJ279985. (Alternative markers: BenA = HE577804; CaM = FN594551; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus jensenii Jurjevic, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn, IMA Fungus 3: 70. 2012. [MB800601]. — Herb.: BPI 880910. Ex-type: NRRL 58600. ITS barcode: JQ301892. (Alternative markers: BenA = JN854007; CaM = JN854046; RPB2 = JN853835).
Aspergillus kanagawaensis Nehira, J. Jap. Bot. 26: 109. 1951. [MB292847]. — Herb.: IMI 126690. Ex-type: NRRL 4774 = NRRL 2854 = NRRL 3156 = NRRL A-13499 = IMI 126690. ITS barcode: EF661275. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661239; CaM = EF661263; RPB2 = EF661236).
Aspergillus karnatakaensis Varga, Frisvad & Samson, IMA Fungus 1: 203. 2010. [MB517549]. — Herb.: CBS H-20502. Ex-type: CBS 102800 = IBT 22153. ITS barcode: EU482441. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU482438; CaM = EU482431; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus kassunensis Baghd., Nov. Sist. Niz. Rast., 5: 113. 1968. [MB326639]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 419.69 = NRRL 3752 = IMI 334938. ITS barcode: EF652461. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652285; CaM = EF652373; RPB2 = EF652197).
Aspergillus keveii Varga, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 59: 120. 2007. [MB505570]. — Herb.: CBS 209.92. Ex-type: CBS 209.92. ITS barcode: EU076354. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU076376; CaM = EU076365; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus laciniosus S.B. Hong, Frisvad & Samson, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56: 484. 2006 ≡ Neosartorya laciniosa S.B. Hong, Frisvad & Samson, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56: 484. 2006. [MB521269]. — Herb.: CBS 117721. Ex-type: CBS 117721 = NRRL 35589 = KACC 41657. ITS barcode: AB299413. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY870756; CaM = AY870716; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus lacticoffeatus Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 50: 52. 2004. [MB500008]. — Herb.: CBS H-13436. Ex-type: CBS 101883 = IBT 22031 = ITEM 7559. ITS barcode: FJ629336. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY819998; CaM = EU163270; RPB2 = HE984367).
Aspergillus lanosus Kamal & Bhargava, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 52: 336. 1969. [MB326640]. — Herb.: IMI 130727. Ex-type: CBS 650.74 = NRRL 3648 = IMI 130727 = QM 9183 = WB 5347. ITS barcode: EF661553. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661468; CaM = EF661539; RPB2 = EU021642).
Aspergillus lentulus Balajee & K.A. Marr, Eukaryot. Cell 4: 631. 2005. [MB356679]. — Herb.: BPI 863540. Ex-type: CBS 117885 = NRRL 35552 = IBT 27201 = KACC 41940. ITS barcode: EF669969. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669825; CaM = EF669895; RPB2 = EF669756).
Aspergillus leporis States & M. Chr., Mycologia 58: 738. 1966. [MB326641]. — Herb.: NY RMF 99. Ex-type: CBS 151.66 = NRRL 3216 = ATCC 16490 = NRRL A-14256 = NRRL A-15810 = QM 8995 = RMF99 = WB 5188. ITS barcode: AF104443. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661499; CaM = EF661541; RPB2 = EF661459).
Aspergillus leucocarpus Hadlok & Stolk, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 35: 9. 1969 ≡ Eurotium leucocarpum Hadlok & Stolk, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 35: 9. 1969. [MB326642]. — Herb.: CBS 353.68. Ex-type: CBS 353.68 = NRRL 3497 = QM 9365 = QM 9707. ITS barcode: EF652087. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651925; CaM = EF652023; RPB2 = EF651972).
Aspergillus longivesica L.H. Huang & Raper, Mycologia 63: 53. 1971. [MB309229]. — Herb.: WIS Nl l79. Ex-type: CBS 530.71 = NRRL 5215 = ATCC 22434 = IMI 156966 = JCM 10186 = QM 9698. ITS barcode: EF669991. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669847; CaM = EF669917; RPB2 = EF669778).
Aspergillus luchuensis Inui, J. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 13: 469. 1901. [MB151291]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 205.80 = NBRC 4281 = KACC 46772 = IFM 47726 = RIB 2642. ITS barcode: JX500081. (Alternative markers: BenA = JX500062; CaM = JX500071; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus lucknowensis J. N. Rai et al., Can. J. Bot. 46: 1483. 1968. [MB326643]. — Herb.: CBS 449.75. Ex-type: CBS 449.75 = NRRL 3491 = ATCC 18607 = IMI 278379 = PIL623 = QM 9271 = WB 5377. ITS barcode: EF652459. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652283; CaM = EF652371; RPB2 = EF652195).
Aspergillus luppii Hubka et al., Mycologia (in press). [MB309211]. — Herb.: CBS 653.74. Ex-type: NRRL 6326 = CBS 653.74 = CCF 4545. ITS barcode: EF669617. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014079; CaM = EF669575; RPB2 = EF669659).
Aspergillus mangaliensis A. Nováková et al., Mycologia (in press). [MB808143]. — Herb.: PRM 923454. Ex-type: CCF 4698 = CMF ISB 2662 = NRRL 62825. ITS barcode: HG915902 (Alternative markers: BenA = HG916695; CaM = HG916738; RPB2 = HG916716).
Aspergillus maritimus Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 43. 1985 ≡ Hemisartorya maritima J.N. Rai & H.J. Chowdhery, Kavaka 3: 73. 1976. [MB114709]. — Herb.: CBS 186.77. Ex-type: CBS 186.77. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus marvanovae Hubka et al., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 63: 787. 2013. [MB801064]. — Herb.: PRM 860539. Ex-type: NRRL 62486 = IBT 31279 = CCM 8003 = CCF 4037 IFM 60873. ITS barcode: HE974450. (Alternative markers: BenA = HE974387; CaM = HE974389; RPB2 = HE974396).
Aspergillus melleus Yukawa, J. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 1: 358. 1911. [MB164593]. — Herb.: CBS 546.65. Ex-type: CBS 546.65 = NRRL 5103 = IBT 13510 = IBT 13511 = IBT 13875 = ATCC 16889 = WB 5103. ITS barcode: EF661425. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661326; CaM = EF661391; RPB2 = EF661309).
Aspergillus microcysticus Sappa, Allionia 2: 251. 1955. [MB292848]. — Herb.: IMI 139275. Ex-type: CBS 120.58 = NRRL 4749 = ATCC 16826 = IMI 139275 = QM 8158 = WB 4749. ITS barcode: EF669607. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669515; CaM = EF669565; RPB2 = EF669649).
Aspergillus micronesiensis Visagie, Hirooka & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 105. 2014. [MB809192]. — Herb.: CBS H-21809. Ex-type: CBS 138183 = DTO 267D5. ITS barcode: KJ775548. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775085; CaM = KJ775355; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus minisclerotigenes Vaamonde, Frisvad & Samson, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58: 733. 2008. [MB505188]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 117635 = IBT 25032. ITS barcode: EF409239. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus miyajii Y. Horie, Mycoscience 37: 323. 1997 [1996] ≡ Emericella miyajii Y. Horie, Mycoscience 37: 323. 1997, [1996]. [MB437698]. — Herb.: CBM FA--0716. Ex-type: CBM FA--0716. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus monodii (Locq.-Lin.) Varga, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 69: 91. 2011 ≡ Fennellia monodii Locq.-Lin., Mycotaxon 39: 10. 1990. [MB560402]. — Herb.: LCP 89-3570 (PC). Ex-type: CBS 435.93. ITS barcode: FJ531150. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ531171; CaM = FJ531142; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus montenegroi Y. Horie, Miyaji & Nishim., Mycoscience 37: 137. 1996 ≡ Emericella montenegroi Y. Horie, Miyaji & Nishim., Mycoscience 37: 137. 1996. [MB415939]. — Herb.: CBM FA-0669. Ex-type: CBM FA-0669. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = AB524041; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus montevidensis Talice & Mackinnon, Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Fr. 108: 1007. 1931 ≡ Eurotium montevidense (Talice & J.A. Mackinnon) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 64. 1972. [MB309231]. — Herb.: BPI 884202. Ex-type: CBS 491.65 = NRRL 108 = ATCC 10077 = IHEM 3337 = IMI 172290 = NRRL 109 = QM 7423 = Thom 5290 = Thom 5633.24 = WB 108. ITS barcode: EF652077. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651898; CaM = EF652020; RPB2 = EF651964).
Aspergillus mottae C. Soares, S.W. Peterson & Venâncio, Mycologia 104: 692. 2012. [MB561841]. — Herb.: MUM-H 10.231. Ex-type: CBS 130016. ITS barcode: JF412767. (Alternative markers: BenA = HM803086; CaM = HM803015; RPB2 = HM802988).
Aspergillus multicolor Sappa, Allionia 2: 87. 1954. [MB292849]. — Herb.: IMI 69875. Ex-type: CBS 133.54 = NRRL 4775 = ATCC 16804 = IFO 8133 = IMI 69857 = LSHBBB .356 = QM 1952 = WB 4281 = WB 4775. ITS barcode: EF652477. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652301; CaM = EF652389; RPB2 = EF652213).
Aspergillus multiplicatus Yaguchi, Someya & Udagawa, Mycoscience 35: 310. 1994 ≡ Neosartorya multiplicata Yaguchi, Someya & Udagawa, Mycoscience 35: 309. 1994. [MB412530]. — Herb.: CBM PF-1154. Ex-type: CBS 646.95 = IBT 17517. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = DQ114129; CaM = DQ114137; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus muricatus Udagawa, Uchiy. & Kamiya, Mycotaxon 52: 210. 1994 ≡ Neopetromyces muricatus (Udagawa, Uchiy. & Kamiya) Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol., 45: 204. 2004. [MB362530]. — Herb.: CBM BF-42515. Ex-type: CBS 112808 = NRRL 35674 = IBT 19374 = IMI 36852. ITS barcode: EF661434. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661356; CaM = EF661377; RPB2 = EF661314).
