Species Diversity, Distribution, and Phylogeny of Exophiala with the Addition of Four New Species from Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Fungal Isolation
2.2. Morphological and Growth Observations
2.3. DNA Extraction, Amplification, and Sequencing
2.4. Sequence Alignment
2.5. Phylogenetic Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Fungal Isolation and Morphological Observations
3.2. Phylogenetic Results
3.3. Taxonomic Descriptions
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Isolation Resources | Location | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Exophiala abietophila | Silver fir (Abies alba) | Norway | [21] |
Exophiala alcalophila | Soil, soap container, washing machine, bathwater from households, and human skin | Brazil, Denmark, Germany, Japan, and Ukraine | [3,75,76] |
Exophiala angulospora | Polluted soil, drinking water, Tilia wood, fish nursery, weedy seadragon, lumpfish skin and spleen, olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), and human skin | Brazil, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Scotland, and the USA | [3,77,78,79,80,81] |
Exophiala aquamarina | Clown fish, leafy sea dragon, little tunnyfish, lumpfish, sand lance, weedy seadragon, and winter flounder | Canada, the UK, and the USA | [3,7] |
Exophiala arunalokei | Subcutaneous lesion on human | India | [20] |
Exophiala asiatica | Tonsil tissue of human | China | [30,32] |
Exophiala attenuata | Soil, nasal granuloma of cat, cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis of cat, and human disease | Colombia, France, Germany, and the USA | [33,82,83,84] |
Exophiala bergeri | Eye and skin of human | Brazil, Canada, Japan, Hong Kong, the UK, and the USA | [6,7,31,85] |
Exophiala bonariae | Marble | Italy | [69] |
Exophiala brunnea | Leaf of Acacia karroo | South Africa | [3] |
Exophiala calicioides | Rotten wood | Japan | [68] |
Exophiala campbellii | Subcutaneous lesion (foot ganglion) of human and human chest nodule | Germany and the UK | [7,70] |
Exophiala cancerae | Water, water from tank, fruit drink, dialysis water Mangrove crab (Ucides cordatus), liver of green toad, sputum of human, and human finger | Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, Israel, Netherlands, the UK, and the USA | [3,7,31,86,87,88] |
Exophiala capensis | Leaf of Phaenocoma prolifera | Canada and South Africa | [7,30,31,32,33,68,69,70,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89] |
Exophiala castellanii | Decaying timber joinery, spoilt apple juice, drinking water, ice water, nematode, and human skin | Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, and the UK | [3,27] |
Exophiala cinerea | Rock | China | [18] |
Exophiala clavispora | Rock | China | [18] |
Exophiala crusticola | Biological soil crust | the USA | [90] |
Exophiala dermatitidis | Soil, dishwasher’s rubber, wood, internal organs of bat, chromoblastomycosis, knee fluid, lung, finger, and central nervous system fluid of human | Angola, Brazil, China, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mauritius, Qatar, Slovenia, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, the UK, the USA, and Venezuela | [7,15,16,31,32,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53] |
