Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e64505
doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e64505
Taxonomic Paper
Veronaea aquatica sp. nov. (Herpotrichiellaceae,
Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes) from submerged
bamboo in China
Sajini K.U. Chandrasiri‡,§,|,¶, Yu-lin Liu§, Jun-En Huang‡, Milan C. Samarakoon|, Saranyaphat
Boonmee|,¶, Mark S. Calabon|,¶, Dian-Ming Hu‡,§,#
‡ College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
§ Jiangxi Environmental Engineering Vocational College, Ganzhou 341002, China
| Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
¶ School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
# Bioengineering and Technological Research Centre for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045, China
Corresponding author: Dian-Ming Hu (hudianming1@163.com)
Academic editor: Danny Haelewaters
Received: 16 Feb 2021 | Accepted: 26 Aug 2021 | Published: 23 Sep 2021
Citation: Chandrasiri SK.U, Liu Y-l, Huang J-E, Samarakoon MC, Boonmee S, Calabon MS, Hu D-M (2021)
Veronaea aquatica sp. nov. (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes) from submerged bamboo in
China. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e64505. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e64505
Abstract
Background
Freshwater fungi are highly diverse and ecologically important in freshwater systems. In
China, more than 1000 species of freshwater fungi are known. Here, we present a brownspored hyphomycetes that was collected on a submerged decaying bamboo culm in a
forest stream in China.
New information
Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, ITS and TUB2 sequences confirm the placement
of our new strain in Veronaea (Herpotrichiellaceae), sister to V. japonica. Veronaea
aquatica sp. nov. differs from related taxa V. compacta and V. japonica in having longer
© Chandrasiri S et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.
2
Chandrasiri S et al
conidiophores and cylindrical to pyriform or subclavate conidia with 0–2 septa. Veronaea
aquatica also has darker brown hyphae compared to V. japonica. A morphological
description and detailed illustrations of V. aquatica are provided.
Keywords
one new taxon, hyphomycetes, molecular phylogeny, saprobe, taxonomy, freshwater fungi
Introduction
Freshwater fungi are those taxa that grow in freshwater bodies for the entirety or only part
of their life cycle (Goh and Hyde 1996, Dhanasekaran et al. 2006). They are "recyclers" in
that they decompose dead organic matter (Harms et al. 2011, Iskandar et al. 2011,
Anastasi et al. 2013, Tsui et al. 2016, Grossart et al. 2019, Gulis et al. 2019). Freshwater
fungi can be found in living (plants and animals) and non-living (decaying wood and
leaves) substrates (Choi et al. 2019, Grossart et al. 2019, Tsui et al. 2000). They are
accommodated in eight phyla: Aphelidiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota,
Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota and
Rozellomycota (Zhang et al. 2012, Bao et al. 2019, Calabon et al. 2020, Hyde et al. 2021).
The majority of described freshwater fungi are members of Dothideomycetes and
Sordariomycetes; however, several taxa have been recorded from Eurotiomycetes (Liu et
al. 2015, Luo et al. 2016, Luo et al. 2018b, Luo et al. 2019, Dong et al. 2018, Dong et al.
2020a, Wang et al. 2019).
Coreomyces chinensis and C. minor (Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes) were the first freshwater taxa reported from China (Thaxter 1931, Hu et al. 2013).
During the past two decades, studies have used combined morphological and molecular
data to describe freshwater taxa from China (Tsui et al. 2000, Li et al. 2017, Luo et al. 2017
, Luo et al. 2018a, Luo et al. 2018b, Luo et al. 2019, Su et al. 2018, Bao et al. 2020, Lu et
al. 2020). Hu et al. (2013) reviewed the biodiversity of freshwater fungi in China and
reported 782 species. Since Hu et al. (2013), this number has increased to more than
1,000 (Luo et al. 2019, Bao et al. 2020, Dong et al. 2020a, Dong et al. 2020b).