Aspergillus navahoensis M. Chr. & States, Mycologia 74: 226. 1982 ≡ Emericella navahoensis M. Chr. & States, Mycologia 74: 226. 1982. [MB110496]. — Herb.: NY SD-5. Ex-type: CBS 351.81 = NRRL 13002 = ATCC 44663 = IMI 259971. ITS barcode: EF652424. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652248; CaM = EF652336; RPB2 = EF652160).
Aspergillus neoafricanus Samson, S.W. Peterson, Frisvad & Varga, Stud. Mycol. 69: 53. 2011 ≡ Aspergillus terreus var. africanus Fennell & Raper, Mycologia 47: 86. 1955. [MB560391]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 130.55 = NRRL 2399 = ATCC 16792 = IHEM 4380 = IMI 61457 = MUCL 31316 = NRRL A-3175 = QM 1913 = VKMF-2037 = WB 2399. ITS barcode: AY822633. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669516; CaM = EF669543; RPB2 = EF669627).
Aspergillus neobridgeri Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 50: 35. 2004. [MB500004]. — Herb.: CBS 559.82. Ex-type: CBS 559.82 = NRRL 13078 = IBT 14026. ITS barcode: EF661410. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661345; CaM = EF661359; RPB2 = EF661298).
Aspergillus neocarnoyi Kozak., Mycol. Pap. 161: 63. 1989 ≡ Eurotium carnoyi Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 63. 1972. [MB127756]. — Herb.: IMI 172279. Ex-type: CBS 471.65 = NRRL 126 = ATCC 16924 = IMI 172279 = LSHTM A32 = QM 7402 = Thom 5612.A32 = WB 126. ITS barcode: EF652057. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651903; CaM = EF651985; RPB2 = EF651942).
Aspergillus neoflavipes Hubka et al., Mycologia (in press) ≡ Fennellia flavipes B.J. Wiley & E.G. Simmons, Mycologia 65: 937. 1973. [MB808147]. — Herb.: BPI 410858. Ex-type: CBS 260.73 = NNRL 5504 = ATCC 24484 = IMI 171883 = IFM 40894 = CCF 4552. ITS barcode: EF669614. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014084; CaM = EF669572; RPB2 = EF669656).
Aspergillus neoglaber Kozak., Mycol. Pap. 161: 56. 1989 ≡ Aspergillus fischeri var. glaber Fennell & Raper, Mycologia 47: 74. 1955 ≡ Sartorya fumigata var. glabra (Fennell & Raper) Udagawa & H. Kawas., Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan: 115. 1968 ≡ Neosartorya glabra (Fennell & Raper) Kozak., Mycol. Pap. 161: 56. 1989. [MB127762]. — Herb.: IMI 61447. Ex-type: CBS 111.55 = NRRL 2163 = ATCC 16909 = IFO 8789 = IMI 061447ii = IMI 367412 = IMI 61447 = NRRL A-2175 = QM 1903 = WB 2163. ITS barcode: EF669948. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014107; CaM = EU014120; RPB2 = EF669736).
Aspergillus neoindicus Samson et al., Stud. Mycol. 69: 53. 2011 ≡ Aspergillus niveus var. indicus Lal & A.K. Sarbhoy [as ‘indica’], Indian Phytopath. 25: 311. 1972 [1973]. [MB560394]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 444.75 = NRRL 6134 = IMI 334935. ITS barcode: EF669616. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669532; CaM = EF669574; RPB2 = EF669658).
Aspergillus neoniger Varga, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 69: 16. 2011. [MB560390]. — Herb.: CBS H-20630. Ex-type: CBS 115656 = NRRL 62634. ITS barcode: FJ491682. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ491691; CaM = FJ491700; RPB2 = KC796429).
Aspergillus neoniveus Samson et al., Stud. Mycol. 69: 53. 2011 ≡ Emericella nivea B.J. Wiley & E.G. Simmons, Mycologia 65: 934. 1973 ≡ Fennellia nivea (B.J. Wiley & E.G. Simmons) Samson, Stud. Mycol. 18: 5. 1979. [MB560395]. — Herb.: QM 8942. Ex-type: CBS 261.73 = NRRL 5299 = ATCC 24482 = IMI 171878. ITS barcode: EF669612. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014098; CaM = EF669570; RPB2 = EF669654).
Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) G. Winter, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., ed. 2, 1: 62. 1884 ≡ Sterigmatocystis nidulans Eidam, Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 3: 393. 1883 ≡ Emericella nidulans (Eidam) Vuill., C. R. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 184: 137. 1927. [MB182069]. — Herb.: IMI 86806. Ex-type: CBS 589.65 = NRRL 187 = ATCC 10074 = IHEM 3563 = IMI 126691 = IMI 86806 = QM 1985 = Thom 4640.5 = WB 187. ITS barcode: EF652427. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652251; CaM = EF652339; RPB2 = EF652163).
Aspergillus niger Tiegh., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 5, 8: 240. 1867, nom. cons. (Kozakiewicz et al. 1992). [MB284309]. — Herb.: CBS 554.65. Ex-type: CBS 554.65 = NRRL 326 = ATCC 16888 = IFO 33023 = IHEM 3415 = IMI 050566ii = IMI 50566 = JCM 10254 = QM 9270 = QM 9946 = Thom 2766 = WB 326. ITS barcode: EF661186. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661089; CaM = EF661154; RPB2 = EF661058).
Aspergillus nishimurae Takada, Y. Horie & Abliz, Mycoscience 42: 362. 2001 ≡ Neosartorya nishimurae Takada, Y. Horie & Abliz, Mycoscience 42: 361. 2001. [MB474712]. — Herb.: CBM FA-919. Ex-type: CBS 117265 = IBT 3016 (representative strain). ITS barcode: HE974451. (Alternative markers: BenA = DQ534154; CaM = HE974392; RPB2 = HE974395).
Aspergillus niveoglaucus Thom & Raper, U.S.D.A. Misc. Pub. 426: 35. 1941 ≡ Eurotium niveoglaucum (Thom & Raper) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 64. 1972. [MB120985]. — Herb.: IMI 32050ii. Ex-type: CBS 114.27 = CBS 517.65 = NRRL 127 = ATCC 10075 = IMI 32050 = LSHBA 16 = NRRL 129 = NRRL 130 = QM 1977 = Thom 5612.A16 = Thom 5633 = Thom 5633.7 = Thom 7053.2 = WB 127 = WB 130. ITS barcode: EF652058. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651905; CaM = EF651993; RPB2 = EF651943).
Aspergillus niveus Blochwitz, Ann. Mycol. 27: 205. 1929 [MB272402]. — Herb.: IMI 171878. Ex-type: CBS 115.27 = NRRL 5505. ITS barcode: EF669615. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669528; CaM = EF669573; RPB2 = EF669657).
Aspergillus nomius Kurtzman et al., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 53: 151. 1987. [MB133392]. — Herb.: BPI NRRL 13137. Ex-type: CBS 260.88 = NRRL 13137 = ATCC 15546 = FRR 3339 = IMI 331920 = LCP 89.3558 = NRRL 6108 = NRRL A-13671 = NRRL A-13794. ITS barcode: AF027860. (Alternative markers: BenA = AF255067; CaM = AY017588; RPB2 = EF661456).
Aspergillus novofumigatus S.B. Hong, Frisvad & Samson, Mycologia 97: 1368. 2006. [MB500297]. — Herb.: CBS 117520. Ex-type: CBS 117520 = IBT 16806. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = DQ094886; CaM = DQ094893; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus nutans McLennan & Ducker, Aust. J. Bot. 2: 355. 1954. [MB292850]. — Herb.: IMI 62874ii. Ex-type: CBS 121.56 = NRRL 575 = NRRL 4364 = NRRL A-6280 = ATCC 16914 = IFO 8134 = IMI 062874ii = IMI 62874 = QM 8159 = WB 4364 = WB 4546 = WB 4776. ITS barcode: EF661272. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661249; CaM = EF661262; RPB2 = EF661227).
Aspergillus occultus Visagie et al., Stud. Mycol. 78: 32. 2014. [MB809198]. — Herb.: CBS H-21794. Ex-type: CBS 137330 = IBT 32285 = DTO 231-A7. ITS barcode: KJ775443. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775061; CaM = KJ775239; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis Bat. & Maia, Anais Soc. Biol. Pernambuco 15: 213. 1957. [MB292851]. — Herb.: no 270, Instituto de Micologia, Iniversidade do Recife. Ex-type: CBS 123.55 = NRRL 4752 = IBT 14347 = ATCC 12066 = IMI 211804 = QM 6955 = WB 4752. ITS barcode: EF661429. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661350; CaM = EF661388; RPB2 = EF661283).
Aspergillus ochraceoroseus Bartoli & Maggi, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 71: 393. 1979. [MB309233]. — Herb.: RO 104 S. Ex-type: CBS 550.77 = NRRL 28622 = ATCC 38873 = SRRC1432. ITS barcode: EF661224. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661113; CaM = EF661137; RPB2 = EF661074).
Aspergillus ochraceus K. Wilh., Beitr. Kenntn. Aspergillus: 66. 1877. [MB190223]. — Herb.: IMI 16247iv. Ex-type: CBS 108.08 = NRRL 398 = IBT 11952 = ATCC 1008 = CECT2093 = DSM 824 = HARVARD296 = IMI 16247 = NCTC 3889 = NRRL 1642 = QM 6731 = Thom 112 = WB 398. ITS barcode: EF661419. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661322; CaM = EF661381; RPB2 = EF661302).
