Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes

Abstract

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. The class includes freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa and has a worldwide distribution. This paper provides an updated outline of the Sordariomycetes and a backbone tree incorporating asexual and sexual genera in the class. Based on phylogeny and morphology we introduced three subclasses; Diaporthomycetidae, Lulworthiomycetidae and Meliolomycetidae and five orders; Amplistromatales, Annulatascales, Falcocladiales, Jobellisiales and Togniniales. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper. Notes for 397 taxa with information, such as new family and genera novelties, novel molecular data published since the Outline of Ascomycota 2009, and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies, are provided. The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera. In addition a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in Sordariomycetes is also provided.

Introduction

Sordariomycetes is the largest class of Ascomycota after Dothideomycetes (Kirk et al. 2008; Hyde et al. 2013). Kirk et al. (2008) included 15 orders, 64 families, 1119 genera and 10,564 species in Sordariomycetes, while Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) included 18 orders, 63 families and 947 genera. The majority of the species of Sordariomycetes are terrestrial, while some can be found in aquatic habitats (Hyde and Wong 2000; Samuels and Blackwell 2001; Cai et al. 2006a; Jones et al. 2009a, b, Jones and Pang 2012; Pratibha et al. 2014). They are pathogens of plants, arthropods and mammals (Sung et al. 2007; Prados-Rosale et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2014) and have been isolated as endophytes from various plants (Keim et al. 2014). Some taxa are fungicolous (PeiGui et al. 2000; Jaklitsch et al. 2013), while many are saprobes involved in decomposition and nutrient cycling (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012). Some important plant pathogenic genera belong to Sordariomycetes, including Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Magnaporthe, Pestalotiopsis and Verticillium (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2012, 2013a; Udayanga et al. 2012, 2013; Hyde et al. 2014). Also included are mushroom pathogens, such as some Hypocrea and Verticillium species (PeiGui et al. 2000, Zare et al. 2007). Some species of Sordariomycetes (ie. Beauveria bassiana, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum) are economically important biocontrol agents (Wraight et al. 1998; Kaewchai et al. 2009; Thiruvudainambi et al. 2010) and as well as important in medicinal and other biotechnological industries (Semenova et al. 2012; Debbab et al. 2013; Xu et al. 2014).

Historically, some of the families of Sordariomycetes such as Amphisphaeriaceae, Diaporthaceae, Diatrypaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Hypocreaceae, Polystigmataceae and Sordariaceae, were classified under the order Sphaeriales, an order characterized by sphaerical or flask-shaped fruiting bodies (Müller and von Arx 1962). Chadefaud (1960) recognized Diaporthales as a separate order based on the characteristic stromatic tissue. Benny and Kimbrough (1980) introduced the orders Microascales, Onygenales and Ophiostomatales. A comprehensive taxonomic study of families and higher taxa of the Sordariomycetes based on morphology was that of Barr (1990). Barr (1990) included the orders Calosphaeriales, Coryneliales, Clavicipitales, Diaporthales, Erysiphales, Eurotiales, Halosphaeriales, Hypocreales, Meliolales, Microascales, Onygenales, Sordariales, Spathulosporales and Xylariales in the class named Hymenoascomycetes.

Eriksson and Winka (1997) introduced the class Sordariomycetes based on morphological (perithecial ascomata, hamathecium composed of paraphyses, ostioles with periphyses and unitunicate or pseudoprotunicate asci) and molecular data and accommodated three subclasses: Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetidae and Xylariomycetidae. The subclass Sordariomycetidae included three orders (i.e. Diaporthales, Ophiostomatales and Sordariales), while Xylariomycetidae was intoduced to accommodate a single order Xylariales (Eriksson and Winka 1997). Eriksson and Winka (1997) separated Onygenales and Eurotiales from Sordariomycetes and placed them in the class Eurotiomycetes based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. A comprehensive study of Sordariomycetes based on both morphological characters and SSU rDNA sequence data was carried out by Samuels and Blackwell (2001) and Eriksson (2006). In the classification of Eriksson (2006), the subclass Hypocreomycetidae comprised 4 orders (i.e. Coronophorales, Halosphaeriales, Hypocreales and Microascales). Coronophorales, Halosphaeriales and Hypocreales are recognized as monophyletic and Microascales as paraphyletic. Samuels and Blackwell (2001) excluded Erysiphales and Coryneliales sensu Barr (1990) from Sordariomycetes, while Eriksson (2006) placed Erysiphales in the Leotiomycetes, a sister taxon of the Sordariomycetes. Eriksson (2006) also recognized Melanosporales as a distinct order in the Hypocreomycetidae.

A large number of species of Sordariomycetes are characterized by non-lichenized, perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci (Zhang et al. 2006) or non-fiscitunicate asci (Kirk et al. 2008). Most members of the Xylariomycetidae and some of the Sordariomycetidae have dark perithecia, amyloid asci, true paraphyses and periphysate ostioles, while most of the taxa of the Hypocreomycetidae have light coloured perithecia, nonamyloid apical rings in the asci when apical rings are present and the absence of true paraphyses (Zhang et al. 2006).

The most widely used gene regions for phylogenetic studies of Sordariomycetes from the early 1990s were SSU nrDNA and LSU nrDNA (Berbee and Taylor 1992; Spatafora and Blackwell 1993; Spatafora 1995). In addition to these ribosomal genes, the phylogenetic relationships among Sordariomycetes were investigated using partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2) protein-coding genes (Zhang et al. 2006). Tang et al. (2007) evaluated the phylogenetic utility of the ß-tubulin gene for resolving evolutionary relationships in Sordariomycetes.

Pleomorphism arises from the fact that many ascomycete taxa including species of Sordariomycetes, occur in either their sexual or asexual morphs alone, or in combination (Wingfield et al. 2012). Asexual and sexual morphs together make up a whole fungus called the holomorph (Seifert et al. 2011). Some taxa also have more than one asexual morph (synanamorph) often linked to unique ecological niches (Wingfield et al. 2012). Sutton (1980) contributed to summarize the established links between coelomycetous asexual morphs and their sexual morphs. Later Seifert et al. (2011) did the same for genera of hyphomycetes. The asexual and sexual morphs of Sordariomycetes often develop separately, or only one morph is formed, and it is therefore often difficult to develop links between the same species but with different morphs (Wijayawardene et al. 2014). This is especially true when one or both morphs cannot be cultured or induced to form sporulating structures on artificial media. Observation of two morphs on the same substrate was an earlier method used to link morphs, but this does not prove that the morphs are related (Shenoy et al. 2007). DNA sequence-data can irrefutably link asexual and sexual morphs and provide phylogenetic placements for asexual taxa within the sexual morph taxonomic classification schemes. It is difficult to place asexual genera into current classification schemes, when asexual genera are in fact polyphyletic and paraphyletic. Their type species/ specimens need to be recollected to verify their phylogenetic position (Schoch et al. 2009). In addition to this, it appears that even some concepts of sexual taxa will require extensive reconsideration (Schoch et al. 2009). DNA sequencing and analysis have established the natural placements of many sexual and asexual genera and have also proven links between the sexual and asexual morphs (e.g. Trichoderma–Hypocrea, Dyrithiopsis–Monochaetiopsis, Cylindrocladiella–Nectricladiella, Fusarium–Gibberella, Colletotrichum–Glomerella; Jeewon et al. 2003a; Jaklitsch et al. 2006; Hyde et al. 2009a, b; Rossman et al. 2013), while some links have been not accepted (e.g. Didymostilbe–Peethambara, Discostroma–Seimatosporium, Hypomyces–Cladobotyrum; Subramanian and Bhat 1978; Tanaka et al. 2011; Rossman et al. 2013). Decisions taken in the XVIII^th International Botanical Congress, in Melbourne, Australia in 2011 (Hawksworth 2012) ruled that separate names for asexual and sexual morphs, was no longer allowed; this became effective from 30 July 2011 (Hawksworth 2012; Wingfield et al. 2012). Based on this ruling, mycologists now have the task to clear up the historical confusion of dual nomenclature.

In this paper, we deal with the classification of one of the largest groups of ascomycetes, the class Sordariomycetes. Some asexual genera in this class have been linked to sexual morphs and some are discussed in Rossman et al. (2013), and these are followed in this paper. Several groups have not been dealt with as yet and therefore we generally follow the older name in this paper. A list of “accepted/ protected names”, “suppressed names” as published for the Dothideomcyetes by Wijayawardene et al. (2014) is still required. The outline here uses Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) as a starting point. We have then scanned the literature and provide data mostly to the end of 2014. A note is provided for newly introduced genera and families and where important molecular data is recently provided we also provide notes. The outline also follows the results of the phylogenetic data generated in this study. A list of genera presently placed in Sordariomycetes in Index Fungorum (2015) is also included. These were not listed in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), but most were listed in Kirk et al. (2013). Their status and placement must still be established. There are also numerous synonyms that were synonymised under various genera, possibly without much thought and it would be interesting to establish if these are also distinct genera.

Materials and methods

Phylogenetic analyses

Sequences were obtained from GenBank mostly following previous literature (Castlebury et al. 2002; Réblová 2003, 2008; 2011a, b, Réblová 2013a, b; García et al. 2006; Boonyuen et al. 2011; Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010; Johnson et al. 2009; Campbell et al. 2005, 2009; Thongkantha et al. 2009; Sung et al. 2007) and are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 GenBank accession numbers of isolates includes in this study

This study used LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence data in the analyses. Multiple sequence alignments were generated with MAFFT v. 7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/ index.html); then manually corrected to ensure alignment and to minimize the number of uninformative gaps using MEGA v. 6.06 (Kumar et al. 2012). The datasets were produced to show families and order relationships within the class Sordariomycetes.

The combined alignments were split between the genera to improve the robustness of the alignment across the four loci. Phylogenies used Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses of both the individual data partitions as well as the combined aligned dataset. Ambiguously aligned regions were excluded from all analyses and gaps were treated as “missing data” in the parsimony analysis. Suitable models for the Bayesian analysis were first selected using models of nucleotide substitution for each gene, as determined using MrModeltest v. 2.2 (Nylander et al. 2004), and included for each gene partition. The GTR+I+G model with inverse gamma rate were selected for LSU, TEF and RPB2 and SYM+I+G model with inverse gamma rate were selected for LSU and included for each gene partition. The Bayesian analyses (MrBayes v. 3.2.1; Ronquist et al. 2012) of four simultaneous Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) chains were run from random trees for 100,000,000 generations and sampled every 1000 generations. The temperature value was lowered to 0.15, burn-in was set to 0.25, and the run was automatically stopped as soon as the average standard deviation of split frequencies reached below 0.01. A Maximum Likelihood analysis was performed using raxmlGUI v. 1.3 (Silvestro and Michalak 2011). The optimal ML tree search was conducted with 100 separate runs, using the default algorithm of the program from a random starting tree for each run. The final tree was selected among suboptimal trees from each run by comparing likelihood scores under the GTR+GAMMA substitution model. The MP analysis was performed with MEGA v. 6.06 using a heuristic search option. Bootstrap analyses were performed using 1000 replications. The resulting trees were printed with FigTree v. 1.4.0 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk software/figtree/) and the layout was done with Adobe Illustrator CS v. 6.

Results and discussion

The combined LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 gene data set comprsied 260 taxa, with Botryotinia fuckeliana, Dothidea sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Leotia lubrica as the outgroup taxa. The combined dataset comprised 4015 characters including gaps. The best scoring RAxML tress are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The Maximum Parsimony resulted in a tree with the same topology and clades as the Bayesian analysis resulted tree. Bootstrap support (BS) values of MP and ML (equal to or above 50 %) are shown on the upper branches. Values of Bayesian posterior probabilities (equal to or above 90 %) from MCMC analyses are shown under the branches.

Fig. 1

The best scoring RAxML Sordariomycetes tree (compressed overview tree) from 260 taxa based on a combined dataset of LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 genes with all lineages collapsed to family level where possible. Subclasses are indicated in coloured blocks and RAxML bootstrap support values (MLB) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are given at the nodes (MLB/PP). The tree is rooted with Botryotinia fuckeliana, Dothidea sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Leotia lubrica

Fig. 2

Maximum likelihood (ML) majority rule combined LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 consensus tree for the analyzed Sordariomycetes isolates. Orders are indicated in coloured blocks and RAxML bootstrap support values (MLB) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are given at the nodes (MLB/PP). The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site. The tree is rooted with Botryotinia fuckeliana, Dothidea sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Leotia lubrica

In the phylogenetic trees (Figs. 1 and 2), the 260 strains of Sordariomycetes included in the analysis cluster into six subclasses. Sordariomycetidae, Hypocreomycetidae and Xylariomycetidae as in the previous treatment of Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), Meliolomycetidae as suggested by Kirk et al. (2001), while Diaporthomycetidae and Lulworthiomycetidae are introduced as new subclasses in this paper. Figure 1 is a reduced tree of Fig. 2. The arrangement of orders and genera within the subclasses can be seen in the outline.

Subclasses of Sordariomycetes

Diaporthomycetidae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, subclass novus

Index Fungorum no: IF 551051; Facesoffungi number: FoF 00594

Pathogenic, parasitic, endophytic, or saprobic, associated with plants or pathogens of insects, animals or humans. Sexual morph: Stromata immersed to erumpent, composed of orange, brown or black parenchymatous tissues, ascomata embedded in stromatic tissues. Ascomata solitary or aggregated, immersed, erumpent to superficial, globose to subglobose, rarely pyriform, sometimes carbonaceous, brown to black. Asci 8 or multi-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, clavate to oblong, with a nonamyloid refractive apical apparatus. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, variously shaped, aseptate or septate, sometimes with appendages and sheaths. Asexual morph: ceolomycetous or hypomyceteous, when coelomycetous, Conidiomata acervuli or pycnidial. Conidiogenous cells phialidic or annellidic. Conidia small to large, unicellular to multiseptate, hyaline, light brown to dark brown. when hypomyceteous, Conidiophores arising from hyphae. Conidiogenous cells terminal or lateral, sometimes coloured, mostly hyaline. Conidia mostly unicellular, oval, hyaline.

Type order: Diaporthales Nannf.

The subclass Diaporthomycetidae comprises ten main clades which are represented by six existing orders, four newly introduced orders and 26 families. The order Diaporthales comprises 12 clades represented by Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthaceae, Gnonomiaceae, Harknessiaceae, Melanconidaceae, Pseudoplagiostomataceae, Pseudovalsaceae, Schizoparmeaceae, Stilbosporaceae, Sydowiellaceae, Tirisporellaceae and Valsaceae. Calosphaeriales comprises the families Calosphaeriaceae and Pleurostromataceae. The new orders Jobellisiales and Togniniales are introduced for Jobellisiaceae and Togniniaceae, respectively. Magnaporthales is expanded to incorporate Magnaporthaceae, Ophioceraceae and Pyriculariaceae.

Type species: Diaporthe eres Nitschke

Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1(1): 6 (1997)

This subclass was introduced by Eriksson and Winka (1997) and comprises four existing orders, one new order introduced in this paper and 28 families. The order Coronophorales now includes Coronophoraceae, Ceratostomataceae, Chaetosphaerellaceae Scortechiniaceae, plus Nitschkiaceae and Bertiaceae. The Melanosporales comprises the family Ceratostomataceae. The order Microascales is enlarged to include the families Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Gondwanamycetaceae, Ceratocystidaceae and Graphiaceae, but with weak support. The order Glomerellales includes Australiascaceae, Glomerellaceae, Plectosphaerellaceae and Reticulascaceae. The order Hypocreales incorporates Bionectriaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, Ophiocordyciptiaceae and Stachybotriaceae. The new order Falcocladiales is introduced and comprises one family Falcocladiaceae. Torpedosporaceae, Juncigenaceae and Etheirophoraceae are placed in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae family incertae sedis. The recently introduced monotypic order Savoryellales form a basal clade in the Hypocreomycetidae.

Lulworthiomycetidae Dayar., E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, subclass novus

Index Fungorum number: IF551131; Facesoffungi No.: FoF 00617

Saprobic on wood, sea grasses and marsh plants or parasites on algae. Sexual morph: Ascomata subglobose to cylindrical or ovoid to ellipsoidal, immersed or superficial, ostiolate, papillate or epapillate, periphysate. Hamathecium composed of paraphyses or internal structures absent; centrum initially filled with a hyaline pseudoparenchyma, dissolving at maturity. Asci eight-spored, cylindrical to fusiform or clavate to ellipsoidal, unitunicate, deliquescent. Ascospores filamentous or ellipsoidal to fusiform, septate; multiseptate near the apices, or evenly multiseptate, some are non-septate, hyaline, thick- or thin-walled, with or without apical chambers. Asexual morph: hypomycetous, hyphae hyaline, septatae, branched. Conidiophores micronematous or semi micronematous. Conidia filiform or ellipsoidal, septate or non septate, some are coiled, when spermatial, spermatia, enteroblastic, subglobose.

Type order: Lulworthiales Kohlm. et al.

This new subclass is introduced for a lineage of marine fungi that are unrelated to Halosphaeriaceae (Microascales, Hypocreomycetidae). It includes the orders Lulworthiales with the family Lulworthiaceae and Koralionastetales with the family Koralionastetaceae. Spatafora et al. (1998) demonstrated that the order Halosphaeriales was polyphyletic and comprised two distinct lineages. The first clade, Halosphaeriales including 11 genera, was closely related to, and is now included in the order Microascales, whereas the second clade, with Lulworthia and Lindra species, was assigned to Lulworthiaceae in Lulworthiales (Kohlmeyer et al. 2000). Members of Lulworthiales are saprobes, on wood, sea grasses and marsh plants or parasites on algae (Campbell et al. 2005). Lindra, which is composed of six species, is the only genus in the order Lulworthiales which does not have ascospores with apical chambers filled with mucus. Other genera placed in the Lulworthiales based on molecular data include Kohlmeyeriella (Campbell et al. 2002) and the algicolous genera Spathulospora (Inderbitzin et al. 2004) and Haloguignardia (Harvey 2004). Koralionastes and Pontogeneia are closely related to members of Lulworthiales, while the differences in morphological characters are expressed in the ascospores and the presence/ absence of periphyses and paraphyses. Phylogenetic studies of Campbell et al. (2009) showed that some species of Koralionastes and Pontogeneia that were sequenced group in a monophyletic clade basal to the clade of Lulworthiales. This clade represents a distinct taxonomic entity at the order level based on both molecular and morphological data. Based on molecular studies and using morphological characters, the genera Koralionastes and Pontogeneia were assigned to the new order Koralionastetales which is a sister group to Lulworthiales. The orders Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales clustered together in a well-supported clade based on combined gene data and a new subclass is introduced here as Lulworthiomycetidae. The orders in this subclass are, however, well separated.

Type species: Lulworthia fucicola G.K. Sutherl.

Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk & K.D. Hyde, subclass novus

Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk et al., Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, Edn 9 (Wallingford): 314 (2001) [nom. inval.]

This subclass Meliolomycetidae was introduced by Kirk et al. (2001) to accomodate the order Meliolales. Justavino et al. (2014) provided a phylogenetic tree (based on analysis of LSU) that included five subclasses in Sordariomycetes, and eight species of Meliolaceae which were analyzed by neighbor joining analysis. The results indicated that the Meliolaceae clade formed the most basal clade in Sordariomycetes with strong support. Hence, they suggested that the order Meliolales which comprises Armatellaceae and Meliolaceae should be accommodated in a subclass Meliolomycetidae. In our multi-gene phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 1 and 2) the subclass Meliolomycetidae is most closely related to Sordariomycetidae as in Justavino et al. (2014). The Meliolales, clusters as a sister group to the order Chaetosphaeriales, family Cephalothecaceae and genus Rimaconus. The placement of the family Cephalothecaceae is uncertain during the phylogenetic analysis and this is probably because the sequences of Cephalothecaceae species are relatively short and do not provide adequate phylogenetic resolution. The morphology of taxa of Cephalothecaceae and Meliolales differ greatly. In species of Meliolaceae have a parasitic habitat, forming superficial, web-like, black colonies on leaves, stems or branches, the mycelia are hyphopodiate and spores are mostly brown. Species of Cephalothecaceae are distinct in having a saprobic habitat, often growing on rotten wood or on other fungi, the mycelia lack hyphopodia and ascomata have a cephalothecoid peridium (von Höhnel 1917c). Hence, we tentatively place Cephalothecaceae as family incertae sedis in Sordariomycetes because of its uncertain phylogenetic placement and differing morphology. There are few sequences for species in Meliolomycetidae as they are biotrophic and cannot presently be isolated into culture. Therefore all sequence data for Meliolales is from DNA extracted from fruiting bodies of taxa on the host.

Sordariomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1(1): 10 (1997)

This subclass was established by Eriksson and Winka (1997) and comprises four orders, eight families and one family incertae sedis. The order Chaetosphaeriales comprises the families Chaetosphaeriaceae and Helminthosphaeriaceae. The order Phyllachorales, which is moved from Sordariomycetes orders incertae sedis to Sordariomycetidae, comprises two families, Phaeochoraceae and Phyllachoraceae. Hyde et al. (1997) introduced the family Phaeochoraceae in the order Phyllachorales for a taxon of biotrophic and saprotrophic fungi on palms. The order Boliniales comprises a single family Bolinaceae. The order Sordariales includes three clades represented by Sordariaceae, Chaetomiaceae and Lasiosphaeriaceae, that latter comprises Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu lato and Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu stricto. Batistiaceae, typified by Batistia annulipes was introduced by Samuels and Rodrigues (1989) as a monotypic family. The family was placed in the Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis (Kirk et al. 2001). Sequence data published by Huhndorf et al. (2004) has been determined to be contaminated and there is no sequence data for this family in GenBank.

Xylariomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1(1): 12 (1997)

This subclass was introduced by Eriksson and Winka (1997) and comprises one lagre existing order Xylariales. The order includes Amphisphaeriaceae, Apiosporaceae, Cainiaceae, Coniocessiaceae, Diaptrypaceae, Graphostromataceae, Hyponectriaceae, Melanogrammataceae, Vialaeaceae, and Xylariaceae. Many species in the subclass may have large stromata and are clearly visible and dominating the surface of decaying plants.

Orders of Sordariomycetes

The phylogenetic trees produced in this study (Figs. 1 and 2) support several of the existing orders and indicate that several new orders should be introduced. Each order is discussed alphabetically.

Amplistromatales D’souza, Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, ordo novus

Type family: Amplistromataceae

Index Fungorum number: IF551156; Facesoffungi No.: FOF 00632

An order comprising families Amplistromataceae and Catabotrydaceae. Sexual morph: Stromatic or non-stromatic. Stromata if present superficial, obovoid to pulvinate, soft or firm textured. Ascomata perithecial, rarely subiculate, solitary or gregarious, globose to sub globose, monostichous or polystichous with long necks. Paraphyses abundant, persistent, longer than asci. Asci numerous, unitunicate, stipitate, cylindrical to clavate, with a small, J-, apical ring. Ascospores hyaline, globose, aseptate. Asexual morph: Acrodontium-like for Amplistroma.

Type species: Amplistroma carolinianum Huhndorf et al.

Notes: Two genera are included in Amplistromatacaeae namely Amplistroma Huhndorf et al. and Wallrothiella Sacc. The genus Wallrothiella was redescribed by Reblova and Seifert (2004) along with neotypification of its type species Wallrothiella congregata (Wallr.) Sacc. Amplistroma has been segregated from Wallrothiella on the basis of presence of stromatic ascomata. Catabotydaceae is monotypic with Catabotrys as its type genus. However Catabotrys and Wallrothiella do not possess stromatic ascomata, while Amplistroma is stromatic. LSU sequence data analysis shows that Amplistromataceae has an unsupported relationship with Chaetospheriales and Magnaporthaceae (Huhndorf et al. 2009). In our phylogenetic analyses Amplistromatales shows a distant relationship with Meliolomycetidae and Sordariomycetidae and thus placed in Sordariomycetes order incertae sedis until further data is available.

Annulatascales D’souza, Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, ordo novus

Type family: Annulatascaceae

Index Fungorum number: IF551133; Facesoffungi No.: FoF 00620

A monotypic order within the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. Characterized by a dominant freshwater lifestyle, although some members have been reported from terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata unilocular, rarely clypeate, perithecial. Necks black or hyaline. Peridium coriaceous or membranous. Hamathecium with tapering paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, pedicellate, usually with a massive, J-, refractive apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, hyaline, sometimes brown, septate or aseptate. Asexual morph: Taeniolella-like for Chaetorostrum.

Type species: Annulatascus velatispora K.D. Hyde

Notes: This order is characterized by its typical freshwater habitat, growing on submerged woody substrates, with most genera distributed in the tropics. Significant characters of most genera in Annulatascales include cylindrical, thin-walled asci, with a massive, J-, refractive, apical apparatus, which assists in active spore ejection (Tsui et al. 2003). Ascospores are usually equipped with appendages or sheaths. These characters might be important in aquatic habitats where they aid in the attachment to substrates (Shearer et al. 2007). The order presently comprises 18 genera which belong to, or are referred to, the family Annulatascaceae. Many genera lack molecular data, and it is likely that the family as presently circumscribed is polyphyletic (Campbell and Shearer 2004; Huhndorf et al. 2004; Vijaykrishna and Hyde 2006; Abdel-Wahab et al. 2011). The closest relatives are, Cordanales and Papulosaceae, but Annulatascales can be easily distinguished by a massive, J-, refractive, apical ring. Ranghoo et al. (1999) analyzed LSU rDNA sequence data to show that Annulatascaceae has relationships with Sordariales. However, in our phylogenetic analyses the order Annulatascales is placed in Diaportheomycetidae (Figs. 1 and 2).

Boliniales P.F. Cannon, in Kirk et al., Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, Edn 9 (Wallingford): x (2001)

An order of saprotrophic fungi within the subclass Sordariomycetidae, which was introduced by Cannon (Kirk et al. 2001). In our phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 1 and 2), Boliniales is closest to Phyllachorales and Sordariales. Boliniales comprises a single family, Boliniaceae, with nine genera.

Calosphaeriales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)

This small order was introduced by Barr (1985). It presently comprises Calosphaeriaceae and Pleurostomataceae (Figs. 1 and 2). The taxa belonging to the order mainly comprise simple, dark perithecia, unitunicate asci, and hyaline to slightly pigmented, ellipsoid to allantoid ascospores (Réblová et al. 2004). It forms a sister clade to the order Jobellisiales (Figs. 1 and 2).

Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 96(2): 378 (2004)

This order was introduced in Sordariomycetidae based on molecular analysis of LSU nrDNA sequence data by Huhndorf et al. (2004). In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1), Chaetosphaeriales is close to Boliniales and Phyllachorales. The order comprises Chaetosphaeriaceae with 35 genera and Helminthosphaeriaceae with seven genera.

Coniochaetales Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 96(2): 378 (2004)

This order was introduced by Huhndorf et al. (2004) and incorporates a single family Coniochaetaceae with three genera. Cordanales is a sister order and Papulospora (Papulospoaceae) is basal to Coniochaetiaceae and may also require its own order. Coniochaetaceae differs from Sordariaceae and related families in having ascospores with elongate germ slits (Malloch and Cain 1971).

Cordanales Hernández-Restrepo et al., Phytotaxa (in press)

This order was introduced by Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2015) to accommodate the family Cordanaceae with a single genus Cordana. Morphologically it is easily distinguished from its sister order Coniochaetales (Coniochaetaceae) by having a basal stroma, ascospores without germ slits and polyblastic asexual morphs (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015).

Coronophorales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 54 (1932)

The wood inhabiting order Coronophorales comprises Bertiaceae, Ceratostomataceae, Chaetosphaerellaceae, Coronophoraceae, Nitschkiaceae and Scortechiniaceae. The taxa in the order are characterised by mostly superficial ascomata, sometimes with an extensive hyphal subiculum or well developed basal stroma that often becomes cupulate or collapsed, and in some cases the ostiolar opening is either indistinct or lacking (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).

Diaporthales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 53 (1932)

The order Diaporthales comprises 12 families which are Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Harknessiaceae, Melanconidaceae, Pseudoplagiostomataceae, Pseudovalsaceae, Schizoparmeaceae, Stilbosporaceae, Sydowiellaceae, Tirisporellaceae and Valsaceae. The family Tirisporellaceae will be introduced by Suetrong et al. (2015) to accommodate a basal clade of Diaporthales comprising the marine ascomycete geneus Tirisporella and the freshwater genus Thailandiomyces. Members of Diaporthales are pathogens, parasites, and endophytes of plants, human-animal pathogens, saprobes and soil inhabitants (Rossman et al. 2007). The order Diaporthales is characterized by perithecia with an elongate beak, often formingwithin stromatic tissues (Rossman et al. 2007). Asci generally deliquesce at the base when mature and have a characteristic refractive apical annulus.

Falcocladiales R.H. Perera, Maharachch., S. Somrithipol, S. Suetrong & K.D. Hyde, ordo novus

Type family: Falcocladiaceae

Index Fungorum number: IF551132; Facesoffungi No.: FoF 00606

This monotypic order in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae is introduced to accommodate the family Falcocladiaceae. Members of this family are saprobes on leaf litter and leaves including Eucalyptus grandis and E. camaldulensis in tropical, terrestrial habitats (Crous et al. 1994; Jones et al. 2014). Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata hyaline, sporodochial or synnematal, or penicillate, arising from the mycelium or from a stroma or from microsclerotia, thick-walled with non-septate stipe extensions that terminate in thin-walled sphaeropendunculate vesicles. Conidiophores hyaline, non to multi-septate, branched, forming three series of branches per conidioma (primary, secondary and tertiary), subcylindical. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, arranged in 2–6 whorls, necks elongate, with minute collarettes. Conidia trans-septate, hyaline, falcate, with short apical and basal appendages (Jones et al. 2014).

Type species: Falcocladium multivesiculatum S.F. Silveira et al.

Notes: The order presently includes one hyphomycetous asexual genus Falcocladium introduced by Crous et al. (1994). Jones et al. (2014) introduced the monotypic family Falcocladiaceae based on SSU and LSU sequence data to accommodate the members of genus Falcocladium and suggested further taxon sampling was needed to determine its ordinal status. There is no recorded sexual morph for this order. In the molecular analysis (Figs. 1 and 2) Falcocladiales is most closely related to the order Coronophorales.

Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 170 (2011a, b)

Chadefaud (1960) had proposed the order “Glomérellales” but without a Latin diagnosis and the name was thus invalid. The order Glomerellales was therefore validly published by Réblová et al. (2011a) in the class Sordariomycetes and comprised three families Australiascaceae, Reticulascaceae and Glomerellaceae. The introduction was based on analysis of ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 (ITS), nc28S (LSU) rDNA, and nc18S (SSU) rDNA datasets, and a combined data set of LSU-SSU-RPB2.

Hypocreales Lindau, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Teil. I (Leipzig) 1(1): 343 (1897)

Members of the Hypocreales are highly diverse in the tropics and subtropics (Põldmaa 2011). This larger order is represent by Bionectriaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Stachybotriaceae and Tilachlidiaceae. In the phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 1 and 2) it forms a sister clade to Trichosphaeriales and Falcocladiales.

Jobellisiales D’souza & K.D. Hyde, ordo novus

Type family: Jobellisiaceae

Index Fungorum number: IF551134; Facesoffungi No.: FoF 00621

Jobellisiales is a monotypic order in the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. It includes a single family Jobellisiaceae characterized by saprobic lignicolous taxa found in terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, basally immersed, brown to black, or externally with yellowish pigments, papillate perithecial. Peridium 3-layered, with an orange, middle wall layer. Hamathecium with paraphyses. Asci unitunicate, cylindrical, with a large, refractive, J-, apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, 1-septate, coloured, with germ pores. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Jobellisia luteola (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr

Notes: This order encompasses taxa that possess relatively large, superficial ascomata, a three layered, thick peridium, cylindrical asci and one septate ascospores. Ascomata of Jobellisia luteola (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr are peculiar in appearing orange to yellow brown, whereas those of J. barrii Huhndorf et al. and J. viridifusca K.M. Tsui & K.D. Hyde have a bright orange middle wall layer (Ranghoo et al. 2001, Liu et al. 2012). The family Jobellisiaceae was introduced by Réblová (2008) as a monotypic family and currently includes seven species. Réblová (2008) using LSU rDNA sequence analysis showed that the closest relatives to Jobellisiaceae are Diaporthales, Calosphaeriales and Togniniaceae. No asexual morph is reported for this order. In our phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 1 and 2) this order is closest to Calosphaeriales.

Koralionastetales Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 113(3): 377 (2009)

Based on the combined dataset of SSU and LSU rDNA sequences and morphological characters the genera Koralionastes and Pontogeneia were assigned to the new order Koralionastetales (Campbell et al. 2009). Koralionastetales shows phylogenetic affinities to Lulworthiales, but differences in morphology are expressed in the ascospores and the presence/absence of periphyses and paraphyses (Campbell et al. 2009).

Lulworthiales Kohlm. et al., Mycologia 92(3): 456 (2000)

Kohlmeyer et al. (2000) assigned two genera Lulworthia and Lindra, to this new order and the new family (Lulworthiaceae). Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) showed that a number of asxual morphs also belong in this family, ie Halazoon, Hydea and Orbimyces. Members of Lulworthiales lack an apical apparatus in the asci and sexual morphs members of the Lulworthiales have ascospores with apical chambers from which mucilage is released (Campbell et al. 2005) and together with the order Koralionastes belong to the new subclass Lulworthiomycetidae introduced in this study.

Magnaportha`les Thongk. et al., Fungal Diversity 34: 166 (2009)

A phylogenetic study of Pyricularia and related genera in Magnaporthales by Klaubauf et al. (2014) resulted in the introduction of two new families, Ophioceraceae and Pyriculariaceae. Ophioceraceae comprises a single genus Ophioceras, containing species that mostly occur on wood submerged in freshwater. Magnaporthaceae was considered to include Buergenerula, Bussabanomyces, Endopyricularia, Gaeumannomyces, Harpophora, Magnaporthiopsis, Nakataea, Omnidemptus, Pyriculariopsis and Slopeiomyces with Nakataea as the correct name for the type of the family. The new genus Kohlmeyeriopsis was introduced based on molecular data and morphology. Pyriculariaceae was introduced and included Deightoniella and Pyricularia, and the new genera Bambusicularia, Barretomyces, Macgarvieomyces, Neopyricularia, Proxipyricularia, Pseudopyricularia and Xenopyricularia.

Melanosporales N. Zhang & M. Blackw., in Hibbett et al., Mycol. Res. 111(5): 531 (2007)

This order was suggested in Zhang et al. (2006) but not validly published; it was formaly introduced by Hibbett et al. (2007) to accommodate Melanospora and Sphaerodes in Ceratostomataceae. Melanosporales forms a sister clade to Coronophorales in the present phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 1 and 2).

Meliolales Gäum et al., Syst. Ascom. 5(1): 180 (1986)

This order was introduced by Eriksson and Hawksworth (1985) and it accommodates a single family Meliolaceae, which are the black mildews and comprise more than 26 genera. This group is unique in producing black web-like colonies on the host, comprising superficial brown to black mycelium with appressoria (Hosagoudar 2004). Until recently the family was thought to be a member of Dothideomycetes (Huhndorf and Lumbsch 2007).

Microascales Luttr. et al., Mycotaxon 12(1): 40 (1980)

The order Microascales was introduced by Benny and Kimbrough (1980) to accommodate Chadefaudiellaceae, Microascaceae and Pithoascaceae, and later expanded to include Ceratocystidaceae, Gondwanamycetaceae, Halosphaeriaceae and Graphiaceae (Réblová et al. 2011a).

Ophiostomatales Benny & Kimbr., Mycotaxon 12(1): 48 (1980)

This order was introduced by Benny and Kimbrough (1980) for the family Ophiostomataceae; plus Kathistaceae was added by Malloch and Blackwell (1990). In present study Ophiostomatales forms a well supported sister clade to Magnaporthales.

Phyllachorales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)

The order Phyllachorales was introduced by Barr (1983) comprising two clades, viz. Phaeochoraceae and Phyllachoraceae. This order is distinctive as the species are biotrophs on various hosts, where they form bright or black stroma (Pearce and Hyde 1994). Asci are unitunicate and ascospores are hyaline or lightly pigmented (Barr 1983; Pearce and Hyde 1993a, b, 1994, Pearce et al. 2001). In our phylogenetic study (Figs. 1 and 2), molecular data from a species of Phyllachoraceae confirmed that Phyllachorales can be included in Sordariomycetidae with higher support.

Pisorisporiales Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 43 (2015)

This monotypic order was introduced by Réblová et al. (2015) based on LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data. It currently includes the family Pisorisporiaceae. In their analyses, the Pisorisporiales nested in a weakly supported clade sister to the orders Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales and is included here in Sordariomycetes subclass incertae sedis.

Sordariales Chadef. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., Syst. Ascom. 5(1): 182 (1986)

This order was introduced by Eriksson and Hawksworth (1985) and is well-supported in the phylogenetic tree (Figs. 1 and 2). It comprises three families viz. Chaetomiaceae, Sordariaceae and Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu lato. Most species either grow on dung or decaying substrata such as wood or are aquatic growing on submerged wood (Zhang et al. 2006). The Sordariales are characterized by membraneous or coriaceous ascomata, and hyaline or brown ascospores often with appendages or sheaths (Zhang et al. 2006). Our molecular tree (Figs. 1 and 2) places the order in the subclass Sordariomycetidae.

Savoryellales Boonyuen et al., in Boonyuen et al., Mycologia 103(6): 1368 (2011)

The taxonomic placement of the genus Savoryella has been widely debated and Jones et al. (2009a, b) referred it to the Sordariales genera incertae sedis. Boonyuen et al. (2011), in a combined phylogenetic analysis of Savoryella species (LSU, SSU, 5.8S rRNA genes, RPB1, RPB2, TEF), showed that they formed a monophyletic group in the Sordariomycetes, but showed no affinities with other accepted orders. The order Savoryellales was introduced to accommodate Savoryella species, along with the genera Ascotaiwania, Ascothailandia (and its asexual morph Canalisporium), as they formed a distinct lineage in the Sordariomycetes (Boonyuen et al. 2011).

Togniniales Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, ordo novus

Type family: Togniniaceae

Index Fungorum no: IF551049; Facesoffungi number: FoF 00592

Togniniales is a monotypic order in the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. It includes a single family Togniniaceae containing species saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Ascomata lacking stromatic tissues, perithecial, with 1–3 necks. Hamathecium comprising paraphyses. Asci 8 or poly-sporous, unitunicate, clavate, with sessile bases, occurring on hyaline and branched ascogenous hyphae. Ascospores hyaline and unicellular. Asexual morph: Conidiophores long or short, branched or unbranched. Conidia hyaline, aseptate.

Type species: Togninia minima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Berl.

Notes: This monotypic order is introduced based on its phylogenetic and morphological distinctiveness to accommodate a single family, Togniniaceae comprising the sexual morph genera Conidiotheca and Togninia and the asexual morph genus Phaeoacremonim (Réblová and Mostert 2007). Togniniaceae had been placed in Calosphaeriales based on both unique morphological characters and phylogeny (Mostert et al. 2003). Mostert et al. (2006) placed Togniniaceae in Diaporthales based on SSU and LSU rRNA gene analysis. In this study Togniniaceae forms a distinct clade basal to Diaporthales in the subclass Diaportheomycetidae and is sister to Diaporthales and Calosphaeriales. Hence, we exclude Togniniaceae from Diaporthales and introduce a new order Togniniales.

Trichosphaeriales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)

This order was introduced by Barr (1983) based on Trichosphaeria pilosa (Pers.) Fuckel. The current classification of Trichosphaeriales recognizes only one family, the terrestrial Trichosphaeriaceae. Trichosphaeriaceae has affinities with Papulosporaceae and Thyridiaceae, however until more collections and data become available it is better to maintain these familes.

Xylariales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 66 (1932)

The Xylariales is a large order of perithecial ascomycetes with eight-spored unitunicate asci, with a J+, apical apparatus (Smith et al. 2003). Presently there are 11 families accepted in Xylariales; Amphisphaeriaceae, Apiosporaceae, Cainiaceae, Clypeosphaeriaceae, Coniocessiaceae, Diatrypaceae, Graphostromataceae, Hyponectriaceae, Melogrammataceae, Vialaeaceae and Xylariaceae.

Outline of Sordariomycetes, 31 December 2014

Class SORDARIOMYCETES sensu O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Diaportheomycetidae Senan. et al.

Annulatascales D’souza et al.*

Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong et al.

Annulatascus K.D. Hyde^$

Annulusmagnus J. Campb. & Shearer

Aqualignicola V.M. et al.^#$

Aquaticola W.H. Ho et al.

Ascitendus J. Campb. & Shearer

Ayria Fryar & K.D. Hyde^#

Cataractispora K.D. Hyde et al.^$

Chaetorostrum Zelski et al.*^#

Clohiesia K.D. Hyde^$

Cyanoannulus Raja et al.^$

Diluviocola K.D. Hyde et al.^#

Fusoidispora D. Vijaykrishna et al.^$

Longicollum Zelski et al.*^#

Pseudoproboscispora Punith.^$

Rhamphoria Niessl.^$

Submersisphaeria K.D. Hyde^$

Torrentispora K.D. Hyde et al.^#

Vertexicola K.D. Hyde et al.^$

Calosphaeriales M.E. Barr

Calosphaeriaceae Munk

Calosphaeria Tul. & C Tul.*

= Calosphaeriophora Réblová et al.