Veronaea (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales) was introduced by
Cifferi and
Montemartini (1958) and is typified by V. botryosa, which was isolated from a decomposed
rachis of a palm (Arecaceae) in Italy (Arzanlou et al. 2007). Twenty species have been
described in Veronaea, but sequences are only available for four of them (V. botryosa, V.
compacta, V. constricta and V. japonica) (Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Only the asexual
morphs of Veronaea are presently known and they are related to black yeasts (Vicente et
al. 2008, Badali et al. 2013, Bonifaz et al. 2013, Döğen et al. 2013).
Species of Veronaea are characterised by polyblastic, terminally integrated, cylindrical,
solitary, pale brown conidiogenous cells and smooth-walled, septate, cylindrical to pyriform
pale brown to brown conidia (Arzanlou et al. 2007, Vicente et al. 2008, Badali et al. 2013,
Veronaea aquatica sp. nov. (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes) ...
3
Döğen et al. 2013). There are three records of Veronaea species from freshwater habitats,
all on submerged wood. These are V. botryosa from Thailand (Dong et al. 2018), V.
coprophila from the Republic of Seychelles (Hyde and Goh 1998) and V. oblongispora from
Hong Kong (Tsui 1999). Since most Veronaea species lack molecular data, recollecting
and sequencing are essential to investigate the phylogenetic relationships amongst
species.
In the present study, we introduce Veronaea aquatica sp. nov., a freshwater species from
submerged decaying bamboo culms collected in a stream in Jiangxi Province, China. A
morphological description, illustrations and a multi-loci phylogeny are presented. The new
species is compared with related taxa.
Materials and methods
Sample collection and morphological examination
Submerged decaying bamboo culms were collected from a small forest stream in Lushan
Mountains, Jiangxi Province, China in December 2017. Samples were incubated at room
temperature for two weeks. Microscopic observation was conducted following Hu et al.
(2010) and fungal characters were documented using a microscope. The holotype and extype living culture were deposited in the Herbarium of Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University
(HFJAU), Nanchang-China and Jiangxi Agricultural University Culture Collection (JAUCC),
respectively.
Fungal isolation
Single conidia were isolated in the potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate, following the method
of Zhang et al. (2013). Germinated conidia were transferred to PDA plates and incubated
at 16°C. Colonial characteristics were described after obtaining the pure cultures.
DNA extraction and PCR amplification
Mycelia were scraped off from six week-old colonies grown on PDA and transferred into a
1.5 ml centrifuge tube, followed by grinding in liquid nitrogen. DNA was extracted from the
ground mycelium using the EZ gene TM fungal gDNA kit (GD2416) according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. The partial large subunit rDNA (LSU), internal transcribed
spacer (ITS) and partial beta-tubulin (TUB2) were amplified using primer pairs LR0R/LR5,
ITS1/ITS4 and T1/Bt2b, respectively (Vilgalys and Hester 1990, White et al. 1990, Hopple
1994, Glass and Donaldson 1995, Rehner and Samuels 1995, O'Donnell and Cigelnik
1997). The amplifications were performed according to Hu et al. (2012) as follows: initial
denaturation at 94°C for 3 minutes; followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30
seconds, annealing at 56°C for 50 seconds, elongation at 72°C for 1 minute; and a final
extension at 72°C for 10 minutes. Purification of PCR products and sequencing, using the
same primers, were outsourced to Tsingke Biological Technology Company (Beijing,
China).
4
Chandrasiri S et al
Sequencing and sequence alignment
Consensus sequences were obtained using Lasergene SeqMan Pro v. 7. BLASTn
searches were performed to identify highly similar sequences in NCBI GenBank. Other
sequences, used in the phylogenetic analyses (Table 1), were downloaded from NCBI
GenBank,
based
on
recently-published
data
(Dong
et
al.
2018,
Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Single-locus alignments were generated with MAFFT v. 7.036
(http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server; Katoh et al. 2019). Alignments were further improved
manually when necessary in BioEdit v. 7.0.5.2 (Hall 1999). Ambiguous bases were
removed using TrimAl v. 1.3 and the gappyout option (Capella-Gutiérrez et al. 2009).