Aspergillus olivicola Frisvad, Zalar & Samson, Mycologia 100: 781. 2008 ≡ Emericella olivicola Frisvad, Zalar & Samson, Mycologia 100: 788. 2008. [MB507362]. — Herb.: CBS H-19888. Ex-type: CBS 119.37 = IBT 21903. ITS barcode: EU448268. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY339996; CaM = EU443986; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus omanensis Y. Horie & Udagawa, Mycoscience 36: 391. 1995 ≡ Emericella omanensis Y. Horie & Udagawa, Mycoscience 36: 391. 1995. [MB414655]. — Herb.: CBM FA-700. Ex-type: CBM FA-700. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = AB524047; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus oryzae (Ahlb.) Cohn, Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 61: 226. 1884 ≡ Eurotium oryzae Ahlb., Dingler's Polytechn. J. 230: 330. 1878. [MB184394]. — Herb.: IMI 16266. Ex-type: CBS 102.07 = NRRL 447 = ATCC 1011 = ATCC 12891 = ATCC 4814 = ATCC 7561 = ATCC 9102 = IAM13118 = IFO 4075 = IFO 537 = IFO 5375 = IMI 16266 = IMI 44242 = LSHBA c .19 = NCTC 598 = NRRL 692 = QM 6735 = Thom 113 = WB 447. ITS barcode: EF661560. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661483; CaM = EF661506; RPB2 = EF661438).
Aspergillus osmophilus Asgari & Zare Mycoscience 55: 58. 2014. [MB803278]. — Herb.: IRAN 16110. Ex-type: IRAN 2090C = CBS 134258. ITS barcode: KC473921. (Alternative markers: BenA = KC474924; CaM = KC473918; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus ostianus Wehmer, Bot. Centralbl. 80: 461. 1899. [MB179393]. — Herb.: IMI 15960. Ex-type: CBS 103.07 = CBS 548.65 = IBT 13386 = NRRL 420 = ATCC 16887 = IMI 015960iii = IMI 15960 = LCP 89.2584 = LSHBA c .35 = NCTC 3788 = QM 7460 = Thom 4724.35 = WB 420. ITS barcode: EF661421. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661324; CaM = EF661385; RPB2 = EF661304).
Aspergillus otanii Takada, Y. Horie & Abliz, Mycoscience 42: 364. 2001 ≡ Neosartorya otanii Takada, Y. Horie & Abliz, Mycoscience 42: 364. 2001. [MB474714]. — Herb.: CBM FA-914. Ex-type: NRRL 32571 (representative strain). ITS barcode: EF669961. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669818; CaM = EF669888; RPB2 = EF669749).
Aspergillus pachycristatus Matsuzawa, Y. Horie & Yaguchi, Mycoscience 53: 439. 2012. ≡ Emericella pachycristata Matsuzawa, Y. Horie & Yaguchi, Mycoscience 53: 439. 2012. [MB580944]. — Herb.: IFM 55265. Ex-type: IFM 55265 = NBRC 104790. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB375875 ; CaM = AB524062 ; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus pallidofulvus Visagie, Varga, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 40. 2014. [MB809199]. — Herb.: CBS H-21796. Ex-type: CBS 640.78 = NRRL 4789 = IBT 13871 = IFO 4095 = WB 4789. ITS barcode: EF661423. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661328; CaM = EF661389; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus panamensis Raper & Thom, Mycologia 36: 568. 1944. [MB284311]. — Herb.: IMI 19393iii. Ex-type: CBS 120.45 = NRRL 1785 = ATCC 16797 = IMI 019393ii = IMI 019393iii = IMI 19393 = LSHBA .61 = NCTC 6974 = QM 6829 = QM 8897 = WB 1785. ITS barcode: EF661177. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661109; CaM = EF661135; RPB2 = EF661040).
Aspergillus papuensis (Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga) Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga, published here ≡ Neosartorya papuensis Samson, S.B. Hong & Varga, Stud. Mycol. 59: 190. 2007. [MB809593]. — Herb.: CBS H-6277. Ex-type: CBS 841.96 = IBT 27801. ITS barcode: EU220280. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY870738; CaM = AY870697; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus parasiticus Speare, Bull. Div. Pathol. Physiol., Hawaiian Sugar Planters Assoc. Exp. Sta. 12: 38. 1912. [MB191085]. — Herb.: IMI 15957ix. Ex-type: CBS 100926 = CBS 103.13 = NRRL 502 = ATCC 1018 = ATCC 6474 = ATCC 7865 = IMI 15957 = IMI 15957ii = IMI 15957iv = IMI 15957ix = IMI 15957vi = IMI 15957vii = LCP 89.2566 = LSHBA c 14 = NCTC 975 = NRRL 1731 = NRRL 3315 = NRRL A-13360 = NRRL A-14693 = Thom 3509 = WB 502. ITS barcode: AY373859. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661481; CaM = AY017584; RPB2 = EF661449).
Aspergillus parvisclerotigenus (Mich. Saito & Tsuruta) Frisvad & Samson, Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 28: 450. 2005 ≡ Aspergillus flavus var. parvisclerotigenus Mich. Saito & Tsuruta, Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol. 37: 32. 1993. [MB500166]. — Herb.: NFRI 1538. Ex-type: CBS 121.62 = IMI 093070 = NRRL A-11612. ITS barcode: EF409240. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF203130; CaM = EF202077; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus parvulus G. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 44: 45. 1961. [MB121074]. — Herb.: IMI 86558. Ex-type: CBS 136.61 = NRRL 4753 = ATCC 16911 = IMI 086558 = LSHBBB 405 = NRRL 1846 = QM 7955 = UC4613 = WB 4753. ITS barcode: EF661269. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661247; CaM = EF661259; RPB2 = EF661233).
Aspergillus penicillioides Speg., Revista Fac. Agron. Univ. Nac. La Plata 2: 246. 1896. [MB309234]. — Herb.: IMI 211342. Ex-type: CBS 540.65 = NRRL 4548 = ATCC 16910 = IMI 211342 = IMUR540 = QM 9370 = WB 4548. ITS barcode: EF652036. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651928; CaM = EF652024; RPB2 = EF651930).
Aspergillus pernambucoensis Y. Horie et al., Mycoscience 55: 86. 2014. [MB801324]. — Herb.: IFM 61342H. Ex-type: IFM 61342 = JCM 19244. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB743856; CaM = AB743862; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus persii A.M. Corte & Zotti, Mycotaxon 83: 276. 2002. [MB374215]. — Herb.: MUCL 41970. Ex-type: CBS 112795 = NRRL 35669 = IBT 22660 = MUCL 41970. ITS barcode: FJ491580. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY819988; CaM = FJ491559; RPB2 = EF661295).
Aspergillus peyronelii Sappa, Allionia 2: 248. 1955. [MB292855]. — Herb.: IMI 139271. Ex-type: CBS 122.58 = NRRL 4754 = ATCC 16840 = IMI 139271 = QM 8160 = WB 4754. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus piperis Samson & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 50: 57. 2004. [MB500009]. — Herb.: CBS H-13434. Ex-type: CBS 112811 = IBT 24630 = IBT 26239 = NRRL 62631. ITS barcode: EU821316. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ629303; CaM = EU163267; RPB2 = KC796427).
Aspergillus pisci (A.D. Hocking & Pitt) Houbraken, Visagie & Samson, published here ≡ Polypaecilum pisci A.D. Hocking & Pitt [as ‘pisce’] Mycotaxon 22: 200. 1985. [MB809594]. — Herb.: FRR 2732. Ex-type: FRR 2732 = ATCC 56982 = IMI 288726. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = JN121415).
Aspergillus pluriseminatus (Stchigel & Guarro) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Emericella pluriseminata Stchigel & Guarro, Mycologia 89: 937. 1997. [MB809595]. — Herb.: FMR 5588; isotype IMI 370867. Ex-type: CBS 100523 = FMR 5588 = IMI 370867. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY339989; CaM = EU443988; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus polyporicola Hubka et al., Mycologia (in press). [MB808145]. — Herb.: PRM 923452. Ex-type: NRRL 32683 = CCF 4553. ITS barcode: EF669595. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014088; CaM = EF669553; RPB2 = EF669637).
Aspergillus porphyreostipitatus Visagie, Hirooka & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 112. 2014. [MB809196]. — Herb.: CBS H-21813. Ex-type: CBS 138203 = DTO 266D9. ITS barcode: KJ775564. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775080; CaM = KJ775338; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus posadasensis Y. Marín, Stchigel & Cano, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. (in press). [MB803514]. — Herb.: CBS-H 21131. Ex-type: FMR 12168 =CBS 134259 = NBRC 109845. ITS barcode: HG529483. (Alternative markers: BenA = HG529481; CaM = HG529488; RPB2 = HF954977).
Aspergillus pragensis Hubka, Frisvad & M. Kolařík, Med. Mycol. 52: 570. 2014. [MB800371]. — Herb.: PRM 922702. Ex-type: CCF 3962 = CBS 135591 = NRRL 62491 = IBT 32274. ITS barcode: FR727138. (Alternative markers: BenA = HE661604; CaM = FR751452; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus proliferans G. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 26: 26. 1943. [MB284312]. — Herb.: IMI 16105iii. Ex-type: CBS 121.45 = NRRL 1908 = IMI 016105ii = IMI 016105iii = IMI 16105 = LSHB BB.82 = MUCL 15625 = NCTC 6546 = QM 7462 = UC 4303 = WB 1908. ITS barcode: EF652064. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651891; CaM = EF651988; RPB2 = EF651941).