Exophiala dopicola | Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) | the USA | [91] |
Exophiala ellipsoidea | Rock | China | [18] |
Exophiala embothrii | Rhizosphere of Embothrium coccineum | Chile | [92] |
Exophiala encephalarti | On leaves of Encephalartos transvenosus | South Africa | [93] |
Exophiala equina | Soil, drinking water, bottled water, water from water machine, water system of packaging machine, wastewater, dialysis water bathroom-flask, bathroom-plate, silica gel, root mycorrhiza, Tilia root, Populus tremuloides, Cephalanthera damasonium, Phragmitis australis, Olea twig, nematode cyst (Heterodera sp.), subcutaneous infection of horse, Galapagos turtle, human stool, human sputum, human eye, and skin of human | Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Korea, the UK, and the USA | [3,7,10,87,94,95,96,97,98] |
Exophiala eucalypti | Leaves of Eucalyptus sp. | South Africa | [99] |
Exophiala eucalypticola | Leaf of Eucalyptus obliqua | Australia | [22] |
Exophiala eucalyptorum | Leaf of Eucalyptus sp. | New Zealand | [23] |
Exophiala exophialae | Soil, straw in armadillo’s burrow (Dasypus septemcinctus) | Colombia and Uruguay | [6,15,34] |
Exophiala frigidotolerans | Soil | Ecuador | [100] |
Exophiala halophila | Salty water, human skin, and human nail | Germany and the USA | [3] |
Exophiala heteromorpha | Wood and human | Sweden and the USA | [7,15] |
Exophiala hongkongensis | Big toenail infection of human | China and Hong Kong | [31] |
Exophiala italica | Cytisus scoparius on dead branch | Italy | [24] |
Exophiala jeanselmei | Subcutaneous abscesses, skin lesion, eumycetoma of human, peritoneal dialysis fluid, human blood, human sputum, and human eye | Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, France, Hong Kong, Jamaica, Japan, Martinique, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Trinidad, the UK, Uruguay, and the USA | [6,17,27,31,32,33,34,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67] |
Exophiala lacus | Lake water and river sediments | Netherlands and Spain | [3,71] |
Exophiala lavatrina | Domestic bathroom | the UK | [7] |
Exophiala lecanii-corni | Lecanium corni, domestic bathroom, dialysis fluid, subcutaneous abscess, knee cyst, skin lesion, eye sclera, finger fluid, skin scales, and human nail | Austria, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Netherlands, the UK, and the USA | [27,31,57,101,102] |
Exophiala lignicola | Quercus sp. | Ukraine | [21] |
Exophiala macquariensis | Island soil | Australia | [2] |
Exophiala mali | Inner fruit tissue of Malus sp. | South Africa | [92] |
Exophiala mansonii | Populus tremula | Sweden | [15] |
Exophiala mesophila | Shower joint, swimming pool, dental waterline, bathroom, contact lens, phaeohyphomycotic cyst, subcutaneous nodule biopsy, immunosuppressed, bronchial endoscopy, finger, sinus, hip joint, hair, and nasal tissue of human | Brazil, France, Germany, Netherlands, the UK, and the USA | [3,7,85] |
Exophiala moniliae | Branch of Quercus sp., sludge in bathroom drainpipes, and medicated bathwater | Australia, Japan, and Russia | [15,76,103] |
