Mycol. Res. 102 (11) : 1309–1315 (1998) 1309 Printed in the United Kingdom The hyphomycete genus Acrogenospora, with two new species and two new combinations T. K. G O H, K. D. H Y D E A N D K. M. T S U I Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong A taxonomic review and revision of the dematiaceous hyphomycete genus Acrogenospora is presented. Species in this genus produce acrogenous, solitary, nonseptate conidia from mononematous, simple conidiophores, with multiple percurrent proliferations. Acrogenospora altissima comb. nov. and A. megalospora comb. nov. are proposed for the anamorphic states of two Farlowiella species. A. ovalia and A. subprolata spp. nov. are described from submerged wood in Hong Kong. They differ from other Acrogenospora species in shape, colour, and size of their conidia. A taxonomic key to species in the genus is provided. Acrogenospora species produce solitary non-septate conidia acrogenously from percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells at the tip of dematiaceous, unbranched conidiophores. Acrogenospora was established by Ellis (1971) to accommodate species of Monotosporella including A. sphaerocephala (Berk. & Broome) M. B. Ellis (type species), A. setiformis (Wallr.) M. B. Ellis, and the Acrogenospora state of two Farlowiella (Ascomycotina, Hysteriaceae) species (Ellis, 1971, 1972). Hughes (1978) accepted Acrogenospora and added A. gigantospora S. Hughes and A. novae-zelandiae S. Hughes to the genus. These species were distinguished by conidial shape, size, and colour and the degree of pigmentation of the conidiophores (Hughes, 1978). Separation of species is based mainly on conidium morphology (Hughes, 1978) because conidia of some species have a wide size range. In all species of Acrogenospora, formation of the septum between the conidium and the conidiogenous cell proceeds at more or less regular intervals resulting in an elongated conidiophore (Hughes, 1979). All species have schizolytic conidial secession (Hughes, 1979). For further discussion on conidiogenesis and percurrent proliferation in species of Acrogenospora and other similar hyphomycetes see Hughes (1979) and Wang (1990). During our survey of microfungi occurring on wood naturally submerged in freshwater in the tropics and subtropics we collected A. sphaerocephala and two additional, undescribed, species from Hong Kong. In addition to the pale conidiophores with clearly visible septa, these two new species differ from other known species in the shape and size of their conidia. Our attempts to grow these Acrogenospora species in culture were not successful. We also examined the other five previously published species from type or authentic material from Herb. IMI and DAOM. We propose two individual nomen Table 1. Synopsis of Acrogenospora species Conidiophores Conidia Colour Size (µm) Colour Shape Size (µm) A. altissima Blackish brown to black Dark to blackish brown Broadly ellipsoidal A. gigantospora Dark blackish brown A. megalospora Dark brown to black (opaque) Mid to dark brown Broadly obovoid to spherical Obovoid Mid to dark brown A. ovalia Black (opaque), yellow brown at apex Black (opaque), paler at apex Pale to mid brown A. setiformis Dark blackish brown Up to 800¬12–20 (basal)}8–12 (apical) Up to 700¬9–14±5 (basal)}5±8–7±2 (apical) Up to 400¬9–12 (basal)}5–9 (apical) Up to 720¬10–16 (basal)}5±5–6±5 (apical) Up to 240¬4–4±5 (basal)}3–4 (apical) Up to 350¬4–7 Broadly ellipsoidal to oblong Oval to oblong or broadly obovoid Broadly ellipsoidal A. sphaerocephala Mid to dark brown, pale brown at apex Pale to mid brown 40–60¬30–36 base 8–10 wide 25–55¬21–50 base 5±8–7±2 