Abstract
Spider-pathogenic fungi are widely distributed in the world. Our review shows at least eighty six spider- and harvestman-pathogenic fungi that are currently accommodated in genera Akanthomyces Lebert, Beauveria Vuill., Clonostachys Corda, Cordyceps Fr., Engyodontium de Hoog, Gibellula Cavara, Hevansia Luangsa-ard et al., Hirsutella Pat., Hymenostilbe Petch, Lecanicillium W. Gams & Zare, Ophiocordyceps Petch, Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard et al., and Torrubiella Boud. within Hypocreales. Akanthomyces neoaraneogenum (W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang, Z.Q. Liang & D.C. Jin) W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han & Z.Q. Liang, comb. nov. is also proposed here. Among the genera, Gibellula, Hevansia, Torrubiella, and Akanthomyces are exclusively or dominantly spider pathogens. Gibellula pulchra, G. leiopus, P. atypicola, A. aranearum, and T. aranicida are some of the cosmopolitan spider-pathogenic fungi. A total of twenty spider families and two harvestman families are known to be parasitized by hypocrealean fungi. Spider-pathogenic fungi are known from diverse areas of Europe, and Central and South America, but are only known from limited parts in Asia and Africa. However, east and southeast Asia shows the highest richness of spider-pathogenic fungi. Among three entomogenous families within Hypocreales, we show that the majority of the spider pathogens are distributed in Cordycipitaceae while a few in Ophiocordycipitaceae, but none in the family Clavicipitaceae. Through this review, we show that spiders constitute one of the major host groups of arthropod-associated fungi and hope a continuous interest will be generated to utilize such fungal resources through in vitro growth and extraction of useful bio-active secondary metabolites (extrolites).
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Acknowledgments
Biodiversity Heritage Library is kindly acknowledged for reuse of Figs. 1 and 6 (left) (contributed by University Library, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign), Figs. 3, 9, and 10 (contributed by New York Botanical Garden, LuEsther T. Mertz Library), Fig. 4 (contributed by Smithsonian Libraries), Fig. 5 (left) (contributed by NCSU Libraries), Fig. 6 (right) (contributed by MBLWHOI Library), and Figs. 7 and 8 (left) (contributed by Missouri Botanical Garden, Peter H. Raven Library) with due acknowledgement to the contributing institutes. David Minter (Cyberliber) (Fig. 2), Journal of Japanese Botany (Fig. 5, right) and Nerthus and DigiZeitschriften (Fig. 8, right) are also kindly acknowledged for permission to use the figures. Two anonymous reviewers are kindly thanked for insightful comments and suggestions.
Funding
This research was supported by the Bio-industry Technology Development Program (316025-05) of IPET (Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) of Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea.
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Shrestha, B., Kubátová, A., Tanaka, E. et al. Spider-pathogenic fungi within Hypocreales (Ascomycota): their current nomenclature, diversity, and distribution. Mycol Progress 18, 983–1003 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-019-01512-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-019-01512-3