Jattaea Berl*^$

= Phragmocalosphaeria Petr.

= Wegelina Berl.

Kacosphaeria Speg.^#

Sulcatistroma A.W. Ramaley^#

Togniniella Réblová et al.*^$

= Phaeocrella Réblová et al.

Tulipispora Révay & J. Gönczöl, in Révay et al.^#

Pleurostomataceae Réblová et al.

Pleurostoma Tul. & C. Tul.^$

= Pleurostomophora Vijaykr. et al.^$

Calosphaeriales genera, incertae sedis

Enchnoa Fr.^#

Coniochaetales Huhndorf et al.

Coniochaetaceae Malloch & Cain

Barrina A.W. Ramaley

Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke^$

Lecythophora Nannf^$

Cordanales M. Hern.-Rest. & Crous

Cordanaceae Nann.

Cordana Preuss^$

= Porosphaerella E. Müll. & Samuels

Diaporthales Nannf.

Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Amphilogia Gryzenh. et al.

Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton*

Aurapex Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Aurifilum Begoude et al.

Celoporthe Nakab. et al.

Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva^$

Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell*

Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.*

= Chrysoporthella Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.^$

Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.*^$

Diversimorbus S.F. Chen & J. Roux*

Endothia Fr.

Endothiella Sacc.

Foliocryphia Cheewangkoon & Crous

Holocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al.*

Lasmenia Speg.*

Latruncellus M. Verm. Et al.

Luteocirrhus C.F. Crane & T.I. Burgess*^$

Mastigosporella Höhn.

Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Ursicollum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm.

Allantoporthe Petr.^#

Apioporthella Petr.^#

Clypeoporthella Petr.*^#

Diaporthe Nitschke*^$

= Phomopsis (Sacc) Bubák*

Diaporthella Petr.

Diaporthopsis Fabre^#

Leucodiaporthe M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva^#

Mazzantia Mont.^$

Mazzantiella Höhn. ^#

Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju et al.*^$

Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al.*

Gnomoniaceae G. Winter

Alnecium Voglmayr & Jaklitsch

Ambarignomonia Sogonov

Amphiporthe Petr.

Anisomyces Theiss. & Syd.^#

Apiognomonia Höhn.

Apioplagiostoma M.E. Barr

Asteroma DC

Bagcheea E. Müll. & R. Menon^#

Clypeoporthe Höhn.^#

Cryptosporella Sacc.^$

Cylindrosporella Höhn.^#

Depazea Fr.^#

Diplacella Syd.^#

= Discosporium Höhn.^#

= Discula Sacc.

Ditopella De Not.

Ditopellopsis J. Reid & C. Booth

Gloeosporidina Petr.^#

Gnomonia Ces. & De Not.^$

Gnomoniella Sacc.

Gnomoniopsis Berl.

Mamiania Ces & De Not.^#

Millerburtonia Cif ^#

Occultocarpon L.C. Mejía & Zhu L. Yang*

Ophiognomonia (Sacc.) Sacc.

Phragmoporthe Petr.

Phylloporthe Syd.^#

Plagiostoma Fuckel*^$

= Cryptodiaporthe Petr.

= Diplodina Westend

Pleuroceras Riess.

= Linospora Fuckel

Skottsbergiella Petr.^#

Sirococcus Preuss*

Spataporthe Bronson et al.*^#

Uniseta Ciccar^#

Xenotypa Petr.^#

Zythia Fr.

Harknessiaceae Crous*

Harknessia Cooke*^$

Melanconidaceae G. Winter

Botanamphora Nograsek & Scheuer^#

Ceratoporthe Petr.^#

Cytomelanconis Naumov^#

Dicarpella Syd. & P. Syd.

Dictyoporthe Petr.^#

Fremineavia Nieuwl.^#

Gibellia Sacc.^#

Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*^#

Kensinjia J. Reid & C. Booth^#

Macrodiaporthe Petr.^#

Massariovalsa Sacc.^#

Mebarria J. Reid & C. Booth^#

Melanamphora Lafl.^#

Melanconiella Sacc.*

Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh.^#*

Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul.^$

Melanconium Link

Phragmodiaporthe Wehm.^#

Plagiophiale Petr.^#

Plagiostigme Syd.^#

Prosthecium Fresen.

Prostratus Sivan. et al.^#

Pseudovalsella Höhn.^#

Wehmeyera J. Reid & C. Booth^#

Wuestneia Auersw. ex Fuckel

Wuestneiopsis J. Reid & Dowsett^#

Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al.

Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew. et al.^$

Pseudovalsaceae M.E. Barr

Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee

Coryneum Nees^#

Pseudovalsa Ces. & De Not.^$

Schizoparmeaceae Rossman

Coniella Höhn.

= Baeumleria Petr. & Syd.

Pilidiella Petr. & Syd.^$

Schizoparme Shear^$

Stilbosporaceae Link*

Natarajania Pratibha & Bhat

Stilbospora Pers.

Stegonsporium Corda

Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vassiljeva

Cainiella E. Müll.^$

Calosporella J. Schröt

Chapeckia M.E. Barr

Hapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel^$

Lambro Racib.^#

Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva^$

Sillia P. Karst.

Stegophora Syd. & P. Syd.^#

Sydowiella Petr.^$

Uleoporthe Petr.^#

Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze

Tirisporellaceae Suetrong et al.

Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones et al.^$

Thailandiomyces Pinruan et al.^$

Valsaceae Tul. & C. Tul.

Amphicytostroma Petr^#

Chadefaudiomyces Kamat et al.^#

Cryptascoma Ananthap.^#

Cytospora Ehrenb.*^$

= Leucostoma (Nitschke) Höhn.^$

= Valsa Fr.^$

= Valsella Fuckel^$

= Valseutypella Höhn.

Ditopellina J. Reid & C. Booth^#

Durispora K.D. Hyde^#

Harpostroma Höhn.*^#

Hypospilina (Sacc) Traverso^#

Kapooria J. Reid & C. Booth^#

Leptosillia Höhn.^#

Maculatipalma J. Fröhlich & K.D. Hyde

Pachytrype Berl. ex M.E. Barr et al.*

Paravalsa Ananthapadm.^#

Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis

Argentinomyces N.I. Peña & Aramb.*^#

Anisogramma Theiss. & Syd.^$

Anisomycopsis I. Hino & Katum.^#

Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani^$

= Sphaerognomonia Potebnia ex Höhn.

Apomelasmia Grove^#

Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell*

Bagadiella Cheew. & Crous*

Caudospora Starbäck^#

Chaetoconis Clem.*

Cryptoleptosphaeria Petr.^#

Cryptonectriella (Höhn.) Weese^#

Cryptonectriopsis (Höhn.) Weese^#

Diatrypoidiella Manohar et al.^#

Disculoides Crous et al.*

Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary^#

Erythrogloeum Petr.*

Exormatostoma Gray^#

Greeneria Scribn. & Viala*

Gyrostroma Naumov*

Hercospora Fr.

Hyalorostratum Raja & Shearer*

Hypodermina Höhn.^#

Keinstirschia J. Reid & C. Booth^#

Lollipopaia Inderbitzin

Macrohilum H.J. Swart

Mamianiella Höhn.

Pseudocryptosporella J. Reid & C. Booth^#

Pseudothis Theiss. & Syd.^#

Rabenhorstia Fr.

Savulescua Petr.^#

Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd.^$

Sphaerognomoniella Naumov & Kusnezowa^#

Stioclettia Dennis^#

Trematovalsa Jacobesco^#

Tubakia B. Sutton

Valsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman*

Vismaya V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde^#

Jobellisiales D’souza & K.D. Hyde*

Jobellisiaceae Réblová

Jobellisia M.E. Barr^$

Magnaporthales Thongk. et al.*

Magnaporthaceae P.F. Cannon

Buergenerula Syd.^$

Bussabanomyces Klaubauf et al.^$

Ceratosphaerella Huhndorf et al.

Ceratosphaeria Niessl.

Clasterosphaeria Sivan.^#

Clasterosporium Schwein^#

Clavatisporella K.D. Hyde^#

Gaeumannomyces Arx & D.L. Olivier

Harpophora W. Gams

Herbampulla Scheuer & Nograsek^#

Kohlmeyeriopsis Klaubauf et al.

Magnaporthe R.A. Krause & R.K. Webster^$

Magnaporthiopsis J. Luo & N. Zhang*

Muraeriata Huhndorf et al.

Mycoleptodiscus Ostaz.

Nakataea Hara

Omnidemptus P.F. Cannon & Alcorn

Phomatospora Sacc.*

Pyriculariopsis M.B. Ellis

Slopeiomyces Klaubauf et al.^$

Ophioceraceae Klaubauf et al.*

Ophioceras Sacc.*^$

Pyriculariaceae Klaubauf et al.

Bambusicularia Klaubauf et al.*^$

Barretomyces Klaubauf et al.*

Deightoniella S. Hughes*

= Utrechtiana Crous & Quaedvl.*^$

Macgarvieomyces Klaubauf et al.*

Neopyricularia Klaubauf et al.*

Proxipyricularia Klaubauf et al.*

Pseudopyricularia Klaubauf et al.*^$

Pyricularia Sacc.*^$

Xenopyricularia Klaubauf et al.*

Magnaporthales, genera incertae sedis

Pseudohalonectria Minoura & T. Muroi^$

Ophiostomatales Benny & Kimbr.

Kathistaceae Malloch & M. Blackw.

Kathistes Malloch & M. Blackw.

Mattirolella S. Colla^#

Termitariopsis M. Blackw. et al.^#

Ophiostomataceae Nannf.

Ceratocystiopsis H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.^$

Fragosphaeria Shear^$

Hyalobelemnospora Matsush.^#

Hyalorhinocladiella H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.

Klasterskya Petr.^#

Leptographium Lagerb. & Melin

Ophiostoma Syd. & P. Syd.^$

Pesotum JL Crane & Schokn.

Phialographium H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.

Raffaelea Arx & Hennebert^$

Spumatoria Massee & E.S. Salmon^#

Subbaromyces Hesselt.

Ophiostiomatales, genera incertae sedis

Lanspora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*

Togniniales I.C. Senanayake et al.*

Togniniaceae Réblová et al.

Conidiotheca Réblová & L. Mostert^#

Phaeoacremonium W. Gams et al.*^$

Togninia Berl.^$

= Romellia Berl.

Trichosphaeriales M.E. Barr

Trichosphaeriaceae G. Winter

Acanthosphaeria Kirschst.^#

Brachysporium Sacc.^#

Collematospora Jeng & Cain^#

Coniobrevicolla Réblová^#

Cresporhaphis M.B. Aguirre^#

Cryptadelphia Réblová & Seifert^$

Eriosphaeria Sacc.^#

Fluviostroma Samuels & E. Müll.^#

Kananascus Nag Raj

Khuskia H.J. Huds.

Koorchaloma Subram.

Neorehmia Höhn.^#

Oplothecium Syd.^#

Rizalia Syd. & P. Syd.^#

Schweinitziella Speg.^#

Setocampanula Sivan. & W.H. Hsieh^#

Trichosphaeria Fuckel

Unisetosphaeria Pinnoi et al.^#

Diaportheomycetidae, families incertae sedis

Papulosaceae Winka & O.E. Erikss.

Brunneosporella V.M. Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde^#

Fluminicola S.W. Wong et al.^#

Papulosa Kohlm & Volkm-Kohlm*^$

Thyridiaceae O.E. Erikss & J.Z. Yue

Mattirolia Berl. & Bres.^#

= Balzania Speg.*^#

=Thyronectroidea Seaver^#

Pleurocytospora Petr.^#

Thyridium Nitschke^$

Diaportheomycetidae, genera incertae sedis

Platytrachelon Réblová*

Subclass Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka*^$

Coronophorales Nannf.*

Bertiaceae Smyk*

Bertia De Not.^$

Gaillardiella Pat.*^$

Chaetosphaerellaceae Huhndorf et al.*

Chaetosphaerella E. Müll. & C. Booth^$

Crassochaeta Réblová^$

Oedemium Link*^#

= Veramycina Subram.

Spinulosphaeria Sivan.^$

Coronophoraceae Höhn.*

Coronophora Fuckel^$

Nitschkiaceae (Fitzp) Nannf.*

Acanthonitschkea Speg.^$

Biciliosporina Subram. & Sekar^#

Botryola Bat. & J.L. Bezerra^#

Fracchiaea Sacc.^$

Groenhiella Jørg. Koch et al.*^#

Janannfeldtia Subram. & Sekar^#

Lasiosphaeriopsis D. Hawksw. & Sivan.^#

Loranitschkia Lar.N. Vasiljeva^#

Neochaetosphaerella Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al.*^#

Neotrotteria Sacc.

Nitschkia G.H. Otth ex P. Karst.^$

Rhagadostoma Körb.^#

Rhagadostomella Etayo^#

Tortulomyces Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al.*^#

Scortechiniaceae Huhndorf et al.*

Biciliospora Petr.*

Coronophorella Höhn.

Cryptosphaerella Sacc.*^$

Euacanthe Theiss.

Neofracchiaea Teng^$

Scortechinia Sacc.^$

Scortechiniella Arx & E. Müll.

Scortechiniellopsis Sivan.^$

Tympanopsis Starbäck^$

Coronophorales, genera incertae sedis

Pseudocatenomycopsis Crous & L.A. Shuttlew.*^$

Falcocladiales R.H. Perera et al.*

Falcocladiaceae Somrithipol et al.*

Falcocladium S.F. Silveira et al.*^$

Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al.

Australiascaceae Réblová & W. Gams*

Australiasca Sivan. & Alcorn*^$

Hyalocylindrophora J.L. Crane & Dumont^#

Monilochaetes Halst. ex Harter*^$

= Dischloridium B. Sutton

Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams

Colletotrichum Corda*^$

= Glomerella Spauld. & Schrenk

Plectosphaerellaceae W. Gams et al.*

Acrostalagmus Corda^$

Gibellulopsis Bat. & H. Maia*^$

Lectera P.F. Cannon*^$

Musicillium Zare & W Gams*^$

Plectosphaerella Kleb.*^$

= Plectosporium M.E. Palm et al.

= Spermosporina U. Braun

Stachylidium Link*^$

Verticillium Nees*^$

Reticulascaceae Réblová & W. Gams*

Cylindrotrichum Bonord.*

= Reticulascus Réblová & W. Gams*^$

Kylindria DiCosmo et al.^$

Sporoschismopsis Hol-Jech. & Hennebert*

= Porosphaerellopsis Samuels & E. Müll.^$

Glomerellales, genera, incertae sedis

Ascocodinaea Samuels et al.

Hypocreales Lindau*

Bionectriaceae Samuels & Rossman*

= Spicariaceae Nann.

Acremonium Link*

Anthonectria Döbbeler*^#

Aphanotria Döbbeler^#

Battarrina (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear^#

Clonostachys Corda*

= Bionectria Speg.^$

Bryocentria Döbbeler*

Clibanites (P. Karst.) P. Karst.^#

Didymostilbe Henn*

Dimerosporiella Speg.^#

Gliomastix Guég.*

Globonectria Etayo^#

Gracilistilbella Seifert^#

Halonectria E.B.G. Jones*^#

Heleococcum P.M. Jørg.*^$

Hydropisphaera Dumort*^$

Ijuhya Starbäck*

Lasionectria (Sacc) Cooke

Mycocitrus Möller^#

Nectriella Nitschke ex Fuckel^#

Nectriopsis Maire

Ochronectria Rossman & Samuels

Ovicuculospora Etayo

Paranectria Sacc.^#

Peristomialis (W. Phillips) Boud.

Pronectria Clem.^#

Protocreopsis Yoshim Doi*^$

Rhopalocladium Schroers et al.^#

Roumegueriella Speg.^$

Selinia P. Karst.

Spicellum Nicot & Roquebert

Stephanonectria Schroers & Samuels

Stilbocrea Pat.

Stromatocrea W.B. Cooke^#

Stromatonectria Jaklitsch & H. Voglmayr*

Trichonectria Kirschst.

Vesicladiella Crous & M.J. Wingf.

Verrucostoma Hirooka et al.*

Virgatospora Finley

Clavicipitaceae (Lindau) Earle ex Rogerson

Aciculosporium I. Miyake

= Albomyces I. Miyake^#

= Mitosporium Clem. & Shear

Amphichorda Fr.^#

Atkinsonella Diehl.

Balansia Speg.

= Dothichloë G.F. Atk.

Cavimalum Yoshim. Doi et al.^#

Chamaeleomyces Sigler

Claviceps Tul.^$

Conoideocrella D. Johnson et al.

Corallocytostroma Y.N. Yu & Z.Y. Zhang

Diploöspora Grove^#

Dussiella Pat.

Ephelis Fr.

Epichloë (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul.^$

Epicrea Petr.^#

Helminthascus Tranzschel^#

Heteroepichloë E. Tanaka et al.

Hypocrella Sacc.^$

= Aschersonia Mont.

Konradia Racib.^#

Loculistroma F. Patt & Charles^#

Metacordyceps G.H. Sung et al.

Metarhiziopsis D.W. Li et al.

Metarhizium Sorokīn

Metapochonia Kepler et al.*

Moelleriella Bres.

Mycomalus Möller^#

Myriogenospora G.F. Atk.

Neobarya Lowen

Neoclaviceps J. White et al.

Neocordyceps Kobayasi^#

Neotyphodium Glenn et al.

Nigrocornus Ryley & Langdon

Nomuraea Maubl.

Orbiocrella D. Johnson et al.

Parepichloë F.J. White Jr. & Reddy

Periglandula U. Steineret al.*

Pochonia Bat. & O.M. Fonseca

Pseudogibellula Samson & H.C. Evans

Pseudomeria G.L. Barron^#

Regiocrella Chaverri & K.T. Hodge*

Romanoa Thirum.^#

Rotiferophthora G.L. Barron

Samuelsia Chaverri & K.T. Hodge*

Shimizuomyces Kobayasi^$

Sphacelia Lév.

Sphaerocordyceps Kobayasi^#

Stereocrea Syd. & P. Syd.^#

Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & Spatafora

Ustilaginoidea Bref.

= Villosiclava E. Tanaka & C. Tanaka

Cordycipitaceae Kreisel ex G.M. Sung et al.

Akanthomyces Lebert

Ascopolyporus Möller^$

Beauveria Vuill.*

Cordyceps (Fr.) Link^$

Gibellula Cavara^$

Granulomanus de Hoog & Samson^#

Hyperdermium J. White et al.^$

Isaria Pers.

Lecanicillium W. Gams & Zare

Microhilum H.Y. Yip & A.C. Rath

Simplicillium W. Gams & Zare

Syspastospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.

Torrubiella Boud.^$

Hypocreaceae De Not.

= Trichodermataceae Fr.

Aphysiostroma Barrasa et al.

Arachnocrea Z. Moravec.

Cladobotryum Nees

Dialhypocrea Speg.^#

Escovopsis J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia*

Escovopsioides H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin*

Hypocreopsis P. Karst.*

Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul.*

Mycogone Link

Payoshaeria W.F. Leong*

Protocrea Petch

Pseudohypocrea Yoshim. Doi^#

Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge^#

Sepedonium Link

Sibirina G.R.W. Arnold^#

Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc*^$

= Gliocladium Corda

Sporophagomyces K. Põldmaa & Samuels

Stephanoma Wallr

Trichoderma Pers.*^$

= Hypocrea Fr.^$

= Sarawakus Lloyd

Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul.*

= Tuberculariaceae Fr.

Actinostilbe Petch*

= Lanatonectria Samuels & Rossman

Albonectria Rossman & Samuels

Allantonectria Earle*

Allonectella Petr.^#

Antipodium Piroz.^#

Atractium Link*

Aquanectria L. Lombard & Crous*

Baipadisphaeria Pinruan*^$

Bisifusarium L. Lombard et al.*

Calonectria De Not.*

= Cylindrocladium Morgan

Calostilbe Sacc. & Syd.^#

= Calostilbella Höhn.

Campylocarpon Halleen et al.

Chaetonectrioides Matsush.

Chaetopsina Rambelli^$

Chaetopsinectria J Luo & WY Zhuang

Coccinonectria Lombard & Crous

Corallomycetella Henn.*

Corallonectria C. Herrera & P. Chaverri*

Cosmospora Rabenh.*^$

Curvicladiella Decock & Crous^#

Curvicladium Decock & Crous

Cyanochyta Höhn.^#

Cyanonectria Samuels & Chaverri

Cyanophomella Höhn.^#

Cylindrocladiella Boesew.*

= Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch

Cylindrodendrum Bonord.*

Dacryoma Samuels^#

Dematiocladium Allegr. et al.

Dialonectria (Sacc.) Cooke*

Fusarium Link *

= Gibberella Sacc.

Fusicolla Bonord*

Geejayessia Schroers et al.*

Gliocephalotrichum J.J. Ellis & Hesselt.*

= Leuconectria Rossman et al.

Gliocladiopsis S.B. Saksena*

Glionectria Crous & C.L. Schoch

Heliscus Sacc*

Ilyonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado*

Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan et al.*

Mariannaea G. Arnaud ex Samson*

Microcera Desm.

Nalanthamala Subram.*

= Rubrinectria Rossman & Samuels

Nectria (Fr.) Fr.*^$

= Tubercularia Tode

Neonectria Wollenw.*^$

= Cylindrocarpon Wollenw.

Neocosmospora E.F. Sm.*

= Haematonectria Samuels & Nirenberg

Ophionectria Sacc.*

Paracremonium L. Lombard & Crous*

Penicillifer Emden

Persiciospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.

Pleogibberella Sacc.^#

Pleonectria Sacc.*

= Zythiostroma Höhn ex Falck

Pleurocolla Petr.

Pseudocosmospora C. Herrera & P. Chaverri

Pseudonectria Seaver

Rectifusarium Lombard et al.

Rodentomyces Doveri et al.*

Rugonectria P. Chaverri & Samuels*

Stachybotryna Tubaki & T. Yokoy^#

Stalagmites Theiss. & Syd.^#

Stylonectria Höhn.

Thelonectria P. Chaverri & C.G. Salgado*

Thyronectria Sacc.

Viridispora Samuels & Rossman^$

Volutella Fr.

= Chaetodochium Höhn.^#

Volutellonectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang*

Xenoacremonium Lombard & Crous

Xenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch

= Xenocylindrocladium Decock et al.

Xenonectriella Weese^#

Niessliaceae Kirschst.

Atronectria Etayo^#

Circinoniesslia Samuels & M.E. Barr^#

Cryptoniesslia Scheuer^#

Eucasphaeria Crous*

Hyaloseta A.W. Ramaley^#

Malmeomyces Starb.^#

Melchioria Penz. & Sacc.^#

Miyakeomyces Hara^#

Myrmaeciella Lindau*^#

Niesslia Auersw.*^$

Paraniesslia K.M. Tsui et al.^#

Pseudonectriella Petr.^#

Pseudorhynchia Höhn.^#

Rosasphaeria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr*

Taiwanascus Sivan. & H.S. Chang^#

Trichosphaerella E. Bommer et al.^#

Valetoniella Höhn.^#

Ophiocordycipitaceae G.H. Sung et al.

Drechmeria W. Gams & H.B. Jansson

= Haptocillium W. Gams & Zare

Harposporium Lohde

= Atricordyceps Samuels

= Podocrella Seaver

= Polyrhina Sorokin

Ophiocordyceps Petch^$

= Cordycepioideus Stifler

= Didymobotryopsis Henn

= Didymobotrys Clem. & Shear

= Hirsutella Pat

= Hymenostilbe Petch^$

= Mahevia Lagarde

= Paraisaria Samson & B.L. Brady

= Sorosporella Sorokin

= Syngliocladium Petch^#

= Synnematium Speare

= Trichosterigma Petch

= Troglobiomyces Pacioni

Polycephalomyces Kobayasi

= Blistum B. Sutton

Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard et al.*

Tolypocladium W. Gams

= Chaunopycnis W. Gams

= Elaphocordyceps G.H. Sung & Spatafora^$

Stachybotriaceae L. Lombard & Crous

Albosynnema E.F. Morris^$

Myrothecium Tode*^$

Parasarcopodium Melnik et al.^$

Peethambara Subram. & Bhat*^$

Sarcopodium Ehrenb.

Scopinella Lév.*^$

Stachybotrys Corda*^$

= Memnoniella Höhn.

= Ornatispora K.D. Hyde et al.

= Melanopsamma Niessl.

= Valsonectria Speg.

Tilachlidiaceae Lombard & Crous

Septofusidium W. Gams^$

Tilachlidium Preuss^$

Hypocreales, genera incertae sedis

Berkelella (Sacc.) Sacc.^#

Bulbithecium Udagawa & T Muroi

Emericellopsis JFH Beyma*

Fecundostilbum T.P. Devi & Chowdhry^#

Geosmithia J. Pitt

Gynonectria Döbbeler*^#

Hapsidospora Malloch & Cain

Haptospora G.L. Barron^#

Harzia Costantin

Illosporiopsis D. Hawksw.^#

Illosporium Mart.

Kallichroma Kohlm. & Volkm-Kohlm.*

Leucosphaerina Arx

Metadothella Henn.^#

Munkia Speg.^#

Mycoarachis Malloch & Cain

Neomunkia Petr

Nigrosabulum Malloch & Cain

Payosphaeria W.F. Leong*^#

Peloronectria Möller^#

Pseudoidriella Crous & R.G. Shivas*

Pseudomeliola Speg.^#

Pseudomicrodochium B. Sutton^#

Roselliniella Vain*

Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksw.*

Sedecimiella K.L. Pang et al.*

Septomyrothecium Matsush.^#

= Sporothrix Hektoen & C.F. Perkins

Stanjemonium W. Gams et al.

Stilbella Lindau

Ticonectria Döbbeler^#

Tilakidium Vaidya et al.^#

Trichothecium Link

Valetoniellopsis Samuels & M.E. Barr

Melanosporales N. Zhang & M. Blackw.

Ceratostomataceae G. Winter*

Acrospeira Berk & Broome^#

Arxiomyces P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.^#

Erythrocarpon Zukal^#

Gonatobotrys Corda^#

Melanospora Corda^$

= Proteophiala Cif.

Pteridiosperma J.C. Krug & Jeng^#

Pustulipora P.F. Cannon^#

Rhytidospora Jeng & Cain^#

Setiferotheca Matsush.^#

Vittatispora P. Chaudhary et al.^$

Melanosporales genera, incertae sedis

Sphaerodes Clem.*

Papulaspora Preuss

Microascales Luttr. ex Benny & Kimbr.

= Halosphaeriales Kohlm.

Chadefaudiellaceae Faurel & Schotter ex Benny & Kimbr.

Chadefaudiella Faurel & Schotter^#

Faurelina Locq-Lin.

Ceratocystidaceae Locq. ex Réblova et al.*

Ambrosiella Brader ex Arx & Hennebert^$

Ceratocystis Ellis & Halst.^$

Chalaropsis Peyronel

Davidsoniella Z.W. de Beer et al.

Endoconidiophora Münch

Grosmannia Goid.

Huntiella Z.W. de Beer et al.

Thielaviopsis Went.^$

Gondwanamycetaceae Réblová et al.*

Custingophora Stolk et al.*^$

Gondwanamyces Marais & M.J. Wingf.*^$

Graphiaceae De Beer

Graphium Corda^$

Halosphaeriaceae E. Müll & Arx ex Kohlm.

Alisea J. Dupont & E.B.G. Jones*

Aniptodera Shearer & M. Miller*

Anisostagma K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch*^#

Antennospora Meyers*

Appendichordella R.G. Johnson et al.*^#

Arenariomyces Höhnk*

Ascosacculus J J Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer*

Bathyascus Kohlm.*^#

Carbosphaerella I. Schmidt*

Ceriosporopsis Linder*

= Bovicornua Jørg Koch & E.B.G. Jones

Chadefaudia Feldm.-Maz.^#

Cirrenalia Meyers & R.T. Moore*

Clavatospora Sv Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv Nilsson*

Corallicola Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm.*^#

Corollospora Werderm*

= Halosigmoidea Nakagiri et al.

Cucullosporella K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*

Ebullia K.L. Pang*

Fluviatispora K.D. Hyde*^#

Gesasha Abdel-Wahab & Nagah.*

Haiyanga K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*

Haligena Kohlm.*

Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.*

Halosphaeria Linder*^$

Halosphaeriopsis T.W. Johnson*^$

= Culcitalna Meyers & R.T. Moore

Havispora K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed

Iwilsoniella EBG Jones*^#

Kitesporella Jheng & K.L. Pang*

Kochiella Sakay. et al.*

Lautisporiopsis E.B.G. Jones et al.

Lignincola Höhnk*^$

Limacospora Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones*^#

Luttrellia Shearer*^#

Magnisphaera J. Campb. et al.*

= Matsusphaeria K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones

Marinospora A.R. Caval.*

= Ceriosporella (Kohlm.) A.R. Caval.

Moana Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*^#

Morakotiella Sakay.*

Nais Kohlm.*

Natantispora J. Campb. et al.r*

Naufragella Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*

Nautosphaeria E.B.G. Jones*

Neptunella K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*

Nereiospora EBG Jones et al.*

Nimbospora Jørg. Koch*^$

Nohea Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*

Oceanitis Kohlm.*

= Ascosalsum J. Campb. et al.

= Falcatispora K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones

Ocostaspora E.B.G. Jones et al.*

Okeanomyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*

Ondiniella E.B.G. Jones et al.*^$

Ophiodeira Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*

Panorbis J. Campb. et al. *

Phaeonectriella Eaton & E.B.G. Jones*

Pileomyces K.L. Pang & Jheng*

Pseudolignincola Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones^#

Remispora Linder*^$

Saagaromyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*

= Littispora J. Campb. et al.

Sablicola E B.G. Jones et al.*

Thalassogena Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*

Thalespora Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones*

Tirispora E.B.G. Jones & Vrijmoed*

Toriella Sakay. et al.*

Trailia G.K. Sutherl.*^#

Trichomaris Hibbits et al.*^#

Tubakiella Sakay. et al.*

Tunicatispora K.D. Hyde*^#

= Buxetroldia K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg Koch

Varicosporina Meyers & Kohlm.*

Microascaceae Luttr. ex Malloch

Anekabeeja Udaiyan & Hosag.^#

Brachyconidiellopsis Decock et al.

Canariomyces Arx

Cephalotrichum Link^#

Doratomyces Corda^$

Echinobotryum Corda^#

Enterocarpus Locq.-Lin.

Kernia Nieuwl.

Knoxdaviesia M.J. Wingf. et al.

Lophotrichus R.K. Benj.

Microascus Zukal^$

Parascedosporium Gilgado et al.*

Petriella Curzi^$

Pseudallescheria Negroni & I. Fisch.

= Petriellopsis Gilgado et al.

Scedosporium Sacc. ex Castell. & Chalm.

Scopulariopsis Bainier

Wardomyces F.T. Brooks & Hansf.

Wardomycopsis Udagawa & Furuya

Microascales , genera incertae sedis

Bisporostilbella Brandsb. & E.F. Morris^#

Cornuvesica C.D. Viljoen et al.

Gabarnaudia Samson & W. Gams

Sphaeronaemella P. Karst.

Sporendocladia G. Arnaud ex Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.

Trichurus Clem.

Viennotidia Negru & Verona ex Rogerson^#

Vermiculariopsiella Bender

Savoryellales Boonyuen et al.*

Savoryellaceae Jaklitsch & Réblová

Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang*^$

Canalisporium Nawawi & Kuthub.*^$

= Ascothailandia Sri-indr. et al.*^$

Savoryella E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton*^$

Savoryellales , genera incertae sedis

Carpoligna F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf^$

Conioscypha Höhn.^$*

= Conioscyphascus Réblová & Seifert^$

Flammispora Pinruan et al.

Sterigmatobotrys Oudem.*

Hypocreomycetidae, families incertae sedis

Etheirophoraceae Rungjindamai et al.*

Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*^$

Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.*^$

Juncigenaceae E.B.G. Jones et al.*

Juncigena Kohlm et al.*^$

Fulvocentrum E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab*

Marinokulati E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang*^$

Moheitospora Abdel-Wahab et al.*^$

Torpedosporaceae E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang*

Glomerulispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah.*^$

Torpedospora Meyers*^$

Hypocreomycetidae, genera incertae sedis

Myrmecridium Arzanlou et al.

Pleurotheciella Réblová et al.* ^$

Pleurothecium Höhn.*^$

Subclass Lulworthiomycetidae Dayarathne et al.

Koralionastetales Kohlm. et al.

Koralionastetaceae Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Koralionastes Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.^$

Lulworthiales Kohlm. et al.

Lulworthiaceae Kohlm. et al.

Cumulospora I. Schmidt*^$

Equicapillimyces S.S.Y. Wong et al.

Halazoon Abdel-Aziz et al.*

Haloguignardia A. Cribb & J. Cribb*

Hydea K.L. Pang & E.B.G Jones*^$

Kohlmeyeriella E B G Jones et al.*

Lindra I. Wilson*^$

Lulwoana Kohlm. et al.*

Lulwoidea Kohlm. et al.*

Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl*^$

Matsusporium E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang*

Moleospora Abdel-Wahab et al.*

Moromyces Abdel-Wahab et al.*

Orbimyces Linder*

Rostrupiella Jørg Koch et al.*

Subclass Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk & K.D. Hyde*

Meliolales Gäum. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.^#

Armatellaceae Hosag.

Armatella Theiss. & Syd.^#

Meliolaceae G.W. Martin ex Hansf.

Amazonia Theiss.^#

Appendiculella Höhn.

Asteridiella McAlpine^$

Basavamyces V.B. Hosag.^#

Ceratospermopsis Bat.^#

Cryptomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz.

Ectendomeliola Hosag. & D.K. Agarwal^#

Endomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz.^$

Haraea Sacc. & P. Syd.^#

Hypasteridium Speg.^#

Irenopsis F. Stevens^$

Laeviomeliola Bat.^#

Leptascospora Speg.^#

Meliola Fr.^$

Metasteridium Speg.^#

Ophiociliomyces Bat. & I.H. Lima^#

Ophioirenina Sawada & W. Yamam.^#

Ophiomeliola Starb.^#

Parasteridium Speg.^#

Pauahia F. Stevens^#

Pleomeliola (Sacc.) Sacc.^#

Pleomerium Speg.^#

Prataprajella Hosag.^#

Ticomyces Toro^#

= Dontuzia L.D. Gomez

Urupe Viégas^#

Xenostigme Syd.^#

Subclass Sordariomycetidae O.E. Erikss & Winka

Boliniales P.F. Cannon

Boliniaceae Rick*

Apiocamarops Samuels & J.D. Rogers^#

Apiorhynchostoma Petr.^$

Camaropella Lar.N. Vassiljeva^$

Camarops P. Karst.*^$

Cornipulvina Huhndorf et al.^$

Endoxyla Fuckel

Mollicamarops Lar.N. Vassiljeva^#

Pseudovalsaria Spooner

Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf et al.

Chaetosphaeriaceae Réblová et al.

Ascochalara Réblová^#

Brunneodinemasporium Crous & R.F. Castañeda*

Catenularia Grove^#

Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.*^$

Chloridium Link

Codinaea Maire

Codinaeopsis Morgan-Jones

Craspedodidymum Hol-Jech.^#

Cryptophiale Piroz.^#

Dendrophoma Sacc.

Dinemasporium Lév.*

Dictyochaeta Speg.

Dictyochaetopsis Aramb. & Cabello^#

Exserticlava S. Hughes^$

Gonytrichum Nees & T. Nees^#

Hemicorynespora M.B. Ellis^#

Kionochaeta P.M. Kirk & B. Sutton

Infundibulomyces Plaingam et al.*

Lecythothecium Réblová & Winka

Melanopsammella Höhn.

Menispora Pers.*

Phaeostalagmus W. Gams^#

Phialogeniculata Matsush.^#

Pseudobotrytis Krzemien. & Badura

Pseudolachnea Ranoj.

Pyrigemmula D. Magyar & R. Shoemaker*

Rattania Prabhug. & Bhat^$

Miyoshiella Kawam.^#

Sporoschisma Berk. & Broome*

= Melanochaeta E. Müll. et al.^$

Striatosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll.

Tainosphaeria F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf

Thozetella Kuntze

Umbrinosphaeria Réblová^$

Zanclospora S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr.^#

Zignoëlla Sacc.

Helminthosphaeriaceae Samuels et al.

Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf*^$

Endophragmiella B. Sutton^#

Helminthosphaeria Fuckel*^$

Hilberina Huhndorf & A.N. Mill.*

Ruzenia O. Hilber*^$

Synaptospora Cain*^$

Tengiomyces Réblová^#

Pleurotremataceae Walt. Watson

Pleurotrema Müll. Arg.*^#

Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis

Caudatispora J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde

Erythromada Huhndorf et al.

Lasiosphaeriella Sivan.*

Leptosporella Penz. & Sacc.*

Nawawia Marvanová

Rimaconus Huhndorf et al.*^$

Phyllachorales M.E. Barr*

Phaeochoraceae K.D. Hyde et al.

Cocoicola K.D. Hyde^#

Phaeochora Höhn.^#

Phaeochoropsis K.D Hyde & P.F. Cannon^#

Serenomyces Petr.*

Phyllachoraceae Theiss. & H. Syd.

Acerviclypeatus Hanlin*^#

Apiosphaeria Höhn.^#

Ascovaginospora Fallah et al.^$

Brobdingnagia K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon^#

Camarotella Theiss. & Syd.^#

Coccodiella Hara^$

Cyclodomus Höhn.^#

Deshpandiella Kamat & Ullasa^#

Diachora Müll. Arg.^#

= Diachorella Höhn.

Diatractium Syd. & P. Syd.

Erikssonia Penz. & Sacc.^#

Fremitomyces P.F. Cannon & H.C. Evans^#

Geminispora Pat.^#

Gibellina Pass. ex Roum.^#

Imazekia Tak. Kobay. & Y. Kawabe^#

Isothea Fr.^#

Lichenochora Hafellner^#

Lindauella Rehm^#

Linochora Höhn.^#

Lohwagia Petr.^#

Maculatifrondes K.D. Hyde^#

Malthomyces K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon^#

Muelleromyces Kamat & Anahosur^#

Mycohypallage B. Sutton^#

Neoflageoletia J. Reid & C. Booth^#

Ophiodothella (Henn.). Höhn.*

Orphnodactylis Malloch & Mallik^#

Oswaldina Rangel^#

Oxodeora K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon^#

Parberya C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde^#

Petrakiella Syd.^#

Phaeochorella Theiss. & Syd.^#

Phycomelaina Kohlm. ^#

Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fuckel^$

Phylleutypa Petr. ^#

Phyllocrea Höhn. ^#

Polystigma DC.

= Polystigmina Sacc.^#

Pseudothiella Petr. ^#

Pseudothiopsella Petr.^#

Pterosporidium W.H. Ho & K.D. Hyde^#

Rehmiodothis Theiss. & Syd. ^#

Retroa P.F. Cannon^#

Rhodosticta Woron.^#

Rikatlia P.F. Cannon^#

Schizochora Syd. & P. Syd.^#

Sphaerodothella C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde^#

Sphaerodothis (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Shear

Stigmatula (Sacc.) Syd. & P. Syd.^#

Stigmochora Theiss. & Syd.^#

Stromaster Höhn.^#

Telimena Racib.^#

Telimenella Petr. ^#

Telimenochora Sivan.^#

Trabutia Sacc. & Roum.^#

Tribulatia J.E. Taylor et al.^#

Uropolystigma Maubl.^#

Vitreostroma P.F. Cannon^#

Zimmermanniella Henn.^#

Phyllachorales genera incertae sedis

Marinosphaera K.D. Hyde*^#

Sordariales Chad. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.

Chaetomiaceae G. Winter

Achaetomium J.N. Rai et al.^$

Bommerella Marchal^#

Boothiella Lodhi & Mirza^#

Botryotrichum Sacc. & Marchal

Chaetomidium (Zopf) Sacc.^$

Corynascella Arx & Hodges^$

Chaetomiopsis Mustafa & Abdul-Wahid^#

Chaetomium Kunze^$

Diplogelasinospora Cain

Emilmuelleria Arx

Farrowia D. Hawksw.

Guanomyces M.C. Gonzáles et al.

Humicola Traaen*

Madurella Brumpt

Myceliophthora Costantin*

= Corynascus Arx

Staphylotrichum J.A. Mey. & Nicot*

Subramaniula Arx^#

Taifanglania Z.Q. Liang et al.

Thielavia Zopf

Zopfiella G. Winter*

Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf.*

Angulimaya Subram & Lodha^#

Anopodium Lundq.*

Apiosordaria Arx & W. Gams^$

Apodospora Cain & J.H. Mirza*

Apodus Malloch & Cain

Arniella Jeng & J.C. Krug^#

Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter*

Bellojisia Réblová

Biconiosporella Schaumann*^#

Bombardia (Fr.) P. Karst.^$

Bombardioidea C. Moreau ex N. Lundqv.

