Norwegian Journal of Entomology - Norsk entomologisk forening

N O R S K E N T O M O L O G I S K T I D S S K R I F T 

Volume 52, 53, No. No 1, 1, 2005 2006 

ISSN 1501-8415 

Norwegian 

Journal of 

Entomology 

Published by the Norwegian Entomological Society

NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 

A continuation of Fauna Norvegica Serie B (1979-1998), Norwegian Journal of Entomology (1975-1978) and 

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Lauritz Sømme, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. 

E-mail: l.s.somme@bio.uio.no. 

Editorial secretary 

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Front cover: Fungus gnat (Saigusaia flaviventris (Strobl, 1894) (Drawing by Hallvard Elven, NHMO) 

Production: Marianne Holen, 2punkt 

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Printed: 22 May 2006

Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 1-4, 22 May 2006 

Tipula (s.str.) oleracea Linnaeus, 1758, in Norway, with a key 

to the Norwegian Tipula (s.str.) (Diptera, Tipulidae) 

John Skartveit 

Skartveit, J. 2006. Tipula (s.str.) oleracea Linnaeus, 1758, new to Norway, with a key to the Norwegian 

Tipula (s.str.) (Diptera, Tipulidae). Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 1-4. 

The Common cranefly, Tipula (s.str.) oleracea Linnaeus, 1758, is recorded for the first time from 

Norway. A female specimen was collected at RY, Finnøy, Sevheim on 8 June 2005. A key to the 

Norwegian Tipula (s.str.) is given. The potential spreading and pest status of T. oleracea is commented 

upon. 

Key words: cranefly, Tipula oleracea, agricultural pests 

John Skartveit, Department of Biology, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. 

E-mail: john.skartveit@bio.uib.no 

INTRODUCTION 

The Marsh cranefly Tipula paludosa Meigen, 1830 

is a well-known pest species (Darvas et al. 2000), 

occasionally doing extensive damage to leys and 

other grassy fields in northern Europe. However, 

the subgenus Tipula (s.str.) includes two further 

species in Northern Europe. While working at 

Finnøy, SW Norway in early June 2005 I noticed 

that a species rather similar to T. paludosa was 

flying. Noting that this was very early for T. 

paludosa, I collected a specimen, which on 

closer examination turned out to be the Common 

cranefly, Tipula oleracea Linnaeus, 1758. This 

species has not previously been recorded from 

Norway (Hofsvang 1981, 1992). 

The species of Tipula (s.str.) are greyish craneflies, 

with wing lengths 13-28 mm (Coe 1950). 

The wings are pale brownish with the costal cell 

brown, which give the wings a conspicuous brown 

fore margin. The wings have no other obvious 

colour patterns. All three Tipula (s.str.) which 

occur in northern Europe have been noted as 

agricultural pests (Darvas et al. 2000). T. oleracea 

is the predominant pest species in Central Europe, 

while T. paludosa causes problems mainly in 

areas with an Atlantic climate. The somewhat 

A B C 

Figure 1. Heads, frontal/ ventral view, mouthparts and antennae omitted. A. T. oleracea. 

B. T. paludosa. C. T. subcuntans. 

1

Skartveit: Tipula (s.str.) oleracea in Norway (Diptera, Tipulidae) 

less common Autumn cranefly, Tipula subcuntans 

Alexander, 1921 is considered a minor pest in 

Central and Southern Europe (Darvas et al. 2000). 

Hofsvang (1981) reviewed the distributions of T. 

paludosa and T. subcuntans (as T. czizeki de Jong) 

in Norway. 

Since T. oleracea was not included in the key given 

by Hofsvang (1986), a new key to the Norwegian 

species of Tipula (s.str.) is provided, with short 

comments to each species. Terminology follows 

Alexander & Byers (1981). 

KEY TO THE NORWEGIAN Tipula (s.str.) 

1. Distance between eyes below short, considerably 

less than half the distance at level with 

the antennal sockets (Figure 1A). Antenna 

13-segmented. Male terminalia as in Figure 2A 

................................................Tipula oleracea L., 

1758 

- Distance between eyes below longer, at least 

approximately half as long as distance at level with 

antennal sockets. Antenna 13- or 14-segmented. 

Male terminalia different..................................... 2 

2. Antenna 14-segmented. Distance between eyes 

below approximately half as long as distance at 

level with antennal sockets (Figure 1B). Male 

2 

A B C 

Figure 2. Male terminalia, lateral view. A. T. oleracea (Drawn from a specimen from Ayrshire, Scotland). 

B. T. paludosa. C. T. subcuntans. 

terminalia as in Figure 2B, outer lobe of gonostylus 

very large, leafy and transparent, curved spine on 

inner gonostylus lobe very long and slender. Inner 

gonostylus lobe with a conspicuous tuft of yellow 

hairs......................Tipula paludosa Meigen, 1830 

- Antenna 13-segmented. Distance between eyes 

below considerably more than half as long as 

distance at level with antennal sockets (Figure 

1C). Male terminalia as in Figure 2C, outer lobe of 

gonostylus smaller, not transparent, curved spine 

on inner gonostylus lobe shorter and more robust. 

Inner lobe of gonostylus without conspicuous hair 

tuft.................Tipula subcuntans Alexander, 1921 

*Tipula oleracea Linnaeus, 1758 

Material: Norway, RY: Finnøy (EIS 14), Sevheim, 

8 June 2005, J. Skartveit leg., 1 ♀ 

The species has not been previously recorded 

from Norway, but has been found as far north 

as southern Sweden (Darvas et al. 2000). It has 

neither been recorded from Finland nor Estonia 

(Brodo 1994). The species is bivoltine, with a 

spring and an autumn generation (Darvas et al. 

2000). Although its flight period lasts between 

April and October, its peak abundance is in spring, 

unlike the two following species (Coe 1950). Any 

adult Tipula (s.str.) found before July should be

checked for this species, as T. paludosa appears 

not to have been collected earlier than10 July in 

Norway (Hofsvang 1981). The species was not 

present in a large Diptera material collected using 

yellow water traps at the same locality between 

April- September in 1995. This may suggest 

that it is a newcomer to the area. T. oleracea is 

habitually very similar to the familiar T. paludosa, 

and for this reason it is likely the species has been 

overlooked in Norway, though Hofsvang (1981) 

did not find it among the material of Tipula (s.str.) 

in Norwegian museums. 

Tipula paludosa Meigen, 1830 

This is the predominant species in northern and 

western Europe (Hofsvang 1981, Darvas et 

al. 2000). It appears to be present over most of 

the lowland areas in Norway with the possible 

exception of Troms and Finnmark counties 

(Hofsvang 1981). 

Tipula subcuntans Alexander, 1921 

Syn Tipula czizeki de Jong, 1925 

Material: Norway, HOY: Lindås (EIS 39), 

Mongstad oil refinery, Malaise trap, 10. August- 

24. November 2005, J. Skartveit leg., 1 ♀. 

Less frequently recorded than T. paludosa, but this 

is possibly due to its late flight period (Hofsvang 

1981). T. subcuntans flies in late September and 

early October in SE Norway (Hofsvang 1981). 

The species appears to occur further north than T. 

paludosa, reaching as far as Tromsø in Norway 

(Hofsvang 1986). 

DISCUSSION 

Tipula oleracea is a potential agricultural pest 

species and its presence in Norway is notable for 

this reason. Damages due to the three North 

European Tipula (s.str.) are considered similar 

(Darvas et al. 2000), though the larva of T. 

subcuntans appears to be undescribed (Darvas et 


al. 2000). It should be possible to distinguish the 

species at least partially through their phenology. 

Any full-grown tipulid larvae damaging fields 

in late winter and early spring are likely to 

be T. oleracea. The Norwegian Tipula (s.str.) 

include one widespread, univoltine species (T. 

paludosa), one univoltine species with a late 

flight period (T. subcuntans) and one apparently 

newly-established species, bivoltine in Central 

Europe. This situation has an interesting parallel 

in the bibionid genus Dilophus, which also 

has three Norwegian species (Skartveit 1996). 

Dilophus femoratus is widespread and univoltine, 

D. borealis is an univoltine species with a late 

flight period and boreoalpine distribution, and D. 

febrilis is bivoltine, with a southern distribution, 

and apparently a newcomer in the fauna. The 

latter species is currently spreading in Norway 

and has already been noted as an occasional pest 

(Skartveit 2004). A warming climate is likely to 

facilitate the establishment and spreading of such 

species in Norway, and thus lead to increased 

insect pest problems. 

Acknowledgements. Thanks to Bjarne A. 

Meidell, Bergen Museum, University of Bergen 

for finding the archive samples from Finnøy, to 

Trond Hofsvang, Bioforsk, Ås for advice on 

identification and to an anonymous referee for 

constructive criticism. 

Norsk samandrag. Kålstankelbein, Tipula 

oleracea, vart funnen på Finnøy, Rogaland i 2005. 

Dette er fyrste norske funn av arten. Eg gjev 

ein revidert nøkkel til norske artar i underslekta 

Tipula, som ved sida av kålstankelbein omfattar 

myrstankelbein (Tipula paludosa) og hauststankelbein 

(Tipula subcuntans). Alle tre artane 

kan gjera skade på eng og avlingar. T. oleracea 

mangla i eit stort tovengjemateriale samla på den 

same lokaliteten i 1995, og det synest rimeleg at 

arten er nyetablert. Ei klimaendring som fører til 

varmare klima aukar truleg sjansen for at artar 

som T. oleracea skal etablera seg, spreia seg og 

gjera skade i Noreg. 

3

Skartveit: Tipula (s.str.) oleracea in Norway (Diptera, Tipulidae) 

REFERENCES 

Alexander, C.P. & Byers, G.W. 1981. Tipulidae. Pp. 

153-190 in McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, 

G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. 

(eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Vol. 1. Research 

Branch, Agriculture Canada Monograph No. 27. 

Brodo, F. 1994. The subgenus Tipula (Tipula) in 

Finland and Estonia. Entomol. Fenn. 5, 49-52. 

Coe, R.L. 1950. Family Tipulidae. Pp. 1-66 in Coe, 

R.L., Freeman, P. & Mattingly, P.F., Diptera 2. 

Nematocera: families Tipulidae to Chironomidae. 

Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 9:2. 

Darvas, B., Skuhravá, M. & Andersen, A. 2000. 

Agricultural dipteran pests of the Palaearctic 

region. Pp. 565-649 in Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (eds.), 

Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera, 

Volume 1, General and Applied Dipterology. 

Science Herald, Budapest. 

Hofsvang, T. 1981. The species of the subgenus Tipula 

L. (Dipt., Tipulidae) in Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B 

28, 93-95. 

Hofsvang, T. 1986. Stankelbein (Diptera, Tipulidae). 

Norske Insekttabeller 10. 84 pp. Norsk Entomologisk 

Forening, Ås. 

Hofsvang, T. 1992. A check list of Norwegian Tipulidae 

(Diptera). Fauna norv. Ser. B 39, 77-79 

Skartveit, J. 1996. Distribution and flight periods 

of Norwegian Dilophus Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, 

Bibionidae), with a key to species. Fauna norv. Ser. 

B 43, 35-46. 

Skartveit, J. 2004. Nordiske hårmygg (Bibionidae). 

Larver og imagines. Norske Insekttabeller 17. 26 

pp. Norsk Entomologisk Forening, Oslo. 

4 

Received 20 December 2005, 

accepted 27 March 2006


The overwintering of Gonioctena pallida L. 

(Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in the alpine zone at Finse, 

Norway. 

Ole J. Lønnve, Jostein-André Nordmoen & Lauritz Sømme 

Lønnve, O.J., Nordmoen, J.A. & Sømme, L. 2006. The overwintering of Gonioctena pallida L. 

(Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in the alpine zone at Finse, Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 5-9. 

In the low alpine zone at Finse, Norway, Gonioctena pallida overwinters as adult in soil and litter 

underneath shrubs of Salix spp. Larvae are present on Salix during the summer, and pupate in the litter 

in the autumn. Due to a thick cover of snow, winter temperatures at the overwintering sites rarely 

drops more than 1 or 2 °C below zero. In the laboratory, adult beetles survived 314 days at 2 °C, and 

another 420 days at this temperature following a short period of feeding. The adults also survived 

more than 8 months at –3 °C and more than six months at –6 °C. In contrast, all pupae died after two 

months at 0 °C. Mean supercooling points of adult beetles stored at 0 °C remained close to –10 °C 

during the winter. It is concluded that G. pallida is sufficiently cold hardy to survive alpine winter 

conditions in the adult stage. Apparently, the species has a one-year life cycle. 

INTRODUCTION 

Key words: Gonioctena pallida, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, overwintering, supercooling points 

Ole J. Lønnve, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, 

Norway. E-mail: o.j.lonnve@nhm.uio.no 

Jostein-André Nordmoen, Hesteskoen 38 A, N-2050 Jessheim, Norway. 

E-mail: Jostein.Nordmoen@sylinder.no 

Lauritz Sømme, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, 

Norway. 

The chrysomelid beetle Gonioctena pallida L. 

inhabits the lower alpine zone of the Scandinavian 

mountain chain but is also widely distributed in 

the lowlands of Fennoscandia, Siberia and Central 

Europe (Silferberg 1989, 2004). Species of the 

genus Gonioctena are specialist herbivores. Both 

larva and adult feed on the same host plants, which 

include Salix, Corylus and Quercus (Hansen 

1927). G. pallida is facultative vivipar (Bontems 

1988) and the life cycle is completed in one year 

(Axelsson et al. 1974a,b). In the lowland, the 

fully developed 4. instar larvae leave their host 

plants and pupate in the ground. The pupae hatch 

in the autumn and following a period of feeding, 

the adults overwinter in soil and litter. Like 

chrysomelids in general, their power of dispersal 

appears to be limited. Adults are rarely seen 

flying, although capable of doing so (Richards 

& Waloff 1961, Mason & Lawson 1982). More 

recently, phylogeographical studies of a regional 

population of G. pallida in Central Europe showed 

that the presence of several effective barriers 

prevents recurrent gene flow within the studied 

area (Mardulyn 2001). 

In the low alpine zone at Hardangervidda, 

Norway, G. pallida feeds on several Salix spp., in 

particular on Salix lanata and to a lesser extent on 

Salix glauca and Salix lapponum (Nordmoen & 

Lønnve 1996). 

5

Lønnve et al.: Overwintering of Gonioctena pallida (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in Norway 

The overwintering strategy of G. pallida under 

alpine conditions has not previously been 

investigated. The purpose of the present study 

was to study the cold hardiness of the species in 

relation to its overwintering at Finse, Norway. 

MATERIAL AND METHODS 

Description of habitat 

Specimens of G. pallida for the present study 

were collected from the low alpine zone at Finse 

(60°36’N, 7°30’E) in the northern area of the 

Hardangervidda mountain plateau. The habitat 

was situated at 1300 m a.s.l. in the south-facing 

slope of Kvannjolsnut, characterized by dense 

patches of Salix spp. and otherwise relatively lush 

vegetation. 

Temperatures in soil and litter underneath shrubs 

of Salix spp. were recorded with a Grant Squirrel 

1200 data logger from 17 August to 28 October 

1992. The thermocouples were situated 2, 5 and 8 

cm below the surface. Another thermocouple was 

used to measure air temperatures 8 cm above the 

ground. 

Sampling and treatments 

Beetles for studies of cold hardiness were collected 

on several occasions. Following a period of 

feeding for two weeks at 22 °C in the laboratory, 

adult beetles sampled in June 1993 were placed at 

2 °C in a temperature controlled cabinet. Beetles 

surviving 314 d at this temperature were allowed 

to feed on leaves of Salix lanata for four weeks 

under laboratory conditions, and subsequently 

exposed to 2 °C for a period of 420 d. 

Adult beetles collected in August 1992 were 

acclimated two weeks at 5 °C and four weeks at 0 

°C and subsequently placed at –3 or –6 °C. 

Following exposure at the different temperatures, 

adult beetles were transferred directly to room 

conditions in the laboratory. They were considered 

to be alive when able to walk, but not if only 

movements of legs or antenna were observed. 

6 

Pupae of G. pallida collected from litter underneath 

Salix spp. in August 1992 were acclimated 

at 5 °C for 2 weeks before exposure to 0 °C for 

57 d. 

Supercooling 

Supercooling points (SCPs) were measured with 

copper-constantan thermocouples, connected to 

a recording potentiometer. To slow the rate of 

cooling, each thermocouple was placed inside two 

glass tubes before being lowered into the cooling 

bath of a cryostat. Under these conditions the 

beetles were cooled at a rate of 1-2 °C min -1 . 

SCPs of larvae were recorded shortly after 

collection in the field. Similarly, adult beetles 

collected in June were brought directly to the 

laboratory and tested. Beetles collected in 

August were acclimated for two weeks at 5 °C 

and subsequently stored at 0 °C. Samples for 

measurements of SCPs were removed at intervals 

from October to April. To record their ability to 

survive freezing, following the rebound the beetles 

were cooled for a second time to the temperature 

of their SCP. 

RESULTS 

Field observations 

According to observation in the field, adult beetles 

appeared shortly after snow-melt in May, and were 

present until the middle of July. Larvae feeding 

on Salix were most numerous in June and July, 

and 4. instar larvae pupated in the litter below the 

shrubs. Adult beetles reappeared in the middle of 

August and could be collected from the litter in 

September. In this way, observations in the field 

strongly suggest that G. pallida has a one-year 

life cycle even under alpine conditions. As in the 

lowlands, overwintering apparently takes place in 

the adult stage. 

Microclimate 

From the middle of August till the middle of 

October no significant differences in temperatures 

were measured at 5 and 8 cm below the surface. 

In the litter layer 2 cm below the surface, the

temperatures were more fluctuating, but fell 

slightly below 0 °C only once in a cold period just 

before the snow appeared. Air temperatures at 8 

cm above the surface frequently dropped below 

0 °C from the end of September and down to -15 

°C in the end of October. When the snow appeared 

in the middle of October, temperatures below the 

surface became stabilized at approximately 0 

°C. The lowest measured temperature during the 

winter was -0.7 °C. From the middle of October, 

only minor differences were recorded by the three 

thermocouples below the surface. 

Cold hardiness 

Long term survival 

The beetles appeared to be highly chill tolerant. 

Among adults exposed to 2 °C for 314 d, 58 % 

survived (Table 1). Following feeding for four 

weeks in the laboratory, 91 % of the remaining 

beetles survived another exposure to 2 °C for 420 

days. At –3 °C, more than 75 % of adult G. pallida 

survived for 239 d (Table 1). Two-thirds of the 

beetles survived for 191 d at –6 °C., while in a 

sample of 12 specimens all were killed after 218 

days at this temperature. 

In contrast, the pupae were more susceptible to 

long term exposure at low temperatures, and all of 

them died during 57 d at 0 °C (Table 1). 

Supercooling 

The supercooling points of adult beetles collected 

during the autumn and stored at 0 °C in the 

laboratory, did not change significantly from 

October to February (Table 2). In April the 

SCPs were slightly lower than in December. 

An ANOVA test did not show any significant 

differences between the measurements from 

October to February. Adults collected in their 

reproductive phase in early June had a mean SCP 

similar to those of the overwintering beetles. All 

beetles were killed by freezing at temperatures 

corresponding to their SCP. 

The SCPs of 2. instar larvae collected from the 

shrubs in July had a mean SCP within the same 

range. 

Table 1. Survival of adults and pupae of 

Gonioctena pallida during long term exposure to 

low temperatures. 

Temp. Percent 

°C n Days mortality 

Adults 

Pupae 

2 46 314 42.3 

23 1 420 91.3 

-3 30 239 23.0 

-6 12 127 0 

12 191 33.3 

12 218 100 

0 129 57 100 

1 Following feeding 4 weeks in the laboratory 

Table 2. Mean supercooling points of adults and 

larvae of Gonioctena pallida collected during the 

summer and stored at 0 °C in the laboratory. 

Stage Date n SCP±SD 

Adult 

Larvae 

1 Tested shortly after collection 


June 1 12 -10.3±1.1 

Oct 20 -9.7±3.2 

Dec 15 -10.2±2.8 

Feb 12 -9.3±3.9 

Apr 11 -8.0±3.4 

July 7 -9.7±1.9 

7

Lønnve et al.: Overwintering of Gonioctena pallida (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in Norway 

DISCUSSION 

At Finse, the winter normally has a duration of 

approximately eight months. The snow usually 

arrives in early October, and at the overwintering 

sites of G. pallida a layer of at least 1 m is built up 

during the winter. 

Temperature recorded in the ground 2. 5 and 

8 cm below the surface at the overwintering 

sites of the beetles dropped to approximately 0 

°C in the middle of October. At the end of the 

month, air temperatures 8 cm above the ground 

fell close to –15 °C. In general, the snow cover 

protects the ground from fluctuating and freezing 

temperatures (Wielgolaski 1997). When the snow 

cover is sufficiently thick, temperatures rarely 

drops more than one or two °C below zero. In this 

way the beetles are protected from low freezing 

temperatures. As pointed out by Nordmoen & 

Lønnve (1996), G. pallida apparently prefer areas 

of dense snow cover, and may be absent from 

Salix at other sites. 

In the laboratory, adult G. pallida survived exposure 

at 0 and –3°C for periods corresponding to 

the duration of the winter, or longer. At –6 °C most 

specimens survived for more than six months, but 

this temperature is rarely encountered in the field. 

The supercooling capacity of the adult beetles is 

more than required to survive the temperatures 

they are likely to be exposed to during the winter. 

Their high degree of chill tolerance makes it 

possible for the beetles to survive long periods of 

exposure at temperatures above the supercooling 

points. 

In contrast to the freeze susceptible G. pallida, 

two other chrysomelid beetles from the alpine 

zone in Norway are freeze tolerant. Phyllodecta 

laticollis may survive freezing down to –42 °C 

(van der Laak 1982) and Melasoma (Chrysomela) 

collaris tolerates temperatures down to –35 °C 

(Sømme & Conradi-Larsen 1979). Both species 

overwinter in unprotected sites and are exposed to 

low air temperatures. 

Recently, several papers on chrysomelid beetles 

8 

with similar life cycles and overwintering 

strategies as G. pallida have been published. At 

the Kola Peninsula, NW Russia the leaf beetle 

Chrysomela lapponica feeds on Salix borealis 

(Zvereva 2002). Adult beetles overwinter in the soil 

where they are protected from low temperatures. 

Food quality in the pre-overwintering period has 

strong impact on survival. In Tsukuba, Japan, 

the univoltine chrysomelid beetle Aulacophora 

nigripennis overwinters as adult in cracks and 

crevices (Watanabe & Tanaka 1998). More than 

90 % of the beetles survived for five months at 

outdoor conditions. Their chill tolerance increased 

during the autumn, while mean SCPs did not fall 

below –11 °C. Similarly, Lam & Pedigo (2000) 

found that the bean leaf beetle Cerotoma trifurcata 

avoids extreme temperatures during overwintering 

in leaf litter of woodlands in Iowa, USA. 

In conclusion, adults of G. pallida are sufficiently 

cold hardy to survive the alpine winter conditions 

at Finse. Their overwintering sites in litter and 

below a deep snow cover are protected from 

extreme low temperatures, but the beetles survive 

very long periods at temperatures close to 0 °C. 

Their overwintering strategy is similar to a pattern 

that has also been found in some other chrysomelid 

beetles. 

REFERENCES 

Axelsson, B., Bosetta, E., Lohm, U., Persson, T. & 

Tenow, O. 1974a. Energy flow through a larval 

population of Phytodecta pallidus L. (Col., 

Chrysomelidae) on Coryllus avellana L. I. Individual 

energy budget. Zoon 2. 49-50. 

Axelsson, B., Lohm, U., Persson, T. & Tenow, O. 

1974b. Energy flow through a larval population of 

Phytodecta pallidus L. (Col., Chrysomelidae) on 

Coryllus avellana L. II. Population energy budget. 

Zoon 2. 153-160. 

Bontems, C. 1988. Localization of spermatozoa inside 

viviparous and oviparous female of Chrysomelidae. 

Pp. 299-315 in Jolivet, P., Petipierre, E. & Hsio, T. H. 

(eds). Biology of Chrysomelidae. Kluwer Academic 

Publishers. Dordrecht.

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Danm. Fauna, 31. 1-401. 

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of overwintering bean leaf beetles (Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 29, 157-163. 

Nordmoen, J.-A. & Lønnve, O. J. 1996. Undersøkelser 

av biologien til en lavalpin populasjon av Gonioctena 

pallida L. (Col., Chrysomelidae). 95pp. Cand. 

scient. thesis in zoology. Department of Biology, 

University of Oslo. 

Mason, M. L. & Lawson, F. A. 1982. Biology of the 

American aspen beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: 

Gonioctena americana Schaeffer) in the Medicine 

Bow National Forest, Wyoming. J. Kans. Entomol. 

Soc. 55. 779-788. 

Mardulyn, P. 2001. Phylogeograph of the Vosges 

mountains populations of Gonioctena pallida 

(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): a nested clade 

analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. Molec. 

Ecol. 10, 1751-1763. 

Richards, O. W. & Waloff, N. 1961. A study of a natural 

population of Phytodecta olivacea (Forster) (Col., 

Chrysomelidae). Phil. Trans. Brit. 244, 205-257. 

Silfverberg, H. 1989. The problem of arctic 

Chrysomelids (Coleoptera). Fauna norv. Ser. B. 36. 

53-55. 

Silfverberg, H. 2004. Enumeratio nova Coleopterorum 

Fennoscandiae, Daniae et Baltiae. Sahlbergia 9. 

1-111. 

Sømme, L. & Conradi-Larsen, E.M. 1979. Frost 

resistance in alpine, adult Melasoma collaris 

(Coleoptera). Oikos 33, 80-84. 

Van der Laak, S. 1982. Physiological adaptations to 

low temperature in freezing tolerant Phyllodecta 

laticollis beetles. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73A, 

613-620. 

Watanabe, M. & Tanaka, K. 1998. Diapause and cold 

hardiness in Aulacophora nigripennis (Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae). J. Insect Physiol. 44, 1103-1110. 

Wielgolaski, F.E. 1997. Fennoscandian Tundra. Pp. 

27-83 in Wielgolaski, F.E. (ed.), Polar and alpine 

Tundra. Ecosystems of the World 3. Elsevier, 

Amsterdam 

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overwintering success of the leaf beetle Chrysomela 

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Entomol. 99, 189-195. 

Received 30 October 2005, 

accepted 7 March 2006. 


9

Contribution to the knowledge 

of Coleoptera from Western Norway 

Per Kristian Solevåg 

INTRODUCTION 

The topography and its east-western situation 

have probably led to the high diversity of forest 

communities along the 200 km long Sognefjord, 

Western Norway. On its northern side, the steep 

south-facing mountain slopes have a rather warm 

microclimate for the latitude. The inner parts of the 

fjord have high annual temperatures, and should 

probably be compared with some eastern areas in 

southern Norway (Aune 1993); favouring species 

of thermophilous insects. Hence, the northern side 

of the Sognefjord at sea level is mostly situated 

in the boreonemoral and southboreal vegetation 

zones (Moen 1999). 

In the present paper some interesting species of 

beetles and species new for the area, collected 

during a larger survey along the Sognefjord in 

2001 are presented. Pitfall traps were used, and 

the material is deposited at Bergen Museum. 

The nomenclature follows Lundberg (1995). 

The specimens are collected by P.K. Solevåg and 

Tom Alvestad. Survey grids (EIS) are given in 

accordance with Økland (1981). 

THE SPECIES 


Solevåg, P. K. 2006. Contribution to the knowledge of Coleoptera from Western Norway. 

Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 11-19 

New data are given for the distribution of 45 species of Coleoptera in Norway, 13 species being new to 

Western Norway. Some ecological aspects are briefly discussed. The beetle fauna of Western Norway 

is poorly investigated, and the importance of faunistic surveys on all levels of beetle taxonomy seems 

clear. Most of the species presented are common and widely distributed in Norway, other species have 

a more restricted distribution, and some should even be reckoned as relicts from the postglacial warm 

period. One species group shows a clear preference for oceanic climate: Quedius picipes (Mannerheim, 

1830), Bolitobius inclinans (Gravenhorst, 1806) and Grynobius planus (Fabricius, 1787). Another 

group has a more south-eastern distribution: Calosoma inquisitor (L, 1758), Badister lacertosus 

(Sturm, 1815), Falagrioma thoracica (Stephens, 1832), Rhizophagus cribratus Gyllenhal, 1827, 

Xyletinus ater (Creutzer, 1796) and Cerylon fagi Brisout de Barneville, 1867. Also hollow oaks in 

the area revealed interesting species: Dienerella elongata (Curtis, 1830), Hapalaraea melanocephala 

(Fabricius, 1787) and Batrisodes venustus (Reichenbach, 1816). 

Key words: Coleoptera, Western Norway. 

Per Kristian Solevåg, Ospeveien 12, 3408 Tranby. E-mail: perkrisol@yahoo.com 

Carabidae 

Calosoma inquisitor (L, 1758) 

SFI Balestrand: Tjugum (EIS 50) 15 May-7 August 

2001. One specimen in a mixed deciduous forest. 

The first record from western Norway, previously 

known from MRI, Ø, AK, AAY and VAY (Figure 

1) (Vik 1991, Gärdenfors et al. 2002). 

Badister lacertosus (Sturm, 1815) 

SFI Balestrand: Tjugum (EIS 50) 15 May-7 

August 2001, Sogndal: Stedjeberget (EIS 50) 14 

11

Solevåg: Coleoptera from Western Norway 

Figure 1. The distribution of Calosoma inquisitor 

in the Nordic countries. 

Figure 2. The distribution of Badister lacertosus 

in the Nordic countries. 

12 

May-6 August 2001; Luster: Luster (EIS 60) 15 

May-6 August 2001; Leikanger: Leikanger (EIS 

50) 15 May-7 August 2001. 

All the sites were more or less dry deciduous 

forests. Also previously recorded from the area 

(Figure 2) (Løken 1965, Lindroth 1986, Refseth 

1987). 

