Stalked scarlet cup

Appearance

Depending on their age, the fruit bodies of ''S. occidentalis'' may range in shape from deep cups to saucers to discs in maturity, and they can reach diameters up to 2 cm . In young specimens, the edges of the cup are curled inwards, and crenulate ; the cup edges in older specimens become laciniate . The cups rest atop a stem that is small to medium-sized, up to 30 mm long and 1.5–2 mm thick, and attached centrally or to the side to the underside of the cup. The base of the stem may be covered with translucent "hairs". The fertile spore-bearing inner surface of the cups, the hymenium, is bright red but fades to yellow or orange when dry. It is smooth or becomes so with time. The fruit bodies are fleshy to rubbery when fresh, but become leathery when dry. The flesh is thin and has no distinctive odor or taste. ''S. occidentalis'' is "of no culinary value". A Jamaican variety has been named ; it has a pinker hymenium.


''Exipulum'' is a term used to refer to the tissue or tissues containing the hymenium of an ascomycete fruit body. The ectal excipulum is thin , made of a tissue type known as ''texura porrecta'', consisting of more or less parallel hyphae all in one direction, with wide lumina and non-thickened walls. The medullary exipulum is thick and made of ''textura intricata'', a tissue layer made of irregularly interwoven hyphae with distinct spaces between the hyphae. The asci are cylindrical with gradually tapering bases, eight-spored, and measure 240–280 by 12–15 µm. The ascospores have ellipsoidal to roughly cylindrical shapes, usually with blunt ends, and measure 19–22 by 10–12 µm. They have smooth surfaces and usually contain two large oil drops. The paraphyses are cylindrical, 2–3 µm thick, barely enlarged at their apices, straight, and mostly unbranched above. They may sometimes anastomose, but do not form a conspicuous network. The paraphyses contain numerous red granules.

Naming

The fungus, originally collected from Muskingum County, Ohio, was named ''Peziza occidentalis'' by Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1832. It was assigned its current name by Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1888. Andrew Price Morgan renamed the species ''Geopyxis occidentalis'' in 1902 because of a perceived similarity with ''Geopyxis hesperidea'', but the name change was not adopted by subsequent authors. In 1928, Fred Jay Seaver overturned Saccardo's naming and applied the name ''Plectania'' to ''Sarcoscypha coccinea'' and other red cup fungi. In later taxonomic revisions, Richard P. Korf reinstated the genus name ''Sarcoscypha''.

The specific epithet ''occidentalis'', derived from the Latin word for "western", may refer to the distribution of the species in the western hemisphere. It is commonly known as the stalked scarlet cup or the western scarlet cup.''Sarcoscypha occidentalis'' is frequently confused with ''S. coccinea'', but is distinguished macroscopically from this species by its smaller fruit bodies, smaller spores, and less hairy exterior. The two also differ in seasonal and geographic distribution: ''S. coccinea'' fruits earlier in the year, and is distributed in eastern North America, in the midwest, in the valleys between the Pacific coast and the Sierras and Cascades, as well as Europe, Africa, Australia, and India. Another eastern North American species, ''S. austriaca'', has scarlet fruit bodies up to 6 cm wide, and fruits in the early spring.

''S. occidentalis'' may also be mistaken for ''Microstoma floccosum'', which occurs in the same habitat. ''M. floccosum'', however, has taller cups and is covered with stiff white hairs. Another cup-fungus, ''Scutellinia scutellata'', is disc-shaped without a stem, and is fringed with black hairs around its rim.

Distribution

As a saprobic fungus, ''Sarcoscypha occidentalis'' is part of a community of fungi that play an important role in the forest ecosystem by breaking down the complex insoluble molecules cellulose and lignin of wood and leaf litter into smaller oligosaccharides that may be used by a variety of microbes. Fruit bodies of ''S. coccinea'' may grow either solitarily, scattered or grouped together on sticks, twigs, and fragments of dead wood, usually somewhat decomposed and partially buried in the top 5 cm of soil and forest litter. It prefers soil that is moist and shaded and has a high content of humus. Like all ''Sarcoscypha'' species, it prefers the wood of angiosperms, such as oak, maple, and basswood; one field guide notes a preference for shagbark hickory. In the United States, it fruits from late spring to early autumn, which contrasts it with ''S. coccinea'', found usually in the spring.

The fungus is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and at higher elevations in Central America and the Caribbean. It has also been collected in Japan and Taiwan.

Habitat

As a saprobic fungus, ''Sarcoscypha occidentalis'' is part of a community of fungi that play an important role in the forest ecosystem by breaking down the complex insoluble molecules cellulose and lignin of wood and leaf litter into smaller oligosaccharides that may be used by a variety of microbes. Fruit bodies of ''S. coccinea'' may grow either solitarily, scattered or grouped together on sticks, twigs, and fragments of dead wood, usually somewhat decomposed and partially buried in the top 5 cm of soil and forest litter. It prefers soil that is moist and shaded and has a high content of humus. Like all ''Sarcoscypha'' species, it prefers the wood of angiosperms, such as oak, maple, and basswood; one field guide notes a preference for shagbark hickory. In the United States, it fruits from late spring to early autumn, which contrasts it with ''S. coccinea'', found usually in the spring.

The fungus is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and at higher elevations in Central America and the Caribbean. It has also been collected in Japan and Taiwan.