wide 19–32¬13–23±5 base 5–8 wide 26–54¬21±5–30±5 base 5±5–6±5 wide 24–33¬18–22 base 3±5–4±5 wide 14±5–24¬10±5–19 base 4–5 wide 17–30¬15±5–30 base 3±6–5±4 wide 39–46¬30–39 base 4±5–6 wide A. novae-zelandiae A. subprolata Mid orange-brown Dark reddish brown 100–730¬7±2–10±5 Pale to mid brown (basal)}3±6–5±4 (apical) 150–300¬9–12 Pale orange-brown to (basal)}5–8 (apical) olivaceous brown Subspherical Broadly ellipsoidal to subprolate Revision of Acrogenospora and new species 1310 3 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 Figs 1–8. Conidia of Acrogenospora species drawn to the same scale (stippling omitted). Fig. 1. A. altissima (DAOM161987). Fig. 2. A. gigantospora (DAOM 109596). Fig. 3. A. megalospora (IMI 557). Fig. 4. A. novae-zelandiae (DAOM 109597). Fig. 5. A. sphaerocephala (HKU(M) 2795). Fig. 6. A. subprolata (HKU(M) 4627). Fig. 7. A. setiformis (DAOM 49043). Fig. 8. A. ovalia (HKU(M) 4743). Scale bar ¯ 20 µm. anamorphoses (Weresub, 1979) of the two Farlowiella species as new combinations because the Acrogenospora conidial state is the morph most often encountered in nature. We accept eight species in Acrogenospora, including the two new species from Hong Kong and the anamorphs of the two Farlowiella species. These Acrogenospora species are illustrated either from fresh material or from herbarium specimens (Figs 33–45). A key to species is provided and a synopsis of their morphological characters is given in Table 1. A composite diagram (Figs 1–8) of conidia drawn at the same scale is to facilitate differentiation of species. TAXONOMY Acrogenospora altissima (Goid.) Goh, K. D. Hyde & K. M. Tsui, comb. nov. (Figs 1, 33, 34) 3 Monotospora altissima Goid., Ann. Mycol. 31, 141 (1933). ¯ Acrogenospora state of Farlowiella australis Dennis, Results Norweg. Exped. T. da Cunha 36, 10 (1955). Teleomorph : Presumably Farlowiella australis Dennis (Ellis, 1972). Colonies effuse, black, hairy. Conidiophores dark blackish brown Figs 9–15. Acrogenospora ovalia (HKU(M) 4743, holotype). Figs 9, 10. Conidiophores and conidia on submerged wood. Figs 11–13. Conidiophores with developing conidia. Figs 14, 15. Characteristically ovoid to oblong conidia. Scale bars : 9, 10 ¯ 200 µm ; 11 ¯ 20 µm ; 12–15 ¯ 10 µm. or black, 600–850 µm long, basal portion 12–20 µm wide, tapering to 7±5–12 µm near the apex, with percurrent proliferations. Conidia broadly ellipsoidal, dark brown or blackish brown, smooth, 40–60¬30–36 µm, truncate at the base with a hilum 8–10 µm wide ; conidial secession schizolytic. Notes : Ellis (1972) published an illustrated account of this Acrogenospora species which he presumed to be the anamorph of F. australis. We agree with Hughes (1978) that this Acrogenospora species and M. altissima described and illustrated by Goida' nich (1933) from Italy are conspecific. Although the conidia of this species are comparable to A. gigantospora in terms of their large size and blackish colour, they differ from each other in shape. Conidia of A. altissima are more elongated and slightly narrower than those of A. gigantospora. T. K. Goh, K. D. Hyde and K. M. Tsui 1311 conidiophores are usually very darkly pigmented and opaque, and the septa can only be seen in the apical portion of the conidiophore. Material examined : New Zealand, Westland, Lake Ianthe, Pukekura, on rotten wood of Weinmannia racemosa, 8 Apr. 1963, S. J. Hughes, holotype : DAOM 109596. Known distribution : New Zealand, Scotland (Hughes, 1978). Acrogenospora megalospora (Berk. & Broome) Goh, K. D. Hyde & K. M. Tsui, comb. nov. (Figs 3, 37, 38) 3 Monotospora megalospora Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, 13, 462 (1854). ¯ Monotospora pumila (Massee) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4, 300 (1886). 