Exophiala nagquensis | Rock | China and Tibet | [18] |
Exophiala nidicola | Nest of bird | Spain | [72] |
Exophiala nishimurae | Bark and human skin | the USA and Venezuela | [17,33] |
Exophiala oligosperma | Soil, wood, swimming pool, water, polluted water, river sediments, sauna, silicone solution, ear swab, plastic foil, prosthetic contact lenses, cerebral mycosis, subcutaneous abscess, thigh abscess, skin lesion, sphenoid tumor, lung, sinus, and human sputum | Austria, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, the UK, Ukraine, the USA, and Venezuela | [6,7,17,31,34,57,71,104,105,106] |
Exophiala opportunistica | Drinking water, rhizosphere (Triticum aestivum), polyvinyl alcohol, human nail, and human foot | Australia, Denmark, Germany, and Netherlands | [3] |
Exophiala palmae | Decaying shell of babassu coconut (Orbignya phalerata) | Brazil | [107] |
Exophiala phaeomuriformis | Natural hot spring, sauna, tile floor of swimming pool, bathroom tap, bathroom sink, cutaneous mycosis, blood culture, external ear channel, oral mucosa, nail, and human sputum, | Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Slovenia, the UK, and the USA | [7,16,108] |
Exophiala pisciphila | Swimming pool, water pipe, dialysis water, catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), Potbelly seahorse, crocodile, and human | Brazil, Germany, Japan, Israel, and the USA | [3,7,87,109] |
Exophiala polymorpha | Subcutaneous lesion of human | the USA | [8] |
Exophiala prostantherae | Leaves of Prostanthera sp. | Australia | [92] |
Exophiala pseudooligosperma | Karst rocky desertification mountain soil | China | [4] |
Exophiala psychrophila | Atlantic salmon smolt (Salmo salar) | Ireland and Norway | [3] |
Exophiala quercina | Dead wood of Quercus sp. | Germany | [73] |
Exophiala radicis | Soil, root endophyte of Microthlaspi perfoliatum, plant roots, Olea sp. twig, nematode cyst (Heterodera sp.), toenail, tinea on leg, and foot of human | Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain | [5,71] |
Exophiala salmonis | Drinking water, drinking water tap and cerebral mycetoma of fingerling trout (Salmo clarkii) | Canada and the Netherlands | [1] |
Exophiala sideris | Oak railway tie, creosoted tie, gold mine, and surface of wild berries of Sorbus aucuparia | the Netherlands and Poland | [9] |
Exophiala spartinae | Spartina alterniflora root tissue in saltwater marsh | the USA | [110] |
Exophiala spinifera | Soil, palm tree, wood, nest of Anumbius annumbi, armadillo burrow, maize kernel, apple juice, rotten cactus, skin lesion, foot abscess, neck lymph node, human sputum, and bark nasal granuloma of human | Antarctic, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Egypt, Germany, India, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, Thailand, the UK, Uruguay, the USA, and Venezuela | [6,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44] |
Exophiala tremulae | Populus tremuloides roots | Canada | [111] |
Exophiala xenobiotica | Soil, wood, oil sludge, chromoblastomycosis on back, phaeomycotic cyst, subcutaneous cyst, elbow pus, and skin lesions | Antarctic, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, Sweden, the UK, the USA, and Venezuela | [6,7,27,31,34,57,74] |