Staphylinidae 

Quedius picipes (Mannerheim, 1830) 

SFY Solund: Engvika (EIS 48) 3 April-4 

November 2001, two specimens in an open pine 

forest; Høyanger: Værholm (EIS 49) 16 May-7 

August 2001, four specimens in an alder forest; 

Hyllestad: Staurdalen (EIS 49) 16 May-7 August 

2001, two specimens in a open pine forest; 

Balestrand: Kvamsøy (EIS 50) 15 May-7 August 

2001, Balestrand: Saurdalen (EIS 50) 15 May-7 

August 2001, three specimens in an old pine forest 

situated 500 m.a.s.l.; Leikanger: Grinde (EIS 50) 

15 May-7 August 2001, one specimen in a hazel 

thicket; Sogndal: Stedjeberget (EIS 50) 14 May-6 

August 2001, one specimen in a dry warm southfaced 

Tilia cordata forest. Previously recorded in 

coastal areas from AAY to HOY, some isolated 

records from BØ, STI and NTI (Vik 1991, 

Tømmerås & Breistein 1995). 

Hapalaraea melanocephala (Fabricius, 1787) 

SFI Luster: Luster (EIS 60) 6 August-3 November 

2001, nine specimens in a hollow oak. First record 

from Western Norway, scattered in eastern parts 

of the country, most common in the south (Vik 

1991). 

Bolitobius inclinans (Gravenhorst, 1806) 

SFY Solund: Engvika (EIS 48) 3 April-4 

November 2001, two specimens in an open pine 

forest; Hyllestad: Rønset (EIS 48) 16 May-7 

August 2001, one specimen; Høyanger: Værholm 

(EIS 49) 16 May-7 August 2001, one specimen. 

SFI Balestrand: Sæle (EIS 50) 5 May-7 August 

2001, one specimen, Kvamsøy (EIS 50) 15 May- 

7 August 2001, one specimen, Tjugum (EIS 50) 

15 May-7 August 2001, one specimen; Sogndal: 

Vesterland (EIS 51) 14 May-6 August 2001, one 

specimen; Luster: Bargarden (EIS 60) 14 May-6

August 2001, one specimen; Årdal: Seimsdal (EIS 

51) 14 May-6 August 2001, three specimens in a 

dense deciduous forest. Previously recorded from 

TEY, AAY, HOY and HOI (Vik 1991, Birkemoe 

1993, Skartveit et. al 2004). A stenotopic species 

restricted to moist woods (Palm 1966, Horion 

1967, Koch 1989a). The present and the study 

by Skartveit et al. (2004) show that the species 

is probably more eurytopic, found in both dense 

sites as well as open sun exposed ones. 

Falagrioma thoracica (Stephens, 1832) 

SFI Balestrand: Nessane (EIS 50) 15 May-7 

August 2001, 116 specimens. 

Previously recorded only once in Norway, TEI 

(Ødegaard & Ligaard 2000). Eurytopic (Horion 

1967, Koch 1989a), also in seaweed communities 

and sandy soil. A relict species, probably more 

common in Norway during the post-glacial warm 

period (Ødegaard & Ligaard 2000). 

Aleochara inconspicua Aube, 1850 

SFI Leikanger: Leikanger (EIS 50) 15 May-7 

August 2001, 24 spesimens. Probably rare in 

Norway, recorded along the southern coast north 

to AAY, some isolated records also from HOI and 

STI (Vik 1991 Andersen et al. 1992). Described 

as eurytopic (Horion 1967, Koch 1989a). 

Aleochara fumata (Gravenhorst, 1802) 

SFI Balestrand: Nessane (EIS 50) 15 May-7 

August 2001, one specimen. Previously known 

from Ø, AK, HES, BØ, TEY and RY (Vik 1991), 

most common in forests (Horion 1967). 

Atheta paracrassicornis Brundin, 1954 

SFI Årdal: Seimsdal (EIS 51) 14 May-6 August 

2001, one specimen, Kammen (EIS 51) 14 May- 

6 August 2001, one specimen. First records from 

western Norway, previously only around the Oslo 

fjord (Vik 1991) and one isolated record from TRY 

(Andersen & Olberg 2003). The species apparently 

prefers decaying organic material, fungi, tree sap 

and animal droppings (Palm 1970). 

Batrisodes venustus (Reichenbach, 1816) 

SFI Leikanger: Hella (EIS 50) 4.April-7.August 


2001, two specimens in a hollow oak. First record 

from Western Norway, seems totally dependent 

on this substrate for its survival (Hansen 1968). 

Leiodidae 

Triarthron maerkelii Märkel, 1840 

SFI Luster: Fortun (EIS 60) 15 May-6 August 

2001, one specimen. Previously recorded only 

from BV and AAY. Resembles Liodes sp. in 

behavior (Reitter 1909, Hansen 1968, Baranowski 

1993). 

Agathidium varians Beck, 1817 

SFI Balestrand: Målsnes (EIS 50) 15 May-7 

August 2001, one specimen; Leikanger: Hella 

(EIS 50) 15 May-7 August 2001, one specimen, 

Leikanger (EIS 50) 15 May-7 August 2001, one 

specimen; Årdal: Seimsdal (EIS 51) 14 May- 

6 August 2001, one specimen. Probably rare in 

Norway, previous recorded around the Oslo-fjord 

and in the northwestern areas, MRI, STI and NTI 

(Vik 1991, Tømmerås & Breistein 1995). 

Colon angulare Erichson, 1837 

SFI Luster: Luster (EIS 60) 15 May-6 August 

2001, two specimens. First records from western 

Norway; previously found in AK and VE (Vik 

1991). 

Colon serripes (Sahlberg, 1822) 

SFY Hyllestad: Risnes (EIS 48) 16 May-7 August 

2001, 14 specimens in a hazel thicket. First record 

from western Norway, previously recorded from 

Ø, HE, ON, BØ, and from STI to FN (Vik 1991, 

Tømmerås & Breistein 1995). 

Anobiidae 

Xyletinus ater (Creutzer, 1796) 

SFI Lærdal: Tjønum (EIS 51) 1 June 2003, two 

specimens in a mixed deciduous forest. Previous 

scattered records from southeastern Norway. Most 

likely connected to dead and decaying branches 

of deciduous trees (Hansen 1951). 

Grynobius planus (Fabricius, 1787) 


August 2001, one specimen. Restricted to the 

south-western parts of Norway north to NT 

13


Figure 3. The distribution of Grynobius planus in 

the Nordic countries. 

Figure 4. The distribution of Acalles ptiniodes in 

the Nordic countries. 

14 

(Vik 1991) (Figure 3). Found on dry branches of 

various deciduous trees like hazel, oak, beech and 

cherry (Hansen 1951), stenotopic to deciduous 

forest, dependent on decaying wood of any kind 

(Koch 1989b, Hansen & Ligaard 1992). 

Trogossitidae 

Thymalus limbatus (Fabricius, 1787) 


2001, one specimen. Scattered distribution in 

Norway, recorded from the areas around the 

Oslofjord and in TEI, TEY, AAI and RI (Vik 

1991). Mostly found under bark of decaying and 

fungi infested trees and branches, also visiting 

tree fungi (Hågvar 1999, Økland 2002). 

Monotomidae 

Rhizophagus cribratus Gyllenhal, 1827 

SFI Balestrand: Saurdalen (EIS 50) 15 May- 

7 August 2001, two specimens in a dense pine 

stand. The species should be considered as 

rare in Norway. There are scattered records in 

southern areas, and some records from HOY to 

NSI (Vik 1991, Skartveit et. al 2004). According 

to Koch (1989b), this is a stenotopic deciduous 

forest species, but as in the study by Skartveit 

et al (2004), the species was found far from any 

deciduous forest. 

Cryptophagidae 

Atomaria impressa Erichson, 1836 

SFY Hyllestad: Rønset (EIS 48), 16 May-7 

August 2001, one specimen. SFI Balestrand: 

Skardet (EIS 50) 15 May-7 August 2001, one 

specimen; Sogndal: Stedjeberget (EIS 50) 14 

May-6 August 2001, one specimen. First records 


areas around the Oslo fjord, STI and NTI (Vik 

1991). Stenotopic (Koch 1989b), found in moist 

habitats. 

Caenoscelis ferruginea (Sahlberg, 1820) 


2001, 16 specimens, Saurdalen (EIS 50) 15 

May-7 August 2001, one specimen; Sogndal: 

Vesterland (EIS 51) 14 May-6 August 2001, two 

specimens; Lærdal: Husum (EIS 51) 14 May-6 

August 2001, five specimens. The species has a

Table 1. Further species recorded new for SFI and SFY during the study. 

Spc./loc = Number of specimens / number of localities. 

Species Habitat Spc./Loc 

Carabidae 

Amara aenea (Degeer, 1774) Decidious 20/4 

Staphylinidae 

Xantholinus laevigatus Jacobsen, 1847 Eurytopic 16/5 

Othius punctulatus (Goeze, 1777) Decidious 78/16 

Anthobium melanuoephalum (Illiger, 1794) Coniferous 2/2 

Acidota cruentata Mannerheim, 1830 Eurytopic 8/7 

Lordithon exolethus (Erichson, 1839) Eurytopic 25/9 

Mycetoporus rufescens (Stephens, 1832) 3/3 

Autalia longicornis Scheerpeltz, 1947 Eurytopic 7/4 

Zyras cognatus (Märkel, 1842) Decidious 

Atheta brunneipennis (Thomson, 1832) Eurytopic 5/3 

Leiodidae 

Agathidium nigrinum Sturm, 1807 Decidious 1/1 

Agathidium seminulum (L, 1758) Decidious 1/1 

Catopidae 

Choleva fagniezi Jeannel, 1922 Eurytopic 6/5 

Scydmaenidae 

Nevraphes coronatus Sahlberg, 1881 Eurytopic 3/3 

Nitidulidae 

Epuraea angustula Sturm, 1844 Coniferous 1/1 

Cryptophagidae 

Spavius glaber (Gyllenhal, 1808) Coniferous 6/3 

Melandryidae 

Orchesia minor Walker, 1837 Decidious 3/3 

Oedemeridae 

Chrysanthia nigricornis (Westhoff, 1881) Coniferous 1/1 

Chrysomelidae 

Crepidodera nitidula (L, 1758) Decidious 1/1 

Nemonychidae 

Cimberis attelaboides (Fabricius, 1787) Coniferous 1/1 

Curculionidae 


Leisoma deflexum (Panzer, 1795) Decidious 1/1 

15


bisected distribution in Norway; most common 

in the southeastern areas, scattered from STI 

and northwards (Vik 1991). Also found in HOY 

(Skartveit et.al 2004), occurring only in the most 

productive parts of the deciduous forests. More 

eurytopic in the present study, found both in 

Calluna pine forest and elm/lime forest, more in 

co ordinance with (Koch 1989b). 

Cerylonidae 

Cerylon fagi Brisout de Barneville, 1867 


August 2001, two specimens, Tjugum (EIS 50) 15 

May-7 August 2001, one specimen. First records 


areas around the Oslo fjord and along the southern 

coast from AAY to RY (Vik 1991). Under bark 

(Koch 1989b), prefers beech, oak, poplar and elm, 

according to Hansen (1951). 

Latriidae 

Dienerella elongata (Curtis, 1830) 

SFI Balestrand: Målsnes (EIS 50) 7.August-3 

November 2001, four specimens; Leikanger: 

Hella (EIS 50) 4 April-3 November 2001, nine 

specimens; Luster: Luster (EIS 60) 15 May-6 

August 2001, five specimens. The first record 


Ø, AK, VE, AAY and STY, but due to the wider 

distribution in Sweden (Lundberg 1995), and 

the small size of the beetle, it may have a wider 

distribution in Norway. Found in rotten and 

decaying vegetation of different kind (Hansen 

1951), eurytopic and synanthropic (Koch 1989b); 

also found in connection with tree fungi (Økland 

& Hågvar 1994) and in pine forest (Hansen and 

Ligaard 1992). 

Ciidae 

Orthocis vestitus (Mellié, 1848) 

SFI Årdal: Seimsdal (EIS 51) 14 May-6 August 

2001, two specimens. First records from western 

Norway, previously known from AK and VE 

(Vik 1991). Found in deciduous and mixed forests 

(Koch 1989b), foraging on different kinds of fungi 

(Hansen 1951). 

16 

Chrysomelidae 

Acalles ptinoides (Marsham, 1802) 

SFY Høyanger: Torvund (EIS 49) 16 May-7 

August 2001, one specimen in an open Calluna 

type pine stand. Recorded along the coast from 

VE to SFY (Figure 4) (Vik 1991). 

More species new to SFI and SFY. 

Table 1 gives a list of the other species recorded in 

the present study new for this part of Norway. 

DISCUSSION 

Most ecological or faunistic studies on beetles in 

Norway have been carried out in southeastern, 

middle and northern parts of Norway (Andersen 

et al. 1992, Andersen & Olberg 2003, Birkemoe 

1993, Fossli & Andersen 1998, Hansen & Ligaard 

1992, Hågvar 1999, Thingstad 1987, Ødegaard & 

Ligaard 2000, Økland & Hågvar 1994), although 

some literature on the species` distribution and 

ecology in western Norway is available (Andersen 

& Fjellberg 1975, Hanssen & Olsvik 1982, Key 

1981, Kålås 1985, Pedersen 1986, Refseth 1979, 

1987, Thunes 1993). Despite these studies the 

beetle fauna of western Norway is poorly known 

(Refseth 1987, Andersen et al. 1992), particularly 

among the staphylinids. 

The majority of the species presented in the 

present paper should be reckoned as common and 

widely distributed in southern Norway, although 

previously not known from Western Norway; 

most likely due to little collecting here. However, 

the distribution of some species is discussed in the 

present paper. 

Several species have a coastal distribution in the 

Nordic countries, indicating their preferences for 

oceanic climate. This applies to the staphylinids 

Quedius picipes, Bolitobius inclinans and 

the anobiidae Grynobius planus. Especially 

Grynobius planus is restricted to the western 

coast of both Norway and Sweden (Figure 3) (Vik 

1991, Lundberg 1995), depending on decaying 

wood in the warm boreo-nemoral deciduous forest 

(Hansen & Ligaard 1992). Acalles ptinoides has

a similar distribution pattern (Figure 4), but is 

more connected to coniferous forest, foraging on 

Calluna vulgaris (Hansen 1965). Only Q. picipes 

is found in the southern parts of Finland, indicating 

a preference for more continental climate. 

Other species have their northern distribution 

limits in Western Norway, being more distributed 

in the eastern parts of Europe. Among these, at 

least Calosoma inquisitor (Figure 1), Xyletinus 

ater, Cerylon fagi and Rhizophagus cribratus 

seem to be dependent on the warm deciduous 

forest found scattered along the western coast. 

However, this study and a study by Skartveit et al. 

(2004) indicate that R. cribratus is more eurytopic 

than previously thought, found in both deciduous 

and coniferous forest. In the present study, it was 

recorded from a pine stand more than 250 m a.s.l, 

far from any deciduous forest. In the case of C. 

inquisitor, it is restricted by the distribution of oak; 

the latter distributed north to MRY (Lid 1994). 

The Anobiidae X. ater is also dependent on 

dead oak branches (Hansen 1951) and should be 

regarded as a relict species in Western Norway, 

being more widely distributed in the postglacial 

warm period. Another relict species is the rove 

beetle Falagrioma thoracica (Ødegaard & Ligaard 

2000), found numerous in a warm deciduous forest 

in the middle parts of the Sognefjord, the second 

record from Norway. The species ecology seems 

poorly investigated, and it has probably a wider 

distribution in western Norway. 

The carabid Badister lacertosus is only recorded 

from western Norway, and seems connected 

to deciduous forest. This is most likely also a 

relict species from the post glacial warm period 

(Andersen & Hanssen 1992). Its preference for 

continental climate in the Nordic countries (Figure 

2) seems to support this. 

Eight hollow oaks along the Sognefjord were 

investigated with pitfall traps, and the small and 

slender species Dienerella elongata was abundant 

in all of them, the first records from Western 

Norway. Its wide distribution in Sweden (north 

to Ån) (Lundberg 1995) may indicate a wider 


distribution in Norway, but due to the species small 

size and often hidden way of living in rotten and 

decaying wood of various kinds (Hansen 1951), 

the species may be difficult to record. 

Other interesting species from oaks were the rove 

beetles Batrisoides venustus and Hapalaraea 

melanocephala, both recorded from Western 

Norway for the first time. The prior seems 

totally dependent on hollow oaks for its survival 

(Hansen 1968), and might be rare in Norway, 

previously recorded from Ø, VE, TEY and RI 

(Vik 1991). Hapalaraea melanocephala has a 

wider distribution, recorded along the coast north 

to AAI, and some scattered records from NTI and 

northwards (Vik 1991). The almost total absence 

from western Norway shown by this species, there 

might be some environmental factors along the 

western coast not favouring H. mealonocephala; 

underreporting seems unlikely. 

The beetle fauna of Western Norway seems to be 

poorly investigated. As more surveys are being 

carried out, the total number of species will 

probably rise to a level only slightly lower than the 

number of species in eastern parts of the country. 

According to Refseth (1987) faunistic data are 

important for many reasons: such as studies on 

immigration routes, patterns of dispersal, courses 

of adaptation, and the fact that they are important 

in recognizing valuable areas for protection. 

Therefore, more faunistic surveys are needed in 

order to protect the remaining and vulnerable 

forests in Western Norway. 

Acknowledgements. I thank Tom Alvestad for 

assistance in the field and Erling Hauge, Bergen 

Museum, and economical support during the field 

work, Stefan Olberg, Museum of Natural History, 

Oslo, for comments on the manuscript, and 

Oddvar Hanssen, NINA, for assistance concerning 

a reference. 

17


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Lid, J. L. & Lid, D.T. 1994. Norsk Flora. 1014 pp. 

Lindroth, C. H. 1986. The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of 

Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Ent. Scand. 15 

(2), 233-497. 

Lundberg, S. (1995). Catalogus Coeloptetorum 

Sueciae, Stockholm. 

http://www.nrm.se/en/lists/CATCOLS.txt 1nt 

Løken, A. 1965. Ekskursjonsberetning. Insekter 

og arachnoider samlet under det 13. Nordiske 

Entomologmøtes ekskursjon til Flåm (SFi: Aurland) 

13. -16. sugust 1965. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 13, 371- 

386. 

Moen, A. 1999. Nasjonalatlas for Norge: Vegetasjon. 

220 pp. Statens kartverk, Hønefoss. 

Ødegaard, F. & Ligaard, S. 2000. Contribution to 

the knowledge of Norwegian Coleoptera. Norw. J. 

Entomol. 47, 7-19. 

Økland, K.A. 1981. Inndeling av Norge til bruk ved 

biogeografiske oppgaver-et revidert Strand-system. 

Fauna (Oslo) 34, 167-178. 

Økland, B. & Hågvar, S. 1994. The insect fauna 

associated with carpophores of the fungus Fomitopsis 

pinicola (Fr.) Karst in a southern Norwegian spruce 

forest. Fauna norv. Ser. B 41, 29-42. 

Økland, B. 2002. Canopy cover favours sporocarpvisiting 

beetles in spruce forest. Norw J. Entomol. 

49, 29-39. 

Palm, T. 1966. Skalbaggar. Coleoptera. Kortvingar: 

Fam. Staphylinidae. Underfam. Habrocerinae, 

Trichophyinae, Tachyporinae. Svensk Insektfauna 

4, 91 pp. 

Palm, T. 1970. Skalbaggar. Coleoptera, Kortvingar: 

Fam. Staphylinidae. Underfam. Alocharinae 

(Atheta). Svensk Insektfauna 6, 117-296. 

Palm, T. 1972. Skalbaggar. Coleoptera. Kortvingar: 

Fam. Staphylinidae. Underfam. Aleocharinae 

(Aleuonota Tinotus). Svensk Insektfauna 7, 300- 

467. 

Pedersen, T. 1986. Et økologisk studium av 

carabider (Coleoptera) på kulturmark i Øygarden, 

Hordaland. Fenologi, livssyklus, habitattilknytning 

og habitatbruk. Cand. Scient. Thesis, Zoologisk 

ecology, University of Bergen. 

Refseth, D. 1979. Noen funn av Coleoptera fra

Trøndelag og Møre. Fauna norv. Ser. B 26, 8-9. 

Refseth, D. 1987. New records of Coleoptera in 

Norway, with notes on the significanse of faunistic 

surveys. Fauna norv. Ser. B 34, 117-119. 

Reitter, E. (1909). Die Käfer des Deutschen Reiches. 

II. Band. Fauna Germanica XXIV, 392 pp. 

Skartveit, J., Pommeresche, R. & Solhøy, T. 2004. 

Notes on uncommon beetles (Coleoptera) collected 

during a survey in Hardanger, Western Norway. 

Norw. J. Entomol. 51, 151-158. 

Thingstad, P. G. 1987. Pitfall trapping of the carabid 

fauna in alpine and subalpine habitats at Saltfjellet, 

North Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B 34, 105-116. 

Thunes, K. H. 1993. Polypore Fungi and Their 

Associated Arthropod Communities In Selected 

West Norwegian Forests. The Rationale and 

Applications Of Numerical Methods. Cand. Scient. 

Thesis, University of Bergen. 

Tømmerås, B. Å. & Breistein, J.1995. Fragmenteringsforsøk 

i granskog. Problemstillinger og metoder 

samt resultater fra feltsesongen 1994. NINA oppdrags 

melding, 342 pp. 

Vik, A. 1991. Catalogus Coleopterum Norvegica. 157 

pp. Stig Otto Hansen, Larvik. 

Received 18 April 2005, 

accepted 6 February 2006. 


19

Clitellaria ephippium (Fabricius, 1775) 

(Diptera, Stratiomyidae) rediscovered in Norway 

Øivind Gammelmo & Ole J. Lønnve 

Gammelmo, Ø. & Lønnve, O. J. 2006. Clitellaria ephippium (Fabricius, 1775) (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) 

rediscovered in Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 21-22. 

The stratiomyid fly Clitellaria ephippium (Fabricius, 1775) is recorded from Norway for the first time 

since 1844. A single male was captured at Skoklefall in Nesodden municipality (AK) in 2005. The 

species is previously recorded once in Norway, from AK Oslo: Fjeldstuen. 

Key words: Clitellaria ephippium, Diptera, Stratiomyidae, Norway 

The genus Clitellaria is characterized by a pair 

of strong lateral spines on the thorax in front of 

the wing-base (Rozkošný 1973) (Figs 1-2). The 

genus is represented in Europe with one species 

only; Clitellaria ephippium (Fabricius, 1775). 

The larva of C. ephippium is found in nests of 

the ant Lasius fuliginosus (Latreille, 1798) which 

occurs in hollow trees. The species is listed as 

VU (according to the IUCN criteria) in Sweden 

(Gärdenfors 2005), and is only known from a few 

localities. C. ephippium is distributed throughout 

Europe, but rare in the north. In addition to Norway 

and Sweden the species are reported from Austria, 

Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, 

French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian 

mainland, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, central 

and south Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish 

mainland, Switzerland, The Netherlands, and 

Ukraine (Pape 2006, Rozkošný 1983). According 

to Verrall (1909) the species is reported from 

Great Britain, but no specimens are available 

(Rozkošný 1983). 

C. ephippium has only been recorded once from 

Norway; AK Oslo: Fjeldstuen (EIS 18), 1 ♀, 

1844, leg. Esmark (Siebke 1877, Rozkošný 1973, 

Falck & Greve 1990). The specimen is deposited 

in the entomological collection, Natural History 

Museum, University of Oslo. The species was 

considered extinct from Norway by Falck & 

Greve (1990). 

A single male (Figs 1-2) was captured in a yellow 

bucket-trap at AK Nesodden: Skoklefall (EIS 28, 

UTMWGS8432VNM935359) on 11 July 2005, leg. 

Ole J. Lønnve. The trap was situated in a moist 

bush-dominated ditch in a residential area at the 

edge of a pine forest. The specimen is deposited 

in the entomological collection, Natural History 

Museum, University of Oslo. 

REFERENCES 


Øivind Gammelmo, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 

NO-0318 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: oivind.gammelmo@nhm.uio.no 

Ole J. Lønnve, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 

N0-0318 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: o.j.lonnve@nhm.uio.no 

Falck, M. & Greve, L. 1990. Records of Stratiomyidae 

(Diptera) from South-Eastern Norway, with some 

notes on the specimens. Fauna norv. Ser. B. 37, 

101-104 

Gärdenfors, U. (ed.) 2005. Rödlistade arter i Sverige 

2005 – The 2005 red list of Swedish Species. 496 

pp. ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala. 

Pape, Thomas. 2006. Fauna Europaea: Stratiomyidae. 

21

Gammelmo & Lønnve: Clitellaria ephippium (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) in Norway 

Figure 1: Habitus of Clitellaria ephippium (Fabricius, 1775) (male), dorsal view. 

Figure 2: Habitus of Clitellaria ephippium (Fabricius, 1775) (male), lateral view. 

Fauna Europaea version 1.5, http://www.faunaeur. 

org 

Rozkošný, R. 1973. The Stratiomyioidea (Diptera) of 

Fennoskandia and Denmark. Fauna ent. Scand. 1, 

140 pp. 

Rozkošný, R. 1983. A biosystematic study of the 

European Stratiomyidae (Diptera) 2. 431 pp. Dr. W. 

Junk. Publ. The Hauge, Boston, London. 

Siebke, J.H.S. 1877. Enumeration Insectorum 

22 

Norvegicum. Fasc. IV. Catalogum Dipterorum 

Continentem. 255 pp. A.W.Brøgger, Christiania. 

Verrall, G.H. 1909. Stratiomyiidae etc. In British Flies, 

Vol. 5, 51-229. 

Received 21 March 2006, 

accepted 14 April 2006

INTRODUCTION 

The Norwegian myriapod fauna is only partly 

known, and published works from Norway are 

mainly those by Ellingsen (1892, 1897, 1903, 

1910), Meidell (1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1975, 

1977, 1979), Simonsen (1981), Olsen (1995a, 

1998a, 2000) and scattered notes (e. g. Porat 1887, 

Storm 1898, Meidell & Simonsen 1985, Olsen 

1995b, 1995c, 1996, 1998b). In North Norway, 

the first myriapod reported appears to be Lithobius 

curtipes from eastern Finnmark (Palmberg 

1866). In 1866, probably also in Finnmark 

(„Finmarken“), Lauritz Esmark collected two 

more species, Lithobius forficatus and Geophilus 


Centipedes (Chilopoda) and millipedes (Diplopoda) 

in North Norway 

Robert Bergersen, Kjell Magne Olsen, Per Djursvoll & Arne C. Nilssen 

Bergersen, R., Olsen, K. M., Djursvoll, P. & Nilssen, A. C. 2006. Centipedes (Chilopoda) and 

millipedes (Diplopoda) in North Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 23-38. 

Based on 486 specimens collected over the last 70 years, the Chilopoda and Diplopoda in North 

Norway were found to consist of four genera and eight species in the former, and seven genera each 

of one species in the latter. All but two species, Pachyiulus varius (S European) and Oxidus gracilis 

(anthropochorous), could be regarded as native. Four species (Lithobius melanops, L. tenebrosus, 

Strigamia maritima and Nemasoma varicorne) were new to the area. From S to N, Nordland hosted 

12 species, Troms 6 and Finnmark 5. Among the Chilopoda, numbers were 7, 5 and 5; in Diplopoda, 

5, 1 and 0, respectively. Seven species were viewed as being common: Lithobius forficatus, L. 

erythrocephalus, Proteroiulus fuscus and Polydesmus denticulatus in Nordland, Lamyctes emarginatus 

and Geophilus proximus in Nordland and Troms, and Lithobius curtipes in Finnmark. These are the 

world‘s northernmost finds (65 o 04‘N-70 o 52‘N), except for curtipes, which also occurs in N Russia. 

In Nordland, Polyxenus lagurus and Cylindroiulus latestriatus may be more common than this study 

shows. Almost half the material was collected by schoolchildren in one year (2005). The children 

proved to be useful collectors. 

Key-words: Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Myriapoda, geographical distribution, North Norway. 

Robert Bergersen & Arne C. Nilssen, Tromsø University Museum, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway. 

E-mail: robert.bergersen@tmu.uit.no; arnec.nilssen@tmu.uit.no. 

Kjell Magne Olsen, Stiftelsen Siste Sjanse, Maridalsveien 120, NO-0461 Oslo, Norway. 

E-mail: kjell-magne@sistesjanse.no. 

Per Djursvoll, Zoological Museum, University of Bergen, Muséplass 3, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway. 

E-mail: per.djursvoll@zmb.uib.no. 

proximus (cf. Porat 1887), so that three species 

were known from North Norway by the end of 

the 19th century (Ellingsen 1897). In 1900, Sparre 

Schneider and Embrik Strand collected three 

species, Lithobius erythrocephalus, Henicops 

fulvicornis (= Lithobius emarginatus) and Julus 

luscus (= Cylindroiulus latestriatus) in Nordland 

(Schneider 1905, p. 178), so that six species were 

known by Ellingsen (1910). 

The history repeated itself when in 1966, 

Lithobius curtipes was again collected in eastern 

Finnmark by the Norwegian ZMO Expedition 

(unpubl.). During the next three decades, some 

more myriapods were found (Meidell 1969, 

23

Bergersen et al.: Chilopoda and Diplopoda in North Norway 

Figure 1. Map of the study area: North Norway 

(dark grey). 

Table 1. Specimens of North Norwegian Chilopoda 

and Diplopoda (incl. juveniles): present 

depositions. 

24 

Chilopoda Diplopoda 

Tromsø University Museum 220 96 

Zoological Museum, Bergen 51 31 

Natural History Museum, Oslo 33 18 

Rana Museum, Mo i Rana 30 5 

Zoological Museum, Copenhagen 2 

SUM 334 152 

1978, Vader 1979, unpubl. material collected 

by J. Fjeldså, H. W. Waldén, P. Straumfors, A. 

Fjellberg, A. C. Nilssen), including Proteroiulus 

fuscus, Polydesmus denticulatus and Polyxenus 

lagurus in Nordland (Olsen 1998c, Kime & 

Golovatch 2000), increasing the known number 

of species to nine. 