Aspergillus protuberus Munt.-Cvetk., Mikrobiologia 5: 119. 1968 ≡ Aspergillus versicolor var. protuberus (Munt.-Cvetk.) Kozak., Mycol. Pap. 161: 139. 1989. [MB326650]. — Herb.: CBS 602.74. Ex-type: CBS 602.74 = NRRL 3505 = ATCC 18990 = QM 9804. ITS barcode: EF652460. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652284; CaM = EF652372; RPB2 = EF652196).
Aspergillus pseudocaelatus Varga, Samson & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 69: 63. 2011. [MB560397]. — Herb.: CBS H-20632. Ex-type: CBS 117616. ITS barcode: EF409242. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF203128; CaM = EF202037; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus pseudodeflectus Samson & Mouch., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 40: 345. 1975. [MB309236]. — Herb.: CBS 756.74. Ex-type: CBS 756.74 = NRRL 6135. ITS barcode: EF652507. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652331; CaM = EF652419; RPB2 = EF652243).
Aspergillus pseudoelegans Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 50: 35. 2004. [MB500005]. — Herb.: CBS H-13439. Ex-type: CBS 112796 = NRRL 35670 = IBT 23402. ITS barcode: FJ491590. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY819962; CaM = FJ491552; RPB2 = EF661282).
Aspergillus pseudoglaucus Blochwitz, Ann. Mycol. 27: 207. 1929 ≡ Eurotium pseudoglaucum Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot., 50: 64. 1972 ≡ Eurotium repens var. pseudoglaucum (Blochwitz) Kozak., Mycol. Pap. 161: 76. 1989. [MB275429]. — Herb.: IMI 016122ii. Ex-type: CBS 123.28 = NRRL 40 = ATCC 10066 = IMI 016122 = IMI 016122ii = LSHBA 19 = MUCL 15624 = QM 7463 = WB 40. ITS barcode: EF652050. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651917; CaM = EF652007; RPB2 = EF651952).
Aspergillus pseudonomius Varga, Samson & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 69: 67. 2011. [MB560398]. — Herb.: CBS H-20633. Ex-type: CBS 119388 = NRRL 3353 = IBT 27864. ITS barcode: AF338643. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661495; CaM = EF661529; RPB2 = EF661454).
Aspergillus pseudotamarii Yoko Ito et al., Mycol. Res. 105: 237. 2001. [MB466527]. — Herb.: BPI 746098. Ex-type: CBS 766.97 = NRRL 25517. ITS barcode: AF272574. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF203125; CaM = EF202030; RPB2 = EU021631).
Aspergillus pseudoterreus S.W. Peterson, Samson & Varga, Stud. Mycol. 69: 53. 2011. [MB560396]. — Herb.: CBS H-20631. Ex-type: CBS 123890 = NRRL 4017. ITS barcode: EF669598. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669523; CaM = EF669556; RPB2 = EF669640).
Aspergillus pseudoustus Frisvad, Varga & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 69: 91. 2011. [MB560403]. — Herb.: CBS H-20637. Ex-type: CBS 123904 = NRRL 5856 = IBT 28161. ITS barcode: FJ531147. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ531168; CaM = FJ531129; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus pulvericola Visagie et al., Stud. Mycol. 78: 43. 2014. [MB809200]. — Herb.: CBS H-21793. Ex-type: CBS 137327 = DTO 267-C6. ITS barcode: KJ775440. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775055; CaM = KJ775236; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus pulverulentus (McAlpine) Wehmer, Centralbl. Bakteriol., 2. Abth., 18: 394. 1907 ≡ Sterigmatocystis pulverulenta McAlpine, Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 7: 302. 1897. [MB121243]. — Herb.: [on Phaseolus vulgaris from] Australia, Victoria, Burnley Bot. Garden, McAlpine (VPRI). Ex-type: CBS 558.65 = ITEM 4510. ITS barcode: EU821317. (Alternative markers: BenA = HE984408; CaM = HE984423; RPB2 = HE984368).
Aspergillus pulvinus Kwon-Chung & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 45. 1965. [MB326651]. — Herb.: IMI 139628. Ex-type: CBS 578.65 = NRRL 5078 = ATCC 16842 = IMI 139628 = QM 8937 = WB 5078. ITS barcode: EF652159. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652121; CaM = EF652139; RPB2 = EF652104).
Aspergillus puniceus Kwon-Chung & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 547. 1965. [MB326652]. — Herb.: IMI 126692. Ex-type: CBS 495.65 = NRRL 5077 = ATCC 16800 = IMI 126692 = QM 9812 = WB 5077. ITS barcode: EF652498. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652322; CaM = EF652410; RPB2 = EF652234).
Aspergillus purpureus Samson & Mouch., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 41: 350. 1975 ≡ Emericella purpurea Samson & Mouch., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 41: 350. 1975. [MB309237]. — Herb.: CBS 754.74. Ex-type: CBS 754.74 = NRRL 6133 = IMI 334937 = LCP 82.3323. ITS barcode: EF652506. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652330; CaM = EF652418; RPB2 = EF652242).
Aspergillus puulaauensis Jurjevic, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn, IMA Fungus 3: 71. 2012. [MB800602]. — Herb.: BPI 880911. Ex-type: NRRL 35641. ITS barcode: JQ301893. (Alternative markers: BenA = JN853979; CaM = JN854034; RPB2 = JN853823).
Aspergillus qinqixianii Y. Horie, Abliz & R.Y. Li, Mycoscience 41: 183. 2000 ≡ Emericella qinqixianii Y. Horie, Abliz & R.Y. Li, Mycoscience 41: 183. 2000. [MB464660]. — Herb.: CBM FA-866. Ex-type: no culture available. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus qizutongii D.M. Li, Y. Horie, Yu X. Wang & R.Y. Li, Mycoscience 39: 301. 1998. [MB446576]. — Herb.: CBM FD-284. Ex-type: CBM FD-284. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus quadricinctus E. Yuill, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 36: 57. 1953 ≡ Sartorya quadricincta (E. Yuill) Udagawa & H. Kawas., Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan: 119. 1968 ≡ Neosartorya quadricincta (J.L. Yuill) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2621. 1973 ≡ Aspergillus quadricingens Kozak., Mycol. Pap. 161: 54. 1989. [MB292857]. — Herb.: IMI 48583ii. Ex-type: CBS 135.52 = NRRL 2154 = ATCC 16897 = IMI 048583ii = IMI 48583 = QM 6874 = WB 2154. ITS barcode: EF669947. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669806; CaM = EF669875; RPB2 = EF669735).
Aspergillus quadrilineatus Thom & Raper, Mycologia 31: 660. 1939 ≡ Emericella quadrilineata (Thom & Raper) C.R. Benj., Mycologia 47: 680. 1955. [MB275888]. — Herb.: IMI 89351. Ex-type: CBS 591.65 = NRRL 201 = ATCC 16816 = IMI 089351ii = IMI 89351 = LSHBA .546 = QM 7465 = Thom 4138.N8 = WB 201. ITS barcode: EF652433. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652257; CaM = EF652345; RPB2 = EF652169).
Aspergillus rambellii Frisvad & Samson, Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 28: 449. 2005. [MB501209]. — Herb.: CBS 101887. Ex-type: CBS 101887 = ATCC 42001 = IBT 14580. ITS barcode: AJ874116. (Alternative markers: BenA = JN217228; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = JN121416).
Aspergillus raperi Stolk & J.A. Mey, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 40: 190. 1957. [MB292858]. — Herb.: [dried culture from soil from] Zaire, Yangambi, Meyer (K). Ex-type: CBS 123.56 = NRRL 2641 = ATCC 16917 = IFO 6416 = IMI 70949 = NRRL 4778 = NRRL A-7462 = QM 1898 = WB 4221 = WB 4778. ITS barcode: EF652454. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652278; CaM = EF652366; RPB2 = EF652190).
Aspergillus recurvatus Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 529. 1965. [MB326653]. — Herb.: IMI 36528. Ex-type: CBS 496.65 = NRRL 4902 = ATCC 16809 = IMI 136528 = O-566 = QM 7972 = WB 4902. ITS barcode: EF652482. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652306; CaM = EF652394; RPB2 = EF652218).
Aspergillus restrictus G. Sm., J. Textile Inst. 22: 115. 1931. [MB276290]. — Herb.: IMI 16267. Ex-type: CBS 117.33 = CBS 541.65 = NRRL 154 = ATCC 16912 = B35855 = CECT2075 = IHEM 3920 = IMI 16267 = LSHBBB 94 = LSHTM 93 = MUCL 31313 = NCTC 6976 = NRRL 4155 = QM 1979 = Thom 5660.93 = UC4312 = VTTD-77065 = WB 154. ITS barcode: EF652042. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651880; CaM = EF652029; RPB2 = EF651978).
Aspergillus rhizopodus J.N. Rai, Wadhwani & S.C. Agarwal, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 64: 515. 1975. [MB309240]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 450.75 = IMI 385057 = WB 5442. ITS barcode: EU078652. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU076327; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus robustus M. Chr. & Raper, Mycologia 70: 200. 1978. [MB309241]. — Herb.: NY WB 5286. Ex-type: CBS 428.77 = NRRL 6362 = ATCC 36106 = IMI 216610 = NRRL A-17351 = WB 5286. ITS barcode: EF661176. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU014101; CaM = EF661357; RPB2 = EF661033).
Aspergillus roseoglobulosus Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 50: 30. 2004. [MB500001]. — Herb.: CBS H-13438. Ex-type: CBS 112800 = NRRL 4565 = IBT 14720. ITS barcode: FJ491583. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY819984; CaM = FJ491555; RPB2 = EF661299).
