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1. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae Perennial herbs, trees, shrubs. Usually milky latex. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flower actinomorphic, 5-merous. Corolla 5 petals united into a tube. Androecium of 5 epipetalous stamen. Massive stigmatic area: Cavuncle. Fruit: follicle, berry, capsule. Seeds often comose. Apocyanum “dogbane” Amsonia “blue star”

2. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Asclepidaceae Perennial herbs, shrubs. Usually milky latex. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flower actinomorphic, bisexual, 5-merous, hypogenous. Inflorescence umbellate.

3. Calyx of 5 basally connate sepals. Corolla of 5 united petals - specialized. 2 carpels. Specialized corolla structure corona - hoods (5), beaks (5), pistil gynostegeum grooves (5), anthers - pollinia (5)

4. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Asclepidaceae Perennial herbs, shrubs. Usually milky latex. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flower actinomorphic, bisexual, 5-merous, hypogenous. Inflorescence umbellate. Calyx of 5 basally connate sepals. Corolla of 5 united petals - specialized. 2 carpels. Specialized corolla structure corona - hoods (5), beaks (5), pistil - gynostegeum grooves (5), anthers - pollinia (5) Fruit: Follicle. Asclepias “milkweeds”

5. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Polygonales Family:polygonaceae “smartweeds” • 1. Herbs with swollen nodes. • 2. Leaves with nodal ocrae.

6. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Polygonales Family:polygonaceae “smartweeds” • 1. Herbs with swollen nodes. • 2. Leaves with nodal ocrae. • 3. No corolla. • 4. Calyx petaloid (mostly closed). • 5. 3 carpels • Polygonum “smartweeds” • Rumex “buckwheats” “dock” • Rheum “rhubarb”

7. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Polygonales Family:polygonaceae “smartweeds”

8. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Polygonales Family:polygonaceae “smartweeds” • Polygonum “smartweeds” • Rumex “buckwheats” “dock” • Rheum “rhubarb”

9. Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae (Gramineae) Roots are always fibrous. Perennial grasses may have rhizomes.

10. Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae (Gramineae) Roots are always fibrous. Perennial grasses may have rhizomes. Shoots are called culms. Leaves are parallel-veined. Sheath, ligulle, blade Flowers (florets) are always clustered into spiklets. - 2 stigmas, 3 stamen (long filaments), No calyx or corolla! - each floret is enclosed by two scales: lemma (may be awned), Palea

11. Poa, Bromus, Andropogon

12. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” Herbs, stems often triangular, solid. Leaves 3-rankes; sheaths closed; no ligules.

13. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” Perennial or annual herbs, stems often triangular, solid. Leaves 3-rankes; sheaths closed; no ligules. Flowers subtended by a single bract, lodicule absent. Perianth if present represented by bristles or scales. Androecium 1 – 3; gynecium 2 – 3 if present, superior.

14. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” Perennial or annual herbs, stems often triangular, solid. Leaves 3-rankes; sheaths closed; no ligules. Flowers subtended by a single bract, lodicule absent. Perianth if present represented by bristles or scales. Androecium 1 – 3 if present; gynecium 2 – 3 if present, superior; perigynium sometimes covers pistil. Plants monoecious ir dioecious. Spikelets are usually solitary subtended by 1 bract; arrangement of spikelets in various types of inforescences, each inflorescence subtended by 1 or more bracts. 700 genera and 4000 species worldwide, esp. in temperate and cold regions. Cyperus “sedges”…Cyperus papyrus made into paper..2400B.C. Egypt Carex “sedges”, Scirpus “bulrushes”, Eleocharis “spike rushes”

15. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” Carex “sedges”

16. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” Scirpus “bulrushes”

17. Class: Liliopsida Order: Cyperales Family: Cyperaceae “sedges” Eleocharis “spike rushes”