Camptosphaeria Fuckel^#

Cercophora Fuckel

Cladorrhinum Sacc. & Marchal

Diffractella Guarro et al.^#

Emblemospora Jeng & J.C. Krug^#

Eosphaeria Höhn.^#

Fimetariella N. Lundq.*

Immersiella A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf

Jugulospora N. Lundq.^$

Lacunospora Cailleux^#

Lasiosphaeria Ces. & De Not.^$

Mammaria Ces. ex Rabenh.

Melanocarpus Arx

Periamphispora J.C. Krug^#

Podospora Ces.

Pseudocercophora Subram. & Sekar^#

Schizothecium Corda

Strattonia Cif.

Thaxteria Sacc.^#

Triangularia Boedijn

Tripterosporella Subram. & Lodha^#

Zygopleurage Boedijn^$

Zygospermella Cain*

Sordariaceae G. Winter

Copromyces N. Lundq.

Effetia Bartoli et al.*^#

Gelasinospora Dowding^$

Guilliermondia Boud.^#

Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge*^$

= Chrysonilia Arx

Pseudoneurospora Dania García et al.^$

Sordaria Ces & De Not. ^$

Stellatospora T. Ito & A. Nakagiri^#

Sordariales, genera incertae sedis

Abyssomyces Kohlm*^#

Acanthotheciella Höhn.^#

Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde

Asterosporium Kunze

Bombardiella Höhn.^#

Cancellidium Tubaki

Coronatomyces Dania García et al.

Corylomyces Stchigel et al.

Cuspidatispora A. Mill.

Globosphaeria D. Hawksw.^#

Isia D. Hawksw & Manohar^#

Lasiosphaeris Clem.

= Lasiadelphia Réblová & W Gams*

Lockerbia K.D. Hyde^#

Nitschkiopsis Nannf. & R. Sant.^#

Onygenopsis Henn.^#

Phaeosporis Clem.^#

Ramophialophora M. Calduch et al.

Reconditella Matzer & Hafellner^#

Rhexodenticula W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones

Rhexosporium Udagawa & Furuya^#

Roselliniomyces Matzer & Hafellner^#

Roselliniopsis Matzer & Hafellner^#

Sporidesmiopsis Subram. & Bhat

Utriascus Réblova^#

Ypsilonia Lév.^#

Sordariomycetidae, families incertae sedis

Batistiaceae Samuels & K.F. Rodrigues^$

Acrostroma Seifert^#

Batistia Cif.^$

Cephalothecaceae Höhn.*

Albertiniella Kirschst.^$

Cephalotheca Fuckel^$

Cryptendoxyla Malloch & Cain^$

Phialemonium W. Gams & McGinnis^$

Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedis

Arecacicola Joanne E. Taylor et al.^#

Barbatosphaeria Réblová^#

Bullimyces A. Ferrer et al.*

Brachysporiella Bat.

Ceratolenta Réblová*

Ceratostomella Sacc.

Chaetosphaerides Matsush.^#

Conlarium F. Liu & L. Cai*

Garethjonesia K.D. Hyde^#

Hanliniomyces Raja & Shearer^#

Hydromelitis A. Ferrer et al.*

Lentomitella Höhn.

Mirannulata Huhndorf et al.

Menisporopascus Matsush.*^#

Merugia Rogerson & Samuels^#

Mycomedusiospora G.C. Carroll & Munk^#

Myelosperma Syd. & P. Syd.^#

Nigromammilla K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.^#

Phaeotrichosphaeria Sivan.^#

Phragmodiscus Hansf.^#

Plagiosphaera Petr.^#

Rhodoveronaea Arzanlou et al.

Riomyces A. Ferrer et al.

Spadicoides S. Hughes*

Xylomelasma Réblová

Woswasia Jaklitsch et al.

Subclass Xylariomycetidae O.E. Erikss & Winka

Xylariales Nannf.

Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde et al.*^$

Appendicospora K.D. Hyde

Arthrinium Kunze*^$

= Apiospora Sacc.^$

= Cordella Speg.

= Pteroconium Sacc. ex Grove

Dictyoarthrinium S. Hughes^#

Endocalyx Berk. & Broome^#

Scyphospora LA Kantsch^#

Spegazzinia Sacc.

Amphisphaeriaceae G. Winter

Adisciso Kaz. Tanaka

Amphisphaerella (Sacc.) Kirschst.^#

Amphisphaeria Ces & De Not.*^$

Atrotorquata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Bartalinia Tassi*

Bleptosporium Steyaert*^#

Broomella Sacc*

Capsulospora K.D. Hyde

Ceratosporium Schwein.^#

Ceriophora Höhn.^#

Ceriospora Niessl^#

Chitonospora E. Bommer et al.^#

Clypeophysalospora H.J. Swart^#

Discosia Lib.*

Discostroma Clem.*^$

Distorimula San Martín et al.^#

Doliomyces Steyaert^#

Dyrithium M.E. Barr^#

Dyrithiopsis L. Cai et al.

= Monochaetiopsis L. Cai et al.*

Flagellosphaeria Aptroot^#

Frondispora K.D. Hyde^#

Funiliomyces Aptroot*

Griphosphaerioma Höhn.*^#

= Labridella Brenckle

Hyalotiopsis Punith.*

= Ellurema Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.

Immersidiscosia Kaz. Tanaka et al.*^$

Iodosphaeria Samuels et al.^#

Labridium Vestergr.

Lindquistomyces Aramb. et al.^#

Manokwaria K.D. Hyde^#

Microdochium Syd.

Monochaetia (Sacc) Allesch.*

Monochaetinula Muthumary et al.*^#

Monographella Petr.^$

Morinia Berl. & Bres.*

Mukhakesa Udaiyan & Hosag.^#

Neobroomella Petr.^#

Neohypodiscus J.D. Rogers et al.^#

Neopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al.*

Ommatomyces Kohlm et al.^#

Paracainiella Lar.N. Vassiljeva^#

Pemphidium Mont.^#

Pestalotiopsis Steyaert*

= Pestalosphaeria M.E. Barr

Phlogicylindrium Crous et al.*

Pseudopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al.*^$

Reticulosphaeria Sivan. & Bahekar^#

Robillarda Sacc. ^$

Sarcostroma Cooke

Seimatosporium Corda

= Vermisporium H.J. Swart & M.A. Will.*

Seiridium Nees *

= Blogiascospora Shoemaker et al.

= Lepteutypa Petr.^$

= Pestalotia De Not.

Sporocadus Corda^#

Synnemapestaloides T. Handa & Y. Harada^#

Truncatella Steyaert

Urosporella G.F. Atk.^#

Urosporellopsis W.H. Hsieh et al.^#

Xylochora Arx & E. Müll.^#

Zetiasplozna Nag Raj

Cainiaceae J.C. Krug*

Arecophila K.D. Hyde*^$

Cainia Arx & E. Müll.*^$

Seynesia Sacc.^$

Clypeosphaeriaceae G. Winter

Apioclypea K.D. Hyde

Aquasphaeria K.D. Hyde^#

Brunneiapiospora K.D. Hyde et al.

Clypeosphaeria Fuckel^$

Crassoascus Checa et al.^#

Palmomyces K.D. Hyde et al.^#

Coniocessiaceae Asgari & Zare*

Coniocessia Dania García et al.^$

Diatrypaceae Nitschke

Anthostoma Nitschke

Cryptosphaeria Ces & De Not.

Cryptovalsa Ces & De Not. ex Fuckel

Diatrype Fr.^$

Diatrypella (Ces & De Not.) De Not.

Diatrypasimilis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm., in Chalkleyet al*

Echinomyces Rappaz^#

Eutypa Tul. & C. Tul.^$

Eutypella (Nitschke) Sacc.

Leptoperidia Rappaz^#

Monosporascus Pollack & Uecker^$

Pedumispora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*

Peroneutypa Berl.^#

Phaeoisaria Höhn.

Quaternaria Tul. & C. Tul.^#

Graphostromataceae M.E. Barr et al.*^$

Graphostroma Piroz.^$

Hyponectriaceae Petr.

Apiothyrium Petr.^#

Arecomyces K.D. Hyde^#

Arwidssonia B. Erikss.^#

Cesatiella Sacc.^#

Chamaeascus L. Holm et al.^#

Charonectria Sacc.^#

Discosphaerina Höhn.*

Exarmidium P. Karst.^#

Frondicola K D Hyde*^#

Hyponectria Sacc.^$

Micronectria Speg.^#

Papilionovela Aptroot^#

Pellucida Dulym. et al.^#

Physalospora Niessl

Phragmitensis M.K.M. Wong et al.*^#

Pseudomassaria Jacz*^$

Rhachidicola K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.^#

Xenothecium Höhn.^#

Melogrammataceae G. Winter*

Melogramma Fr.

Vialaeaceae P.F. Cannon*

Vialaea Sacc.*^$

Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul.*

Amphirosellinia Y.M. Ju et al.*

Annulohypoxylon Y.M. Ju et al.*

Anthocanalis Daranagama et al.*

Anthostomella Sacc.*

Appendixia B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde^#

Areolospora S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis^#

Arthroxylaria Seifert & W Gams*

Ascotricha Berk.*

= Dicyma Boulanger

= Puciola De Bert.

Astrocystis Berk & Broome*

Barrmaelia Rappaz

Biscogniauxia Kuntze*

Brunneiperidium Daranagama et al.*

Calceomyces Udagawa & S Ueda

Camillea Fr.*

= Basidiobotrys Höhn.

= Masoniomyces JL Crane & Dumont

= Xylocladium P. Syd. ex Lindau

Cannonia J.E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde^#

Chaenocarpus Rebent.^#

Chlorostroma A.N. Mill. et al.*

Collodiscula I Hino & Katum.*

= Acanthodochium Samuels et al.

Coniolariella Dania García et al.*

= Coniolaria Seigle-Mur et al.

Creosphaeria Theiss.*^$

Cyanopulvis J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde^#

Daldinia Ces. & De Not.*

= Annellosporium M.L. Davey

= Versiomyces Whalley & Watling

Durotheca Læssøe et al.*

Emarcea Duong et al.

Engleromyces Henn.*

Entoleuca Syd.

Entonaema Möller

Euepixylon Füisting

Fasciatispora K.D. Hyde*

Fassia Dennis^#

Gigantospora B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde^#

Guestia G.J.D. Sm. & K.D. Hyde^#

Halorosellinia Whalley et al.

Helicogermslita Lodha & D. Hawksw.^#

Hypocopra (Fr) J. Kickx f

Hypocreodendron Henn.*

= Discoxylaria J.C. Lindq. & J.E. Wright

Hypoxylon Bull.*

= Pyrenopolyporus Lloyd

= Triplicaria P Karst *

Induratia Samuels, E. Müll. & Petrin

Jumillera J.D. Rogers et al.^#

Kretzschmaria Fr.*

= Holttumia Lloyd

Kretzschmariella Viégas^#

Leprieuria Laessøe et al.^#

Leptomassaria Petr.^#

Libertella Desm.

Lopadostoma (Nitschke) Traverso*

Lunatiannulus Daranagama et al.*

Muscodor Worapong et al.*

Myconeesia Kirschst.^#

Nemania Gray*^$

= Geniculisynnema Okane & Nakagiri

= Geniculosporium Chesters & Greenh.

Nodulisporium Preuss*

= Pleurographium Goid.

Nipicola K.D. Hyde^#

Obolarina Pouzar

Occultitheca J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju^#

Ophiorosellinia JJ.D. Rogers et al.^#

Pandanicola K.D. Hyde^#

Paramphisphaeria F.A. Fernández et al.^#

Paucithecium Lloyd^#

Phylacia Lév.

Podosordaria Ellis. & Holw.

Poroleprieuria M.C. González et al.^#

Poronia Willd.*

= Lindquistia Subram. & Chandrash

Pyrenomyxa Morgan

= Pulveria Malloch & Rogerson

Pyriformiascoma Daranagama et al.*

Rhopalostroma D. Hawksw.*

Rosellinia De Not.*^$

= Dematophora R. Hartig

= Vrikshopama D. Rao & P.Rag. Rao

Rostrohypoxylon J Fourn & M Stadler*

Ruwenzoria J. Fourn. et al.*

Sabalicola K.D. Hyde^#

Sarcoxylon Cooke^#

Sclerodermatopsis Torrens^#

Spirodecospora B.S. Lu et al.^#

Squamotubera Henn.^#

Steganopycnis Syd. & P Syd.^#

Stilbohypoxylon Henn.

Streblema Chevall.^#

Striatodecospora D.Q. Zhou et al.^#

Stromatoneurospora S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis

Thamnomyces Ehrenb.

Theissenia Maubl.

Thuemenella Penz. & Sacc.

Virgaria Nees*

= Ascovirgaria J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju

Vivantia J.D. Rogers et al.^#

Wawelia Namysl^#

Whalleya J.D. Rogers et al.

Xylaria Hill ex Schrank*

= Moelleroclavus Henn.

= Padixonia Subram.

= Pseudoxylaria Boedijn

= Xylocoremium J.D. Rogers

Xylocrea Möller^#

Xylotumulus J.D. Rogers et al.

Xylariales, genera incertae sedis

Adomia S. Schatz^#

Ascotrichella Valldos & Guarro^#

Beltraniella Subram.^$

Diamantinia A.N. Mill. et al.

Hadrotrichum Fuckel

Lanceispora Nakagiri et al.*

Lasiobertia Sivan.

Leiosphaerella Höhn*

Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd.

Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde*

Oxydothis Penz. & Sacc.*

Palmicola K.D. Hyde^#

Pidoplitchkoviella Kiril.

Plectosphaera Theiss.

Polyancora Voglmayr & Yule

Pulmosphaeria Joanne E. Taylor et al.^#

Sporidesmina Subram. & Bhat

Subramaniomyces Varghese & V.G. Rao

Yuea O.E. Erikss.^#

Sordariomycetes, orders incertae sedis

Amplistromatales D’souza et al. *

Amplistromataceae Huhndorf et al.

Amplistroma Huhndorf et al.*^$

Wallrothiella Sacc.*^$

=Pseudogliomastix W. Gams

= Zignoina Cooke^#

Catabotrydaceae Petr. ex M.E. Barr

Catabotrys Theiss. & Syd.^$

Pisorisporiales Réblová & J. Fourn.*

Pisorisporiaceae Réblová & J. Fourn.*

Achroceratosphaeria Réblová et al.*

Pisorisporium Réblová & J. Fourn.*

Spathulosporales Kohlm.

Hispidicarpomycetaceae Nakagiri

Hispidicarpomyces Nakagiri*

Spathulosporaceae Kohlm.

Retrostium Nakagiri & Tad Ito*

Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson*

Sordariomycetes, families incertae sedis

Obryzaceae Körb

Obryzum Wallr.^#

Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis

Acerbiella Sacc.^#

Acrospermoides Miller & G.E. Thomps.^#

Ameromassaria Hara^#

Amphisphaerellula Gucevič^#

Amphisphaerina Höhn.^#

Amphorulopsis Petr.^#

Amylis Speg.^#

Anthostomaria (Sacc.) Theiss. & Syd.^#

Anthostomellina L.A. Kantsch.^#

Apharia Bonord.^#

Apodothina Petr.^#

Apogaeumannomyces Matsush.^#

Aquadulciospora Fallah & Shearer^#

Aropsiclus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.^#

Ascorhiza Lecht.-Trnka^#

Ascoyunnania L. Cai & K.D. Hyde^#

Assoa Urries^#

Aulospora Speg.^#

Azbukinia Lar.N. Vassiljeva^#

Bactrosphaeria Penz. & Sacc.^#

Biporispora J.D. Rogers et al.^#

Bombardiastrum Pat. ^#

Brenesiella Syd.^#

Byrsomyces Cavalc.^#

Byssotheciella Petr.^#

Caleutypa Petr.^#

Calosphaeriopsis Petr.^#

Caproniella Berl. ^#

Chaetoamphisphaeria Hara^#

Ciliofusospora Bat. & J.L. Bezerra^#

Calcarisporium Preuss^#

Clypeoceriospora Sousa da Câmara^#

Clypeosphaerulina Sousa da Câmara^#

Crinigera Schmidt

Cryptoascus Petri^#

Cryptomycella Höhn.^#

Cryptomycina Höhn.^#

Cucurbitopsis Bat. & Cif.^#

Curvatispora V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde^#

Dasysphaeria Speg.^#

Delpinoëlla Sacc.^#

Diacrochordon Petr.^#

Dryosphaera Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones^#

Duradens Samuels & Rogerson^$

Ellisembia Subram.

Endoxylina Romell^#

Esfandiariomyces Ershad^#

Frondisphaera K.D. Hyde^#

Glabrotheca Chardόn^#

Heliastrum Petr.^#

Hyaloderma Speg.^#

Hydronectria Kirschst.^#

Hypotrachynicola Etayo^#

Immersisphaeria Jaklitsch.^#

Iraniella Petr.^#

Imicles Shoemaker & Hambl.^#

Konenia Hara^#

Kravtzevia Schwartzman^#

Kurssanovia Kravtzev^#

Lecythiomyces Doweld^#

= Lecythium Zukal

Leptosacca Syd.^#

Leptosphaerella Speg.^#

Leptosporina Chardón^#

Liberomyces Pažoutová et al.*

Lyonella Syd.^#

Mangrovispora K.D.Hyde & Nagakiri^#

Melanographium Sacc.^#

Melomastia Nitschke ex Sacc.

Microcyclephaeria Bat.^#

Monotosporella S. Hughes

Naumovela Kravtzev^#

Natantiella Rѐblová

Neocryptospora Petr.^#

Neolamya Theiss. & Syd.^#

Neothyridaria Petr.^#

Nigrospora Zimm.

Ophiomassaria Jacz.^#

Orcadia GK Sutherl*^#

Paoayensis Cabanela et al.

Pareutypella Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers^#

Phialemoniopsis Perdomo et al.*

Phomatosporella Tak. Kobay & K. Sasaki^#

Phyllocelis Syd.^#

Pleocryptospora J. Reid & C. Booth^#

Pleosphaeria Speg.^#

Pontogeneia Kohlm.^#

Porodiscus Lloyd^#

Protocucurbitaria Naumov^#

Pulvinaria Bon.^#

Pumilus Viala & Marsais^#

Rehmiomycella E. Müll.^#

Rhamphosphaeria Kirschst.^#

Rhizophila K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones^#

Rhopographella (Henn.) Sacc. & Trotter

Rhynchosphaeria (Sacc.) Berl.^#

Rivulicola K.D. Hyde^#

Romellina Petr.^#

Saccardoëlla Speg.^#

Sarcopyrenia Nyl.^#

Sartorya Vuill.^#

Scharifia Petr.^#

Scoliocarpon Nyl.^#

Scotiosphaeria Sivan.^#

Selenosporella G. Arnaud ex MacGarvie 1969*

Servazziella J. Reid & C. Booth^#

Sporoctomorpha J.V. Almeida & Sousa da Câmara^#

Stanjehughesia Subram.

Stearophora L. Mangin & Viala^#

Stegophorella Petr.^#

Stellosetifera Matsush.^#

Stereosphaeria Kirschst.

Stomatogenella Petr.^#

Stromatographium Höhn.^#

Strickeria Körb.^#

Sungaiicola Fryar & K.D. Hyde^#

Synsphaeria Bon.^#

Tamsiniella S.W. Wong et al.^#

Tectonidula Réblová

Teracosphaeria Rѐblová & Seifert

Thelidiella Fink.^#

Thyridella (Sacc.) Sacc.^#

Thyrotheca Kirschst.^#

Trichospermella Speg.^#

Trichosphaeropsis Bat. & Nasc.^#

Tunstallia Agnihothr.^#

Vleugelia J. Reid & C. Booth^#

Zalerion R.T. Moore & Meyers*

Dothideomycetes

Dothideales

This obviously does not list all genera of Dothideales but only those which were considered to be placed in Sordariomycetes in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and Wijayawardene et al. (2012) and are now excluded.

Dichomera Cooke

Hendersonula Speg.^#

Kabatia Bubák^#

Kabatiella Bubák

Sarcophoma Höhn.^#

Selenophoma Maire

Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Helotiales Nannf.

This obviously does not list all genera of Helotiales but only those which were considered to be placed in Sordariomycetes in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and Wijayawardene et al. (2012) and are now excluded.

Chalara (Corda) Rabenh.

= Chaetochalara B. Sutton & Piroz.^#

Diplococcium Grove *

Idriella P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh.*

Ascomycota genera incertae sedis

This does not list all genera of Ascomycota genera incertae sedis but only those which were considered to be placed in Sordariomycetes in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and Wijayawardene et al. (2012) and are now excluded. There are large numbers of genera listed in Kirk et al. (2013, 2014) that are considered synonyms in Index Fungorum, however it is impossible to check whether these have been correctly synonymised and these are not listed here.

Acrophialophora Edward

Anguillospora Ingold*

Aphanocladium W. Gams

Biflua Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones*^#

Cacumisporium Preuss^#

Didymobotryum Sacc.

Dumortieria Westend.^#

Eiona Kohlm.*^#

Engyodontium de Hoog

Fusichalara S. Hughes & Nag Raj^#

Hapsidascus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*^#

Kutilakesa Subram.^#

Linkosia A. Hern.-Gut. & B. Sutton*

Lunulospora Ingold

Menisporopsis S. Hughes*^$

Monocillium S.B. Saksena^$

Paliphora Sivan. & B. Sutton

Phaeocytostroma Petr.

Pleurodesmospora Samson et al.

Pleurophragmium Costantin

Retroconis de Hoog & Bat Vegte^$

Septogloeum Sacc.

Sporidesmium Link*

Trichocladium Harz*

Verticimonosporium Matsush.*^$

Notes on outline - 2014

Abyssomyces Kohlm., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 83(9–10): 505 (1970)

The type species is Abyssomyces hydrozoicus Kohlm., which was collected on hydrocaulon, attached to stony corals (Kohlmeyer 1970). The genus was referred by Jones et al. (2009a, b) to Sordariales genera incertae sedis. Further collections and molecular study are required to determine its natural taxonomic placement.

Achroceratosphaeria Réblová et al., Fungal Diversity 43: 79 (2010)

The genus Achroceratosphaeria was introduced from freshwater and terrestrial habitats with the type species A. potamia Réblová et al. and two other species (Réblová et al. 2010). Achroceratosphaeria is characterized by immersed perithecia, with hyaline to subhyaline emergent necks and cylindrical-clavate asci with a distinct apical annulus. Molecular studies shows that Achroceratosphaeria resides in a single branch as a sister to the clade containing Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales and was placed in Pisorisporiaceae (Réblová et al. 2015).

Acremonium Link, Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin 3: 15 (1809)

Acremonium is generally considered to be a highly polyphyletic asexual genus containing distantly related fungi (Glenn et al. 1996), with A. alternatum Link, the type species, in the Hypocreales. Acremonium furcatum Moreau & F. Moreau ex Gams has been shown to group in the Plectosphaerellaceae with Gibellulopsis nigrescens (Pethybr.) Zare et al. as a sister group (Réblová et al. 2011a). Summerbell et al. (2011) confirmed the placement of A. alcalophilum G. Okada, A. brunnescens W. Gams, A. furcatum, A. nepalense W. Gams, A. restrictum (J.F.H. Beyma) W. Gams and A. stromaticum W. Gams & R.H. Stover in the Plectosphaerellaceae, as was already shown by Zare et al. (2007). Acremonium apii (M.A. Sm. & Ramsey) W. Gams also has been shown to belong to this family as a synonym of Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold. The phytopathogen A. cucurbitacearum Alfaro-García et al. has also been shown to belong in Plectosphaerellaceae (Zare et al. 2007). Summerbell et al. (2011) designated CBS 407.66 as the epitype of Acremonium alternatum, the type species of the genus. ITS sequences analyses by Giraldo et al. (2012) show that the A. alternatum epitype strain (CBS 407.66) and a large group of species currently accepted in Acremonium belong in the family Bionectriaceae.

Acrostalagmus Corda, Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum 2: 15 (1838)

A polyphyletic asexual genus with most species assigned to the Hypocreales; Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus Corda is the type species. Réblová et al. (2011a) showed Acrostalagmus annulatus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Seifert (= Stilbella annulata Berk. & M.A. Curtis) and A. luteoalbus (Link) Zare et al. groups with high support in the Plectosphaerellaceae, based on nuclear SSU rDNA sequences, with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. as a sister group.

Actinostilbe Petch, Ann. R. bot. Gdns Peradeniya 9: 327 (1925)

Actinostilbe appears to be linked to Lanatonectria. However, they are not common genera, and thus Rossman et al. (2013) proposed the name Lanatonectria be abandoned in favour of the older and more widely used asexual morph generic name Actinostilbe. The genus belongs in Nectriaceae.

Alisea J. Dupont & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Res. 113(12): 1358 (2009)

Monotypic marine taxon growing on submerged wood recovered at 1000 m depth in the Pacific Ocean with no known asexual morph. Molecular data confirm its position in Halosphaeriaceae (Dupont et al. 2009).

Allantonectria Earle, in Greene, Plant. Bak. 2(1): 11 (1901)

Hirooka et al. (2012) studied the systematics of Nectria based on a 6-loci phylogenetic analysis. Nectria divided into two main clades: the first clade being Nectria sensu stricto which includes the type species, N. cinnabarina (Tode) Fr., along with 27 additional species and genera. The second clade comprised Pleonectria with 26 species some with Zythiostroma asexual morphs. Sister to the Pleonectria clade is Nectria miltina (Mont.) Mont. which has Trichoderma-like asexual morphs and occurs on monocotyledons. Since these characters are different from Pleonectria, a new genus, Allantonectria, was introduced.

Amphirosellinia Y.M. Ju et al., Mycologia 96(6): 1393 (2004)

Amphirosellinia was introduced by Ju et al. (2004) to include five xylariaceous taxa with erumpent or immersed perithecioid stromata. The name itself refers to its stromatal anatomy which is similar to that of the genus Rosellinia, but differs in having stromata that develop beneath the host epidermis (Ju et al. 2004). The accepted Amphirosellinia species constitute a coherent group that is characterized by several unique characteristics, and a synnematous asexual morph that produces lacrymoid conidia (Ju et al. 2004). A molecular study that included type strains of A. fushanensis Y.M. Ju et al. and A. nigrospora Y.M. Ju et al. placed Amphirosellinia as a discrete monophyletic group, which appears to be paraphyletic with Xylaria digitata and X. montagnei (Hsieh et al. 2010).

Amphisphaeria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 223 (1863)

The genus Amphisphaeria was introduced by De Notaris (1863) with A. umbrina (Fr.) De Not. as the type species. Based on molecular data, Kang et al. (1999a) determined that Amphisphaeria is polyphyletic.

Amplistroma Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 101(6): 907 (2009)

Amplistroma was described to accommodate seven species with A. carolinianum Huhndorf et al. as the type species (Huhndorf et al. 2009). According to phylogenetic analyses using LSU data, Amplistroma is included in the family Amplistromataceae formed a monophyletic clade with strong bootstrap and Bayesian support (Huhndorf et al. 2009). In our combined analysis Amplistroma clusters with Wallrothiella and is sister to Catabotrys deciduum in Catabotrydaceae (Amplistromatales).

Anguillospora Ingold, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 25 (4): 401 (1942)

A polyphyletic genus with species in the family Lulworthiaceae (A. marina Nakagiri & Tubaki), asexual Pleosporales (A. crassa Ingold), Hymenoscyphus imberbis (Bull.) Dennis, Helotiaceae (A. fustiformis Marvanová & Descals) and A. coryli (Redhead & G.P. White) U. Braun, asexual Mycosphaerellaceae (Index Fungorum 2015). Anguillospora marina is a synonym of Lindra obtusa Nakagiri & Tubaki as established by cultural studies and molecular data (Jones et al. 2009b). The type species, A. longissima (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Ingold, is not linked to any sexual morph and was placed in asexual Ascomycota in Shearer et al. (2009); the genus is retained and placed here in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis.

Aniptodera Shearer & M.A. Mill., Mycologia 69(5): 893 (1977)

A genus of Halosphaeriaceae established by Shearer and Miller (1977) to accommodate the aquatic fungus A. chesapeakensis Shearer & M.A. Mill. Molecular analysis of SSU and LSU rDNA sequence data confirm that Aniptodera is a polyphyletic genus with A. chesapeakensis and A. lignatilis K.D. Hyde placed in one clade, while the rest of the species are placed in distant clades (Jones et al. 2009a). Further study is needed to resolve the taxonomy of the species referred to Aniptodera. No asexual morph is known.

Anisostagma K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch, Mycol. Res. 100(2): 209 (1996)

Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was established by Petersen and Koch (1996) to accommodate the marine species, A. rotundatum K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch. This infrequently collected species has no known asexual morph. A phylogenetic study is required to determine if it differs from Thalassogena and confirm its position in the Halosphaeriaceae.

Anopodium N. Lundq., Botaniska Notiser 117 (4): 356 (1964)

A genus of Lasiosphaeriaceae based on morphological and molecular data with A. ampullaceum as the type species. The genus groups with Cercophora sulphurella (Sacc.) R. Hilber in a well-supported clade and joins the weakly supported clade containing Cercophora sparsa (Sacc. & Fairm.) R. Hilber, Corylomyces selenosporus Stchigel et al., Bellojisia rhynchostoma (Höhn.) Réblová and Podospora didyma J.H. Mirza & Cain (Kruys et al. 2015).

Annulohypoxylon Y.M. Ju et al., in Hsieh et al., Mycologia 97(4): 855 (2005)

Two sections were recognized in Hypoxylon by Ju and Rogers (1996); Hypoxylon sect. Hypoxylon and Hypoxylon sect. Annulata. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, including protein coding genes, Annulohypoxylon was introduced as a new genus by Heish et al. (2005) to accommodate Hypoxylon sect. Annulata with A. truncatum (Schwein.) Y.M. Ju et al. designated as the type species. Hsieh et al. (2005) described 37 species and varieties belonging to Annulohypoxylon. Several other species have been added to the genus (Fournier et al. 2010; Hladki and Romero 2009; Ju et al. 2004; Marincowitz et al. 2008; Pereira et al. 2010; Vassiljeva and Stephenson 2013); Index Fungorum (2015) lists 50 species. Annulohypoxylon species have nodulosporium-like asexual morphs.

Antennospora Meyers, Mycologia 49: 501 (1957)

Monotypic marine ascomycete growing on submerged wood, often in association with calcareous shells. No asexual morph is known. Molecular data confirms its position in the Halosphaeriaceae, forming a sister group to Pseudolignincola siamensis with high bootstrap support (Pang et al. 2008; Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).

Anthocanalis Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (in press) (2015)

The genus Anthocanalis was introduced for A. sparti Daranagama et al. to represent anthostomella-like taxa distinguished by having ascomata with a reduced clypeus with shiny papilla and limoniform ascospores (Daranagama et al. 2015). Isolates from ascospores of A. sparti produced a nodulisporium-like asexual morph in culture. According to the phylogenetic analysis by Daranagama et al. (2014) using four combined genes, A. sparti clustered in the hypoxyloid Xylariaceae and was closely related to Rhopalostroma, Ruwenzoria and Thamnomyces.

Anthonectria Döbbeler, Mycologia 102(2): 405 (2010)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Döbbeler (2010) based on Anthonectria mammispora Döbbeler and is stated to be invalid in Index Fungorum (2014). According to the morphology the genus is classified in family Bionectriaceae.

Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde et al., in Hyde et al., Sydowia 50(1): 23 (1998)

Hyde et al. (1998) introduced Apiosporaceae to accommodate Apiospora and Appendicospora. Smith et al. (2003) concluded that Apiosporaceae represented one of the seven families in Xylariales. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed Apiosporaceae as family incertae sedis (Sordariomycetes). Crous and Groenewald (2013) analysed LSU rDNA sequence data and confirmed the Apiosporaceae belongs in Xylariales, and is a sister group to Amphisphaeriaceae.

Apodospora Cain & J.H. Mirza, Can. Bot. 48 (5): 891 (1970)

Monophyletic genus in Lasiosphaeriaceae with Apodospora simulans Cain & J.H. Mirza as the type species (Kruys et al. 2015). It groups with a number of other taxa with unclear affinities to each other, lacking higher-level support (Kruys et al. 2015).

Appendichordella R.G. Johnson et al., Can. J. Bot. 65(5): 941 (1987)

A monotypic lignicolous genus with no known asexual morph, the type of which was described in Sphaerulina (Kohlmeyer 1962) and has been referred to Haligena (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1979). The genus is morphologically well-placed in the family Halosphaeriaceae, but requires further collection, isolation and sequencing to confirm its position therein (Jones et al. 2009a).

Aquanectria Lombard et al., in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol.80: 207 (2015)

Lombard et al. (2015) introduced the genus Aquanectria, typified by Aquanectria penicillioides (Ingold) L. Lombard & Crous, based on a multi-locus gene analysis to accommodate two species previously treated as members of the genera Flagellospora and Heliscus. The genus belongs in the family Nectriaceae.

Arecophila K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 63(1–2): 82 (1996)

Arecophila was introduced by Hyde (1996), with the type species A. gulubilcola K.D. Hyde and six other species. The genus was originally placed in Amphisphaeriaceae due to a morphological resemblance to Amphisphaeria but was revised by Kang et al. (1999a) and excluded from Amphisphaeriaceae. Arecophila differs from Amphisphaeria in having a cylindrical, J+ ascus ring and ascomata immersed under a clypeus. Its striate ascospores surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath show certain similarities to those of Atrotorquata, Cainia, and Ceriophora (Kang et al. 1999b). Due to its close morphological affinities with these genera in Cainiaceae, Arecophila was moved to Cainiaceae (Kang et al. 1999b). Molecular data is required to resolve its taxonomic position.

Arenariomyces Höhnk, Veröff. Inst. Meeresf. Bremerhaven 3: 28 (1954)

A genus of Halosphaeriaceae, the type species of which has been variously referred to Halosphaeria (Cribb and Cribb 1956), Peritrichospora (Kohlmeyer 1961) and Corollospora (Kohlmeyer 1962), molecular data confirming its position in this family (Jones et al. 2009b). No asexual morph is known. Five species are referred to the genus (Jones et al. 2009b; Koch 2013).

Argentinomyces N.I. Peña & Aramb., Mycotaxon 65: 333 (1997)

A monotypic genus, based on a single collection, of unknown affinities and requiring further study at the molecular level. Jones et al. (2009b) referred Argentinomyces to the Diaporthales genera incertae sedis based on its morphology. Although it has features in common with members of the Halosphaeriaceae, it does not belong in the family as it has a thick-walled ascus apex and persistent asci.

Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter, Bot. Ztg.: 450 (1873)

A genus in the Lasiosphaeriaceae with A. lanuginosum Nitschke as the type species (Kruys et al. 2015). The genus, as currently circumscribed, comprises 35 species that are morphologically diverse. Phylogenetically Arnium species are dispersed in three of the four major clades in the family, which may be accounted for by the great morphological plasticity within the genus. Further studies, including the type species, are required to resolve the phylogenetic relationship of Arnium species.

Arthrinium Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 9 (1817)

This widespread and ecologically diverse genus is common on grasses and bamboo. Crous and Groenewald (2013) accepted the name Arthrinium over its sexual morph name Apiospora on the basis that the name Arthrinium is older, more commonly encountered, and more frequently used in literature. Based on morphology and molecular studies of LSU and ITS rDNA sequence data, the genus is placed in Apiosporaceae, order Xylariales (Crous and Groenewald 2013). The genera Pteroconium and Cordella are also reduced to synonymy with Arthrinium, because spore shape and the presence of setae were rejected as characters of generic significance (Crous and Groenewald 2013).

Arthroxylaria Seifert & W. Gams, in Seifert et al., Czech Mycol. 53(4): 299 (2002)

Arthroxylaria was introduced by Seifert et al. (2002) and is typified by A. elegans Seifert & W. Gams. This xylarioid asexual morph has been connected to Xylaria (Stadler et al. 2013). The asexual name could be suppressed in favour of Xylaria as it is the older name and the cosmopolitan morph is frequently encountered in nature. Stadler et al. (2013) suggested that the name Arthroxylaria can be retained to accommodate certain species of Xylaria which is thought to be a comparatively diverse genus; a separation at the subgeneric level may soon occur with the availability of molecular data.

Ascosacculus J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 545 (2003)

Genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced by Campbell et al. (2003) to accommodate Ascosacculus heteroguttulatus (S.W. Wong et al.) J. Campb. et al. and A. aquaticus (K.D. Hyde) J. Campb. et al., two species previously placed in Halosarpheia that grow on decaying wood in freshwater habitats; the genus is typified by A. aquaticus. In a molecular study, species of Ascosacculus clustered in a well-supported clade with Aniptodera species (A. chesapeakensis Shearer & M.A. Mill. and A. lignatilis K.D. Hyde), that is distant from H. fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., the type species of the genus Halosarpheia. Ascosacculus aquaticus produces chains of brown chlamydospores (Campbell et al. 2003), while A. heteroguttulatus has a asexual morph in Trichocladium (Wong et al. 1998a, b).

Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang, Mycol. Res. 96(6): 481 (1992)

The genus was introduced to accommodate a freshwater ascomycete (A. lignicola) collected on wood in Taiwan (Sivanesan and Chang 1992) and referred to the Sordariales by Cai et al. (2006a). Currently 12 species are known from wood and palm material and are characterised by a conspicuous, apical, J- ring in the ascus, reminiscent of that found in Annulatascus species. A combined phylogenetic analysis of Ascotaiwania species, showed that they grouped in Savoryellales (Hypocreomycetidae), but the position is not fully resolved. Ascotaiwania sawadae H.S. Chang & S.Y. Hsieh, A. mitriformis Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde and A. lignicola Sivan. & H.S. Chang form a well-supported clade in the Savoryellales, but A. hughesii Fallah et al. does not group with the other species (Boonyuen et al. 2011). Several dematiaceous hyphomycetous anamorphs have been reported for Ascotaiwania, including Monotosporella sp. (for Ascotaiwania sawadae, Sivicha et al. 1998), Monotosporella setosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes (for Ascotaiwania sawadae, Ranghoo and Hyde 1998), Helicoön farinosum Linder (Ascotaiwania hughesii, Fallah et al. 1999; Tsui and Berbee 2006). Further collections, isolation and sequence data are required to resolve the taxonomic assignment of individual species in this genus.

Ascotricha Berk., Ann. nat. Hist., Mag. Zool. Bot. Geol. 1: 257 (1838)

Dicyma was introduced with D. ampullifera Boulanger 1897 as the type species. This asexual genus has been linked with Ascotricha by Saccardo (1899) as mentioned in Index Fungorum (2015). The morphological characters of Dicyma ampullifera almost perfectly match those of Ascotricha chartarum and Chaetomium chartarum (Saccardo 1899). Stadler et al. (2013) suggested that the older name be given priority and that Dicyma placed in synonymy.

Astrocystis Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14 (no. 74): 123 (1873) [1875]

Astrocystis was introduced by Berkeley and Broome (1874) to accommodate species with uniperitheciate or rarely multi-peritheciate stromata which appear superficial. Pinnoi et al. (2010) introduced a new species Astrocystis eleiodoxae Pinnoi et al. and inferred the phylogenetic relationships of this and related species based on rDNA sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and partial SSU and LSU genes. They observed that A. eleiodoxae clusters with Stilbohypoxylon elaeicola (Henn.) L.E. Petrini with weak support when ITS and 28S rDNA were combined. However, multilocus sequence analysis confirmed the monophyly of A. eleiodoxae and that it was well positioned in the family Xylariaceae.

Atractium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 10 (1809)

In the phylogenetic analysis of Gräfenhan et al. (2011) two Atractium species, including the type species A. stilbaster Link, formed a well-supported monophyletic group in Nectriaceae. No sexual morphs are conclusively known for this genus.

Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton, in Dyko et al., Mycologia 71(5): 922 (1979)

Two new Aurantiosacculus species (A. acutatus Crous & Summerell and A. eucalyptorum Crous & C. Mohammed) clustered in Cryphonectriaceae (Crous et al. 2012a). No sexual morph is known for this coelomycetous genus.

Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 69 (2012)

This genus has a unique set of morphological characteristics when compared to other genera of coelomycetous anamorphs treated by Sutton (1980). The genus may be distantly allied to Melanconidaceae, but is presently placed in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Crous et al. 2012d). No sexual morph is known for this monotypic genus.

Aurifilum Begoude et al., in Begoude et al., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 98(3): 273 (2010)

The monotypic genus Aurifilum was introduced for A. marmelostoma Begoude et al., a species from bark of Terminalia ivorensis from the Cameroons (Begoude et al. 2010) and was placed in Cryphonectriaceae based on molecular data. It has several obvious characteristics that differ from other genera in Cryphonectriaceae, especially in the asexual morph. Conidiomata are broadly convex, and wider than similar structures of Amphilogia and Rostraureum. The presence of darkened ostiolar openings at the apex of the conidiomata is also unique to the taxon.