Aspergillus ruber (Jos. König et al.) Thom & Church, Aspergillus: 112. 1926 ≡ Eurotium rubrum J. König, Spieck. & W. Bremer, Z. Untersuch. Nahr. Genussm. 4: 726. 1901. [MB490579]. — Herb.: CBS 530.65. Ex-type: CBS 530.65 = NRRL 52 = ATCC 16441 = IMI 211380 = QM 1973 = Thom 5599B = WB 52. ITS barcode: EF652066. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651920; CaM = EF652009; RPB2 = EF651947).
Aspergillus rugulosus Thom & Raper, Mycologia 31: 660. 1939 ≡ Emericella rugulosa (Thom & Raper) C.R. Benj., Mycologia 47: 680. 1955 ≡ Aspergillus rugulovalvus Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 49. 1985. [MB277104]. — Herb.: IMI 136775. Ex-type: CBS 133.60 = NRRL 206 = ATCC 16820 = IMI 136775 = QM 1987 = Thom 4138.T11 = WB 206. ITS barcode: EF652434. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652258; CaM = EF652346; RPB2 = EF652170).
Aspergillus saccharolyticus Sørensen, Lübeck & Frisvad, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61: 3081. 2011. [MB518695]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 127449 = IBT 28509. ITS barcode: HM853552. (Alternative markers: BenA = HM853553; CaM = HM853554; RPB2 = HF559235).
Aspergillus salviicola Udagawa, Kamiya & Tsub., Mycoscience 35: 245. 1994. [MB362927]. — Herb.: CBM NCI 2090. Ex-type: ATCC 96334 = NCI 2090 = UAMH 8211. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus salwaensis Visagie et al., Stud. Mycol. 78: 49. 2014. [MB809201]. — Herb.: QCC F001/14. Ex-type: CBS 138172 = DTO 297-B3. ITS barcode: KJ775447. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775056; CaM = KJ775244; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus sclerotialis (W. Gams & Breton) Houbraken et al., published here ≡ Sagenomella sclerotialis W. Gams & Breton, Persoonia 10: 109. 1978 ≡ Phialosimplex sclerotialis (W. Gams & Breton) Sigler, Med. Mycol. 48: 341. 2010. [MB809596]. — Herb.: CBS 366.77. Ex-type: CBS 366.77 = IAM 14794. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = JN121505).
Aspergillus sclerotiicarbonarius Noonim et al., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58: 1733. 2008. [MB504407]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 121057 = IBT 121057. ITS barcode: EU159216. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU159229; CaM = EU159235; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus sclerotioniger Samson & Frisvad, Stud. Mycol. 50: 57. 2004. [MB500010]. — Herb.: CBS H-13433. Ex-type: CBS 115572 = IBT 22905. ITS barcode: DQ900606. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ629304; CaM = FN594557; RPB2 = HE984369).
Aspergillus sclerotiorum G. A. Huber, Phytopathology 23: 306. 1933. [MB277707]. — Herb.: IMI 56673. Ex-type: CBS 549.65 = NRRL 415 = IBT 11931 = ATCC 16892 = DSM 870 = IFO 7542 = IMI 056732 = IMI 56673 = LCP 89.2594 = QM 6732 = Thom 5351 = WB 415. ITS barcode: EF661400. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661337; CaM = EF661384; RPB2 = EF661287).
Aspergillus sepultus Tuthill & M. Chr., Mycologia 78: 475. 1986. [MB130306]. — Herb.: NY RMF 7602. Ex-type: CBS 257.85 = ATCC 58705 = IMI 294498. ITS barcode: FJ531074. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ531023; CaM = FJ531101; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus sergii P. Rodrigues et al., Mycologia 104: 693. 2012. [MB561842]. — Herb.: MUM-H 10.219. Ex-type: CBS 130017. ITS barcode: JF412769. (Alternative markers: BenA = HM803082; CaM = HM803029; RPB2 = HM802985).
Aspergillus sesamicola Visagie, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 52. 2014. [MB809202]. — Herb.: CBS H-21792. Ex-type: CBS 137324 = IBT 29314 = DTO 148-B4. ITS barcode: KJ775437. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775063; CaM = KJ775233; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus shendaweii (Yaguchi, Abliz & Y. Horie) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Neosartorya shendaweii Yaguchi, Abliz & Y. Horie, Mycoscience 51: 260. 2010. [MB809597]. — Herb.: CBM FA-0958. Ex-type: IFM 57611. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB488754; CaM = AB488762; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus siamensis Manoch & Eamvijarn, Mycoscience 54: 403. 2013. [MB561946]. — Herb.: IFM 59793. Ex-type: KUFC 6349. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB646989 ; CaM = AB776704; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus silvaticus Fennell & Raper, Mycologia 47: 83. 1955. [MB292859]. — Herb.: IMI 61456. Ex-type: CBS 128.55 = NRRL 2398 = ATCC 16843 = ATCC 46904 = IFO 8173 = IMI 61456 = NRRL A-3107 = QM 1912 = WB 2398. ITS barcode: EF652448. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652272; CaM = EF652360; RPB2 = EF652184).
Aspergillus similis (Y. Horie et al.) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Emericella similis Y. Horie et al., Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 31: 425. 1990. [MB809598]. — Herb.: CBM 10007. Ex-type: CBS 293.93 = NHL 3000. ITS barcode: EU448279. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF428374; CaM = EU443987; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus sloanii Visagie, Hirooka & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 108. 2014. [MB809194]. — Herb.: CBS H-21811. Ex-type: CBS 138177 = DTO 245A1. ITS barcode: KJ775540. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775074; CaM = KJ775309; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus solicola Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Neosartorya warcupii Peterson, Varga & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 59: 201. 2007. [MB809599]. — Herb.: NRRL 35723. Ex-type: NRRL 35723. ITS barcode: EU220279. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU220283; CaM = EU220284; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus sparsus Raper & Thom, Mycologia 36: 572. 1944. [MB284314]. — Herb.: IMI 19394. Ex-type: CBS 139.61 = NRRL 1933 = ATCC 16851 = IHEM 4377 = IMI 19394 = IMI 19394ii = MUCL 31314 = NCTC 6975 = QM 7470 = WB 1933. ITS barcode: EF661181. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661125; CaM = EF661173; RPB2 = EF661071).
Aspergillus spathulatus Takada & Udagawa, Mycotaxon 24: 396. 1985 ≡ Neosartorya spathulata Takada & Udagawa, Mycotaxon 24: 396. 1985. [MB104019]. — Herb.: NHL 2947. Ex-type: NRRL 20549 = ATCC 64222 = NHL 2948. ITS barcode: EF669943. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669803; CaM = EF669872; RPB2 = EF669731).
Aspergillus spectabilis M. Chr. & Raper, Mycologia 70: 333. 1978 ≡ Emericella spectabilis M. Chr. & Raper, Mycologia 70: 333. 1978. [MB309243]. — Herb.: NY RMFH 429. Ex-type: CBS 429.77 = NRRL 6363 = ATCC 36105 = IMI 216611 = RMFH429. ITS barcode: EF652510. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU482437; CaM = EF652422; RPB2 = EF652246).
Aspergillus spelaeus A. Nováková et al., Mycologia (in press). [MB808146]. — Herb.: PRM 923462. Ex-type: CCF 4425 = CMF ISB 2615 = CBS 134371 = NRRL 62826. ITS barcode: HG915905. (Alternative markers: BenA = HG916698; CaM = HG916741; RPB2 = HG916719).
Aspergillus spelunceus Raper & Fennell [as ‘speluneus’], Gen. Aspergillus: 457. 1965. [MB326656]. — Herb.: IMI 211389. Ex-type: CBS 497.65 = NRRL 4989 = ATCC 16838 = IMI 211389 = NRRL A-3676 = QM 8898 = WB 4989. ITS barcode: EF652490. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652314; CaM = EF652402; RPB2 = EF652226).
Aspergillus spinosus Kozak., Mycol. Pap. 161: 58. 1989 ≡ Neosartorya spinosa (Raper & Fennell) Kozak., Mycol. Pap. 161: 58. 1989. [MB127763]. — Herb.: IMI 211390. Ex-type: CBS 483.65 = NRRL 5034 = ATCC 16898 = IFO 8782 = IMI 211390 = NRRL A-1148 = QM 8888 = WB 5034. ITS barcode: EF669988. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669844; CaM = EF669914; RPB2 = EF669775).
Aspergillus stella-maris Zalar, Frisvad & Samson, Mycologia 100: 789. 2008 ≡ Emericella stella-maris Zalar, Frisvad & Samson, Mycologia 100: 789. 2008. [MB507363]. — Herb.: CBS H-19887. Ex-type: CBS 113638 = IBT 23439. ITS barcode: EU448269. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = EU443978; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus stellatus Curzi, C.R. Accad. Lincei 19: 428. 1934 = Aspergillus stellifer Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 52. 1985 = Aspergillus variecolor Thom & Raper, Mycologia 31: 663. 1939 = Emericella variecolor Berk. & Broome, Intr. crypt. bot. (London): 340. 1857. [MB254841]. — Herb.: Bowenpilly near Secundarabad, s. coll., (K). Ex-type: CBS 598.65 = NRRL 1858 = ATCC 16819 = IMI 136778 = QM 6835 = WB 1858. ITS barcode: EF652426. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652250; CaM = EF652338; RPB2 = EF652162).
Aspergillus steynii Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 50: 39. 2004. [MB500006]. — Herb.: CBS H-13445. Ex-type: CBS 112812 = NRRL 35675 = IBT 23096. ITS barcode: EF661416. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661347; CaM = EF661378; RPB2 = JN121428).
