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| Insects of Britain and Ireland: the families of Lepidoptera |
Olethreutidae, Tortricidae-Olethreutinae; i.e., currently including tribes Enarmoniini, Endothiini, Eucosmini, Olethreutini
Adults relatively medium-bodied to long-bodied; relatively slender-bodied (wingspan more than 15 times the thoracic width) to medium built (wingspan more than 8 and less than 15 times the thoracic width); wings in repose packed with the forewings directed backwards to cover hindwings and abdomen.
Head rough (-scaled). Antennae very short to of medium length; extending to about 0.4–0.7 times the length of the forewing (less than 2/3); not clubbed. Antennae of males simple; non-ciliate, or simply-ciliate. The antennal scape not forming an ‘eye cap’. Eyes glabrous. Ocelli present (usually). Chaetosemata present. Maxillary palps much reduced (small); 2–4 segmented. Labial palps porrect (usually), or ascending (rarely); 3 segmented. Proboscis fully developed; not scaly.
Wingspan (8–)11–24(–30) mm; 10.5–14(–22) times the thoracic width. Forewings narrow to broad; 2–3 times as long as wide. Tornus clearly defined, or clearly defined to weakly defined. The outer margin convexly curved to more or less straight, or concavely curved, or sigmoid-curved; forewings apically blunt; forewings predominantly shining-metallic, or exhibiting shining-metallic markings, or neither shining-metallic nor with shining metallic markings; forewings eye-spotted above (in the form of a shield-shaped, metallic-edged blotch above the tornus, in some Eucosmini and Grapholitini), or without eye-spots above (Olethreutini). Hindwings ovate to broadly rounded, or broadly angular (sometimes, somewhat); similar in breadth to the forewings; with a rounded apex; the upper surfaces plain; with neither discal spot nor transverse lines; with a frenulum.
Neuration of forewings and hindwings dissimilar. Forewings 12 veined, or 13 veined; with 1 anal vein, or with 2 anal veins, or with 3 anal veins. The anal veins of the forewings comprising 1b and 1c, or comprising 1a and 1b, or comprising 1a, 1b and 1c (1a figured in Olethreutes lacunana). Forewings exhibiting a tubular vein 1c (though this obsolete proximally - according to both Meyrick and Common, although none of the former’s figures show this vein at all). Vein 1b of the forewings furcate proximally. The transverse vein complete, or incomplete. Forewings with an accessory cell, or without an accessory cell. Discal cell of the forewings without a tubular media (M) vein. Vein 2 of the forewings departing from the cell less than three-quarters of the distance from its base. Hindwings 8–10 veined; with 2 anal veins (usually?), or with 3 anal veins (e.g., Olethreutes). The anal veins of the hindwings comprising 1a and 1b (usually), or comprising 1a, 1b and 1c. Hindwings exhibiting vein 1a; exhibiting a tubular vein 1c, or lacking a tubular vein 1c. Vein 1b of the hindwings furcate proximally. Hindwings with a discal cell. The transverse vein complete. The hindwing cell bearing a pecten of hairs on its cubital margin. 6 veins arising from the hindwing cell. The cell-derived hindwing veins 2+3 proximally joined, or 3+4 proximally joined, or 2+3 proximally joined and 5+6 proximally joined. Vein 8 of the hindwings completely independent of the cell (mostly), or anastomosing with the upper margin of the cell (then in the basal half, but mostly only approximating?); not approximating to vein 7.
Fore-legs with a tibial epiphysis. Tibiae of middle legs 2-spurred. Posterior tibiae 4-spurred.
Eggs, larvae and pupae. Eggs markedly flattened; smooth or minutely pitted to ribbed and/or reticulate. Larval prolegs 10. Larvae concealed feeders (mostly in seeding heads, sometimes passing into the roots); subterranean, or not subterranean. On divers Dicot trees, shrubs and herbs, and on conifers, but seemingly rarely if ever with Gramineae or other Monocots.
Pupae concealed; usually above the ground (where the larvae fed). Empty pupae protruded from place of concealment.
British representation. Genera 54 (2 adventive only); about 140 species (7 adventive). Cydia (Laspeyresia) nigricana (Pea Moth), Cydia pomonella (Codling Moth), Epinotia cruciana (Willow Tortrix), Hedya pruniana (Plum Tortrix), Pseudococcyx turionella (Pine Bud Moth), Zeiraphera griseana (Larch Tortrix), etc.
Classification. Microlepidoptera. Suborder Ditrysia. Superfamily Tortricoidea.
See Cochylidae for remarks on the upper-level classification and confusing nomenclature of Tortricoidea.
