Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi in the genus Bipolaris are typically associated with poaceous hosts including major cereal crops. Morphological identification alone is often insufficient for species discrimination due to overlapping microscopic characters. Thus, molecular phylogenetic analyses have been utilised for accurate species identification and to establish evolutionary relationships within the genus. Although there are 138 species epithets of Bipolaris listed in the Index Fungorum, only 46 species have been identified and accurately placed within the genus based on ex-type derived DNA sequence data, with only four Bipolaris species reported from Sri Lanka. During this study, diseased and dead plant specimens of weedy grasses and cultivated rice were collected from several collection sites in Sri Lanka and associated fungal species were isolated. Morphological characters together with phylogenetic inference from the analyses of three loci, internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 with 5.8S region (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1), supported the introduction of two novel species namely Bipolaris adikaramae from Panicum maximum and B. petchii from Ischaemum sp. Morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided for the newly described taxa. In addition, B. shoemakeri from Echinochloa sp. and Oryza sativa and B. sivanesaniana from O. sativa were identified as novel records from Sri Lanka. This study suggests the need for extensive surveys of crops and associated weedy hosts in order to accurately assess the diversity of emerging species of phytopathogenic and opportunistic graminicolous fungi.
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Data availability
The DNA sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees are available in TreeBase (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S28828). All the DNA sequences are also submitted to GenBank.
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the University of Sri Jayewardenepura for Research Grants ASP/01/RE/SCI/2018/036 and ASP/01/RE/SCI/2021/14 to work on the dematiaceous hyphomycetes of Sri Lanka. The Mycological Society of America is acknowledged for the Emory Simmons Research Award (2018) to DSM. The Department of Botany, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology are thanked for their support and laboratory facilities granted for the continuation of this research.
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This project is funded by the University of Sri Jayewardenepura for Research Grants ASP/01/RE/SCI/2018/036 and ASP/01/RE/SCI/2021/14. Emory Simmons Research Award (2018) to DSM by Mycological Society of America and funding from USDA-ARS National Program 303, Project 8042-22000-298-00D also contributed to this work.
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Dimuthu S. Manamgoda and Dhanushka Udayanga contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analyses were performed by Himashi S. Ferdinandez and Dimuthu S. Manamgoda. The manuscript was written by Himashi S. Ferdinandez, Dimuthu S. Manamgoda, Dhanushka Udayanga, Nelum Deshappriya, Mayuri S. Munasinghe and Lisa A. Castlebury. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Ferdinandez, H.S., Manamgoda, D.S., Udayanga, D. et al. Molecular phylogeny and morphology reveal two new graminicolous species, Bipolaris adikaramae sp. nov and B. petchii sp. nov., with new records of fungi from cultivated rice and weedy grass hosts. Mycol Progress 21, 59 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-022-01809-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-022-01809-w