Target Gene | Primer | Primer Sequence (5′–3′) | Annealing Temperature (°C) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
act | Act1 | TGGGACGATATGGAIAAIATCTGGCA | 52 | [124] |
Act5ra | TTAGAAGCACTTNCGGTG | 52 | [124] | |
ITS | ITS4 | TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC | 55 | [125] |
ITS5 | GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG | 55 | [125] | |
nrSSU | NS1 | GTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTC | 55 | [125] |
NS4 | CTTCCGTCAATTCCTTTAAG | 55 | [125] | |
tef | EF1-728F | CATCGAGAAGTTCGAGAAGG | 57 | [126] |
EF1-986R | TACTTGAAGGAACCCTTACC | 57 | [126] | |
tub | Bt2a | GGTAACCAAATCGGTGCTGCTTTC | 52 | [127] |
Bt2b | ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC | 52 | [127] |
Species | Strains | GenBank Accession No. | References | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | nrSSU | tub | tef | act | |||
Exophiala abietophila | CBS 145038 T | NR163357 | – | – | – | – | [21] |
CBS 520.82 T | JF747041 | JN856010 | JN112423 | JN128771 | JN112379 | [3] | |
CBS 122256 | JF747044 | – | JN112425 | JN128773 | JN112381 | [3] | |
Exophiala angulospora | CBS 482.92 T | JF747046 | JN856011 | JN112426 | JN128780 | JN112383 | [3] |
CBS 120272 | JF747045 | – | JN112427 | JN128781 | JN112382 | [3] | |
Exophiala aquamarina | CBS 119918 T | JF747054 | JN856012 | JN112434 | – | JN112388 | [3] |
CBS 119916 | JF747055 | – | JN112435 | – | JN112389 | [3] | |
Exophiala arunalokei | NCCPF106033 | MW724320 | – | – | – | – | [20] |
Exophiala asiatica | CBS 122847 T | NR111332 | – | – | – | – | [30] |
CBS 122848 | MW222182 | – | – | – | – | [30] | |
Exophiala attenuata | CBS 101540 T | AF549446 | – | – | – | – | [33] |
UTHSC87-80 | EF025392 | – | – | – | – | [130] | |
Exophiala bergeri | CBS 353.52 T | EF551462 | FJ358308 | EF551497 | EF551524 | EF551464 | [131] |
Exophiala bonariae | CBS 139957 T | JX681046 | – | – | – | – | [69] |
Exophiala brunnea | CBS 587.66 T | JF747062 | JN856013 | JN112442 | JN128783 | JN112393 | [3] |
Exophiala calicioides | JCM6030 | – | AB007655 | – | – | – | [132] |
Exophiala campbellii | NCPF 2274 | LT594703 | – | – | LT594739 | – | [7] |
Exophiala cancerae | CBS 120420 T | JF747064 | – | JN112444 | JN128800 | JN112394 | [3] |
CBS 117491 | KF928439 | – | KF928567 | JN128799 | JN112396 | [3] | |
Exophiala capensis | CBS 128771 T | JF499841 | – | – | – | – | [89] |
Exophiala castellanii | CBS 158.58 T | JF747070 | JN856014 | KF928586 | JN128766 | – | [3,133] |
CBS 120913 | JF747144 | – | JN112506 | JN128750 | – | [3] | |
Exophiala cinerea | CGMCC 3.18778 T | MG012695 | MG012724 | MG012745 | MG012704 | MG012714 | [18] |
CGMCC 3.18779 | MG012696 | MG012725 | MG012746 | MG012705 | MG012715 | [18] | |
Exophiala clavispora | CGMCC 3.17512 | KP347940 | MG012733 | KP347931 | KP347909 | MG012712 | [18] |
CGMCC 3.17517 T | KP347942 | KP347967 | KP347932 | KP347911 | KP347893 | [18] | |
Exophiala crusticola | CBS 119970 T | AM048755 | KF155199 | – | – | – | [90,134] |
HM136 | MK281393 | – | – | – | – | Unpublished | |
Exophiala dermatitidis | CBS 207.35 T | AF050269 | – | KF928572 | – | – | [133,134,135] |