Comments. Antennae with one ring of scales per flagellar segment. Fore-wings usually with an oblique central fascia, costa usually with paired strigulae but without a pre-apical costal patch, and usually with an ocellus; often with a costal fold. Female genitalia usually with sterigma not connected with anterior apophyses. Pheromones supposedly usually based on a 12-carbon chain..
Illustrations. • 9 genera (Wilkinson). 1, Epinotia rubiginosana (female); 2, Epinotia crenana (male); 3, Eucosma hohenwartiana (male); 4, Pammene fasciana (female); 5, Epiblema turbidana (male); 6, Gypsona sociana (female); 7, Ancylis unculana (male); 8, Celypha rivulana; 9, Celypha cespitana (female); 10, Apotomis sororculana (female); 11, Cydia dorsana (male); 12, Cydia coniferana (female). From Wilkinson, 1859 (scales = approx. 1cm). • Ancylis, Apotomis, Epiblema and Epinotis: Stainton (1859). 1 and 3, Epinotia ramella (3 representing a dark form, formerly regarded as a distinct species); 2, Epinotia solandriana; 4, Ancylis badiana; 5, Ancylis achatana; 6, Epiblema uddmanniana (Bramble Shoot Moth); 7, Epiblema roborana; 8, Epiblema scutulana; 9, Epiblema foenella; 10, Apotomis lineana. From Stainton (1859), with approximate 1cm scale added. • Archips, Cydia, Dichrorampha, Eucosma, Eucosmomorpha, Olethreutes, Pammene: Stainton (1859). 1, Eucosma pupillana; 2, Eucosma conterminana; 3, Eucosmomorpha albersana; 4, Olethreutes arcuella; 5, Olethreutes schulziana; 6, Archips crataegana; 7, Pammene aurana; 8, Pammene argyrana; 9, Zeiraphera isertana; 10, Dichrorampha sequana; 11, Cydia (Laspeyresia) splendana. From Stainton (1859, with approximate 1cm scale added). • Assorted Eucosmidae: Kirby. 1, Epiblema foenella; 2, Eucosma conterminana; 4, Cydia aurana; 5, Petrova resinella; 6, Cydia pomonella (Codling Moth); 7; Thiodia citrana; 10, Tortricodes alternella (or Acleris hyemana?); 32, Hedya pruniana; 33, Hedya salicella. From Kirby (1907). • Pammene fasciana: B. Ent. 583. • Pammene fasciana: B. Ent. 583, legend+text. • Pammene fasciana: B. Ent. 583, text cont.. • Rhopobota stagnana: Stephens IV, 1834. • Rhopobota ustomaculana (Curtis): Loch Rannoch Tortrix, Rannoch Bell: B. Ent. 376). • Rhopobota ustomaculana: B. Ent. 376, legend+text. • Rhopobota ustomaculana: B. Ent. 376, text cont.. • Rhopobota ustomaculana (detail and dissections: B. Ent. 376). • Selania leplastriana (Leplastrier's Piercer: B. Ent. 352). • Selania leplastriana: B. Ent. 352, legend+text. • Selania leplastriana: B. Ent. 352, text cont.. • Apotomis semifasciana (Short-barred Grey Marble: B. Ent. 571). • Apotomis semifasciana: B. Ent. 571, legend+text. • Apotomis semifasciana: B. Ent. 571, text cont.. • Apotomis sauciana (ssp. grevillana Curtis: Sutherland Long-cloak, Greville's Marble: B. Ent. 567). • Apotomis sauciana (ssp. grevillana Curtis: B. Ent. 567, legend+text). • Apotomis sauciana (ssp. grevillana Curtis: B. Ent. 567, text cont.). • Celypha aurofasciana: Stephens IV, 1834. • Epinotia caprana: Stephens IV, 1834. • Eucosma pupillana (cf. E. hohenwartiana): Stephens IV, 1834. • Ancylis laetana, Grapholita compositella, Epiblema costipunctana: Stephens IV, 1834. EUCOSMIDAE. 1, Ancylis laetana; 2, Grapholita compositella; 3, Epiblema costipunctana. From Stephens, 1828. • Pseudococcyx turionella (Orange and Silver Ribbon: B. Ent. 364). • Pseudococcyx turionella: B. Ent. 364, legend+text. • Pseudococcyx turionella: B. Ent. 364, text cont.. • Cydia pomonella (Codling Moth: Kirby). • Aterpia, Endothenia, Hedya, Spilonota: Hübner VII, 3 (1796–1799). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 11, Hedya salicana. 12, Endothenia gentainaeana (Hübner). 13, Aterpia corticana. 14, Hedya nubiferana (variegana Hübner); 15, Hedya pruniana (Hübner). 16, cf. Spilonota ocellana (comitana Hübner). From Hübner VII, Plate 3, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Epiblema, Eucosma, Eudemis, Lathronympha, Pammene, Spilonota: Hübner VII, 4 (1796–1799). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 17, Epiblema cf. roborana (aquana Hübner); 18, cf. Spilonota ocellana; 19, cf. Epiblema similana (asseclana Hübner); 20, Eucosma pupillana; 21, Eudemis profundana; 22, Pammene aurana; 23, Lathronympha hypericana Hübner. From Hübner VII, Plate 4, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Ancylis, Eudemis, Pelochrista, Phiaris, Retinia: Hübner VII, 5 (1796–1799). