16. Branch Defense Zone A ring of cells responsible for Woundwood growth and active in the reaction wood process. Woundwood closing over pruning cut Branch collar Branch defense zone cells
17. For the Branch Defense Zone to be active, the side branch must be less than 1/2 the diameter of the trunk/parent branch. Less than 1/3 is preferred.
18. Natural Target Pruning Protects the Branch Defense Zone . branch bark ridge branch collar branch collar final cut
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22. Natural Target Pruning Protects the Branch Defense Zone . branch bark ridge branch collar branch collar final cut
34. Reduction cuts : Angle of final cut splits difference between angle of branch bark ridge and angle perpendicular to branch being removed. Angle perpendicular to branch being removed Angle of FINAL CUT Angle of branch bark ridge Branch bark ridge
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36. Reduction cuts : To prevent suckering, the smaller branch should be at least 1/3 the diameter of larger branch removed. (At least 1/2 the diameter is preferred.) Final Cut
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