Aspergillus stramenius R.O. Novak & Raper, Gen. Aspergillus: 260. 1965 ≡ Sartorya stramenia (R.O. Novak & Raper) Subram., Current Science 41: 761. 1972 ≡ Neosartorya stramenia (R.O. Novak & Raper) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 2622. 1973 ≡ Aspergillus paleaceus Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 50. 1985. [MB326658]. — Herb.: IMI 172293. Ex-type: CBS 498.65 = NRRL 4652 = ATCC 16895 = IFO 9611 = IMI 172293 = QM 8900 = WB 4652. ITS barcode: EF669984. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669840; CaM = EF669910; RPB2 = EF669771).
Aspergillus striatus J.N. Rai, J.P. Tewari & Mukerji, Can. J. Bot. 42: 1521. 1964 ≡ Emericella striata (J.N. Rai, J.P. Tewari & Mukerji) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 62. 1972 ≡ Aspergillus striatulus Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 50. 1985. [MB 326659]. — Herb.: IMI 96679. Ex-type: CBS 283.67 = CBS 592.65 = NRRL 4699 = ATCC 16815 = IMI 96679 = QM 8901 = WB 4699. ITS barcode: EF652470. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652294; CaM = EF652382; RPB2 = EF652206).
Aspergillus stromatoides Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 421. 1965 ≡ Chaetosartorya stromatoides B.J. Wiley & E.G. Simmons, Mycologia 65: 935. 1973. [MB326660]. — Herb.: IMI 123750. Ex-type: CBS 500.65 = NRRL 4519 = ATCC 16854 = ATCC 24485 = IMI 123750 = QM 8959 = QM 8974 = WB 4519. ITS barcode: EF652146. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652122; CaM = EF652127; RPB2 = EF652098).
Aspergillus subalbidus Visagie, Hirooka & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 101. 2014. [MB809190]. — Herb.: CBS H-21807. Ex-type: CBS 567.65 = ATCC 16871 = IMI 230752 = NRRL 312. ITS barcode: KJ866983. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU076295; CaM = EF669551; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus sublatus Y. Horie, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 20: 481. 1979 ≡ Emericella sublata Y. Horie, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 20: 481. 1979. [MB118407]. — Herb.: IFM 4553. Ex-type: IFO 30906 = IMI 334870 = NBRC 30906 = IFM 4553. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus sublevisporus Someya, Yaguchi & Udagawa, Mycoscience 40: 405. 1999 ≡ Neosartorya sublevispora Someya, Yaguchi & Udagawa, Mycoscience 40: 405. 1999. [MB459822]. — Herb.: CBM PF-1207. Ex-type: CBS 128796 = IFM 53598. ITS barcode: AB488776. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB488759; CaM = AB488767; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus subolivaceus Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 385. 1965. [MB326661]. — Herb.: IMI 44882. Ex-type: CBS 501.65 = NRRL 4998 = ATCC 16862 = IMI 44882 = NRRL 20625 = QM 8902 = WB 4998. ITS barcode: AF257795. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF203144; CaM = EF202064; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus subramanianii Visagie, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 55. 2014. [MB809203]. — Herb.: CBS H-21791. Ex-type: CBS 138230 = NRRL 6161 = ATCC 18413. ITS barcode: EF661403. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661339; CaM = EF661397; RPB2 = EF661289).
Aspergillus subsessilis Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 530. 1965. [MB119551]. — Herb.: IMI 135820. Ex-type: CBS 502.65 = NRRL 4905 = ATCC 16808 = IMI 135820 = O-325 = QM 8035 = WB 4905. ITS barcode: EF652485. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652309; CaM = EF652397; RPB2 = EF652221).
Aspergillus subversicolor Jurjevic, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn, IMA Fungus 3: 72. 2012. [MB800603]. — Herb.: BPI 880918. Ex-type: NRRL 58999. ITS barcode: JQ301894. (Alternative markers: BenA = JN853970; CaM = JN854010; RPB2 = JN853799).
Aspergillus sydowii (Bainier & Sartory) Thom & Church, Aspergilli: 147. 1926 ≡ Sterigmatocystis sydowii Bainier & Sartory, Ann. Mycol. 11: 25. 1913. [MB279636]. — Herb.: IMI 211384. Ex-type: CBS 593.65 = NRRL 250 = IMI 211384 = NRRL 254. ITS barcode: EF652450. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652274; CaM = EF652362; RPB2 = EF652186).
Aspergillus tabacinus Nakaz. et al., J. agric. Chem. Soc. Japan 10: 177. 1934 [MB539544]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 122718 = NRRL 4791 = IFO 4098 = QM 9766 = WB 4791. ITS barcode: EF652478. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652302; CaM = EF652390; RPB2 = EF652214).
Aspergillus taichungensis Yaguchi, Someya & Udagawa, Mycoscience 36: 421. 1995. [MB434473]. — Herb.: CBM PF-1167. Ex-type: IBT 19404. ITS barcode: EU076301. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU076297; CaM = EU076310; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus takakii Y. Horie, Abliz & K. Fukush., Mycoscience 103: 91. 1999 ≡ Neosartorya takakii Y. Horie, Abliz & K. Fukush., Mycoscience 103: 91. 1999. [MB467818]. — Herb.: CBM FA-884. Ex-type: CBM FA-884. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB787221; CaM = AB787566; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus tamarii Kita, Centralbl. Bakteriol. 2. Abth. 37: 433. 1913. [MB191425]. — Herb.: CBS 104.13. Ex-type: CBS 104.13 = NRRL 20818 = QM 9374. ITS barcode: AF004929. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661474; CaM = EF661526; RPB2 = EU021629).
Aspergillus tanneri Kwon-Chung, Sugui & S.W. Peterson, J. Clin. Microbiol. 50: 3312. 2012. [MB801149]. — Herb.: BPI 882529. Ex-type: NRRL 62426 = NIH 1005. ITS barcode: JN853798. (Alternative markers: BenA = JN896582; CaM = JN896583; RPB2 = JN896585).
Aspergillus tardus Bissett & Widden, Can. J. Bot. 62: 2521. 1984. [MB105071]. — Herb.: DAOM 183872. Ex-type: CBS 433.93 = DAOM 175187 (representative strain). ITS barcode: FJ531045. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ531001; CaM = FJ531084; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus templicola Visagie, Hirooka & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 78: 103. 2014. [MB809191]. — Herb.: CBS H-21808. Ex-type: CBS 138181 = DTO 270C6. ITS barcode: KJ775545. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775092; CaM = KJ775394; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus tennesseensis Jurjevic, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn, IMA Fungus 3: 73. 2012. [MB800604]. — Herb.: BPI 880917. Ex-type: NRRL 13150. ITS barcode: JQ301895. (Alternative markers: BenA = JN853976; CaM = JN854017; RPB2 = JN853806).
Aspergillus terreus Thom, Am. J. Bot. 5: 85. 1918. [MB191719]. — Herb.: IMI 17294. Ex-type: CBS 601.65 = NRRL 255 = ATCC 10071 = ATCC 1012 = IFO 33026 = IMI 017294ii = IMI 17294 = JCM 10257 = LSHBA c .24 = MUCL 38640 = NCTC 981 = NRRL 543 = QM 1 = QM 1991 = Thom 144 = VKMF-67 = WB 255. ITS barcode: EF669586. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669519; CaM = EF669544; RPB2 = EF669628).
Aspergillus thermomutatus (Paden) S.W. Peterson, Mycol. Res. 96: 549. 1992 ≡ Aspergillus fischeri var. thermomutatus Paden, Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 36: 161. 1968 ≡ Neosartorya pseudofischeri S.W. Peterson, Mycol. Res. 96: 549. 1992. [MB358403]. — Herb.: BPI 1108305. Ex-type: CBS 208.92 = NRRL 20748. ITS barcode: EF669946. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669805; CaM = EF669874; RPB2 = EF669734).
Aspergillus thesauricus Hubka & A. Nováková, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62: 2784. 2012. [MB564187]. — Herb.: PRM 860609. Ex-type: NRRL 62487 = CCF 4166 = CMFISB 2155. ITS barcode: HE615088. (Alternative markers: BenA = HE615095; CaM = HE615120; RPB2 = HE615126).
Aspergillus togoensis (Henn.) Samson & Seifert, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 419. 1985 ≡ Stilbothamnium togoense Henn., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 542. 1897. [MB114720]. — Herb.: BR B 1009. Ex-type: CBS 205.75 = NRRL 13551 = LCP 67.3456 (CBS 272.89 (representative strain)). ITS barcode: AJ874113. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ491477; CaM = FJ491489; RPB2 = JN121479).
Aspergillus tonophilus Ohtsuki, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 75: 438. 1962 ≡ Eurotium tonophilum Ohtsuki, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 75: 438. 1962. [MB326663]. — Herb.: IMI 108299. Ex-type: CBS 405.65 = NRRL 5124 = ATCC 16440 = ATCC 36504 = IMI 108299 = QM 8599 = WB 5124. ITS barcode: EF652081. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651919; CaM = EF652000; RPB2 = EF651969).
Aspergillus transmontanensis P. Rodrigues et al., Mycologia 104: 694. 2012. [MB561843]. — Herb.: MUM-H 10.214. Ex-type: CBS 130015. ITS barcode: JF412774 (Alternative markers: BenA = HM803101; CaM = HM803020; RPB2 = HM802980).
Aspergillus trinidadensis Jurjevic, G. Perrone & S.W. Peterson, IMA Fungus 3: 170. 2012. [MB802364]. — Herb.: BPI 883908. Ex-type: NRRL 62479 = ITEM 14821. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = HE984420; CaM = HE984434; RPB2 = HE984379).