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 24, Cydia amplana (Hübner); 25, Ancylis achatana (marmorana Hübner); 26, Eudemis porphyrana (Hübner); 27, Pelochrista caecimaculana (Hübner); 28, Phiaris micana; 29, Retinia cf. resinella (resinana). From Hübner VII, Plate 5, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Cydia, Enarmonia, Eucosma, Olethreutes: Hübner VII, 6 (1796–1799). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 30, Cydia pomonella (pomonana); 31, Cydia splendana (Hübner); 32, Enarmonia cf. formosana (ornatana Hübner); 33, Olethreutes arcuella (arcuana); 34, Eucosma absinthiana (Hübner). From Hübner VII, Plate 6, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Cydia, Epiblema, Pammene: Hübner VII, 7 (part, 1796–1799). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 35, Cydia lunulana; 36, Cydia lunulana (dorsana). 38, Pammene trauniana. 40, Epiblema foenella (tibialana Hübner); 41, Epiblema similana. Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Cydia, Dichrorampha, Hedya, Pammene: Hübner VII, Plate 8 (1796–1799). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 42, Cydia compositella (gundiana Hübner); 43, Cydia inquinatana (Hübner); 44, Dichrorampha sequana (Hübner); 45, Hedya dimidiana (schreberiana); 46, Pammene argyrana (Hübner). 47, Pammene germmana (Hübner). From Hübner VII, Plate 8, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Ancylis and Epinotia: Hübner VII, 9 (part, 1796–1799). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 48, Epinotia solandriana (semimaculana Hübner); 49, Ancylis achatana. 51, Epinotia maculana (ophtalmicana Hübner); 52, Epinotia festivana (Hübner). 53, Ancylis badiana (corylana Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII (mostly Plate 9), with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Apotomis and Olethreutes: Hübner VII, 10 (part, 1796–1799). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 57, Olethreutes schulziana (pinetana Hübner). 60, Apotomis inundana. 65, Orthotaenia undulana (urticana Hübner); 66, Celypha striana (rusticana Hübner). 68, Phiaris metallicana (Hübner). 69, Epinotia pygmaeana (Hübner). 70, cf. Cydia strobilella (strobilana Hübner). 73, Gypsonoma minutana (Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • 5 Ancylis spp. and Bactra lancealana: Hübner VII, Plate 13 (1796–1799). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 76, Ancylis uncella (uncana Hübner). 77, Ancylis laetana (harpana Hübner); 78, Ancylis unguicella (falcana Hübner); 79, Ancylis apicella (siculana Hübner); 80, Bactra lancealana (Hübner); 81, Ancylis tineana (Hübner). From Hübner VII, Plate 13, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Apotomis, Celypha, Notocelia, Olethreutes, Pristerognatha, Pseudosciaphila, Zeiraphera: Hübner VII (1796–1799). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 101, asinana, cf. Pseudosciaphila branderiana. 106, Olethreutes rivulana (conchana Hübner). 109, Pristerognatha fuligana; 110, Apotomis lineana (scriptana Hübner). 122, Pseudosciaphila branderiana (maurana Hübner). 126, Notocelia roborana. 130, Celypha rufana (rosetana Hübner). 135, Zeiraphera griseana (Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Celypha, Epinotia, Olethreutes, Thiodia: Hübner VII, 1796–1799. TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 181, Olethreutes mygindiana (mygindana); 182, Olethreutes olivana (micana); 183, Epinotia tenerana; 184, Celypha rivulana; 185, Thiodia citrana (Hübner); 186, Thiodia torridana (hastana Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Ancylis, Epiblema, Rhopobota: Hübner VII, 1799–1800). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 191, Epiblema incarnatana (Hübner); 192, Ancylis mitterbacheriana; 193, Rhopobota stagnana. From Plate 30 of Hübner VII, with names updated. See accompanying document for details. • Argyroploce, Aterpia, Cnephasia, Cydia, Endothenia: Hübner VII (1811–1813). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE: 195, probably Argyroploce arbutella (arbutana Hübner). 201, Cydia amplana (Hübner). 213 and 214, Endothenia quadrimaculana (antiguana Hübner). 218, Eucosma adustana (Hübner), cf. Aterpia corticana? TORTRICIDAE-TORTRICINAE: 200, female Cnephasia longana (lutosana Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Cydia, Epinotia, Zeiraphera: Hübner VII, Plate 33 (1811–1813). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 207, Cydia lathyrana (Hübner). 