Figure 1.
Previous hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Yponomeutoidea.
A. Moriuti (1977), B. Heppner (1998), C. Kyrki (1990). All figures are redrawn with nomenclature following the original.
Table 1.
Previous classifications of Yponomeutoidea.
Table 2.
Rogue taxa identified by the RogueNaRok (RNR) analyses, listed in the order in which they were identified and removed.
Table 3.
Results of Approximately Unbiased (AU) tests for significance of rejection of 12 previous phylogenetic hypotheses.
Figure 2.
The best ML tree found for nt123 analysis of the deliberately incomplete 8–27 gene, 139-taxon data set, showing Yponomeutoidea only.
Bootstrap supports shown above branches: partitioned 8–27 gene nt123/unpartitioned 8–27 gene nt123/8-gene nt123/8–27 gene degen1/8–27 gene codon model/rogue-pruned 8–27 gene nt123 (121 taxa). ‘−’ = node not recovered in the ML tree for that analysis. ‘*’ = bootstrap value <50%. ‘NA’ = bootstrap value undefined because data were obtained for ≤1 taxon in that clade for that analysis. Dotted lines indicate alternative topologies strongly supported by either degen1 or the codon model. Node numbers for selected nodes (solid circles) are provided to facilitate discussion. Thickened terminal branches denote yponomeutoid species feeding on Celastraceae.
Figure 3.
The best ML tree found for nt123 analysis of the deliberately incomplete 8–27 gene, 139-taxon data set (continued from Fig. 2), showing outgroups only.
See Figure 2 for notes on bootstrap supports and node numbers. Terminal taxa shown in pink were initially thought to be yponomeutoids.
Figure 4.
Phylogram representation of ML tree shown in Figures 2 and 3.
Branch lengths are proportional to total number of substitutions per site. Thickened branches are supported by ≥70% bootstrap in at least one analysis summarized in Figures 2 and 3.
Table 4.
Bootstrap supports for selected clades.
Figure 5.
Representative adult habitus images of all yponomeutoid families and subfamilies recognized in this study.
Scale bar = 5 mm. A. Glyphipterigidae: Glyphipteriginae, Glyphipterix bifasciata (Walsingham); B. Glyphipterigidae: Acrolepiinae, Acrolepia xylophragma (Meyrick); C. Glyphipterigidae: Orthoteliinae, Orthotelia sparganella (Thunberg); D. Plutellidae, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus); E. Ypsolophidae: Ypsolophinae, Ypsolopha blandella (Christoph); F. Ypsolophidae: Ochsenheimeriinae, Ochsenheimeria vacculella Fisher von Roeslerstamm; G. Yponomeutidae: Yponomeutinae, Yponomeuta padellus Linnaeus; H. Yponomeutidae: Saridoscelinae, Saridoscelis kodamai Moriuti; I. Argyresthiidae, Argyresthia brockeella (Hübner); J. Lyonetiidae: Lyonetiinae, Lyonetia ledi Wocke; K. Lyonetiidae: Cemiostominae, Leucoptera spartifoliella (Hübner); L. Praydidae, Prays fraxinella (Bjerkander); M. Attevidae, Atteva aurea (Fitch); N. Heliodinidae, Embola ciccella (Barnes et Busck); O. Bedelliidae, Bedellia somnulentella (Zeller); P. Scythropiidae stat. rev., Scythropia crataegella (Linnaeus).
Figure 6.
Host plant families of 16 major yponomeutoid lineages.
The cladogram is simplified from figure 2, annotated with predominant growth form of host plants (‘W’ for woody plants vs. ‘H’ for herbaceous plants). Fractions below yponomeutoid taxon names denote host record completeness for genera and species (in that order), calculated from the number of genera or species with host records relative to the total number of known genera or species. Host plant families used by each lineage are denoted by gray cells showing the numbers of species feeding on that plant family. Symbols denote the dominant growth-forms of each plant family: shaded circles = trees and shrubs; open circles = herbs; and shaded stars = veins and lianas. Capital letters next to host plant orders denote membership in clades above the order level: A – magnoliids, B – commelinids, C – fabids, D – malvids, E – lamiids, F – campanulids, G – Gnetophyta, and H – Pinophyta.
Figure 7.
Species diversity, feeding mode, diet breadth and geographic distribution of 16 major yponomeutoid lineages.
The tree topology is that of Figure 6. Branch colors indicate predominant feeding modes: black = internal feeding; blue = external feeding; alternating black and blue = state ambiguous under parsimony optimization.