Penicillium euglaucum van Beyma, Ant. van Leeuwenhoek 6: 269. 1940. Fig. 21.
= Eupenicillium euglaucum (van Beyma) Stolk & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 23: 90. 1983.
Typus: ex soil, Argentina (CBS 323.71--neotype, Stolk & Samson 1983; cultures ex-type DTO 23B9 = IBT 30767).
Description: Colony diam, 7 d, in mm: CYA 23-29; CYA15[degrees]C 3-8; CYA30[degrees]C 21-30; CYA37[degrees]C (0-)5-15; MEA 22-26; YES 23-30; DG18 23-29; ratio CYAS:CYA 0.9-1.1; creatine agar 8-16, weak growth, weak acid and no base production.
Sporulation on CYA absent or inconspicuous in fresh isolates, moderate to good sporulation in cultures maintained for longer periods in culture, conidia blue-grey green, cleistothecia abundantly produced, pale yellow when young, becoming warm grey in age, mycelium inconspicuous or light yellow, exudate produced in large clear or light yellow coloured droplets, soluble pigment production strong, yellow coloured, margin entire, reverse yellow or yellow-brown and becoming dark brown in age. Sporulation on YES inconspicuous in fresh cultures, cleistothecia abundantly produced in age, warm-grey coloured, mycelium light yellow, strong yellow soluble pigments production, reverse in shades of yellowbrown. Sporulation on DG18 weak in fresh cultures and strong in degenerated cultures, conidia grey-green, mycelium white, reverse yellow. Sporulation on MEA inconspicuous and not influencing the colony colour, cleistothecia abundantly produced light yellow to grey coloured when young and becoming warm grey in age. Ehrlich reaction negative.
Cleistothecia abundantly produced on CYA, MEA and YES, globose or subglobose, up to 400 [micro]m diam, consisting of sclerotioid masses of polygonal cells, ripening after 4-5 wk or more; warm-grey on MEA and CYA, grayish-brown on oatmeal agar. Ascospores ellipsoidal, with 2 appressed equatorial ridges, finely roughened valves in light microscope, reticulate with SEM, 3.0-4.0 x 2.5-3.0 [micro]m. Conidiophores simple when young becoming biverticillate in age, stipes 5-60 (-100) [micro]m long, occasionally longer, smooth walled or nearly so, 1.5-3.0 [micro]m wide. Metulae, when present, in verticils of 2-3 (-4), unequal in length, 10-20 x 1.5-3.0 [micro]m, often inflated at the apex, 2.5-5.0 [micro]m wide. Phialides ampulliform, 7.0-9.0 x 2-3 [micro]m. Conidia globose, finely roughened, 2.0-2.5 [micro]m diam.
Extrolites: Terrein, "ALK", "FRIL", "GLAD", "RAI", "SPOKO", "3-T".
Diagnostic characters: Penicillium euglaucum is characterised by the production of warm-grey coloured cleistothecia, strong yellow soluble pigment production, good growth at 30 [degrees]C and ascospores 3.0-4.0 x 2.5-3.0 [micro]m.
Similar species: See P. anatolicum.
Distribution and ecology: Penicillium euglaucum is isolated from Argentinean soil.
Barcode & molecular based ID: GenBank no. JN617699. This species has unique ITS, [beta]-tubulin and calmodulin sequences.
Taxonomy and phylogeny: Penicillium euglaucum was neotypified by Stolk & Samson (1983) with CBS 323.71, which resembles van Beyma's original notes of P euglaucum. They noted that Penicillium citreonigrum is the anamorph of E. euglaucum and thirty-seven species were placed in synonymy with these two species (Stolk & Samson 1983). Houbraken & Samson (2011) show that the type culture of P. citreonigrum, CBS 258.29, is phylogenetically unrelated to P. euglaucum. Analysis of the other synonyms mentioned shows that P. euglaucum is unrelated to any of those species (J. Houbraken, unpublished results) and therefore P. euglaucum...