3 Helminthosporium pumilum Massee, J. R. Micr. Soc., Ser. 2, 5, 758 (1995). ¯ Monotospora affinis A. L. Sm. & Ramsb., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 5, 167 (1915). Teleomorph : Farlowiella carmichaeliana (Berk.) Sacc. Colonies scattered. Conidiophores erect, solitary or in groups of 2–5, unbranched, straight or flexuous, subulate, up to 400 µm long, tapering slightly from a black opaque base (9–12 µm wide) to a yellow-brown apex (5–9 µm wide), with multiple percurrent proliferations. Conidia broadly ellipsoidal to obovoid, dark blackish brown to opaque, smooth, 19–32¬13–23±5 µm, with a truncate base 5–8 µm wide ; conidial secession schizolytic. Figs 16–23. Acrogenospora sphaerocephala (HKU(M) 2795). Fig. 16. Conidiophores and conidia on submerged wood. Fig. 17. Conidiophores with conidia. Fig. 18. Higher magnification of a conidiophore bearing conidia. Note that a young conidium is developing at the apex of the conidiophore (arrowed), and mature conidia are pushed sidewise in a sympodial manner after successive percurrent proliferations of the conidiophore. Fig. 19. Conidiophores with septa and annellations from percurrent proliferations. Fig. 20. Close-up of the apex of a conidiophore showing annellations (arrowed) resulting from successive percurrent proliferations. Fig. 21. A developing conidium at the apex of a conidiophore. Figs 22, 23. Mature subspherical conidia with prominent basal scar. Scale bars : 16 ¯ 500 µm ; 17 ¯ 50 µm ; 18, 19 ¯ 20 µm ; 20–23 ¯ 10 µm. Material examined : Tristan Da Cunha, on dead branches of Phylica arborea, 18 Feb. 1938, Y. Mejland, holotype : DAOM 161987 (¯ IMI 52829, labelled as Monotospora altissima Goida' nich). Known distribution : Tristan da Cunha (Ellis, 1972), Italy (Goida' nich, 1933). Acrogenospora gigantospora S. Hughes, New Zealand J. Bot. 16, 314 (1978) (Figs 2, 35, 36) Teleomorph : Unknown. Notes : Conidia are mostly broadly obovoid and are dark blackish brown or opaque at maturity. They are comparatively large, mostly 31–47¬28–40 µm, but up to 55 µm long and 50 µm wide. The Notes : Ellis (1971) included this species as the Acrogenospora-state of Farlowiella carmichaeliana (Berk.) Sacc. The anamorph–teleomorph connection was confirmed by cultural studies (Mason, 1941). The material we examined (MH1340) is the authentic isolate of the teleomorph which gave rise to the connection with the anamorph. The association of A. megalospora with an ascoma of the Farlowiella is illustrated in Fig. 38 (from DAOM 96255a). Acrogenospora setiformis has broadly ellipsoidal or obovoid conidia that are comparable in shape with those of A. megalospora, but they are pale and distinctly smaller (Fig. 45). Material examined : United Kingdom, Surrey, Ranmore Common, on rotten trunk of fagus sylvatica, 10 May 1936, G. R. Bisby & E. W. Mason, MH 1340 (IMI 557) ; ibid. prepared slide from dried culture derived from ascospore culture of authentic collection (MH 1340). New Zealand, Auckland, Titirangi, on dead wood of Olearia rani, S. J. Hughes, 27 Feb. 1963, DAOM 96255a. Known distribution : Europe (Ellis, 1971), Japan (Matsushima, 1975), New Zealand (Hughes, 1978), North America (Hughes, 1978). Acrogenospora novae-zelandiae S. Hughes, New Zealand J. Bot. 16, 315 (1978). (Figs 4, 39–41) Teleomorph : Unknown. Notes : This species is unique in the shape of the conidia : young conidia are obovoid, but mature ones are mostly oblong-ellipsoidal and up to 54 µm long. Examination of the type material (DAOM 109597) revealed that the conidial wall has a pitted ornamentation (Fig. 41), but this feature has not been mentioned in Hughes (1978). As in A. gigantospora, the conidiophores are robust, black and opaque for most of their length and septation can only be seen in the apical portion. Revision of Acrogenospora and new species 1312 Figs 24–32. Acrogenospora subprolata (HKU(M) 4627, holotype). Figs 24–26. Conidiophores. Note that they are paler towards the apex, but septa are clearly visible throughout their length. Figs 27–28. Conidiophores with developing conidia. Fig. 29. Squash mount of a group of detached conidia adhering together due to surface tension. Figs 30–32. Characteristically subprolate, pale conidia. Scale bars : 24, 29 ¯ 50 µm ; 25, 27 ¯ 20 µm ; 26, 28, 30–32 ¯ 10 µm. Material examined. New Zealand, Canterbury, Peel Forest, on dead wood and bark of Podocarpus spicatus, S. J. Hughes, 16 Oct. 1963, holotype : DAOM 109597. Known distribution : New Zealand. Acrogenospora ovalia Goh, K. D. Hyde & K. M. Tsui, sp. nov. (Figs 8–15, 42) Coloniae sparsae, disseminatae, atrae, nitidae. Mycelium plerumque in substrato immersum, ex hyphis septatis, laevibus, subhyalinis vel pallide brunneis, 1±5–3 µm latis compositum. Conidiophora macronemata, mononemata, solitaria vel 2–4 aggregata, erecta, recta vel leniter flexuosa, laevia, pallide vel modice brunnea, in coloratione uniformia vel ad apicem leniter pallidiora, manifeste et arcte multiseptata, cylindrica, usque 240 µm longa, 4–4±5 µm lata, in latitudine uniformia vel ad apicem 3–4 µm lata, proliferationes conidiogenas percurrentes elongescentia. Conidia acrogena, sicca, plerumque ovalia vel oblonga, interdum late obovoidea, modice aurantiobrunnea, crassitunicata, laevia, non-septata, 24–33¬18– 22 µm, ad fundamentum truncata et 3±5–4±5 µm lata ; conidiorum secession schizolytica. Holotypus : Hong Kong, New Territories, Plover Cove Reservoir, on submerged wood, 15 Nov. 1996, K. D. Hyde & Michelle Wong, PC46 (HKU(M) 4743) Colonies sparse, scattered, black, glistening. Mycelium mostly immersed in the substratum, consisting of septate, smooth, subhyaline to pale brown, 1±5–3 µm wide hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary or in groups of 2–4, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, smooth, pale to mid brown, uniform in colour or slightly paler at the apex, closely multiseptate (septa clearly visible, 15–20 µm apart), cylindrical, up to 240 µm long, 4–4±5 µm wide, uniform in width or slightly narrower (3–4 µm) at the apex, with multiple percurrent proliferations. Conidia acrogenous, dry, mostly oval to oblong, sometimes broadly obovoid, mid orange-brown, thick-walled, smooth, non-septate, 24– 33¬18–22 µm, with a truncate base 3±5–4±5 µm wide ; conidial secession schizolytic. Teleomorph : Unknown. Notes : The size range of the conidia of this species is similar to that of A. megalospora (Figs 3, 37), but they differ in shape. The conidial shape is most similar to that of A. subprolata (Figs 6, 29–32, 44) or, when oblong, to A. novae-zelandiae (Figs 4, 39–41), but they differ in size (Table 1). Known distribution : Hong Kong. Acrogenospora setiformis (Wallr.) M. B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 131, 5 (1972) (Figs 7, 45) 3 Helminthosporium setiforme Wallr., Flora Crypt. Germany 2, 873 (1833). 3 Virgaria setiformis (Wallr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4, 282 (1886). 3 Monotosporella setiformis (Wallr.) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36, 787 (1958). Teleomorph : Unknown. T. K. Goh, K. D. Hyde and K. M. Tsui 1313 Figs 33–37, 39–45. Conidia of Acrogenospora species illustrated at the same magnification. Figs 33, 34. A. altissima (DAOM 161987). Figs 35, 36. A. gigantospora (DAOM 109596). Fig. 37. A. megalospora (IMI 557). Figs 39–41. A. novae-zelandiae (DAOM 109597). Note pitted conidial wall in Fig. 41. Fig. 42. A. ovalia (HKU(M) 4743). Fig. 43. A. sphaerocephala (HKU(M) 2795). Fig. 44. A. subprolata (HKU(M) 4627). Fig. 45. A. setiformis (DAOM 49043). Fig. 38. Conidiophores and conidia of A. megalospora in association with an ascoma of Farlowiella carmichaeliana (DAOM 96255a). Scale bars : 33–37, 39–45 ¯ 10 µm ; 38 ¯ 50 µm. Revision of Acrogenospora and new species Notes : The conidia of this species are pale, broadly ellipsoidal to obovoid and are the smallest in the genus, 14±5–24¬10±5–19 µm. Material examined : Canada, Ontario, South March, on dead wood of Fagus grandifolia, S. J. Hughes, 10 June 1953, DAOM 36385b. Germany, on rhizomorphs of Armillaria mellea covered by soil inside hollow Salix, Werther, 1832, holotype : DAOM 490043 (¯ Herb. STR 68294, Inst. Bot. Strasbourg, France). Known distribution : Canada, Germany. Acrogenospora sphaerocephala (Berk. & Broome) M. B. Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. C. M. I. Kew, England. p. 114 (1971). (Figs 5, 16–23, 43). 3 Monotospora sphaerocephala Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., III, 3, 361 (1859). 3 Halysium sphaerocephalum (Berk. & Broome) Vuill., Bull. Soc. Sci. Nancy, III, 11, 167 (1911). 3 Monosporella sphaerocephala (Berk. & Broome) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 31, 654 (1953). 3 Monotosporella sphaerocephala (Berk. & Broome) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36, 787 (1958). Teleomorph : Unknown. Notes : A frequently observed species with a worldwide distribution. It is unique in having predominantly subspherical conidia, which usually have a prominent black hilum at the truncate base. The conidiophores are variable in length, brown to dark brown, but the septation is usually visible. Material examined : Australia : Queensland, Crystal Cascades, on submerged wood, 28 Apr. 1996, T. M. & K. D. Hyde, CC45 (HKU(M) 2795). Hong Kong : New Territories, Lam Tsuen River, on submerged decaying wood, 27 Dec. 1996, K. M. Tsui, KM6 (HKU(M) 4684) ; Seychelles : Le’niole, Riviere St Louis, on submerged decaying wood, Aug. 1996, K. D. Hyde & V. L. Arimas, S8 (HKU(M) 4753) ; United Kingdom : Gloucestershire, Cotswolds, Chedworth Woods, River Coln, on submerged wood, Sep. 1996, K. D. Hyde & V. D. Arimas, ENG19 (HKU(M) 3226). South Africa : Durban, Palmiet River, on submerged Phragmites, Nov. 1994. K. D. Hyde & T. Steinke, SAPR53 (HKU(M) 2222). Known distribution : Australia, Canada (Hughes, 1978), Europe (Ellis, 1971), Hong Kong, Japan (Matsushima, 1975), Mexico (Mercado- 1314 Sierra & Heredia, 1994), New Zealand (Hughes, 1978), Seychelles, South Africa, Taiwan (Matsushima, 1980), United Kingdom. Acrogenospora subprolata Goh, K. D. Hyde & K. M. Tsui, sp. nov. (Figs 6, 24–32, 44) Coloniae sparsae, disseminatae, nitidae. Mycelium plerumque in substrato immersum, ex hyphis septatis, laevibus, flavidobrunneis, 2–4 µm latis compositum. Conidiophora macronemata, mononemata, solitaria vel 2–4 aggregata, erecta, plerumque flexuosa, laevia, pallide aurantiobrunnea vel modice brunnea, apicem versus pallidiora, manifeste et arcte multiseptata attenuata, 150–300 µm longa, apicem versus attenuata, deorsum 9–12 µm lata, superne 5–8 µm lata, proliferationes conidiogenas percurrentes elongescentia. Conidia acrogena, sicca, subprolata vel late ellipsoidea, pallide aurantiobrunnea vel olivaceobrunnea, crassitunicata, laevia, non-septata, 39–46¬30– 39 µm, ad fundamentum truncata et 4±5–6 µm lata ; conidiorum secessio