CBS 120473 | MF320159 | – | MF320217 | MF320196 | – | [43] | |
Exophiala dopicola | CBS 537.94 T | MH862483 | – | – | – | – | [136] |
Exophiala ellipsoidea | CGMCC 3.17348 T | KP347955 | KP347965 | KP347921 | KP347901 | MG012713 | [18] |
CGMCC 3.17522 | KP347954 | MG012735 | KP347919 | – | KP347884 | [18] | |
Exophiala embothrii | CBS 146558 T | NR171982 | – | MW055976 | MW055980 | – | [92] |
Exophiala encephalarti | CBS 128210 T | HQ599588 | – | – | – | – | [93] |
Exophiala equina | CBS 119.23 T | JF747094 | JN856017 | JN112462 | JN128814 | JN112401 | [3] |
CBS 120906 | JF747093 | – | JN112461 | JN128813 | JN112400 | [3] | |
Exophiala eucalypti | CBS 142069 | KY173411 | – | – | – | – | [99] |
Exophiala eucalypticola | CBS 143412 T | NR158438 | – | MH108039 | MH108016 | – | [22] |
Exophiala eucalyptorum | CBS 121638 T | NR132882 | KC455302 | KC455228 | – | – | [137] |
CPC 11261 | EU035417 | – | – | – | – | [23] | |
Exophiala exophialae | CBS 668.76 T | AY156973 | KX822287 | EF551499 | EF551526 | EF551466 | [33,138] |
CBS 671.76 | AY156975 | – | EF551500 | EF551525 | EF551467 | [33] | |
Exophiala frigidotolerans | CBS 146539 T | LR699566 | – | – | – | – | [100] |
Exophiala halophila | CBS 121512 T | NR111628 | NG062077 | JN112473 | JN128774 | – | [3] |
Exophiala heteromorpha | CBS 232.33 T | AY857524 | – | – | – | – | [139] |
U THSC87-67 | EF025400 | – | – | – | – | [130] | |
Exophiala hongkongensis | CBS 131511 | JN625231 | – | JN625236 | JN625246 | JN625241 | [31] |
Exophiala italica | MFLUCC16-0245 T | KY496744 | KY501114 | – | KY514393 | - | [24] |
Exophiala jeanselmei | CBS 507.90 T | AY156963 | FJ358310 | EF551501 | EF551530 | - | [33,131] |
CBS 528.76 | AY857530 | – | EF551502 | EF551531 | EF551469 | [139] | |
Exophiala lacus | FMR 3995 | KU705830 | – | – | – | – | [71] |
CBS 117497 T | JF747110 | – | – | JN128776 | JN112407 | [3] | |
Exophiala lamphunensis | SDBR-CMU404 T | ON555798 | ON555813 | ON544227 | ON544242 | ON544257 | This study |
SDBR-CMU405 | ON555799 | ON555814 | ON544228 | ON544243 | ON544258 | This study | |
SDBR-CMU406 | ON555800 | ON555815 | ON544229 | ON544244 | ON544259 | This study | |
SDBR-CMU407 | ON555801 | ON555816 | ON544230 | ON544245 | ON544260 | This study | |
SDBR-CMU408 | ON555802 | ON555817 | ON544231 | ON544246 | ON544261 | This study | |
Exophiala lapidea | SDBR-CMU409 T | ON555803 | ON555818 | ON544232 | ON544247 | ON544262 | This study |
SDBR-CMU410 | ON555804 | ON555819 | ON544233 | ON544248 | ON544263 | This study | |
SDBR-CMU411 | ON555805 | ON555820 | ON544234 | ON544249 | ON544264 | This study | |
SDBR-CMU412 | ON555806 | ON555821 | ON544235 | ON544250 | ON544265 | This study | |
SDBR-CMU413 | ON555807 | ON555822 | ON544236 | ON544251 | ON544266 | This study | |
SDBR-CMU414 | ON555808 | ON555823 | ON544237 | ON544252 | ON544267 | This study | |
Exophiala lavatrina | NCPF 7893 | LT594696 | – | – | LT594729 | – | [7] |
NCPF 7898 | LT594697 | – | – | LT594731 | – | [7] | |
Exophiala lecanii-corni | CBS 123.33 T | AY857528 | FJ358311 | – | – | – | [131,139] |
B2242C | MT320770 | – | – | MZ190330 | – | [140] | |
Exophiala lignicola | CBS:144622 T | NR163358 | – | – | MK442694 | – | [21] |
