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Desmostylus 
hesperusDesmostylus hesperus – extinct mammals that lived on the coast of the North Pacific in the mid-Miocene period (15,8-12 million years ago).
Their teeth look like a bunch of columns, which reflects the name of the animal. In Greek «desmosomes» - is a bunch, bundle, and «stilyus» - a pillar, column. Desmostyluses have well developed fore and hind limbs and adapted for rowing hands and feet (previously it was thought that these animals were flippers). In water they are mainly rowing front feet, as polar bears.
Long shovel-shapped jaw animals are likely to intensively used for plowing the sediment in search of benthic organisms – the shells of mollusks, crabs and echinoderms. Desmostyluses reached 3 m in length, weighed 1200 kg. They were coastal lifestyle, good swimming and diving, resting on the coastal rocks. During the breeding season they were on the beach, though moved by land rather clumsily. The
length of the skull of the largest species, for example, Desmostylus hesperus, reaches 90 cm.
Initially Desmostyluses considered forward-relatives, but later failed to prove their proximity to primitive Proboscidea and sirens.
For the first time the sirens and Desmostyluses combined into the one order. The similarity with the elephants is noticeable in the presence of increased upper and lower incisors, but also raised fangs (as opposed to Proboscidea).
Remains of Desmostyluses were found in California, Japan, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.

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Arctocyon primaevusArctocyon primaevus – from Late Paleocene-Early Eocene of North America had medium and large sizes and most probably lead a wild lifestyle.
In the Early Paleogene niche of large carnivores mostly was empty, and at different times specimens from different groups of archaic mammals have made more or less successful attempts to fill them. Arctocyonidaes are one of such attempts. Cheek teeth of these ancient ungulates had flattened crowns, which suggests for them rather than meat the omnivorous diet.
 However, in many ways it can be assumed that over time some Arctocyonidaes increasingly began to include in their diet vegetarian food, in parallel increasing in sizes. The second half of Paleocene Arctocyonidaes, for example, have already reached the size of wolves or even small bears.

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VulpavusVulpavus (Miacines) – ancient primitive carnivores that lived in the Paleocene and Eocene and became extinct 34 million years ago. Probably, they were the ancestors of all contemporary carnivores. Different species were living on the trees or on the ground. Miacines divided into two groups: Miacines (with the full molars) and Viverravines (with a reduced number of molars and more specialized carnivorous teeth).
Vulpavus – the representative of Miacines – was rather primitive predator and looks like tayra with a small body and long tail. He ate everything he could catch – birds, insects and small mammals.

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Ardipithecus 
ramidusArdipithecus ramidus – an ancient hominid genus, known from the Early Pliocene (about 5,8 – 4,4 million years ago). Since the genus Ardipithecuses have many similarities with Africana apes, some authors considered them more likely ancestors of chimpanzees than humans. However, most consider them the oldest human ancestors because of the similarity of the teeth with the teeth of Australopithecus. In addition, there is additional small calf-bone in Ardipithecus’s foot (os peroneum), which is present in the human foot, but is absent in the feet contemporary apes. Sometimes Ardipithecuses belong to early Australopithecus because their skull is somewhere between both of them. Judging by the size of bones, Ardipithecuses in their size were comparable to those of chimpanzees. Ardipithecuses lived in tropical forests and woodlands, they have been able to upright posture, but were able to climb trees. Ardipithecuses ate fruits and nuts.
Fragments of the Ardipithecus ramidus skeleton were first discover in the 1990s. Their age was determined from above and below the overlying volcanic rocks as 4,4 million years ago. An individual-possessor skeleton trove researches named «Ardy», which in Afar language means «land».

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Adinotherium ferumAdinotherium - an extinct mammal of the Toxodontidae family, a representative of the South American fauna of Miocene age.
In general, he resembled a scaled-down version of his relative Toxodon.
Adinotherium’s forefeet were higher than Toxodon, so the height at the shoulders and the pelvis were equal, which facilitated the running. There are several types of Adinotherium: Adinotherium ferum and Adinotherium ovinum.
The largest of them - Adinotherium ovinum, reaching 1.5 meters in length, with an increase of about 80cm and weighing 120 kg.