Apart from the Lithobius forficatus and Geophilus 

proximus from „Finmarken“ (which could be 

anywhere in Finnmark or Troms) collected 1866, 

the oldest preserved specimens known to us are 

from 1937 (Cylindroiulus latestriatus in Nordland) 

and 1966 (Lithobius curtipes in Finnmark). 

The Nordland 1900 material was examined by 

Edvard Ellingsen (Schneider 1905) and possibly 

returned to Schneider, whereas Ellingsen‘s 

private myriapod collection was finally donated 

to the Zoological Museum in Oslo (Sømme 2004, 

p. 240). Apart from the information in Meidell 

(1978, 1979) and Andersson et al. (2005), no 

overview of the North Norwegian myriapod fauna 

exists, and the knowledge of the distribution in 

Norway cannot be said to be „good“ (Kime 2000, 

p. 284). 

In the present paper we examine newly-collected 

material from Nordland, Troms and Finnmark 

(65 o N-71 o N) (Figure 1). Most of this material 

was made available for the myriapod volume of 

the Encyclopedia of Swedish Flora and Fauna 

(Andersson et al. 2005). 

MATERIAL & METHODS 

The material consists of 486 specimens deposited 

in Tromsø University Museum, University of 

Tromsø, Zoological Museum, University of 

Bergen, Natural History Museum, University of 

Oslo, Rana Museum, Mo i Rana, and Zoological 

Museum, University of Copenhagen (Table 1). 

No specimens were found in other museums 

(our requests indicated that there are no such 

specimens, but there may be some in private 

collections).

About half the specimens (~ 46%) were collected 

by schoolchildren in 2004 and especially in 2005, 

following an appeal (by RB and ACN) distributed 

to 522 North Norwegian primary and secondary 

schools (264 in Nordland, 156 in Troms, 102 in 

Finnmark). The rest (~ 54%) had been collected 

by about 20 persons, mainly in recent years (Table 

2). 

As the basic taxonomic literature, we used 

amongst others, Eason (1982) and Blower (1985). 

The nomenclature and sequence of taxa follows 

Andersson (2001) and Enghoff (2002). The 

Tromsø museum material was examined by RB, 

the Rana and Oslo museum material by RB and 

KMO, and the Bergen museum material by PD. 

ACN instigated the study. The distribution of each 

species was plotted on maps, and details of the 

finds and zoogeographical remarks are given in 

the text. 

LIST OF SPECIES 

Centipedes (Chilopoda) 

Lithobius forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Map 1 

TRY Tromsø: Tromsø (EIS 162) 10 Oct. 1995 1 ♀ 

(indoor in house), Tromsø 31 Aug. 1998 1 ♀ leg. 

G. Graff, Tromsø 18 Oct. 1999 1 ♀ leg. B. Møller, 

Hvilhaug Sykehjem (EIS 162) 8 March 2004 1 ♀; 

TRY Harstad: Harstad (EIS 145) 3 Sept. 1968 1 ♀ 

leg. R. Mehl; NNV Hadsel: Stokmarknes (EIS 143) 

1 June 2005 1 ♀ leg. A.-K. Sandvin, Stokmarknes 

19 June 2005 1 ♀ leg. I. G. Jensen; NNV Vågan: 

Storvågan (EIS 137) 16 June 2005 17 ♀♀18 ♀♀ 

leg. Kabelvåg school; NNV Vestvågøy: Stamsund 

(EIS 137) 5 April 2005 2 ♀♀ 2 ♀♀ leg. Svarholt 

school; NNØ Evenes: Bogen (EIS 145) 23 Sept. 

2001 2 ♀♀ 5 ♀♀ leg. P. Jordan; Bergviknes (EIS 

145) 8 June 2005 3 ♀♀ leg. Bogen school; NNØ 

Narvik: Narvik (EIS 139) 18 April 2005 1 ♀ leg. 

L. B. Steffensen (in house ”every spring”); NNØ 

Tysfjord: Kjøpsvik (EIS 139) 13 June 2005 1 ♀ 

leg. Kjøpsvik school; NSI Fauske: Klungset (EIS 

131) 1 Oct. 2005 2 ♀♀ 2 ♀♀ leg. A. Forså (in 


barrow with sawdust); NSI Rana: Grubhei (EIS 

123) 3 May 1990 1 ♀ leg. A. Ødholt, Ytteren (EIS 

123) 1 May 1998 2 ♀♀ leg. K. M. Olsen, Grubhei 

(EIS 123) 10 Aug. 2004 1 ♀ leg. T. A. Varem, 

Mo i Rana (EIS 123) 25 May 2005 1 ♀ 2 ♀♀ leg. 

3AC Lyngheim school, Stenneset bygdetun (EIS 

123) 26 May 2005 2 ♀♀ leg. Båsmo school; NSI 

Vefsn: Mosjøen (EIS 118) 18 April 2005 2 ♀♀ leg. 

David (Olderskog school); NSY Bodø: Vågønes 

(EIS 130) 8 April 2005 1 ♀ leg. P. Tegnander 

(in barn), Bodø (EIS 130) 13-15 April 2005 5 

♀♀ 3 ♀♀ leg. 4A/6A Grønnåsen school; NSY 

Gildeskål: Sørarnøy (EIS 125) 18 April 2005 1 

Table 2. Collectors of North Norwegian Chilopoda 

and Diplopoda and the years of their activity. 

Chilopoda Diplopoda 

Schoolchildren* (2004-2005) 164 59 

Robert Bergersen (2004-2005) 34 10 

Arne C. Nilssen (1975-2005) 24 29 

Per Straumfors (1975-1984) 24 2 

Kjell M. Olsen (1993, 1998) 20 13 

H. W. Waldén (1971, 1974, 1987) 20 3 

Petter Jordan (1995, 2001) 15 3 

Jon Fjeldså (1967) 8 

Lauritz Martin Esmark (1866) 6 

Arne Fjellberg (1974, 1984) 3 1 

Zool. Mus. Oslo Exp. (1966) 3 

Wim Vader (1977) 3 

C. d’Udekem d’Acoz (2005) 2 

Tore R. Nielsen (2002) 2 

Olav Myhre (1983) 1 

Erling Hauge (1995, 2003) 22 

Hans Tambs-Lyche (1937) 6 

Arild Fjeldså (1971) 2 

Hans Jakob Sparre Schneider ≥4# ≥1# 

Embrik Strand (1900) ≥1# 

Others (delivery to museums) 5 2 

*named as individuals or by school in List of Species. Most of 

the material (~ 90%) was collected in 2005 (mainly in spring) 

#probably lost material 

25


Map 1. Distribution of Lithobius forficatus in 

North Norway. The question mark denotes 

“Finmarken” (the specimens collected by Lauritz 

Esmark in 1866); the open circle is from Schneider 

(1905). 

26 

Map 2. Distribution of Lithobius melanops and L. 

tenebrosus in North Norway.

♀ leg. Sørarnøy school, Inndyr (EIS 126) 3 June 

2005 1 ♀ leg. Inndyr school (under asphalt slab); 

NSY Dønna: Lauvøya (EIS 117) 4 June 1978 2 

♀♀ leg. P. Straumfors; NSY Herøy: Sør-Herøy 

(EIS 117) May 1900 leg. J. S. Schneider (in lit., 

det. Ellingsen); NSY Vega: Åsen (EIS 113) 27 

June 2005 1 ♀ leg. Vega school; NSY Brønnøy: 

Salhus (EIS 114) 17 Aug. 1971 2 ♀♀ 1 ♀ leg. H. 

W. Waldén (in greenhouse). In addition 4♀♀ 1 ♀ 

labelled „Finmarken Esmark“, collected in 1866 

by Lauritz Esmark (Map 1). 

The species is not found in Lappland, N Sweden 

(Andersson et al. 2005). The North Norwegian 

records are well north of the northernmost 

Swedish ones. As in Sweden, it occurs with 

decreasing frequency from south to north, with 

no new records from Finnmark (Map 1). Depicted 

in E Finnmark in Meidell (1978) and Andersson 

et al. (2005). Found several times in S Iceland 

(Eason 1970), but only once in Greenland (Jensen 

& Christensen 2003). Rare (Palmén 1949) or 

absent (Andersson et al. 2005) in N Finland. The 

species is more common in N Nordland (Map 1) 

than depicted in Andersson et al. (2005). 

Lithobius melanops Newport, 1845 

Lithobius glabratus C. L. Koch, 1847 

Map 2 

TRY Tromsø: Folkeparken (EIS 162) 5 July 2004 

1 ♀ leg. R. Bergersen (under beam at Tromsø 

Museum), Kroken (EIS 162) 11 & 28 June 2005 

2 ♀♀ leg. C. d’Udekem d’Acoz (fallen from roof 

of city block balcony into tray of water); NSY 

Bindal: Osen (EIS 110) 7 April 2004 3 ♀♀ 1 ♀ leg. 

R. Bergersen (under stones near house) (Map 2). 

New to North Norway. Found indoors in N 

Sweden (Andersson 1985). In the British Isles, 

this is one of two species of Lithobius (the other 

is L. forficatus) which is often found in houses 

(Eason 1964). As most Lithobius species, it is 

probably nocturnal. Quite common in Iceland 

(Eason 1970). The schoolchildren did not find this 

relatively conspicuous species. 

Lithobius tenebrosus Meinert, 1872 

Lithobius nigrifrons Latzel & Haase, 1880 

Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 23-38, 22. May 2006 

Map 2 

NSI Rana: Selforslia (EIS 123) 22 March 1976 

2 juv. ♀♀ leg. P. Straumfors (under bark of dead 

alder Alnus incana), Åenglia (EIS 123) 1 Oct. 

1979 1 ♀ leg. P. Straumfors (under bark of dead 

spruce Picea abies), Stenneset bygdetun (EIS 

123) 26 May 2005 3 ♀♀ 2 ♀♀ leg. Båsmo school 

(Map 2). 

New to North Norway. The above records, quite 

far north of the general distribution area, are 

included in Andersson et al. (2005). 

Lithobius erythrocephalus 

C. L. Koch, 1847 

Map 3 

FV Hammerfest: Rypefjord (EIS 180) 10 June 

2005 1 ♀ 2 ♀♀ leg. Fjordtun school (under 

stones); TRY Kvæfjord: Rasmus Torheim feltet 

(EIS 144) 15 Aug. 1975 1 ♀ leg. A. C. Nilssen; 

NNV Hadsel: Strønstad (EIS 137) 4 April 2005 1 

♀ leg. E.-T. Johansen; NNV Lødingen: Vågehamn 

(EIS 138) 22 April 2005 4 ♀♀ 2 ♀♀ leg. Vestbygd 

school; NNØ Steigen: Leinesfjord (EIS 134) 30 

July 1987 1 ♀ leg. H. W. Waldén; NNØ Hamarøy: 

Oppeid (EIS 138) 17 June 1976 1 ♀ leg. A. C. 

Nilssen, Tømmeråsen (EIS 138) 29 July 2004 2 

♀♀, 25 July 2005 1 ♀ 5 ♀♀ and 1 Aug. 2005 4 ♀♀ 

6 ♀♀ leg. A. C. Nilssen (under bark); NSI Saltdal: 

Langset (EIS 127) 27 July 1987 5 ♀♀ leg. H. W. 

Waldén; NSI Rana: Straumen (EIS 122) 31 March 

1975 1 ♀ leg. P. Straumfors, Røbergeng (EIS 123) 

19 May 1977 1 ♀ leg. P. Straumfors, Ytteren 

(EIS 123) 14 Sept. 1979 1 ♀ leg. P. Straumfors, 

Ytteren 1 May 1998 5 ♀♀ leg. K. M. Olsen, 

Stenneset bygdetun (EIS 123) 26 May 2005 2 ♀♀ 

leg. Båsmo school, Stibergan (EIS 123) 31 May 

2005 1 ♀ leg. Alteren school; NSI Vefsn: Utnes 

(EIS 118) 17 Aug. 1974 2 ♀♀ leg. H. W. Waldén; 

NSY Bodø: Vågan W (EIS 130) 26 July 1993 1 ♀ 

leg. K. M. Olsen, Bodømarka (EIS 130) 7 April 

2005 4 ♀♀ 5 ♀♀ leg. 5C Grønnåsen school; Bodø 

(EIS 130) 13-15 April 2005 2 ♀♀ 4 ♀♀ leg. 4A/6A 

Grønnåsen school, Landegode (EIS 130) 16 April 

2005 2 ♀♀ leg. H. Steinsrud (under moss on 

stone); NSY Meløy: Aspflaten (EIS 125) 21 July 

1978 1 ♀ leg. A. C. Nilssen, Grønnøya (EIS 125) 

1 April 2005 1 ♀ leg. T. Hansen & A. Meløysund, 

27


Map 3. Distribution of Lithobius erythrocephalus 

in North Norway. The open circle is from Schneider 

(1905). 

28 

Map 4. Distribution of Lithobius curtipes and Strigamia 

maritima in North Norway. The open circle 

denotes “Varanger” in Palmberg (1866).

Neverdalen (EIS 125) 4 May 2005 1 ♀ 4 ♀♀ leg. 

Neverdal school; NSY Rødøy: Kilboghamn (EIS 

122) 28 July 1981 2 ♀♀ leg. A. C. Nilssen; NSY 

Lurøy: Lovund (EIS 121) 28 June 1979 1 ♀ leg. 

P. Straumfors; NSY Nesna: Dillern (EIS 117) 19 

June 1980 2 ♀♀ leg. P. Straumfors, Hammarøy 

(EIS 118) 21 Aug. 1980 4 ♀♀ leg. P. Straumfors; 

NSY Dønna: Solfjell (EIS 117) 7 Sept. 1995 4 

♀♀ 1 ♀ leg. Midtbygda school; NSY Herøy: Sør- 

Herøy (EIS 117) May 1900 leg. J. S. Schneider 

(in lit., det. Ellingsen); NSY Vega: Vega (EIS 113) 

26 April 2005 2 ♀♀ 1 ♀ leg. Vega school; NSY 

Brønnøy: Tosen (near Mårvika) (EIS 110) 16 Aug. 

1971 5 ♀♀ & Brønnøysund (EIS 114) 17 Aug. 

1971 1 ♀ leg. H. W. Waldén; NSY Bindal: Reppen 

(EIS 110) 8 Aug. 1984 1 ♀ leg. P. Straumfors & S. 

Lundmo, Osen (EIS 110) 7 April 2004 2 ♀♀ 3 ♀♀ 

& 5 July 2005 2 ♀♀ leg. R. Bergersen (Map 3). 

Very common species in Nordland; probably 

not so in Troms. Rare in Finnmark (Map 3). The 

distribution seems to be restricted to fjords and 

coastal areas. 

Lithobius curtipes C. L. Koch, 1847 

Map 4 

FØ Sør-Varanger: Varangerfjord 1857 (probably) 

1 ? leg. T. M. Fries (in lit., det. Palmberg), 

Strømsvann (EIS 160) 19 June 1966 1 ♀ leg. A. 

Lillehammer; Ellenvann (EIS 160) 2 July 1966 

2 ♀♀ leg. ZMO (Zool. Museum Oslo) Pasvik 

Expedition; Roudaguorra (EIS 160) 13 June 1974 

1 F, Sortbrysttjern (EIS 160) 27 June 1974 1 ♀ & 

Stabburtjern (EIS 160) 29 June 1974 2 ♀♀ leg. A. 

Fjellberg; FØ Tana: 400 ♀ down Tana Bridge (EIS 

176) 26 June 2002 4 ♀♀ 1 ♀ leg. T. R. Nielsen; FN 

Vadsø: Vestre Jakobselv (EIS 177) 4 Aug. 1993 

2 ♀♀ leg. K. M. Olsen; FN Berlevåg: Berlevåg 

(at 70 o 52‘N) (EIS 189) 29 June 2002 1 ♀ leg. T. 

R. Nielsen; FN Båtsfjord: Nordskogen (EIS 184) 

10 June 2005 5 ♀♀ 6 ♀♀ leg. Nordskogen school 

(Map 4). 

Whereas common throughout Sweden and 

Finland (Palmén 1949, Tobias 1975), Vaigatsch, 

N Russia (Stuxberg 1876, as L. crassipes) and on 

the Kola peninsula, NW Russia (Palmén 1949, 

Zalesskaja 1978), the distribution in Norway is 


eastern (Finnmark, Oslo area and a few records 

elsewhere). Not found in Iceland (Andersson et 

al. 2005). 

Lamyctes emarginatus (Newport, 1844) 

Lamyctes fulvicornis Meinert, 1868 

Map 5 

FV Alta: Vassbotn (EIS 173) 29 July 1993 1 ♀ leg. 

K. M. Olsen, TRY Tromsø: Tromsø (EIS 162) 29 

July 2004 1 ♀ leg. R. Bergersen; TRI Balsfjord: 

Nordkjosbotn (EIS 154) 7 Aug. 1993 1 ♀ leg. K. 

M. Olsen; TRI Bardu: Setermoen (EIS 146) 21 

Sept. 2004 1 ♀ leg. J. M. Myrland; NNØ Hamarøy: 

Femtvasslia (EIS 134) 27 July 1993 1 ♀ leg. K. M. 

Olsen, Tømmeråsen (EIS 138) 25 July 2005 1 ♀ 

leg. A. C. Nilssen; NSI Rana: Mo i Rana Lufthavn 

(EIS 123) 8 Aug. 1993 2 ♀♀ leg. K. M. Olsen; 

NSY Bodø: Vågan W (EIS 130) 26 July 1993 1 ♀ 

leg. K. M. Olsen; NSY Nesna: Hammarøya (EIS 

118) 21 Aug. 1980 5 ♀♀ leg. P. Straumfors; NSY 

Alstahaug: Alsta („Alstenø“) (EIS 117) 1900 leg. 

E. Strand (in lit., Henicops fulvicornis Meinert 

det. Ellingsen); NSY Bindal: Osen (EIS 110) 10 

Aug. 2004 1 ♀. leg. R. Bergersen (under stone 

near house) (Map 5). 

No males were found. In this globally widespread 

species, males are known from the Azores, Canary 

Islands, and the Australasian area. In contrast to 

most centipedes, the species prefers fairly dry and 

exposed biotopes with low vegetation (J. Böcher, 

pers. comm.), which may explain its presence in 

Greenland (Böcher & Enghoff 1984, cf. Jensen 

& Christensen 2003). Although not clearly seen 

from Map 5, the species was found further from 

the sea than other species, i.e. in areas where 

winter temperatures are generally lower. 

Geophilus proximus C. L. Koch, 1847 

Map 6 

FV Hammerfest: Rypefjord (EIS 180) 15 April 

2005 1 ♀ leg. J. Mortensen (in supralittoral), 

Rypefjord 10 June 2005 2 ♀♀ leg. Fjordtun school; 

FV Loppa: Mønes (EIS 172) 19 June 1977 3 ♀♀ 

leg. W. Vader; FV Alta: Komsa (EIS 173) 1 June 

2005 1 ♀ leg. 1B Komsa school; TRY Tromsø: 

Rakkfjord (EIS 162) 29 April 1984 1 ♀ leg. A. 

Fjellberg; TRI Kvænangen: Spildra (EIS 172) 31 

29


Map 5. Distribution of Lamyctes emarginatus in 

North Norway. The open circle is from Schneider 

(1905). 

30 

Map 6. Distribution of Geophilus proximus in 

North Norway.

May 2005 3 ♀♀ leg. Spildra school; TRI Kåfjord: 

Olderdalen (EIS 163) 19 April 2005 1 ♀ leg. P. 

M. Blindheim; TRI Salangen: Melen (EIS 146) 

25 April 2005 5 ♀♀ leg. V. Sagerup (in compost); 

TRI Lavangen: Tennevoll (EIS 146) 24 Aug. 

2004 3 ♀♀ leg. Lavangen school; TRI Målselv: 

Dividalen (EIS 148) 1 July 1982 1 ? photo A. C. 

Nilssen; NNV Vestvågøy: Hermannsvika (EIS 

137) 21 April 2005 2 ♀♀ leg. Svarholt school; 

NNV Lødingen: Vågehamn (EIS 138) 22 April 

2005 1 ♀ leg. Vestbygd school; NNØ Evenes: 

Bogen (EIS 145) 2 Sept. 2001 8 ♀♀ leg. P. Jordan; 

NNØ Ballangen: Vårset (EIS 139) 27 July 1993 

1 ? leg. K. M. Olsen; NSI Rana: Røbergeng 

(EIS 123) 19 May 1977 2 ♀♀ leg. P. Straumfors, 

Svartvasshei (EIS 123) 23 May 1983 1 ♀ leg. O. 

Myhre, Ytteren (EIS 123) 1 May 1998 2 ♀♀ leg. 

K. M. Olsen; NSY Bodø: Vågøya (EIS 130) 30 

June 1967 8 ♀♀ leg. J. Fjeldså, Vågan W (EIS 

130) 26 July 1993 1 ? leg. K. M. Olsen; Bodø 

(EIS 130) 15 April 2005 1 ♀ leg. 6A Grønnåsen 

school, Landegode (EIS 130) 28 May 2005 1 ♀ 

leg. A. Steinsrud; NSY Gildeskål: 3 km N Breivik 

(EIS 126) 28 July 1987 1 ♀ leg. H. W. Waldén, 

Sørarnøy (EIS 125) 18 April 2005 2 ♀♀ leg. 

Sørarnøy school; NSY Leirfjord: Lille Leirvika 

(EIS 117) 4 July 1979 1 ♀ leg. P. Straumfors; 

NSY Vega: Vega (EIS 113) 26 April 2005 1 ♀ 

leg. Vega school; NSY Brønnøy: Brønnøysund 

(EIS 114) 17 Aug. 1971 2 ♀♀ leg. H. W. Waldén; 

NSY Bindal: Osen (EIS 110) 7 April 2004 12 ♀♀ 

(probably) and Osen 10 Aug. 2004 3 ♀♀ leg. R. 

Bergersen (Map 6). 

In addition 1 ♀ labelled „Finmarken Esmark“ 

(depicted in eastern Finnmark in Meidell (1978) 

and Andersson et al. (2005)), collected in 1866 

by Lauritz Esmark, and unverified „some places 

along the coast north to Tromsø“ (Schneider 

1905, p. 178). Common throughout Sweden and 

S Finland, and slightly more common in Troms 

than depicted in Andersson et al. (2005). Occurs 

also on the south coast of the Kola peninsula, N 

Russia (Palmén 1949). 

Strigamia maritima (Leach, 1817) 

Map 4 

NSY Bindal: Osen (EIS 110) 7 April 2004 2 ♀♀ 1 ♀ 


leg. R. Bergersen (under stones in the supralittoral 

among isopods Porcellio scaber) (Map 4). 

New to North Norway. Included in Andersson et 

al. (2005). Listed in European Register of Marine 

Species (ERMS). The species has been searched 

for on some occasions in Nordland and Troms, but 

never been found (W. Vader, pers. com.). Further 

south it may occur in large numbers (Horneland 

& Meidell 1986). The species has been used in 

studies of segmentation (Arthur & Chipman 

2005). 

Millipedes (Diplopoda) 

Polyxenus lagurus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Map 7 

NSY Bodø: Straumøya (EIS 130) 20 June 1971 

2 ♀♀ leg. A. Fjeldså (under stone, calcareous 

meadow) (Map 7). Deposited in Zoological 

Museum, Copenhagen. 

The above find, briefly mentioned in Kime & 

Golovatch (2000, p. 343), adds to the records in 

Meidell (1970). This conspicuous but very small 

(2-3 ♀♀ long) species is common under bark of 

living pine (Meidell 1970) and also in birds‘ nests 

(Tajovský et al. 2001). Previously found at Rørvik 

(Ellingsen 1910) just south of the study area. 

Nemasoma varicorne C. L. Koch, 1847 

Map 7 

NNØ Evenes: Bogen (EIS 145) July 1995 2 

♀♀ leg. P. Jordan, Bogen 2 Sept. 2001 1 ♀ leg. 

P. Jordan; NNØ Hamarøy: Tømmeråsen (EIS 

138) 29 July 2004 4 ♀♀ leg. A. C. Nilssen; NSY 

Bindal: Osen (EIS 110) 23 March 2005 1 ♀ leg. R. 

Bergersen (sun-exposed hill, under bark of fallen 

birch Betula pubescens) (Map 7). 

New to North Norway. The records from N 

Nordland (68 o 30‘N) are included in Andersson et 

al. (2005) but not the one from S Nordland (65 o N). 

The northernmost find in South Norway is at 

62 o N; in Sweden and Finland at 61 o N (Andersson 

et al. 2005). 

31


Map 7. Distribution of Polyxenus lagurus (two 

females in ZMUC, Copenhagen) and Nemasoma 

varicorne in North Norway. 

32 

Map 8. Distribution of Proteroiulus fuscus in 

North Norway.

Proteroiulus fuscus (Am Stein, 1857) 

Map 8 

NNV Andøy: Bleiksøya (69 o 17‘N, EIS 152) 3 Aug. 

1984 1 ♀ leg. A. Fjellberg (in nest of kittiwake Rissa 

tridactyla); NNØ Hamarøy: Liland (EIS 138) 30 

July 1987 1 ♀ leg. H. W. Waldén, Tømmeråsen 

(EIS 138) 27 Sept. 1996 1 ♀, 2 Aug. 2002 1 ♀, 

22 July 2003 6 ♀♀, 25 July 2005 15 ♀♀ and 1 

Aug. 2005 1 ♀ leg. A. C. Nilssen (under bark of 

Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris); NSI Rana: Straumen 

(EIS 122) 4 May 1975 2 ♀♀ leg. P. Straumfors, 

Storstrand (EIS 122) 2 May 1998 4 ♀♀ leg. K. M. 

Olsen; NSI Vefsn: Utnes (EIS 118) 17 Aug. 1974 

1 ♀ leg. H. W. Waldén; NSY Meløy: Grønnøya 

(EIS 125) 1 April 2005 1 ♀ leg. T. Hansen & A. 

Meløysund, Neverdalen (EIS 125) 4 May 2005 

1 ♀ leg. Neverdal school; NSY Nesna: Sandnes 

(EIS 118) 18 Aug. 1974 1 juv. leg. H. W. Waldén; 

NSY Vega: Åsen (EIS 113) 14 Aug. 1982 1 ♀ leg. 

A. C. Nilssen; NSY Bindal: Osen (EIS 110) 23 

March 2005 2 ♀♀ leg. R. Bergersen (under bark 

of fallen birch) (Map 8). 

The northernmost record from Andøy is not 

included in Andersson et al. (2005). First reported 

from North Norway by Meidell (1978) and Olsen 

(1998c). Mapped in Kime (1990) as the only 

diplopod in N Norway. Common in birds‘ nests 

(Tajovský et al. 2001). 

Cylindroiulus latestriatus (Curtis, 1845) 

Julus luscus Meinert, 1868 

Map 9 

NSY Røst: Sandøya (EIS 129) 3 July 1937 4 ♀♀ 

2 ♀♀ leg. H. Tambs-Lyche (det. C. Jeekel 1963); 

NSY Herøy: Sør-Herøy (EIS 117) May 1900 leg. 

J. S. Schneider (in lit., Julus luscus Meinert det. 

Ellingsen); NSY Alstahaug: Sandnessjøen (EIS 

117) 10 July – 2 August 1995 1 juvenile leg. E. 

Hauge (Barber trap); NSY Bindal: Osen (EIS 

110) 7 April 2004 1 ♀ leg. R. Bergersen (under 

stone in supralittoral) (Map 9). 


This is a cosmopolitan and halophilic species 

(Andersson et al. 2005). It may be common in 

Nordland, although the schoolchildren did not 

find it. Most classes went to the woods, rather 

than sea shores. 

Pachyiulus varius (Fabricius, 1781) 

Pachyiulus flavipes (C. L. Koch, 1847) 

Map 9 

NSI Rana: Plurdalen (EIS 123) 30 Nov. 1989 1 

♀ leg. Grundstrøm (“in kitchen counter, possibly 

transported with grapes”) (Map 9). 

Being a common species in S Europe but absent 

from N Europe (Fauna Europaea 2005), this 

specimen was probably introduced accidentally. 

Oxidus gracilis (C. L. Koch, 1847) 

Map 9 

TRY Tromsø: Andersdalen (EIS 162) Sept. 1987 

1 ♀ leg. A. Jensen (Map 9). 

The specimen was found outdoors on the ground 

while the finder was cutting birch wood (Arne 

Jensen pers. medd. 2004). A “greenhouse species” 

in the Nordic countries (Andersson et al. 2005), 

and probably introduced. 

Polydesmus denticulatus 

C. L. Koch, 1847 

Map 10 

TRY Tromsø: Tromsø (69 o 38’N, EIS 162) 15 

Oct. 2004 1 ♀ and 26 May 2005 2 ♀♀ 2 ♀♀ leg. 

R. Bergersen (under stones near compost); NNV 

Hadsel: Stokmarknes (EIS 143) 9 June 2005 1 

♀ leg. 2AB Stokmarknes school; NNV Vågan: 

Storvågan (EIS 137) 16 June 2005 19 ♀♀ 10 ♀♀ 

leg. Kabelvåg school; NNV Vestvågøy: Stamsund 

(EIS 137) 19 April 2005 6 ♀♀ leg. Svarholt school 

(under stones, abandoned potato field); NNØ 

Narvik: Håkvikskogen (EIS 139) 3 May 2005 1 

♀ leg. M. Liljebakk; NNØ Ballangen: Ballangen 

(EIS 139) 25 April 2005 2 ♀♀ leg. Ballangen 

school; NSI Saltdal: Setså (EIS 127) 4 July 2005 

1 ♀ leg. R. Bergersen (under stones near decaying 

heap of rubbish); NSI Rana: Tverråga (EIS 123) 

21 & 30 June 1989 2 ♀♀ leg. K. A. Meyer & S. 

Lundmo (Barber trap), Ytteren (EIS 123) 1 May 

33


Map 9. Distribution of Cylindroiulus latestriatus, 

Pachyiulus flavipes and Oxidus gracilis in North 

Norway. The open circle is from Schneider 

(1905). 

34 

Map 10. Distribution of Polydesmus denticulatus 

in North Norway.