Table 1.
Table of taxa used in this study and GenBank accession numbers of DNA sequences. The new
strain is indicated in bold and type strains are indicated with an asterisk (*).
Name
Strain Number
Gene bank accession number
LSU
ITS
TUB2
-
Aculeata aquatica *
MFLUCC 11–0529
MG922575
MG922571
Brycekendrickomyces acaciae
CBS 124104
NG_058633
NR_132828 -
Byssochlamys lagunculariae *
CBS 100.11
NG_058631
NR_144910 AY753354
Capronia pilosella
AFTOL-ID 657
DQ823099
DQ826737
Cladophialophora carrionii*
CBS 160.54
NG_055741
NR_121267 EU137201
Exophiala aquamarina
FMR 3998
KU705846
KU705829
E. aquamarina*
CBS 119918
-
NR_111626 JN112434
E. brunnea
CBS 587.66
MH870554
MH858890
JN112442
E. equina
CBS 116009
KF928497
KF928433
KF928561
E. equina *
CBS 119.23
-
NR_111627 JN112462
E. jeanselmei*
CBS 507.90
MH873915
MH862234
E. nigra*
CBS 535.94
NG_059253
NR_154974 -
E. pisciphila
AFTOL-ID 669
DQ823101
-
-
E. psychrophila*
CBS 191.87
MH873750
MH862061
JN112497
CBS 157.67
AY213702
NR_121270 JN112499
CBS 115831
FJ358246
-
CBS 118157
-
NR_111203 DQ182571
Fonsecaea monophora
CBS 102243
FJ358247
EU938579
EU938542
F. pedrosoi
BMU 07690
KJ930165
KJ701014
KM658155
E. salmonis
*
E. xenobiotica
E. xenobiotica
*
-
-
EF551501
-
Veronaea aquatica sp. nov. (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes) ...
Name
Strain Number
5
Gene bank accession number
LSU
ITS
CBS 271.37
-
NR_130652 -
MFLUCC 16–1449
-
NR_164246 -
Melanoctona tectonae*
MFLUCC 12–0389
KX258779
KX258778
-
Metulocladosporiella musae
CBS 113863
DQ008162
DQ008138
-
Paecilomyces fulvus *
CBS 146.48
NG_063990
NR_103603 FJ389986
Phialophora verrucosa
BMU 07618
KJ930128
KJ700977
P. verrucosa*
CBS 140325
-
NR_146242 -
Rhinocladiella atrovirens
CBS 317.33
MH866906
MH855447
-
Thysanorea lotorum*
CBS 235.78
MH872892
MH861130
-
T. papuana*
CBS 212.96
EU041871
EU041814
-
T. rousseliana
CBS 126086
MH875246
MH863784
-
Veronaea aquatica
JAUCC2549
MW046893
MW046892 MW248394
V. botryosa
CBS 102593
KF928493
KF928429
KF928557
V. botryosa
CBS 122236
KF928491
KF928427
KF928555
V. botryosa
MFLUCC 11–0072
MG922574
EU041817
-
V. botryosa *
CBS 254.57
EU041873
EU041816
JN112505
V. compacta *
CBS 268.75
EU041876
EU041818
-
V. constricta
CBS 572.90
MH873920
EU041819
-
V. japonica
CBS 776.84
NG_057789
EU041821
-
V. japonica *
CBS 776.83
EU041875
EU041820
-
Veronaea sp.
DS253
-
MK808629
-
Veronaea sp.
E6917h
-
HM992819
-
Veronaea sp.
HB
-
KR909168
-
Veronaea sp.
NWHC 24266–02–03–03 -
KX148688
-
Veronaea sp.
