Fig 1.
Phylogeny of a representative selection of species in Chaetothyriales, based on confidently aligned LSU sequences.
Constructed with Maximum likelihood implemented in MEGA 7. Bootstrap values > 80% from 100 resampled datasets are shown with branches. Coloured boxes represent species complexes taken from de Hoog et al. [21], Feng et al. [22], and Vicente et al. [23]. Clades with species causing chromoblastomycosis analysed in this study are indicated with arrows. Type strain in bold.
Table 1.
Strains analysed.
Fig 2.
Multilocus tree of Cyphellophora based on ITS and partial BT2 sequences.
Constructed with maximum likelihood implemented in MEGA 7. Bootstrap values of >80% from 100 resampled data sets are shown with branches. Cladophialophora yegresii and C. carrionii comprised the outgroup. Novel species causing chromoblastomycosis are indicated with red branches. Type strain in bold.
Fig 3.
Multilocus tree of Rhinocladiella based on ITS and partial BT2 sequences.
Constructed with maximum likelihood implemented in MEGA 7. Bootstrap values of >80% from 100 resampled data sets are shown with branches. Cladophialophora yegresii and C. carrionii comprised the outgroup. Novel species causing chromoblastomycosis are indicated with red branches. Type strain in bold.
Table 2.
Estimates of Evolutionary Divergence of Rhinocladiella tropicalis.
Distance R. aquaspersa to R. phaeophora ITS (4.5) and BT2 (5.6); Lengths of alignments of ITS: 548 bp and BT2: 349 bp. Analyses were conducted using the Kimura 2-parameter model. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA 7.
Fig 4.
Cardinal temperatures of strains described.
(A) Cyphellophora ludoviensis with optimal growth temperature at 30°C and maximum at 37°C. (B) Rhinocladiella tropicalis with optimal development at 27°C and maximum at 37°C.
Fig 5.
Cyphellophora ludoviensis microscopic morphology.
(A) colonies on SGA; (B-E) hyphae with chlamydospores and lateral extensions; (F) anastomosis; (G-H) spirally twisted hyphae; (I) poorly differentiated phialide producing conidia; (J-P) chlamydospores and conidia. Scale bars 10 μm.
Fig 6.
(A, B) Nodular and verrucous lesions and muriform cells from skin tissue biopsy of arm lesion caused by Cyphellophora ludoviensis (CMRP1317); (C-E) polymorphic infiltrative plaque lesions caused by different strains of Rhinocladiella tropicalis affecting the legs, (C) with nodular and cicatricial and (E) verrucous lesions; (D-F) muriform cells from skin tissue biopsy of lesions caused by R. tropicalis strains CMRP1287 and CMRP1307, respectively.
Fig 7.
Rhinocladiella tropicalis, microscopic morphology.
(A) Colonies on SGA; (B, C) twisted hyphae and conidia; (D-G) conidiophores with conidia produced in sympodial order; (H-O) conidial apparatus with conidia. Scale bars 10 μm.