Australiasca Sivan. & Alcorn. Aust. Syst. Bot. 15(5): 741 (2002)

Sivanesan and Alcorn (2002) published this genus with Australiasca queenslandica Sivan. & Alcorn as the type species and with Dischloridium camelliae Alcorn & Sivan. asexual morph which is thus a synonym. This genus was transferred from Chaetosphaeriaceae to Australiascaceae by Réblová et al. (2011a) based on molecular data.

Australiascaceae Réblová & W. Gams, in Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 171 (2011)

The family Australiascaceae was introduced based on LSU, and a combined dataset of LSU, SSU and RPB2 and was placed in the Glomerellales (Réblová et al. 2011a). The family includes the sexual genus Australiasca and asexual genus Monilochaetes. Currently, the family comprises Australiasca queenslandica Sivan. & Alcorn, A. laeënsis Réblová & W. Gams, Monilochaetes infuscans Harter and M. guadalcanalensis (Matsush.) I.H. Rong & W. Gams. It accommodates species with a sexual morph that is similar to Chaetosphaeria with indistinguishable perithecia. The asexual morphs are phialidic dematiaceous and hyphomycetous, which are also similar to the asexual morphs of Chaetosphaeria.

Baipadisphaeria Pinruan, in Pinruan et al., Mycosphere 1: 58 (2011)

Pinruan et al. (2010) introduced this monotypic genus, with B. spathulospora Pinruan et al. as its type, based on a collection from Thailand in a peat swamp forest on a submerged woody trunk of Licuala longicalycata. Phylogenetic analyses of LSU and SSU rDNA sequence data reveal that the genus belongs in the Nectriaceae (Hypocreales). where it forms a sister clade with Leuconectria.

Bagadiella Cheew. & Crous, Persoonia 23: 59 (2009)

Cheewangkoon et al. (2009) introduced this hyphomycetous genus with B. lanata Cheew. & Crous as its type. Currently this genus has three species and the sexual morph is unknown. Bagadiella is similar to Cladorrhinum (Lasiosphaeriaceae) in having pigmented hyphae and pustular-like aggregations of conidiophores. Based on LSU sequence data, the status of this new genus is supported and referred to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.

Bambusicularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 105 (2014)

Bambusicularia is a monotypic genus of Pyriculariaceae recently introduced by Klaubauf et al. (2014) to accommodate the plant pathogenic B. brunnea Klaubauf et al. which was isolated from Sasa sp. in Japan. It differs from Pyricularia in conidiophore morphology and phylogeny based on LSU, ITS, RPB1, ACT and CAL sequence data (Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Barretomyces Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 105 (2014)

Based on sequence analysis of LSU, ITS, RPB1, actin and calmodulin genes, Klaubauf et al. (2014) introduced this monotypic genus, assigned to Pyriculariaceae for Barretomyces calatheae (D.J. Soares et al.) Klaubauf et al., a foliar pathogen of Calathea longifolia from Brazil (Soares et al. 2011).

Bartalinia Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R. Univ. Siena 3: 4 (1900)

Bartalinia is a coelomycetous anamorph genus which accommodates species having conidia with either three or four septa (Marincowitz et al. 2010). The taxonomic revision of Andrianova and Minter (2007) provided a key to ten Bartalinia species. Marincowitz et al. (2010) introduced B. pondoensis Marinc. et al., which was isolated from South Africa from living leaves of Maytenus abbottii. An epitype was designated for the type species B. robillardoides Tassi which showed the genus to belong in Amphisphaeriaceae.

Bathyascus Kohlm., Revue de Mycologie 41(2): 190 (1977)

Genus with no known asexual morph. Although generally referred to the Halosphaeriaceae, preliminary molecular results indicate it has no affinity with taxa in this family (Jones et al. 2006). Further collections of the five Bathyascus species are required for isolation and sequencing.

Bertiaceae Smyk, Ukr. bot. Zh. 38(6): 47 (1981)

Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the order Coronophorales with DNA sequence data and showed Bertiaceae to be monophyletic. Bertiaceae was expanded to include Gaillardiella and Bertia didyma (Speg.) Mugambi & Huhndorf (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).

Biciliospora Petr., Sydowia 6(5–6): 429 (1952)

See under Scortechiniaceae.

Biconiosporella Schaumann, Veröff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerhaven 14: 24 (1972)

The genus Biconiosporella was referred to the Lasiosphaeriaceae based on morphological observations, but requiring sequence data to confirm its assignment to the family (Jones et al. 2009b).

Biflua Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones, Can. J. Bot. 67: 1187 (1989)

Monotypic marine genus based on morphological observations, requiring study at the molecular level (Jones et al. 2009b) and referred to Ascomycota genera incertae sedis. It grows on wood associated with sand.

Bionectriaceae Samuels & Rossman, Stud. Mycol. 42: 15 (1999)

Rossman et al. (2013) suggested that Bionectriaceae which has been frequently cited, be retained over Spicariaceae 1934 which has rarely been cited. They suggested protecting Bionectriaceae, despite the synonymy of Bionectria and Clonostachys (syn. Spicaria), and maintaining use of the younger name.

Biscogniauxia Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 398 (1891)

Biscogniauxia Kuntze includes xylariaceous taxa with bipartite stromata that do not release KOH extractable pigments (Ju et al. 1998). Their asexual morphs in culture are usually considered as a variation of nodulisporium-like to periconiella-like (Stadler et al. 2013). Molecular studies, mainly based on ITS and protein coding genes (Hsieh et al. 2005; Stadler et al. 2013, 2014), place Biscogniauxia as a basal lineage to other xylariaceous taxa.

Bisifusarium Lombard et al., in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 223 (2015)

This genus is introduced by Lombard et al. (2015), typified by B. dimerum (Penz.) L. Lombard & Crous, to include fusarium-like species previously classified in the genus Fusarium. Species of Bisifusarium can be differentiated from species in Fusarium by their short, (0–) 1–2(−3)-septate macroconidia and the formation of lateral phialidic pegs arising from the hyphae. Phylogenetic studies revealed that Bisifusarium is closely related to Fusarium in Nectriaceae, but distinct from the Fusarium clade.

Bleptosporium Steyaert, Darwiniana 12: 171 (1961)

Bleptosporium includes two species, the generic type B. montteae Speg. ex Steyaert and B. pleurochaetum (Speg.) B. Sutton. The asexual Bleptosporium has been linked to Amphisphaeria and Discostroma (Hyde et al. 2011, Index Fungorum 2015), but these links have not been proven by molecular data. Both names should be retained pending fresh collection and molecular study.

Boliniaceae Rick, Brotéria, sér. bot. 25: 65 (1931)

The family was emended by Untereiner et al. (2013) based on molecular data and includes the genera Apiocamarops, Apiorhynchostoma, Camarops, Camaropella, Cornipulvina, Endoxyla, Mollicamarops, Neohypodiscus and Pseudovalsaria. A key to genera was also provided.

Broomella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 557 (1883)

Broomella species are distinct in having ellipsoid-fusiform, inequilaterally curved, triseptate ascospores with central brown cells and hyaline end cells, with a single appendage at each end (Kang et al. 1999a). Many species in this genus were initially linked to Pestalotia asexual morphs (Shoemaker and Müller 1963). Based on the conidial forms, Steyaert (1949) split Pestalotia into three genera, namely Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis and Truncatella (4-celled conidia). However Nag Raj (1985, 1993) preferred to adopt a broader concept for Pestalotiopsis to include 3-septate conidial forms. Pestalotiopsis besseyi (Guba) Nag Raj, P. casuarinae (Cooke & Massee) Nag Raj, P. citrina (McAlpine) Nag Raj, P. eupyrena (Tassi) Nag Raj, P. gastrolobi (Tassi) Nag Raj, P. jacksoniae (Henn.) Nag Raj, P. moorei (Harkn.) Nag Raj, P. pestalozzioides (Dearn. & Fairm.) Nag Raj, P. puyae (Henn.) Nag Raj, P. stevensoniii stevensonii (Peck) Nag Raj and P. torrendiii (J.V. Almeida & Sousa da Câmara) Nag Raj are 3-celled conidial forms that Nag Raj (1993) placed in Pestalotiopsis, but which actually belong in Truncatella (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). LSU sequence data reveal that Truncatella is a distinct genus in the family Amphisphaeriaceae (Jeewon et al. 2002; Barber et al. 2011; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014).

Brunneiperidium Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (in press) (2015)

Brunneiperidium was introduced as a new genus to accommodate two new species B. gracilentum Daranagama et al. (type species) and B. involucratum Daranagama et al. (Daranagama et al. 2015). Phylogenetic analysis places these species within the xylarioid clade comprising Xylaria and Kretzschmaria. The genus has morphological similarities with Nipicola, however the phylogenetic relationship of Brunneiperidium and Nipicola could not be evaluated due to the lack of cultures of the latter.

Brunneodinemasporium Crous & R.F. Castañeda, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 128 (2012)

Crous et al. (2012b) studied Dinemasporium and related genera and showed species with tightly aggregated conidiogenous cells and pale brown conidia belong in the monotypic genus Brunneodinemasporium. They placed the genus in Chaetosphaeriaceae with B. brasiliense Crous & R.F. Castañeda as the type species.

Brunneosporella Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 105(5): 625 (2001)

This monotypic genus with Brunneosporella aquatica Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde as type species is known to be saprobic on wood in freshwater habitats. It was placed in Annulatascaceae based on the black ascomata, cylindrical asci with a refractive apical ring and brown uniseptate ascospores. Ranghoo et al. (1999) in their phylogenetic study showed that Brunneosporella (as Ascobrunneispora) clusters with Annulatascus in Annulatascaceae. Réblová et al. (2015) showed that Brunneosporella clusters in the family Papulosaceae in phylogenetic analyses.

Bryocentria Döbbeler, Mycol. Progr. 3(3): 247 (2004)

Stenroos et al. (2010) obtained sequence data for this genus and showed it belongs in Bionectriaceae. The generic type, B. brongniartii Döbbeler, is a frequent biotrophic and host-specific leaf perforator of Frullania dilatata. Currently seven species are assigned to the genus (Index Fungorum 2015).

Bullimyces A. Ferrer et al., Mycologia 104(4): 868 (2012)

This genus was introduced by Ferrer et al. (2012), with Bullimyces communis Ferrer et al. as the type species, based on a collection of submerged woody debris in freshwater. Molecular analysis showed the genus to belong in Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.

Cainia Arx & E. Müll., Acta bot. neerl. 4(1): 111 (1955)

Krug (1977) revised the genus and introduced Cainiaceae to accommodate two species; the type species is Cainia graminis (Niessl) Arx & E. Müll. According to Kang et al. (1999b) another genus Atrotorquata, which is closely related to Cainia in their respective morphologies, did not infer any phylogenetic affinity with the Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto), therefore the genus was excluded from this family. Kang et al. (1999b) pointed out that Atrotorquata morphologically resembles Cainia.

Calonectria De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 2(3): 477 (1867)

The asexual morph of the type species of Calonectria, C. daldiniana (= C. pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacc. 1878) is a species of Cylindrocladium. Rossman (1979) established the connection from a culture study. A decision is needed for the use between Cylindrocladium and Calonectria. Calonectria is the older name, a well-known pathogen and has more species epithets than Cylindrocladium. Crous et al. (2013) described two new species in Calonectria which only had Cylindrocladium asexual morphs.

Calosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 108 (1863)

Calosphaeria pulchella (Pers.) J. Schröt. was found to form a distinct acremonium-like asexual morph in culture, for which the monotypic genus Calosphaeriophora (Calosphaeriophora pulchella Réblová et al. as type) was proposed (Réblová et al. 2004). It causes almond die back in Iran and has an impact on the almond industry (Arzanlou and Dokhanchi 2013). Calosphaeriophora becomes a synonym of Calosphaeria.

Camillea Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 382 (1849)

The monotypic asexual genus Masoniomyces was introduced by Crane and Dumont (1975) and later synonymised with Xylocladium. Masoniomyces claviformis J.L. Crane & Dumont, the type, was then named as Xylocladium claviforme (J.L. Crane & Dumont) Arx which is currently in use. Jong and Rogers (1972) investigated the asexual morphs of the Camillea species from culture and later Rogers (1984) reported C. broomeana (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Læssøe et al. to have a Xylocladium asexual morph. Læssøe et al. (1989) observed the development of a Xylocladium asexual morph in culture of C. leprieurii Mont., and therefore assigned the asexual genus Xylocladium to the sexual genus Camillea. Stadler et al. (2013) mentioned that the asexual morph Xylocladium should be synonymised under Camillea.

Canalisporium (Hol.-Jech. & Mercado) Nawawi & Kuthub., Mycotaxon 34(2): 479 (1989)

This genus was introduced by Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1989) to accommodate the type species Canalisporium caribense (Hol.-Jech. & Mercado) Nawawi & Kuthub., a freshwater hyphomycetous anamorph growing on wood. A combined analysis of partial 18S, 28S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer 5.8S region showed that seven Canalisporium species formed a highly supported monophyletic clade in the Hypocreomycetidae with Ascothailandia, a sexual morph genus. Ascothailandia had been introduced to accommodate a freshwater taxon, Ascothailandia grenadoidia Sri-indr. et al., collected in Thailand (Sri-indrasutdhi et al. 2010). Ascospore isolates produced the Canalisporium grenadoidium Sri-indrasutdhi et al. asexual morph in culture. Thus Ascothailandia, which is a recent name, becomes a synonym of Canalisporium. Subsequently, the genus Canalisporium was referred to the order Savoryellales (Boonyuen et al. 2011).

Cancellidium Tubaki, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 16(4): 357 (1975)

Cancellidium applanatum Tubaki is the type species of the genus Cancellidium. Based on a combined analysis of ITS and LSU sequences, Cancellidium lies in Sordariomycetes genera, incertae sedis (Pratibha et al. 2014).

Carbosphaerella I. Schmidt, Feddes Repert. 80: 108 (1969)

The genus well-placed at the morphological and molecular level in the family Halosphaeriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a); no asexual morph is known. Molecular data indicates the genus has affinities with the genus Remispora (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).

Carpoligna F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf, in Fernández et al., Mycologia 91(2): 253 (1999)

The genus Carpoligena was introduced by Fernández et al. (1999) based on characters of the asexual morph and the analysis of ribosomal DNA data. The characteristics of ascomata and ascospores of the sexual morph resemble typical Chaetosphaeria species, however, the asexual morphs are readily distinguished by the typical phialidic conidiophores in Chaetosphaeria species (Fernández et al. 1999). Fernández et al. (1999) noted a high degree of DNA divergence between Carpoligena and taxa belonging to the orders, Diaporthales, Hypocreales, Microascales and Sordariales.

Ceratocystidaceae Locq. ex Réblová, W. Gams & Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 188 (2011)

The name Ceratocystidaceae (as “Ceratocystaceae”) was proposed by Locquin (1972), but was not validly published. This was rectified in Réblová et al. (2011a, b) with phylogenetic data and a recent treatment was provided by De Beer et al. (2014). The family Ceratocystidaceae formed a strongly supported monophyletic group consisting of Ceratocystis, Cornuvesica, Thielaviopsis and the type species of Ambrosiella (Ambrosiella xylebori Brader ex Arx & Hennebert) and is placed in the order Microascales based on molecular data (Réblová et al. 2011a, b). De Beer et al. (2014) treated and accepted Ambrosiella, Ceratocystis, Chalaropsis, Davidsoniella (a newly introduced genus), Endoconidiophora, Huntiella (a newly introduced genus) and Thielaviopsis in the family. They excluded Cornuvesica, but did not mention which family it should be placed; here we refer it to Microascales genera incertae sedis.

Ceratolenta Réblová, Mycologia 105(2): 466 (2013)

Réblová (2013a) described this new genus with a single species Ceratolenta caudata Réblová based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of combined genes of this wood-inhabiting taxon indicated that this species belongs in a separate monophyletic branch (100/1.0) without close relationship to other morphologically similar fungi of the Sordariomycetidae.

Ceriosporopsis Linder, Farlowia 1: 408 (1945)

Genus well-placed at the morphological and molecular level in the family Halosphaeriaceae, with no documented asexual morph, except it does produce profuse chlamydospores on wood and in culture (Jones et al. 2009a, b). Ceriosporopsis species form a well-supported clade that has affinities with Oceanitis (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a; Pang et al. 2012). Based on molecular data the genus Bovicornua is reduced to synonymy with Ceriosporopsis (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).

Chaetoconis Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 125, 176 (1909)

Chaetoconis is a coelomycetous anamorph proposed to accommodate Kellermania polygoni, which is a segregate of Kellermania (Nag Raj 1993). Presently there are two species, Chaetoconis polygoni (Ellis & Everh.) Clem. and C. vaccinii Melnik & Nag Raj. De Gruyter et al. (2009) placed the type species, C. polygoni, in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis based on sequence analysis.

Chaetorostrum Zelski et al., Mycosphere 2(5): 594 (2011)

This monotypic genus was introduced for Chaetorostrum quincemilensis Zelski et al., collected on woody debris from streams in a lower montaine cloud forest in Peru. The taxon also produces a taeniolella-like asexual morph in culture, which is a first record of an asexual morph in Annulatascaceae, however, the placement of this genus was confirmed only by morphology and thus placed in Annulatascaceae sensu lato (Zelski et al. 2011a). This genus can be compared to Ascotaiwania, which was recently placed in Savoryellales (Boonyuen et al. 2011).

Chaetosphaerellaceae Huhndorf et al., Mycol. Res. 108(12): 1387 (2004)

Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the order Coronophorales with DNA sequence data and showed Chaetosphaerellaceae to be monophyletic, composed of Chaetosphaerella and Crassochaeta.

Chamaeleomyces Sigler, J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(9): 3186 (2010)

Chamaeleomyces was introduced as a new monotypic genus for C. granulomatis Sigler, isolated from the liver Chamaeleo calyptratus collected from a zoo (Sigler et al. 2010). According to morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal rRNA (rDNA) the genus belongs in Clavicipitaceae . Paecilomyces viridis was concurrently transferred to the genus as Chamaeleomyces viridis (Segretain et al.) Sigler (Sigler et al. 2010).

Chlorostroma A.N. Mill. et al., Sydowia 59(1): 142 (2007)

Chlorostroma was introduced by Miller et al. (2007) as a monotypic new genus for C. subcubisporum A.N. Mill. et al.. This taxon was first collected inhabiting the stromata of Hypoxylon perforatum (Schwein.) Fr. in the USA and resembles Thuemenella cubispora (Ellis & Holw.) Boedijn in stromatal morphology. Thus, the genus was placed in Xylariaceae by Miller et al. (2007). Læssøe et al. (2010) detected a lepraric acid derivative in the type specimen. Chlorostroma cyaninum Læssøe et al. was described from Thailand and has the same metabolite profile as Hypoxylon aeruginosum J.H. Mill. suggesting therefore concluded that Chlorostroma and Hypoxylon aeruginosum are closely related Læssøe et al. (2010). However, the taxonomic conclusion is not yet established because cultures to study the asexual morphology, secondary metabolites and molecular phylogeny are lacking (Læssøe et al. 2010).

Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 27(4): 5 (1993)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Vasilyeva (1993) for C. appendiculata Lar.N. Vassiljeva. In the present study C. citrina Lar.N. Vassiljeva clusters in Cryphonectriaceae (Fig. 2).

Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 165 (2012)

This monotypic genus was introduced for a foliar pathogen of Corymbia sp. and is coelomycetous. Crous et al. (2012c) placed it in the Cryphonectriaceae.

Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 129 (2004)

The genus Chrysoporthella is typified by C. hodgesiana Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., and Chrysoporthe is typified by C. cubensis (Bruner) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. Chrysoporthella hodgesiana is recognized as a species of Chrysoporthe based on ITS and β-tubulin data (Gryzenhout et al. 2004). Phylogenetic analysis showed C. austroafricana Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., C. cubensis, C. doradensis Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. and Chrysoporthella hodgesiana grouped together as a single genus (Gryzenhout et al. 2004). Chrysoporthe (asexual morph Conoideocrella) is the most commonly used name and therefore Chrysoporthella should be considered a synonym.

Cirrenalia Meyers & R.T. Moore, Am. J. Bot. 47: 346 (1960)

A genus in Halosphaeriaceae supported by molecular data (Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) with C. macrocephala (Kohlm.) Meyers & R.T. Moore as the type species, although the strain sequenced was not ex-type. However, the genus is polyphyletic with a sexual morph in Juncigera (Microascales; Juncigenaceae), and putative assignments of new genera in Lulworthiales (Hydea = Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm.; Halazoon melhae Abdel-Aziz et al., H. fuscus (I. Schmidt) Abdel-Wahab et al., Abdel-Aziz & E.B.G. Jones; Moleospora maritima Abdel-Wahab et al., Matsusporium tropicale (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang = Cirrenalia tropicalis Kohlm.) and Pleosporales (Hiogispora = Cirrenalia japonica Sugiy.) (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010), based on molecular data.

Cladobotryum Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 56 (1816) [1816–17]

See under Hypomyces.

Clavatospora Sv. Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv Nilsson, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 57: 531 (1971)

A polyphyletic genus with species in Halosphaeriaceae (C. bulbosa (Anastasiou) Nakagiri & Tubaki) and Leotiaceae (C. flagellate J. Gönczöl). Clavatospora bulbosa (= Clavariopsis bulbosa Anastasiou) was shown by culture techniques to be the asexual morph of Corollospora pulchella (Shearer and Crane 1971). Other species need to be sequenced to determine their phylogenetic position. The type species Clavatospora longibrachiata (Ingold) Sv. Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv. Nilsson, clusters in Halosphaeriaceae (Duarte et al. 2015).

Clonostachys Corda, Pracht-Fl. Eur. Schimmelbild.: 31 (1839)

Schroers (2001) reported a possible link between Clonostachys and Bionectria, which have consistently been considered congeneric and this is followed in Rossman et al. (2013). Because the name Clonostachys rosea (the generic type) is commonly used in biocontrol studies, Rossman et al. (2013) proposed the protection of the older asexual morph-typified name Clonostachys for this genus.

Clypeoporthella Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 149 (1924)

Clypeoporthella is typified by C. brencklei Petr. which occurs on goldenrod (Solidago) in North America. This may be a synonym of Diaporthe but needs recollecting and sequencing.

Coccinonectria Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 218 (2015)

The sexual genus Coccinonectria was established by Lombard et al. (2015) with C. pachysandricola (B.O. Dodge) L. Lombard & Crous as the type species. It is distinguished from Pseudonectria by its orange to scarlet ascomata with short, thick-walled setae extending from the ascomatal surface. Molecular analysis using combined data sets recognized Coccinonectria as a separate genus that is clearly distinct from the genus Pseudonectria (Lombard et al. 2015).

Codinaeopsis Morgan-Jones, Mycotaxon 4(1): 166 (1976)

Codinaea gonytrichoides Shearer & Crane was introduced by Shearer and Crane (1971), was selected as the type of the monotypic genus Codinaeopsis by Morgan-Jones (1976), a genus characterized by its encircling hyphae and conidiogenous cells with collarettes. Whitton et al. (2000) combined this species as Dictyochaetopsis gonytrichoides. Crous et al. (2012b) placed Codinaeopsis in the family Chaetosphaeriaceae based on the molecular data. In this study Crous et al. (2012b) is followed.

Colletotrichum Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(12): 41, tab. 21 (1831)

This genus has been placed in Glomerellaceae by Réblová et al. (2011a, b), which is also confirmed in this study (Fig. 2). Significant changes in the understanding of Colletotrichum species took place following the outline given by Hyde et al. (2009a, b) and recommendation for use of polyphasic approach for species identification (Cai et al. 2009). Incorporation of these approaches especially the use of multigene phylogenetic analysis, classification and knowledge of species complexes, as well as epitypification, contributed to the better understanding of the genus Colletotrichum (Cannon et al. 2008, 2012; Crouch 2014; Damm et al. 2012a, b, 2013; Doyle et al. 2013; Weir et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2014). The epitypification of C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (Cannon et al. 2008) was particularly important. Twenty-five Colletotrichum species have now been epitypified, while one has been neotypified, and three have been lectotypified (Damm et al. 2009, 2012a, b, 2013; Doyle et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2011, 2013; Su et al. 2011; Weir and Johnston 2010; Weir et al. 2012).

Cannon et al. (2012) incorporated six gene analyses for nearly all the presently sequenced species of this genus and at least nine clades were revealed. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Cannon et al. 2008; Phoulivong et al. 2010; Weir et al. 2012), C. acutatum J.H. Simmonds (Marcelino et al. 2008; Shivas and Tan 2009; Damm et al. 2012a), C. boninense Moriwaki (Moriwaki et al. 2003; Yang et al. 2009; Damm et al. 2012b), C. destructivum O’Gara (Damm et al. 2014), C. orbiculare Damm et al. (Damm et al. 2013) are well-resolved important species complexes among the nine clades. Damm et al. (2013) resolved C. orbiculare and introduced four new species, while Crouch (2014) introduced a new species complex as C. caudatum (Peck ex Sacc.) Peck with five new species found on warm-season grasses, characterized by spores with the apex extended to a filiform appendage. Further studies in the C. gloeosporioides species complex led to recognition of C. citricola (Huang et al. 2013), C. dianesei (Lima et al. 2013), C. endomangiferae (Vieira et al. 2014), C. endophytica (Manamgoda et al. 2013), C. fructivorum (Doyle et al. 2013), C. melanocaulon (Doyle et al. 2013), C. murrayae (Peng et al. 2012), C. syzygicola (Udayanga et al. 2013), C. temperatum (Doyle et al. 2013) and C. viniferum (Peng et al. 2013). Rakotoniriana et al. (2013) introduced a singleton species C. gigasporum, Tao et al. (2013) introduced seven new species; four species belonging to the graminicola clade, two species belonging to the Spaethianum clade and one singleton species. Yang et al. (2014) introduced a new species belonging to the Spaethianum clade named C. incanum. Colletotrichum melanocaulon was synonymized under C. dianesei (Vieira et al. 2014). Many recent studies used multi-gene phylogeny to understand the phylogenetic divergence of Colletotrichum species. Since it is an expensive procedure as well as time consuming, Silva et al. (2012) stressed the need to use ‘powerful genes’ such as ApMat and Apn25L. The ApMat marker provides a better resolution, similar to the multi-gene markers, and has been a better gene in resolving species within the C. gloeosporioides species complex (Doyle et al. 2013; Sharma et al. 2013; Hyde et al. 2014; Silva et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2015).

Von Schrenk and Spaulding (1903) proposed the name Glomerella as the sexual morph of Colletotrichum and this has been confirmed in cultural and molecular studies (Sutton 1968; Crouch et al. 2009). A single name, either Colletotrichum or Glomerella, has to be chosen to represent this taxon. Here we recommend the use of Colletotrichum because 1) the Colletotrichum name/asexual morph is commonly associated with disease symptoms, while many Glomerella sexual morphs tend to develop on dead host tissues (Sutton 1992) and thus are understudied in comparison to the asexual morphs (Cannon et al. 2012). 2) A comprehensive monograph on Colletotrichum (von Arx 1957) and notes on species (Hyde et al. 2009b) has been published, while a comprehensive monograph for is not available. 3) There has been little morphology based comparison of sexual taxa and many claimed asexual-sexual links are not based on authentic/type material. 4) In most cases the sexual names are not typified according to modern practices (Cannon et al. 2012). 5) There are no reliable reports of sexual morph from any taxon within the truncatum clade (Cannon et al. 2012). Further, in the graminicola clade some individual species such as C. falcatum, and C. graminicola are known to produce sexual morphs, but other groups seem to form the sexual morph rarely or apparently not at all (Crouch and Beirn 2009; Cannon et al. 2012). 6) Colletotrichum has many more species epithets (772) than Glomerella (100) and is also the older generic name. 7) The number of Google scholar hits of Colletotrichum (60,700) is higher than Glomerella (13,500). 8) Colletotrichum is a well-established name in the plant pathological and plant breeder community (Cannon et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2009a).

Hyde et al. (2009a, b) suggested the adoption of the generic name Colletotrichum in future revisions and this has been followed in most subsequent studies (Cannon et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2014).

Collodiscula I. Hino & Katum., Bull. Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University 6: 55 (1955)

Collodiscula japonica I. Hino & Katum. is the type species of this monotypic genus. Samuels et al. (1987) observed several specimens that were associated with a conidiomatal fungus that is morphologically similar to the ascomatal initial of C. japonica. This morphological similarity was then confirmed by isolation of ascospores of C. japonica and the conidia of the asexual morph and observing that the cultures formed from both morphs were identical. They were unable to place this new asexual morph in any of the described genera and proposed Acanthodochium to accommodate A. collodisculae Samuels et al. Based on priority Acanthodochium should be regarded as a synonym Collodiscula I. Hino & Katum. (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012; Stadler et al. 2013).

Coniocessiaceae Asgari & Zare, Mycol. Progr. 10(2): 195 (2011)

This family was introduced by Asgari and Zare (2011) and placed in Xylariales and comprises a single genus, Coniocessia, with its type species C. nodulisporioides (D. Hawksw.) Dania García et al. forming with a nodulisporium-like asexual morph. Four new species were added by Asgari and Zare (2011).

Coniolariella Dania García et al., Mycol. Res. 110(11): 1285 (2006)

Coniolariella was introduced by Dania García et al. (2006) with C. gamsii (Asgari and Zare) Dania García et al. as the type species. Phylogenetic analysis placed Coniolariella within the Xylariales and its close relationship with rosellinia-like genera (Checa et al. 2008) and was placed in Xylariaceae in Stadler et al. (2013). Coniolariella hispanica Checa, Arenal & J.D. Rogers and C. limoniispora var. limoniispora (Ellis & Everh.) Checa et al. have sporothrix-or geniculosporium-like asexual morphs associated with stromata at different stages.

Conioscypha Höhn., Annls mycol. 2(1): 58 (1904)

Conioscypha comprises eight terrestrial and freshwater species found on decayed wood, leaves or bamboo stems and also from skin scrapings and hair of living animals (Shearer 1973; Matsushima 1980, 1993, 1996). Réblová et al. (2004) introduced Conioscyphascus as the sexual morph of Conioscypha. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed a close relationship of Conioscypha with Ascotaiwania and Carpoligna (Savoryellales), but the family and order relationships remain uncertain. The genus is therefore placed in Savoryellales genera incertae sedis.

Conlarium F. Liu & L. Cai, Mycologia 104(5): 1180 (2012)

Liu and Cai (2012) described this genus with a single species – Conlarium duplumascospora F. Liu & L. Cai based on morphology and molecular analyses. It was collected from submerged wood in Guangdong Province, China. The genus was considered unique among genera in Annulatascaceae sensu lato because of its unusual combination of morphological characters. Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that Conlarium has affinities with members in Annulatascaceae sensu lato, but the genus could not be included in any existing genera.

The taxon is placed in Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis here.

Corallicola Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm., Mycotaxon 44(2): 418 (1992)

A monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was established by Volkmann-Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer (1992) to accommodate the marine fungus, Corallicola nana Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm. The placement of the genus in the Halosphaeriaceae has not been confirmed at the molecular level (Jones et al. 2009a). No asexual morph is known. It can easily be confused with Arenariomyces but differs in the centrum pseudoparenchyma in lacking pit connections, ascospore appendages that do not terminate in a spade-like structure and the fact that it has only been found on dead coral (Volkmann-Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1992).

Corallomycetella Henn., Hedwigia 43: 245 (1904)

This genus was revisited by Herrera et al. (2013a) and shown to comprise two distinct well-separated clades in Nectriaceae. Corallomycetella sensu stricto represented two species, C. elegans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C. Herrera & P. Chaverri and C. repens (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels while C. jatrophae (Möller) Rossman & Samuels was placed in a new genus, Corallonectria, as C. jatrophae (Möller) C. Herrera & P. Chaverri.

Cordana Preuss, Linnaea 24: 129 (1851)

Porosphaerella cordanophora E. Müll. & Samuels (generic type) was isolated in vitro and produced a Cordana pauciseptata Preuss (generic type) asexual morph in culture (Müller and Samuels 1982). Cordana is the older generic name and Porosphaerella is therefore a synonym. The biological link between Porosphaerella borinquensis F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf and Pseudobotrytis terrestris (Timonin) Subram. was proven by in vitro culture of ascospores (Fernández and Huhndorf 2004; Müller and Samuels 1982). Cordana belongs to the family Cordanaceae and based on sequence analysis, Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2015) recognized Cordanaceae is distinct at ordinal level established Cordanales.

Corollospora Werderm., Notizbl. Bot. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 248 (1922)

A monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was established by Werdermann (1922) to accommodate C. maritima Werderm. Molecular studies showed that the genus is monophyletic and formed a moderately supported clade within Halosphaeriaceae (Campbell et al. 2002; Abdel-Wahab et al. 2009; Sakayaroj et al. 2011b). Corollospora is currently the most speciose genus in marine habitats with 23 species. The most distinctive feature of Corollospora species is their apical and equatorial ribbon-like secondary appendages, which are formed by the fragmentation and peeling off of the exospore layer and their associations with sand grains. They have asexual morphs in species of Clavatospora, Halosigmoidea and Varicosporina (Jones et al. 2009b). Halosigmoidea was introduced to accommodate three marine hyphomycetous asexual morphs that did not group with the type species of Sigmoidea J.L. Crane (type S. prolifera (R.H. Petersen) J.L. Crane); Corollospora has priority and is the accepted name.

Coronophoraceae Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 116: 624 (1907)

Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the order Coronophorales using DNA sequence data and showed Coronophoraceae to be monophyletic.

Cosmospora Rabenh., Hedwigia 2: 59 (1862)

Gräfenhan et al. (2011) treated Cosmospora in a narrow sense, limiting it to a clade including the type, C. coccinea Rabenh., which have acremonium-like asexual morphs and tend to occur on other fungi. Thus possible synonyms such as Mariannaea and Volutella are recognised.

Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Australas. Pl. Path. 39(2): 166 (2010)

This monotypic genus was introduced for Cryptometrion aestuescens Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. (Gryzenhout et al. 2010) from bark of Eucalyptus grandis collected in Sumatra. It closely related to Cryphonectria, Microthia and Holocryphia and could be difficult to differentiate morphologically from species in these genera. However, species of Cryptometrion can be distinguished based on a combination of characteristics of the stromata, the presence or absence of paraphyses and ascospore septation. The morphology is similar to species in Cryphonectriaceae with orange, globose to pulvinate conidiomata, and colour and shape of ascospores and conidia (Gryzenhout et al. 2005). ITS and β tubulin data shows that this fungus forms a distinct clade in the family Cryphonectriaceae (Gryzenhout et al. 2006).

Cryptosphaerella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 186 (1882)

See under Scortechiniaceae.

Cucullosporella K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Bot. Mar. 29(6): 491 (1986)

A monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced by Hyde and Jones (1986) to accommodate the marine fungus, C. mangrovei K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the LSU rDNA showed that C. mangrovei has affinity with Aniptodera longispora K.D. Hyde and Antennospora quadricornuata (Jones et al. 2009b). No asexual morph is known (Hyde and Jones 1986).

Cumulospora I. Schmidt, Mycotaxon 24: 420 (1985)

A monotypic asexual genus in the order Lulworthiales, forming a sister clade to three species of Lulworthia (sensu lato) with high statistical support (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). A second species, C. varia was transferred to a new genus Moromyces Abdel-Wahab et al. (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010).

Cylindrocladiella Boesew., Can. J. Bot. 60(11): 2289 (1982)

The sexual morph-typified genus Nectricladiella was introduced with N. camelliae (Shipton) Crous & C.L. Schoch as the type species (Schoch et al. 2000). These genera are linked and Rossman et al. (2013) proposed that Cylindrocladiella should be used over Nectricladiella, which is followed here. The genus is placed in Nectriaceae.

Cylindrotrichum Bonord., Handb. Allgem. mykol. (Stuttgart): 88 (1851)

The genus Reticulascus (Reticulascaceae), which is similar to Chaetosphaeria, was introduced by Réblová et al. (2011a, b) based on multi-gene phylogenetic analysis and comprises two species; the type species is R. tulasneorum (Réblová & W. Gams) Réblová & W. Gams. The asexual morph is the generic type of Cylindrotrichum, C. oligospermum (Corda) Bonord., and thus Cylindrotrichum and Reticulascus should be treated as congeneric. Cylindrotrichum is the older name and should take priority, and this selection is recommend here.

Cytospora Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol. (Berlin): 2 (1818)

Valseutypella and Valsella were synonymised under Valsa, a genus of Valsaceae. Cytospora is the asexual morph of these taxa and the most commonly used name and the name used in recent publications (Adams et al. 2005). We therefore use the older name Cytospora in this treatment, but the mycological community must decide which name should be used.

Daldinia Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 197 (1863)

Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not. (basionym Sphaeria concentrica) is the type species of this genus introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863) and incorporates xylariaceous fungi with conspicuous glomerate stromata with concentric zones. Several additional species of Daldinia were later introduced by Hennings (1898, 1901, 1902) and Lloyd (1919, 1924a). The first successful and accurate monograph on Daldinia was presented by Ju et al. (1997). The presence of specific secondary metabolites is a characteristic feature in this genus (Hellwig et al. 2005; Stadler and Hellwig 2005). Several chemical metabolites with biological activities have been detected from the stromata by analytical methods (Stadler and Hellwig 2005; Stadler et al. 2014). Recently Stadler et al. (2014) provided a world monograph using a polythetic approach to resolve the taxonomic positions and intergeneric affinities of Daldinia which confirms their placement in hypoxyloid Xylariaceae.

Annellosporium was introduced and typified by A. nemorosum M.L. Davey (Davey 2010). The genus was described based on morphology as well as rDNA ITS sequence data. Phylogenetic analysis placed A. nemorosum close to Daldinia loculata (Lév.) Sacc. The culture characteristics include common features with those of the D. petriniae Y.M. Ju et al. species complex (Stadler et al. 2014). Daldinia cultures from Canada were observed by Stadler et al. (2014) and the similarities in morphology with the A. nemorosum type strain, which were more reminiscent of Daldinia loculatoides Wollw. & M. Stadler, were reported. Thus, this newly introduced monotypic genus can be regarded as a synonym of Daldinia (Stadler et al. 2014). Versiomyces was introduced by Whalley and Watling (1988) and referred to superficially similar to Daldinia, but justified as a distinct genus because the type species, Versiomyces cahuchucosus Whalley & Watling, lacks concentric zonations. However, the authors themselves mentioned the close relationship with Daldinia regarding ascospore characters and size and regular shape of stromata. Stadler et al. (2014) modified the generic description of Daldinia sensu Ju et al. (1997) to accommodate azonate species and included Versiomyces as synonym.

Deightoniella S. Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 48: 27. 1952.

Deightoniella as presently defined is heterogeneous (Klaubauf et al. 2014). Klaubauf et al. (2014) based on analysis of combined sequence data derived from D. Africana (from occurring on leaves of Imperata cylindrica var. africana) placed Deightoniella in the Pyriculariaceae.

Dialonectria (Sacc.) Cooke, Grevillea 12(no. 63): 77, 109 (1884)

This genus was treated in a narrow sense around its type species D. episphaeria (Tode) Cooke by Gräfenhan et al. (2011) and belongs in Nectriaceae. A new species was introduced in Gräfenhan et al. (2011) but other species may be correctly referred to Stylonectria Höhn (1915).

Diaporthe Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 240 (1870)

With the need for a single scientific name for this pleomorphic genus, Diaporthe Nitschke (1870) has relative priority over Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák and Kabát (1905), being the older generic name (Wehmeyer 1933; Rossman et al. 2007; Wingfield et al. 2012). Nitschke (1870), established the genus Diaporthe based on the sexual morph, which is typified by Diaporthe eres Nitschke. Index Fungorum (2015) and MycoBank (Crous et al. 2004) list 901 and 913 names of Diaporthe and 984 and 1040 names of Phomopsis respectively; thus there is little difference in numbers of species epithets. Diaporthe is also the type of the Diaporthaceae and Diaporthales and this adds an extra strength to the argument for using this name. The only comprehensive monograph of the genus (Wehmeyer 1933), used the name Diaporthe which has been the taxonomic account followed by most mycologists. The arguments in favour of using Diaporthe against Phomopsis have been put forwarded in numerous publications (Santos and Phillips 2009; Santos et al. 2010; Udayanga et al. 2012; Wingfield et al. 2012; Gomes et al. 2013; Rossman et al. 2014; Udayanga et al. 2014a, b) and the taxonomy of the genus has progressed considerably in the last few years.

Arguments in favour of Phomopsis against Diaporthe have also been put forward. There are a relative greater number of applications of Phomopsis in the recent literature which can be seen in Google citations. Some field plant pathologists also prefer Phomopsis. However, most of the important phytopathogens are now linked to Diaporthe based on molecular data and there are no apparent problems in adopting this one name. Saccardo and Roumeguère (1884) defined Phomopsis as a group of Phoma species that could be separated by having beta conidia; he also recognised the link to the sexual morph Diaporthe. Bubák (1905) accepted Saccardo’s concept of Phomopsis and transferred one species of Phoma (Phoma lactucae) to Phomopsis. He did not provide a generic description, but included a detailed description of a specimen collected in Tyrol. Later in the same year Saccardo raised Phomopsis to generic rank. Although Riedl and Wechtl (1981) formally proposed the retention of Phomopsis against Myxolibertella Hohnel (1903) with P. lactucae as the generic type, this has not been revisited in recent studies. However, a re-definition of the generic type of Diaporthe, D. eres Nitschke by Udayanga et al. (2014b), and in parallel, the proposal to conserve the name D. eres by Rossman et al. (2014) over its obscure synonyms will stabilise the use of the name. The limits of Diaporthe are now well-defined based on recent molecular data with respect to its type species and important phytopathogens (Udayanga et al. 2014b).