Exophiala macquariensis | CBS 144232 T | MF619956 | – | MH297438 | MH297439 | – | [2] |
Exophiala mali | CBS 146791 T | MW175341 | – | – | – | – | [92] |
Exophiala mansonii | CBS 101.67 T | AF050247 | X79318 | – | – | – | [135,141] |
Exophiala mesophila | CBS 402.95 T | JF747111 | JN856016 | JN112476 | JN128761 | – | [3] |
CBS 119910 | JF747113 | – | JN112478 | JN128753 | – | [3] | |
Exophiala moniliae | CBS 520.76 T | KF881967 | – | – | – | – | Unpublished |
BMU00283 | MW222184 | – | – | – | – | Unpublished | |
Exophiala nagquensis | CGMCC 3.17333 T | KP347948 | KP347970 | KP347924 | KP347914 | KP347895 | [18] |
CGMCC 3.17334 | KP347949 | MG012741 | KP347923 | KP347915 | KP347896 | [18] | |
Exophiala nidicola | CBS 138589 T | NR161045 | – | – | – | – | [72] |
Exophiala nishimurae | CBS 101538 T | AY163560 | KX822288 | JX482552 | EF551523 | JX482553 | [33] |
Exophiala oligosperma | CBS 725.88 T | AY163551 | FJ358313 | EF551508 | EF551534 | EF551474 | [17,131] |
CBS 265.49 | MH856519 | – | EF551507 | EF551536 | EF551473 | [136] | |
Exophiala opportunistica | CBS 109811 T | JF747123 | – | JN112486 | JN128792 | JN112408 | [3] |
Exophiala palmae | CMRP1196 T | KY680434 | – | KY689829 | – | – | [107] |
CMRP1207 | KY680433 | – | KY689828 | – | – | [107] | |
Exophiala phaeomuriformis | CBS 131.88 T | AJ244259 | – | – | – | – | Unpublished |
Exophiala pisciphila | CBS 537.73 T | NR121269 | JN856018 | JN112493 | JN128788 | JN112412 | [3,142] |
CBS 121500 | JF747134 | – | JN112496 | JN128789 | JN112414 | [3] | |
Exophiala polymorpha | CBS 138920 T | KP070763 | – | – | – | – | [8] |
Exophiala prostantherae | CBS 146794 T | NR171990 | – | – | – | – | [92] |
Exophiala pseudooligosperma | YMFT 1.6741 | MW616557 | MW616558 | MZ127830 | – | – | [4] |
Exophiala psychrophila | CBS 191.87 T | JF747135 | JN856019 | JN112497 | JN128798 | – | [3] |
CBS 256.92 | JF747136 | – | JN112498 | – | – | [3] | |
Exophiala quercina | CBS 146024 T | NR170053 | – | – | MT223713 | – | [73] |
Exophiala radicis | P2854 T | KT099204 | KT723453 | KT723463 | KT723458 | KT723443 | [5] |
Exophiala salmonis | CBS 157.67 T | AF050274 | JN856020 | JN112499 | JN128747 | JN112415 | [3,135] |
CBS 120274 | JF747138 | – | KF928562 | JN128802 | JN112416 | [3] | |
Exophiala saxicola | SDBR-CMU415 T | ON555809 | ON555824 | ON544238 | ON544253 | ON544268 | This study |
SDBR-CMU416 | ON555810 | ON555825 | ON544239 | ON544254 | ON544269 | This study | |
Exophiala siamensis | SDBR-CMU417 T | ON555811 | ON555826 | ON544240 | ON544255 | ON544270 | This study |
SDBR-CMU418 | ON555812 | ON555827 | ON544241 | ON544256 | ON544271 | This study | |
Exophiala sideris | CBS 121818 T | HQ452311 | HQ441174 | HQ535833 | HQ452336 | – | [9] |
CBS 127096 | HQ452312 | HQ441175 | HQ535834 | HQ452337 | – | [9] | |
Exophiala spartinae | CBS 147266 T | NR174648 | – | – | – | – | [110] |
Exophiala spinifera | CBS 899.68 T | AY156976 | – | EF551516 | EF551541 | EF551482 | [33] |
Exophiala tremulae | CBS 129355 T | FJ665274 | KT894147 | KT894148 | KT894149 | KT894146 | [5,89] |
Exophiala xenobiotica | CBS 118157 T | DQ182587 | – | – | – | – | [27] |
CBS 117646 | KP132146 | – | – | – | – | [27] | |