1998 9 ♀♀ leg. K. M. Olsen, Stenneset bygdetun 

(EIS 123) 26 May 2005 4 ♀♀ 4 ♀♀ leg. Båsmo 

school; NSY Bodø: Vågan (EIS 130) 4 June – 21 

July 2003 6 ♀♀ 11 ♀♀ leg. E. Hauge (Barber trap), 

Bodø 13-15 April 2005 5 ♀♀ 1 ♀ leg. Grønnåsen 

school, Landegode (EIS 130) 28 May 2005 2 ♀♀ 

leg. A. Steinsrud; NSY Brønnøy: Mosaksla (EIS 

114) May-July 2003 1 ♀ 3 ♀♀ leg. E. Hauge (Map 

10). 

Previously known to occur in the Trondheim area 

(Storm 1898), the species was first reported from 

North Norway (NSI Rana) by Olsen (1998c). The 

distribution area has now been proven north to 

Troms (Map 10). 

DISCUSSION 

For the overall distribution pattern we have little 

to add to Andersson et al. (2005). Hence, we will 

discuss the distribution in North Norway. In this 

part of the country seven species can be regarded as 

common: Lithobius forficatus, L. erythrocephalus, 

Proteroiulus fuscus and Polydesmus denticulatus 

in Nordland, Lamyctes emarginatus and Geophilus 

proximus in Nordland and Troms, and 

Lithobius curtipes in Finnmark. For Nordland, 

Polyxenus lagurus and Cylindroiulus latestriatus 

may eventually be added to this list. It became 

clear that the area had been poorly investigated, 

as the schoolchildren found almost half the total 

material in one year (Table 2). 

Centipedes (Chilopoda) 

Three centipedes (Lithobius melanops, L. 

tenebrosus, and Strigamia maritima) were new 

to the area. None of them were found by the 

schoolchildren. The two former may be rare, as 

they occur in places where the children looked 

(houses and cellars, in debris, under stones, moss 

and bark). The latter was scarcely searched for 

and may be common in S Nordland. It lives in sea 

shore habitats, including rotten seaweed. 

Lamyctes emarginatus was only found once by 

the schoolchildren (Troms in 2004). This globally 

widespread species is parthenogenetic in northern 


regions and has been considered ripicolous, 

occurring along lakes and rivers (Adis & Junk 

2002) and in open disturbed areas (Andersson 

2005). In Greenland, it is most often found in 

dry and exposed biotopes with low vegetation (J. 

Böcher, pers. comm.), and it is regularly found 

in flooded grassland (Plum 2005). In Nordland it 

was found under a stone on a sun-exposed hill. 

Probably being univoltine (Andersson 2005), it is 

usually found in late summer and autumn (most 

school classes searched in spring). Clearly an 

adaptive species that can turn up anywhere. 

Lithobius forficatus was common in houses in 

Nordland, and L. erythrocephalus was common 

in the woods there. Geophilus proximus was 

common in Nordland and Troms - maybe even 

in W Finnmark. The schoolchildren found many 

new localities for these species, and we believe 

their distribution (Maps 1, 3, 6) is now more truly 

presented. The same applies to L. curtipes, which 

the children did not find in Nordland and Troms. 

Lithobius curtipes was first found by the 

lichenologist Theodor M. Fries in “Warangerfjord”, 

Finnmark, in 1857 or 1864 (see Jørgensen 2001). 

The specimen was published by Palmberg (1866). 

In 1875, the Nordenskiöld Expedition collected 

the species in Vaigatsch, N Russia (Stuxberg 

1876). By now, when the differences between L. 

curtipes and L. crassipes are evident (Zalesskaja 

1978, Andersson 1983), it is clear that curtipes is 

the northern centipede species. No other Lithobius 

species has been found in Finnmark (Maps 1-6), 

except the doubtful 4 ♀♀ 1 ♀ Lithobius forficatus 

labelled “Finmarken Esmark” (collected in 

1866 by Lauritz Esmark on his travels in North 

Norway). 

Millipedes (Diplopoda) 

The occurrence of millipedes at 70 o N was 

anticipated by Golovatch (1997, Fig. 2). However, 

Mikhaljova (2004) has 67 o 30’N (Proteroiulus 

fuscus) and 67 o 40’N (Angarozonium amurense) as 

the northernmost Holarctic records. They are now 

found at 69 o 17’N (P. fuscus, in kittiwake nest) 

(Map 8) and 69 o 38’N (Polydesmus denticulatus) 

(Map 10). 

35


Except Pachyiulus varius (S European) and the 

anthropochorous Oxidus garacilis, only one 

millipede, Nemasoma varicorne, was new to the 

area and found in three places in Nordland (Map 

7). Searching under dead bark (as many reportedly 

did), the schoolchildren should have found it if it 

was very common. However, as the northernmost 

find in S Norway is at about 62 o N (Andersson et 

al. 2005), it is probably not. 

Polyxenus lagurus and Cylindroiulus latestriatus 

may be more common than the study shows. 

Although conspicuous in appearance, the former 

is small and easily overlooked because of its 

dull colouring (Meidell 1970). The latter is 

thalassophilic and occurs in all parts of the world, 

apparently in similar habitats as the centipede 

Strigamia maritima (on 7 April 2004 these two 

species were found on the same stoney beach). 

However, both species occur in several kinds of 

habitat (Andersson et al. 2005). 

Proteroiulus fuscus seemed to be common in 

Nordland (Map 8), where it occurred under the 

bark of decaying trees. This is its usual habitat 

(Andersson et al. 2005). One may therefore 

wonder what it was doing in a kittiwake nest on 

the treeless Bleiksøya (at 69 o 17’N). In Slovakia, 

the most frequent millipede species in nests 

were Polyxenus lagurus and Proteroiulus fuscus 

(Tajovský et al. 2001). Both are amphi-Atlantic 

species, with sometimes sexual, sometimes 

asexual mode of reproduction (in the present 

study only females were found). Are they spread 

by birds? 

Polydesmus denticulatus was on several occasions 

found near decaying organic matter (grass, 

leaves, potatoes). RB found it in crevices on the 

underside of stones, and not on the ground. It can 

be overlooked, and may be commoner than shown 

in Map 10. 

Myriapoda 

Of the four Myriapoda classes (including 

Pauropoda and Symphyla), only Chilopoda 

and Diplopoda were found in North Norway. 

However, four species of pauropods and three 

36 

species of symphylans have been found in 

Trøndelag (Andersson et al. 2005), just south of 

the study area. Their smaller size makes them 

easy to overlook, and we think they also occur in 

Nordland. 

The coastal climate of North Norway is influenced 

by a warm current, causing relatively mild winters. 

Farther inland, however, winter temperatures 

are lower. It was therefore no surprise that the 

distribution area of myriapods stretched along the 

Norwegian coast, where few biologists study the 

terrestrial invertebrate diversity. 

Acknowledgements. For help with identification, 

and the information about Polyxenus lagurus, 

we thank Göran Andersson, Göteborg Natural 

History Museum, and Henrik Enghoff, Zoological 

Museum, University of Copenhagen, respectively. 

For loan of material we thank Karsten Sund, 

Museum of Natural History, University of Oslo, 

Per Ole Syvertsen and Per Straumfors, Rana 

Museum, Mo i Rana, and Bjarne Meidell and Lita 

Greve Jensen, Zoological Museum, University of 

Bergen. Marianne Giæver kindly distributed our 

appeal to the schools, and we thank the pupils and 

teachers who sent us material. Rob Barrett, Tromsø 

University Museum, improved the English. 

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1978). 7 pp. Unpubl. MS, Univ. of Bergen. 

Meidell, B. A. 1979. Norwegian myriapods: some 

zoogeographical remarks. Pp. 195-201 in Camatini, 

M. (ed.), Myriapod Biology. Academic Press, 

London. 

Meidell, B. & Simonsen, Å. 1985. A mass occurrence 

of Cylindroiulus londinensis (Leach, 1815) in 

Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B 32, 47-48. 

Mikhaljova, E. V. 2004. The millipedes (Diplopoda) of 

the Asian part of Russia. 292 pp. Pensoft Publishers, 

Sofia-Moscow (Series Faunistica 39). 

Olsen, K. M. 1995a. Nanogona polydesmoides (Leach, 

1815) (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida) from two new 

localities in Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B 42, 69-70. 

Olsen, K. M. 1995b. Tusenbeinet Kryphioiulus 

occultus (C. L. Koch, 1877), “grisehaletusenbein”. 

Insekt-Nytt 20(4), 13. 

Olsen, K. M. 1995c. Jordskolopenderen Haplophilus 

37


subterraneus (Shaw, 1789), “kjempeskolopender”. 

Insekt-Nytt 20(4), 14. 

Olsen, K. M. 1996. Skolopenderen Lithobius lapidicola 

Meinert, 1872, “veksthussteinkryper”. Insekt-Nytt 

21(4), 5. 

Olsen, K. M. 1998a. Flattusenbeinet Polydesmus 

angustus Latzel, 1884 funnet i Østfold. Fauna (Oslo) 

51, 164-167. 

Olsen, K. M. 1998b. Tusenbeinet Macrosternodesmus 

palicola Brolemann, 1908, “hvittusenbein”. Insekt- 

Nytt 23(4), 17-18. 

Olsen, K. M. 1998c. Noen spredte funn av småkryp i 

og nær Mo i Rana. Ranas Dyreliv 20, 34-35. 

Olsen, K. M. 2000. Haplophilus subterraneus (Shaw, 

1789), a centipede (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha) 

new to Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 47, 63-64. 

Palmberg, J. G. W. (1866). Bidrag till kännedom om 

Sveriges Myriapoder. Ordningen Chilopoda. 29 pp. 

Acad. thesis, Stockholm. 

Palmén, E. (1949). The Chilopoda of Eastern 

Fennoscandia. Ann. Zool. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. 

Vanamo 13(4), 1-45. 

Plum, N. 2005. Terrestrial invertebrates in flooded 

grassland: a literature review. Wetlands 25, 721- 

727. 

Porat, C. O. von 1887. Om norska myriapoder. Ent. 

Tidskr. 8, 39-40. 

Schneider, J. S. 1905. Sydherø. Et lidet bidrag 

til kundskaben om den arktiske skjærgaards 

malakologiske og entomologiske fauna. Tromsø 

Museums Aarshefter 27, 170-205. 

Simonsen, Å. 1981. Faunistisk rapport over norske 

Diplopoda. 93 pp. Acad. thesis, University of 

Bergen. 

Storm, V. 1898. Myriopoda & Oniscoida ved 

Throndhjem. Det. Kgl. Norske Vid. Selsk. Skr. 

1898(8), 3-6. 

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Waigatsch Island, collected during the Expedition of 

Prof. Nordenskiöld, 1875. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 17, 

306-318. 

Sømme, L. 2004. Entomologiens historie i Norge. 326 

pp. Norsk Entomologisk Forening, Oslo. 

Tajovský, K., Mock, A. & Krumpál, M. 2001. 

Millipedes (Diplopoda) in birds’ nests. Eur. J. Soil 

Biol. 37, 321-323. 

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C. L. Koch (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) in 

Nordschweden. Ent. Tidskr. 96, 24-26. 

Vader, W. 1979. En landisopode Trichoniscus pusillus 

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Zalesskaja, N. T. 1978. [Identification book of the 

38 

lithobiomorph centipedes of USSR (Chilopoda, 

Lithobiomorpha)]. 212 pp. Nauka, Moskva. (In 

Russian.) 



Uleiota planata (L. 1761) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae) 

new to Norway 

Arne Endre Laugsand 

INTRODUCTION 

The members of the family Silvanidae are 

predatory beetles that both as larvae and imago 

prey under bark of trees. According to Silfverberg 

(2004), eight species of this family are earlier 

recorded in Norway. Uleiota planata (L. 1761) 

is common in central and southern Europe. In 

northern parts of Europe it is known from Finland, 

Sweden, Denmark, Latvia, Lithuania, Russian 

Karelia (Silfverberg 2004) and Britain (Allen 

1992). The beetle probably became extinct in 

Sweden during the last century, but during the last 

decade there have been several records in Sweden, 

but all specimens are interpreted to be connected 

to import of timber. It is listed in The 2005 red 

list of Swedish species in the category DD (data 

deficient) (Gärdenfors 2005). In this paper the 

first Norwegian specimens are presented and the 

locality is described. Further, it is discussed how 

to interpret and place these records in context to 

the distribution of the species in Europe. 

MATERIAL 


Laugsand, A. E. 2006. Uleiota planata (L. 1761) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae) new to Norway. Norw. J. 

Entomol. 53, 39-41. 

Uleiota planata (L. 1761) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae) is here reported new to Norway. The records and 

the locality are described. In Sweden the beetle probably became extinct and all the records after 

1930 are connected to import of timber. The species might have been displaced through competition 

from the close relative Dendrophagus crenatus (Paykull, 1799). Observations on the locality also 

exclude the possibility of direct import of the specimens on timber, but one possibility is a secondary 

settlement in the natural habitat after import on foreign timber. However, it is possible that U. planata 

has been present continuously in fragments of virgin forest. The locality deserves further attention. 

Keywords: Uleiota planata, Dendrophagus crenatus, Silvanidae, Norway, Carabus cancellatus, 

Coleoptera 

Arne Endre Laugsand, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 

Mailadr: Erlandstuveien 23A, 1178 Oslo E-mail: arne.laugsand@gmail.com 

Records 

Five specimens of U. planata were found 

beneath thick bark on logs of Betula pendula at 

AK Bærum: Isi (EIS 28). Four ex (1 ♀, 3 ♀♀) on 

7.V.2005, leg. Arne Endre Laugsand, and one ex 

(♀) on 15.V.2005, leg. Christer Reiråskag. 

How to recognize the species 

U. planata could be confused with the common 

and widely distributed Dendrophagus crenatus 

(Paykull, 1799). However, the two species can 

be separated on the shape of the pronotum which 

in U. planata has spiny sharp edges whereas D. 

crenatus has rounded corners (Figure 1). It is easy 

to distinguish the sexes of U. planata, because 

only the males has sickle-shaped horns arising 

from the basal parts of the mandibles (Allen 

1996). In Figure 1 this secondary sexual character 

is visible between the first antennal segments 

(scapi) and should not be confused with the 

smaller mandibles. 

39

Laugsand: Uleiota planata in Norway 

Observations on the locality 

The beetles were found on a log of Betulae pendula 

Roth lying in a southern aspect hill near Isielva, a 

small river lined by mostly deciduous mixed forest 

in cultural landscape. The surrounding topography 

gives a warm local climate and the geology of the 

area is of Cambro-Silurian origin. The log was cut 

in pieces ranging from 0.3 to 1m in length and 

with a diameter of about 0.6m. The beetles were 

found under thick and loose bark. The wood was 

hard, dry and exposed to the sun. A stump nearby 

indicates that the log has been cut on the location, 

Figure 1. A) Sketch of Uleiota planata (L. 1761) 

male found in Norway. Note the sharp corners 

of the spiny pronotum. B) The more rounded 

pronotum of Dendrophagus crenatus (Paykull, 

1799) is provided for comparison. (Drawings by 

the author) 

40 

and rules out the possibility that the beetles have 

been imported directly with timber. Horizontal 

growth direction and age of the fruitbodies of the 

polypore fungi on the logs indicate that the tree 

was cut some years ago and then attacked by the 

fungi. The fungus belongs to the genus Trametes 

(Olberg pers. com). Among other beetle species 

found on the same logs were Platysoma minus 

(Rossi, 1792), Bitoma crenata (Fabricius, 1775) 

and larvae of Pyrochroa coccinea (L. 1761). A 

nest of small ants (Formicidae) was also found in 

the log. 

DISCUSSION 

The faunistic history of U. planata in Scandinavia 

is uncertain. The species was common in southern 

Sweden around 1850 and the close relative 

Dendrophagus crenatus (Paykull, 1799) was rare. 

By 1930 the situation was the reversed. U. planata 

had disappeared completely and D. crenatus had 

become common. Around 1970 U. planata was 

rediscovered in Halland, Sweden (Ødegaard 

pers. com). There are now several records from 

Sweden, but most specimens are connected to 

import of timber mainly from Germany, Spain 

and France (Gillerfors 1988; Lundberg 1997). 

The extensive import of timber from Russia could 

probably also constitute a source of specimens. 

The forest of Russian Karelia has a different 

management history and U. planata was among 

the rare insects that seems to be more common on 

the Russian side of the Karelia than on the Finnish 

side (Siitonen & Martikainen 1994). 

An explanation of the records in Norway could 

probably be a secondary settlement in the natural 

habitat after import on foreign timber. The 

sawmill Fossum bruk is situated approximately 

10 kilometers from the locality. It is suggested 

that U. planata might have been displaced by 

D. crenatus in Sweden (Ødegaard pers. com). 

One hypothesis may be that these species have 

conflicting fundamental niches sensu Hutchinson 

(1957). Around 1930 U. planata was maybe then 

totally out competed and had become extinct. 

However, it is possible that U. planata has been

present continuously in fragments of virgin forest 

after the decline a century ago. It is worth noting 

that Allen (1992) describes exactly the same 

mystical disappearance and rediscovery pattern in 

southern Britain as the one in southern Sweden. 

Allen also suggested that the species may have 

been overlooked for over a century in Britain. In 

the study by Gillerfors (1988), only U. planata 

and not D. crenatus appears together with three 

other members of the family Silvanidae and 

other species from the superfamily Cucujoidea. 

Neither on the locality in Norway was D. crenatus 

observed. This suits the suggested allopatric 

distribution pattern of the species. 

Both sexes of U. planata were recorded and it 

is possible that there exists a small viable native 

population in the area. Preliminary examination 

of suitable microhabitats in the area surrounding 

the log did not result in observations of U. 

planata. However, one specimen was collected 

on the same log on the 15 th of May 2005. This, 

held together with the fact that there have been 

collectors surveying the area and also with traps 

of different kinds, supports the pattern of general 

rarity of U. planata in Fennoscandia. 

Another species found at the same locality that 

invite to further investigations in the area is 

Carabus cancellatus (Illiger, 1798). This large 

beautiful ground beetle (Carabidae) seems to 

be disappearing from earlier known localities in 

Scandinavia and in Norway there are only a few 

records after 1985 (Ødegaard pers. com). 

Acknowledgements. I thank Stefan Olberg for 

helping me a lot with this text. Christer Reiråskag 

and Frode Ødegaard identified the species. Frode 

Ødegaard also provided valuable information 

about the species and commented on the 

manuscript. Karl Erik Zachariassen commented 

on the manuscript. Oddvar Hanssen gave me hint 

on how to draw beetles. 

REFERENCES 


Allen, A. 1992. Uleiota planata (L.) (Col.: Cucujidae) 

recaptured near Blackheath, S.E. London after more 

than a century. Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 104(9-10), 

230. 

Allen, A. 1996. A striking male character of Uleiota 

planata (L.) (Col.: Cucujidae) overlooked in British 

works. Entomol. Rec. J. Var.108(1-2). 

Gillerfors, G. 1988. Coleoptera from pulp-wood 

imported to South Sweden from France and Spain. 

Ent. Tidskr. 109, 42-45. 

Gärdenfors, U. e. 2005. Rödlistade arter i Sverige 

2005 – The 2005 Red List of Swedish Species. 

ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala. 

Hutchinson, G. T. 1957. Population studies - Animal 

ecology and demography - Concluding remarks. 

Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22, 415- 

427. 

Lundberg, S. 1997. Beetles which have not been 

recorded in Sweden for a long time - a follow-up 

of an article from 1978. Ent. Tidskr. 118(2-3), 119- 

123. 

Siitonen, J. & Martikainen, P. 1994. Occurrence of rare 

and threatened insects living on decaying Populus 

tremula: A comparison between Finnish and Russian 

Karelia. Scand. J. Forest Res. 9(2), 185-191. 

Silfverberg, H. H. 2004. Enumeratio nova 

Coleopterorum Fennoscandiae, Daniae et Baltiae. 

Sahlbergia 9(1), 1-111. 

41

Notes on Norwegian sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) I 

Ole J. Lønnve 

INTRODUCTION 

In the present paper, three sawflies new to Norway 

are recorded. The records result from the present 

revision of the Symphyta collection in the Natural 

History Museum, Oslo (NHMO), and also from 

recent field work. The material is deposited in the 

collection of the NHMO. The nomenclature is 

according to Taeger & Blank (1998). 

MATERIAL 

Lønnve, O. J. 2006. Notes on Norwegian sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) I. Norw.J.Entomol. 

53, 43-46. 

The sawflies Pamphiliius festivus Pesarini & Pesarini, 1984, Selandria wuestneii (Konow, 1885) and 

Eutomostethus gagathinus (Klug, 1816) are recorded from Norway for the first time. Remarks on their 

biology and distribution are given. 

Key words: Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Pamphiliidae, Tenthredinidae,Norway. 

Pamphiliidae 

Pamphilius festivus Pesarini & Pesarini, 1984 

Figure 1 

During examination of the material of Pamphiliids 

at the NHMO, 2 ♀♀ specimens of P. festivus were 

identified. The records are AK Enebakk (EIS 29), 

probably about 1870 (leg. J. H. S. Siebke) and BØ 

Hole, Sundvollen (EIS 36) 1 June 1906 (leg. T. H. 

Schøyen). 

P. festivus highly resembles P. betulae (Linnaeus, 

1758), and has until recently been confused with 

this species (Pesarini & Pesarini 1984, Viitasaari 

2002). P. festivus is a beautifully colored and 

spectacular insect. The biology is poorly known, 


Ole J. Lønnve, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, 

Norway. E-mail: o.j.lonnve@nhm.uio.no 

but probably resembles that of P. betulae 

(Viitasaari 2002). Populus tremulae is reported as 

host plant (Taeger et al. 1998). The distribution 

of P. festivus in Norway is unknown, but as P. 

betulae, it is probably rather rare, and distributed 

in southern Norway (Midtgaard 1987). 

Tenthredinidae 

Selandria wuestneii (Konow, 1885) 

Figure 2 

The genus Selandria is a small genus with only 

four European species. S. serva (Fabricius, 1793) 

is common in southern Norway. Recently a second 

species, S. flavens (Klug, 1816), was published 

new to Norway (Nuorteva et. al. 2005). 

One single ♀ of S. wuestneii was captured at AK 

Sørum: Dammyra (EIS 37, UTM (WGS84) 32V 

PM 213 549) 21 June 2005 (leg. O. Sørlibråten). 

S. wuestneii is a black sawfly (6-7 mm) with 

yellowish abdomen. The species within Selandria 

feed on different grasses and sedges. Both S. 

flavens and S. wuestneii inhabit bogs and wet 

places. According to Taeger et al. (1998), S. 

wuestneii feeds on Carex lasiocarpa, which is 

common throughout Norway (Lid 1987). For this 

43

Lønnve: Norwegian sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) I 

Fig. 1. Pamphilius festivus ♀. 

reason S. wuestneii and S. flavens, are probably 

distributed over a greater part of Norway. S. 

wuestneii is known from North- and Central 

Europe and North America (Canada and Alaska) 

(Viitasaari & Vikberg 1985, Lacourt 1999). 

Tenthredinidae 

Eutomostethus gagathinus (Klug, 1816) 

Figure 3 

One ♀ was captured in a meadow at AK Oslo: 

Lindøya (EIS 28, UTM (WGS 84) 32V NM 

961 405) 1 July 2005 (leg. L. Aarvik). 

E. gagathinus is a black and shining sawfly (5–7 

mm.) with yellow legs and smoky wings. E. 

gagathinus is widely distributed all over Europe, 

44 

including Denmark and Finland (Viitasaari & 

Vikberg 1985, Benson 1952, Nielsen & Henriksen 

1915). The distribution in Norway is uncertain, 

but the species is probably not common. The host 

plant is unknown, but other species in the genus 

feed on different species of Poa, Juncus and Carex 

(Taeger et al. 1998) which might be host plants for 

E. gagathinus as well. 

Acknowledgements. I would like to thank 

Leif Aarvik for constructive comments to the 

manuscript and contribution of material. I also 

thank Ove Sørlibråten who kindly donated his 

material to NHMO. I am grateful to Karsten 

Sund, Nasjonalt senter for insektkartlegging, 

who photographed the specimens for the present 

article.

Fig. 2. Selandria wuestneii ♀. 

Fig. 3. Eutomostethus gagathinus ♀. 


45

Lønnve: Norwegian sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) I 

REFERENCES 

Benson, R. B. 1952. Hymenoptera, Symphyta. 

Handbk. Ident. Brit. Ins., London 6 (2b), 51–137. 

Lacourt, J. 1999. Répertoire des Tenthredinidae oustpaléarctiques 

(Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Mémoires 

de la SEF, Vol. 3, 432 pp 

Lid, J. 1987. Norsk, Svensk, Finsk Flora.837 pp. Det 

Norske Samlaget, Oslo. 

Midtgaard, F. 1987. The Norwegian Xyelidae and 

Pamphilidae (Hymenoptera). Fauna norv. Ser. B 34, 

125–130. 

Nielsen, J. C. & Henriksen, K. 1915. Træ- og 

Bladhvepse. Danmarks fauna. Dansk naturhistorisk 

forening. 232 pp. G. E. C. Gads, København. 

Nuorteva, M., Nuorteva, J. & Olsen, T. J. 2005. 

Records of sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) from 

Østfold, Southern Norway. Sahlbergia 10, 68 –79. 

Pesarini, C. & Pesarini, F. 1984. Pamphilius festivus 

n. sp. Di Pamphiliidae dell’Italia settentrionale. Atti 

Soc. ital Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 125, 

94–100. 

Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. 1998. Pflanzenwespen 

Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). 364 pp., 8 

plates.Verlag Goecke & Evers, Keltern. 

Taeger, A., Altenhofer, E., Blank, S. M., Jansen, E., 

Kraus, M., Pschorn-Walcher, H. & Ritzau, C. 

1998. Kommentare zur Biologie, Verbreitung und 

Gefährdung der Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands 

(Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Pp. 49– 36 in Taeger, A. 

& Blank. S. M. (Eds): Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands 

(Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Kommentierte 

Bestandsaufnahme. Verlag Goecke & Evers, 

Keltern. 

Viitasaari, M. 2002. The Northern European taxa of 

Pamphilidae. Pp. 235–358. In: Viitasaari, M. (Ed.), 

Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). A review of the 

suborder, the Western Palearctic taxa of Xyeloidae 

and Pamphilioidae. Tremex Press, Helsinki 

Viitasaari. M. & Vikberg, V. 1985. A checklist of the 

sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. 

Notulae Entomol. 65, 1–17. 

46 

Received 28 March, 


On the family Ditomyiidae (Diptera, Sciaroidea) in Norway 

Øivind Gammelmo & Eirik Rindal 

Gammelmo, Ø. & Rindal, E. 2006. On the family Ditomyiidae (Diptera, Sciaroidea) in Norway. 

Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 47-49. 

The distribution of the two species of the genus Symmerus (Ditomyiidae) in Norway is discussed. 

Symmerus nobilis Lackschewitz, 1937 has hitherto not been recorded from Norway. 

INTRODUCTION 

Key words: Diptera, Sciaroidea, Ditomyiidae, Symmerus, Norway. 

The family Ditomyiidae consists worldwide of 

about 80 species belonging to 9 genera, mainly 

occurring in the Southern hemisphere. In 

Europe the family is represented with 4 species 

in 2 genera (Symmerus Walker, 1848 Ditomyia 

Winnertz, 1846). Of these, Ditomyia has a Central 

European distribution, while Symmerus has a 

more northerly distribution. According to Munroe 

(1974) Symmerus is endemic to the Palaearctic 

region, and Symmerus sensu stricto has not been 

recorded outside Europe so far. 

Ditomyiidae is considered as a relatively new 

family of Diptera. The oldest fossil record known 

is from the Eocene period (36.6 – 52 mya) from 

Australia (Evenhuis 1994), which is much younger 

than the other large families of Sciaroidea. 

Mycetophilidae and Keroplatidae, reported from 

Jurassic and Cretaceous, respectively. 

Symmerus annulatus (Meigen, 1830) is relatively 

common in Europe compared with Symmerus 

nobilis Lackschewitz, 1937. S. nobilis is mentioned 

as rare in Britain by Falk & Chandler (2005). 

S. annulatus was first recorded from Scandinavia 

by Zetterstedt (1851) from Esperöd, Sweden, as 


Øivind Gammelmo, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 

Oslo, Norway. E-mail: oivind.gammelmo@nhm.uio.no 

Eirik Rindal, Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, University of Oslo, 

P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, N0-0318 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: eirik.rindal@nhm.uio.no 

“Ceroplatus flavus” Zetterstedt, 1851. 

Little is known about the biology and ecology of 

these species, but larvae of S. annulatus have been 

reported reared from decaying elm wood. 

At present the species can only be identified with 

certainty on characters in the male genitalia. 

European Ditomyiidae species can be identified 

with Zaitzev (1978) or Landrock (1940). Munroe 

(1974) gives a world revision of the genera 

Symmerus (Palaearctic) and Australosymmerus 

Freeman, 1954 (Latin-America, Australia and 

New Zealand). 

Contributions to this family in Norway have been 

scarce. In estimates of of the number of each 

insect family occurring in Norway, Ottesen (1993) 

suggested that Ditomyiidae most probably has one 

species in Norway. The family was first recorded 

from Norway from the lake Østensjøvannet in 

Oslo municipality (Hansen & Falck 2000). Two 

males of Symmerus annulatus were reported, 

from the northern and western part of this area. 

The present study deals with the genus Symmerus 

and is based on 19 specimens from 5 localities. 

The material is kept in the insect collection at 

47

Ditomyiidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) in Norway 

Figure 1: Habitus of Symmerus annulatus 

(Meigen, 1830), lateral view. Photo: K. Sund. 

the Natural History Museum, University of 

Oslo (NHMO). Munroe (1974) was used for 

identification (see this publication for figures). 

THE SPECIES 

Symmerus annulatus (Meigen, 1830) 

(Map 1, Figure 1) 

Total material: 12 ♀♀ 4♀♀. 

AK Oslo: Østensjøvannet (EIS 28) 6♀♀1♀, 

July 1996, leg. M. Falck, coll. NHMO; Asker: 

Semsvik (EIS 28), 14 – 18 June 2004, 2 ♀♀, leg. 