Until recently, host affiliated nomenclature has largely been applied in naming Diaporthe and Phomopsis species (Uecker 1988). The Phomopsis names are accumulated mostly in terms of gross morphology, resembling the conidial shapes, and some of them also later identified as Phoma like species (Udayanga et al. 2014a). Although the asexual Phomopsis morph is generally found in nature, and routinely isolated in plant pathological surveys, many of the important plant pathogens have also been linked to their Diaporthe names in modern treatments. Examples include D. ampelina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) R.R. Gomes et al. (dead arm of grapes), D. helianthi Munt.-Cvetk. (sunflower canker), D. citri (citrus melanose), D. longicolla (Hobbs) J.M. Santos (soybean seed decay) and D. vaccinii Shear (blueberry cankers). Therefore it is practical to adopt in plant pathological studies Diaporthe names and it has been practiced in recent reports (Baumgartner et al. 2013; Elfar et al. 2013). Therefore we suggest using Diaporthe over Phomopsis, which will lead to resolution of nomenclatural problems in modern treatments largely based on molecular data and species epithets should be carefully selected (Rossman et al. 2013; Udayanga et al. 2014a).

Diatrypasimilis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm., in Chalkley et al., Mycologia 102(2): 432 (2010)

Chalkley et al. (2010) introduced this genus based on a culture that was isolated from decaying Rhizophora wood collected in Australian mangroves. Although the ribosomal DNA genes were sequenced and the fungus was characterized in culture, the authors did not fully describe the morphology of the fungus on natural substrates, apparently because of a lack of material. This species was recently collected on decayed wood in Saudi Arabia and fresh cultures established (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2014). LSU sequence data place this species in the Diatrypaceae.

Didymostilbe Henn., Hedwigia 41: 148 (1902)

Peethambara sundara Subram. & Bhat, the type species of Peethambara, has been linked to Didymostilbe sundara (Subram. & Bhat) Seifert by culture of single spores (Subramanian and Bhat 1978). Molecular studies also showed that Didymostilbe echinofibrosa (Finley) Rossman clustered together with Peethambara sundara in the Bionectriaceae (Rossman et al. 2001). The type of Didymostilbe, D. coffeae Henn., has however, not been linked to Peethambara and both names should therefore be retained pending further analysis.

Dinemasporium Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 5: 274 (1846)

Crous et al. (2012a) restudied the genus Dinemasporium and related genera with appendaged conidia and placed the genus in Chaetosphaeriaceae based on morphology and molecular data. They also epitypified the type speies, D. strigosum Lev., the type of this genus. Brunneodinemasporium, Codinaeopsis, Dendrophoma, Dictyochaeta, Menispora, Pseudolachnea, Pyrigemmula, Thozetella and Zignoella which also clustered in Chaetosphaeriaceae. Liu et al. (2015) introduced a new species, D. nelliana W.J. Li et al.

Diplococcium Grove, J. Bot., Lond. 23: 167 (1885)

Five Helminthosphaeria species have been associated with Diplococcium asexual morphs (Samuels et al. 1997; Réblová 1999a). However, the genus is polyphyletic and has included species having affinities with members of Helotiales, Pleosporales and Venturiales. The type species, D. spicatum Grove clusters within Helotiales, but the sequences are not from ex-type strains (Shenoy et al. 2010).

Discosia Lib., Pl. crypt. Arduenna, fasc. (Liège) 4: no. 346 (1837)

Molecular analysis of combined gene sequence data, showed Discosia was not monophyletic and separated into three distinct lineages, Adisciso, Discosia and Immersidiscosia (Tanaka et al. 2011).

Discosphaerina Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 126(4–5): 353 (1917)

The genus Discosphaerina was introduced by Von Höhnel (1917a, b) based on D. discophora Höhn. The placement of this genus is still confused as the unitunicate nature of D. discophora is unclear and some members of this genus have bitunicate asci (Sivanesan 1984a, b; Thambugala et al. 2014). Sivanesan (1984a, b) treated Discosphaerina in Dothideaceae (Dothideales) and some Discosphaerina species produce Aureobasidium, Kabatia, Sarcophoma and Selenophoma asexual morphs in culture (Sivanesan 1984a, b; Thambugala et al. 2014). Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) included Discosphaerina in Hyponectriaceae. The phylogenetic placement of Discosphaerina (= Columnosphaeria fagi (H.J. Huds.) M.E. Barr) was confirmed in Dothideaceae (Dothideales) (Schoch et al. 2006, 2009; Zalar et al. 2008; Thambugala et al. 2014). Thambugala et al. (2014) examined the types of Discosphaerina and D. fagi in order resolve this problem and suggested to place Discosphaerina in Hyponectriaceae based on its morphology. No molecular data is available in GenBank except for Discosphaerina fagi. Therefore, recollection, epitypification and molecular analysis are required to confirm the placement of Discosphaerina and its species.

Discostroma Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 50, 173 (1909)

Species of Discostroma and Seimatosporium have been linked by molecular data (Tanaka et al. 2011), however the molecular links have not been proven for the types of either genera. Both names should therefore be retained pending fresh collections of the types and a molecular study.

Disculoides Crous et al., in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 71 (2012)

The new coelomycetous genus has two species both causing leaf spots of Eucalyptus. Molecular data places this genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Crous et al. 2012d).

Diversimorbus S.F. Chen & Jol. Roux, Fungal Biology 117: 300 (2014)

Chen et al. (2013a) described this monotypic genus based on D. metrosiderotis S.F. Chen & Jol. Roux. Morphology and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses show it to group in the Cryphonectriaceae (Chen et al. 2014). It was observed on native Metrosideros angustifolia in Western Cape Province of South Africa and resembles a Eucalyptus pathogen. The species shares characteristics of taxa within Cryphonectriaceae in turning yellow in lactic acid and purple in 3 % KOH (Castlebury et al. 2002; Gryzenhout et al. 2009). In addition, isolates of the new genus had black conidiomata, which distinguishes it from most genera in the Cryphonectriaceae that have orange conidiomata (Gryzenhout et al. 2009, 2010; Begoude et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2011, 2012; Vermeulen et al. 2011). Genera in the Cryphonectriaceae with black conidiomata include Aurapex, Celoporthe, and Chrysoporthe (Gryzenhout et al. 2005, 2009; Nakabonge et al. 2006). Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses for this species also clearly represent a previously undescribed genus in Cryphonectriaceae.

Drechmeria W. Gams & H.-B. Jansson, Mycotaxon 22(1): 36 (1985)

This genus was introduced by Gams and Jansson (1985). In 2014, Quandt et al. showed in nematophagous subclade, the genus Haptocillium clusters together with Drechmeria and propose to protect older Drechmeria over Haptocillium.

Durotheca Læssøe et al., IMA Fungus 4(1): 62 (2013)

The genus Durotheca was introduced with D. depressa Læssøe & Srikitikulchai as the type species (Læssøe et al. 2013). Two further species described earlier in Theissenia were transferred as D. comedens (Ces.) Læssøe & Srikitik. and D. rogersii (Y.M. Ju & H.M. Hsieh) Læssøe & Srikitik. in the same study. This genus is characterized by bipartite carbonaceous stromata, erumpent through wood or bark, covered with white pruina. The asexual morph, where known, is reported as nodulisporium-like (Læssøe et al. 2013). A molecular phylogenetic study placed Theissenia pyrenocrata (Theiss.) Maubl. in a sister clade to isolates of Durotheca as a basal lineage. However, the phylogenetic placement within Xylariaceae in relation to either the subfamilies Xylarioideae or Hypoxyloideae is yet to be resolved (Læssøe et al. 2013).

Dyrithiopsis L. Cai et al., in Jeewon et al., Mycologia 95(5): 912 (2003)

Jeewon et al. (2003a) reported a new genus, Dyrithiopsis with an asexual morph, Monochaetiopsis (also a new genus) based on cultural studies. We propose to adopt the sexual typified name over the asexual typified.

Ebullia K.L. Pang, in Chu et al., Mycoscience 56: 40 (2015)

Chu et al. (2015) undertook a molecular reappraisal of Nimbospora, a genus with three marine species, including recent collections from Taiwan. The genus was shown to be polyphyletic with Nimbospora octonae Kohlm. distantly placed from the type species N. effusa and a second species N. bipolaris. Chu et al. (2015) therefore transferred N. octonae to the new genus Ebullia (Halosphaeriaceae) as E. octonae (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang. The genus has no known asexual morph.

Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, Mycol. Res. 108(1): 29 (2004)

There are seven named species in the genus, but only the type, Echinosphaeria canescens (Pers.) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf is represented by gene sequences (Miller et al. 2014) which places the genus in Helminthosphaeriaceae. Although E. canescens has been associated with Endophragmiella and Selenosporella-like synanamorphs (Hughes 1979; Sivanesan 1983), there is no molecular data to establish this connection.

Emericellopsis J.F.H. Beyma, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 6: 264 (1940) [1939]

This genus was introduced by Beyma (1940), with Emericellopsis terricola J.F.H. Beyma as the type species, and placed in the Bionectriaceae (Hypocreales) and has both marine and terrestrial species (Rossman et al. 2001). Emericellopsis terricola clustered in a distinct clade within the Sclerotigenum/Geosmithia-clade in Hypocreales in Summerbell et al. (2011).

Engleromyces Henn., Bot. Jb. 28(3): 327 (1900)

Engleromyces (Xylariaceae) was introduced by Hennings (1900) for a single species, E. goetzei Henn.; the genus is characterized by massive, hard stromata (Whalley et al. 2010). Chinese collections, originally identified as E. goetzei, were later found to represent a second species, E. sinensis M.A. Whalley et al. (Whalley et al. 2010). Engleromyces produces cytochalasin D and 19, 20-epoxycytochalasin and a novel metabolite in E. sinensis, neoengleromycin, which is used for cancer treatments (Pedersen et al. 1980; Liu et al. 2002).

Equicapillimyces S.S.Y. Wong et al., Veterinary Microbiology 115(2–4): 406 (2012)

Wong et al. (2011) described this monotypic genus from brittle tail syndrome of horses, which causes weakening and breakage of the tail hairs; the type species is E. hongkongensis S.S.Y. Wong et al. Molecular studies showed that this taxon belongs in the Ophiostomataceae, however, in our analysis it belongs in Lulworthiales. This septate branching, hyaline mould, grows optimally at 30 C. Hyphae fill the core of infected hair shafts with short necked ascomata containing banana-shaped septate ascospores.

Erythrogloeum Petr., Sydowia 7(5–6): 378 (1953)

Crous et al. (2012d) recollected this genus from South and Central America where it causes leaf spots on Hymenaea. Molecular data placed the genus in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. There are presently two species included in the genus (Index Fungorum 2015).

Escovopsis J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia, Mycotaxon 37: 192 (1990)

The phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU by Augustin et al. (2013) demonstrate the monophyly of the genus Escovopsis, agreeing with other phylogenetic studies (Currie et al. 2003; Taerum et al. 2007). The type species E. weberi J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia and other Escovopsis species cluster in the Hypocreaceae.

Escovopsioides H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin, PLoS ONE 7(12): e51392, 6 (2013)

This genus was introduced by Augustin et al. (2013) based on Escovopsioides nivea H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin isolated from the fungal garden of Acromyrmex (leaf cutting ants) in Brazil. In culture it produces a brush-like asexual morph with phialides on well-defined vesicles in culture. It differs from Escovopsis by the absence of pigmentation, the lageniform phialides produced on terminal and intercalary, globose vesicles, the hyaline, smooth conidia in long chains, as well as sequence data (Augustin et al. 2013). According to the phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU sequence data this genus belongs in Hypocreaceae.

Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92: 414 (1989)

A genus in the Hypocreomycetidae (order incertae sedis) (Jones et al. 2014), initially assigned to the Sphaeriales by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1989) and to the Halosphaeriales by Hawksworth et al. (1995), and Kirk et al. (2001), and the TBM clade (Hypocreomycetidae incertae sedis) (Sakayaroj et al. 2005; Schoch et al. 2007).

Etheirophoraceae Rungjindamai et al., Cryptogamie Mycologie 35: 134 (2014)

This family was introduced to accommodate the genera: Etheirophora (E. bijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., E. blepharospora (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., E. unijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.) and Swampomyces (S. armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., S. triseptatus K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri), that grouped together in a well-supported clade based on LSU and SSU sequences (Jones et al. 2014). Further taxon sampling is required to determine its ordinal position within the Hypocreomycetidae.

Falcocladiaceae Somrithipol et al., Cryptogamie Mycologie 35: 134 (2014)

The family was introduced to accommodate four species of Falcocladium, that grouped with other taxa in Hypocreomycetidae, order incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2014), for which the order Falcocladiales is introduced in this paper.

Falcocladium S.F. Silveira et al., Mycotaxon 50: 447 (1994)

Falcocladium was introduced by Crous et al. (1994) with F. multivesiculatum S.F. Silveira et al. as the type species. Subsequently, three other species were described: F. sphaeropedunculatum Crous & Alfenas (Crous et al. 1997), F. thailandicum Crous & Himaman (Crous et al. 2007) and F. turbinatum Somrith. et al. (Somrithipol et al. 2007). This genus occurs on a wide range of substrata including Eucalyptus grandis, E. camaldulensis leaves, and leaf litter collected from tropical forests. The family Falcocladiaceae was recently introduced to accommodate the genus and Falcocladiales is introduced in this paper.

Fimetariella N. Lundq., Botaniska Notiser 117: 239 (1964)

A genus of Lasiosphaeriaceae with Fimetariella rabenhorstii N. Lundq. as the type species. Phylogenetically, based on LSU nrDNA and β-tubulin sequences, the type species groups on a long branch in a clade with significant support as a sister taxon to Podospora appendiculata (Auersw. ex Niessl) Niessl and Cercophora scortea (Cain) N. Lundq. (Kruys et al. 2015).

Fluminicola S.W. Wong et al., Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 2: 190 (1999)

Wong et al. (1999) placed this genus in Annulatascaceae based on morphology. However, according to phylogenetic analyses using a combined LSU, SSU and RPB2 dataset Fluminicola clusters in the family Papulosaceae (Réblová 2013a).

Fluviatispora K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 98(7): 720 (1994)

A genus of three species found growing on palm material in aquatic habitats, with no known asexual morph, and placed in the Halosphaeriaceae. However, molecular data are required to support this placement.

Frondicola K.D. Hyde, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 110(2): 100 (1992)

A monotypic marine taxon based on morphological observations with no known asexual morph. Frondicola was introduced and placed in Clypeosphaeriaceae by Hyde (1992), while Lumbsch and Huhndorf placed it in Annulatascaceae and Jones et al. (2009b) placed it in Hyponectriaceae. Molecular data are required to establish its taxonomic position; Jones et al. (2009b) is followed here.

Fulvocentrum E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab, Cryptogamie Mycologie 35(2) 132 (2014)

The genus was introduced by Jones et al. (2014) to accommodate two species of Swampomyces that did not group with the type species (S. armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.): F. aegyptiacus (Abdel-Wahab et al.) E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab and F. clavatisporium (Abdel-Wahab et al.) E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab. Both species are tropical marine taxa and are very common on intertidal wood of Avicennia marina in Red Sea mangroves, both on the Egyptian coast (Abdel-Wahab 2005) and from Arabian Gulf mangroves of the Saudi Arabia coast (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2014). The genus groups with high statistical support in the family Juncigenaceae, Hypocreomycetidae order incertae sedis, (Jones et al. 2014); it has no known asexual morph.

Funiliomyces Aptroot, Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 309 (2004)

The genus Funiliomyces contains a single species, F. biseptatus Aptroot, which was isolated from a Bromeliaceae leaf in Brazil and is characterized by the torpedo-shaped ascospores with two nearly central septa and one polar and one median appendage (Aptroot 2004). It is placed in Amphisphaeriaceae based on molecular data, grouping with Rosellinia and Arecophila in a moderately supported sister clade (Aptroot 2004), but further collections are required to confirm this position.

Fusarium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 10 (1809)

Rossman et al. (2013) stated that there is no question that Fusarium and Gibberella are synonyms and proposed that Gibberella be suppressed in favour of Fusarium; this is followed here. Fusarium belongs in Nectriaceae and comprises several species complexes, not yet fully resolved (Hyde et al. 2014).

Geejayessia Schroers et al., in Schroers et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 124 (2011)

This genus was introduced by Schroers et al. (2011) based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis and comprises five species, four transferred from Nectria sensu lato, and with Geejayessia cicatricum (Berk.) Schroers as the type species. Based on molecular studies the genus it is placed in Nectriaceae.

Gesasha Abdel-Wahab & Nagah., Nova Hedwigia 92(3–4): 501 (2011)

This is a genus of Halosphaeriaceae established by Abdel-Wahab and Nagahama (2011) to accommodate three marine species and is typified by G. peditatus Abdel-Wahab & Nagahama. Phylogenetic analyses of the SSU and LSU rDNA gene data placed these species in a well-supported basal clade in the family Halosphaeriaceae along with species of Arenariomyces and Corollospora; no asexual morph is known (Abdel-Wahab and Nagahama 2011).

Gibellulopsis Bat. & H. Maia, Anais da Sociedade de Biologia de Pernambuco 16 (1): 153 (1959)

The genus was introduced to accommodate Verticillium piscis (Bat. & H. Maia) Neish & G.C. Hughes, a fish pathogen, which did not group in Verticillium sensu stricto (type species Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) in the Plectosphaerellaceae. Further species assigned to the genus are G. nigrescens (Pethybr.) Zare et al. (Zare et al. 2007), and G. chrysanthemi Hirooka et al. (Hirooka et al. 2014). Other species may well be related taxa: Acremonium furcatum (Moreau & V. Moreau) ex W. Gams, A. stromaticum W. Gams & R.H. Stover, A. nepalense W. Gams, Cephalosporium serrae Mafei and Gliocladium cibotii J.F.H. Beyma (Zare et al. 2007).

Gliocephalotrichum J.J. Ellis & Hesselt., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 89: 21 (1962)

Leuconectria was introduced as the sexual morph of the type species of Gliocephalotrichum by Rossman et al. (1993). Rossman et al. (2013) proposed that as Gliocephalotrichum species are widely reported from soils and that Leuconectria is relatively obscure with only two species. Leuconectria is suppressed in favour of the older asexual morph-typified name Gliocephalotrichum.

Gliocladiopsis S.B. Saksena, Mycologia 46: 662 (1954)

Rossman et al. (2013) documented the history and usage of Gliocladiopsis versus Glionectria and concluded that the genus name Gliocladiopsis should be protected over the Glionectria, for these soil-borne fungi (Lombard and Crous 2012).

Gliomastix Guég., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 21: 240 (1905)

Summerbell et al. (2011) revised Gliomastix with five species based on phylogenetic data which showed 14 strains clustering as a distinct clade in the Bionectriaceae.

Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams, in Zhang et al., Mycologia 98(6): 1083 (2007) [2006]

The family Glomerellaceae was invalidly published by Locquin (1984), validated in Zhang et al. (2006), and it was accepted as one of the three families of Glomerellales in Réblová et al. (2011a).

Glomerulispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah., in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 552 (2010)

An asexual genus in the family Torpedosporaceae (Hypocreomycetidae order incertae sedis) based on an ex-type culture (Jones et al. 2014). Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) introduced this genus for species with irregularly helicoid muriform conidia, which groups with species of Torpedospora, with variable support. However, it is not congeneric with Torpedospora.

Gondwanamyces G.J. Marais & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 90(1): 139 (1998)

Asexual morphs of Gondwanamyces are distinct in possessing erect, darkly pigmented conidiophores, monoverticillate or divergently penicillate, with whorls of phialides, producing hyaline conidia. Gondwanamyces proteae has a Custingophora asexual morph (Mouton et al. 1993). Based on SSU and a combined dataset of LSU, SSU and RPB2, species of Gondwanamyces and their Custingophora asexual morphs form a highly monophyletic clade which is sister to Ceratocystidaceae (Réblová et al. 2011a).

Gondwanamycetaceae Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 188 (2011)

This family is placed in Microascales based on SSU and a combined dataset of LSU, SSU and RPB2. Réblová et al. (2011a) includes also the asexual morph genus Custingophora.

Graphiaceae de Beer et al., CBS fungal biodiversity series 12: 1–19 (2013)

Based on the phylogenetic distance between Graphium and other families of Microascales, the family Graphiaceae was introduced by de Beer et al. (2013). The family is monophyletic (Lackner et al. 2014) and comprises Graphium, which is a synnematous hypomycete described by Corda (1837) with the type G. penicillioides Corda.

Graphostromataceae M.E. Barr et al., Mycotaxon 48: 533 (1993)

This family comprises Graphostroma, a genus introduced in the family Calosphaeriaceae by Barr (1985) together with seven other genera. Barr et al. (1993) assimilated information on these genera into a revised scheme for the classification of Calosphaeriaceae which gave rise to the introduction of a separate monotypic family Graphostromataceae in the order Xylariales. The presence of a nodulisporium-like conidial morph and a diatrype-like sexual morph featuring allantoid ascospores supported the introduction of the new family. Stadler et al. (2013, 2014) used ITS sequence data from Graphostroma platystoma (Schwein.) Piroz., the type species of the genus, to evaluate the relationship with other representative genera of Xylariaceae and showed it was basal and more closely related to Biscogniauxia and Camillea than to Diatrype (Stadler et al. 2013). However, to clarify the exact phylogenetic position of this genus further molecular studies are required, with inclusion of protein coding genes.

Greeneria Scribn. & Viala, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 105: 473 (1887)

Tangthirasunun et al. (2014) introduced a new species of Greeneria, G. saprophytica Tangthirasunun et al., bringing the number of species in the genus to three (Index Fungorum 2015). Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.

Griphosphaerioma Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 36: 312 (1918)

Shoemaker (1963) established the link between Griphosphaerioma kansensis (Ellis & Everh.) Shoemaker and its asexual morph Labridella cornu-cervae Brenckle, the type species of both genera. Griphosphaerioma is the oldest name and should have priority.

Groenhiella Jørg. Koch et al., Botanica Marina 26: 265 (1983)

Monotypic marine genus growing superficially on driftwood with no known asexual morph. Koch et al. (1983) referred the genus to the Nitschkiaceae (Coronophorales), but further collections, isolates and sequences are required to confirm this placement.

Gynonectria Döbbeler, Mycol. Progr. 11(2): 474 (2012)

Gynonectria is a monotypic genus of Hypocreales introduced by Döbbeler (2012) for a species with relatively large perithecia, forming individually within the perianths of the hepatic Odontolejeunea sp. (Lejeuneaceae, Porellales), which grow in the phyllosphere of living vascular plants in central American rainforests.

Gyrostroma Naumov, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 30(3): 386 (1914)

Hirooka et al. (2012) examined the type specimen of Gyrostroma, G. sinosum Naumov, and determined it not to be a hypocrealean taxon and suggested that it may be a member of Diaporthales.

Haiyanga K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, The Raffles Bull. Zool. 19: 8 (2008)

Haiyanga was introduced to accommodate the taxon Arenariomyces salinus Meyers, a species with a much confused taxonomy, as shown by its list of synonyms (Index Fungorum 2015). A molecular study of the genera Antennospora and Halosphaeria found that it forms a well-supported monophyletic clade with Arenariomyces trifurcatus Höhnk, the type species of the genus (Pang et al. 2008). A new genus Haiyanga was established by Pang et al. (2008) for Antennospora salina based on the morphological differences between it and Arenariomyces trifurcatus. Further collection and a wider range of genes need to be sequenced to resolve the taxonomic status of Haiyanga salina. No asexual morph is known.

Halazoon Abdel-Aziz et al., Mycol. Prog. 9: 545 (2010)

Asexual genus of Lulworthiaceae that was established by Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) with the type species, H. melhae Abdel-Aziz et al. Molecular study based on SSU and LSU rDNA of an ex-type strain of H. melhae placed it in a well-supported clade within Lulworthiaceae with species of Lulworthia and Cirrenalia fusca I. Schmit. The latter species was transferred to Halazoon as H. fuscus (I. Schmidt) Abdel-Wahab et al. Species of Halazoon have been recorded on driftwood in the intertidal zone in marine habitats (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010).

Haligena Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 3: 87 (1961)

Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced by Kohlmeyer (1961) to accommodate the marine fungus, H. elaterophora Kohlm. Currently the genus is monotypic as other species have been transferred to other genera (Jones et al. 2009b). Molecular data confirms its position in the family Halosphaeriaceae in a basal clade, with Nautosphaeria and Tubakiella in a sister group (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a; Pang and Jheng 2012a, b).

Haloguignardia Cribb & J.W. Cribb, Univ. Queensl., Pap. Dept. Bot. 3: 97 (1956)

Genus of Lulworthiaceae that was established by Cribb and Cribb (1956) to accommodate H. decidua Cribb & J.W. Cribb. and three other species. Another two species were added later. Species of Haloguignardia are parasitic on brown seaweed in the Fucales, especially species of Cystoseira, Halidrys and Sargassum. Molecular study based on SSU rDNA placed H. irritans (Setch. & Estee) Cribb & J.W. Cribb in a highly supported clade within Lulworthiaceae along with Lulwoana and Lulworthia species (Inderbitzin et al. 2004; Campbell et al. 2009; Harvey and Goff 2010).

Halonectria E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 48: 287 (1965)

Monotypic marine genus in the family Bionectriaceae (Rossman et al. 1999; Jones et al. 2009b), although not typical of Hypocreales due to the immersed ascomata, with long necks and elongate non-septate ascospores. Further study and sequence data are required to confirm its assignment to Bionectriaceae. The asexual morph is pycnidial.

Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., Trans Br. Mycol. Soc. 68: 208 (1977)

The genus was established by Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer (1977) to accommodate a marine fungus, H. fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. Later, similar species with polar uncoiling appendages were described from both freshwater and marine habitats. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies showed that the genus is polyphyletic and several species were transferred to existing or new genera. Only one species, H. japonica Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. produced helicoid conidia as an asexual morph. The sexual/asexual connection was established at morphological and molecular level (Abdel-Wahab and Nagahama 2012). The genus is based on morphological observations and molecular data with the three species forming a monophyletic group with Lignincola tropica Kohlm. as a sister group (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). Six Halosarpheia species have not been sequenced due to the lack of cultures. Since other Halosarpheia species have been transferred to new genera following molecular analysis, we refer to these six species as Halosarpheia sensu lato until further collections, isolations and sequences are generated to test their position in the genus.

Halosphaeria Linder, Farlowia 1:412 (1944)

Halosphaeria was introduced by Barghoorn and Linder (1944a) to accommodate a marine species, H. appendiculata Linder, growing on wood and is the type species of the Halosphaeriaceae. Molecular data show it grouping with Lignincola laevis Höhnk with moderate support (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Halosphaeriopsis T.W. Johnson, J. Elisha Mitchell scient. Soc. 74: 44 (1958)

A monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae based on morphological and molecular data. Culcitalna is a monotypic genus synonymised under Trichocladium by Dixon (1968), with a sexual morph as Halosphaeria mediosetigera Cribb & J.W. Cribb (now Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera (Cribb & J.W. Cribb) T.W. Johnson). Culcitalna achraspora Meyers & R.T. Moore was described as possessing conidia produced in sporodochia (Meyers and Moore 1960), but subsequent collections showed they produced conidia freely on the substrate, and the taxon was thus transferred to Trichocladium alopallonellum (Meyers & R.T. Moore) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., the asexual morph of Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera based on cultural studies and molecular data. We therefore treat Culcitalna as a synonym of Halosphaeriopsis.

Hapsidascus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum 10: 113 (1991)

A monotypic marine genus referred to Ascomycota genera incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2009b), which needs to be recollected, isolated and sequenced. Ascomata perithecoid, large, deeply embedded in mangrove roots of Rhizophora mangle. May not be a member of the Sordariomycetes.

Harknessiaceae Crous, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 55 (2012)

The family Harknessiaceae was introduced to accommodate species of Harknessia with their Wuestneia-like sexual morphs and belongs in the order Diaporthales. By establishing the family Harknessiaceae, Crous et al. (2012e) avoided replacing Wuestneia, as the family is based on the asexual genus Harknessia. The placement of Wuestneia with its type species, W. aurea Auersw. has not been established and is presently placed in Melanconidaceae.

Harposporium Lohde, Tagbl. Versamml. Ges. Deutsch. Naturf. 47: 206 (1874)

Harposporium is the largest and oldest nematode trapping asexual genus in Hypocreales (Quandt et al. 2014). Chaverri et al. (2005) observed the asexual-sexual link between Harposporium and Podocrella. Harposporium is the oldest name and considering several other reasons, Quandt et al. (2014) proposed to use Harposporium over Podocrella.

Hispidicarpomyces Nakagiri, Mycologia 85: 639 (1993)

Monotypic marine genus in the family Hispidicarpomycetaceae that needs recollection, isolation and sequencing to determine it phylogenetic position in the Ascomycota (Jones et al. 2009b). Ascomata very large (800–2100 μm), immersed in the thallus of the red alga Galaxura falcata. The genera Spathulospora, Retrostium (Spathulosporaceae) and Hispidicarpomyces (Hispidicarpomycetaceae) were referred to the Spathulosporales, but molecular data placed the genus Spathulospora (S. adelpha, S. antartica) in the order Lulworthiales (Inderbitzin et al. 2004). Consequently, the placement of Hispidicarpomyces and Retrostium cannot be resolved until further phylogenetic studies are undertaken. The asexual morph has verticillate spermodochia.

Humicola Traaen, Nytt Mag. Natur. 52: 31 (1914)

An asexual genus with the type species Humicola fuscoatra Traaen grouping in the Chaetomiaceae, however the genus has been shown to be polyphyletic with sexual morphs also in Pseudolignincola (Halosphaeriaceae) (Jones et al. 2006), and Eurotiales (Index Fungorum 2015). The Humicola species referred to the Halosphaeriaceae was not fully identified and was the asexual morph of Pseudolignincola (Jones et al. 2006).

Hyalorostratum Raja & Shearer, Mycosphere 1: 4 (2010)

This genus is described from Alaska and New Hampshire from freshwater habitats (Raja et al. 2010). The type species, H. brunneisporum Raja & Shearer, is placed in the Diaporthales based on combined SSU and LSU sequence data.

Hyalotiopsis Punith., Mycol. Pap. 119: 12 (1970) [1969]

Ellurema was introduced with the type species Ellurema indica (= Massarina indica Punith. by Nag Raj and Kendrick (1985). Hyalotiopsis subramanianii (Agnihothr. & Luke) Punith. was identified as the asexual morph of Ellurema indica in cultural studies (Nag Raj and Kendrick 1985). Ellurema is placed in Amphisphaeriaceae in phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of the 5.8 S rRNA gene (Kang et al. 1999a). Hyalotiopsis, the older asexual typified genus, has a single species epithet (Index Fungorum 2015) and Ellurema the younger sexually typified genus has only one species epithet. We propose to adopt the older asexual typified name (i.e. Hyalotiopsis) over sexual typified name (i.e. Ellurema).

Hydea K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Prog. 9: 549 (2010)

Monotypic genus of Lulworthiaceae that was introduced by Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) to accommodate Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm. Molecular analysis of SSU and LSU rDNA sequence data placed H. pygmea (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones in a highly supported basal clade to the genera Cumulospora, Kohlmeyeriella, Lindra, Lulworthia and Matsusporium within Lulworthiaceae (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). The sexual morph is not known (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010).

Hydromelitis A. Ferrer et al., Mycologia 104(4): 876 (2012)

This monotypic genus was introduced for a species from submerged woody debris in freshwater collected in Costa Rica (Ferrer et al. 2012). Molecular analysis placed the genus in Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis.

Hypocreodendron Henn., Hedwigia 36: 223 (1897)

Hypocreodendron was introduced based on H. sanguineum Henn. from Argentina (Hennings 1897). According to the protologue the genus has robust, highly branched, coralloid stromata and rod-shaped conidia. Discoxylaria is a monotypic genus introduced for insect-associate xylaroid species; the type species is Discoxylaria myrmecophila J.C. Lindq. & J.E. Wright (Lindqvist and J.E. Wright 1964). It was suggested that this perithecioid fungus is the sexual morph of Hypocreodendron. Poroniopsis is a possible synonym of Hypocreodendron. Rogers et al. (1995) obtained a collection from Mexico, which bore both the conidial and mature perithecial morphs. They compared the collection with the holotype and also obtained the asexual morph in culture. Hypocreodendron is an earlier name and therefore Discoxylaria should be a synonym. According to Stadler et al. (2013) the priority can be given to Hypocreodendron since it was the first to be described among the two morphs.

Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4 13: 11 (1860)

Rossman et al. (2013) discussed the link between Hypomyces and Cladobotryum and suggested that the use of Hypomyces should be retained even though Cladobotryum has priority as an older name. We follow this here. The asexual morph genera Mycogone, Sepedonium and Stephanoma may be more distantly related to the type species of Hypomyces than most members of Cladobotryum, and thus may not be congeneric (Rossman et al. 2013), thus we presently retain these as distinct genera in Nectriaceae.

Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 30(1): 61 (1989)

Monotypic genus of the Melanconidaceae that was introduced by Hyde and Jones (1989) to accommodate the marine species H. rhizospora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones; no asexual morph was recorded. The species is poorly known and requires further collection, isolation and sequencing to determine its taxonomic position.

Hypoxylon Bull., Hist. Champ. Fr. (Paris) 1: 168 (1791)

Nodulisporium is typified by N. ochraceum Preuss. Ju and Rogers (1996) have described the asexual morph of several xylariaceous taxa as “nodulisporium-like” and many authors avoided giving separate names to the asexual morphs encountered in nature or culture, especially in Hypoxylon. According to Stadler et al. (2013) the possibility of assigning N. ochraceum as the asexual morph of Hypoxylon howeanum which tends to be isolated frequently in Germany can be considered in forming the link between the asexual and sexual morphs. The same study suggested placing Nodulisporium as a synonym of Hypoxylon. Triplicaria with its type T. hypoxyloides P. Karst. is considered as one of the asexual genera assigned to the genus Hypoxylon by Stadler et al. (2013). Therefore we consider both asexual genera, Nodulisporium and Triplicaria, are synonyms of Hypoxylon.

Idriella P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh., Mycologia 48(4): 550 (1956)

Idriella was described to accommodate an important plant pathogen, I. lunata P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh. which causes extensive root rot in strawberry fields in California (Nelson and Wilhelm 1956). The taxon causes black sunken lesions and produce dark chlamydospores both in culture and in diseased roots. The cultures obtained from chlamydospores produced the asexual conidial morph (Nelson and Wilhelm 1956). Wijayawardene et al. (2012) listed Idriella in Xylariales, genera incertae sedis as the possible asexual morph of Phomatospora. However, molecular data shows it to belong in Heliotales.

Ilyonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 69 (2011)

This genus was introduced with I. radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado as the type species and comprises ten species (Chaverri et al. 2011; Lombard et al. 2013). The genus was placed in Nectriaceae in Chaverri et al. (2011), which we follow here. Some species have been linked to Cylindrocarpon sensu lato asexual morphs.

Immersidiscosia Kaz. Tanaka et al., in Tanaka et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 26: 94 (2011)

Tanaka et al. (2011) showed Discosia separating in two segregates in molecular analysis. The second segregate was therefore renamed as the monotypic genus Immersidiscosia with the type species I. eucalypti (Pat.) Kaz. Tanaka et al. and placed in Amphisphaeriaceae.

Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al., in Chen et al., Pl. Path. (2012)

This genus was introduced and typified by Immersiporthe knoxdaviesiana S.F. Chen et al. (Chen et al. 2012), the causal agent of stem cankers on Rapanea melanophloeos. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses showed that the fungus represents a new genus in the family Cryphonectriaceae. Typical fruiting bodies characteristic of Cryphonectriaceae were observed on the surfaces of cankers (Chen et al. 2013b).

Infundibulomyces Plaingam et al., in Plaingam et al., Can. J. Bot. 81(7): 732 (2003)

The genus Infundibulomyces was introduced by Plaingam et al. (2003) to accommodate a single species, I. cupulata Plaingam et al., which was collected on leaves of Lagerstroemia species. Somrithipol et al. (2008) also introduced I. oblongisporus Somrithipol et al. and placement in the family Chaetosphaeriaceae was confirmed based on analysis of SSU and LSU gene data.

Iwilsoniella E.B.G. Jones, Syst. Ascomycetum 10: 8 (1991)

Monotypic marine genus in the Halosphaeriaceae, growing on submerged wood (Jones et al. 2009a); no asexual morph is known. A molecular study is required to confirm its current placement.

Jattaea Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 3(1–2): 6 (1900)

Jattaea and Wegelina were published by Berlese (1900) as morphologically similar genera. Réblová (2011b) examined the lectotypes of Jattaea algeriensis Berl. and Wegelina discreta Berl. and correlated her studies with in vitro studies. Phylogenetic studies show that both species are congeneric. Twelve species are accepted in Jattaea with phialophora-like asexual morphs produced in culture. In the phylogenies, Jattaea leucospermi Marinc. et al. represents the phenotype characters, with septate, allantoid to suballantoid ascospores. This was formerly considered a diagnostic feature of the monotypic genus Phragmocalosphaeria (Petrak 1923). Molecular data confirm that ascospore septation is not a significant character suitable to distinguish genera in the Calosphaeriales and Phragmocalosphaeria is redued to a synonym of Jattaea.

Juncigena Kohlm. et al., Bot. Mar. 40(4): 291 (1997)

Juncigena was introduced to accommodate an ascomycete growing on the marsh plant Juncus roemerianus with J. adarca Kohlm. et al. as the type species. DNA sequences of two ribosomal nuclear loci confirm its position in the Juncigenaceae, Hypocreomycetidae family incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2014). Juncigena forms a well-supported clade with the marine genera Fulvocentrum, Marinokulati, and Moheitospora.

Juncigenaceae E.B.G. Jones et al. Cryptogamie Mycologie 35: 133 (2014)

This family was introduced by Jones et al. (2014) to accommodate the genera Fulvocentrum, Juncigena, Marinokulati and Moheitospora. It is currently placed in Hypocreomycetidae family incertae sedis. The asexual morph has helicoid conidia when present.

Kallichroma Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 97: 759 (1993)

Marine genus placed in Hypocreales based on molecular data (Rossman et al. 2001; Schroers 2001; Jones et al. 2009b; Summerbell et al. 2011). Initially described as Hydronectria, but the type species of Hydronectria is a lichen with the alga phycobiont Trentepohlia. Subsequently, the taxon was transferred to Kallichroma by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1993). No asexual morph is known.

Kitesporella J.S. Jheng & K.L. Pang, Bot. Mar. 55(5): 462 (2012)

This genus in the family Halosphaeriaceae was introduced for Kitesporella keelungensis Jheng & K.L. Pang collected on driftwood in Taiwan (Pang and Jheng 2012a). It resembles Anisostagma, Iwilsoniella and Thalassogena (all members of the Halosphaeriaceae). Sequence data are required to confirm the placement of this species in the Halosphaeriaceae (Pang and Jheng 2012a).

Kochiella Sakayaroj et al., Fungal Divers. 46: 96 (2011)

A phylogenetic evaluation of Remispora, based on three loci (nuclear small and large (LSU, SSU), the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2)), demonstrated that the genus is polyphyletic. Remispora maritima Linder (type species), R. pilleata Kohlm., R. quadri-remis (Höhnk) Kohlm., R. spitsbergenensis K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed and R. stellata Kohlm., form a monophyletic group (Remispora sensu stricto) with Sablicola chinensis E.B.G. Jones et al. as a sister taxon with good support, in the family Halosphaeriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). Remispora crispa Kohlm. was distantly placed from Remispora in a clade with Ocostaspora apilongissima E.B.G. Jones et al., but they are not considered conspecific. The genus Kochiella was therefore introduced to include this species as Kochiella crispa (Kohlm.) Sakayaroj et al., based on morphological and molecular data (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).

Kohlmeyeriella E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Linn. Soc. 87: 210 (1983)

Genus of Lulworthiaceae that was introduced by Jones et al. (1983) to accommodate a Corollospora species, C. tubulata Kohlm., based on a TEM study. A phylogenetic study based on SSU and LSU rDNA placed K. tubulata (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones et al. in Lulworthiaceae, along with Lulworthia crassa Nakagiri that has thus been transferred to this genus (Campbell et al. 2005). No asexual morph has been recorded for Kohlmeyeriella species.