Aspergillus tritici B.S. Mehrotra & M. Basu [as ‘triticus’], Nova Hedwigia 27: 599. 1976. [MB309248]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: CBS 266.81. ITS barcode: EU076302. (Alternative markers: BenA = EU076293; CaM = EU076305; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus tsunodae (Yaguchi, Abliz & Y. Horie) Samson, Visagie & Houbraken, published here ≡ Neosartorya tsunodae Yaguchi, Abliz & Y. Horie, Mycoscience 51: 261. 2010. [MB809600]. — Herb.: CBM FA-0950. Ex-type: IFM 57609 = NBRC 106416. ITS barcode: HE974447. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB488755; CaM = AB488763; RPB2 = HE974400).
Aspergillus tsurutae Y. Horie, Mycoscience 44: 399. 2003 ≡ Neosartorya tsurutae Y. Horie, Mycoscience 44: 399. 2003. [MB489534]. — Herb.: CBM FA-933. Ex-type: CBM FA--0933. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = AB488760; CaM = AB488768; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus tubingensis Mosseray, La Cellule 43: 245. 1934. [MB255209]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: NRRL 4875 = QM 8904 = WB 4875. ITS barcode: EF661193. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661086; CaM = EF661151; RPB2 = EF661055).
Aspergillus turcosus S.B. Hong, Frisvad & Samson, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 93: 97. 2008. [MB506378]. — Herb.: KACC 42091. Ex-type: KACC 42091. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = DQ534143; CaM = DQ534148; RPB2 = HF545310).
Aspergillus turkensis Varga, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 69: 91. 2011. [MB560404]. — Herb.: CBS H-20638. Ex-type: CBS 504.65 = NRRL A-3261 = NRRL 4993 = ATCC 16799 = IMI 135420. ITS barcode: FJ531160. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ531191; CaM = FJ531145; RPB2 = EF652230).
Aspergillus udagawae Y. Horie, Miyaji & Nishim., Mycoscience 36: 199. 1995 ≡ Neosartorya udagawae Y. Horie, Miyaji & Nishim., Mycoscience 36: 199. 1995. [MB412533]. — Herb.: CBM FA-0702. Ex-type: CBS 114217 = CBM FA-0702. ITS barcode: AB250781. (Alternative markers: BenA = AF132226; CaM = AB748566; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus undulatus H.Z. Kong & Z.T. Qi, Acta Mycol. Sin. 4: 211. 1985 ≡ Emericella undulata H.Z. Kong & Z.T. Qi, Acta Mycol. Sin. 5: 211. 1986. [MB129004]. — Herb.: HMAS 47644. Ex-type: CBS 261.88. ITS barcode: EU448275. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF428363; CaM = EU443989; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus unguis (Émile-Weill & L. Gaudin) Thom & Raper, Mycologia 31: 667. 1939 ≡ Sterigmatocystis unguis Émile-Weill & L. Gaudin, Arch. Med. Exp. Anat. Pathol. 28: 463. 1918 ≡ Emericella unguis Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 62. 1972. [MB255264]. — Herb.: IMI 136526. Ex-type: CBS 132.55 = NRRL 2393 = ATCC 16812 = IMI 136526 = NRRL A-2391 = NRRL A-445 = QM 25B = WB 2393. ITS barcode: EF652443. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652267; CaM = EF652355; RPB2 = EF652179).
Aspergillus unilateralis Thrower, Aust. J. Bot. 2: 355. 1954 ≡ Aspergillus brevipes var. unilateralis (Thrower) Kozak., Mycol. Pap. 161: 54. 1989. [MB292862]. — Herb.: IMI 62876. Ex-type: CBS 126.56 = NRRL 577 = ATCC 16902 = IFO 8136 = IMI 062876 = QM 8163 = WB 4366 = WB 4779. ITS barcode: EF669997. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669852; CaM = EF669923; RPB2 = EF669784).
Aspergillus ustus (Bainier) Thom & Church, Aspergilli: 152. 1926 ≡ Sterigmatocystis usta Bainier, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 28: 78. 1881. [MB281216]. — Herb.: IMI 211805. Ex-type: CBS 261.67 = NRRL 275 = ATCC 1041 = ATCC 16818 = IMI 211805 = QM 7477 = WB 275. ITS barcode: EF652455. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652279; CaM = EF652367; RPB2 = EF652191).
Aspergillus uvarum G. Perrone, Varga & Kozak., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58: 1036. 2008. [MB510962]. — Herb.: IMI 388523. Ex-type: CBS 121591 = IBT 26606 = IMI 388523 = ITEM 4834. ITS barcode: AM745757. (Alternative markers: BenA = AM745751; CaM = AM745755; RPB2 = HE984370).
Aspergillus vadensis R.P. de Vries, Frisvad & Visser, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 87: 201. 2005. [MB340234]. — Herb.: CBS 113365. Ex-type: CBS 113365 = CECT20584 = IMI 313493. ITS barcode: AY585549. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY585531; CaM = FN594560; RPB2 = HE984371).
Aspergillus varians Wehmer, Bot. Centralbl. 80: 460. 1899. [MB172782]. — Herb.: IMI 172297. Ex-type: CBS 505.65 = NRRL 4793 = ATCC 16836 = IFO 4114 = IMI 172297 = WB 4793. ITS barcode: EF652479. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652303; CaM = EF652391; RPB2 = EF652215).
Aspergillus venenatus Jurjevic, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn, IMA Fungus 3: 73. 2012. [MB800605]. — Herb.: BPI 880916. Ex-type: NRRL 13147. ITS barcode: JQ301896. (Alternative markers: BenA = JN854003; CaM = JN854014; RPB2 = JN853803).
Aspergillus venezuelensis Frisvad & Samson, Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 678. 2004 ≡ Emericella venezuelensis Frisvad & Samson, Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 678. 2004. [MB368544]. — Herb.: CBS 868.97. Ex-type: CBS 868.97 = IBT 20956. ITS barcode: AJ874119. (Alternative markers: BenA = AY339998; CaM = EU443977; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tirab., Ann. Bot. (Roma) 7: 9. 1908 ≡ Sterigmatocystis versicolor Vuill., Erreur Dét. Asp. Paras. Homme: 15. 1903. [MB172159]. — Herb.: CBS 538.65. Ex-type: CBS 583.65 = NRRL 238 = ATCC 9577 = IFO 33027 = IMI 229970 = JCM 10258 = QM 7478 = Thom 5519.57 = WB 238. ITS barcode: EF652442. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652266; CaM = EF652354; RPB2 = EF652178).
Aspergillus vinosobubalinus Udagawa, Kamiya & Kaori Osada, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 34: 255. 1993. [MB361186]. — Herb.: CBM BF-33501. Ex-type: CBM BF-33501. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus violaceus Fennell & Raper, Mycologia 47: 75. 1955 ≡ Emericella violacea (Fennell & Raper) Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 50: 62. 1972 ≡ Aspergillus violaceobrunneus Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 53. 1985. [MB292863]. — Herb.: IMI 61449. Ex-type: CBS 138.55 = NRRL 2240 = ATCC 16813 = CECT2587 = IFO 8106 = IMI 061449ii = IMI 61449 = LCP 82.3318 = NRRL A-3156 = QM 1905 = UC4511 = WB 2240. ITS barcode: EF652438. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652262; CaM = EF652350; RPB2 = EF652174).
Aspergillus viridinutans Ducker & Thrower, Aust. J. Bot. 2: 355. 1954. [MB292864]. — Herb.: IMI 62875. Ex-type: CBS 127.56 = NRRL 4365 = NRRL 4782 = NRRL 576 = NRRL A-16083 = NRRL A-6281 = ATCC 16901 = IMI 367415 = IMI 62875 = WB 4081 = WB 4365 = WB 4782. ITS barcode: EF669978. (Alternative markers: BenA = AF134779; CaM = DQ534162; RPB2 = EF669765).
Aspergillus vitricola Ohtsuki, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 75: 436. 1962. [MB326665]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: NRRL 5125 = ATCC 16905 = ATCC 36505 = IMI 108298 = WB 5125. ITS barcode: EF652046. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651927; CaM = EF652035; RPB2 = EF651973).
Aspergillus waksmanii Hubka et al., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 63: 786. 2013. [MB801063]. — Herb.: PRM 860537. Ex-type: NRRL 179 = CCF 4266 = Thom 4138.H52 = IBT 31900. ITS barcode: EF669934. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669794; CaM = EF669863; RPB2 = EF669722).
Aspergillus wangduanlii D.M. Li et al., Mycoscience 39: 302. 1998. [MB447107]. — Herb.: CBM FD-283. Ex-type: CBM FD-283 = CMMB 2309. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus welwitschiae (Bres.) Henn. apud Wehmer, Centrbl. Bakteriol. ParasitK. 2 18: 294. 1907 ≡ Ustilago welwitschiae Bres., Bol. Soc. Brot. 11: 68. 1893 ≡ Sterigmatocystis welwitschiae (Bres.) Henn., Kunene-Sambesi Expedit.: 168. 1903. [MB490584]. — Herb.: CBS 139.54. Ex-type: CBS 139.54. ITS barcode: FJ629340. (Alternative markers: BenA = FJ629291; CaM = KC480196; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus wentii Wehmer, Centralbl. Bakteriol., 2. Abth., 2: 149. 1896. [MB172623]. — Herb.: IMI 17295. Ex-type: CBS 104.07 = NRRL 375 = ATCC 1023 = IMI 17295 = NCTC 597 = NRRL 1269 = QM 7479 = Thom 116 = WB 375. ITS barcode: EF652151. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF652106; CaM = EF652131; RPB2 = EF652092).
Aspergillus westerdijkiae Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 50: 30. 2004. [MB500000]. — Herb.: CBS H-13444. Ex-type: CBS 112803 = NRRL 3174 = IBT 10738 = ATCC 22947 = IBT 10738 = MUCL 39539. ITS barcode: EF661427. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF661329; CaM = EF661360; RPB2 = EF661307).