Cyphellophora eucalypti | CBS:124764 T | GQ303274 | NG062860 | KF928601 | GU384510 | JQ325009 | [133,137,143,144] |
Cyphellophora fusarioides | MUCL 44033 | NR132879 | NG065006 | KC455224 | – | – | [137] |
Fungal Strains | Colony Diameter (mm) * | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 °C | 15 °C | 20 °C | 25 °C | 28 °C | 30 °C | 35 °C | 37 °C | |
SDBR-CMU404 | 10.25 ± 0.27 | 17.92 ± 0.92 | 18.17 ± 0.52 | 23.83 ± 0.41 | 24.42 ± 0.58 | 22.83 ± 0.68 | 13.08 ± 0.58 | 8.00 ± 0.55 |
SDBR-CMU405 | 10.54 ± 0.33 | 17.88 ± 0.56 | 19.08 ± 0.12 | 24.27 ± 0.42 | 24.85 ± 0.57 | 23.09 ± 0.41 | 12.47 ± 0.52 | 8.12 ± 0.14 |
SDBR-CMU406 | 11.42 ± 0.52 | 16.12 ± 0.16 | 19.78 ± 0.72 | 24.05 ± 0.97 | 25.41 ± 0.44 | 22.79 ± 0.85 | 12.55 ± 0.55 | 7.36 ± 0.22 |
SDBR-CMU407 | 11.25 ± 0.42 | 16.33 ± 0.41 | 19.25 ± 0.52 | 25.58 ± 0.58 | 25.92 ± 0.38 | 23.17 ± 0.52 | 12.33 ± 0.41 | 6.92 ± 0.20 |
SDBR-CMU408 | 10.12 ± 0.22 | 16.45 ± 0.87 | 18.44 ± 0.61 | 25.03 ± 0.45 | 25.25 ± 0.62 | 22.81 ± 0.43 | 12.74 ± 0.40 | 7.45 ± 0.39 |
SDBR-CMU409 | 17.75 ± 0.27 | 20.08 ± 1.07 | 28.33 ± 0.98 | 36.24 ± 1.44 | 37.00 ± 1.26 | 40.83 ± 1.33 | 10.08 ± 0.38 | 6.08 ± 0.20 |
SDBR-CMU410 | 16.11 ± 0.18 | 24.35 ± 0.84 | 26.65 ± 0.88 | 35.91 ± 1.36 | 36.02 ± 1.31 | 38.42 ± 1.44 | 8.27 ± 0.45 | 5.96 ± 0.22 |
SDBR-CMU411 | 14.98 ± 0.12 | 20.03 ± 0.41 | 27.78 ± 1.23 | 34.78 ± 0.97 | 35.43 ± 1.28 | 36.92 ± 1.96 | 9.04 ± 0.36 | 5.23 ± 0.27 |
SDBR-CMU412 | 15.97 ± 0.52 | 26.27 ± 0.92 | 27.56 ± 0.71 | 36.77 ± 1.22 | 37.11 ± 1.45 | 38.82 ± 0.79 | 9.19 ± 0.24 | 5.71 ± 0.13 |
SDBR-CMU413 | 14.42 ± 0.38 | 19.25 ± 0.27 | 25.08 ± 1.07 | 32.25 ± 1.44 | 34.33 ± 2.04 | 35.42 ± 0.86 | 8.42 ± 0.49 | 5.58 ± 0.49 |
SDBR-CMU414 | 14.23 ± 0.47 | 25.78 ± 0.74 | 25.71 ± 0.88 | 35.04 ± 1.47 | 35.47 ± 1.42 | 36.96 ± 0.65 | 10.12 ± 0.56 | 5.44 ± 0.39 |
SDBR-CMU415 | 9.92 ± 0.20 | 14.42 ± 0.49 | 15.50 ± 0.55 | 21.33 ± 0.26 | 23.75 ± 1.37 | 24.17 ± 1.66 | 12.75 ± 0.27 | 8.92 ± 0.20 |
SDBR-CMU416 | 9.83 ± 0.41 | 14.08 ± 0.20 | 16.58 ± 0.38 | 21.75 ± 1.13 | 24.67 ± 0.41 | 26.88 ± 1.28 | 11.42 ± 0.20 | 8.17 ± 0.26 |
SDBR-CMU417 | 8.08 ± 0.38 | 10.08 ± 0.49 | 11.75 ± 1.17 | 10.42 ± 0.80 | 9.42 ± 0.58 | 7.33 ± 0.26 | – | – |
SDBR-CMU418 | 8.08 ± 0.38 | 10.50 ± 0.77 | 11.83 ± 0.68 | 10.35 ± 1.17 | 9.92 ± 0.20 | 7.58 ± 0.20 | – | – |
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Thitla, T.; Kumla, J.; Khuna, S.; Lumyong, S.; Suwannarach, N. Species Diversity, Distribution, and Phylogeny of Exophiala with the Addition of Four New Species from Thailand. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080766
Thitla T, Kumla J, Khuna S, Lumyong S, Suwannarach N. Species Diversity, Distribution, and Phylogeny of Exophiala with the Addition of Four New Species from Thailand. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(8):766. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080766
Chicago/Turabian StyleThitla, Tanapol, Jaturong Kumla, Surapong Khuna, Saisamorn Lumyong, and Nakarin Suwannarach. 2022. "Species Diversity, Distribution, and Phylogeny of Exophiala with the Addition of Four New Species from Thailand" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8: 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080766