Kretzschmaria Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 409 (1849)

Holttumia is typified by H. congregata Lloyd in Lloyd (1924b). This genus is now considered as a synonym of Kretzschmaria (Rogers and Ju 1998). Rogers and Ju (1998) observed the holotype material of Holttumia congregata (located at BPI) and noted the close morphological characters with Kretzschmaria. Holttumia is considered as a synonym of Kretzschmaria, while H. congregata is a synonym of K. macrosperma (Mont.) J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju (Rogers and Ju 1998).

Lanceispora Nakagiri et al., Mycoscience 38(2): 208 (1997)

Accepted name for an aquatic genus referred to the Xylariales (Jones et al. 2009b) with recollection, isolation and sequencing required to resolve its taxonomic position.

Lanspora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Can J. Bot. 64: 1581 (1986)

Accepted monotypic marine genus, placed in Ophiostomatales, based on morphology and preliminary molecular data (Schoch pers. comm.), which grows on wood. Initially referred to the Halosphaeriaceae, because of similar morphological features to that family. No asexual morph is known.

Lasiadelphia Réblová & W. Gams, in Réblová et al., Fungal Diversity 46(‘1’): 82 (2011)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Réblová et al. (2011b) and is the asexual morph of Lasiosphaeris.

Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf., Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 8 (2): 50 (1932)

A large family in the Sordariales with 71 genera listed in MycoBank (October 2014) and we list 35 genera. Molecular data indicates that the family is paraphyletic, with many genera polyphyletic e.g. Arnium, and the family requires wider sampling with an increased number of loci sequenced (Kruys et al. 2015). A phylogenetic study based on LSU nrDNA and β-tubulin sequences highlights four lineages of Lasiosphaeriaceae (Kruys et al. 2015).

Lasiosphaeriella Sivan., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 64(3): 443 (1975)

Lasiosphaeriella was introduced by Sivanesan (1975) with Lasiosphaeriella dennisii Sivan. as the type species. The genus presently includes five species (Index Fungorum 2015). Sequence data is available for three species which show the genus to cluster as a group in Chaetosphaeriales (Huhndorf and Miller 2011).

Lasmenia Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 22(4): 199 (1886)

Lasmenia causes rot and lesions on leaves and inflorescences of tropical fruits, especially rambutan (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2011). Analysis of combined ITS and LSU sequence data indicates a closer affinity of Lasmenia to the family Cryphonectriaceae (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2011).

Latruncellus M. Verm. et al., in Vermeulen et al., Mycologia 103(3): 562 (2011)

This genus, from Swaziland, on bark of Galpinia transvaalica, was introduced and typified by Latruncellus aurorae M. Verm. et al. (Vermeulen et al. 2011). The taxon is similar to members of Cryphonectriaceae that have uniformly orange stromatic tissues for both sexual and asexual morphs (Gryzenhout et al. 2009). This taxon has many similar characters with Aurifilum marmelostoma Begoude et al. and phylogenetically they are also closely related. However, conidiomata of Latruncellus aurorae have uniformly orange, constricted, fattened necks and Aurifilum marmelostoma does not form necks and has blackened ostiolar openings. Analysis of LSU and BT exon gene sequences also showed Latruncellus aurorae to be a separate genus in the family Cryphonectriaceae, and closely related to Aurifilum marmelostoma (Vermeulen et al. 2011).

Lautisporiopsis E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 72l: 1558 (1994)

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus in Halosphaeriaceae growing on submerged wood (Jones et al. 2009b), variously referred to Halosphaeria (Kohlmeyer 1960) and Ceriosporopsis (Jones et al. 1995), but separated from these genera by the ultrastructure of its appendaged ascospores (Yusoff et al. 1994a, b). No asexual morph is known, but this species frequently produces chlamydospores.

Lecanicillium W. Gams & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 72(3–4): 332 (2001)

Zare and Gams (2001b) transferred 12 species formerly under Verticillium to the new genus Lecanicillium, and also introduced three new species, based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. The genus is placed in Cordycipitaceae (Index Fungorum 2015).

Lectera P.F. Cannon, in Cannon et al., MycoKeys 3: 28 (2012)

Cannon et al. (2012), based on rDNA ITS and GAPDH sequences, showed that Lectera colletotrichoides (J.E. Chilton) P.F. Cannon belongs in Plectosphaerellaceae rather than Hypocreales, to which other species are assigned. Currently two species are referred to this genus. Lectera is characterised by brightly coloured sporodochia surrounded by brown setae, and may be a sister group to Verticillium, but bootstrap support is weak.

Leiosphaerella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 579 (1919)

Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) recollected the type species of L. praeclara (Rehm) Höhn. and their sequence data placed Leiosphaerella in Xylariales. Leiosphaerella sensu stricto and Pseudomassaria sensu stricto were shown to be closely related.

Leptosporella Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(9–10): 406 (1897)

Leptosporella gregaria Penz. & Sacc., the generic type, clusters in a well-supported group in Chaetosphaeriales (Huhndorf and Miller 2011).

Lignincola Höhnk, Veröff. Inst. Meeresforch. Bremerhaven 3: 216 (1955)

Genus of Halosphaeriaceae with freshwater and marine species, growing on submerged wood or palm fronds (Jones et al. 2009a). No sexual morph is known. Phylogenetic studies place this genus in Halosphaeriaceae, but further sequence data is required for some of the species before they can be referred to the genus with confidence.

Limacospora Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones, Can. J. Bot. 73(7): 1011 (1995)

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on submerged wood, and referred to the Halosphaeriaceae. Further collections, are required for isolation and sequencing to determine its phylogenetic relationship with the genera Ceriosporopsis and Marinsopora.

Lindra I.M. Wilson, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 39: 411 (1956)

Genus of Lulworthiaceae introduced by Wilson (1956) to accommodate L. inflata I.M. Wilson. The genus currently contains five marine species, of which L. obtusa Nakagiri & Tubaki has Anguillospora marina Nakagiri & Tubaki as its asexual morph. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses of the SSU and LSU rDNA showed that Lindra species are polyphyletic (Campbell et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2008; Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010).

Longicollum Zelski et al., in Zelski et al., Mycosphere 2(5): 540 (2011)

Longicollum is a monotypic genus described from submerged woody debris from a river in Peru (Zelski et al. 2011b). Morphologically, Longicollum exhibits all of the characters of Annulatascaceae and in addition has ascospores with verruculose wall ornamentation. Longicollum biappendiculatum Zelski et al. shares many characteristics with Submersisphaeria aquatica K.D. Hyde (Hyde 1996) and shows some similarities to many of the currently accepted genera in the family Annulatascaceae sensu lato (Zelski et al. 2011b). No molecular analysis was carried out to support the placement of this genus in Annulatascaceae.

Lopadostoma (Nitschke) Traverso, Fl. ital. crypt., Pars 1: Fungi. Pyrenomycetae. Xylariaceae, Valsaceae, Ceratostomataceae 1(2): 169 (1906)

Genus of Xylariaceae that was first introduced by Nitschke (1867) as Anthostoma subg. Lopadostoma Nitschke and later elevated to generic rank by Traverso (1906). Twelve species were recognized during a revision of this genus (Jaklitsch et al. 2014). Combined molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, LSU, RPB2 revealed 10 distinct taxa within the genus which were also recognized at the species level. A phylogenetic analysis based on nuLSU rDNA confirmed that the genus appeared as a monophyletic clade within the family Xylariaceae, with moderate bootstrap support (Jaklitsch et al. 2014).

Lulwoana Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 109: 62 (2005)

Monotypic genus of Lulworthiaceae introduced by Campbell et al. (2005) to accommodate L. uniseptata (Nakagiri) Kohlm. et al. The asexual morph is Zalerion maritima (Linder) Anastasiou.

Lulwoidea Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 109: 164 (2005)

Monotypic genus of Lulworthiaceae introduced by Campbell et al. (2005) to accommodate L. lignoarenaria (Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones) Kohlm. et al. Lulwoidea lignoarenaria along with Orbimyces spectabilis Linder formed a highly supported basal clade in Lulworthiaceae (Campbell et al. 2005). The genus forms black ascomata on sand grains. No asexual morph has been recorded for L. lignoarenaria (Koch and Jones 1984).

Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 5: 259 (1916)

Genus of Lulworthiaceae that was introduced by Sutherland (1915) to accommodate the type species Lulworthia fucicola G.K. Sutherl. Several new Lulworthia species were described from marine habitats and the genus became one of the largest genera in marine habitats. The placement of the genus in Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales was confirmed at the morphological and molecular level (Kohlmeyer et al. 2000). Campbell et al. (2005) re-evaluated the taxonomy of the genus at the molecular level and introduced two new genera Lulwoana Kohlm. et al. (based on Lulworthia uniseptata Nakagiri) and Lulwoidea Kohlm. et al. (based on Lulworthia lignoarenaria Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones). No type material was available for the type species L. fucicola Sutherl., therefore, Campbell et al. (2005) neotypified a collection of L. fucicola from Chile growing on wood. No asexual morph has been reported for Lulworthia sensu stricto.

Lunatiannulus Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (in press) (2015)

Lunatiannulus was introduced by Daranagama et al. (2015) with L. irregularis Daranagama et al. as the type species. This genus is morphologically related to Diatrype-like genera in having a libertella-like asexual morph and allantoid ascospores. However, L. irregularis differs in having 4 or 8-spored asci, whereas most of the diatrypaceous asci are either polysporous or multiples of 8, and ascospores are falcate and hyaline (Daranagama et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2015). Multi-gene analysis shows this new genus has close affinities with Eupixylon and Nemania in Xylariaceae (Daranagama et al. 2015).

Luteocirrhus C.F. Crane et al., IMA Fungus 4(1): 115 (2013)

Luteocirrhus was isolated from canker lesions in several Banksia species plus Lambertia echinata subsp. citrina and was introduced as a monotypic genus with Luteocirrhus shearii C.F. Crane et al. as its type. It is placed within Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales) based on morphology and molecular data (Crane and Burgess 2013). Morphologically it is characterized by pulvinate to globose, black, semi-immersed conidiomata, with paraphyses. Its sexual morph is unknown. This pathogen of native Proteaceae causes canker lesions and is considered as an emerging threat towards Banksia species in South West Australia.

Luttrellia Shearer, Mycologia 70: 692 (1978)

Genus of Halosphaeriaceae (Jones et al. 2009a) that was established by Shearer (1978) to accommodate the type species, L. estuarina Shearer from decayed balsa wood submerged in Patuxent River, USA. Another three species were described from freshwater habitats (Ferrer and Shearer 2007). No molecular study has been carried out to establish the phylogenetic position of the genus. Luttrellia is distinguished from other genera in the family by hyaline, phragmoseptate and thick-walled ascospores, with or without a gelatinous sheath. No asexual morph is known.

Macgarvieomyces Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 107 (2014)

MacGarvie introduced the genus Diplorhinotrichum based on two species occurring on Juncus spp (Klaubauf et al. 2014). de Hoog and Van Oorschot (1985) treated Diplorhinotrichum as a synonym of Dactylaria, and retained the species in Pyricularia. However, based on a LSU, ITS, RPB1, actin and calmodulin dataset, Klaubauf et al. (2014) showed the above species do not belong in Pyricularia and a new genus, Macgarvieomyces, was introduced in the family Pyriculariaceae to accommodate them.

Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan et al., in Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 101 (2011)

A section of Nectria, Macroconia, was raised to generic rank for five species all producing sexual morphs and macroconidial asexual morphs. The type species is M. leptosphaeriae (Niessl) Gräfenhan & Schroers, which is based on Nectria leptosphaeriae Niessl. Members of this genus mostly grow on the stromata of other ascomycetes on herbaceous plants or deciduous trees. In the phylogenetic analyses, Macroconia species are placed in Nectriaceae (Gräfenhan et al. 2011).

Magnaporthiopsis J. Luo & N. Zhang Mycologia 105(4): 1024 (2013)

A study on the family Magnaporthaceae by Luo and Zhang (2013) based on multiple genes including SSU, ITS, LSU, MCM7, RPB1 and TEF data showed that Magnaporthe and Gaeumannomyces are polyphyletic. Furthermore their members divided into four major groups and considering morphological, biological and molecular data, a new genus, Magnaporthiopsis was introduced. Species in this genus are necrotrophic parasites infecting roots of grasses (Luo and Zhang 2013). The genus is typified with Magnaporthiopsis poae J. Luo & N. Zhang and presently there are four species in Magnaporthiopsis.

Magnisphaera J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95: 546 (2003)

Genus of Halosphaeriaceae introduced by Campbell et al. (2003) to accommodate the type species, M. spartinae (E.B.G. Jones) J. Campb. et al. Halosarpheia spartinae (E.B.G. Jones) Shearer & J.L. Crane was transferred to Magnisphaera based on phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA sequence data (Campbell et al. 2003). Another new species, M. stevemossago J. Campb. et al. was described from decayed wood in freshwater habitats in the same study. No asexual morph is known (Campbell et al. 2003). Matsusphaeria (Pang et al. 2004) is a synonym of Magnisphaera J. Campb. et al., which is an earlier name.

Marinokulati E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, Cryptogamie Mycologie 35: 132 (2014)

A genus introduced to accommodate the marine ascomycete Chaetosphaeria chaetosa Kohlm. as Jones et al. (2014) showed that Chaetosphaeria was polyphyletic, with most species grouping in the order Chaetosphaeriales. Two sequences of Ch. chaetosa formed a monophyletic group with Juncigena adarca Kohlm. et al., Moheitospora fruticosa Abdel-Wahab et al. and two Fulvocentrum species, with high bootstrap support in the family Juncigenaceae, Hypocreomycetidae order incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2014).

Marinosphaera K.D. Hyde, Can J. Bot. 67: 3080 (1989)

Monotypic marine genus, whose taxonomic position is not resolved at the molecular level (Jones et al. 2009b) and further sampling, is required. Initially referred to the Phyllachoraceae (Hyde 1989), while Jones et al. (2009b) showed it grouping as a separate clade to the Microascaceae and Halosphaeriaceae, but it shows little affinities with either of these families. However, depending on the molecular analysis of SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequence data the genus Marinosphaera is currently palced in Phyllachorales genus incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2009b). No asexual morph is known.

Marinospora A.R. Caval., Nova Hedwigia 11: 548 (1966)

Genus introduced to accommodate two lignicolous marine ascomycetes grouping in the Halosphaeriaceae (Microascales) with high support and forming a sister group to the genera Ondiniella and Toriella (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Matsusporium E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 550 (2010)

Monotypic marine asexual genus in the Lulworthiales (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010), and forming a sister clade to Lulworthia grandispora Meyers (Lulworthia sensu lato). The type species is M. tropicale (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, initially described as Cirrenalia tropicalis Kohlm., but in a molecular study was found to be distantly placed from the type species of Cirrenalia (C. macrocephala (Kohlm.) Meyers & R.T. Moore), Halosphaeriaceae (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). No sexual morph is known.

Mattirolia Berl. & Bres., Microm. Trid.: 55 (1889)

After examining the type species of Balzania, Mattirolia, Thyridium, and Thyronectroidea, only Mattirolia (with 5 species) and Thyridium (with 4 species) are accepted within the class Thyridiaceae. Balzania and Thyronectroidea are considered as synonyms of Mattirolia (Checa et al. 2013).

Melanconiella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 740 (1882)

Voglmayr et al. (2012) confirmed that Melanconiella is monophyletic and distinct from Melanconis based on LSU sequence data. The type species for Melanconiella is M. spodiaea (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc. Melanconiella was shown to comprise 13 species based on combined phylogenetic analyses of SSU, ITS, LSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence data. The genus is confined to host family Betulaceae. Melanconiella has previously been placed in Melanconidaceae as it was considered as a synonym of Melanconis. A characteristic melanconium- or discosporina-like asexual morph was produced by each species of Melanconiella.

Melanopsamma Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 14: 200 (1876)

Three bitunicate species are exclude from the genus by Wang (2011).

Melogrammataceae G. Winter [as ‘Melogrameae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 797 (1886)

Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) recollected the type species, Melogramma campylosporum Fr., which clustered in Xylariales in a monophyletic lineage. The family name was therefore retrieved to accommodate this sole taxon.

Menisporopsis S. Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 48: 59 (1952)

Menisporopsis is typified by Menisporopsis theobromae S. Hughes and a sequence of this putative name is listed under Ascomycota genera incertae sedis in GenBank and Chaetothyriaceae in Index Fungorum (2014). Menisporopsis kobensis Matsush. was linked to Menisporopascus kobensis Matsush. (Index Fungorum 2015; Matsushima 2001), however no sequence data is available for these taxa. We treat Menisporopsis in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis pending a molecular study.

Metapochonia Kepler et al., in Kepler et al., Mycologia 106(4): 820 (2014)

This genus was proposed based on molecular analyses of TUB, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF gene sequences (Kepler et al. 2014). No sexual morph is know for this genus.

Mirannulata Huhndorf et al., Sydowia 55(2): 173 (2003)

This genus was described by Huhndorf et al. (2003), they placed this genus in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis based on morphology. Boonyuen et al. (2012) in their phylogenetic analyses using a LSU and SSU gene dataset placed it in Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.

Moana Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92: 418 (1989)

Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was established by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1989) to accommodate the marine fungus, M. turbinulata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. No molecular study has been carried out on the genus and further studies are required to confirm its assignment to the Halosphaeriaceae. No asexual morph is known (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1989).

Moheitospora Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 551 (2010)

The asexual genus that groups in Juncigenaceae with the marine genera Juncigena, Fulvocentrum, and Marinokulati (Jones et al. 2014). It is distinct from, but forms a sister group to Juncigena with high support and we maintain these as distinct genera. The fungus has coiled conidia with small cells that distinguish it from Cirrenalia species (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). No sexual morph has been observed.

Moleospora Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 547 (2010)

A monotypic marine asexual genus in the Lulworthiales (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010) isolated from Phragmites australis collected in Egypt. Morphologically it is similar to Halenospora varia (Anastasiou) E.B.G. Jones and Cumulospora marina I. Schmidt, but differs in conidial dimensions (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). No sexual morph is known.

Monilochaetes Halst. ex Harter, J. Agric. Res., Washington 5: 791 (1916)

The type species of Dischloridium, D. laeënse (Matsush.) B. Sutton was synonymised under Monilochaetes, but molecular data shows it forms a sister clade to the generic type of Monilochaetes, M. infuscans Harter in Australiasca (Réblová et al. 2011a).

Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch., Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1(7): 665 (1902) [1903]

Steyaert (1949) treated Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch. and placed species with single setula in section Monosetulatae of Pestalotiopsis and Truncatella. However, Monochaetia was retained as a distinct genus by Guba (1961) based on its single apical appendage. Monochaetia is not linked to a sexual morph and so far more than 120 taxa have been described in Monochaetia, and these mostly comprise 4 septate and 5 septate species. Based on LSU sequence data Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014) show that Monochaetia represents a genus that is distinct from Pestalotiopsis, Seiridium and Truncatella. However, it is essential to incorporate molecular data and more taxon sampling in future analyses as Monochaetia includes 3-, 4-, and 6-celled conidial forms (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014).

Monochaetinula Muthumary et al., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 87(1): 104 (1986)

The genus is typified by M. terminalae (Bat. & Bezerra) Muthumary et al., an asexual coelomycete genus in the Amphisphaeriaceae, which includes M. ampelophila (Speg.) Nag Raj, M. caffra Matsush, M. ceratoniae (Sousa da Câmara) Nag Raj, M. geoffroeana Bianchin. and M. sterculiae Nag Raj. A molecular study is required to ascertain its taxonomic position in the Ascomycota.

Morakotiella Sakay., Mycologia 97(4): 806 (2005)

Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced by Sakayaroj (2005) to accommodate Haligena salina C.A. Farrant & E.B.G. Jones. Phylogenetic analyses of the LSU rDNA of the two Haligena species showed that it was polyphyletic with the type species (H. elaterophora) forming a basal clade to the family. Subsequently, Sakayaroj et al. (2011a) showed that Morakotiella salina (C.A. Farrant & E.B.G. Jones) Sakay. grouped as a sister taxon to the genera Kochiella and Ocostospora with high statistical support. No asexual morph is known.

Morinia Berl. & Bres., Annuario Soc. Alpinisti Trident., 1887–88: 82 (1889) [1887–88]

The genus Morinia is based on M. pestalozzioides Berl. & Bres. and comprises an asexual fungus forming appendage and muriform conidia in acervular conidiomata (Collado et al. 2006). ITS sequence data indicate that Morinia belongs in Amphisphaeriaceae with the highest similarity to Bartalinia and Truncatella (Collado et al. 2006).

Moromyces Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 555 (2010)

Marine monotypic asexual genus in the order Lulworthiales (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010) forming a sister clade to the monophyletic genus Lulwoana. The genus was introduced for the species Cumulospora varia Chatmala & Somrith., as it was distantly placed from the type species of Cumulospora (C. marina). No sexual morph is known.

Muscodor Worapong et al., Mycotaxon 79: 71 (2001)

The genus Muscodor was introduced by Worapong et al. (2001) for the placement of M. albus Worapong et al., an endophytic fungus that produces volatile antibiotics. It is an asexual genus that has tentatively been referred to the Xylariaceae. However, the possibility of the inclusion of this genus in the family has been addressed by Stadler et al. (2013). The phylogenetic analysis by Worapong et al. (2001) was inadequate to support the family placement because they compared only ribosomal RNA gene sequences of a limited number of taxa. Later on, with the availability of reliable sequence data for important taxa, Stadler et al. (2013) carried out a molecular analysis using only ITS data and Muscodor nested in the xylarioid Xylariaceae. Thus they represent a monophyletic basal clade to other xylarioid Xylariaceae especially as an in-group of the heterogeneous group Xylaria.

Musicillium Zare & W. Gams, in Zare et al., Nova Hedwigia 85(3–4): 482 (2007)

Verticillium theobromae Turconi is not congeneric with Verticillium sensu stricto, as shown in cladograms based on LSU and ITS sequences, and the genus Musicillium was introduced to accommodate it (Zare et al. 2007). The genus is accommodated in Plectosphaerellaceae. Musicillium theobromae (Turconi) Zare & W. Gams is the causal agent of cigar-end rot of bananas.

Myceliophthora Costantin, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 114: 849 (1892)

Myceliophthora is typified by Myceliophthora lutea Costantin and Corynascus is typified by Corynascus sepedonium (C.W. Emmons) Arx and both genera are linked by molecular data (van den Brink et al. 2012). Myceliophthora is the earlier described genus and it is commonly used in publications. Van den Brink et al. (2012) proposed to place all Corynascus species under Myceliophthora.

Myrothecium Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 1: 25 (1790)

Based on DNA sequences analysis, Castlebury et al. (2004) showed that species of Stachybotrys, species of Myrothecium and two hypocrealean species form a previously unknown monophyletic lineage within the Hypocreales. In recent studies Crous et al. (2014) introduced the family Stachybotriaceae to accommodate this undescribed family and the genus Myrothecium.

Nais Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 4: 409 (1962)

Genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was established by Kohlmeyer (1962) to accommodate N. inornata Kohlm. Another species, N. aquatica K.D. Hyde was described from a freshwater habitat. Phylogenetic analyses of the LSU rDNA confirmed its placement in the family and showed that N. inornata, has a close relationship with Aniptodera (Sakayaroj 2005, Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known (Shearer and Crane 1978).

Nalanthamala Subram., J. Indian bot. Soc. 35: 478 (1956)

The genus Nalanthamala was shown to be linked to Rubrinectria by Schroers et al. (2005) in Nectriaceae. As Rubrinectria has a single species, Rossman et al. (2013) proposed using the older name Nalanthamala with Rubrinectria as a synonym. This is followed here.

Natantispora J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 543 (2003)

Genus with two aquatic species that was introduced by Campbell et al. (2003) to accommodate two Halosarpheia species, H. lotica Shearer and H. retorquens Shearer & J.L. Crane and another marine species (N. unipolarae) described by K.L. Pang et al. in Liu et al. (2015). The genus formed a well-supported clade that is distant from the type species, H. fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. (Jones et al. 2009a), based on phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA. No asexual morph is known.

Naufragella Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum 16: 19 (1998)

Abdel-Wahab (2011) concluded, based on LSU sequence data, that the genera Naufragella and Nohea were congeneric and Naufragella spinibarbata (Jørg. Koch) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. was consequently transferred to Nohea. However, Chu et al. (2015) in a phylogenetic reappraisal of Nimbospora, showed that N. spinibarbata formed a sister group to two Nimbospora species with high statistical support. Their data places Nohea umiumi Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. as a sister clade to the Nimbospora/Naufragella clade with weak support. Unfortunately both studies used different genes and species so that the placement of these genera needs re-evaluation. Therefore, the transfer of Naufragella spinibarbata to Nohea requires further sampling of related taxa and a wider range of genes before the relationships of these genera are resolved.

Nautosphaeria E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 47(1): 97 (1964)

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on submerged wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceae confirmed by 28S rDNA sequences (Sakayaroj 2005, Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Nectria (Fr.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 387 (1849)

The genus was revisited by Hirooka et al. (2012) with N. cinnabarina (Tode) Fr., the generic type and 29 additional species. Tubercularia was considered to be the asexual morph and listed as a synonym. Nectria clustered with 16 other genera in Nectriaceae. Rossman et al. (2013) proposed that the generic name Nectria be protected against Tubercularia by suppression of the latter generic name and this is followed here.

Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as ‘Nectriei’], Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 3: 3 (1865)

Chaverri et al. (2011) showed Nectriaceae to comprise seven genera. The family was revisited by Hirooka et al. (2012) with a monograph of Allantonectria, Nectria and Pleonectria. Besides these genera, Calonectria, Cosmospora, Cyanonectria, Corallomycetella, Lanatonectria, Leuconectria, Neocosmospora, Ophionectria, Pseudonectria, Rodentomyces, Rugonectria, Thelonectria and Viridispora clustered in Nectriaceae.

Nemania Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 508, 516 (1821)

Geniculisynnema termiticola Okane & Nakagiri, was introduced to accommodate the asexual morph of Xylaria angulosa J.D. Rogers et al. Geniculisynnema termiticola was obtained from a piece of a termite nest incubated in a moist chamber and another fungus isolated on Oatmeal agar (OA) from the same termite nest produced the sexual morph (Okane and Nakagiri 2007). This upright, upper part branched stromata were identical with X. angulosa found from soil in Indonesia by Rogers et al. (1987). The sexual morph and the asexual morph were different in their morphology and colony characteristics (Okane and Nakagiri 2007). Geniculisynnema termiticola has never formed its stromata on media. Nevertheless the phylogenetic analysis by Okane and Nakagiri (2007) showed that G. termiticola nested with Nemania, which has close affinities to the Xylaria. Thus it can be assumed that its sexual morph should be linked to Nemania. As mentioned in Stadler et al. (2013) Geniculisynnema can be considered as the younger synonym of Nemania. The genus Geniculosporium was introduced by Chesters and Greenhalgh (1964) and typified by G. serpens Chesters & Greenh., which is currently named as Nemania serpens (Pers.) Gray, which is also the type species of the sexual genus Nemania S.F. Gray (Stadler et al. 2013). Kenerley and Rogers (1976) found that three Nemania species produced Geniculosporium asexual morphs in culture (Petrini and Rogers 1986). Therefore, Geniculosporium can be suppressed in favour of Nemania (Stadler et al. 2013).

Neochaetosphaerella Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al., in Vasiljeva et al., Fungal Diversity 52(1): 192 (2012)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Vasilyeva et al. (2012) based on morphology. The type species is N. thaxteriospora Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al. This genus shares similarity to members of Nitschkiaceae sensu lato but no molecular data is available.

Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 110: 104 (1992) (1992)

Based on morphology, the genus Neolinocarpon cannot be placed in any family within Xylariales with certainty and thus is placed as Xylariales genera incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2009a, b).

Neonectria Wollenw., Annls mycol. 15(1/2): 52 (1917)

Chaverri et al. (2011) placed Neonectria sensu stricto in Nectriaceae with Cylindrocarpon sensu stricto asexual morphs. Rossman et al. (2013) recommended, given the broad classical concept of Cylindrocarpon and that it is well-circumscribed and includes a number of plant pathogenic species, that the generic name Neonectria is protected against Cylindrocarpon. Cylindrodendrum was considered not to be congeneric with Neonectria, while the synonymy of Heliscus was doubtful.

Neopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 135 (2014)

Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014) resolved genera in the Amphisphaeriaceae based on analysis of LSU sequence data. The phylogeny resolved Pestalotiopsis as a distinct clade in Amphisphaeriaceae, with three well-supported groups that correlated with morphology; besides Pestalotiopsis, two new genera, Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis were introduced. Neopestalotiopsis protearum (Crous & L. Swart) Maharachch. et al., which was isolated from living leaves of Leucospermum cuneiforme in Zimbabwe, was assigned as the generic type. Morphologically Neopestalotiopsis can easily be distinguished from Pseudopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis by its versicolorous median cells. Furthermore, in Neopestalotiopsis, conidiophores are indistinct and often reduced to conidiogenous cells (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). In their phylogenetic analysis Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014) included 24 ex-type/ex-epitype strains for species of Neopestalotiopsis.

Neopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 109 (2014)

Neopyricularia is a newly introduced genus in the family Pyriculariaceae, with the type species Pyricularia commelinicola Klaubauf et al., which was isolated from Commelina communis in South Korea (Klaubauf et al. 2014). Phylogenetically (combined LSU, ITS, RPB1, actin and calmodulin dataset), P. commelinicola does not cluster within clades corresponding to species of Pyricularia sensu stricto and hence Klaubauf et al. (2014) introduced the genus Neopyricularia.

Neptunella K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Prog. 2 (1): 35 (2003)

A taxon previously referred to Gnomonia (Cribb and Cribb 1956) and Lignincola (Kohlmeyer 1984), but morphological and molecular data confirms its placement in the Halosphaeriaceae (Pang et al. 2003; Jones et al. 2009a, b). The genus is monotypic and resembles Lignincola. No asexual morph is known.

Nereiospora E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 87 (2): 204 (1983)

An ascomycete genus well placed at the morphological and molecular level in the Halosphaeriaceae, with a monodictys-like asexual morph (Mouzouras and Jones 1985; Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). Nereiospora forms a well-supported clade in the Halosphaeriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).

Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge, J. Agric. Res., Washington 34: 1025 (1927)

The type species of Chrysonilia, C. sitophila (Mont.) Arx is linked to the type species of Neurospora, N. sitophila Shear & B.O. Dodge (Francuz et al. 2010). Neurospora is the older and more commonly used name and therefore Chrysonilia should be a synonym.

Niesslia Auersw., in Gonnermann & Rabenhorst, Myc. Europ. Pyren. 5–6: 30 (1869)

Whitton et al. (2012) introduced four new species in Niesslia (N. cinctiostiolata Whitton et al., N. kapitiae Whitton et al., N. pacifica Whitton et al., N. vaginata Whitton et al.) from Pandanaceae, while Etayo et al. (2013) introduced a lichenicolous species N. echinoides Etayo et al., all based on morphology. There are 11 hits in GenBank for a putative strain of N. exilis (Alb. & Schwein.) G. Winter, but the generic type species N. exosporioides (Desm.) G. Winter (= N. chaetomium (Corda) Auersw. has not been sequenced.

Nigrocornus Ryley & Langdon, in Ryley, Mycology Series (New York) 19: 266 (2003)

This genus Nigrocornus was introduced to accommodate a species of Balansia which was significantly different from that of the type and all other Balansia species (Ryley 2003). The genus belongs in the family Clavicipitaceae.

Nimbospora Jørg. Koch, Nordic J. Bot. 2 (2): 166 (1982)

Genus in the Halosphaeriaceae based on morphological and molecular evidence, with Chu et al. (2015) showing two Nimbospora species forming a sister clade to Naufragella spinibarbata (Jørg. Koch) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. with high statistical support. No asexual morph is known for species assigned to this genus.

Nitschkiaceae Höhn., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 56 (1932)

Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the order Coronophorales with DNA sequence data and showed Nitschkiaceae to be paraphyletic with Fracchiaea species not consistently grouping together or with Nitschkia and Acanthonitschkea.

Nohea Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum 19: 121 (1991)

Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae supported by morphological and molecular data (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a; Chu et al. 2015). The type species (N. umiumi Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.) forms a sister clade to the Nimbospora/ Naufragella clade with moderate support. A unique feature of Nohea umiumi is the ascospores with two types of appendages (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1991). No asexual morph is known.

Occultocarpon L.C. Mejía & ZhuL. Yang, in Mejía et al., Fungal Diversity 52(1): 101 (2012)

This monotypic genus is placed in Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales based on a dataset of LSU, RPB2 and TEF gene sequence data (Mejía et al. 2012). The type species is O. ailaoshanense L.C. Mejía & Zhu L. Yang and was isolated from the bark of Alnus nepalensis in Yunnan, China (Mejía et al. 2012).

Oceanitis Kohlm., Revue Mycol., Paris 41(2): 193 (1977)

Ascosalsum was introduced by Campbell et al. (2003) to accommodate two Halosarpheia and one Haligena species. Molecular study of SSU and LSU rDNA confirmed that Ascosalsum is congeneric with Oceanitis (Dupont et al. 2009). Consequently all species assigned to Ascosalsum were reduced to synonymy in Oceanitis. These species formed a highly supported clade in the Halosphaeriaceae with Ophiodeira monosemeia Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Ocostaspora E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Mar. 26(7): 353 (1983)

Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae (Microascales) with Kochiella as a sister group in a statistically well support clade (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Oedemium Link, in Willdenow, Willd., Sp. pl., Edn 4 6(1): 42 (1824)

Oedemium minus (Link) S. Hughes was reported as the asexual morph of the type species of Chaetosphaerella, i.e. C. phaeostroma (Durieu & Mont.) E. Müll. & C. Booth by Réblová (1999b). The conidia of Oedemium minus develop in a cluster at the apex of apical swelling of the terminal polytretic conidiogenous cell (Hughes and Hennebert 1963). Conidia of O. didymum (J.C. Schmidt) S. Hughes which is reported as the asexual morph of Chaetosphaerella fusca (Fuckel) E. Müll. & C. Booth (Ellis 1971) are produced in acropetal chains of the apex of polytretic conidiogenous cells; not more than two chains occur on a conidiogenous cell (Réblová 1999b). Veramycina elegans Subram. was described on the basis of culture studies of Oedemium minus (Subramanian 1993). Réblová (1999b) observed that conidiophores of Veramycina elegans synanamorphs were found among conidiophores of Oedemium minus developing from the same mycelium in a collection made on Carpinus betulus in the Czech Republic (Herbarium – M. Réblová 866/96). Since, Veramycina was published as a new genus, based on the culture of Oedemium minus; we consider O. minus and Veramycina elegans as synonyms. However, the types of these genera have not been linked and therefore Chaetosphaerella and Oedemium are maintained as distinct genera until shown otherwise.

Okeanomyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 146(2): 228 (2004)

Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae, that was introduced by Pang et al. (2004) to accommodate Halosphaeria cucullata (Kohlm.) Kohlm. In their study, phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA placed H. cucullata in a distant clade from the type species of the genus Halosphaeria (H. appendiculata). Periconia prolifica Anast. which is not the type of Periconia, is the asexual morph of the type species, Okeanomyces cucullatus (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones.

Ondiniella E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Mar. 27(3): 136 (1984)

Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced by Jones et al. (1984) to accommodate Halosphaeria torquata Kohlm. The fungus was excluded from the genus Halosphaeria based on the nature and mode of development of the appendages at the ultrastructure level. Multi-gene phylogeny confirmed its position in Halosphaeriaceae with O. torquata in a distant clade from the type species, Halosphaeria appendiculata. Ondiniella torquata (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones et al. forms a well supported clade with Toriella tubulifera (Kohlm.) Sakay.et al. as a sister group (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a, b). No asexual morph is known.

Ophioceraceae Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 104 (2014)

Ophioceraceae includes the single genus Ophioceras (Klaubauf et al. 2014). Based on the sequence data Klaubauf et al. (2014) showed Ophioceras clearly clusters separate from the Magnaporthaceae, and hence introduce a new family Ophioceraceae

Ophioceras Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 358. 1883.

Morphologically Ophioceras is somewhat similar to Gaeumannomyces, however the two genera can easily be distinguished by the aquatic habit of Ophioceras, occurring on wood and herbaceous material, versus the plant pathogenic nature of Gaeumannomyces (Chen et al. 1999; Klaubauf et al. 2014). In addition based on sequence analysis of LSU, ITS, RPB1, actin and calmodulin gene data, Klaubauf et al. (2014) showed that Ophioceras clearly clusters separate to the family Magnaporthaceae and hence a new family, Ophioceraceae, was introduced.

Ophiodeira Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 66(10): 2062 (1988)

Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1988) to accommodate the marine fungus, O. monosemeia Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. Multi-gene phylogeny confirms its position in Halosphaeriaceae with O. monosemeia in a well-supported clade with Oceanitis species as a sister group (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1988).

Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju et al., Mycologia 105(4): 868 (2013)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Fu et al. (2013) for a pathogen causing a wilt disease of Cyathea lepifera in Taiwan with Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae Y.M. Ju et al. as the type species. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined gene sequences placed O. cyatheae in Diaporthaceae.

Ophiodothella (Henn.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 940 [64 repr.] (1910)

Boyd (1934) described the asexual morph of Ophiodothella vaccinii Boyd as an acervulus, without assigning it to a particular genus (Hanlin 1990a). The asexual morph of Ophiodothella vaccinii Boyd was later assigned to a new monotypic genus Acerviclypeatus as A. poriformans Hanlin (Hanlin 1990b). This connection was based on cultural studies. Barr (1990) indicated that Septoria angustissima Peck (Peck 1911) was probably an earlier name for Ophiodothella vaccinii. Hanlin (2013) examined the type species of Acerviclypeatus poriformans, Ophiodothella vaccinii and Septoria angustissima and suggested they represent the same taxon. Then he suggested a new name as Ophiodothella angustissima (Peck) Hanlin & M.C. González. Acerviclypeatus has not been linked to O. atromaculans (Henn.) Höhn., which is the generic type of Ophiodothella and therefore both genera should be currently retained. Ophiodothella is placed in Phyllachoraceae.

Orbimyces Linder, Farlowia 1: 404 (1945)

Monotypic asexual marine genus that groups in the Lulworthiales with low support (Jones et al. 2009b). Further molecular studies are required to determine its taxonomic affinities within the order. The fungus sporulates in culture but no sexual morph was observed (Jones, pers. comm.).

Orbiocrella D. Johnson et al., Mycol. Res. 113(3): 286 (2009)

This genus was introduced to accommodate Torrubiiella petchiii Hywel-Jones which was recognized as a distinct lineage of pathogens of scale insect in Clavicipitaceae, based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of nrSSU, nrLSU, TEF, RPB1 and RPB2 gene data (Johnson et al. 2009).

Orcadia G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 5(1): 151 (1915) [1914]

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on seaweeds based on morphological observations, and requiring further collection, isolation and sequencing to determine its relationship (Jones et al. 2009b). Sutherland (1915) referred the genus to the Hyponectriaceae (Xylariales), in having interthecial elements. Rossman et al. (1999) suggested retention in the Pezizales based on its operculate asci. However, Jones et al. (2009b) decided to place the genus Orcadia as Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis which we follow here. No asexual morph is known.

Oxydothis Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11: 505 (1898)

Genus of ascomycetes with ascomata immersed in palm tissues beneath the host epidermis. Kang et al. (1999a) referred the genus to the Clypeosphaeriaceae, while Jones et al. (2009b) placed marine species in Xylariales genera incertae sedis which we follow here. Further molecular studies are required to determine its taxonomic position.

Panorbis J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 544 (2003)

Monotypic genus in Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced by Campbell et al. (2003) based on phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA to accommodate one Halosarpheia species, H. viscosa (I. Schmidt) Shearer & J.L. Crane that did not group with the type species H. fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm . Sakayaroj et al. (2011a) showed that the species groups with Halosarpheia marina (Cribb & J.W. Cribb) Kohlm. with weak support. No asexual morph is known (Campbell et al. 2003).

Papulosa Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum 11: 96 (1993)

Monotypic marine genus, referred to the family Papulosaceae (Diaportheomycetidae, Sordariomycetes) and supported by morphological and molecular data (Eriksson and Winka 1997).

Paracremonium Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Studies in Mycology 80: 233 (2015)

The genus Paracremonium was introduced to accommodate different strains from a group of fungi previously treated as Acremonium recifei (Leão & Lôbo) W. Gams. This genus is morphologically different from other acremonium-like genera by the formation of sterile coils from radiate conidiophores and hyphae with inconspicuously swollen septa (Lombard et al. 2015). Phylogenetic studies showed this genus belongs to family Nectriaceae (Lombard et al. 2015). This genus is typified by P. inflatum L. Lombard & Crous.

Payosphaeria W.F. Leong, Bot. Mar. 33: 511 (1990)

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus in Hypocreales, genera incertae sedis, growing on submerged wood and introduced by Leong et al. (1990) based on morphological observations. The species requires further collection, isolation and sequencing to determine its phylogenetic placement in the Ascomycota (Jones et al. 2009b ). The type species Payosphaeria minuta W.F. Leong was collected from mangrove wood in Malaysia and Singapore. No asexual morph is known.