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Hyaenodon gigasHyaenodons - creodontas genus of the gienodontal family (Hyaenodontidae) from the middle Eocene - early Miocene of Europe, Asia and North America.
Members of the genus differ considerably in size and occupied various niches of terrestrial predators. The earliest known Hyaenodons found in Asia and the date middle-eocene age. During the second half of the Eocene epoch Hyaenodons settled across the northern hemisphere, often occupying released endangered oxyenides (Oxyaenidae) ecological niche. They have become quite commonplace in much of Asia, North America and Europe, but Africa somehow passed.
It may seem that outwardly resembled Hyaenodons several modern members of the canine family, in fact, they were far from their peers. This race is much more united in a variety of animals, who have held a variety of niches predators of the land.
The largest of the genus, for example, Hyaenodon gigas, didn’t yield in their sizes the largest tiger's: the head, according to the size of their teeth and jaw fragments, reached 50 cm or more. Support a heavy head is rather short and very strong neck. Powerful neck was also need to keep their teeth and caught escaping prey. Judging by the structure of the cervical spine, Hyaenodons have been set high head, so their neck is positioned almost vertically. They grabbing their prey, like the modern dogs, a toothy mouth (not like a cat - with claws and teeth).
The larger members of the genus are relatively long and slender limbs, based on several parties divorced in the fingers, and apparently adapted to the active movement on hard ground. With moving the hind limbs Hyaenodons could make sharp throws for prey, and the front may have been needed to cope with food until it got to fall. It is very likely that these predators were digging with its front paws the ground, looking for small animals, that live in burrows, or holes arranged themselves.
With a rather massive addition, gienodons, probably, wouldn’t have been able to a long running.They were likely ambush predators, briefly, but actively pursuing prey - approximately the same goes most of today's large and small cats. There is no doubt that Hyaenodon was able to catch, throw and to cut a relatively large animal.

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HomalodotheriumHomalodotherium cunninghami - one of the most striking representatives of the South American fauna Eocene epoch. Reached 2.5 m in length, taking into account the growth of the tail and up to 120 cm, and weighs about 300 kg. The skull was quite impressive - up to 41 cm in length.
As members of the order Notoungulata, the so-called southern ungulates, they surprisingly looked like Chalicotherium, who are members of the order perissodactyls (Perissodactyla) and are not to Homalotheriidae in close relatives.
In the Miocene South American continent was not connected to North America by the Isthmus of Panama, and the local fauna, while in isolation, evolved differently. Superficial resemblance of Homalodotherium to Chalicotherium dictated by a similar ecological niche, which is occupied by both not related to each other animals groups, and is the result of convergent evolution.

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PyrotheriumPyrotherium - extinct South American mammals of the superorder hoofed animals that lived in the Eocene and Oligocene. Pyrotherium have convergent similarity with the primitive Proboscidea, which was caused by the similarity of their ecological niches occupied.
Pyrotherium differed massive physique, columnar legs with short and wide toes, as well as a large head with a small trunk. The four upper and two lower incisor teeth, resembling tusks, were issued in advance. These animals reach 3 m in length and 1.5 m tall at the shoulders.
The name, which in Greek means «the fiery beast», was given because of the fact that the first fossils of Pyrotherium were found in sedimentary rocks of volcanic ash.
In comparison with other orders of the South American ungulates, Pyrotheriums were relatively not varied order. Period of their existence is also not particularly long. Pyrotherium kinship with other South American ungulates (Meridiungulata) is currently not clear. The structure of the tarsus does not indicate any obvious relationship with them. Most Pyrotherium’s tarsus is similar to Arsinoitherium’s tarsus, but it is unclear about evidence of relationship of these animals (who are representatives of different orders), or this similarity is dictated by a similar method of movement (it means - convergence).

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Astrapotherium 
magnumAstrapotherium magnum the genus of large ungulates from the late Oligocene - middle Miocene of South America. They are the most well-studied members of Astrapotherias order.
They represented a
fairly large animals - the length of their bodies reached 288 cm, height was 137 cm and weight is likely as high as 600-800 kg. Their heads was large enough relative to the body; skull length - 65 cm.
 
For Astrapotheriums is marked sexual dimorphism which is expressed first of all in the difference in sizes, shape and configuration of the canines of males and females. Males have lower canines relatively longer, thicker and forward. Females have shorter, thinner and relatively longer bend outward canines. These unusual ungulates was probably strongly attached by water habitats, however, not excluded the possibility of living in the humid lowland forests. They had a strong elongated body, and their hind legs, given the massiveness of these animals, were relatively weak. A small but powerful five-fingered foot was suitable for walking on swampy, soft ground. According to some researchers, this may indicate that Astrapotheriums spent much time in the water because on the land the creatures with such a disproportionate constitution almost certainly would have been quite awkward. Their canines were like the tusks and could be used to remove the bark, branches and pulling out grabbing roots. At the same time, the branch of the plant, that grew along the banks, could bend down and attracted to his mouth with a trunk and tusks. The reasons of extinction of genus as the other members of the order, remain unknown. Most likely they were associated with changes in the environment, destroyed the usual habitat of these ecologically sensitive animals. Is not excluded also competition from the other South American ungulates.
 
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MacraucheniaMacrauchenia patagonica – representatives of the order litopterna, which belonged to a very specific South American ungulates. Most of the representatives litoptern extinct at the end of the Pliocene, after an overland to North America, the emergence of new predators and competition from new prey. Macrauchenias were quite attuned to adapt to survive until the end of the Pleistocene. Macrauchenia patachonica died, apparently, only 10 thousand years ago.
This ungulate reached 1,8 m height at the shoulders, which corresponds to the modern camel, and weighed a ton. Long and very strong legs ended with three fingers. The neck was very long, and the front segment is probably end with proboscis, adapted for plucking leaves, although the structure of teeth more like a grass eaters. The remains of Macrauchenias were found, first of all, in the southeastern Pampas, but the findings are also known in Venezuela.
 
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