NWHC 24266–02–04–01 -
KX148689
-
F. pedrosoi *
Marinophialophora
garethjonesii*
TUB2
KM658080
Phylogenetic analysis
Phylogenetic analyses were performed for both individual (LSU, ITS, TUB2) and combined
(LSU-ITS-TUB2) datasets. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses were performed in the
CIPRES Science Gateway v. 3.3 using the RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE tool (Stamatakis et al.
2008, Miller et al. 2010, Stamatakis 2014). For each single-locus sequence alignment,
Chandrasiri S et al
6
GTRGAMMA + I was selected as the best-fit model in MrModeltest 2.3 (Nylander 2004).
Bayesian (BYPP) analysis was performed using MrBayes v. 3.1.2. for the combined
dataset (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003). Six simultaneous Markov Chains were run for
2,000,000 generations and trees were sampled every 100th generation. The first 2,000
trees were discarded as burn-in; the remaining 18,000 trees were used for calculating
posterior probabilities (PP) (Cai et al. 2006). Phylograms were visualised using FigTree v.
1.4.0 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/). Modification of the final phylogenetic tree
was done in Microsoft PowerPoint.
Taxon treatment
Veronaea aquatica Chandrasiri, J.E. Huang & D.M. Hu, sp. nov.
•
•
IndexFungorum IF558295
Facesoffungi FoF 05435
Materials
Holotype:
a.
kingdom: Fungi; phylum: Ascomycota; class: Eurotiomycetes; order: Chaetothyriales;
family: Herpotrichiellaceae; taxonRank: species; genus: Veronaea; specificEpithet:
aquatica; country: China; stateProvince: Jiangxi Province; locality: Lushan Mountains;
verbatimElevation: 675; verbatimLatitude: 29°55'72''N; verbatimLongitude: 115°94'86''E;
year: 2017; month: December; day: 31; habitat: stream in small forest, on submerged
decaying bamboo culms; fieldNotes: Freshwater; recordedBy: J.E. Huang; identifiedBy:
Sajini K. U. Chandrasiri; institutionID: HFJAU 0739; institutionCode: Herbarium of Fungi,
Jiangxi Agricultural University; collectionCode: HJ054
Other material:
a.
type: ex-type living culture; collectionID: JAUCC2549; collectionCode: Jiangxi Agricultural
University Culture Collection
Description
Saprobic on submerged decaying bamboo (Fig. 2). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies effuse, spreading very widely, brown to
dark brown, white hairy. Mycelium in the wood immersed or partly superficial, hyphae
subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth, 1.5–3 μm wide. Conidiophores erect, the lower
part is usually straight and the upper half is usually flexuose, usually loosely branched,
macronematous, monomenatous, sometimes geniculate, smooth-walled, near the apex
pale brown, dark brown at the middle and base, 2.5–4 μm wide and up to 280 μm long.
Conidiogenous cells terminally integrated, polyblastic, occasionally intercalary,
cylindrical, (3–)10–30 × 2–3.5 µm (x̄ = 16.5 × 2.5 μm, n = 30), variable in length, pale
brown, later often becoming septate, fertile part subhyaline, wide at the basal part,
rachis with crowded, flat to slightly prominent, faintly pigmented; scars flat, slightly
pigmented, not thickened, about 0.65 μm diam. Conidia solitary, smooth, cylindrical to
subpyriform and some subclavate, 6–11(–12) × 2.5–3.5(–4.0) µm (x̄ = 8.7 × 3.1 μm, n =
Veronaea aquatica sp. nov. (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes) ...
7
50), pale brown, most medially 1-spetate, rarely 0 or 2-septate, often constricted at the
septum and the colour septum middle brown and the conidia with a round apex and
truncate base; with a faintly darkened, unthickened hilum, about 0.5–0.9 μm diam.
Figure 1.
Phylogenetic tree generated from RAxML analysis of a combined ITS, LSU and TUB2 dataset.
ML bootstrap (BS) support values ≥ 60% and Bayesian PP ≥ 0.95 are indicated above
branches as MLBS/PP. Paecilomyces fulvus (CBS 146.48) and Byssochlamys lagunculariae
(CBS 100.11) serve as outgroup taxa. Type strains are highlighted in bold; the new species is
shown in blue bold.