Pedumispora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Res. 96: 78 (1992)

Pedumispora was introduced by Hyde and Jones (1992) for a marine ascomycete. It was tentatively referred to the order Diaporthales. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that Pedumispora rhizophorae K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones is distantly placed from the Diaporthales, and groups in the Diatrypaceae, Xylariales with strong support (Klaysuban et al. 2014). Pedumispora rhizophorae shares many features with members of the Diatrypaceae, including its saprobic habitat on decaying plant material, ascomata embedded in a pseudostroma, the presence of paraphyses and pigmented ascospores. However, P. rhizophorae differs from other members of the Diatrypaceae in a number of aspects. In species of Diatrypaceae most ascospores are allantoid and unicellular, whereas P. rhizophorae has septate, filiform ascospores with the apical cells lacking contents and appearing as a hook-like appendage (Klaysuban et al. 2014). No asexual morph is known.

Peethambara Subram. & Bhat, Revue Mycol., Paris 42(1): 52 (1978)

The genus Peethambara as typified by P. sundara Subram. & Bhat and was isolated from Macaranga indica in India. Peethambara was earlier classified as Hypocreales order incertae sedis (Castlebury et al. 2004). In their revision, Crous et al. (2014) showed Peethambara and related genera form a monophyletic lineage with Stachybotrys and introduced the novel family, Stachybotriaceae and this is supported in Wang et al. (2015).

Periconia Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 2: 2 (1791)

Periconia prolifica is an asexual morph linked to Okeanomyces cucullatus (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones (= Remispora cucullata Kohlm.; Halosphaeria cucullata (Kohlm.) Kohlm.) by cultural observations and molecular data (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). According to the data included in online databases such as MycoBank (Robert et al. 2005) and Index Fungorum, the genus Periconia comprises with about 183 published names and more than 20 have been transferred to other genera. Presently only about 40 species belong to this genus. The type species is Periconia lichenoides (Carmarán and Novas 2003; Kirk et al. 2008) and this and some other species, cluster in the order Pleosporales family incertae sedis.

Periglandula U. Steiner et al., in Steiner et al., Mycologia 103(5): 1137 (2011)

This genus was introduced with Periglandula ipomoeae U. Steiner et al. as the type species which was isolated from Ipomoea asarifolia in Ecuador. Species live on the adaxial leaf surface of plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae and apparently are epibionts. Phylogenetic study based on sequence analysis of b-tubulin, RNA Polymerase II subunit 1 (rpbA), and the mitochondrial gene for ATP synthase F0 subunit A, grouped the Periglandula in the family Clavicipitaceae (Steiner et al. 2011).

Pestalotiopsis Steyaert, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux. 19: 300 (1949)

The sexual morph of Pestalotiopsis is Pestalosphaeria and only 13 species are known as compared to the asexual morph (254 species names). Pestalotiopsis has been related to Neobroomella Petr. which was introduced by Petrak (1947). As such, the primal name is Neobroomella, but no sequence data has linked with the asexual Pestalotiopsis morph. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2011) pointed out that the common Pestalotiopsis name should be applied to both morphs and this is followed in this paper.

Phaeonectriella Eaton & E.B.G. Jones, Nova Hedwigia 19 (3–4): 779 (1971)

A genus of Halosphaeriaceae based on morphological and molecular evidence (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a), forming a sister group to Panorbis and Halosarpheia. No asexual morph is known.

Phialemoniopsis Perdomo et al., Mycologia 105(2): 408 (2013)

Perdomo et al. (2013) proposed the new genus Phialemoniopsis based on Phialemoniopsis ocularis (Gené & Guarro) Perdomo et al. (= Sarcopodium oculorum Gené & Guarro) and Phialemoniopsis curvata (W. Gams & W.B. Cooke) Perdomo et al. (= Phialemonium curvatum W. Gams & W.B. Cooke and two new species, Phialemoniopsis cornearis Perdomo et al. and P. pluriloculosa Perdomo et al. The genus comprises human pathogens and can be distinguished from Phialemonium in having phialides and adelophialides, both with collarettes, and in the development of sporodochium- or pycnidium-like conidiomata, unlike in Phialemonium sensu stricto. The relationships of Phialemoniopsis has not been completely resolved and the genus is placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis. Molecular analyses indicate that Phialemoniopsis species are distant from the type species of the genera Phialemonium, Sarcopodium and Volutella, and the orders Sordariales and Hypocreales.

Phlogicylindrium Crous et al., in Summerell et al., Fungal Diversity 23: 340 (2006)

The genus Phlogicylindrium was introduced for P. eucalypti Crous et al., a species associated with Eucalyptus leaves (Summerell et al. 2006; Crous et al. 2011). Phlogicylindrium is characterised by erect flame-like conidiomatal tufts (Summerell et al. 2006). ITS sequence data showed it clusters within the family Amphisphaeriaceae (Summerell et al. 2006).

Phomatospora Sacc., Grevillea 3: 22 (1875)

Genus of Magnaporthaceae (Magnaporthales) based on molecular analyses (18S rDNA) (Cai et al. 2006a). This genus is probably polyphyletic and further studies are required with a wider sampling of taxa and genes.

Phragmitensis M.K.M. Wong et al., Bot. Mar. 41: 379 (1998)

Genus of Hyponectriaceae (Xylariales) based on morphological observations and requiring a molecular study to confirm its taxonomic position. Ascomata occur on Phragmites in the intertidal zone of salt marshes (Wong et al. 1998b). No asexual morph is known.

Pileomyces K.L. Pang & Jheng, Botanical Studies 53: 536 (2012)

Monotypic marine genus in the Halosphaeriaceae described from a bamboo culm collected at Yingkeshih, Taiwan (Pang and Jheng 2012b). Ascospores of P. formosanus K.L. Pang & Jheng are similar to those of Aniptodera and Phaeonectriella. No asexual morph is known.

Pisorisporiaceae Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 43 (2015)

Réblová et al. (2015) placed Pisorisporium and Achroceratosphaeria in the family Pisorisporiaceae based on LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data and morphology. This family is placed in the order Pirisporiales.

Pisorisporium Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 45 (2015)

This genus has two species which were found on submerged deciduous wood. Molecular analysis and morphology studies place this genus in the family Pisorisporiaceae (Réblová et al. 2015). No asexual morph is known.

Plagiostoma Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 118 (1870) [1869–70]

The genus was revisited by Mejía et al. (2011) with 25 accepted species. The sexual genera Cryptodiaporthe and Rostrocoronophora and asexual genus Diplodina were considered synonyms. Diplodina is the older name and has priority and thus the mycological community must decide which name to retain. The genus is placed in Gnomoniaceae (Fig. 2).

Platytrachelon Réblová, Mycologia 105(2): 466 (2013)

Réblová (2013a) introduced this new genus with a single species, previously named Ceratosphaeria abietis Réblová, based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. This wood-inhabiting fungus has a simple and inconspicuous morphology. Phylogenetic analyses of combined genes (LSU, SSU and RPB2) indicated that C. abietis has a relationship with Papulosaceae and is better placed in Diaportheomycetidae, genera incertae sedis.

Plectosphaerella Kleb., Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 1: 43 (1930)

A polyphyletic genus with various species assigned to Dothideales, Phyllachorales, Pleosporales, and Xylariales (Index Fungorum 2015). Plectosphaerella was introduced to accommodate the type species Plectosphaerella cucumeris Kleb., and currently some 13 species are assigned to the genus. The type species of the asexual genus Spermosporina is S. alismatis (Oudem.) U. Braun with a sexual morph in Plectosphaerella which has priority and is a Nom. rejic., see Art. 14.7 (Carlucci et al. 2012) and thus Spermosporina is treated as a synonym.

Plectosphaerellaceae W. Gams et al., Nova Hedwigia 85 (3–4): 476 (2007)

The family was introduced by Zare et al. (2007) to accommodate the genera Acrostalagmus, Gibellulopsis and Musicillium based on LSU and ITS sequences, and forms a well-supported clade within the Microascales (Réblová et al. 2011a). Subsequently, Stachylidium has also been referred to the family. The family includes many asexual genera that are linked to their putative sexual morphs: Acrostalagmus, Plectosporium and Stachylidium.

Pleurotheciella Réblová et al., Mycologia 104(6): 1304 (2012)

Réblová et al. (2012) described this genus from decaying wood submerged in freshwater with two new species Pleurotheciella rivularia Réblová et al. and P. centenaria Réblová et al. Phylogenetic analyses of combined genes indicated that Pleurotheciella is closely related to the genera Pleurothecium and Sterigmatobotrys, but forms a well-supported monophyletic clade. The genus is placed in Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis.

Pleurothecium Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 37: 154 (1919)

Pleurothecium is considered as a hyphomycete genus, with six accepted species (Seifert et al. 2011); only P. recurvatum has a sexual morph, described as Carpoligna pleurothecii (Fernández et al. 1999). Pleurothecium is typified by P. recurvatum (Morgan) Höhn. Réblová et al. (2012) showed the type species to cluster near Sterigmatobotrys and Phaeoisaria species. The genus is placed in Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis. Pleurothecium semifecundum Réblová et al. is placed in Savoryellales family incertae sedis and the genus is presently polyphyletic.

Poronia Willd., Fl. berol. prodr.: 400 (1787)

Rogers and Læssøe (1992) introduced Podosordaria ingii J.D. Rogers & Læssøe, which was later synonymised as Poronia ingii (J.D. Rogers and Læssøe) J.D. Rogers et al., which has an asexual morph belonging to Lindquistia. Lindquistia was introduced to accommodate Lindquistia indica Subram. & Chandrash. As reported by Rogers and Læssøe (1992) the sexual and asexual morphs are similar. The asexual morph was also produced in cultures from ascospores. Therefore the sexual–asexual link between Lindquistia and Poronia ingii were established (Rogers and Læssøe 1992). Since, Poronia was introduced before Lindquistia, the latter name should be suppressed (Stadler et al. 2013).

Proxipyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 110 (2014)

Proxipyricularia is a plant pathogenic genus in the family Pyriculariaceae which is typified by P. zingiberis (Klaubauf et al. 2014). Proxipyricularia is morphologically similar to Pyricularia, but phylogenetically distinct based on combined sequence analysis of LSU, ITS, RPB1, actin and calmodulin gene data (Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Pseudocatenomycopsis Crous & L.A. Shuttlew., in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 31: 221 (2013)

This monotypic genus known only by its asexual morph was introduced by Crous et al. (2013) with P. rothmanniae Crous & L.A. Shuttlew. as the type species and placed in Coronophorales genera incertae sedis based on sequence data.

Pseudocosmospora C. Herrera & P. Chaverri, Mycologia 105: 1291 (2013)

Herrera et al. (2013b) described this genus to accommodate the type species Pseudocosmospora eutypellae C. Herrera & P. Chaverri and nine additional species based on molecular analyses (ITS, LSU, MCM7, RPB1, TEF, tub) which indicated this group is phylogenetically distinct from other previously segregated genera under Nectriaceae.

Pseudoidriella Crous & R.G. Shivas, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 27: 135 (2011)

The monotypic genus was introduced by Crous et al. (2011) for an idriella-like taxon, but with similarities to Microdochium. Based on the sequence data Crous et al. (2011) placed it in incertae sedis.

Pseudomassaria Jacz., Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 663 (1894)

Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) recollected the type species of Pseudomassaria, P. chondrospora (Ces.) Jacz., and their molecular analyses placed the genus in Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales. Pseudomassaria and Leiosphaerella praeclara (Rehm) Höhn. are closely related (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012).

Pseudopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al. Stud. Mycol. 79: 180 (2014)

The new genus Pseudopestalotiopsis, which segregates from Pestalotiopsis was proposed based on the type Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Maharachchikumbura et al. by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014). The epitype of Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert was designated from fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis collected in Thailand (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2013b). Pseudopestalotiopsis can be distinguished from Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis by sequence data and generally dark-coloured concolourous median cells with indistinct conidiophores (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). The genus belongs in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.

Pseudopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 110 (2014)

Based on sequence analysis of a combined dataset of LSU, ITS, RPB1, ACT and CAL sequences, Klaubauf et al. (2014) placed three related species (Pseudopyricularia cyperi Klaubauf et al., P. higginsii (Luttr.) Klaubauf et al. and P. kyllingae Klaubauf et al.) in the new genus Pseudopyricularia in the family Pyriculariaceae. Species in Pseudopyricularia are primarily distinguished from Pyricularia by having short, determinate, brown conidiophores, with an apical rachis with flat-tipped denticles (Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard et al., in Luangsa-ard et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 321(2): 144 (2011)

This genus was introduced by Luangsa-ard et al. (2011) to accommodate a species of Paecilomyces which has frequently been found as the causal agent of infections in man and other vertebrates. Molecular data showed it was not related to Paecilomyces but could be placed in Ophiocordycipitaceae . A second species was added by Perdomo et al. (2013).

Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al., in Dai et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(1): 64 (2014)

Pustulomyces is a monotypic genus introduced by Dai et al. (2014) with Pustulomyces bambusicola Dai et al., as the type species from bamboo. A combined data set of LSU and TEF sequences showed that Pustulomyces is a new genus in Diaporthaceae (Dai et al. 2014).

Pyricularia Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880.

In the recent revision of Klaubauf et al. (2014), Pyricularia was placed as the type of the newly introduced family Pyriculariaceae. Species belonging to Pyricularia are plant pathogens (Klaubauf et al. 2014). Presently there are 78 species epithets in the genus including the type P. grisea Sacc.

Pyriformiascoma Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (in press) (2015)

Pyriformiascoma was introduced to accommodate the type species Pyriformiascoma trilobatum Daranagama et al. (Daranagama et al. 2015). Pyriformiascoma produces simple, brown conidiophores with terminal conidiogenesis cells bearing brown globose conidia in culture. Phylogenetic analysis place P. trilobatum as a basal clade to both hypoxyloid and xylaroid Xylariaceae parallel to Creosphaeria sassafras (Schwein.) Y.M. Ju et al. and Barrmaelia macrospora (Nitschke) Rappaz with high bootstrap support (Daranagama et al. 2015).

Pyrigemmula D. Magyar & Shoemaker, in Magyar et al., Mycol. Progr. 10(3): 310 (2011)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Magyar et al. (2011) for P. aurantiaca D. Magyar & Shoemaker which was collected from inner bark of living woody hosts in Hungary. Molecular data place the genus in Chaetosphaeriaceae.

Rectifusarium Lombard et al., in Lombard et al., Studies in Mycology 80: 229 (2015)

Lombard et al. (2015) introduced this genus to accommodate fusarium-like species lacking sporodochia, previously treated as F. ventricosum. DNA sequence data confirmed that they formed a well-supported distinct clade in the family Nectriaceae. The genus Rectifusarium is typified by R. ventricosum (Appel & Wollenw.) L. Lombard & Crous.

Regiocrella P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge, Mycologia 97(6): 1232 (2006) [2005]

This genus was described from samples collected in Cameroon and China (Chaverri et al. 2005). Morphological and molecular evidence place this genus under Clavicipitaceae (Chaverri et al. 2005).

Remispora Linder, Farlowia 1(3): 409 (1944)

A phylogenetic evaluation of Remispora, based on three loci (LSU, SSU and RPB2), demonstrated that the genus was polyphyletic (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). Consequently, species not grouping in Remispora sensu stricto were moved to new genera (Kochiella, Tubakiella), see elsewhere. This genus is based on the type species R. maritima which forms a well-supported monophyletic clade with Sablicola as a sister clade (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Reticulascaceae Réblová & W. Gams, in Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 180 (2011)

Cylindrotrichum (= Reticulascus) and Porosphaerellopsis are presently included in the family Reticulascaceae. This family was introduced by Réblová et al. (2011a) based on molecular analysis of ITS, LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data. The dematiaceous Cylindrotrichum, Kylindria and Sporoschismopsis, linked as anamorphs with the Reticulascaceae (Réblová et al. 2011a).

Retrostium Nakagiri & Tad. Ito, Mycologia 89: 485 (1997)

Monotypic marine genus in the Spathulosporaceae, order incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes (Jones et al. 2009b). Spathulospora (an algal-inhabiting species) and the type of the family has been shown to be well-placed in the Lulworthiales (Inderbitzin et al. 2004). Further collections, isolation and sequencing required to resolve its taxonomic position.

Rhopalostroma D. Hawksw., Kew Bull. 31(3): 422 (1977)

A study conducted by Stadler et al. (2010) showed that the genus Ropalostroma, exclusively reported from the palaeotropics, was closely related to the daldinoid Xylariaceae and the two predominantly neotropical genera Phylacia and Thamnomyces. The study included the use of microscopic methods, secondary metabolite profiling and ITS nrDNA sequences of cultures obtained from fresh material collections of the species R. angolense (Welw. & Curr.) D. Hawksw. Daranagama et al. (2014) studied the affinities of R. lekae Whalley et al. with R. angolense and other members of Xylariaceae using a polythetic approach. According to the multigene analysis Phylacia, Rhopalostroma and Thamnomyces form a separate clade and the monophyletic origin of Thamnomyces and Rhopalostroma is supported by high statistical support (Darnagama et al. 2014). Stadler et al. (2010) and Daranagama et al. (2014) observed the nodulisporium–like asexual morph from both R. angolense and R. lekae.

Rimaconus Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 93(6): 1073 (2001)

Rimaconus was introduced by Huhndorf et al. (2001) for the type species R. jamaicensis (Seaver) Huhndorf et al. and presently comprises two species (Huhndorf and Miller 2011). Phylogenetic study (Huhndorf and Miller 2011) placed Rimaconus in a group close to Helminthosporiaceae and in our analysis (Fig. 2) the genus forms a separate clade close to Cephalothecaceae, Chaetosphaeriales and Meliolales. Currently Rimaconus is placed in Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis.

Riomyces A. Ferrer et al., Mycologia 104(4): 876 (2012)

This monotypic genus was introduced from submerged woody debris in freshwater collected in Costa Rica (Ferrer et al. 2012). Molecular analysis placed the genus in Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.

Rodentomyces Doveri et al., in Doveri et al., Fungal Diversity 42: 61 (2010)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Doveri et al. (2010) based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Rodentomyces, type species R. reticulatus Doveri et al., is placed in Nectriaceae, based on ITS and LSU sequence data analysis. It has trichothecium-like asexual morphs similar to asexual morphs of a few other hypocrealean taxa.

Rosasphaeria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Fungal Diversity 52(1): 93 (2012)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF gene data. Its type species is Rosasphaeria moravica (Petr.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr. It has a pycnidial asexual morph that was seen in culture. Phylogenetically it is close to Eucasphaeria and is placed in the family Niessliaceae.

Rosellinia De Not., G. bot. ital. 1(1): 334 (1844)

The genus Rosellinia was introduced by De Notaris (1844) to accommodate species with uniperitheciate, gregarious, stromata and revised to include species with superficial, conspicuous, carbonaceous, ostiolate stromata with subicula (Petrini 2013). Their asexual morphs are geniculosporium-like, nodulisporium-like and Dematophora which are typical of Xylariaceae (Petrini 2013). Petrini (2013) accepted 142 species in Rosellinia.

Dematophora was described by Hartig (1883) with D. necatrix R. Hartig as the type species. Viala (1891) and later Prillieux (1904) observed ascocarps apparently associated with D. necatrix on diseased vine roots. Hansen et al. (1937) described perithecia on diseased apple roots infected by D. necatrix, which they happened to keep in moist chambers for a long time. A connection between germinating conidia of D. necatrix and Rosellinia was established in culture. Thus the perithecial morph of D. necatrix was Rosellinia necatrix Berl. ex Prill. The same study proved that the conidial morphs developed in the cultures of Rosellinia buxi Fabre, and were either mononematus or synnematous as in Dematophora. The asexual morph Dematophora is linked to the sexual morph Rosellinia and was synonymised under Rosellinia by Stadler et al. (2013).

Roselliniella Vain., Acta Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 49(no. 2): 77 (1921)

Based on newly obtained LSU sequences from Roselliniella atlantica Matzer & Hafellner and R. euparmeliicola Millanes & D. Hawksw., Hawksworth et al. (2010) noted that Roselliniella had to be placed in Hypocreales genera incertae sedis and not in Sordariales genera incertae sedis. Thus, the family placement could not be resolved from the sequences obtained.

Rostrohypoxylon J. Fourn. & M. Stadler, in Fournier et al., Fungal Diversity 40: 24 (2010)

This monotypic genus introduced by Fournier et al. (2010) was based on a new combination of asexual-sexual morph characters. The type species is R. terebratum J. Fourn. & M. Stadler. The status of this taxon is supported by secondary metabolite profiling. Morphologically, it is characterized by erumpent, strongly carbonaceous stromata with stout ostiolar necks and deep cylindrical holes. Rostrohypoxylon produced a sporothrix-like to virgariella-like asexual morph in culture. It is presently placed in family Xylariaceae.

Rostrupiella Jørg. Koch et al., Bot. Mar. 50(5–6): 295 (2007)

A monotypic marine genus in Lulworthiales with the type species R. danica Jørg. Koch et al., grouping with Lulwoana uniseptata (Nakagiri) Kohlm. and various Lulworthia sensu lato species as a sister clade (Koch et al. 2007; Jones et al. 2009a). No asexual morph is known.

Rugonectria P. Chaverri & Samuels, in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 73 (2011)

This genus was introduced by Chaverri et al. (2011) with R. rugulosa (Pat. & Gaillard) Samuels et al. as the type species. The genus clustered in Nectriaceae and has cylindrocarpon-like asexual morphs.

Ruwenzoria J. Fourn. et al., in Stadler et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(2): 171 (2010)

Ruwenzoria was introduced to accommodate R. pseudoannulata J. Fourn. et al., which is characterized by hemispherical to peltate, superficial, sessile stromata with indistinct perithecial outlines and raised ostiolar areas. The asexual morph is either sporothrix-like or less frequently nodulisporium-like (Stadler et al. 2010). Apart from morphology both chemotaxonomic and ITS sequence data were obtained by Stadler et al. (2010). Ruwenzoria belongs to the hypoxyloid Xylariaceae, and has particularly close affinities to the genus Daldinia.

Ruzenia O. Hilber, The Genus Lasiosphaeria and Allied Taxa (Kelheim): 7 (2002)

This is a monotypic genus in Helminthosphaeriaceae typified by Ruzenia spermoides (Hoffm.) O. (Miller et al. 2014).

Saagaromyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Prog. 2: 35 (2003)

In a phylogenetic evaluation of genera with polar unfurling appendages the genus Halosarpheia was found to be polyphyletic and taxa not grouping with the type species H. fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. were transferred to new genera. Saagaromyces accommodates the marine ascomycete S. ratnagiriensis (S.D. Patil & Borse) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones (Pang and Jones 2004) in the family Halosphaeriaceae (Jones et al. 2009a). No asexual morph is known. Littispora is a synonym of Saagaromyces, both taxa were described at the same time, but the latter name has priority (Pang and Jones 2004; Jones et al. 2009a).

Sablicola E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 82: 486 (2004)

Monotypic marine ascomycete growing on submerged wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceae confirmed by 28S rDNA sequences (Pang et al. 2004). The genus forms a sister group to Remispora sensu stricto (Pang et al. 2004; Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Samuelsia P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge, in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 60: 59 (2008)

Chaverri et al. (2008) introduced this new genus based on morphology and analysis of 28S, TEF and RPB1 gene data and placed it in Clavicipitaceae. The asexual morph of this genus is aschersonia-like (Chaverri et al. 2008).

Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksw., Kavaka 3: 57 (1976) [1975]

Sarocladium was extended by Summerbell et al. (2011) to include all members of the Acremonium strictum W. Gams and A. bacillisporum (Onions & G.L. Barron) W. Gams clades and groups in Hypocreales genera, incertae sedis.

Savoryella E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 52(1): 161 (1969)

A widespread genus of lignicolous ascomycetes in freshwater and marine habitats, referred variously to Microascales (as Halosphaeriales), Sordariales and Xylariales, and to the Hypocreales based on an 18S phylogenetic study (Cai et al. 2006a). However, a subsequent study, using a wider range of loci (LSU, SSU, 5.8S rRNA genes, RPB1, RPB2, TEF), showed it formed a new lineage in the Hypocreomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). Savoryella species form a monophyletic group in the order Savoryellales with high statistical support (Boonyuen et al. 2011). The genus has no known asexual morph.

Savoryellaceae Jaklitsch & Réblová, Index Fungorum 209: 1 (2015)

The family Savoryellaceae was introduced by Jaklitsch and Réblová (2015). Asexual morphs are dematiaceous hyphomycetes, e.g., Canalisporium linked to Ascothailandia and Monotosporella and Helicoon linked to Ascotaiwania. Species of Savoryellaceae are predominantly found in aquatic habitats such as freshwater, marine and brackish environments, particularly on submerged wood (Jaklitsch and Réblová 2015). The order Savoryellales was introduced by Boonyuen et al. (2011) to include Ascotaiwania, Canalisporium and Savoryella. Savoryellales is an order which includes family Savoryellaceae. In the current study, the order Savoryellales also includes Carpoligna pleurothecii F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf (generic type), Conioscypha japonica Udagawa & Toyaz. and C. varius Réblová & Seifert and Pleurothecium semifecundum Réblová et al., which are placed in Savoryellales family incertae sedis.

Scortechinia Sacc., Atti Inst. Veneto Sci. lett., ed Arti, Sér. 6 3: 713 (1885)

See under Scortechiniaceae.

Scortechiniaceae Huhndorf et al., in Huhndorf et al., Mycol. Res. 108(12): 1387 (2004)

Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the order Coronophorales with DNA sequence data and showed Scortechiniaceae to be monophyletic with the genera Biciliospora, Cryptosphaerella, Tympanopsis, Scortechinia, Scortechiniella and Scortechiniellopsis. Biciliospora, Scortechiniella and Scortechiniellopsis may be congeneric, but Tympanopsis and Scortechinia are distinct genera (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).

Scortechiniella Arx & E. Müll., Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11(no. 1): 382 (1954)

See under Scortechiniaceae .

Sedecimiella K.L. Pang et al., in Pang et al., Bot. Mar. 53(6): 495 (2010)

Pang et al. (2010) described Sedecimiella taiwanensis K.L. Pang et al. from twigs of Kandelia obovata collected in Taiwan and a further collection on unidentified mangrove wood at Futian Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, China. Phylogenetic analyses did not resolve its familial position in the Hypocreales and therefore it is placed in Hypocreales, genera incertae sedis. A distinguishing feature of the ascomycete is its cylindrical unitunicate asci with 16 hyaline globose ascospores.

Seiridium Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 22 (1816) [1816–17]

Sequence data reveal Seiridium to represent a distinct genus in the family Amphisphaeriaceae, which is characterised by 6-celled conidia (Jeewon et al. 2003b; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). Blogiascospora and Lepteutypa have been identified as the sexual morph of Seiridium. However, Seiridium is the oldest and most commonly used name and therefore, should be applied to represent both morphs. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014) suggested the monotypic genus Pestalotia (1839) may be a synonym of Seiridium (1816), since both genera have similar morphologies. Presently 39 species epithets for Seiridium in Index Fungorum (2015).

Septofusidium W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 147 (1971)

Gams (1971) placed the genus Septofusidium in the family Nectriaceae based on morphological characters. Lombard et al. (2015) placed this genus in family Tilachlidiaceae based on phylogenetic analysis. It is typified by S. elegantulum (Pidopl.) W. Gams.

Simplicillium W. Gams & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 73(1–2): 38 (2001)

This genus was introduced based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis (Zare and Gams 2001a, b). Four taxa and one combination were placed in this genus because of mainly solitary phialides (Zare and Gams 2001b). According to morphological and 28S, ITS rDNA sequences analysis, a novel species was proposed by Liu and Cai (2012). They also provided a key for Simplicillium. Five new species were discovered from soil samples by Nonaka et al. (2013). The sexual morphs of this genus are mostly Torrubiella. species which belong in the family Cordycipitaceae (Zare and Gams 2001a, b; Liu and Cai 2012; Nonaka et al. 2013; Index Fungorum 2015).

Sirococcus Preuss, Linnaea 26: 716 (1855)

Rossman et al. (2007) showed, using molecular data that the genus Sirococcus with the species S. conigenus (Pers.) P.F. Cannon & Minter (type species), S. piceiola Rossman et al. and S. tsugae Castl. et al. belongs in Gnomoniaceae.

Sodiomyces A.A. Grum-Grzhim. et al., Persoonia 31: 154 (2013)

Grum-Grzhimaylo et al. (2013) introduced the genus to accommodate Helecoccum alkalinum Bilanenko & M. Ivanova which does not group in Hypocreales, based on a multi-locus gene phylogeny (ITS, 5.8S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 18S rDNA, RPB2 and TEF). Sodiomyces alkalinus (Bilanenko & M. Ivanova) A.A. Grum-Grzhimaylo is the only species in the genus, a holomorphic alkaliphilic ascomycete within the Plectosphaerellaceae. Many other species in the Plectosphaerellaceae are also known to be alkaliphilic, for example, Acremonium alcalophilum G. Okada.

Spadicoides S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 805 (1958)

This asexual genus has been associated with Tengiomyces (Réblová 1999b), but there is no molecular data to establish the connection. Spadicoides is polyphyletic and has affinities with divergent lineages of Dothideomycetes (Pleosporales) and Sordariomycetes. A LSU sequence generated for S. bina (Corda) S. Hughes (the type species) was found to be sister to Chaetosphaeriales, but the sequence is from a non type strain (Shenoy et al. 2010). The genus is therefore tentatively placed in Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.

Spataporthe Bronson et al., Int. J. Pl. Sci. 174(3): 278–292 (2013)

The fossil genus of Gnomoniaceae was introduced by Bronson et al. (2013) and is one of the earliest representatives of Diaporthales providing a minimum age of 136 Ma for the order.

Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson, Mycologia 57: 927 (1965)

Marine genus with Spathulospora phycophila A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson as the type species and referred to the Spathulosporomycetes, Spathulosporomycetidae (Locquin 1984), Spathulosporales (Kohlmeyer 1973), Spathulosporaceae (Kohlmeyer 1973) based on morphological observations. However, two Spathulospora species (S. antarctica Kohlm., S. adelpha Kohlm.) have been showen to group in the order Lulworthiales with weak support (Inderbitzin et al. 2004; Campbell et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2009b). Further collections, isolation and sequencing are required to determine the phylogenetic placement of this genus in the Ascomycota, especially as the type species has yet to be sequenced. We presently prefer Spathulospora to be placed in Spathulosporaceae until the type species has been sequenced.

Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 17: 778 (1905)

Sphaerostilbella and Gliocladium are most likely the same genera and thus Rossman et al. (2013) proposed to protect the younger name Sphaerostilbella against Gliocladium, which they thought would favour clarity of communication; this is followed here. The genus belongs in Hypocreaceae.

Sporidesmium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 41 (1809)

Sporidesmium is in its traditional sense, is a specious genus, with around 330 species (Seifert et al. 2011). Réblová and Winka (2001) employed gene sequence-data to connect Ellisembia folliculata (Corda) Subram. (as Sporidesmium folliculatum Corda) with Lecythothecium duriligni Réblová & Winka and Stanjehughesia hormiscioides (Corda) Subram. (as Sporidesmium hormiscioides Corda) with (Umbrinosphaeria caesariata (Clinton & Peck) Réblová) in Chaetosphaeriaceae. Sporidesmium sensu lato has also been associated with other sexual morphs in Asterinaceae (Eupelte rapaneae Hansf., E. amicta Syd. and Placosoma nothopanacis Syd.), Chaetosphaeriaceae (Chaetosphaeria capitata Sivan. & H.S. Chang, Miyoshiella fusispora Kawam., M. larvata Réblová and M. triseptata (Shoemaker & G.P. White) Réblová), Cucurbitariaceae (Cucurbitaria varians Hazsl.), Micropeltidaceae (Akaropeltella kielmeyerae (Bat. & J.L. Bezerra) M.L. Farr) and Trichosphaeriaceae (Eriosphaeria aggregata E. Müll. & Munk) (detailed in Shenoy et al. 2006). Some species of Sporidesmium reportedly produce Chloridium, Idriella, selenosporella-like and unnamed phialidic synanamorphs (detailed in Seifert et al. 2011). The associations are yet to be supported by DNA-sequence data.

In a phylogenetic study, Shenoy et al. (2006) employed multi-gene phylogenetic analysis to connect Sporidesmium and morphologically similar genera such as Ellisembia, Linkosia, Repetophragma, Sporidesmiella and Stanjehughesia with “sexual morph” families and their study concluded that Sporidesmium is polyphyletic and species are phylogenetically distributed in multiple families of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes. There are nine Sporidesmium species, including one undesignated species (Groenewald et al. 2008; Shearer et al. 2009; Shenoy et al. 2006) that have been sequenced, but the type species, Sporidesmium atrum Link is yet to be sequenced and thus the genus is placed in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis.

Sporoschismopsis Hol.-Jech. & Hennebert, Bull. Jard. Bot. natn. Belg. 42(4): 385 (1972)

Réblová et al. (2014) introduced Sporoschismopsis angustata Réblová with a Porosphaerellopsis sexual morph. This represents the second known and experimentally proven sexual-asexual morph link between Porosphaerellopsis and Sporoschismopsis. In the same study; Porosphaerellopsis is synonymised under Sporoschisma as the latter genus is the older name. Sporoschismopsis was positioned in Reticulascaceae where it is transferred here (Réblová 2013b).

Stachybotrys Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 21 (1837)

Stachybotrys albipes (Berk. & Broome) S.C. Jong & Davis, has been linked to a sexual morph reported as Melanopsamma pomiformis (Pers.) Sacc. (type) based on gene sequence data (Castlebury et al. 2004). Stachybotrys is the oldest name and is frequently used in literature and adopted by Wang et al. (2015). Ornatispora is also a synonym. The genus Stachybotrys was earlier classified as incertae sedis in the order Hypocreales and based on sequence data. Crous et al. (2014) transferred it to newly established family Stachybotriaceae.

Stachylidium Link, Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin 3: 15 (1809)

Stachylidium is an asexual genus variously classified in Bionectriaceae, Xylariaceae, and anamorphic Pezizomycotina (Index Fungorum 2015) with Stachylidium bicolor Link, an alkalophilic fungus as the type species. Réblová et al. (2011a) showed that the type species groups in the Plectosphaerellaceae with high statistical support.

Staphylotrichum J. Mey. & Nicot, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 72: 322 (1957) [1956]

A new species, Staphylotrichum boninense K. Nonaka et al. and the type species, S. coccosporum J. Mey. & Nicot, were found to be related to Chaetomiaceae (Nonaka et al. 2012).

Sterigmatobotrys Oudem., Ned. kruidk. Archf, 2 sér. 4: 548 (1886)

Réblová and Seifert (2011d) reported the sexual morph of the hyphomycete genus Sterigmatrobotrys. Fertile conidiophores of S. macrocarpa (Corda) S. Hughes. formed on perithecial ascomata and an identical asexual morph developed from ascospores isolated in axenic culture. Phylogenetic relationships based on LSU sequence data reveal that Sterigmatrobotrys macrocarpa clustered in a clade with Carpoligna pleurothecii F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf. Carpoligna and Chaetosphaeria are morphologically similar to Sterigmatobotrys. Réblová et al. (2012) indicated that Pleurotheciella is closely related to Pleurothecium and Sterigmatobotrys, and can be placed in Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis. However, in the current study Carpoligna pleurothecii and Pleurothecium semifecundum sit in the order Savoryellales.

Stromatonectria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Mycologia 103(2): 435 (2011)

Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2011) redescribed Myrmaeciella caraganae Höhn., in the new genus Stromatonectria as S. caraganae (Höhn.) Jaklitsch & Voglm. based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. It was recollected on branches of Caragana spp., Colutea arborescens and Laburnum anagyroides (Fabaceae) around Vienna, Austria. Phylogenetic analyses of LSU also indicated this genus belongs to a separate clade in Bionectriaceae.

Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Botanica Marina 30: 198 (1987)

Sakayaroj (2005) and Schoch et al. (2007) showed that genus was polyphyletic separating into two clades: Swampomyces sensu stricto (type S. armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. grouping with S. triseptatus K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri) in the family Etheirophoraceae, Hypocreomycetideae order incertae sedis, while S. aegyptiacus Abdel-Wahab et al. and S. clavatispora Abdel-Wahab et al. group in the Juncigenaceae for which a new genus Fulvocentrum has been introduced to accommodate these taxa (Jones et al. 2014).

Synaptospora Cain, Beih. Sydowia 1: 4 (1957) [1956]

One of four named species of Synaptospora, S. plumbea Huhndorf et al. is represented by gene sequences which place the genus in Helminthosphaeriaceae (Miller et al. 2014). Synaptospora olandica Réblová has been associated with a dactylaria-like asexual morph (Réblová 2002), but there is no molecular data to prove this connection.

Thalassogena Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum 6: 223 (1987)

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on submerged wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceae, but confirmation at the molecular level is required. No asexual morph is known.

Thalespora Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones, Nova Hedwigia 83 (1–2): 228 (2006)

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on submerged wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceae confirmed at the molecular level, with Okeanomyces as a sister group (Jones et al. 2006; Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). Thalespora differs from Okeanomyces in having polar tetraradiate appendages formed after release from the ascomata. No asexual morph is known.

Thyronectria Sacc., Grevillea 4(no. 29): 21 (1875)

Based on type studies and freshly collected material, Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2014) re-instated the genus Thyronectria. Molecular phylogenies based on ACT, ITS, LSU rDNA, RPB1, RPB2, TEF, and TUB gene sequences also confirmed the placement of Thyronectria in family Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2014)

Thelonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 76 (2011)

This genus was introduced by Chaverri et al. (2011) with Thelonectria discophora (Mont.) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado as the generic type. The genus clusters in Nectriaceae and has cylindrocarpon-like asexual morphs. The genus presently comprises 22 species (Chaverri et al. 2011, Salgado-Salazar et al. 2012, Luo and Zhang 2013).

Tilachlidiaceae L. Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Studies in Mycology 80: 237 (2015)

The family Tilachlidiaceae was introduced based on multi-gene analysis using combined gene datasets and placed in the order Hypocreales (Lombard et al. 2015). The family comprises two asexual genera Septofusidium and Tilachlidium, previously classified in the family Nectriaceae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that representatives of both genera clustered together in a well-supported clade leading to introduction of the new family Tilachlidiaceae (Lombard et al. 2015).

Tilachlidium Preuss, Linnaea 24: 126 (1851)

The genus Tilachlidium typified by T. pinnatum Preuss was classified in Hypocreales genus incertae sedis (Gams 1971). This genus was placed in the family Tilachlidiaceae by Lombard et al. (2015) based on molecular analysis.

Tirispora E.B.G. Jones & Vrijmoed, Can J. Bot. 72 (9): 1373 (1994)

Genus in the Halosphaeriaceae supported by morphological and molecular data, forming a sister group with Halosarpheia and Panorbis (Jones et al. 2009a, b). It shares some common features with these genera, in particularly the polar unfurling appendages (Jones et al. 2009b). No asexual morph is known.

Togniniella Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 543 (2004)

Réblová et al. (2004) linked and established two monotypic genera: Togniniella acerosa Réblová et al. and Phaeocrella acerosa Réblová et al. using cultural studies. However, T. acerosa is now regarded as a synonym of T. microspora (Ellis & Everh.) Réblová (Réblová 2011) and Phaeocrella is a synonym. The genus is placed in Calosphaeriaceae.

Tolypocladium W. Gams, Persoonia 6(2): 185 (1971)

This genus was introduced by Gams (1971). Based on sequence analysis, Quandt et al. (2014), proposed to use Tolypocladium over Elaphocordyceps and Chaunopycnis.

Toriella Sakay. et al., Fungal Diversity 46: 99 (2011)

Sakayaroj et al. (2011a) carried out a multi-gene phylogeny of the Halosphaeriaceae with 36 taxa. Ceriosporopsis was shown to be polyphyletic and Ceriosporopsis tubulifera Kohlm. did not cluster with the type species of the genus (C. halima Linder). The genus Toriella was introduced to accommodate C. tubulifera, as Toriella tubulifera (Kohlm.) Sakay. et al. Earlier studies noted that morphologically the ascospores did not conform to those described for the type species, where the polar appendages pierce through an exosporic sheath (Johnson et al. 1984). No asexual morph is known.

Torpedospora Meyers, Mycologia 49: 496 (1957)

The genus has been referred to various higher order placement: Hypocreales incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2009b), a sister group to the Bionectriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2005) and TBM clade (Schoch et al. 2007). Torpedospora species form a well-supported monophyletic clade in Torpedosporaceae, with Glomerulispora mangrovis (Jones et al. 2014).

Torpedosporaceae E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, Cryptogamie Mycologie 35: 135 (2014)

The family was introduced to accommodate two Torpedospora species and Glomerulispora mangrovis Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. that formed a highly supported clade in Hypocreomycetidae family incertae sedis. Asexual morphs are helicoid conidia when present.

Tortulomyces Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al., Mycoscience 54(1): 110–115 (2013)

This monotypic genus was introduced for Tortulomyces thailandicus Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al., collected on dead branches of an unidentified tree in Thailand. Tortulomyces is similar in appearance to Spinulosphaeria, but a quellkörper and setae on the ascomata are absent. The genus is placed in Nitschkiaceae.

