Fungi Latest Classification

An outline of the classification of fungi ( Krik et al., 2018)

Here the phyllum under three kingdom: 

Kingdom Fungi	Kingdom Chromista	Kingdom Protozoa
Chytridiomycota	Hypochytridiomycota	Protostelea
Neoallimastigomycota	Labyrinthulomycota	Myxogastrea
Blastocladiomycota	Oomycota	Dictyostelia
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Glomeromycota
Microsporidia
Basidiomycota

Lets talk about the each kingdom of fungi organism.

Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi/True Fungi

 

Points	Description
Nutrition	Absorption mode
Cell wall	Chitin , Beta Glucan
Somatic phase	Unicelllular or filamentous
Flagella	Only whiplash
Cristae	Flattened cristae in mitochondria
Peroxisome , Golgi bodie	Present

Characteristics of Kingdom Chromista 

Points	Description
Nutrition	Absorption mode
Cell wall	Cellulose
Somatic phase	Unicelllular or filamentous
Flagella	Tinsel type
Cristae	Tubular cristae in mitochondria
Peroxisome , Golgi bodies	Present

In 18S rDNA Phylogenytic studies this fungi show closer genetic relatedness to brown algae and diatoms then to true fungi.

Characteristics of Kingdom Protozoa

Points	Description
Nutrition	Ingestion mode , exception is seen in plant parasites showing absorption type of Nutrition
Cell wall	No cell wall in somatic phase. Cellulosic, Chitinous spore wall
Somatic phase	Plasmodial, Amoeboid
Flagella	Spore germinate to produce 1-2 flagellated cell
Cristae	Tubular cristae in mitochondria
Peroxisome , Golgi bodies

Fungi/True Fungi in detail:

1) Chytridiomycetes:

POINTS	DESCRIPTION
Cell wall	Chitin, Glucan
Vegetative thallus	✔ Unicellular ✔ Aseptate ✔ Haploid (n) ✔ Holocarpic & Eucarpic - ✔ Monocentric ✔ Polycentric

CHYTRIDIOMYCETES

Chytridiomycetes veg. thallus

Asexual reproduction in Chytridiomycetes:

POINTS	DESCRIPTION
Spore	Zoospore
No. of flagella	Uniflagellate
Flagella type	Posteriorly whiplash

Points on Zoosporangium:

Point	Description
Zoosporangium development	1) from VEGETATIVE THALLUS(holo/eucarpic-rhizoids and rhizomycelium) 2) from PROSPORANGIUM 3) from HYPHA
Opening type	Operculate or inoperculate
Papilla	May or May not bear exit papilla
Apophysis	May or May not present. Apophysis means holding structure of zoosporangium
Other	May be meiosporangium or mitosporangium

What is papilla, inoperculate, operculate?

What is the difference between apophysis & zoosporangiophore?

papilla in zoosporangium

Example of zoosporangium developed from different source & other features:

Zoosporangium points	Example
VEGETATIVE THALLUS	-
PROSPORANGIUM	Polyphagus euglinae
HYPHA	Monoblepharis
Operculate sporangium	Rhyzophydium
Inoperculate sporangium	Chytriomyces, Chytridium
Sporangium with exit tube	Olpidium
Sporangium bearing apophysis	-
Mitosporangium and mitosporangium	Allomyces

Meiosporangium- Thick wall , pited due to presence of melanin.
will give rise to haploid spore , encysted , germinate then gametophytic thallus.
Mitosporangium- Thin , non pited , will give rise to sporophytic thallus.

EXCEPTION & IMPORTANT: MEIOSPORANGIA IS THE ASEXUAL STRUCTURE SHOWING MEIOSIS.

Sexual reproduction in Chytridiomycetes:

POINTS	DESCRIPTION
Method	Gametic copulation(iso,aniso,hetero), Gamatangial copulation, Somatogamy, Plasmogamy using copulation tube
Spore	Oospore
Place of Karyogamy	Zygote/Oospore
Sexual life cycle	Haplobiontic haploid, Diplobiontic

 Different sexual reproduction with example:

Sexual reproduction	Example
Iso Gametic copulation	Synchytrium,Olpidium
Aniso Gametic copulation	Allomyces
Hetero Gametic copulation	Monoblepharis
Gametangial copulation	Rhizophydium
Somatogamy	Chytriomyces
Plasmogamy using copulation tube	Polyphagus

Planoganetic/ heterogametic copulation lead to motile zygote, then deflagellated and encysted to form non-motile zygote or diploid sporophytic plant or thick walled resting spore oospore.

Sexual cycle: Life cycle haplobiontic haploid or Diplobiontic (Isomorphic or Anisomorphic or heterogamic morphic alternation of generation)

Orders of Chytridiomycetes:

Characters	Chytridiales	Blastocladiales	Monoblepharidales
Veg. thallus; cell wall composition	Unicellular holo or eucarpic (mono or polycentric; cell wall contain chitin	Trunlike (without or with dichotomously with dichotomouslywith dichotomously or tree like branched); cell wall contain chitin	Highly filamentous, foamy in appearance; cell wall contain cellulose
Zoospores shape	Spherical or oval in shape	Obpyriform or elongared	Conicle
Zoospore movement	Move by hopping	Regular and even movement	Regular and even movement
Zoospore nuclear cap	-	+	+
Zoospore oil globule	+	-	+
Zoospore germination	Monopolar	Bipolar	Bipolar
Methods of plasmogamy	Isoplanogametic copulation	Anisoplanogametic copulation	Heterogametic copulation
Sexual spore	Diploid resting spore	Diploid resting spore	Diploid oospore

Families under the order Chytridiales:

Family	Vegative thallus	Sporangium	Fungal genera
Olpidiaceae	Unicellular holocarpic (single sporangium) endobiotic	Inogerculate	Olpidium
Synchytriaceae	Unicellular holocarpic (sorus of sporangia) endobiotic	Inogerculate	Synchytrium
Phlyctidiaceae	Epi or endobiotic; eucarpic Inoperculate monocentric	Inogerculate	Rhizophydium , Diplophlyctis
Rhizidiaceae	Eucarpic monocentric, interbiotic, form pro-sporangium	Inogerculate	Polyphagus, Rhizophlyctis
Cladochytriaceae	Eucarpic polycentric, have spindle or turbinate cell that forms thick walled resting spore	Inogerculate	Cladochytrium, Polychytrium
Physodermataceae	Eucarpic monocentric epibiotic, eucarpic polycentric endobiotic, bear turbinate cell	Inogerculate	Physoderma, Urophlyctis
Chytidiaceae	Eucarpic monocentric epibiotic, eucarpic polycentric endobiotic, bear turbinate cell	Operculate	Chytridium, Chytriomyces
Megachytriaceae	Eucarpic polycentric	Operculate	Nowkowskiella, Megachytrium

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Chitrideomycetes