8
Chandrasiri S et al
Figure 2.
Veronaea aquatica (HFJAU0739, holotype) a Submerged bamboo; b Colonies on submerged
bamboo culm; c, d Colony on PDA from above and below; e–h Conidiophores, conidiogenous
cells and conidia; note the scars (arrowed in e, d); i–k Conidia. Scale bars: b = 100 μm, e–k =
10 μm.
Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 hrs. Colonies growing
on PDA, circular, reaching 10–20 mm diam. after 2–3 weeks at 28°C, from above flat,
dense, olivaceous to medium brown, lightly raised at centre, surface rough; from below
medium to dark brown.
Etymology: Referring to the aquatic habitat.
Notes
Veronaea aquatica is morphologically most similar to V. japonica and V. botryosa.
However, V. aquatica has 0–2-septate conidia, whereas those of V. japonica are 0–1septate. In addition, the conidiophores of both V. compacta (up to 50 μm) and V.
japonica (up to 65 μm) are shorter compared to V. aquatica (280 μm). Veronaea
aquatica has conidiogenous cells that are 10–30 μm in length, while those of V.
botryosa are 100 μm long. In addition, the conidiophores of V. aquatica are 280 μm
long; they are shorter in V. botryosa (73–124 μm) (Fig. 2).
Veronaea aquatica shares the highest identity with V. japonica (CBS 776.83) in its LSU
(99.65%) and ITS (98.08%). In its TUB2, it shares 89.61% identity with Exophiala
brunnea (CBS 587.66). However, not enough TUB2 data are available to make
conclusions about relationships, based on this gene region. Our tree topology (Fig. 1)
is similar to Wang et al. (2019), although these authors did not include E. brunnea
(CBS 587.66) in their analysis. In our study, E. brunnea (CBS 587.66) is clustered with
V. compacta (CBS 268.75) with poor support (Fig. 1).
Veronaea aquatica sp. nov. (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes) ...
9
Analysis
Phylogenetic analyses
The final aligned concatenated dataset (LSU, ITS, TUB2) was comprised of 44 strains
including two outgroup taxa, Byssochlamys lagunculariae (CBS 100.11) and Paecilomyces
fulvus (CBS 146.48) (Aspergillaceae) and 734 distinct alignment patterns, with 23.30% of
undetermined characters or gaps. The best-scoring RAxML tree (-lnL = 12666.921) is
shown in Fig. 1. Tree topologies from ML and Bayesian analyses were congruent; no
significant differences were observed at the generic level. Veronaea aquatica
(JAUCC2549) was retrieved as sister to V. japonica with high support (MLBS = 95%, PP =
1.00).
Discussion
The family Herpotrichiellaceae (Eurotiomycetes) was introduced by Munk (1953) and
currently includes 16 genera (Wijayawardene et al. 2020). The anamorph–teleomorph
relationships within Herpotrichiellaceae were described by Müller et al. (1987) and
Untereiner et al. (1995). Most anamorphs are dematiaceous and opportunistic fungi
(Capronia, Cladophialophora, Exophiala, Veronaea) ( Untereiner et al. 1995, Crous et al.
2007).
Species of Veronaea can be found on wood submerged in freshwater, in soil and on
different terrestrial hosts. Fungi in the genus are saprobes (V. coprophila, V. japonica) or
pathogens of plants (V. ficina, V. filicina) (Kharwar and Singh 2004, Arzanlou et al. 2007,
Dong et al. 2018). Veronaea botryosa is a human pathogen, which causes
phaeohyphomycosis disease (Kondo et al. 2007, Sang et al. 2011, Bonifaz et al. 2013).
Veronaea is widely distributed across Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, New Zealand,
North America, South Africa and the UK (Dingley 1972, Papendrof 1976, Morgan-Jones
1982, Moustafa and Abdul-Wahid 1990, Kharwar and Singh 2004, Soares and Barreto
2008, Pan et al. 2009, Pan et al. 2012, Pan and Zhang 2010).