Trailia G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 5(1): 149 (1915) [1914]

Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae (Jones et al. 2009b) growing on the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, infrequently collected and its placement in the family requires a molecular study. No asexual morph is known.

Trichocladium Harz, Bull. Soc. Imp. nat. Moscou 44(1): 125 (1871)

A polyphyletic genus with some species grouping in the Hypocreomycetidae: Trichocladium acharosporum (Meyers & R.T. Moore) M. Dixon was shown by culturing to be the asexual morph of Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera (Halosphaeriaceae) (Shearer and Crane 1977), while at the molecular level T. melhae E.B.G. Jones et al. also grouped in the Halosphaeriaceae (Abdel-Wahab 2012) with Antennospora salina (Meyers) Yusoff, in a sister clade. Some species have been linked to sexual morphs of Chaetomium. The generic type of Trichocladium, T. asperum Harz (strain DAOM 232342) was shown to group in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis by Hambleton et al. (2005) so the name should be retained.

Trichoderma Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 92 (1794)

The type species of the genus Hypocrea (Hypocreaceae), H. rufa (Pers.) Fr., was re-defined and epitypified using a combination of phenotype and phylogenetic analyses. Its asexual morph Trichoderma viride Pers., the type species of Trichoderma, was re-described and epitypified (Jaklitsch et al. 2006). Samuels et al. (2012) described the new Trichoderma species, T. gillesii Samuels and T. pinnatum Samuels with Hypocrea sexual morphs (with culture and molecular data). These genera are clearly linked and Rossman et al. (2013) proposed the use of Trichoderma over Hypocrea, because Trichoderma has high usage in the literature and few Hypocrea species have been reported more than once. We follow this here.

Trichomaris Hibbits et al., Can. J. Bot. 59(11): 2123 (1981)

Monotypic genus requiring further study at the molecular level and tentatively assigned to Halosphaeriaceae. The asexual morph is a coelomycete.

Tubakiella Sakay. et al. Fungal Diversity 46:87–109 (2011)

A genus well-supported by molecular data in the Halosphaeriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a), with T. galerita (Tubaki) Sakay. et al. (= Remispora galerita Tubaki as the type species. A genus segregated from Remispora sensu stricto, and distantly placed within the family, with the two sequenced strains forming a monophyletic group with Nautosphaeria cristaminuta and Haligena elaterophora as a sister group with weak support (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Tunicatispora K.D. Hyde, Aust. Syst. Bot. 3(4): 712 (1990)

Monotypic genus referred to the Halosphaeriaceae based on morphological observations, and requires further study at the molecular level to confirm its position in the family. No asexual morph is known. Buxetroldia is a synonym of Tunicatispora based on morphological observations (Jones et al. 2009b).

Tympanopsis Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Afd. 3 19(no. 3): 24 (1894)

See under Scortechiniaceae.

Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & Spatafora, Index Fungorum 12: 1 (2012)

This genus has five species (Index Fungorum 2015) which live on sclerotia of Claviceps. Molecular analysis placed this genus in Clavicipitaceae in the Plant-Hemiptera clade (Kepler et al. 2012).

Ustilaginoidea Bref., Unters. Gesammtgeb. Mykol. (Liepzig) 12: 194 (1895)

Villosiclava was introrcued as the asexual morph of Ustilaginoidea and is thus a synonym (Tanaka et al. 2008). The genus is placed in Clavicipitaceae.

Valsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 29: 149 (2012)

This genus was introduced in Crous et al. (2012f) for Valsalnicola oxystoma (Rehm) D.M. Walker & Rossman, and causes linear cankers and lesions on Alnus. Although it resembles Valsa in having allantoid ascospores, the species in Valsalnicola are 1-septate, while the majority of Valsa species have aseptate spores. Mega blast similarity of ITS sequence with Genbank place Valsalnicola oxystoma in close affinity with genera of Gnomoniaceae, Melanconidaceae and Valsaceae. However there is no clear phylogenetic family placement within Diaporthales and hence it is placed in Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis

Varicosporina Meyers & Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 43: 916 (1965)

Three Varicosporina species have been shown to be the asexual morphs of various Corollospora species: C. anglusa Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. (= V. anglusa Abdel-Wahab & Nagah.), C. intermedia E.B.G. Jones (= V. prolifera Nakagiri) and Corollospora sp. (= V. ramulosa Meyers & Kohlm.) (Abdel-Wahab 2012). Since the type species, Varicosporina ramulosa Meyers & Kohlm. has not been linked to a specific Corollospora species, thus the name Varicosporina should be retained and the genus is tentatively placed in Halosphaeriaceae.

Vermisporium H.J. Swart & M.A. Will., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 81(3): 491 (1983)

An asexual genus introduced by Swart and Williamson (1983) for leaf-inhabiting coelomycetous taxa on Eucalyptus leaves, currently with some 13 species (Index Fungorum 2015). Vermisporium was chiefly distinguished from Seimatosporium on the basis of a short exogenous basal appendage, and the absence of a recognisable apical appendage. Barber et al. (2011) showed the genus to be a synonym of Seimatosporium based on DNA sequence data analysis of the nrDNA-ITS and 28S nrRNA genes, and transferred eight species to Seimatosporium.

Verrucostoma Hirooka et al., in Hirooka et al., Mycologia 102(2): 422 (2010)

Hirooka et al. (2010) described this monotypic genus based on Verrucostoma freycinetiae Hirooka et al. using morphological differences and molecular analyses. The taxon was collected on dead leaves of Freycinetia boninensis (Pandanaceae) in Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands, Japan. Molecular analyses indicated that the genus is distinct from other genera among the nectria-like taxa under Bionectriaceae.

Verticillium Nees, System der Pilze und Schwämme: 56 (1817)

The asexual genus Verticillium comprises a group of plant pathogenic fungi including some 190 documented names and with V. dahliae Kleb. as the type species. The genus has been shown to be polyphyletic with various taxa assigned to new genera: Gibellulopsis, Lectera and Musicillium. Most species group in the Plectosphaerellaceae based on sequence analysis (Inderbitzin et al. 2011). No sexual morph is known. Hyde et al. (2014) provided a backbone tree for Verticillium species.

Vialaea Sacc., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 12: 66 (1896)

A genus introduced by Saccardo (1896) and currently with five species (Index Fungorum 2015). Senanayake et al. (2014) introduced a new species of Vialaea, V. mangiferae I.C. Senanayake & K.D. Hyde from mango and provide phylogenetic evidence to support the introduction of this new species.

Vialaeaceae P.F. Cannon Mycological Research 99: 368 (1995)

A family introduced by Cannon (1995) for species with isthmoid ascospores. Shoemaker et al. (2013), McTaggart et al. (2013) and Senanayake et al. (2014) provided new data and phylogenetic evidence to show that this is a well-supported family in Xylariales. The grouped ascomata with a single fused neck, J+, ascal apical ring and unusual ascospores with two fusiform parts joined by a narrow, long isthmus are characteristic of the family. The asexual morph is coelomycetous (Senanayake et al. 2014).

Virgaria Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 54 (1816) [1816–17]

Virgaria nigra (Link) Nees, the type species of the genus is a commonly encountered hyphomycete. Ascovirgaria was introduced to accommodate stromatic Xylariaceae with rudimentary blackened stromata in decayed wood. The type species Ascovirgaria occulta J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju was isolated from Hawaii, and produced the asexual morph, Virgaria nigra in culture (Rogers and Ju 2002). According to Rogers and Ju (2002), Virgaria nigra is cosmopolitan and was long recognized before its respective sexual morph and commonly grows in the absence of its sexual morph. Therefore, the earlier described name Virgaria is used and the sexual morph Ascovirgaria becomes a synonym (Rogers and Ju 2002; Stadler et al. 2013).

Volutellonectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang, Phytotaxa 44: 3 (2012)

This genus with three new species was introduced in Luo and Zhuang (2012) with the type based on Dialonectria consors Ellis & Everh. (= Cosmospora consors (Ellis & Everh.) Rossman & Samuels). Species have volutella-like asexual morphs and cosmospora-like sexual morphs, but phylogenetic analyses of ITS and 28S sequence data showed Volutellonectria and Cosmospora to be distinct genera in Nectriaceae.

Woswasia Jaklitsch et al., Mycologia 105(2): 479 (2013)

This monotypic genus is represented by Woswasia atropurpurea Jaklitsch et al. which is a wood-inhabiting and mycotrophic taxon (Jaklitsch et al. 2013). Analysis of sequence data showed the genus to cluster in Sordariomycetidae close to the genus Ceratolenta, but could not be placed in any family.

Xenoacremonium Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Studies in Mycology 80: 234 (2015)

This genus is established by Lombard et al. (2015) based on phylogenetic studies of combined sequence data to include a group of fungi previously treated as Acremonium recifei (Leão & Lôbo) W. Gams. Xenoacremonium species can be distinguish from Paracremonium by a phenomenon of readily releasing a pale luteous to luteous pigment into the growth medium and not forming sterile coils in culture. The genus Xenoacremonium is typified by X. recifei (Leão & Lôbo) L. Lombard & Crous and clusters in Nectriaceae.

Xenopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 117 (2014)

A monotypic genus of Pyriculariaceae that was introduced by Klaubauf et al. (2014) to accommodate the type species Xenopyricularia zizaniicola Klaubauf et al., which was isolated from Zizania latifolia in Japan (Klaubauf et al. 2014). Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined dataset LSU, ITS, RPB1, ACT and CAL sequences revealed Xenopyricularia to represent a distinct genus in Pyriculariaceae (Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Xylaria Hill ex Schrank, Baier. Fl. (München) 1: 200 (1789)

Padixonia was introduced by Subramanian (1972) to accommodate Padixonia bispora Subram. from Ghana. The author mentioned this hyphomycete as the conidial morph of Xylaria furcata Fr. (Subramanian 1972). Since the older name has priority, Xylaria should be retained (Stadler et al. 2013). Another asexual genus, Xylocoremium was introduced by Rogers (1984) to accommodate the coremial conidial morph of Xylaria species. Xylaria cubensis (Mont.) Fr. was identified as the corresponding sexual morph of Xylocoremium flabelliforme (Schwein.) J.D. Rogers (Rogers 1984). Xylaria allantoidea (Berk.) Fr. and X. castorea Berk. have also been cited as connected with Xylocoremium flabelliforme, but not as synonyms. Stadler et al. (2013) suggested priority can be given to the older name and the asexual name can be suppressed. Arthroxylaria was introduced by Seifert et al. (2002), and typified by A. elegans Seifert & W. Gams. This xylarioid asexual morph has been connected to Xylaria (Stadler et al. 2013). The asexual name has the possibility to be suppressed in favour of Xylaria as it is the older name and the cosmopolitan morph frequently encountered in nature (Stadler et al. 2013). Möller (1901) described Moelleroclavus and believed the fungus to be Xylaria. Hennings (1902) introduced the genus Moelleroclavus and designated the type species as M. penicilliopsis Henn. and a specimen from the same locality as Möller’s material, which is listed as the type. Rogers et al. (1997) collected Xylaria moelleroclavus J.D. Rogers et al. from Hawaii, which has the asexual morph which is the same as Möller’s description in 1901. Xylaria moelleroclavus was identified as the respective sexual morph because they obtained the asexual morph in culture derived from ascospores (Rogers et al. 1997). The authors however believed the name Moelleroclavus penicilliopsis Henn. should remain available for the asexual morph of X. moelleroclavus. Stadler et al. (2013) proposed these names can be either synonymised or retained if the large genus Xylaria will be split into further groups to accommodate the certainly diverse Xylaria.

Zalerion R.T. Moore & Meyers, Can. J. Microbiol. 8: 408 (1962)

Moore and Meyers (1962) established the genus Zalerion based on helicoid, subhyaline to fuscous conidia, which are coiled irregularly in three dimensions and constricted at the septa. Although they included the two helicoid species described by Barghoorn and Linder (1944b) under Helicoma, they did not select one of these as the type species. Instead Zalerion nepura R.T. Moore & Meyers, was selected as the type species. They described four species based on morphology, conidial pigmentation and their cellulolytic ability (reducing sugar determinations of Raycord). Herbarium material was deposited at the Farlow Herbarium (FH), but no cultures were deposited as far as can be ascertained. Subsequently, Anastasiou (1963) reduced the two marine Helicoma species and four Zalerion species under Zalerion maritima (Linder) Anastasiou, and described a second species Z. varia Anastasiou (= Halenospora varia (Anastasiou) E.B.G. Jones). Molecular data generated by Campbell et al. (2005) showed that Z. maritima grouped with Lulwoana uniseptata (Nakagiri) Kohlm. et al., with 100 % support, with Moromyces varius (Chatmala & Somrith.) Abdel-Wahab et al. (= Cumulospora varia Chatmala & Somrith.) as a sister group (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). This link has also been shown by cultural studies. The name Zalarion should be retained as there is no molecular data for the type species and the genus is tentatively placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis.

Zopfiella G. Winter, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 56 (1884)

A polyphyletic genus with the type species, Zopfiella tabulata (Zopf) G. Winter placed in the family Chaetomiaceae (Cai et al. 2006b). The genus sensu lato is widely distributed with some 27 records listed in Index Fungorum (2015). Guarro et al. (1999) have reported an asexual morph with humicola-like conidia produced on a peg-like structure on undifferentiated hyphae for marine collections of Z. latipes (N. Lundq.) Malloch & Cain and Z. marina Furuya & Udagawa.

Zygospermella Cain, Mycologia 27 (2): 227 (1935)

Genus in the Lasiosphaeriaceae with Zygospermella setosa Cain as the type species Three strains of Z. insignis (Mouton) Cain form a monophyletic clade grouping with moderate support with Cercophora sordarioides based on a molecular study of LSU nrDNA and β-tubulin sequences (Kruys et al. 2015).

Genera of uncertain placement in Sordariomycetes

In this part we list 829 genera that are classified in Sordariomycetes in Index Fungorum (2014) as on 31 December 2014. These genera were not listed in Sordariomycetes in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and have not been listed in subsequent publications as belonging in Sordariomycetes. The data was extracted from a database provided by Paul Kirk. These genera may need further study.

Abaphospora Kirschst.

Acanthorhynchus Shear

Acanthotheca Clem. & Shear

Acanthothecium Speg.

Acaulium Sopp

Achaetomiella Arx

Acontiopsis Negru

Acrosphaeria Corda

Acrostaphylus G. Arnaud ex Subram.

Acrostaphylus G. Arnaud

Actinodothis Syd. & P. Syd.

Actinonemella Höhn.

Actinopelte Sacc.

Adea Petr.

Ahmadinula Petr.

Akrophyton Lebert

Albocrustum Lloyd

Aleurisma Link

Allantospora Wakker

Allantozythiella Danilova

Allelochaeta Petr.

Allescherina Berl.

Alphitomyces Reissek

Amazoniella Bat. & H. Maia

Amphichaeta McAlpine

Amphitiarospora Agnihothr.

Amphorula Grove

Ampullaria A.L. Sm.

Andreaea Palm & Jochems

Andreaeana Palm & Jochems

Andreanszkya Tóth

Anisochora Theiss. & Syd.

Anisostomula Höhn.

Anixiella Saito & Minoura

Anixiella Saito & Minoura ex Cain

Antenaglium F.C. Albuq.

Anthasthoopa Subram. & K. Ramakr.

Apiocrea Syd. & P. Syd.

Apiosporella Höhn. ex Theiss.

Apiothecium Lar.N. Vassiljeva

Aplacodina Ruhland

Aponectria (Sacc.) Sacc.

Aporhytisma Höhn.

Aposphaeriella Died.

Aposphaeriopsis Died.

Apotemnoum Corda

Ariefia Jacz.

Arnoldia D.J. Gray & Morgan-Jones

Arnoldiomyces Morgan-Jones

Artallendea Bat. & H. Maia

Aschersoniopsis Henn.

Ascocollumdensa K.D. Hyde et al.

Ascostroma Bonord.

Asordaria Arx, Guarro & Aa

Asteridium (Sacc.) Speg. ex Sacc.

Asterothecium Wallr.

Bacillispora Sv. Nilsson

Bagnisiopsis Theiss. & Syd.

Bahupaathra Subram. & Lodha

Bakeromyces Syd. & P. Syd.

Balansiella Henn.

Balansiopsis Höhn.

Bartaliniopsis S.S. Singh

Barya Fuckel

Baryeidamia H. Karst.

Baryella Rauschert

Basifimbria Subram. & Lodha

Basipilus Subram.

Basisporium Molliard

Basitorula G. Arnaud

Batschiella Kirschst.

Beejasamuha Subram. & Chandrash.

Belaina Bat. & Peres

Benedekiella Negru & Verona

Berkeleyna Kuntze

Bidenticula Deighton

Bioporthe Petr.

Biotyle Syd.

Bisporomyces J.F.H. Beyma

Bitrimonospora Sivan. et al.

Bivonella (Sacc.) Sacc.

Bizzozeria Speg.

Bizzozeria Sacc. & Berl.

Blennorella Kirschst.

Bolacotricha Berk. & Broome

Bolinia (Nitschke) Sacc.

Bonordenia Schulzer

Bostrychia Fr.

Botryocrea Petr.

Botryodiplis Clem. & Shear

Botryodiplodia (Sacc.) Sacc.

Botryosphaerostroma Petr.

Botrypes Preuss

Bovilla Sacc.

Boydia A.L. Sm.

Brachydesmium (Sacc.) Costantin

Bresadolella Höhn.

Bryonectria Döbbeler

Byssitheca Bonord.

Byssostilbe Petch

Cacosphaeria Speg.

Cainea S. Hughes

Calopactis Syd. & P. Syd.

Calospora Nitschke ex Fuckel

Calospora Sacc.

Calyculosphaeria Fitzp.

Camptoum Link

Campylothecium Ces.

Candelospora Rea & Hawley

Cantharosphaeria Thaxt.

Capnostysanus Speg.

Carnostroma Lloyd

Carothecis Clem.

Castagnella G. Arnaud

Catacauma Theiss. & Syd.

Cateractispora Ranghoo et al.

Caudosporella Höhn.

Caulochora Petr.

Causalis Theiss.

Cephalodiplosporium Kamyschko

Cephalosporiopsis Peyronel

Cephalosporium Corda

Cephalothecium Corda

Cepsiclava J. Walker

Cerastomis Clem.

Ceratocladium Pat.

Ceratopodium Corda

Ceratostoma Pers.

Ceratostoma Fr.

Cercosporula G. Arnaud

Cerillum Clem.

Ceuthocarpon P. Karst.

Chaetapiospora Petr.

Chaetoceratostoma Turconi & Maffei

Chaetoceris Clem. & Shear

Chaetodimerina Hansf.

Chaetolentomita Maubl.

Chaetomelasmia Danilova

Chaetomeliola (Cif.) Bat. et al.

Chaetomiotricha Peyronel

Chaetonaemosphaera Schwarzman

Chailletia Jacz.

Chailletia Fuckel

Cheilariopsis Petr.

Cheiropodium Syd. & P. Syd.

Chiajaea (Sacc.) Höhn.

Chiloella Syd.

Chilonectria Sacc.

Chitinonectria M. Morelet

Chlorospora Speg.

Chondroplea Kleb.

Chorostate (Nitschke ex Sacc.) Traverso

Chorostella (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear

Chromocrea Seaver

Chromocreopsis Seaver

Chromocytospora Speg.

Chromostylium Giard

Chrysogluten Briosi & Farneti

Ciliciopodium Corda

Ciliciopus Clem. & Shear

Ciliofusa Clem. & Shear

Ciliofusarium Rostr.

Ciliomyces Höhn.

Circinaria Pers.

Circinaria Bonord.

Circinostoma Gray

Cryptoderis Auersw.

Cryptosordaria De Not. ex Sacc.

Cryptosphaerina Lambotte & Fautrey ex Sacc. & P. Syd.

Cryptospora Tul. & C. Tul.

Cryptostictella Grove

Cryptostictis Fuckel

Cryptothamnium Wallr.

Cryptothecium Penz. & Sacc.

Cucurbitariella Petr.

Cucurbitula Fuckel

Curreyella (Sacc.) Lindau

Cyclocytospora Höhn.

Cyclodomella P.N. Mathur et al.

Cyclophomopsis Höhn.

Cylicogone Emden & Veenb.-Rijks

Cylindrium Bonord.

Cylindrocladiopsis J.M. Yen

Cyphellopycnis Tehon & G.L. Stout

Cytodiplospora Oudem.

Cytophoma Höhn.

Cytosporopsis Höhn.

Dactylina G. Arnaud

Daedala Hazsl.

Dapsilosporium Corda

Dasyphthora Clem.

Debarya Schulzer

Debaryella Höhn.

Dendrodochium Bonord.

Desmotrichum Lév.

Detonina Kuntze

Dialytes Nitschke

Diatrypeopsis Speg.

Dichitonium Berk. & M.A. Curtis

Dichotomella Sacc.

Dicladium Ces.

Didymariopsis Speg.

Didymocladium Sacc.

Didymopsamma Petr.

Diheterospora Kamyschko

Diheterospora Kamyschko ex G.L. Barron & Onions

Dimera Fr.

Diploceras (Sacc.) Died.

Diplocladium Bonord.

Diploplenodomopsis Petr.

Diplosclerophoma Petr.

Diplosporis Clem.

Diplosporium Link

Disaeta Bonar

Discodiaporthe Petr.

Discomycopsella Henn.

Discosiopsis Edward, Kr.P. Singh et al.

Discosiospora A.W. Ramaley

Discosphaera Dumort.

Discostromopsis H.J. Swart

Disperma Theiss.

Dochmolopha Cooke

Dothideovalsa Speg.

Dothidina Theiss. & Syd.

Dozya P. Karst.

Dryadomyces Gebhardt

Dubiomyces Lloyd

Echinodothis G.F. Atk.

Echinopodospora B.M. Robison

Echinospora Mirza

Echusias Hazsl.

Ectomyces P. Tate

Ectosphaeria Speg.

Edmundmasonia Subram.

Eidamia Lindau

Ellisiella Sacc.

Ellisiellina Sousa da Câmara

Ellisiopsis Bat.

Embolidium Bat.

Endocreas Samuels & Rogerson

Endodothella Theiss. & Syd.

Endogloea Höhn.

Endophyllachora Rehm

Endotrabutia Chardón

Engizostoma Gray

Entosordaria Speg.

Entosordaria (Sacc.) Höhn.

Eolichen Zukal

Eolichenomyces Cif. & Tomas.

Ephedrosphaera Dumort.

Epheliopsis Henn.

Ephemeroascus Emden

Epinectria Syd. & P. Syd.

Ergotaetia E.J. Quekett

Eriomene (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear

Eriomenella Peyronel

Erionema Maire

Eriosphaerella Höhn.

Erostella (Sacc.) Sacc.

Erostrotheca G.H. Martin & Charles

Erythrosphaera Sorokīn

Esfandiaria Petr.

Euhypoxylon Füisting

Euricoa Bat. & H. Maia

Europhium A.K. Parker

Eusordaria Zopf

Eutypopsis P. Karst.

Exomassarinula Teng

Fabreola Kuntze

Fairmania Sacc.

Fellneria Fuckel

Fimetaria D.A. Griffiths & Seaver

Fioriella Sacc.

Fitzpatrickia Cif.

Flagellospora Ingold

Flageoletia (Sacc.) Höhn.

Fleischeria Penz. & Sacc.

Fominia Girz.

Fragosoella Petr. & Syd.

Frankia Brunch.

Frankiella Speschnew

Frondisphaeria K.D. Hyde

Fuckelia (Nitschke ex Sacc.) Cooke

Fuckelina Sacc.

Fusicytospora Gutner

Fusidium Link

Fusidomus Grove

Fusisporium Link

Fusisporium Fr.

Gaeumannia Petr.

Galeraicta Preuss

Gamosphaera Dumort.

Gerlachia W. Gams & E. Müll.

Germslitospora Lodha

Gibberellulina Sousa da Câmara

Gibsonia Massee

Gliobotrys Höhn.

Gloeocercospora D.C. Bain & Edgerton ex Deighton

Gloeocercospora D.C. Bain & Edgerton

Gloeosporidium Höhn.

Gloeosporina Höhn.

Gloeosporiopsis Speg.

Glomerularia H. Karst.

Gnomonina Höhn.

Godroniella P. Karst.

Gonatosporium Corda

Gonatotrichum Corda

Gongromeriza Preuss

Gongylocladium Wallr.

Goniosporium Link

Gonytrichella Emoto & Tubaki

Graphilbum H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.

Graphiocladiella H.P. Upadhyay

Griphosphaerella Petr.

Griphosphaeria Höhn.

Guttularia W. Oberm.

Halstedia F. Stevens

Hansenia Zopf

Haplochalara Linder

Haplomela Syd.

Haplophoma Riedl & Ershad

Haplostroma Syd. & P. Syd.

Haplothecium Theiss. & Syd.

Haplotrichella G. Arnaud

Hartiella Massee

Harziella Kuntze

Heimiodiplodia Zambett.

Helicosporangium H. Karst.

Hemisphaeria Klotzsch

Hendersoniopsis Woron.

Henningsina Möller

Herminia R. Hilber

Heteronectria Penz. & Sacc.

Heteropera Theiss.

Hindersonia Moug. & Nestl. ex J. Schröt.

Hiogispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah.

Hormosperma Penz. & Sacc.

Hormospora De Not.

Hyalobotrys Pidopl.

Hyaloceras Durieu & Mont.

Hyaloflorea Bat. & H. Maia

Hyalomelanconis Naumov

Hyalopesotum H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.

Hyalopus Corda

Hyalostachybotrys Sriniv.

Hyalotia Guba

Hymenopleella Munk

Hymenopodium Corda

Hyphelia Fr.

Hyphoderma Fr.

Hyphonectria (Sacc.) Petch

Hypocreophis Speg.

Hypodiscus Lloyd

Hypoplasta Preuss

Hypopteris Berk.

Hypostegium Theiss.

Hypoxylina Starbäck

Hypoxylum Juss.

Hysterodothis Höhn.

Hystrix Alstrup & Olech

Indiella Brumpt

Innatospora J.F.H. Beyma

Insecticola Mains

Institale Fr.

Irene Theiss., Syd. & P. Syd.

Irenina F. Stevens

Ixodopsis P. Karst.

Jacobaschella Kuntze

Jongiella M. Morelet

Kaskaskia Born & J.L. Crane

Keissleria Höhn.

Kellermanniopsis Edward et al.

Kentrosporium Wallr.

Kirschsteinia Syd. & P. Syd.

Knyaria Kuntze

Kommamyce Nieuwl.

Kubinyia Schulzer

Laaseomyces Ruhland

Lachnidium Giard

Laestadia Auersw.

Lageniformia Plunkett

Lamyella Berl.

Lamyella Fr.

Larseniella Munk

Lasiella Quél.

Lasiosordaria Chenant.

Lasiosordariella Chenant.

Lasiosordariopsis Chenant.

Lasiostroma Griffon & Maubl.

Leiosepium Sacc.

Leiostigma Kirschst.

Lennisia Nieuwl.

Lentomita Niessl

Lepidonectria Speg.

Lepra Willd.

Lepteutypella Petr.

Leptina Bat. & Peres

Leptocoryneum Petr.

Leptocrea Syd. & P. Syd.

Leptodiscus Gerd.

Leptosporium (Sacc.) Höhn.

Leucocrea Sacc. & P. Syd. ex Lindau

Leucocytospora (Höhn.) Höhn.

Leucophomopsis Höhn.

Leucosphaera Arx, Mukerji & N. Singh

Leveillea Fr.

Leveillinopsis F. Stevens

Libertina Höhn.

Lichenagaricus P. Micheli

Lichenoverruculina Etayo

Ligniella Naumov

Lilliputia Boud. & Pat.

Linearistroma Höhn.

Linostoma Höhn.

Linostomella Petr.

Lisea Sacc.

Lisiella (Cooke & Massee) Sacc.

Lithomyces Viala & Marsais

Litschaueria Petr.

Lohwagiella Petr.

Lomentospora Hennebert & B.G. Desai

Longoa Curzi

Lophodiscella Tehon

Luxuriomyces R.F. Castañeda

Lysipenicillium Bref.

Macrothelia M. Choisy

Magnusia Sacc.

Malacosphaeria Syd.

Malacostroma Höhn.

Malinvernia Rabenh.

Masonia G. Sm.

Masoniella G. Sm.

Massalongiella Speg.

Massariella Speg.

Massariopsis Niessl

Mastigocladium Matr.

Mastigonetron Kleb.

Maurinia Niessl

Megalonectria Speg.

Megathecium Link

Melanconidium (Sacc.) Kuntze

Melanogone Wollenw. & H. Richt.

Melanopelta Kirschst.

Melanoporthe Wehm.

Melanopsammina Höhn.

Melanosporopsis Naumov

Meliolaster Doidge

Menisporella Agnihothr.

Meringosphaeria Peyronel

Merrilliopeltis Henn.

Mesobotrys Sacc.

Metachora Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler

Microbasidium Bubák & Ranoj.

Micronectriopsis Höhn.

Microphiodothis Speg.

Microstoma Auersw.

Microthecium Corda

Microtypha Speg.

Milowia Massee

Mitrasphaera Dumort.

Miyoshia Kawam.

Moelleria Bres.

Moeszia Bubák

Monoceras Guba

Monochaetina Subram.

Monoconidia Roze

Monopycnis Naumov

Monosporella S. Hughes

Monostachys G. Arnaud

Montemartinia Curzi

Morrisiella Saikia & A.K. Sarbhoy

Mothesia Oddo & Tonolo

Mucrosporium Preuss

Munkiodothis Theiss. & Syd.

Murogenella Goos & E.F. Morris

Mycobanche Pers.

Mycophaga F. Stevens

Mycophycophila Cribb & J.W. Cribb

Mycorhynchella Höhn.

Mycothyridium E. Müll.

Myriogenis Clem. & Shear

Myrmaecium Sacc.

Myrotheciella Speg.

Myxolibertella Höhn.

Myxormia Berk. & Broome

Myxothecium Kunze

Naemaspora Willd.

Neesiella Kirschst.

Nematomyces Faurel & Schotter

Neoarcangelia Berl.

Neohenningsia Koord.

Neokeissleria Petr.

Neoskofitzia Schulzer

Neozimmermannia Koord.

Nephrospora Loubière

Neuronectria Munk

Nigrosphaeria N.L. Gardner

Notarisiella (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear

Nothopatella Sacc.

Nothopodospora Mirza

Nummularia Tul. & C. Tul.

Nummulariella Eckblad & Granmo

Nummularioidea (Cooke & Massee) Lloyd

Numulariola House

Ochraceospora Fiore

Ollula Lév.

Oostroma Bonord.

Ophiodothis Sacc.

Ophiostomella Petr.

Ophiotexis Theiss.

Ophiovalsa Petr.

Oplotheciopsis Bat. & Cif.

Oramasia Urries

Oswaldia Rangel

Pachnodium H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.

Pachybasium Sacc.

Paidania Racib.

Papularia Fr.

ParacesatiellaPe tr.

Paradidymella Petr.

Paradiplodiella Zambett.

Paraeutypa Subram. & Ananthap.

Paragaeumannomyces Matsush.

Paralaestadia Sacc. ex Vain.

Paramazzantia Petr.

Paranthostomella Speg.

Parascorias J.M. Mend.

Parasteridiella H. Maia

Patouillardea Roum.

Peckiella (Sacc.) Sacc.

Pedisordaria Clem.

Peloronectriella Yoshim. Doi

Penzigia Sacc.

Penzigina Kuntze

Peresia H. Maia

Periaster Theiss. & Syd.

Peridoxylon Shear

Peripherostoma Gray

Perisphaeria Roussel

Perisporiella (Henn.) Clem. & Shear

Peristomium Lechmere

Peroneutypella Berl.

Perrotiella Naumov

Pestalozzina (Sacc.) Sacc.

Pestalozzina P. Karst. & Roum.

Petasodes Clem.

Petelotia Pat.

Petriellidium Malloch

Peyronellula Malan

Peziotrichum (Sacc.) Lindau

Phaeaspis Kirschst.

Phaeidium Clem.

Phaeoapiospora (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Theiss. & Syd.

Phaeoconis Clem.

Phaeodiaporthe Petr.

Phaeoharziella Loubière

Phaeonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & Trotter

Phaeophomatospora Speg.

Phaeoscopulariopsis M. Ota

Phaeosperma Nitschke ex Fuckel

Phaeostagonosporopsis Woron.

Phaeostilbella Höhn.

Phaeostoma Arx & E. Müll.

Phaeotrabutia Orejuela

Phaeotrabutiella Theiss. & Syd.

Phaeotrype Sacc.

Phanerocoryneum Höhn.

Phellomyces A.B... Frank

Phenacopodium Debey

Phialicorona Subram.

Phialocladus Kreisel

Phialocorona Subram.

Phialophoropsis L.R. Batra

Philocopra Speg.

Phoenicostroma Syd.

Phoma Fr.

Phomatosporopsis Petr.

Phomopsella Höhn.

Phomopsioides M.E.A. Costa & Sousa da Câmara

Phorcys Niessl

Phragmocarpella Theiss. & Syd.

Phragmocauma Theiss. & Syd.

Phragmodothella Theiss. & Syd.

Phruensis Pinruan

Physalosporina Woron.

Physosporella Höhn.

Phytocordyceps C.H. Su & H.H. Wang

Piminella G. Arnaud

Pionnotes Fr.

Pithoascus Arx

Pithospermum Mont.

Placophomopsis Grove

Placostroma Theiss. & Syd.

Plagiolagynion Schrantz

Plagiostomella Höhn.

Plagiothecium Schrantz

Pleosporopsis Oerst.

Pleurage Fr.

Pleuronaema Höhn.

Pleurosordaria Fernier

Podocrea (Sacc.) Lindau

Podostroma P. Karst.

Pogonospora Petr.

Poikiloderma Füisting

Polistophthora Lebert

Polycytella C.K. Campb.

Polylagenochromatia Sousa da Câmara

Polynema Lév.

Polystigmella Jacz. & Natalina

Poroconiochaeta Udagawa & Furuya

Porodiscella Viégas

Poroniopsis Speg.

Porosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll.

Porphyrosoma Pat.

Prachtflorella Matr.

Proboscispora S.W. Wong & K.D. Hyde

Psalidosperma Syd. & P. Syd.

Psecadia Fr.

Pseudapiospora Petr.

Pseudhaplosporella Speg.

Pseudobasidium Tengwall

Pseudodiplodia Speg.

Pseudodiplodiella Bender

Pseudofusarium Matsush.

Pseudofusidium Deighton

Pseudoguignardia Gutner

Pseudohaplis Clem. & Shear

Pseudomassariella Petr.

Pseudomelasmia Henn.

Pseudomicrocera Petch

Pseudopatella Speg.

Pseudophomopsis Höhn.

Pseudophysalospora Höhn.

Pseudotrype Henn.

Psilobotrys Sacc.

Psilonia Fr.

Psiloniella Costantin

Puiggarina Speg.

Putagraivam Subram. & Bhat

Pycnidiochaeta Sousa da Câmara

Pycnofusarium Punith.

Pycnostroma Clem.

Pyreniopsis Kuntze

Pyrenium Tode

Pyrenodermium Bonord.

Pyrenodochium Bonord.

Racemella Ces.

Racemosporium Moreau & V. Moreau

Rachidicola K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.

Rachisia Lindner

Radulum Fr.

Rehmiella G. Winter

Rehmiomyces (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Syd.

Rhabdostroma Syd. & P. Syd.

Rhaphidophora Ces. & De Not.

Rhaphidospora Fr.

Rheumatopeltis F. Stevens

Rhexographium M. Morelet

Rhinocephalum Kamyschko

Rhodoseptoria Naumov

Rhodothrix Vain.

Rhopalopsis Cooke

Rhopographina Theiss. & Syd.

Rhynchomelas Clem.

Rhynchophoma P. Karst.

Rhynchostomopsis Petr. & Syd.

Ribaldia Cif.

Rinia Penz. & Sacc.

Rinomia Nieuwl.

Rizaliopsis Bat. et al.

Rostrella Zimm.

Rostrella Fabre

Rostrocoronophora Munk

Rostronitschkia Fitzp.

Rostrospora Subram. & K. Ramakr.

Rubromadurella Talice

Saccardomyces Henn.

Sarcopyreniomyces Cif. & Tomas.

Sarcopyreniopsis Cif. & Tomas.

Sarcostromella Boedijn

Saturnomyces Cain

Sauvageautia Har.

Schizocapnodium Fairm.

Schizotrichella E.F. Morris

Sciniatosporium Kalchbr. ex Morgan-Jones

Scirrhiella Speg.

Scleropycnium Heald & C.E. Lewis

Scleroramularia Batzer & Crous

Scolecoccoidea F. Stevens

Scolecodothis Theiss. & Syd.

Scolecodothopsis F. Stevens

Scoleconectria Seaver

Scoptria Nitschke

Scopulina Lév.

Seimatoantlerium Strobel et al.

Seiridina Höhn.

Selenosporium Corda

Seliniana Kuntze

Septomazzantia Theiss. & Syd.

Septomyxa Sacc.

Septorella Allesch.

Sesquicillium W. Gams

Shiraiella Hara

Shropshiria F. Stevens

Simoninus Roum.

Singera Bat. & J.L. Bezerra

Sinosphaeria J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss.

Sirentyloma Henn.

Solenoplea Starbäck

Spermatodermia Wallr.

Spermodermia Tode

Spermoedia Fr.

Sphaceliopsis Speg.

Sphaeria Haller

Sphaeria Tode

Sphaeroderma Fuckel

Sphaerodermatella Seaver

Sphaerodermella Höhn.

Sphaeromycetella G. Arnaud

Sphaeronemopsis Speg.

Sphaeropyxis Bonord.

Sphaerosperma Preuss

Sphinctrosporium Kunze

Spilobolus Link

Spirogramma Ferd. & Winge

Sporhelminthium Speg.

Sporoderma Mont.

Sporophleum Nees ex Link

Sporotheca Corda

Sporotrichella P. Karst.

Sporotrichopsis Guég.

Stagonostroma Died.

Starkeyomyces Agnihothr.

Stegastroma Syd. & P. Syd.

Steirochaete A. Braun & Casp.

Stelechotrichum Ritgen

Stevensiella Trotter

Stictosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.

Stigmatopsis Traverso

Stilbonectria P. Karst.

Stromateria Corda

Stromatosphaeria Grev.

Stromatostilbella Samuels & E. Müll.

Stromne Clem.

Styloletendraea Weese

Stylonectriella Höhn.

Stysanopsis Ferraris

Stysanus Corda

Subramanella H.C. Srivast.

Sucinaria Syd.

Sulcospora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Sydowinula Petr.

Synchaetomella Decock & Seifert

Synnemadiplodia Zambett.

Synpenicillium Costantin

Synsporium Preuss

Synsterigmatocystis Costantin

Telemeniella Bat.

Telimenopsis Petr.

Teratonema Syd. & P. Syd.

Termitaria Thaxt.

Tetracytum Vanderw.

Tettigorhyza G. Bertol.

Thielaviella Arx & T. Mahmood

Tolediella Viégas

Thozetellopsis Agnihothr.

Thozetia Berk. & F. Muell.

Thysanopyxis Rabenh. ex Bonord.

Tilakomyces Sathe & Vaidya

Titaeosporina Luijk

Titania Berl.

Tolypomyria Preuss

Tonduzia F. Stevens

Torrubia Lév.

Torsellia Fr.

Torulina Sacc. & D. Sacc.

Torulopsis Oudem.

Trabutiella Theiss. & Syd.

Trabutiella F. Stevens

Trematostoma (Sacc.) Shear

Tretendophragmia Subram.

Trichocollonema Höhn.

Trichoconium Corda

Trichodermia Hoffm.

Trichofusarium Bubák

Trichohleria Sacc.

Trichophysalospora Lebedeva

Trichotheciopsis J.M. Yen

Trigonia J.F.H. Beyma

Tripterospora Cain

Tureenia J.G. Hall

Tylodon Banker

Typhodium Link

Umbellula E.F. Morris

Uncigera Sacc.

Underwoodina Kuntze

Urnularia P. Karst.

Urospora Fabre

Ustilaginoidella Essed

Ustilaginula Clem.

Ustilagopsis Speg.

Ustulina Tul. & C. Tul.

Vakrabeeja Subram.

Vanhallia L. Marchand

Veramyces Subram.

Vermicularia Tode

Vermiculariopsis Höhn.

Verruculina Etayo

Verticicladiella S. Hughes

Verticilliastrum Dasz.

Verticilliodochium Bubák

Verticillis Clem. & Shear

Vestergrenia (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Died.

Vittadinula (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear

Volutina Penz. & Sacc.

Winteria Sacc.

Winterina Sacc.

Woronichina Naumov

Xanthopsora Speg.

Xenostilbum Petr.

Xylariodiscus Henn.

Xylariopsis F.L. Tai

Xylopezia Höhn.

Xylosphaera Dumort.

Yukonia R. Sprague

Zygospermum Cain