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| The families of mushrooms and toadstools represented in Britain and Ireland |
Morphology. The fruit-bodies producing basidia and basidiospores; ephemeral; clustered (mostly), or solitary (e.g., Naucoria scolecina); differentiated into a stipe and pileus with the hymenium underneath the latter (the pileipellis forming a true epithelium); small to large; (1–)2–7(–12) cm across. The mature pileus convex (mostly), or parasol-shaped to more or less flat or somewhat depressed. The top of the pileus buff, or straw-coloured, or honey-coloured, or yellowish-brown, or reddish-brown, or light brown, or dark brown, or purple (-ish), or blackish. The fruit-bodies smelling of radish (in Hebeloma crustuliforme), or with no particular odour other than an ordinary fungoid one. The pileipellis forming a continuous epithelium. The stipe bearing a ring but no volva, or with neither ring nor volva. The hymenium borne on gills (the lamellae thin); not thickening. The hymenophore free to decurrent. The hymenophoral trama not bilateral. The basidia ‘unmodified’. The basidiospores ballistosporic; yellow-brown, or rusty brown; smooth; with a germ pore.
The hyphal walls lamellate, with a thin, electron-dense outer layer and a relatively thick, electron-transparent inner layer. The hyphae monomitic. The generative hyphae inflated. Spaerocysts not occurring among the context hyphae.
Ecology. Saprophytic. Coprophilous (e.g, some Panaeolus species), or neither coprophilous nor particularly associated with decaying keratinous materials. The fruit-bodies borne on the ground. Found in grassy places, in heathland, in coniferous woodland, in broad-leaved woodland, in mixed woodland, and in places modified by human activities (and in bogs and ditches).
Representation in Britain and Ireland. Agrocybe, Bolbitius, Conocybe, Hebeloma, Naucoria, Panaeolina, Panaeolus, Pluteolus.
World representation. About 350 species; genera about 15. “Widespread”.
Classification. Basidiomycota; Basidiomycetes; Agaricomycetidae; Agaricales.
Comments. Sometimes poisonous (or psychotropic).
Illustrations. • Agrocybe (4 spp.), Bolbitius titubans, Conocybe apala, Conocybe tenera (LH). BOLBITIACEAE. 1, Conocybe tenera; 2, Conocybe apala. 3, Bolbitius titubans. 4, Agrocybe praecox; 5, Agrocybe dura; 6, Agrocybe paludosa; 7, Agrocybe erebia. From Lange & Hora (1965). • Panaeolina foenisecii, Panaeolus acuminatus, Panaeolus semiovatus (LH). BOLBITIACEAE. 1, Panaeolina foenisecii. 2, Panaeolus acuminatus; 3, Panaeolus semiovatus. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • 7 species of Hebeloma (LH). BOLBITIACEAE. 1, Hebeloma crustuliniforme; 2, Hebeloma longicaudum; 3, Hebeloma pusillum; 4, Hebeloma pumilum; 5, Hebeloma mesophaeum; 6, Hebeloma sinuosum; 7, Hebeloma sacchariolens. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Naucoria escharoides, N. salicis and N. scolecina (LH). BOLBITIACEAE. 1, Naucoria scolecina; 2, Naucoria salicis; 3, Naucoria escharoides. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Agrocybe pediades, Hebeloma crustuliforme and H. longicaudum, with Cortinariaceae (Berkeley). BOLBITIACEAE. 1, Hebeloma crustuliforme (Bull.) Quél.; 2, Hebeloma longicaudum (Pers.) P. Kumm.; 4, Agrocybe pediades (Fr.) Fayod. CORTINARIACEAE. 3, Galerina mniophila (Lasch) Kühner; 6, Crepidotus mollis (Schaeff.) Staude; 7, Simocybe haustellaris (Fr.) Watling. IDENTITY UNCERTAIN: 5, Berkeley's Agaricus (Galera) reticulatus P. (binomial not located in modern lists). From Berkeley (1860). • Agrocybe praecox, with Strophiariaceae and Cortinariaceae (Berkeley). BOLBITIACEAE. 1, Agrocybe praecox (Pers.) Fayod. STROPHARIACEAE. 2, Pholiota jahnii (Tjall.) Beuk. & Bas; 3, Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer and A.H. Sm. CORTINARIACEAE. 4, (Berkeley's Agaricus fastigiatus Fr.), cf. Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) P. Kumm.; 5, Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) P. Kumm.; 6, Inocybe trechispora (Berk.) P. Karst. From Berkeley (1860). • Panaeolina foenisecii, Panaeolus fimipurtis and Panaeolus semiovatus (Berkeley). BOLBITIACEAE. 5, Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers.) Maire; 6, Panaeolus fimiputris (Bull.) Quél.; 7, Panaeolus semiovatus var. semiovatus (Sowerby) Lundell & Nannf. COPRINACEAE. 2, Lacrymaria lacrymabunda (Bull.) Pat. PSATHYRELLACEAE. 3 & 4, Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Bertrand. STROPHARIACEAE. 1, Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) P. Kumm. From Berkeley (1860). • Paxillus involutus (Berkeley). BOLBITIACEAE. 2, Conocybe albipes (G.H. Otth) Hauskn. PAXILLACEAE. 5, Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Pers. 6, Tapinella panuoides (Fr.) E. -J. Gilbert. COPRINACEAE. 1, Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.) Fr. (Emetic Ink Cap). CORTINARIACEAE. 3, Cortinarius calochrous var. calochrous (Pers.) Gray; 4, Cortinarius anomalus (Fr.) Fr. GOMPHIDIACEAE. Gomphidius gracilis Berk. From Berkeley (1860).
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2008 onwards. The families of mushrooms and toadstools represented in Britain and Ireland. Version: 5th August 2019. delta-intkey.com’.