This paper introduces a new species of Veronaea, bringing the number of species to
twenty-one, based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses. We compared the
new species to the most related species in Table 2. Several unidentified Veronaea species
have also been isolated, such as Veronaea sp. DS253 (from root of
Bouteloua dactyloides), Veronaea sp. E6917h (from Socratea exorrhiza), Veronaea sp. HB
(from grapevine), Veronaea sp. [NWHC 24266–02–03–03; NWHC 24266–02–04–01 (from
snake)] (Fig. 1). These taxa are needed to be studied and identified in future research. The
Kingdom of Fungi is an incredibly diverse group, with many taxa awaiting discoveries—
including those from freshwater habitats. Exploring new fungal taxa, understanding their
ecology and generating molecular phylogenetic data will promote fungal conservation
(Cheek et al. 2020).
10
Chandrasiri S et al
Table 2.
Synopsis of related species
Name
Conidiophore
Conidiogenous cell
Conidia
Conidial
septation
References
Exophiala
brunnea
Branched
8-350 µm long
Occasionally
intercalary,
variable in shape, flaskshaped, ovoid,
oblong, symmetrical or
curved,
fimbriate
Cylindrical to pyriform, aseptate
proximally tapered and
usually slightly stipitate
4.5-10 x 2-3 µm
Veronaea
aquatica
Loosely branched,
sometimes
geniculate,
up to 280 × 2.4–4
µm
Occasionally
intercalary, scars flat,
rachis with crowded,
flat to slightly
Cylindrical to pyriform,
some subclavate,
rounded at the apex
6.3–11(–11.8) × 2.4–
3.7(–4.0) µm
0–1(–2)
This study
Veronaea
botryosa
Unbranched
Integrated, occasionally
73–124.5 × 2–3 µm interspersed, flat to
slightly prominent
denticles, rachis with
crowded
Ellipsoidal or fusiform,
rounded at the apex
(3–)6.5–8.5(–12) ×
(1.5–)2–2.5(–3) µm
1(–2)
Bonifaz et al.
(2013), Dong et
al. (2018)
V. compacta
Unbranched or
branched at acute
angles, rarely
exceeding 50 µm
Occasionally
intercalary, integrated,
hardly prominent
denticles, scars flat
0–1(–2)
Ellipsoidal to ovoid or
oblong to
subcylindrical, rounded
at the apex,
acropleurogenous
(4–)6–7(–9) × 2–3 µm
V. japonica
Unbranched or
occasionally
branched
65 × 2–3 µm
Occasionally
intercalary, hardly
prominent denticles,
scars flat, slightly
pigmented
Ellipsoidal to ovoid,
rounded at the apex
(6–)7–8(–10) × 2–
2.5(–4) µm
(0–)1
Arzanlou et al.
(2007)
V.
oblongispora
320 × 3–5 µm
Integrated, polyblastic,
bearing thin, flat
conidial scars
Oblong, obtuse at the
apex
7–8 ×4–5 µm
aseptate
Morgan-Jones
1982
Papendorf
(1969)
Papendrof
(1976)
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC
32070023), the Key Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology
Youth Fund (20192ACBL21017), the Key Research and Development Plan of Jiangxi
Province (20161BBF60078), the Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of
Jiangxi Province (GJJ190168) and Thailand Research Fund (RDG6130001) for financial
support. Saranyaphat Boonmee would like to thank the Mae Fah Luang University Fund
(No. 631C15001). K.S.U. Chandrasiri would like to express her profound gratitude to
S.M.B.C. Samarakoon, N. Wijesinghe and W.A.E. Yasanthika for their valuable support.
Veronaea aquatica sp. nov. (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes) ...
11
MS Calabon is grateful to the Mushroom Research Foundation and Department of Science
and Technology - Science Education Institue (Philippines).
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