Ø. Gammelmo, coll. NHMO; Semsvik (EIS 28), 

18 – 25 June 2004, 2 ♀♀, leg. Ø. Gammelmo, 

coll. NHMO; Semsvik (EIS 28), 9 – 14 June 

2004, 1 ♀, leg. Ø. Gammelmo, coll. NHMO; 

Semsvik (EIS 28), 24 June – 3 August 2005, leg. 

Ø. Gammelmo, coll. NHMO; Semsvik (EIS 28), 

1 ♀, 18 – 25 June 2005, leg. Ø. Gammelmo, coll. 

NHMO. TEY Porsgrunn: Gravastranda (EIS 18), 

48 

Map 1: Distrubution of Symmerus annulatus 

(Meigen, 1830) in Norway. 

13 June – 12 July 1988, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. 

NHM; Hitterødbekken (EIS 18), 13 June – 11 July 

1988, 2 ♀♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO; 

Note: One specimen, caught 18 – 25 June 2004, 

showed some differentiation in size and color, 

being significantly smaller and paler. However, 

the genitalia were similar to the other males. 

Symmerus nobilis Lackschewitz, 1937 

(Map 2, Figure 2) 

Total material: 2 ♀♀. 

AK Asker: Semsvik (EIS 28), 24 June -3 August 

2005, 1♀, leg. Ø. Gammelmo, coll. NHMO. TEY 

Porsgrunn: Dammane (EIS 11), 27 June – 12 July 

1998, 1♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO; 

CONCLUDING REMARKS 

This family is rare and relatively unknown in 

Norway. The Symmerus species seems to have

Map 2: Distribution of Symmerus nobilis Lackschewitz, 

1937 in Norway. 

a preference for south facing warm broadleaved 

forests. According to their limited distribution and 

habitat requirements should be considered for the 

Norwegian Red List. 

Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Lars 

Ove Hansen, Natural History Museum, University 

of Oslo for comments and suggestions to the 

manuscript. We would also thank Karsten Sund 

(Nasjonalt senter for insektkartlegging, NHMO) 

for making photos for this article. 

REFERENCES 

Evenhuis, N.L. 1994. Catalogue of the fossil flies 

of the world (Insecta: Diptera). 600 pp. Backhuys 

Publishers, Leiden. 

Falk, S.J. & Chandler, P.J. 2005 A review of the 

scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain. Part 

2: Nematocera and Aschiza not dealt with by Falk 


Figure 2: Habitus of Symmerus nobilis Lackschewitz, 

1937, lateral view. Photo: K. Sund. 

(1991). Species Status 2, 1 – 189. Joint Nature 

Conservation Committee, Peterborough. 

Hansen, L.O. & Falck, M. 2000. Insektfaunaen ved 

Østensjøvannet. Oslo: Østensjøvannets venner. 1 – 

34. 

Landrock, K. 1940. Pilztmücken oder Fungivoridae 

(Mycetophilidae). Pp. 1-166 in: Dahl, F. (ed.), Die 

Tierwelt Deutschlands. 38/6, G. Fischer, Jena. 

Munroe, D.D. 1974. The systematics, phylogeny, 

and zoogeography of Symmerus Walker 

and Australosymmerus Freeman (Diptera: 

Mycetophilidae: Ditomyiinae). Mem. entomol. soc. 

Can. 92. 1 – 183. Ottawa. 

Ottesen, P. (red).1993. Norske insektfamilier og deres 

artsantall. NINA Utredning 55,1-40. 

Zaitzev A.I. 1978. Flies of the family Ditomyiidae 

(Diptera) from the USSR. Entomolo. Obozr. 57 (3), 

668-676. 

Zetterstedt, J.V. 1851. Diptera Scandinaviae, disposita 

et descripta. Vol. 10. Lund. 


accepted 25 April 2006 

49

Gonodera luperus (Herbst, 1783) (Col., Tenebrionidae) 

and Anthocomus rufus (Herbst, 1784) (Col., Melyridae) 

new to Norway 

Stefan Olberg 

THE SPECIES 

Gonodera luperus (Herbst, 1783) 

One specimen of Gonodera luperus (Figure 1) 

(family Tenebrionidae) was caught in a windowtrap 

at AK Bærum: Kolsås (EIS 28) 15 June – 7 

July 2005, leg. and coll. S. Olberg. The fairly large 

(7-9 mm) darkling beetle G. luperus, belonging to 

the subfamily Alleculinae, is previously known 

from Sweden, Denmark and Estonia in Northern 

Europe (Silfverberg 2004). In Sweden it is recorded 

in several of the southern districts (Sk, Bl, Sm, Öl, 

Go, Ög, Sö, Up, Vs) (Lundberg 1995). G. luperus 

is widespread but not common in both Sweden 

and Denmark (Hansen 1938). It is therefore not 

surprising that the species also appears in southeastern 

parts of Norway. Despite the relatively 

large size of G. luperus, it has so far not been 

detected in Norway and must be regarded as rare. 

The larva develops in rotten wood of various 

deciduous trees while imago visits flowers. It is 

unlikely that this is a newly invaded species, but 

its rarity and probable restricted distribution in 

Norway, most likely explain why this species has 

been undetected in the Norwegian fauna. 


Olberg, S. 2006. Gonodera luperus (Herbst, 1783) (Col., Tenebrionidae) and Anthocomus rufus 

(Herbst, 1784) (Col., Melyridae) new to Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 51-53. 

One specimen of Gonodera luperus (Herbst, 1783) (Family Tenebrionidae) was collected in a 

window-trap at Kolsås, Bærum (EIS 28) in Akershus (AK). Several specimens of Anthocomus rufus 

(Herbst, 1784) (Family Melyridae) have been found at four different localities in south-eastern 

Norway during 2003 to 2005. These are the first records of the two species in Norway. 

Key words: Gonodera luperus, Anthocomus rufus, Tenebrionidae, Melyridae, Norway 

Stefan Olberg, Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, University of Oslo. P.O.Box 1172 

Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway. 

Anthocomus rufus (Herbst, 1784) 

The first specimens of Anthocomus rufus (Figure 

2) (family Melyridae) were found in Norway at 

AK Bærum: Oksenøya (EIS 28) Aug. 2003, leg. 

J. Pedersen, coll. NHM and S. Olberg. Three 

specimens were sweep-netted on Phragmites 

communis. Two additional specimens were sweepnetted 

at the same locality in Sept. 2005, leg. L.O. 

Hansen, coll. NHM. AK Oslo: Heggholmen (EIS 

28) 1 Sept. 2005. 1 specimen leg. and coll. S. 

Olberg. Sweep-netted on a meadow. Ø Hvaler: 

Kirkøy (EIS 12) 12 Sept. 2003. 1 specimen leg. 

and coll. S. Ligaard. TEY Skien: Børsesjø (EIS 

18) 19 Aug. – 10 Sept. 2004. 7 specimens in 

malaise-trap, leg. K.M. Olsen, coll. NHM and S. 

Olberg. 

A. rufus is a widespread species in southern parts of 

Sweden (Lundberg 1995) and there are reports of 

an expansion or at least an increase in the Swedish 

populations during the last couple of years. Such 

an expansion in our neighbouring country could 

have lead to an invasion in south-eastern Norway. 

An invasion or at least an expansion in Norway is 

supported by the fact that A. rufus was found at 

three localities situated far from each other within 

51

Olberg: Gonodera luperus and Anthocomus rufus (Coleoptera) in Norway 

Figure 1. Gonodera luperus. 

Photo: Karsten Sund. 

a short time period. If this species has been present 

in Norway over a long period of time, there must 

have been small populations restricted to a few 

areas where they were able to exist undetected 

by entomologists. A. rufus is connected to 

Phragmites communis and imago is usually found 

in late autumn. There are no populations of P. 

communis on Heggholmen, and for this reason A. 

rufus probably does not have a viable population 

on this island. Heggholmen is on the other hand 

close to other suitable habitats and only about 6 

km from the population on Oksenøya. The four 

other records of A. rufus in Norway where made 

52 

Figure 2. Anthocomus rufus. 

Photo: Karsten Sund. 

on P. communis or (Børsesjø) in traps placed in 

close connection to this plant. Searching for A. 

rufus in potential habitats elsewhere along the 

Norwegian south-eastern coast will probably 

reveal new populations and it would be interesting 

to see if this species continue its expansion in the 

coming years. 

Acknowledgements. I would like to thank Karsten 

Sund, Nasjonalt senter for insektkartlegging, who 

photographed the specimens figured in the present 

article. Lauritz Sømme and Arne Laugsand 

provided constructive comments to the manuscript

and Lars Ove Hansen, Sindre Ligaard and Kjell 

Magne Olsen contributed with material as well as 

valuable information about Anthocomus rufus. 

REFERENCES 

Hansen, V. 1938. Danmarks Fauna 44. Biller. 

Blødvinger, klannere m.m. 320 pp. G.E.C. Gads 

Forlag , København. 

Lundberg, S. 1995. Catalogus Coleopterorum Sueciae. 

224pp. Naturhistoriska riksmuseet & Entomologiska 

Föreningen i Stockholm, Stockholm. 

Silfverberg, H. 2004. Enumeratio nova Coleopterorum 

Fennoscandiae, Daniae et Baltiae. Sahlbergia 9(1), 

1-111. 




53

Book review 

Almquist, S. 2005. 

Swedish Araneae. Part 1 

– families Atypidae to 

Hahniidae (Linyphiidae 

excluded). 

Insect Systematics & Evolution Supplements 

62. 284 pp. USD 50. Soft cover. 

Distributed by Scandinavian Entomology 

Ltd., Västervång 28, S-247 34S, 

Sandby, Sweden. 

A printed checklist of Swedish spiders has been 

missing (although an internet version has been 

available since 2001: http://www2.nrm.se/en/ 

spindlar.html). Fortunately that is now changing. 

Not only has a complete up-to-date checklist been 

published, but every species has been meticulously 

illustrated and described! 

The present volume is the first in a planned 

three-volume instalment on Swedish spiders. 

Part 1 includes the families Atypidae, 

Pholcidae, Segestriidae, Dysderidae, Mimetidae, 

Eresidae, Uloboridae, Nesticidae, Theridiidae, 

Theridisomatidae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, 

Lycosidae, Pisauridae, Oxyopidae, Agelenidae, 

Cybaeidae and Hahniidae (in that order). 

The remaining families with the exception of 

Linyphiidae will be treated in Part 2 (to be 

published in 2006) while Part 3 (to be published in 

2007) will be entirely devoted to the Linyphiidae 

. In the first volume (Part 1) 18 families with 199 

species are treated. The text is richly illustrated 

with about 1300 drawings by the author! 

This volume starts with a checklist of all genera 

and species recorded from Sweden, followed by 

several pages describing the general morphology 

of spiders in detail. A dichotomous key to all 

families is provided, with all salient features 

mentioned in the key being illustrated. In short 


this is one of the best family keys I have seen. A 

couple of pages with a map of the faunal provinces 

of Sweden and a list of abbreviations follow. 

All families and genera are diagnosed and both 

sexes of each species are given a thorough separate 

description. Brief information on distribution, 

accompanied by a map, is also provided, followed 

by notes on the biology of each species including 

information on web building behaviour, prey 

capture, reproduction and phenology. Some of 

this information, however, is not presented for 

all species. Keys for each genus and species are 

provided where necessary. 

The book has a nice lay-out,and is easy to use for 

determination work. The illustrations are very 

clear and all relevant structures of the genitalia 

are pointed out and named. When necessary 

the palpal organ and epigyne are shown from 

different angles, sometimes even part of the palpal 

organ is shown separately (very helpful for some 

of the more similar species of Pardosa). Vulval 

structures are also illustrated for the vast majority 

of species. One of the best features of this book 

is the inclusion of small, yet very clear habitus 

drawings, many of them having been drawn 

from live specimens. Only those drawings made 

from specimens preserved in alcohol have been 

illustrated without legs (with four exceptions), a 

fact which makes it easy to determine the state of 

the specimens on which the drawings are based. 

Even a cursory glance at this book reveals the 

immense dedication and efforts that has gone into 

it. The present and forthcoming volumes will no 

doubt be standard reference and determination 

works for future araneologists in Northern Europe. 

In fact, the release of these volumes will make 

it much easier to work on Norwegian spiders 

as accurate and detailed drawings are finally 

available for virtually all Norwegian species in a 

single series of publications. Now it will not be 

necessary to go through all the old publications by 

Palmgren, Holm, Tullgren and others (although 

they are important) to find that elusive drawing! 

It is also nice to have an up-to-date and accurate 

taxonomic list of our Scandinavian spiders. 

55

Book review – Bokanmeldelse 

On the critical side I would have liked to see 

more accurate distributional data on the species 

in Sweden. For each species only the provinces 

have been listed along with a small map where the 

relevant provinces have been filled in black. Of 

course, it is a daunting and perhaps overwhelming 

task to compile all distributional data for a nation 

with as long an araneological history as Sweden, 

but the omission of such data means that the 

book is not ideal for use in faunistical surveys, 

although the maps do provide a general indication 

of the distribution of the species. Perhaps the 

weakest part of the book has to do with the habitat 

descriptions. These are very brief and often only 

based on a single source (references for these 

are frequently not provided) and are of little use 

for ecological purposes. The book clearly does 

not emphasise the ecology of these fascinating 

animals. With such data included this would have 

been a perfect book for the spider enthusiast. I 

would also have liked to see a small chapter on 

the history of araneology in Sweden. 

There are also a few minor inconsequential errors 

or omissions in the book. In the introduction the 

number of known spiders species is given as 

34.000, which clearly shows that the author has 

been working on this series for a long time! As 

56 

of January 2005 the number of described spider 

species in the world are 39.112! Furthermore, 

the male palpal organ of Aculepeira lapponica 

is not illustrated, presumably because a male has 

not been collected in Sweden. On the other hand, 

while no Swedish male of Argiope bruennichi 

is known either, a specimen from Germany has 

been used as basis for an illustration of its palpal 

organ. It is a pity that no male A. lapponica could 

be obtained, although the male has been described 

from Finland. This applies to a few other species 

as well. 

These comments, however, are minor points only 

which in no way diminishes the fact that this is a 

stunning work and an excellent book.

Norwegian fungus gnats of the family Mycetophilidae 

(Diptera, Nematocera) 

Øivind Gammelmo & Geir Søli 

Gammelmo, Ø. & Søli, G. 2006. Norwegian fungus gnats of the family Mycetophilidae (Diptera, 

Nematocera). Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 57-69. 

Our knowledge about the Norwegian fauna of fungus gnats has improved considerably during the 

last 15 years. With the present addition of 61 new species, 473 species belonging to the family 

Mycetophilidae have been recorded from Norway. A complete check list for Norway is presented 

together with detailed information for the new species. To enable comparison with previous lists from 

Europe, references to literature for most species recorded or published after 1940 are added. 

Key words: Diptera, Nematocera, Mycetophilidae, Norway, check-list. 

Øivind Gammelmo, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 

NO-0318 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: oivind.gammelmo@nhm.uio.no 

Geir Søli, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 

N0-0318 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: geir.soli@nhm.uio.no 

INTRODUCTION 

Fungus gnats of the family Mycetophilidae are 

small to medium sized, slender to moderately 

robust gnats, with simple antennae and humped 

thorax. Adults are easily recognized on their 

distinctly elongated coxae. Fungus gnats are 

most abundant in humid areas, especially moist 

woodland. Larvae of most species lives on fungi, 

sporophores or on hyphae penetrating decaying 

wood and other plant material. 

Together with Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae, 

Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Lygistorrhinidae, 

Rangomaramidae and Sciaridae, Mycetophilidae 

make up the superfamily Sciaroidea. The 

family Mycetophilidae is commonly divided in 

subfamilies and tribes, but their phylogeny is 

still insufficiently known and the ranking of taxa 

varies between authors (see e.g. Søli et al. 2000). 

The first studies dealing with Norwegian fungus 

gnats, are those by Siebke (1853, 1863, 1866, 

1872, 1877). In his most extensive list (Siebke 

1877), he included 53 species today referable to 


Mycetophilidae. Until recently, little attention has 

been paid to the Norwegian fauna of fungus gnats, 

and new records were only occasionally published. 

For a review up to 1940, see Soot-Ryen (1943). 

The first European check list of Mycetophilidae 

was published in 1988 (Soós & Papp 1988), 

and included 47 species recorded from Norway. 

Between 1940 and 1988 the only contributions 

to the Norwegian fauna, were those of Hackman 

(1970, 1971), Gagné (1981) and Väisänen (1984). 

A few more records were added after 1988 

(Kjærandsen 1993, Søli 1993), until 1994 when 

211 species were published from Jostedalen, West 

Norway (Søli 1994), thus extending the list of 

Norwegian species considerably. More studies 

followed within the next 10 years (Zaitzev & 

Økland 1994, Økland 1995, Økland & Zaitzev 

1997, Søli 1997, Hansen & Falck 2000, Kurina 

2003, Kjærandsen & Kurina 2004). According to 

our data, 413 species have been published from 

Norway up to present. Not all of these records, 

however, were included in the Fauna Europaea 

project, listing 374 species of Mycetophilidae 

from the Norwegian mainland, and 5 from 

Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Chandler 2004). 

57

Gammelmo & Søli: Norwegian fungus gnats (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) 


The present study includes records based on both 

material studied by the authors, and records taken 

from the literature. Possible misidentifications 

can thus not be entirely excluded. The studied 

material is kept in the Natural History museum, 

University of Oslo (NHMO). This is by far the 

largest collection of mycetophilids in Norway. 

In 1996, a substantial material of fungus gnats 

was transferred to NHMO from the Zoological 

museum (Bergen museum), University of Bergen, 

including previously published material from 

Jostedalen (Søli 1994). 

To enable comparison with previous fauna lists, 

references to earlier records were added to the list. 

As records up to 1940 are well treated by Soot- 

Ryen (1943), only references published after 1940 

were included in the final list. One exception is 

Siebke (1877), being the first Norwegian list of 

Mycetophilidae. Information on whether or not a 

certain species is recorded as Norwegian in the 

Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera (Soós & Papp 

1988) and the Fauna Europaea project (Chandler 

2004) were also included. 

THE CHECK LIST 

References used in the list: 1 - Siebke (1877), 2 - 

Hackman (1970), 3 - Hackman (1971), 4 - Gagné 

(1981), 5 - Väisänen (1984), 6 - Søli (1993), 7 - 

Kjærandsen (1993), 8 - Søli (1994), 9 - Zaitzev & 

Økland (1994), 10 - Økland (1995), 11 - Økland 

& Zaitzev (1997), 12 - Søli (1997), 13 - Hansen & 

Falck (2000), 14 - Kjærandsen & Kurina (2004), 

15 – Kurina (2003), 16 - Økland (1996), FaEu – 

Registered as from Norway in Fauna Europaea 

(Chandler 2004), CpD – Registered as from 

Norway in Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera (Soós 

& Papp, 1988), NHMO – Material represented in 

the collection of NHMO. 

Species not previously recorded from Norway are 

marked with an asterix (*), and are commented on 

below. A few species in the check list are included 

in the Fauna Europaea database (Chandler 2004), 

58 

but as far as known to the authors, records for 

these species have never been published. These 

species are marked with a diamond sign (◊). 

Acnemia Winnertz, 1863 

Acnemia falcata Zaitzev, 1982 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Acnemia longipes Winnertz, 1863 NHMO 

Acnemia nitidicollis (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Acomoptera Vockeroth, 1980 

Acomoptera difficilis (Dziedzicki, 1885) NHMO, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Allocotocera Mik, 1886 

Allocotocera pulchella (Curtis, 1837) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Allodia Winnertz, 1863 

Allodia (Allodia) anglofennica Edwards, 1921 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Allodia (Allodia) embla Hackman, 1971 NHMO 

Allodia (Allodia) lugens (Wiedemann, 1817) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Allodia (Allodia) lundstroemi Edwards, 1921 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Allodia (Allodia) ornaticollis (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 1 

nigricollis Zetterstedt, 1852 (Mycetophila) 

Allodia (Allodia) pyxidiiformis Zaitzev, 1982 NHMO, 8, 11, FaEu 

Allodia (Allodia) septentrionalis Hackman, 1971 NHMO, 3, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Allodia (Allodia) simplex Zaitzev, 1982 11, FaEu 

Allodia (Allodia) truncata Edwards, 1921 NHMO, 8, 11, FaEu 

Allodia (Allodia) tuomikoskii Hackman, 1971 3, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

◊ Allodia (Allodia) zaitzevi Kurina, 1998 FaEu 

Allodia (Brachycampta) alternans (Zetterstedt, 1838) NHMO, 1 

Allodia (Brachycampta) barbata (Lundström, 1909) NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Allodia (Brachycampta) czernyi (Landrock, 1912) 11, FaEu 

* Allodia (Brachycampta) foliifera (Strobl, 1910) 

Allodiopsis Tuomikoski, 1966 

Allodiopsis (Allodiopsis) domestica (Meigen, 1830) NHMO, 8, FaEu 

* Allodiopsis (Allodiopsis) rustica (Edwards, 1941) 

Anaclileia Meunier, 1904 

Anaclileia dispar (Winnertz, 1863) NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Anatella Winnertz, 1863 

Anatella ankeli Plassmann, 1987 NHMO, 7, FaEu 

Anatella aquila Zaitzev, 1989 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Anatella ciliata Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Anatella flavomaculata Edwards, 1925 NHMO, 8, 11, FaEu 

Anatella fungia Plassmann, 1984 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Anatella gibba Winnertz, 1863 11, FaEu 

Anatella laffooni Plassmann, 1977 NHMO, 8 

Anatella lenis Dziedzicki, 1923 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Anatella longisetosa Dziedzicki, 1923 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Anatella minuta (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Anatella setigera Edwards, 1921 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Anatella simpatica Dziedzicki, 1923 NHMO, 8, FaEu

Anatella turi Dziedzicki, 1923 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Anatella unguigera Edwards, 1921 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Apolephthisia Grzegorzek, 1885 

Apolephthisia subincana (Curtis, 1837) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Azana Walker, 1856 

Azana (Azana) anomala (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Boletina Stæger, 1840 

Boletina basalis (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 13, 16, CpD, FaEu 

nigra Zetterstedt, 1838 (Leia) 

Boletina borealis Zetterstedt, 1852 NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Boletina brevicornis Zetterstedt,1852 NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Boletina cincticornis (Walker, 1848) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

consobrina Zetterstedt, 1852 (Boletina) 

Boletina conformis Siebke, 1864 NHMO, 1, CpD, FaEu 

Boletina cornuta Zaitzev, 1994 11, 16, FaEu 

* Boletina digitata Lundström, 1914 NHMO 

Boletina dispecta Dziedzicki, 1885 11, FaEu 

* Boletina dissipata Plassmann, 1986 NHMO 

Boletina dubia (Meigen, 1804) NHMO, 1, 8, FaEu 

analis Meigen, 1818 (Boletina) 

Boletina edwardsi Chandler, 1992 NHMO, 8 

Boletina erythropyga Holmgren, 1883 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

◊ Boletina falcata Polevoi & Hedmark, 2004 FaEu 

Boletina gripha Dziedzicki, 1885 NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Boletina griphoides Edwards, 1925 NHMO, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Boletina groenlandica Stæger, 1845 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Boletina jamalensis Zaitzev, 1994 11, 16, FaEu 

* Boletina kowarzi Stackelberg, 1943 NHMO 

* Boletina kurilensis Zaitzev, 1994 NHMO 

* Boletina landrocki Edwards, 1924 NHMO 

Boletina lundbecki Lundström, 1912 11, 16, FaEu 

Boletina lundstroemi Landrock, 1912 NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Boletina maculata Holmgren, 1870 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

* Boletina minuta Polevoi, 1995 NHMO 

Boletina moravica Landrock, 1912 NHMO, 8, 13, FaEu 

Boletina nasuta (Haliday, 1839) NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Boletina nigricans Dziedzicki, 1885 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Boletina nigricoxa Stæger, 1840 1, CpD, FaEu 

Boletina nigrofusca Dziedzicki, 1885 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Boletina nitida Grzegorzek, 1885 NHMO, 13 

Boletina pectinunguis Edwards, 1932 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Boletina plana (Walker, 1856) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Boletina polaris Lundström, 1915 NHMO, 11, FaEu 

* Boletina populina Polevoi, 1995 NHMO 

* Boletina rejecta Edwards, 1941 NHMO 

Boletina sciarina Stæger, 1840 NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

obscurella Zetterstedt, 1838 (Mycetophila) 

Boletina silvatica Dziedzicki, 1885 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Boletina takagii Sasakawa & Kimura, 1974 NHMO 

* Boletina triangularis Polevoi, 1995 NHMO 

* Boletina tirolensis Plassmann, 1980 NHMO 

* Boletina trispinosa Edwards, 1913 NHMO 

Boletina trivittata (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

* Boletina verticillata Stackelberg, 1943 NHMO 

Boletina villosa Landrock, 1912 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 


Brachypeza Winnertz, 1863 

Brachypeza (Brachypeza) bisignata Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Brachypeza (Brachypeza) radiata Jenkinson, 1908 NHMO 

Brevicornu Marshall, 1896 

Brevicornu affine Zaitzev, 1988 NHMO, FaEu 

Brevicornu arcticum (Lundström, 1913) 11, 16, FaEu 

Brevicornu bipartitum Lastovka & Matile, 1974 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Brevicornu boreale (Lundström, 1914) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Brevicornu disjunctum Zaitzev, 1988 11, FaEu 

Brevicornu fennicum (Landrock, 1927) 11, FaEu 

Brevicornu foliatum (Edwards, 1925) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Brevicornu fuscipenne (Stæger, 1840) 11, 16, FaEu 

Brevicornu griseicolle (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Brevicornu griseolum (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Brevicornu kingi (Edwards, 1925) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Brevicornu occidentale Zaitzev, 1988 11, 16, FaEu 

Brevicornu ruficorne (Meigen, 1838) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Brevicornu serenum (Winnertz, 1863) 

Brevicornu sericoma (Meigen, 1830) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Coelophthinia Edwards, 1941 

Coelophthinia thoracica (Winnertz, 1863) 11, 16, FaEu 

Coelosia Winnertz, 1863 

Coelosia flava (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 1, 11, 12, 16, FaEu 

Coelosia fusca Bezzi, 1892 NHMO, 11, 12, 13, 16, FaEu 

silvatica Landrock, 1918 (Coelosia) 

Coelosia limpida Plassmann, 1980 NHMO, 12, FaEu 

Coelosia tenella (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, FaEu 

Coelosia truncata Lundström, 1909 NHMO, 11, 12, 13, 16, FaEu 

Cordyla Meigen, 1803 

Cordyla bomloensis Kjærandsen & Kurina, 2004 14 

Cordyla brevicornis (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Cordyla crassicornis Meigen, 1818 NHMO, 1, 11, 16, FaEu 

cinereus Zetterstedt, 1852 (Pachypalpus) 

Cordyla fasciata Meigen, 1830 NHMO, FaEu 

Cordyla fissa Edwards, 1925 NHMO, 8, 11, FaEu 

Cordyla flaviceps (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Cordyla fusca Meigen, 1804 NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Cordyla murina Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Cordyla nitens Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

◊ Cordyla nitidula Edwards, 1925 FaEu 

Cordyla parvipalpis Edwards, 1925 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Cordyla pusilla Edwards, 1925 NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

sixi Barendrecht, 1938 (Cordyla) 

Cordyla semiflava (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Docosia Winnertz, 1863 

Docosia fumosa Edwards, 1925 11, FaEu 

* Docosia fuscipes (von Roser, 1840) 

Docosia gilvipes (Haliday, 1856) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, FaEu 

* Docosia pallipes Edwards, 1941 NHMO 

Drepanocercus Vockeroth, 1980 

Drepanocercus spinistylus Söli, 1993 6, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

59


Dynatosoma Winnertz, 1863 

Dynatosoma cochleare Strobl, 1895 11, FaEu 

Dynatosoma fuscicorne (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Dynatosoma nigromaculatum Lundström, 1913 11, 16, FaEu 

Dynatosoma norwegiense Zaitzev & Økland, 1994 9, 16, FaEu 

Dynatosoma reciprocum (Walker, 1848) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Dynatosoma rufescens (Zetterstedt, 1838) 1, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

lutescens Zetterstedt, 1852 (Mycetophila) 

Dynatosoma thoracicum (Zetterstedt, 1838) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Dziedzickia Johannsen, 1909 

Dziedzickia marginata (Dziedzicki, 1885) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Ectrepesthoneura Enderlein, 1911 

Ectrepesthoneura bucera Plassmann, 1980 11, 16, FaEu 

Ectrepesthonerua colyeri Chandler, 1980 NHMO, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Ectrepesthoneura hirta (Winnertz, 1846) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Ectrepesthoneura nigra Zaitzev, 1984 11, 16, FaEu 

Ectrepesthoneura pubescens (Zetterstedt, 1860) NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Ectrepesthoneura referta Plassmann, 1976 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Ectrepesthoneura tori Zaitzev & Økland, 1994 9, 16, FaEu 

Epicypta Winnertz, 1863 

Epicypta aterrima (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 8, 11, 13 

Epicypta limnophila Chandler, 1981 NHMO, 13 

Exechia Winnertz, 1863 

Exechia cincta Winnertz, 1863 8, FaEu 

Exechia confinis Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 7, 8, 11, FaEu 

Exechia contaminata Winnertz, 1863 7, 8, 11, FaEu 

Exechia cornuta Lundström, 1914 7, 8, FaEu 

Exechia dizona Edwards, 1924 7, 11, 16, FaEu 

Exechia dorsalis (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 1, 11, 13, FaEu 

Exechia exigua Lundström, 1909 NHMO, 7, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Exechia festiva Winnertz, 1863 7, 8, FaEu 

Exechia frigida (Boheman, 1865) NHMO, 7, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Exechia fusca (Meigen, 1804) NHMO, 1, 7, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

guttiventris Meigen, 1830 (Mycetophila) 