schizolytica. Holotypus : Hong Kong : New Territories, Lam Tsuen River, on submerged wood, 27 Sep. 1996, K. M. Tsui, KM103 (HKU(M) 4627). Colonies sparse, scattered, glistening. Mycelium mostly immersed in the substratum, consisting of septate, smooth, yellowish brown, 2–4 µm wide hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary or in groups of 2–4, erect, mostly flexuous, smooth, pale orange brown to mid brown, paler towards the apex, closely multiseptate (septa clearly visible, 7–35 µm apart), attenuated, 150–300 µm long, broader at the base (9–12 µm wide) and gradually tapering towards the apex (5–8 µm wide), with multiple percurrent proliferations. Conidia acrogenous, dry, subprolate to broadly ellipsoidal, pale orange-brown to olivaceous brown, thickwalled, smooth, non-septate, 39–46¬30–39 µm, with a truncate base 4±5–6 µm wide ; conidial secession schizolytic. Teleomorph : Unknown. Notes : A combination of the unique subprolate shape, large size, and pale colour of the conidia renders this species distinct in the genus. Known distribution : Hong Kong. We are grateful to Drs John David and Scott A. Redhead, the curators of Herb. IMI and DAOM, respectively, for the loan of type and authentic material studied in this paper. Thanks Key to species of Acrogenospora 1. Conidia mostly less than 33 µm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. Conidia mostly exceeding 35 µm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Conidiophores pale brown to dark brown with clearly visible septa ; conidia mostly subspherical or oval . . . . 3 2. Conidiophores dark blackish brown to opaque, septa obscured or barely visible ; conidia mostly broadly ellipsoidal to obovoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Conidia subspherical, 17–30¬15±5–30 µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. sphaerocephala 3. Conidia oval to oblong, 24–33¬18–22 µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. ovalia 4. Conidia 19–32¬13–23±5 µm, obovoid, truncate base 5–8 µm wide . . . . . . . . . A. megalospora 4. Conidia 14±5–24¬10±5–19 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, truncate base 4–5 µm wide . . . . . . . A. setiformis 5. Conidia blackish brown or opaque, truncate base 5±8–10 µm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. Conidia paler, truncate base 4±5–6±5 µm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. Conidia blackish brown to opaque, broadly obovoid to spherical, (25–)31–47(–55)¬(21–)28–40)–50) µm, truncate base 5±8–7±2 µm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. gigantospora 6. Conidia dark brown to blackish brown, broadly ellipsoidal, 40–60¬30–36 µm, truncate base 8–10 µm wide . . A. altissima 7. Conidiophores black (opaque), septa only visible in the upper part ; conidia mostly oblong, medium brown to dark brown, 26–54¬21±5–30±5 µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. novae-zelandiae 7. Conidiophores pale brown to mid brown, septa clearly visible ; conidia mostly subprolate, pale orange-brown to olivaceous brown, 39–46–30–39 µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. subprolata T. K. Goh, K. D. Hyde and K. M. Tsui are extended to A. Y. P. Lee, Beatrice Tread, and Helen Leung for their photographic and technical assistance. REFERENCES Ellis, M. B. (1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute : Kew, Surrey. Ellis, M. B. (1972). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. XI. Mycological Papers 131, 1–25. Goida' nich, G. (1933). Intorno ad alcuni micromiceti nuovi o rari. Annales Mycologici 31, 134–143. Hughes, S. J. (1958). 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