208, “Tortrix pustulana” = ?. 209, cf. Zeiraphera isertana (corticana Hübner); 210, cf. Epinotia nisella (petrana Hübner); 211, cf. Epinotia nisella f. cineriana? (cinerana); 212, cf. Epinotia brunnichana (sinuana). From Hübner VII, Plate 33, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Aethes, Blastesthia, Celypha, Eriopsela, Eucosmomorpha: Hübner VII, Plate 35 (1811–1813). TORTRICIDAE-TORTICINAE-COCHYLINAE? 219, poorly represented Aethes margaritana? TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 220 and 221, cf. Blastesthia turionella (turionana); 222, cf. Celypha rufana (GBIF Argyroploce rosetana Hübner); 223, Eriopsela quadrana (Hübner); 224, Eucosmomorpha albersana (Hübner). From Hübner VII, Plate 35, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Clepsis, Dichrorampha, Endothenia, Epinotia, Rhyacionia: Hübner VII (1811–1813). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 229 and 230, Rhyacionia duplana (Hübner); 231, Endothenia ustulana. 239, Clepsis consimilana (Hübner). 242, Epinotia crenana (Hübner); 243, cf. Dichrorampha plumbana (zachana Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Apotomis, Bactra, Epiblema, Olethreutes, Pammene, Rhyacionia, Zeiraphera: Hübner VII (1814–1817). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 244 and 245, Olethreutes cespitana (Hübner). 246, Pammene ephippana (Hubner), cf. 248, amoenana Hübner, = Epiblema incarnatana (Hübner). 250, Apotomis capreana (Hübner). 269, Rhyacionia buoliana (gemmana Hübner); 270, Zeiraphera isertana (corticana Hübner). 272, dibeliana Hübner, = Bactra lancealana (Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Aterpia, Celypha, Cydia, Epinotia, Eucosma, Rhopobota: Hübner VII (1814–1817). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. . 256, Eucosma aspidiscana (Hübner); 257, cf. Eucosma cana (GBIF Eucosma monetulana Hübner). 258, cf. Aphelia paleana ("flavana Hübner" seems to refer to two species: see Figs. 133 and 157). 260, Celypha striana (fasciolana Hübner); 261, Rhopobota unipunctana (naevana). 265, GBIF Epinotia decorana Hübner, cf. E. nisella. 280, GBIF Epinotia triquetrana Hübner, = ? (like neither E. tetraquetrana nor E. immundana, and also unlike the triquetrana of Fig. 336!); 281, Aterpia corticana (charpentierana Hübner); 282, Cydia corollana (Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Epinotia sordidana, Pelochrista infidana: Hübner VII (1823–1824). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE.292, Epinotia sordidana (Hübner). 296–298, Pelochrista infidana (Hübner). From Hübner VII, Plate 47, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Apotomis sauciana, Hedya ochroleucana, Pammene aff. rhediella: Hübner VII (1830). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 299 and 300, cf. Pammene rhediella? (dimidiana).304, Hedya ochroleucana Frölich; 305, Apotomis sauciana Frölich. Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Endothenia oblogana and Selenodes karelicus: Hübner VII (1830). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 307–309, Selenodes karelicus (textana Frölich). 331, Endothenia oblogana (sellana Frölich). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Epinotia spp., Phiaris schulziana, Rhyacionia cf. duplana, Thiodia trochilana: Hübner VII (1830). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. 312, Rhyacionia spadiceana (Hübner), cf. R. duplana (Hübner, Figs. 229–230); 313 and 314, Thiodia trochilana (Frölich). 318, Epinotia cretaceana (Frölich) = ? (cf. E. bilunana). 337 and 338, Phiaris schulziana (ahrensiana Hübner); 339, Epinotia divellana Hübner, cf. E. caprana. Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • assorted Cydia, Enarmonia, Epinotia, Olethreutes, Pammene: Hübner VII, Plate 51 (1830). TORTRICIDAE-OLETHREUTINAE. . 319 and 320, probably Enarmonia formosana; 321, Olethreutes mygindiana (flammeana Frölich); 322, Epinotia mercuriana (Frölich); 323 and 324, kollarana Frölich, cf. Cydia strobilella; 325, Pammene floricolana Frölich (cf. P. trauniana, Fig. 38); 326, Olethreutes venustana (Hübner). From Hübner VII Plate 51, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Olethreutes lacunana: neuration. • neuration: Rhopobota unipunctata. • neuration: Dochroramphia, Pammene.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2003 onwards. Insects of Britain and Ireland: the families of Lepidoptera. Version: 14th April 2022. delta-intkey.com’.