Exechia lucidula (Zetterstedt, 1838) 11, FaEu 

Exechia lundstroemi Landrock, 1923 11, 16, FaEu 

Exechia macula Chandler, 2001 8, FaEu 

Exechia nigra Edwards, 1925 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

◊ Exechia nigrofusca Lundström, 1909 FaEu 

Exechia nigroscutellata Landrock, 1912 11, FaEu 

Exechia parva Lundström, 1909 11, FaEu 

Exechia parvula (Zetterstedt, 1852) 8, 11, FaEu 

Exechia pseudocincta Strobl, 1910 8, 11, FaEu 

Exechia repanda Johannsen, 1912 NHMO, 11, FaEu 

Exechia separata Lundström, 1912 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Exechia seriata (Meigen, 1830) 1 

ochracea Zetterstedt, 1852 (Mycetophila) 

Exechia spinuligera Lundström, 1912 8, FaEu 

Exechia subfrigida Lastovka & Matile, 1974 8, FaEu 

Exechia unimaculata (Zetterstedt, 1860) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, CpD, FaEu 

Exechiopsis Tuomikoski, 1966 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) aemula Plassmann, 1984 15 

60 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) clypeata (Lundström, 1911) 7, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) distendens (Lackschewitz, 1937) 7, 8, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) dryaspagensis Chandler, 1977 7, 8, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) fimbriata (Lundström, 1909) 7, 8, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) forcipata (Lackschewitz, 1937) 11, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) furcata (Lundström, 1911) 8, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) grassatura (Plassmann, 1978) NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) hammi (Edwards, 1925) NHMO, 7, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) indecisa (Walker, 1856) NHMO, 7, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) intersecta (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 7, 8, 11, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) januarii (Lundström, 1913) 7, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) lackschewitziana (Stackelberg, 1948) NHMO, 7, 11, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) landrocki (Lundström, 1912) 7 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) ligulata (Lundström, 1913) NHMO, 7, 8, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) magnicauda (Lundström, 1911) NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) pseudoindecisa Lastovka & Matile, 1974 NHMO, 7, 8, 11, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) pseudopulchella (Lundström, 1912) 7, 8, 11, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) pulchella (Winnertz, 1863) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) sagittata Lastovka & Matile, 1974 NHMO, 11, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) subulata (Winnertz, 1863) NHMO, 7, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Xenexechia) crucigera (Lundström, 1909) 8, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Xenexechia) leptura (Meigen, 1830) 1, 11, FaEu 

Exechiopsis (Xenexechia) membranacea (Lundström, 1912) 8 

Exechiopsis (Xenexechia) pollicata (Edwards, 1925) NHMO, 7, 8, FaEu 

Gnoriste Meigen, 1818 

Gnoriste apicalis Meigen, 1818 NHMO, 1 

Gnoriste bilineata Zetterstedt, 1852 NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 13, 16, CpD, FaEu 

trilineata Zetterstedt, 1852 (Gnoriste) 

Gnoriste harcyniae von Röder, 1887 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Gnoriste longirostris Siebke, 1863 NHMO, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Greenomyia Brunetti, 1912 

* Greenomyia baikalica Zaitzev, 1994 NHMO 

Grzegorzekia Edwards, 1941 

Grzegorzekia collaris (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Hadroneura Lundström, 1906 

Hadroneura palmeni Lundström, 1906 11, FaEu 

Leia Meigen, 1818 

* Leia bilineata (Winnertz, 1863) NHMO 

Leia bimaculata (Meigen, 1804) 11 

Leia crucigera Zetterstedt, 1838 CpD, FaEu 

Leia cylindrica (Winnertz, 1863) NHMO, 13 

Leia fascipennis Meigen, 1818 NHMO, 1, 13 

Leia longiseta Barendrecht, 1938 13 

* Leia picta Meigen, 1830 NHMO 

Leia subfasciata (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 13, 16, CpD, FaEu 

marklini Zetterstedt, 1838 (Leia) 

Leia winthemii Lehmann, 1822 NHMO, 1, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Leptomorphus Curtis, 1831 

Leptomorphus (Leptomorphus) forcipatus Landrock, 1918 16, FaEu 

quadrimaculatus (Matsumura, 1916) (Leptomorphus) 

* Leptomorphus (Leptomorphus) walkeri Curtis, 1831 NHMO

Macrobrachius Dziedzicki, 1889 

* Macrobrachius kowarzii Dziedzicki, 1889 NHMO 

Manota Williston, 1896 

* Manota unifurcata Lundström, 1913 NHMO 

Megalopelma Enderlein, 1911 

Megalopelma nigroclavatum (Strobl, 1910) NHMO, 11, 13, FaEu 

Megophthalmidia Dziedzicki, 1889 

Megophthalmidia crassicornis (Curtis, 1837) NHMO, 13 

Monoclona Mik, 1886 

Monoclona furcata Johannsen, 1910 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Monoclona rufilatera (Walker, 1837) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila Meigen, 1803 

Mycetophila abbreviata Landrock, 1914 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Mycetophila abiecta (Lastovka, 1963) 11, FaEu 

Mycetophila adumbrata Mik, 1884 11, FaEu 

* Myctophila alea Laffoon, 1965 

Mycetophila attonsa (Laffoon, 1957) 11, 16 

Mycetophila autumnalis Lundström, 1909 11 

Mycetophila bialorussica Dziedzicki, 1884 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

◊ Mycetophila biusta Meigen, 1818 FaEu 

Mycetophila bohemica (Lastovka, 1963) 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila brevitarsata (Lastovka, 1963) 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila caudata Stæger, 1840 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila confluens Dziedzicki, 1884 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Mycetophila confusa Dziedzicki, 1884 NHMO 

Mycetophila curviseta Lundström, 1911 7, 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila czizeckii Landrock, 1911 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Mycetophila dentata Lundström, 1913 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila dziedzickii Chandler, 1977 11, 16, FaEu 

* Mycetophila edwardsi Lundström, 1913 

Mycetophila evanida Lastovka, 1972 NHMO, 7, 8, FaEu 

Mycetophila finlandica Edwards, 1913 11, 16, FaEu 

* Mycetophila formosa Lundström, 1911 

Mycetophila fungorum (De Geer, 1776) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

cunctans Meigen, 1818 (Mycetophila) 

punctata Meigen, 1804 (Mycetophila) 

Mycetophila gibbula Edwards, 1925 13 

Mycetophila hetschkoi Landrock, 1918 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila ichneumonea Say, 1823 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila immaculata (Dziedzicki, 1884) 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila laeta Walker, 1848 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila lapponica Lundström, 1906 11, 16, FaEu 

* Mycetophila lastovkai Caspers, 1984 

Mycetophila lumbomirskii Dziedzicki, 1884 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila luctuosa Meigen, 1830 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila lunata Meigen, 1804 NHMO, 1 

Mycetophila marginata Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Mycetophila mitis (Johannsen, 1912) NHMO 

Mycetophila mohilivensis Dziedzicki, 1882 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Mycetophila ocellus Walker, 1848 NHMO, 1, 7, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

cinerea Zetterstedt, 1852 (Mycetophila) 

Mycetophila ornata Stephens, 1829 NHMO, 7, 8, FaEu 


Mycetophila pictula Meigen, 1830 NHMO, CpD, FaEu 

arcuata Zetterstedt, 1838 (Mycetophila) 

Mycetophila pumila Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

* Mycetophila pyrenaica Matile, 1967 

Mycetophila ruficollis Meigen, 1818 

Mycetophila schnablii (Dziedzicki, 1884) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Mycetophila signata Meigen, 1830 NHMO 

Mycetophila signatoides Dziedzicki, 1884 NHMO, 7, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

assimilis Matile, 1967 (Mycetophila) 

Mycetophila sordida van der Wulp, 1874 NHMO, 7, 11, FaEu 

* Mycetophila spectabilis Winnertz, 1863 NHMO 

Mycetophila strigata Stæger, 1840 13 

Mycetophila strigatoides (Landrock, 1927) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila stylata (Dziedzicki, 1884) 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila sumavica (Lastovka, 1963) NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Mycetophila unguiculata Lundström, 1913 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycetophila uninotata Zetterstedt, 1852 NHMO, 1, 13, CpD, FaEu 

Mycetophila unipunctata Meigen, 1818 NHMO, 7, FaEu 

Mycetophila vittipes Zetterstedt, 1852 NHMO, 1, 8, FaEu 

Mycetophila xanthopyga Winnertz, 1863 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycomya Rondani, 1856 

Mycomya (Calcomycomya) pulchella (Dziedzicki, 1885) NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Mycomya (Cymomya) circumdata (Stæger, 1840) NHMO 

◊ Mycomya (Lycomya) pectinifera Edwards, 1924 FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) annulata (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

incisurata Zetterstedt, 1838 (Sciophila) 

* Mycomya (Mycomya) bialorussica Landrock, 1925 NHMO 

Mycomya (Mycomya) bicolor (Dziedzicki, 1885) NHMO, 5, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) britteni (Kidd, 1955) 13 

Mycomya (Mycomya) brunnea (Dziedzicki, 1885) 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) cinerascens (MacQuart, 1826) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 13, 16, CpD, FaEu 

hyalinata Meigen, 1830 (Sciophila) 

Mycomya (Mycomya) denmax Väisänen, 1979 NHMO, 8, 13, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) disa Väisänen, 1984 NHMO, 5, 8, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) dziedzickii Väisänen, 1981 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) egregia (Dziedzicki, 1885) 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) festivalis Väisänen, 1984 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

* Mycomya (Mycomya) flavicollis (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO 

Mycomya (Mycomya) griseovittata (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 1, 5, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

fasciata Zetterstedt, 1838 (Sciophila) 

Mycomya (Mycomya) hackmani Väisänen, 1984 NHMO, 5, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Mycomya (Mycomya) hiisi Väisänen, 1979 NHMO 

Mycomya (Mycomya) humida Garrett, 1924 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) islandica Väisänen, 1984 FaEu (Svalbard) 

Mycomya (Mycomya) lambi Edwards, 1941 NHMO, 8, 13, FaEu 

* Mycomya (Mycomya) levis (Dziedzicki, 1885) NHMO 

Mycomya (Mycomya) maculata (Meigen, 1804) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) marginata (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 1, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) mituda Väisänen, 1980 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) neohyalinata Väisänen, 1984 NHMO, 8, 13, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) nigricornis (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) nitida (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 1, 5, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) norna Väisänen, 1984 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) ornata (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 13, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) prominens (Lundström, 1913) 11, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) pseudoapicalis (Landrock, 1925) 11, 16, FaEu 

61


Mycomya (Mycomya) punctata (Meigen, 1804) 5, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) ruficollis (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 1, 11, 13, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) shermani Garrett, 1924 NHMO, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, CpD, FaEu 

kingi Edwards, 1941 (Mycomya) 

* Mycomya (Mycomya) siebecki (Landrock, 1912) NHMO 

Mycomya (Mycomya) sigma Johannsen, 1910 NHMO, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) simulans Väisänen, 1984 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

* Mycomya (Mycomya) subarctica Väisänen, 1979 NHMO 

Mycomya (Mycomya) tenuis (Walker, 1856) NHMO, 5, 11, FaEu 

* Mycomya (Mycomya) tridens (Lundström, 1911) 

Mycomya (Mycomya) trivittata (Zetterstedt,1838) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) tumida (Winnertz, 1863) NHMO, 5, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) vittiventris (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 1, 5, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Mycomya (Mycomya) wankowiczii (Dziedzicki, 1885) NHMO, 1, 8, CpD, FaEu 

notabilis Stæger, 1840 (Sciophila) 

Mycomya (Mycomya) winnertzi (Dziedzicki, 1885) 8, 13, FaEu 

* Mycomya (Mycomyopsis) affinis (Stæger, 1840) NHMO 

Mycomya (Mycomyopsis) confusa Väisänen, 1977 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Mycomya (Mycomyopsis) neolittoralis Väisänen, 1984 NHMO 

Mycomya (Mycomyopsis) penicillata (Dziedzicki, 1885) 11, 16, FaEu 

* Mycomya (Mycomyopsis) permixta Väisänen, 1984 NHMO 

Mycomya (Mycomyopsis) trilineata (Zetterstedt, 1838) NHMO, CpD, FaEu 

Mycomya (Neomycomya) fimbriata (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Myrosia Tuomikoski, 1966 

Myrosia maculosa (Meigen,1818) NHMO, 1 

Neoempheria Osten Sacken, 1878 

Neoempheria pictipennis (Haliday, 1833) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Neoempheria striata (Meigen, 1818) 13 

Neuratelia Rondani, 1856 

Neuratelia nemoralis (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Neuratelia nigricornis Edwards, 1941 NHMO 

Notolopha Tuomikoski, 1966 

Notolopha cristata (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

brachycera Zetterstedt, 1852 (Mycetophila) 

Palaeodocosia Meunier, 1904 

* Palaeodocosia alpicola (Strobl, 1895) NHMO 

Palaeodocosia vittata (Coquillett, 1901) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

janickii (Dziedzicki, 1923) (Palaeodocosia) 

Paratinia Mik, 1874 

Paratinia sciarina Mik, 1874 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Phronia Winnertz, 1863 

Phronia aviculata Lundström, 1914 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Phronia biarcuata (Becker, 1908) 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Phronia bicolor Dziedzicki, 1889 NHMO, 7, 11, 16, FaEu 

fusciventris van Duzee, 1928 (Phronia) 

?tarsata Stæger, 1840 (Mycetophila) 

Phronia braueri Dziedzicki, 1889 NHMO, 8, 11, FaEu 

Phronia caliginosa Dziedzicki, 1889 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Phronia cinerascens Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Phronia conformis (Walker, 1856) NHMO 

62 

Phronia cordata Lundström, 1914 

Phronia digitata Hackman, 1970 11, 16, FaEu 

Phronia disgrega Dziedzicki, 1889 NHMO, 11, FaEu 

Phronia dziedzickii Lundström, 1906 11, 16, FaEu 

Phronia egregia Dziedzicki, 1889 8, CpD, FaEu 

Phronia elegans Dziedzicki, 1889 11, 16, FaEu 

Phronia exigua (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 1, 8, CpD, FaEu 

Phronia flavipes Winnertz, 1863 8, FaEu 

Phronia forcipata Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Phronia humeralis Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Phronia interstincta Dziedzicki, 1889 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Phronia longaelamellata Strobl, 1898 8 

Phronia lutescens Hackman, 1970 8, FaEu 

Phronia mutabilis Dziedzicki, 1889 8, 11, 13, FaEu 

Phronia nigricornis (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Phronia nigripalpis Lundström, 1909 NHMO, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

* Phronia nitidiventris (van der Wulp, 1852) NHMO 

Phronia notata Dziedzicki, 1889 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Phronia obscura Dziedzicki, 1889 8, FaEu 

Phronia obtusa Winnertz, 1863 11, 13, FaEu 

Phronia peculiaris Dziedzicki, 1889 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Phronia persimilis Hackman, 1970 NHMO, 2, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Phronia petulans Dziedzicki, 1889 11, 16, FaEu 

Phronia porschinskyi Dziedzicki, 1889 13, CpD, FaEu 

Phronia siebeckii Dziedzicki, 1889 NHMO, 11, FaEu 

Phronia signata Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

austriaca Winnertz, 1863 (Phronia) 

Phronia strenua Winnertz, 1863 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

flavicollis Winnertz, 1863 (Phronia) 

Phronia tenuis Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Phronia tieffii Dziedzicki, 1889 NHMO 

* Phronia unica Dziedzicki, 1889 NHMO 

◊ Phronia vitrea Plassmann, 1999 FaEu 

Phronia willistoni Dziedzicki, 1889 11, 16, FaEu 

Phthinia Winnertz, 1863 

Phthinia humilis Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Phthinia mira Ostroverkhova, 1979 11, 16, FaEu 

Phthinia setosa Zaitzev, 1994 11, 16, FaEu 

* Phthinia winnertzi Mik, 1869 NHMO 

Platurocypta Enderlein, 1910 

Platurocypta punctum (Stannuis, 1831) NHMO, 1 

obsoleta Zetterstedt, 1852 (Mycetophila) 

Platurocypta testata (Edwards, 1925) NHMO, 11, 13, FaEu 

fumipennis Bukowski, 1934 (Platurocypta) 

Polylepta Winnertz, 1863 

Polylepta borealis Lundström, 1912 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Polylepta guttiventris (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Pseudobrachypeza Tuomikoski, 1966 

Pseudobrachypeza helvetica (Walker, 1856) NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Pseudoexechia Tuomikoski, 1966 

Pseudoexechia aurivernica Chandler, 1978 NHMO, 7, FaEu 

Pseudoexechia trisignata (Edwards, 1913) NHMO, 7, 8, FaEu

Pseudoexechia trivittata (Stæger, 1840) 

Pseudorymosia Tuomikoski, 1966 

Pseudorymosia foeva (Dziedzicki, 1910) NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Rondaniella Johannsen, 1909 

Rondaniella dimidiata (Meigen, 1804) NHMO, 1, 11, 13, 16, CpD, FaEu 

apicalis Zetterstedt, 1852 (Leia) 

Rymosia Winnertz, 1863 

Rymosia affinis Winnertz, 1863 7, FaEu 

Rymosia bifida Edwards, 1925 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Rymosia fasciata (Meigen, 1804) NHMO, 7, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Rymosia guttata Lundström, 1912 8, FaEu 

Rymosia placida Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 7, 8, 11, FaEu 

Rymosia signatipes (van der Wulp, 1859) NHMO, 7, 8, 11, FaEu 

Saigusaia Vockeroth, 1980 

Saigusaia flaviventris (Strobl, 1894) NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Sceptonia Winnertz, 1863 

Sceptonia concolor Winnertz, 1863 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Sceptonia costata (van der Wulp, 1858) NHMO, FaEu 

Sceptonia fumipes Edwards, 1925 NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Sceptonia fuscipalpis Edwards, 1925 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Sceptonia nigra (Meigen, 1804) NHMO, 1, 8, 11, FaEu 

Sceptonia regni Chandler, 1991 11, 16, FaEu 

Sceptonia tenuis Edwards, 1925 11, 16, FaEu 

Sciophila Meigen, 1818 

Sciophila adamsi Edwards, 1925 11, 16, FaEu 

Sciophila balderi Zaitzev & Økland, 1994 9, 16, FaEu 

Sciophila bicuspidata Zaitzev, 1982 11, 16, FaEu 

Sciophila buxtoni Freeman, 1956 11, FaEu 

Sciophila distincta Garrett, 1925 11, FaEu 

Sciophila exserta Zaitzev, 1982 11, 16, FaEu 

Sciophila fenestella Curtis, 1837 NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Sciophila fridolini Stackelberg, 1943 NHMO, 13 

Sciophila geniculata Zetterstedt, 1838 NHMO, 1, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Sciophila hirta Meigen, 1818 NHMO, 1, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Sciophila inerrupta (Winnertz, 1863) NHMO, 13 

Sciophila limbatella Zetterstedt, 1852 NHMO, 13 

Sciophila lutea Macquart, 1826 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Sciophila nigronitida Landrock, 1925 NHMO, 8, 13, FaEu 

Sciophila nonnisilva Hutson, 1979 11, 16, FaEu 

* Sciophila quadriterga Hutson, 1979 NHMO 

Sciophila rufa Meigen, 1830 11, FaEu 

Sciophila salassea Matile, 1983 11, 16, FaEu 

Sciophila spinifera Zaitzev, 1982 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Sciophila subbiscupidata Zaitzev & Økland, 1994 9, 16, FaEu 

Sciophila thoracica Stæger, 1840 NHMO, 1 

Speolepta Edwards, 1925 

Speolepta leptogaster (Winnertz, 1863) NHMO, 7, 11, 16, FaEu 

Stigmatomeria Tuomikoski, 1966 

Stigmatomeria crassicornis (Stannuis, 1831) NHMO, 1, 11 

bicolor Macquart, 1834 (Mycetophila) 


Synapha Meigen, 1818 

* Synapha fasciata Meigen, 1818 NHMO 

Synapha vitripennis (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Syntemna Winnertz, 1863 

* Syntemna daisetzuzana Okada, 1938 NHMO 

◊ Syntemna elegantia Plassmann, 1978 FaEu 

Syntemna hungarica (Lundström, 1912) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Syntemna nitidula Edwards, 1925 NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Syntemna penicilla Hutson, 1979 11, 16, FaEu 

Syntemna relicta (Lundström, 1912) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Syntemna setigera (Lundström, 1914) 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

haagvari Økland, 1995 (Syntemna) 

Syntemna stylata Hutson, 1979 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Tarnania Tuomikoski, 1966 

Tarnania dziedzickii (Edwards, 1941) NHMO, 7, FaEu 

Tarnania fenestralis (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 7, 8, FaEu 

* Tarnania nemoralis (Edwards, 1941) 

Tarnania tarnanii (Dziedzicki, 1910) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Tetragoneura Winnertz, 1846 

Tetragoneura sylvatica (Curtis, 1837) NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Trichonta Winnertz, 1863 

Trichonta aberrans Lundström, 1911 11, FaEu 

Trichonta atricauda (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 1, 4, 8, 11, 13, 16, CpD, FaEu 

* Trichonta beata Gagné, 1979 NHMO 

Trichonta bicolor Landrock, 1912 8, FaEu 

Trichonta bifida Lundström, 1909 4, CpD, FaEu 

Trichonta brevicauda Lundström, 1906 4, CpD, FaEu 

Trichonta comica Gagné, 1981 NHMO, 11, 16, FaEu 

Trichonta comis Gagné, 1981 8, 11, FaEu 

Trichonta delicata Gagné, 1981 11, 16, FaEu 

Trichonta facilis Gagné, 1981 NHMO, 4, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Trichonta falcata Lundström, 1911 4, FaEu 

Trichonta fissicauda (Zetterstedt, 1852) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Trichonta flavicauda Lundström, 1914 11, 16, FaEu 

Trichonta fragilis Gagné, 1981 NHMO, 11, FaEu 

Trichonta generosa Gagné, 1981 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Trichonta hamata Mik, 1880 NHMO, 4, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

* Trichonta lyrica Gagné, 1981 NHMO 

Trichonta melanura (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 1, 4, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

melanopyga Zetterstedt, 1852 (Mycetophila) 

* Trichonta patens Johannsen, 1912 NHMO 

Trichonta subfusca Lundström, 1909 NHMO, 4, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Trichonta submaculata (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 8, 11, 13, 16, FaEu 

Trichonta terminalis (Walker, 1856) NHMO, 4, 8, 11, 16, CpD, FaEu 

Trichonta trivittata Lundström, 1916 NHMO, 8, FaEu 

Trichonta venosa (Stæger, 1840) NHMO, 4, 11, 16, FaEu 

Trichonta vitta (Meigen, 1830) 4, 11, 16, FaEu 

Trichonta vulcani (Dziedzicki, 1889) NHMO, 4, 8, CpD, FaEu 

Trichonta vulgaris Loew, 1869 11, 16, FaEu 

Zygomyia Winnertz, 1863 

Zygomyia humeralis (Wiedemann, 1817) 11, 16, FaEu 

Zygomyia kiddi Chandler, 1991 11, 16, FaEu 

63


Zygomyia notata (Stannuis, 1831) NHMO, 8, 11, FaEu 

paludosa (Stæger, 1840) (Mycetophila) 

Zygomyia pictipennis (Stæger, 1840) 11, 16, FaEu 

Zygomyia pseudohumeralis Caspers, 1980 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Zygomyia semifusca (Meigen, 1818) NHMO, 8, 11, 16, FaEu 

Zygomyia valida Winnertz, 1863 11, 16, FaEu 

Zygomyia vara (Stæger, 1840) 1, 11, 16, FaEu 

Zygomyia zaitzevi Chandler, 1991 11, FaEu 

SPECIES NEW TO NORWAY 

Acnemia longipes Winnertz, 1863 

HOY: Askøy: Åsbø (EIS 39), 15 September 1990, 

1 ♀, leg. J. Kjærandsen, coll. NHMO. 

Allodia (Allodia) embla Hackman, 1971 

HOY: Stord: Iglatjørn (EIS 23), 23 May - 28 June 

1989, 1 ♀, leg. L. Greve Jensen, coll. NHMO. 

Allodia (Brachycampta) foliifera 

(Strobl, 1910) 

VE: Larvik: Brånakollene (EIS 19), 19 May 2005, 

2 ♀♀, leg. O. Kurina & J. Kjærandsen. 

Allodiopsis (Allodiopsis) rustica (Edwards, 

1941) 

VE: Larvik: Brånakollene (EIS 19), 19 May 

2005, 3 ♀♀, leg. O. Kurina; Larvik: Jordstøyp 

(EIS 19), 20 May 2005, 10 ♀♀, leg. O. Kurina; 

Larvik: Vemannsåsen (EIS 19), 21 May 2005, 3 

♀♀, leg. O. Kurina. 

Boletina digitata Lundström, 1914 

TEY: Porsgrunn: Gravastranda (EIS 18), 13 June 

- 12 July 1988, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO. 

SFI: Luster: Gaupne (EIS 60), 22 June 1988, 1♀, 

leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO; FV: Alta: Buolamalia, 

Detsika (EIS 173), 11 June - 3 July 1995, 1 ♀, leg. 

L. O. Hansen & H. Rinden, coll. NHMO; Alta: 

Eiby, Valsetmoen (EIS 173), 6 July - 8 August 

1995, 1 ♀, leg. L. O. Hansen & H. Rinden, coll. 

NHMO; Alta: Møllenes, Kåfjord (EIS 173), 3 

July - 8 August 1995, 2 ♀♀, leg. L. O. Hansen & 

H. Rinden, coll. NHMO. 

Boletina dissipata Plassmann, 1986 

FV: Alta: Buolamalia, Detsika (EIS 173), 8 August 

64 

- 10 September 1995, 14 ♀♀, leg. L. O. Hansen & 

H. Rinden, coll. NHMO; Alta: Eiby, Valsetmoen 

(EIS 173), 6 July - 8 August 1995, 27 ♀♀, leg. L. 

O. Hansen & H. Rinden, coll. NHMO. 

Boletina kowarzi Stackelberg, 1943 


- 12 July 1988, 3 ♀♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO; 

VE: Horten: Veggefjellet, Falkenstein (EIS 19), 

July 1997, 1 ♀, leg. L. O. Hansen, coll. NHMO. 

Boletina kurilensis Zaitzev, 1994 

FV: Alta: Mattisdalen S. (EIS 165), 4 August - 

26 September 1996, 1 ♀, leg. L. O. Hansen & H. 

Rinden, coll. NHMO; Alta: Buolamalia, Detsika 

(EIS 173), 8 August - 10 September 1995, 2 ♀♀, 

leg. L. O. Hansen & H. Rinden, coll. NHMO. 

Boletina landrocki Edwards, 1924 

TRY: Tromsø: Skittenelvdal (EIS 162), 13 

September 1987, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO; 

FV: Måsøy: Gunnarnes, Rolvsøy (EIS 186), 

September 1992, 1 ♀, leg. P. Tangen, coll. 

NHMO. 

Boletina minuta Polevoi in Zaitzev & 

Polevoi, 1995 

SFI: Luster: Øyastrondi, Jostedalen (EIS 60), 20 

August - 11 September 1988, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, 

coll. NHMO; FV: Alta: Buolamalia, Detsika (EIS 

173), 8 August - 10 September 1995, 19 ♀♀, leg. 

L. O. Hansen & H. Rinden, coll. NHMO. 

Boletina populina Polevoi in Zaitzev & 

Polevoi, 1995 

TEY: Drangedal: Skultrevassåsen (EIS 11), 16 

May - 13 June 1995, 1 ♀, leg. A. Bakke, coll. 

NHMO; FV: Alta: Buolamalia, Detsika (EIS 173), 

8 August - 10 September 1995, 46 ♀♀, leg. L. O. 

Hansen & H. Rinden, coll. NHMO; Alta: Eiby, 

Valsetmoen (EIS 173), 6 July - 10 September 

1995, 58 ♀♀, leg. L. O. Hansen & H. Rinden, 

coll. NHMO; Alta: Møllenes, Kåfjord (EIS 173), 

8 August - 10 September 1995, 1 ♀, leg. L. O. 

Hansen & H. Rinden, coll. NHMO. 

Boletina rejecta Edwards, 1941 

FV: Alta: Buolamalia, Detsika (EIS 173), 11

June - 3 July 1995, 18 ♀♀, leg. L. O. Hansen & H. 

Rinden, coll. NHMO; Alta: Buolamalia, Detsika 

(EIS 173), 8 August - 10 September 1995, 5 ♀♀, 


Boletina takagii Sasakawa & Kimura, 1974 

FV: Alta: Buolamalia, Detsika (EIS 173), 8 August 


H. Rinden, coll. NHMO; Alta: Eiby, Valsetmoen 

(EIS 173), 6 July - 10 September 1995, 13 ♀♀, 


Boletina tirolensis Plassmann, 1980 

FV: Alta: Mattisdalen S (165), 4 August - 26 

September 1996, 1 ♀, leg. L. O. Hansen & H. 

Rinden, coll. NHMO. 

Boletina triangularis Polevoi in Zaitzev & 

Polevoi, 1995 

AK: Nesodden: Fagerstrand (EIS 28), August – 

September 1980, 1 ♀, leg. S. Kobro, coll. NHMO; 

FV: Alta: Buolamalia, Detsika (EIS 173), 8 

August - 10 September 1995, 51 ♀♀, leg. L. O. 

Hansen & H. Rinden, coll. NHMO; Alta: Eiby, 

Valsetmoen (EIS 173), 8 August - 10 September 

1995, 1 ♀, leg. L. O. Hansen & H. Rinden, coll. 

NHMO. 

Boletina trispinosa Edwards, 1913 

TRY: Tromsø: Folkeparken (EIS 162), 5 September 

1987, 3 ♀♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO. 

Boletina vertcillata Stackelberg, 1943 

TRY: Tromsø: Litlemoen, Breivikeidet (EIS 

163), 1 September 1987, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. 

NHMO. 

Brachypeza radiata Jenkinson, 1908 

AAI: Bygland: Heddevika (EIS 9), 29 July - 

27 August 1988, 1 ♀, leg. K. Berggren, coll. 

NHMO. 