Aspergillus westlandensis Visagie et al., Stud. Mycol. 78: 59. 2014. [MB809204]. — Herb.: CBS H-21795. Ex-type: CBS 137321 = IBT 32139 = DTO 231-A9. ITS barcode: KJ775434. (Alternative markers: BenA = KJ775066; CaM = KJ775230; RPB2 = n.a.).
Aspergillus wyomingensis A. Nováková, Dudová & Hubka, Fungal Divers. 64: 270. 2014. [MB803936]. — Herb.: PRM 861504. Ex-type: CCF 4417 = CMF ISB 2494. ITS barcode: HG324081. (Alternative markers: BenA = HF933359; CaM = HF933397; RPB2 = HF937378).
Aspergillus xerophilus Samson & Mouch., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 41: 348. 1975 ≡ Eurotium xerophilum Samson & Mouch., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 41: 348. 1975. [MB309251]. — Herb.: CBS 938.73. Ex-type: CBS 938.73 = NRRL 6131. ITS barcode: EF652085. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF651923; CaM = EF651983; RPB2 = EF651970).
Excluded and doubtful species
Aspergillus amazonensis (Henn.) Samson & Seifert, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 418. 1985 ≡ Stilbothamnium amazonense Henn., Hedwigia 43: 396. 1904. [MB114696]. — Herb.: Brazil, Jurna, Jul 1907, Ule in herb. Hennings (S). Ex-type: unknown. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.). Note: Apart from herbarium material, there is no ex-type culture or sequences available. As such, we cannot confirm the taxonomic position of the species.
Aspergillus clavatoflavus Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 378. 1965. [MB326619]. — Herb.: IMI 124937. Ex-type: CBS 473.65 = NRRL 5113 = ATCC 16866 = IMI 124937 = QM 8877 = WB 5113. Note: Molecular data suggest that this species does not belong to Aspergillus (Peterson 2008, Houbraken & Samson 2011).
Aspergillus collembolorum Dörfelt & A.R. Schmidt, Mycol. Res. 109: 956. 2005. [MB344420]. — Herb.: Hoffeins 805. Ex-type: unknown. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.). Note: Apart from herbarium material, there is no ex-type culture or sequences available. As such, we cannot confirm the taxonomic position of the species.
Aspergillus curviformis H.J. Chowdhery & J.N. Rai, Nova Hedwigia 32: 231. 1980. [MB118396]. — Herb.: [dried culture from soil from] India, Kagh Islands, s.coll. (LWG). Ex-type: unknown. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.). Note: Apart from the location of the herbarium specimen, there is no information available with regards to ex-type cultures or sequences. As such, we cannot confirm the taxonomic position of the species.
Aspergillus dybowskii (Pat.) Samson & Seifert, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 422. 1985 ≡ Penicilliopsis dybowskii Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 8: 54. 1892. [MB114702]. — Herb.: Congo, Jan 1894, Dybowski in herb. Bresadola (S). Ex-type: unknown. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.). Note: Apart from herbarium material, there is no ex-type culture or sequences available. As such, we cannot confirm the taxonomic position of the species.
Aspergillus erythrocephalus Berk. & M.A. Curtis, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 10: 362. 1868. [MB212597]. — Herb.: Cuba, Wright 764 (K). Ex-type: unknown. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.). Note: Apart from herbarium material, there is no ex-type culture or sequences available. As such, we cannot confirm the taxonomic position of the species.
Aspergillus globosus H.J. Chowdhery & J.N. Rai, Nova Hedwigia 32: 233. 1980 (nom. illegit., Art. 53.3). [MB118398]. — Herb.: [dried culture from soil from] India, Kagh Islands, s.coll. (LWG). Ex-type: unknown. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.). Note: Aspergillus globosus Link is the older name for the epithet and thus makes this an illegitimate name under Art. 53.3. Apart from the designation of a herbarium specimen, there is no information available with regards to ex-type cultures or sequences. As such, we cannot confirm the taxonomic position of the species.
Aspergillus ornatulus Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 45. 1985 ≡ Sclerocleista ornata (Raper, Fennell & Tresner) Subram., Current Science 41: 757. 1972. [MB114712]. — Herb.: IMI 55295. Ex-type: CBS 124.53 = NRRL 2256 = ATCC 16921 = IMI 55295 = LSHBBB .311 = MUCL 15643 = NRRL A-3471 = QM 1951 = UC4518 = WB 2256. Note: Molecular data suggest that this species belongs to a clade distinct from Aspergillus (Houbraken & Samson 2011).
Aspergillus spinulosus Warcup, Gen. Aspergillus: 204. 1965 ≡ Raperia spinulosa (Warcup) Subram. & Rajendran, Kavaka 3: 133. 1976 ≡ Warcupiella spinulosa (Warcup) Subram., Curr. Sci. 41: 757. 1972 ≡ Aspergillus warcupii Samson & W. Gams, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 50. 1985. [MB326657]. — Herb.: IMI 75885. Ex-type: CBS 512.65 = NRRL 4376 = A41/4 = ATCC 16919 = IFO 31800 = IMI 238611 = IMI 75885 = IMI 75885ii = IMI 75885iii = IMI 75885iv = QM 7858 = WB 4376. ITS barcode: EF669706. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669680; CaM = EF669698; RPB2 = EF669666). Note: Molecular data showed that this species belongs in a phylogenetic clade with Hamigera.
Aspergillus taklimakanensis Abliz & Y. Horie, Mycoscience 42: 289. 2001 ≡ Eurotium taklimakanense Abliz & Y. Horie, Mycoscience 42: 289. 2001. [MB474683]. — Herb.: CBM FA-876. Ex-type: CBM FA-876 = Y. Horie No. 98-TA-571-C. Note: The ex-type culture no longer exist. As such we cannot confirm its taxonomic position and consider it a doubtful species.
Aspergillus vitellinus (Massee) Samson & Seifert, Adv. Penicillium Aspergillus Syst.: 417. 1985 ≡ Sterigmatocystis vitellina Ridl. ex Massee, J. Bot. 34: 152. 1896. [MB114721]. — Herb.: Singapore, 1894, Ridley 2970 (K). Ex-type: unknown. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.). Note: Apart from herbarium material, there is no ex-type culture or sequences available. As such, we cannot confirm the taxonomic position of the species.
Aspergillus zonatus Kwon-Chung & Fennell, Raper & Fennell, Gen. Aspergillus: 377. 1965. [MB326666]. — Herb.: CBS 506.65. Ex-type: CBS 506.65 = NRRL 5079 = ATCC 16867 = IFO 8817 = IMI 124936 = NRRL 25543 = QM 8919 = WB 5079. ITS barcode: EF669712. (Alternative markers: BenA = EF669679; RPB2 = EF669665; CaM = EF669701). Note: Molecular data suggest that this species does not belong to Aspergillus (Peterson 2008, Houbraken & Samson 2011).
Dactylomyces thermophilus Sopp, Skr. Vidensk.-Selsk. Christiana Math.-Nat. Kl. 11: 35. 1912 ≡ Penicillium thermophilum (Sopp) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 25: 671. 1931 ≡ Thermoascus thermophilus (Sopp) Arx, The genera of fungi sporulating in pure culture: 94. 1974. [MB224271]. — Herb.: CBS H-18805. Ex-type: CBS 528.71 = BDUN 394 = IMI 123298 = NRRL 5208 = ATCC 26413. Note: Non Talaromyces thermophilus Stolk. The genus Dactylomyces was introduced for the ascoma producing D. thermophilus. This species also produces an anamorph that resembles Polypaecilum (Apinis 1967, Stchigel & Guarro 2007). Phylogenetically this species, however, belongs in Thermoascus (Houbraken & Samson 2011) and is thus unrelated to Aspergillus.
Eurotium amstelodami L. Mangin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 9 10: 360. 1908. [MB238336]. — Herb.: unknown. Ex-type: unknown. Note: Hubka et al. (2013a,b) showed that neotypification of this species by Samson & Gams (1985) and Pitt & Samson (1993) was based on an erroneous species concept of Eurotium amstelodami and its anamorph name Aspergillus amstelodami.
Polypaecilum botryoides (F.T. Brooks & Hansf.) V. Rao & de Hoog, Persoonia 8: 202. 1975 ≡ Torula botryoides F.T. Brooks & Hansf., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 8: 134. 1923 (nom. illegit., Art. 53.1). [MB320881]. — Herb.: CBS 143.23. Ex-type: CBS 143.23 = MUCL 7919. ITS barcode: n.a. (Alternative markers: BenA = n.a.; CaM = n.a.; RPB2 = n.a.). Note: The ex type culture is available but has not been sequenced. As such, its taxonomic position is unclear and needs further studies.
Polypaecilum thermophilum Dong M. Wang & D.C. Li, J. Fungal Res. 2: 47. 2004. [MB542322]. — Herb.: HSAUP <sub(03)>80011. Ex-type: unknown. Note: Apart from the designation of a herbarium specimen, there is no information available with regards to ex-type culture or sequences. As such, we cannot confirm the taxonomic position of the species and consider it doubtful.
Acknowledgements
This paper was initiated by and formed part of grants from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Program on the Microbiology of the Built Environment. The research of S. Kocsubé and G. Szigeti was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary, co-financed by the European Social Fund in the framework of TÁMOP 4.2.4.A/2-11-1-2012-0001, National Excellence Program and we acknowledge the Hungarian Research Fund (OTKA K84077) for providing infrastructural and research facilities. We would like to acknowledge Uwe Braun who provided nomenclatural assistance for this manuscript.
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Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
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Grant ID: TÁMOP 4.2.4.A/2-11-1-2012-0001
Hungarian Research Fund (1)
Grant ID: OTKA K84077