Brevicornu serenum (Winnertz, 1863) 


1 ♀, leg. O. Kurina. 

Docosia fuscipes (von Roser, 1840) 



2 ♀♀, leg. O. Kurina. 

Docosia pallipes Edwards, 1941 

VE: Horten: Veggefjellet, Falkenstein (EIS 19), 

July 1997, 6 ♀♀, leg. L. O. Hansen, coll. NHMO. 

Greenomyia baikalica Zaitzev, 1994 

NTI: Lierne: Østborg (EIS 103), 14 - 20 August 

1996, 1 ♀, leg. A. Bakke, coll. NHMO. 

Leia bilineata (Winnertz, 1863) 

TEY: Porsgrunn: Oksum (EIS 18), 17 July - 5 

August 1991, 1 ♀, leg. S.K. Hansen, coll. NHMO. 

Leia picta Meigen, 1830 

TEY: Drangedal: Skultrevassåsen (EIS 11), 

10 July - 8 August 1995, 2 ♀♀, leg. A. Bakke, 

coll. NHMO; Porsgrunn: Sandøya (EIS 11), 17 

September – 3 October 1986, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, 

coll. NHMO; TEI: Kviteseid: Flatland, Vrådal 

(EIS 17), 9 July 1983, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. 

NHMO; AK: Oslo: Østensjøvannet (EIS 28), July 

1996, 2 ♀♀, leg. M. Falck, coll. NHMO. 

Leptomorphus (Leptomorphus) walkeri 

Curtis, 1831 


July - 8 August 1995, 1 ♀, leg. A. Bakke, coll. 

NHMO; Porsgrunn: Hitterødbekken (EIS 18), 

13 June - 11 July 1988, 2 ♀♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. 

NHMO; TEI: Tinn: Rjukan (EIS 26), August 

1995, 1 ♀, leg. B. A. Sagvolden, coll. NHMO. 

Macrobrachius kowartzii 

Dziedzicki, 1889 

TEY: Porsgrunn: Hitterødbekken (EIS 18), 

13 June - 11 July 1988, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. 

NHMO. 

Manota unifurcata Lundström, 1913 

TEY: Porsgrunn: Brevik, Dammane (EIS 11), 27 

June - 12 July 1988, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO 

AK: Ås: Årungen, Syverud (EIS 28), 14 August 

– 13 September 2003, 1 ♀, leg. E. Rindal & L. 

Aarvik, coll. NHMO. 

Mycetophila alea Laffoon, 1965 

VE: Larvik: Jordstøyp (EIS 19), 1 ♀, 20 May 

2005, leg. J. Kjærandsen. 

65


Mycetophila confusa Dziedzicki, 1884 

AK: Nesodden: Fagerstrand (EIS 28), August - 

October 1980, 1 ♀, leg. S. Kobro, coll. NHMO. 

Mycetophila edwardsi Lundström, 1913 



Mycetophila formosa Lundström, 1911 

VE: Larvik: S Tinvik (EIS 19), 22 May 2005, 2 

♀♀, leg. J. Kjærandsen. 

Mycetophila lastovkai Caspers, 1984 

VE: Larvik: Vemannsåsen (EIS 19), 21 May 

2005, 1 ♀, leg. O. Kurina. 

Mycetophila mitis (Johannsen, 1912) 

FV: Alta: Buolamalia, Detsika (EIS 173), 11 June 

- 3 July 1995, 1 ♀, leg. L. O. Hansen & H. Rinden, 

coll. NHMO. 

Mycetophila pyrenaica Matile, 1967 



Mycetophila signata Meigen, 1830 

AAY: Iveland: Tolleklev (EIS 5), 20 May 1991, 4 

♀♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO. 

Mycetophila spectabilis Winnertz, 1863 

RY: Finnøy: Sevheim (EIS 14), 28 August - 17 

October 1992, 2 ♀♀ 1 ♀, leg. J. Skartveit, coll. 

NHMO. 

Mycomya (Cymomya) circumdata (Staeger, 

1840) 


- 12 July 1988, 2 ♀♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO. 

Mycomya (Mycomya) bialorussica 

Landrock, 1925 

FV: Alta: Mattisdalen S. (EIS 165), 23 June - 4 

August 1996, 1 ♀, leg. L. O. Hansen & H. Rinden, 

coll. NHMO. 

Mycomya (Mycomya) flavicollis (Zetterstedt, 

1852) 


July - 8 August 1995, 9 ♀♀, leg. A. Bakke, coll. 

66 

NHMO; Porsgrunn: Brevik, Dammane (EIS 11), 

26 June - 12 July 1988, 7 ♀♀ 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. 

NHMO; VE: Horten: Veggefjellet, Falkenstein 

(EIS 19), July 1997, 2 ♀♀, leg. L. O. Hansen, 

coll. NHMO. 

Mycomya (Mycomya) hiisi Väisänen, 1979 

BV: Rollag: Bråtåsen (EIS 35), September 1994, 

1 ♀, leg. L. O. Hansen & B. A. Sagvolden, coll. 

NHMO. 

Mycomya (Mycomya) levis (Dziedzicki, 

1885) 

OS: Gausdal: Svatsum (EIS 53), 19 July 1995, 1 

♀, leg. B. A. Sagvolden, coll. NHMO. 

Mycomya (Mycomya) siebecki (Landrock, 

1912) 

TEY: Porsgrunn: Gravastranda (EIS 18), 13 June - 

12 July 1988, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO; TRI: 

Målselv: Høgskardhus (EIS 147), 9 September 

1987, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO. 

Mycomya (Mycomya) subarctica Väisänen, 

1979 

TRI: Målselv: Devdisvatn (Dødesvatn) (EIS 147), 

9 September 1987, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO; 

Målselv: Høgskardhus (EIS 147), 9 September 

1987, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO; Målselv: 

Svalheim, Dividalen (EIS 147), 9 September 

1987, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO; Storfjord: 

Nyli, Signaldalen (EIS 155), 9 September 1987, 1 

♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO. 

Mycomya (Mycomya) tridens (Lundström, 

1911) 


8 ♀♀, leg. O. Kurina. 

Mycomya (Mycomyopsis) affinis (Staeger, 

1840) 

TRY: Tromsø: Litlemoen, Breivikeidet (EIS 

163), 1 September 1987, 5 ♀♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. 

NHMO; FV: Alta: Buolamalia, Detsika (EIS 

173), 8 August - 10 September 1995, 5 ♀♀, leg. L. 

O. Hansen & H. Rinden, coll. NHMO. 

Mycomya (Mycomyopsis) neolittoralis

Väisänen, 1984 


July - 8 August 1995, 2 ♀♀, leg. A. Bakke, coll. 

NHMO. 

Mycomya (Mycomyopsis) permixta 

Väisänen, 1984 

TRY: Tromsø: Skittenelvdal (EIS 162), 13 

September 1987, 3 ♀♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO. 

Neuratelia nigricornis Edwards, 1941 

MRI: Norddal: Tafjord (EIS 77), 15 June 1989, 1 

♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO. 

Palaeodocosia alpicola (Strobl, 1895) 


13 June - 11 July 1988, 1 ♀,leg. G. Søli, coll. 

NHMO. 

Phronia conformis (Walker, 1856) 

AK: Nesodden: Fagerstrand (EIS 28), August 

- September 1980, 1 ♀, leg. S. Kobro, coll. 

NHMO. 

Phronia nitidiventris (van der Wulp, 1858) 

TEY: Porsgrunn: Brevik, Dammane (EIS 11), 27 

June - 12 July 1988, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO; 

Porsgrunn: Hitterødbekken (EIS 18), 13 June - 11 

July 1988, 1 ♀,leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO. 

Phronia tieffii Dziedzicki, 1889 

AAY: Iveland: Tolleklev (EIS 5), 20 May 1991, 

1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO; AK: Nesodden: 

Fagerstrand (EIS 28), August - October 1989, 2 

♀♀, leg. S. Kobro, coll. NHMO. 

Phronia unica Dziedzicki, 1889 

HOY: Bergen: Riple (EIS 31), 23 April 1991, 1 ♀, 

leg. J. Kjærandsen, coll. NHMO. 

Phthinia winnertzi Mik, 1869 

HOY: Os: Lepsøy (EIS 30), 27 July 1990, 1 ♀, leg. 

J. Kjærandsen, coll. NHMO; Os: Gåssand (EIS 

31), 4 - 11 July 1991, 1 ♀, leg. Halvorsen, coll. 

NHMO; Os: Sæleli (EIS 31), 20 - 27 June 1991, 1 

♀, leg. Halvorsen, coll. NHMO; Lindås: Helltveit 

(EIS 40), 17 - 31 August 1991, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, 

coll. NHMO; BV: Rollag: Rollag, 6 August 1993, 

1 ♀, leg. B. A. Sagvolden, coll. NHMO. 

Sciophila quadriterga Hutson, 1979 

FV: Alta: Møllenes, Kåfjord (EIS 173), 8 August 


H. Rinden, coll. NHMO. 

Synapha fasciata Meigen, 1818 


July - 8 August 1995, 1 ♀, leg. A. Bakke, coll. 

NHMO. 

Syntemna daisetzuzana Okada, 1938 

TEY: Porsgrunn: Brevik, Dammane (EIS 11), 

26 June - 12 July 1988, 2 ♀♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. 

NHMO; Porsgrunn: Hitterødbekken (EIS 18), 13 

June - 11 July 1988, 25 ♀♀ 5 ♀♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. 

NHMO. 

Tarnania nemoralis (Edwards, 1941) 


2 ♀♀, leg. O. Kurina og J. Kjærandsen. 

Trichonta beata Gagné, 1979 

TEY: Porsgrunn: Hitterødbekken (EIS 18), 13 June 

- 11 July 1988, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. NHMO. 

Trichonta lyrica Gagné, 1981 


13 June - 11 July 1988, 1 ♀, leg. G. Søli, coll. 

NHMO. 

Trichonta patens Johannsen, 1912 

FV: Alta: Buolamalia, Detsika (EIS 173), 8 

August - 10 September 1995, 2 ♀♀, leg. L. O. 

Hansen & H. Rinden, coll. NHMO. 

COMMENTS 


A few species in the check list are included in the 

Fauna Europaea database (Chandler 2004), but 

as far as known to the authors, records for these 

species have never been published. These species 

are: Allodia zaitzevi Kurina 1998, Boletina falcata 

Polevoi & Hedmark, 2004, Cordyla nitidula 

Edwards, 1925, Exechia nigrofusca Lundström, 

1909, Mycetophila biusta Meigen, 1818, 

Mycomya (L.) pectinifera Edwards, 1924, Phronia 

67


vittrea Plassmann, 1999 and Syntemna elegantia 

Plassmann, 1978. The species are marked with a 

diamond sign (◊) in the check list. 

One recently recorded species, Phronia jacosa 

Gagne, 1975 (Økland & Zaitzev 1997) has been 

omitted from the list. No other records exist 

outside the Nearctic region of this species, and it 

has so far not been possible to trace the original 

material. 

CONCLUSIVE REMARKS 

Our knowledge about Norwegian fungus gnats has 

improved considerably during the last 15 years. 

The number of localities thoroughly sampled and 

studied, however, is still restricted, and the actual 

number of species will by certainty exceed 473. 

Among our neighbouring countries, Finland is by 

far the best studied with respect to Mycetophilidae, 

and 525 species have been recorded (Polevoi 

& Yakovlev 2004). The corresponding number 

from Sweden is about 382, but a new list will be 

published soon, and the number of species will 

then probably be comparable to that from Finland 

(J. Kjærandsen, pers com.). The variation in 

topography and climate in Norway exceed that of 

both Sweden and Finland, hence, there are good 

reasons to suppose the actual number of species 

of Mycetophilidae in Norway to be close to 550. 

Fauna europaea (Chandler 2004) lists only 5 

species from Svalbard (and Jan Mayen), viz. 

Boletina maculata, Coelosia tenella, Exechia 

frigida, Mycomya islandica and Phronia egregia, 

of which all, except M. islandica, have also been 

recorded from the mainland. Unfortunately, 

the dipterous fauna of Svalbard is still poorly 

investigated, but as fungus gnats in general appear 

to be rather common in polar regions, the number 

of species may well stay close to 50. 

Acknowledgements. We would like to thank 

Olavi Kurina and Jostein Kjærandsen for their 

permission to publish their recent records from 

Larvik, Vestfold, and Eirik Rindal and Leif Aarvik 

for commenting on the manuscript. 

68 

REFERENCES 

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69

Spiders active on snow in Southern Norway 

Sigmund Hågvar & Kjetil Aakra 

Hågvar, S. & Aakra, K. 2006. Spiders active on snow in Southern Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 

71-82. 

In Norway, insects and springtails which are active on snow have been fairly well studied, but not 

the spider fauna. A sample of 439 spiders collected on snow during many years and from several 

localities in South Norway, contained 46 species, including 12 which were only identified to genus 

level. Spiders occurred on snow during all winter months, mainly at temperatures around or above 

0 o C, but even down to –7 o C. Most species belonged to Linyphiidae. Comparisons with Finnish 

pitfall-trapping below snow and a Norwegian study on the spider fauna on spruce branches during 

winter show that nearly all species colonise the snow surface from the subnivean air space, probably 

climbing up along stems and bushes penetrating the snow. In late winter, the spider fauna on snow is 

dominated by Bolepthyphantes index, which constructs nets in small depressions in the snow surface, 

for instance footprints of animals, and catches winter active springtails. During very warm days in 

April, subadults of Philodromus sp. can start wind dispersal by sending out “flying threads” from 

trees and may land in large numbers on snow. From there they probably seek snow-free patches. As 

a group, spiders evidently contain many cold-adapted species, and Finnish studies have showed that 

almost any species may be encountered on snow. Long-term pitfall trapping near Bergen showed 

that some spider species had their main activity during winter, indicating winter reproduction. For 

most spiders, their occurrence on snow in mild weather may simply be a continuation of their normal 

subnivean activity. There should be a large evolutionary potential for more spider species to adapt to 

use the food resource represented by winter active insects and springtails on snow. 

INTRODUCTION 

Key-words: Spiders, Aranea, snow, winter activity 

Certain invertebrates are known to be regularly 

active on the snow surface in Fennoscandia. 

Well-known examples are the wingless insects 

Chionea spp. (Diptera, Limoniidae) and Boreus 

spp. (Mecoptera) which both lay eggs during 

winter (Hågvar 1971, 1976, 2001), swarming 

winter gnats (Diptera, Trichoceridae) (Dahl 

1965) and Collembola migrating on the snow 

surface (Leinaas 1981, 1983, Hågvar 1995, 

2000). Winter active spiders, however, have been 

much less studied. In Fennoscandia, spiders are 

often observed being active on the snow surface, 


Sigmund Hågvar, Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Box 5003, 

Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway. E-mail: sigmund.hagvar@umb.no 

Kjetil Aakra, Midt-Troms Museum, Box 82, NO-9059 Storsteinnes, Norway. 

E-mail: kjetil.aakra@midt-troms.museum.no 

mainly at temperatures around and above 0 o C. 

Huhta & Viramo (1979) recorded more than 

hundred species on snow in Northern Finland. 

However, the function of this activity is little 

understood. Only one species, Bolepthyphantes 

index (Thorell, 1856), is known to have the regular 

habit of building nets on the snow surface. The 

nets are constructed over small holes or cavities in 

the snow, for instance over foot-prints of animals. 

This occurs mainly during late winter and the net 

is used for catching winter active Collembola as 

well as for feeding and mating (Hågvar 1973). 

The study of Huhta & Viramo (1979) indicated 

71

Hågvar & Aakra: Spiders active on snow in Southern Norway 

that most spider species active on snow are 

ground-living and colonize the snow surface from 

the subnivean air space. Here, the temperature is 

usually close to 0 o C (Coulianos & Johnels 1962). 

Pitfall-trapping, both in Fennoscandia and Canada, 

have demonstrated activity throughout the winter 

of spiders and other invertebrates below the snow 

(e.g. Näsmark 1964, Koponen 1976, Aitchison 

1984a, 1989). 

Figure 1. Localities in Southern Norway where 

spiders have been collected on snow: Local 

name, county and approximate altitude are as 

follows: 1: Nordmarka, Buskerud and Akershus 

(200 - 500 m). 2: Bærum, mainly near Dælivann, 

Akershus (100 - 200 m). 3: Østmarka, Akershus 

(100 - 300 m). 4: Vegglifjell, mainly Votnedalen, 

Buskerud (ca. 800 m). 5: Gullentjern, Gran, 

Oppland (600 m). 6: Bøn, Eidsvoll, Akershus 

(150 m). 7: Hurdal, Akershus (200 - 400 m). 8: 

Vassfaret, Buskerud (ca. 700 m). 9: Haugesund, 

Rogaland (ca. 100 m). 10: Sogndal, Sogn & 

Fjordane (10-50 m). 11: Skåbu, Oppland (ca. 

900 m). 12: Furusjøen, Oppland (ca. 900 m). 13: 

Kongsvoll, Oppland (ca. 1000 m). 

72 

This study from several localities in Southern 

Norway illustrates a rather species-rich spider 

fauna on snow. Besides giving basic information 

on the phenomenon from this part of Fennoscandia, 

it allows for a comparison with the spider fauna 

on branches of spruce during winter (Hågvar & 

Hågvar 1975). Overwintering spiders on trees 

represent a potential source for colonizing the 

snow surface. 


Between 1968 and 2005, 439 spiders were 

collected on snow, mainly by the first author. 

The samplings were made during skiing and had 

a random character. However, collections from 

different winter months, many years and several 

localities give a general picture of the species 

which can be encountered on snow. 

Most samplings were made in coniferous forests. 

Thirteen localities in Southern Norway were visited 

(Figure 1). Local name, county and approximate 

altitude are given in the figure text. Spruce forest 

(Picea abies (L.) KARST.) dominated in many 

localities, except in locality 12 (pine forest, 

Pinus silvestris L.), locality 10 (mixed deciduous 

forest), locality 2 (mixed forest with spruce, pine 

and several deciduous trees), locality 9 (open 

heath with Calluna vulgaris (L.) and young pine 

plantations), locality 6 (open cultural landscape), 

and locality 13 (treeless alpine habitat). The spruce 

forest sites were a mosaic of forest, bogs, lakes 

and rivers, with several deciduous tree species. 

Maximum snow depth was usually between 

0.5 and 2 meter in the various localities and the 

snow-covered period lasted from 3-4 to 6 months. 

Temperatures were measured in shadow, usually 

1.5 m above the snow. 

RESULTS 

Species composition 

A typical collection from the snow surface 

consisted of several species, even among a 

restricted number of individuals. This is reflected

in the total material which includes a high 

number of species from several families but with 

rather few individuals of most species (Table 1). 

Altogether 46 species were recorded, including 

12 which were only identified to genus level. 

Most species belonged to the family Linyphiidae. 

Bolepthyphantes index from this family was the 

most abundant species representing 38 % of the 

total material. Nearly one quarter of the material 

consisted of immature stages (mainly subadults) 

of Pardosa sp. (Lycosidae) and Philodromus 

sp. (Philodromidae). The next most common 

species were three Linyphiids: Pityohyphantes 

phrygianus (27 individuals), Helophora insignis 

(20 individuals) and Tenuiphantes cristatus (12 

individuals). One of the three Zornella cultrigera 

individuals was taken in February far North in 

Norway (Alta, Eibydalen with pine forest, about 

100 m a.s.l.). 

Phenology 

As shown in Table 1, spiders were found on snow 

during all winter months. In high altitude forests 

patches of snow may remain even throughout 

May and a male of B. index was sampled on 

snow as late as 25 May at locality 4. Spiders may 

occur on snow in mild weather during the whole 

snow-covered period, but sampling was not given 

priority when there were large patches of snowfree 

ground, which is often the case during the 

very early and very late winter phase. Two thirds 

of the individuals were sampled towards the end of 

the winter, in April. In this month air temperature 

may reach 5-10 o C on sunny days and some snowfree 

patches often exist where soil and vegetation 

may reach even higher temperatures. Spiders 

may easily colonise snow from these patches. 

However, the month with the next highest catch 

(64 individuals) was December. This was mainly 

due to young stages of Pityohyphantes phrygianus 

and adults of Helophora insignis. 

The three most abundant species, B. index, Pardosa 

sp. and Philodromus sp. were taken mainly in 

April. For B. index, the activity maximum in April 

was very clear, and was repeated several years and 

in various localities. 


Activity on snow 

Bolepthyphantes index is known to construct nets 

over small cavities in the snow surface (Hågvar 

1973). Such nets were observed regularly at 

temperatures around or above 0 o C in March 

and especially April during many years and in 

several localities. An example was 3 April 2005 

in locality 12, when 18 females and 3 males were 

picked from about 20 nets. Most nets contained 

only one female and were probably newly made, 

constructed during a sunny day with 4-8 o C. The 

distance between nets was about 5-10 m in this 

occasion. On 17 April 2005 at locality 4, a net was 

constructed across a ski track during less than an 

hour, in sunny weather at about 8 o C. Usually, B. 

index was sampled when walking on the snow. 

Probably all the collected species are able to walk 

on snow and a large part of the material consisted 

of actively moving animals. 

Except for B. index feeding on prey (mainly 

Collembola) in their net, feeding by spiders on 

the snow surface was only observed once. An 

adult female of Helophora insignis was observed 

feeding on a juvenile Anyphaena accentuata on 

11 November 1971 at locality 2. It was calm and 

overcast, and 2 o C. 

In very warm and sunny weather in April, 

subadults of Philodromus sp. are probably 

starting “ballooning” from vegetation. On 18 

April 2003 at locality 4, an individual was caught 

when it was drifting slowly 20 cm above the ice 

of a lake, hanging on its thread. It was sunny and 

unusually warm (13-15 o C). The wind was very 

faint, but this relatively large spider was easily 

flying. Another individual was observed drifting 

slowly about 2.5 m above the ice of another 

lake, without loosing height. It was not caught, 

but it was observed that the spider climbed its 

thread during the flight. During the next two 

days with similar weather conditions, a large 

number of Philodromus subadults were observed 

walking rather rapidly around on the snow and 21 

individuals were sampled. Because many of these 

were observed in the middle of lakes or large 

bogs, with a long distance to snow-free spots and 

penetrating vegetation, it is assumed that they had 

73


Table 1. Spiders collected on snow during different winter months. m = males, f = females, j = juveniles, s = subadults. The total number of each species 

is shown, as well as the number of winters in which a given species was recorded. To the right, the locality numbers for each species are given, with the 

number of specimens collected in each locality in parenthesis. 

74 

No. of Loc. no. 

Family and species Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. winters (ind. sampled) 

Anyphaenidae 

Anyphaena accentuata (Walckenaer, 1802) 2j 2 2(1), 10(1) 

Araneidae 

Araniella cf. cucurbitina(Clerck, 1757) 2j 2 1(2) 

Araniella sp. 3ms, 2fs 2 1(4), 2(1) 

Araneidae sp. 1j 1 2(1) 

Clubionidae 

Clubiona subsultans Thorell, 1875 1f 1 1(1) 

Clubiona sp 2j 1j 2 1(2), 7(1) 

Dictynidae 

Dictyna arundinacea (Linnaeus, 1758) 1f 1 1(1) 

Dictyna sp. 1ms 7ms 2ms 5 4(9), 8(1) 

Gnaphosidae 

Drassodes sp. 1j 1 1(1) 

Gnaphosa sp. 1j 1 1(1) 

Gnaphosidae sp. 3ms 1 4(1), 12(2) 

Haplodrassus sp. 3j 9ms, 3fs 6 4(10), 7(3), 

11(1),12(1) 

Hahniidae 

Cryphoeca silvicola (C. L. Koch, 1834) 1m 1m, 1f 2 1(1), 2(2) 

Linyphiidae 

Bolyphantes alticeps (Sundevall, 1833) 1f 1 3(1) 

Bolepthyphantes index (Thorell, 1856) 1m 1f 1m 10m,2f 97m, 13 1(18), 4(85), 5(3), 

54f 6(1), 12(59)

Table 1. continued 



Centromerita bicolor (Blackwall, 1833) 1m 1 3(1) 

Dicymbium nigrum (Blackwall 1834) 1f 1 2 (1) 

Dicymbium tibiale (Blackwall, 1836) 1m, 2f 1 3(3) 

Diplocephalus latifrons (O.P.-Cambridge, 1863) 2m, 3f 1 3(5) 

Drepanotylus uncatus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1873) 1m 1m 2 4(1), 5(1) 

Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833 1m 1 6(1) 

Helophora insignis (Blackwall, 1841) 1f 3m, 16f 2 2(4), 3(16) 

Hilaira pervicax Hull, 1908 1m 1f 2 3(1), 4(1) 

Macrargus boreus Holm, 1968 4m 3 4(2), 11(1), 13(1) 

Macrargus carpenteri (O.P.-Cambridge, 1894) 5m 1 4(5) 

Macrargus rufus (Wider, 1834) 1f 1 3(1) 


Mughiphantes suffusus(Strand, 1901) 1f 1 7(1) 

Oedothorax sp. 1f 1 1(1) 

Obscuriphantes obscurus (Blackwall, 1841) 1f 1 4(1) 

Oryphantes angulatus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1881) 1m 2m 2 2(2), 3(1) 

Pityohyphantes phrygianus (C.L.Koch, 1836) 3j 17j, 1j 1ms, 1j 1ms 6 1(7), 2(12), 4(1), 

1ms, 2fs 6(2), 7(2), 10(3) 

Savignia frontata Blackwall, 1833 1f 1 2(1) 

Tenuiphantes alacris (Blackwall, 1853) 1f 1m, 1f 1f 4 1(2), 7(1), 10(1) 

Tenuiphantes cristatus (Menge, 1866) 1m 1m 2m 1m, 1f 5m, 1f 6 1(4), 2(5), 3(2), 

6(1) 

Mengei (Kulczynski, 1887) 1f 1 3(1) 

Walckenaeria cuspidata (Blackwall, 1833) 1m 1 4(1) 

Walckenaeria kochi (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) 1m 1 3(1) 

Walckenaeria nudipalpis (Westring, 1851) 1m 3m 1m 4 1(1), 3(2), 4(1), 

9(1) 

Zornella cultrigera (L.Koch, 1879) 1m 2m 3 12(2), Alta(1) 

Linyphia sp. 2j 2 3(1), 7(1) 

Linyphiidae sp. 1j 1 1(1) 

Liocranidae 

Agroeca brunnea (Blackwall, 1833) 2m 1 1(2) 

75


Table 1. continued 

76 



Lycosidae 

Acantholycosa sp. 1 ms 1 6(1) 

Pardosa sp. 1ms 1ms, 2j 31ms, 7 1(7), 2(1), 4(41), 

12j, 5fs 5(1), 6(1), 7(1) 

Xerolycosa sp. 1j 1j 2 6(1), 7(1) 

Philodromidae 

Philodromus sp. 1j 1j 1j 2j 32s, 13j 9 1(7), 2(3), 4(34), 

7(3), 10(1), 12(2) 

Thanatus sp. 1ms 1 12(1) 

Tetragnathidae 

Pachygnatha degeeri Sundevall, 1830 1m 1 10(1) 

Pachygnatha listeri Sundevall, 1830 1m 1 3(1) 

Tetragnatha sp. 1j 1 4(1) 

Thomisidae 

Xysticus sp. 1ms 1 4(1) 

Zoridae 

Zora spinimana (Sundevall, 1833) 1m 1 4(1) 

Zora sp. 2ms 1 4(2)

landed after flying. The general snow depth was 

about 1 m. As seen from Table 1, Philodromus sp. 

has been collected on snow from several localities 

and years, and mainly in April. 

Weather conditions 

Weather data are not available from all samplings, 

but the temperature was usually noted. Figure 2 

illustrates the climatic conditions during sampling, 

when weather data were recorded. If temperature 

varied during sampling, the mean temperature is 

given. Conditions when B. index was observed 

on snow are in black and show that this spider 

prefers temperatures above zero and calm, sunny 

weather. When the climatic data for all species are 

combined, the temperature range spans from –7 

to 14 o C, with most observations around or above 

zero, often between 0 and 5 o C. However, several 

observations were also below zero. In most cases 

there was no wind, but the sky could be cloudy 

or clear. 

DISCUSSION 

Spiders on snow: An annual 

phenomenon with many species 

involved 

The present material from several localities and 

throughout several years shows that spider activity 

on snow is an annual, geographically general 

phenomenon. Spiders were found in all winter 

months. A large number of species participate 

in this activity, but most species are uncommon. 

Two studies from Northern Finland support this 

general picture. In a large material of more than 

two thousand spiders collected on snow, Huhta & 

Viramo (1979) documented activity throughout 

the winter except for the coldest period in 

February. As many as 102 species were recorded, 

most of them in relatively low numbers but with 

a few dominant species. A smaller collection by 

Koponen (1989) revealed fourteen species of 

which four were regarded as regularly active on 

snow. 

Huhta & Viramo (1979) suggested that almost 

any spider species present in the community 


may be found on snow. Most of the species in 

the present material were also recorded by Huhta 

& Viramo (1979), except for the following six 

species represented by few specimens: Anyphaena 

accentuata, Diplocephalus latifrons, Mugiphantes 

suffusus, Obscuriphantes obscurus, Walckenaeria 

kochi, Pachygnatha degeeri, and the genera 

Acantholycosa, Araniella, Linyphia, Oedothorax, 

Thanatus, and Xerolycosa. A common feature 

of the present and the two Finnish studies was 

a strong dominance of Bolepthyphantes index on 

snow towards the end of the winter, in April. 

Although the snow spider fauna in Southern 

Norway and Northern Finland have many species 

in common, considerable differences exist 

Figure 2. Climatic conditions when spiders 

were sampled from the snow surface. One 

“observation” means that a species was present 

on one occasion at that condition, for instance 

temperature, but without indicating number of 

individuals. Data for the most abundant species, 

Bolepthyphantes index, are shown in black. Cloud 

conditions are indicated as clear sky, partly 

cloudy or completely cloudy (black). There was 

either no wind, a faint wind (+) or a strong wind 

(++). Finally, the number of observations are 

given for foggy weather or when it was snowing. 

77


regarding certain dominant species. The most 

numerous species recorded by Huhta & Viramo 

(1979), Macrargus rufus, was represented by only 

one individual in the present material. Tmeticus 

affinis (Blackwall, 1855) was abundant in the study 

of Huhta & Viramo (1979) and Gnaphosa sticta 

Kulczyn’ski, 1908 in the material of Koponen 

(1989), but these were absent in the present 

material. In fact, among the fourteen species in 

the latter study, collected far North at Kevo, 

only Bolepthyphantes index, Zornella cultrigera 

and Cryphoeca silvicola were taken in Southern 

Norway. This probably mirrors the local character 

of the spider fauna, and for instance Gnaphosa 

intermedia is a Northern species restricted to 

Lapland (Koponen 1976). 

Is the snow surface colonized from 

below or from above? 

Theoretically, spiders may colonize the snow 

surface either from the subnivean air space or 

from trees and other high vegetation. Huhta & 

Viramo (1979) found that the majority of the 

species in their material live permanently on the 

ground or in low field vegetation, so they must 

have colonized from below. The presence of some 

tree-living species was explained by involuntary 

falling, but this could not be the main reason for 

species encountered regularly on snow. 

At Kevo, Koponen (1976, 1989) compared the 

spider fauna on snow with pitfall catches below 

the snow. He concluded that most spider species 

found on the snow were abundant also in the 

subnivean pitfall traps, so the snow surface 

activity was an extension of the normal winter 

activity below the snow. However, many species 

active below the snow did not appear on the 

snow surface. In Norway, Waaler (1972) caught 

Macrargus rufus and Tenuiphantes cristatus in the 

subnivean space. The ecological meaning of the 

subnivean spider activity is poorly understood. In 

Canada, Aitchison (1989) has suggested that active 

subnivean spiders may represent an important 

food source for overwintering shrews. 

Also in the present material, most species are 

typically living on the ground or in the field 

78 

vegetation, and must have colonized the snow 

surface from below (see Huhta & Viramo (1979) 

for habitat preferences). Even at great snow 

depth, a small air space is usually created along 

penetrating stems and bushes, so winter active 

invertebrates have a certain possibility to migrate 

between the snow surface and the subnivean 

environment. 

A study of the invertebrate fauna on branches 

of spruce during five winter months near Oslo 

by Hågvar & Hågvar (1975) gives an idea of 

spider species that might have colonized the 

snow surface by dropping down. Among 701 

spiders from 15 taxa on spruce branches, only 

4 taxa were recorded on snow: Philodromus sp. 

(dominant group on branches, representing 33- 

45 % of these spiders in different months), 

Dictyna sp. (4-15 %), Pityohyphantes phrygianus 

(0-10 %), and Araniella cucurbitina (0-3 %). 

Tree-living individuals of these taxa were all 

juveniles. The dominance of Philodromus sp. on 

spruce branches may explain the relatively high 

numbers of subadults on snow in April, especially 

in warm weather. The observation of “flying” 

individuals and many specimens on snow, even 

in areas without penetrating vegetation, indicates 

a mass exodus from trees during the first, warm 

days in late winter. Huhta & Viramo (1979) and 

Koponen (1989) also reported Philodromus sp. 

from the snow surface in Northern Finland. We 

assume that the limited number of the three other 

taxa on the snow surface was due to accidental 

falling from trees. 

Our conclusion is therefore that the majority of 

snow surface active spiders in Southern Norway 

colonize from the subnivean air space, a few 

species drop in small numbers involuntarily 

from trees and subadults of Philodromus sp. may 

colonize the snow surface in late winter due to a 

mass exodus from trees during warm weather and 

suitable wind conditions. 

Remarks to some species 

In Norway, Østbye (1966) found a specimen of 

Centromerus incillium (L. Koch, 1881), which had 

constructed a net in a crevice in the snow surface

and captured collembolans. Several individuals 

of this species were collected on snow in early 

winter in Northern Finland, and it was considered 

by Huhta & Viramo (1979) to be one of rather few 

species that had its main period of activity during 

winter. C. incillium was, however, not found in 

the present study and no more nets on snow have 

later been found. Only Bolepthyphantes index has 

been reported as a regular net-building species on 

snow. In a detailed study of this species, Hågvar 

(1973) observed locally high densities of nets 

in small depressions in the snow surface, up to 

one net per 2 m 2 . The present study shows that 

B. index inhabits forest areas of different types 

and altitudes, that it is the most common spider 

encountered on snow in Southern Norway, and 

that net-building on snow is a normal activity in 

late winter when the air temperature rises above 

zero. In Northern Finland as well, B. index was 

a numerous species on snow (Huhta & Viramo 

1979, Koponen 1989). According to Hågvar 

(1973), it is well adapted to cold conditions. Its 

preference temperature is around 4 o C, it is able 

to be active in a supercooled state down to about 

–9 o C, and survives down to its supercooling point 

around –15 o C. 

A considerable number of subadult Pardosa sp. 

were taken on snow in the present study, mainly in 

sunny and very warm weather (8-15 o C) in April. 

This genus was not present on spruce branches 

(Hågvar & Hågvar 1975), but the animals might 

have colonized from bare patches which start to 

appear at this time, for instance below certain 

trees and in south-faced slopes. It is not known 

whether this genus starts ballooning early after 

winter by climbing the vegetation. Huhta & 

Viramo (1979) sampled a high number of juvenile 

Pardosa sp. in early winter when there was very 

little snow, which also indicates colonization from 

bare patches. 

Huhta & Viramo (1979) mentioned nine species 

in their material, which according to the literature 

had their main period of activity during the winter. 

Of these, six were present in the present material, 

all as adults but in low numbers: Macrargus 

rufus, M. carpenteri, Centromerita bicolor, 


Drepanotylus uncatus, Tenuiphantes cristatus, 

and Walckenaeria nudipalpis. 

Phenology, age and sex ratio 

Huhta & Viramo (1979) found the highest 

number of species and individuals in early winter 

(November), few animals in the cold mid-winter 

period, and a top of individuals again in April, 

mainly due to one species, Bolepthyphantes 

index. Although this species can be recorded 

on snow throughout the winter, Hågvar (1973), 

Palmgren (1975) and the present study support 

the conclusion that its activity on snow has a clear 

peak in late winter. During periods with a day 

temperature exceeding 0 o C, especially in April, 

this species can show high abundance and activity 

on the snow. In the large material of Huhta & 

Viramo (1979), this was the only species showing 

a peak occurrence in late winter. The present 

study, which included samplings on some very 

warm days in April, showed that also Philodromus 

sp. and Pardosa sp. can be numerous on snow in 

late winter. Huhta & Viramo (1979) showed that 

Pardosa sp. can even be numerous on snow during 

early winter. The differences between these two 

studies are probably due to a lack of late winter 

samples at high temperatures in the Finnish study 

and few very early winter samplings on patcy 

or very thin snow cover in the present study. 

High activity of many spider species on the first, 

thin snow layer in mild weather has also been 

observed by the present authors, but without doing 

sampling. Our conclusions are that many coldtolerant 

species can continue their autumn activity 

on the first snow in mild weather, that no species 

show a peak of occurrence on snow during midwinter, 

and that B. index, and a few other species, 

have a maximum activity on snow in late winter. 

The phenology of the last group implies an active, 

early start in a snow-covered ecosystem. 

Several species in Table 1, as well as in Huhta & 

Viramo (1979) were represented only by juveniles 

or subadults. Good examples from the present 

study are Pardosa sp. (Figure 3) and Philodromus 

sp. The very early activity start in these rather 

large spiders may give them a prolonged growth 

season. 

79


Females were generally more numerous than 

males in the material of Huhta & Viramo 

(1979). Males, however, predominated in their 

material of Bolepthyphantes index, Tenuiphantes 

cristatus, Macrargus carpenteri, Walckenaera 

spp., Tmeticus affinis, and Centromerus spp. The 

present material confirms this for B. index, and 

also for the three next taxa. Most nets of B. index 

referred to in the present study contained only one 

female, indicating that it had been constructed by 

a female. 

Weather conditions 

Also Huhta & Viramo (1979) found most spiders 

on snow in mild weather, with highest activity 

at temperatures several degrees above zero. 

Their coldest observation was at –2.6 o C, while 

we found spiders down to –7 o C. Several of our 

samlings were made in foggy weather, and some 

when snowing. The great majority of the spiders 

were taken in calm weather with no wind, but 

the sky could be either cloudy or sunny. The 

most typical situation would thus be a windless 

day with temperatures above zero and a wet 

snow surface. At temperatures close to zero, a 

Figure 3. On warm days during late winter 

(April), juveniles and subadults of Pardosa sp. 

are often active on the snow surface. The picture 

shows an adult Pardosa amentata (Clerck, 

1757). Drawing by Kjetil Aakra. 

80 

cloud-covered sky might be an advantage. This 

is because the cloud cover would ensure that the 

temperature would not fall too rapidly during the 

evening, so the animals would have time to retreat 

to the subnivean space before being frozen. In late 

winter, however, with mild nights, spiders might 

use sunny days and stay on snow during night 

without facing the danger of freezing. 

Pitfall studies in snow-poor areas 

confirm winter activity in spiders 

On Askøy near Bergen, Aakra (1998) ran pitfall 

traps throughout 14 months, including winter 

trapping (31 October 1996 to 28 April 1997), 

with periodic snow cover of 1-9 cm thickness. 

The following four species in the present material 

were clearly winter active as the majority, or a 

large portion of the total material (both sexes), 

were trapped during the winter period: Macrargus 

rufus (in fact confined to the winter period), 

Helophora insignis, Tenuiphantes alacris, and 

T. cristatus. As virtually all, or the majority, of 

males in these species (and even some additional 

ones) were caught during winter, Aakra (1998) 

concluded that they breed during the winter 

period. Three additional species from the present 

study were taken in winter pitfall traps in Iceland, 

in hayfields and pastures with occasional snow 

cover (Gudleifsson & Bjarnadottir 2004): Erigone 

atra, Savignia frontata, and Tenuiphantes mengei. 

Regular winter activity is clearly a normal feature 

among several spiders and deserves to be more 

closely studied. 

Why active on snow? 

Except for the catching of prey, feeding and 

copulation of Bolepthyphantes index in nets, 

the yearly activity of many spider species on 

snow is difficult to understand. Huhta & Viramo 

(1979) presented some theoretical explanations, 

as escapement from water-logged soil during 

thaw weather, or simply a continuation of normal 

activity in spite of low temperatures. They 

stressed that species which have their main period 

of activity during winter could represent a special 

adaptation to avoid competition with other species 

by utilizing the resource offered by winter active 

insects.

Aitchison (1984b) has shown that certain spiders 

can feed at temperatures close to 0 o C. This may 

imply that some of the spiders active under snow 

are able to feed there. Except for B. index, the 

present study included only one observation of 

a spider feeding on snow (Helophora insignis 

feeding on a juvenile Anyphaena accentuata). 

Since several species of Collembola may be very 

abundant and active on snow in mild weather 

(Hågvar 1995, 2000), they represent a huge, nearly 

unused food source for predators. It may be that 

B. index represents a start in an evolution where 

more predators like spiders gradually will adapt 

to feed on snow Collembola. Clearly, spiders 

represent an invertebrate group with many cold 

tolerant species having a large potential to adapt 

further to winter activity also above the snow. 

We support the view of Huhta & Viramo (1976) 

that the snow surface activity on mild days may 

simply be an extention of their normal subnivean 

activity and that many spiders probably end up 

on snow by more or less chance. However, the 

easy and probably predation-free movement on 

the snow surface may have a certain function in 

migration. During sunny weather, spiders may 

move rather rapidly on snow and their bodies are 

probably heated by solar radiation. Especially in 

late winter, migration on snow may allow spiders 

to identify and colonize the first warm and snowfree 

spots, giving them an early start in feeding, 

growth and reproduction. Spiders staying in the 

subnivean environment may be several weeks 

delayed in their life cycle compared to animals 

able to localize the first snow-free patches. 

Hågvar & Greve (2003) showed that a number 

of flies are also regularly winter active, and 

recorded 44 species live on snow over a period of 

20 years. A few species carried eggs throughout 

the winter but without depositing them. Many of 

the species were saprophagous Heleomyzidae and 

Sphaeroceridae. The hypothesis was presented 

that cold-adapted, saprophagous flies may have 

an advantage during snow melt in colonizing 

suitable substrates, such as excrement or dead 

bodies which had accumulated in a frozen state 

during winter. These resources are made available 

during a short time at snow melt. In this way these 

flies may outcompete, for instance, saprophagous 

beetles which are interested in the same resources, 

but need a higher temperature to be active. The 

activity on snow of these flies may simply reflect 

a continuous awareness for suitable substrates 

at low temperatures, “waiting” for substrates to 

melt and be available. This would be a different 

strategy from winter active spiders. We assume 

that most spiders on snow are casual visitors from 

the subnivean community and that the subnivean 

activity may be the main purpose of being active 

at low temperatures. It remains, however, to 

understand the purpose of subnivean activity of 

spiders. 

Acknowledgements. We thank Erling Hauge 

(Zoological Museum, University of Bergen) for 

identifying a part of the spider material during 

an early phase of the study. Some of the material 

was sampled by others, among which we are 

especially grateful to Ole Jakob Sørensen (Nord- 

Trøndelag University College). Per F. Waaler 

kindly allowed us to refer to unpublished data 

about spider activity under snow. 

REFERENCES 


Aakra, K. 1998. Epigeic spiders of the island of Askøy, 

western Norway. 148 pp. Cand. Scient. Thesis, 

Zoological Museum, University of Bergen. 

Aitchison, C.W. 1984a. The phenology of winteractive 

spiders. J. Arachnol. 12, 249-271. 

Aitchison, C.W. 1984b. Low temperature feeding by 

winter-active spiders. J. Arachnol. 12, 297-305. 

Aitchison, C.W. 1989. The ecology of winter-active 

collembolans and spiders. Aquilo Ser. Zool. 24, 83- 

89. 

Coulianos, C.-C. & Johnels, A.G. 1962. Note on the 

subnivean environment of small mammals. Ark. 

Zool. Ser. 2, 15, 363-370. 

Dahl, C. 1965. Studies on swarming activity in 

Trichoceridae (Diptera) in Southern Sweden. Opusc. 

Ent. Suppl. 27, 1-68. 

Gudleifsson, B.E. & Bjarnadottir, B. 2004. Spider 

(Araneae) populations in hayfields and pastures in 

northern Iceland. JEN 128 (4), 284-291. 

81


Hågvar, E.B. & Hågvar, S. 1975. Studies on the 

invertebrate fauna on branches of spruce (Picea 

abies (L.)) during winter. Norw. J. Entomol. 22, 23- 

30. 

Hågvar, S. 1971. Field observations on the ecology of 

a snow insect, Chionea araneoides Dalm. (Dipt., 

Tipulidae). Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 18, 33-37. 

Hågvar, S. 1973. Ecological studies on a winter-active 

spider Bolyphantes index (Thorell) (Araneida, 

Linyphiidae). Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 20, 309-314. 

Hågvar, S. 1976. Phenology of egg development 

and egg-laying in a winter-active insect, Chionea 

araneoides Dalm. (Dipt., Tipulidae). Norw. J. 

Entomol. 23, 193-195. 

Hågvar, S. 1995. Long distance, directional migration 

on snow in a forest collembolan, Hypogastrura 

socialis (Uzel). Acta Zool. Fennica 196, 200-205. 

Hågvar, S. 2000. Navigation and behaviour of four 

Collembola species migrating on the snow surface. 

Pedobiologia 44, 221-233. 

Hågvar, S. 2001. Occurrence and migration on snow, 

and phenology of egg-laying in the winter-active 

insect Boreus sp. (Mecoptera). Norw. J. Entomol. 

48, 51-60. 

Hågvar, S. & Greve, L. 2003. Winter active flies 

(Diptera, Brachycera) recorded on snow – a longterm 

study in south Norway. Studia Dipt. 10, 401- 

421. 

Huhta, V. & Viramo, J. 1979. Spiders active on snow 

in northern Finland. Ann. Zool. Fennici 16, 169- 

176. 

Koponen, S. 1976. Spider fauna (Araneae) of Kevo 

area, northernmost Finland. Rep. Kevo Subarctic 

Res. Stat. 13, 48-62. 

Koponen, S. 1989. Spiders (Araneae) on snow surface 

in subarctic Lapland. Aquilo Ser. Zool. 24, 91-94. 

Leinaas, H. P. 1981. Activity of Arthropoda in snow 

within a coniferous forest, with special reference to 

Collembola. Holarct. Ecol. 4, 127-138. 

Leinaas, H. P. 1983. Winter strategy of surface 

dwelling Collembola. Pedobiologia 25, 235-240. 

Näsmark, O. 1964. Vinteraktivitet under snön hos 

landlevande evertebrater. Zoologisk Revy 1, 5-15. 

Østbye, E. 1966. Edderkoppen som fanger collemboler 

i nett vinterstid. Fauna (Oslo) 19, 43. 

Waaler, P. F. 1972. Overvintring og subnival aktivitet 

hos noen edderkopper. Trasop skolehage 1967-72. 

22 pp. Unpublished manuscript. 

82 


accepted 25 April 2006.

Lauxania minor Martinek, 1974 

(Diptera, Lauxaniidae) in Norway and 

Sapromyza obsoleta Fallén, 1820 

(Diptera, Lauxaniidae) deleted from the Norwegian fauna 

Lita Greve 

INTRODUCTION 

The subfamily Lauxaniinae (family Lauxaniidae, 

Diptera) is quite diverse in Scandinavia, and 

includes by far most of the species of Lauxaniidae 

recorded from Norway. By now 38 species 

of this subfamily have been published from 

Norway, compared to 2 species of the subfamily 

Homoneurinae see Greve & Merz (2003). 

A new Lauxaniidae species from Norway was 

identified while surveying material of the genus 

Lauxania Latreille, 1804. Two species of the 

genus Lauxania have so far been recorded from 

Norway, the widely distributed L. cylindricornis 

(Fabricius, 1794) and the rare L. albomaculata 

Strobl, 1909 which has recently been recorded 

from Norway (Greve & Merz 2003). Martinek 

(1974) described a third species L. minor from 

Central Europe, today placed in the subgenus 

Callixania Papp, 1978. One male belonging to L. 

minor was discovered in the present material. 


Greve, L. 2006. Lauxania minor (Martinek, 1974) (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) in Norway, and 

Sapromyza obsoleta Fallén, 1820 (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) deleted from the Norwegian fauna. 

Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 83-84. 

Lauxania minor Martinek, 1974 is recorded as a new species to Norway from Bjørkås, Asker 

Akershus (AK). Material previously published as Sapromyza obsoleta Fallén, 1820, has been 

examined and proved to be misidentified. S. obsoleta is therefore deleted from the Norwegian 

fauna. 

Key Words: Lauxania minor, Sapromyza obsoleta, Lauxaniidae, Diptera, Norway 

Lita Greve, Zoological Museum, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen. 

E-mail: lita.greve@zmb.uib.no 

SUBFAMILY LAUXANIINAE 

Lauxania (Callixania) minor Martinek, 1974. 

AK Asker: Bjørkås (EIS 28), Malaise trap, 4 

June – 2 July 1995, 1 ♀ leg. L.O. Hansen & O. 

Hanssen. 

L. minor Martinek has the characteristic extended 

postpedicel which is also found in L. cylindricornis 

(Fabricius). The antennae of L. minor situated on 

a pronounced edge at the middle of the height of 

the eyes, without any swelling below the antennae. 

In L. cylindricornis there is a distinct swelling 

below the antennae. There are clear differences 

in the genitalia of both sexes which are figured 

in Martinek (1974). Dr. B. Merz, Genevé has 

confirmed my determination of this specimen. 

The record of L. minor is the first from 

Fennoscandia and Denmark, and L. minor has not 

been recorded from other parts of Northwestern 

Europe. The specimen is deposited in the 

Zoological Museum, University of Bergen. 

83

Greve: Lauxania minor and Sapromyza obsolete (Diptera: Lauxaniidae) in Norway 

Sapromyza obsoleta Fallén, 1820 deleted 

from the Norwegian fauna. 

Sapromyza obsoleta Fallén, 1820 was described 

by Fallén from Skåne in southernmost Sweden. 

Merz (2003) examined l ♀ and 5 ♀♀ from Fallén´s 

collection which are assumed to originate from 

Skåne and designated the male as the lectotype. 

The diagnostic characters for S. obsoleta are 

apically black palpus and postpedicel, 0+3 

dorsocentral setae with a few elongate setulae 

anteriad, unspotted abdomen, and no preapical 

seta on hind tibia. The hind leg has tibia with 

a very long curved apical spine, and there is 

a conspicuous brush of black setulae on hind 

metatarsus. 

Sapromyza obsoleta Fallén, 1820 was first 

mentioned from Norway by Zetterstedt (1847 

p. 2323) from Christiania (= Oslo) in Akershus 

province, leg. Moe, and from the community of 

Levanger and Næs (=Thynes) in the province of 

Northern Trøndelag. 

The author borrowed Zetterstedt´s material from 

the Museum of Zoology, University of Lund, six 

specimens altogether. Three are labelled with 

localities and three are not, but some specimens 

have green labels which show with certainty that 

they are from Norwegian localities. No specimen 

was labelled “Levanger”. 

All specimens have a preapical dorsal setae on the 

hind tibias and for this reason none of them are S. 

obsoleta. All of them has 1+ 3 dorsocentral setae 

and belong therefore not to the genus Sapromyza. 

Siebke (1877) listed a total of 22 species of 

Lauxaniidae among them S. obsoleta. Most of 

these are valid species today and the major part of 

Siebke´s material was correctly determined. 

All specimens of S. obsoleta in Siebke´s 

collection, males and females, determined as 

S. obsoleta Fallén, and deposited in Zoological 

Museum, University of Oslo, however, have 

preapical dorsal setae on the hind tibias and for 

84 

this reason none of them belong to this species. 

Twenty-one specimens have been examined, one 

belonged to the family Heleomyzidae, another 

specimen without data and lacking the head is 

probably a Minettia sp. Seventeen specimens 

probably belong to different species of the genus 

Meiosimyza. Only two specimens are belonging 

to the genus Sapromyza, both of them with 

distinct preapical dorsal seta on hind tibia. I have 

seen no other material determined as S. obsoleta 

in Norwegian collections. Sapromyza obsoleta 

are herewith deleted from the Norwegian list of 

Lauxaniinae. 

Since S. obsoleta Fallén, 1820 was described 

on material from Skåne in Sweden, there is a 

possibility that this species also may be discovered 

in Norway in the future. 

Acknowledgements. I wish to express my 

thanks to Lars Ove Hansen, Zoological Museum, 

University of Oslo and Oddvar Hanssen, NINA, 

Trondheim who collected the material of Lauxania 

minor, and to Dr. Bernhard Merz, Muséum 

d´histoire naturelle, Genève who verified my 

determination of the specimen. 

REFERENCES 

Greve, L. & Merz, B. 2003. Homoneura consobrina 

(Zetterstedt, 1847) and Lauxania albomaculata 

Strobl, 1909 (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) in Norway. 

Norw. J. Entomol. 50, 107 – 108. 

Martinek, V. 1974. New European species Lauxania 

minor sp.n. and redescription of species Lauxania 

cylindricornis (Fabr.)(Diptera, Lauxaniidae). 

Biológia (Bratislava) 29, 609 – 617. 

Merz, B. 2003. The Lauxaniidae (Diptera) described by 

C.F. Fallén with description of a misidentified species 

of Homoneura van der Wulp. Insect Systematics and 

Evolution (Group 6), 34, 345 – 360. 

Siebke, J.H.S. 1877. Enumeratio Insectorum 

Norvegicorum Fasciculum IV. Catalogum 

Dipterorum Continentem. Xiv + 255 pp. A.W. 

Brøgger, Christianiae (Oslo). 

Zetterstedt, J.W 1847. Diptera scandinaviae disposita et 

descripta. 6 2163 – 2580. Ex officina lundbergiana, 

Lundae (Lund). 


accepted 3 May 2006

Checklist of Nordic Pseudoscorpiones 

Ingvar Stol 

Stol, I. 2006. Checklist of Nordic Pseudoscorpiones. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 85-87. 

A checklist of the Nordic pseudoscorpions, including Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, The Faroe 

Islands and Iceland is presented. A total of 25 Nordic species are currently known, of which 16 are 

from Norway, 19 from Denmark, 20 from Sweden, 17 from Finland, 1 from The Faroe Islands and 2 

from Iceland. 

Keywords: Pseudoscorpiones, Checklist, Nordic countries. 

THE CHECKLIST 

A checklist of the pseudoscorpions (order 

Pseudoscorpionida) from the Nordic countries 

has so far not been available. Although the 

comprehensive catalogue of Harvey (1990) 

deals with all species on a world basis, there is 

no checklist dealing exclusively with the Nordic 

species. Stol (2005), however, has recently treated 

all Nordic species in a key, but this publication is 

in Norwegian. 

The present list is based on the literature available 

for Norway (Ellingsen 1897, 1901, 1903, 1910, 

Klausen 1975, 1998, Frøiland 1976, Stol 2005), 

Denmark (Thydsen Meinertz 1962, Andersen 

1987, 1988, Skipper 2002, Stol 2005), Sweden 

(Lohmander 1939, Gärdenfors & Wilander 1992, 

Stol 2005), Finland (Kaisila 1949, Palmgren 1973, 

Hippa et al. 1984, Stol 2005), The Faroe Islands 

(Henriksen 1938, Stol 2005), Iceland (Henriksen 

1938, Agnarsson 1998, Stol 2005). 

Presently, 16 species are reported from Norway, 

19 from Denmark, 20 from Sweden, 17 from 

Finland, 1 from the Faroe Islands and 2 from 

Iceland. A total of 25 species are known from the 

Nordic countries. 


Ingvar Stol, P.O.Box 0021 Langåker, Karmøy, NO-4274 Stol, Norway. E-mail: ingvarstol@bluezone.no 

Kaisila (1949) and Harvey (1990) incorrectly 

reported Apocheiridium rossicum Redikorzev, 

1935 from Finland. The species which occurs in 

Finland appears to be Apocheiridium ferum (E. 

Simon, 1879) (Stol 2005, Finn Erik Klausen, pers. 

comm.). 

Neobisium sylvaticum (C. L. Koch, 1835) is also 

omitted from the Finnish list. Harvey (1990) 

mentioned the species from Finland, but has most 

probably misinterpreted the information given by 

Palmgren (1973) (Stol 2005, Finn Erik Klausen, 

pers. comm.). The species does most probably not 

occur in the Nordic countries. 

The checklist is presented in Table 1 with the 

species in a systematic order. 

Acknowledgements. I am very grateful to Dr. 

Erling Olafsson, Icelandic Institute of Natural 

History, Reykjavik, Iceland for procuring literature 

and to Dr. Finn Erik Klausen, Agder University 

College, Department of Natural Sciences, 

Kristiansand S, Norway for information. 

85

Stol: Nordic Pseudoscorpiones 

Table 1. Checklist of the pseudoscorpiones (order Pseudocorpionida) from the Nordic countries. 

N = Norway, D = Denmark, S = Sweden, Fi = Finland, Fa = Faroe Islands, I = Island. 

86 

Family and species N D S Fi Fa I 

Superfamily Chthonioidea Daday, 1888 

Family Chthoniidae Daday, 1888 

Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804) X X X 

Chthonius tetrachelatus (Preyssler, 1790) X X X X 

Superfamily Garypoidea E. Simon, 1879 

Family Garypidae E. Simon, 1879 

Larca lata (H, J. Hansen, 1884) X X 

Superfamily Neobisioidea J. C. Chamberlin, 1930 

Family Neobisiidae J. C. Chamberlin, 1930 

Microbisium brevifemoratum (Ellingsen, 1903) X X X X 

Microbisium suecicum Lohmander, 1945 X 

Neobisium carcinoides (Hermann, 1804) X X X X X X 

Family Syarinidae J. C. Chamberlin, 1930 

Syarinus strandi (Ellingsen, 1901) X X 

Superfamily Cheiridioidea H. J. Hansen, 1893 

Family Cheiridiidae H. J. Hansen, 1893 

Apocheiridium ferum (E. Simon, 1879) X 

Cheirdium museorum (Leach, 1817) X X X X 

Superfamily Cheliferoidea Risso 1826 

Family Cheliferidae Risso, 1826 

Chelifer cancroides (L., 1758) X X X X X 

Dactylochelifer latreillei (Leach, 1817) X X X 

Family Chernetidae Menge,1855 

Allochernes peregrinus Lohmander, 1939 X 

Allochernes powelli (Kew, 1916) X 

Allochernes wideri (C. L. Koch, 1843) X X X X 

Anthrenochernes stellae Lohmander, 1939 X X 

Chernes cimicoides (Fabricius, 1793) X X X X 

Chernes nigrimanus Ellingsen, 1897 X X X 

Dendrochernes cyrneus (L. Koch,1873) X X X 

Dinocheirus panzeri (C. L. Koch, 1837) X X X X 

Lamprochernes chyzeri (Tömösvary, 1882) X X X X 

Lamprochernes nodosus (Schrank, 1803) X X X X 

Lamprochernes savignyi (E. Simon, 1881) X 

Pselaphochernes dubius (O. P. Cambridge, 1892) X X X X 

Pselaphochernes scorpioides (Hermann, 1804) X X X X 

Family Withiidae J. C. Chamberlin, 1931 

Withius piger (E. Simon, 1878) X

REFERENCES 

Agnarsson, I. 1998. Islenskar langfætlur og drekar. 

Fjölrit Natturufrædistofnunar 35, 1-36. 

Andersen, M. 1987. Mosskorpionen Lamprochernes 

nodosus (Schrank, 1761) i Danmark (Pseudoscorpiones). 

Entomol. Meddr. 55, 23-25. 

Andersen, M. 1988. Mosskorpionen Anthrenochernes 

stellae Lohmander genfundet i Danmark. Entomol. 

Meddr. 56, 125-126. 

Ellingsen, E. 1897. Norske Pseudoscorpioner. Forh. 

Videnskabsselsk. Christiania 5, 1-21. 

Ellingsen, E. 1901. Sur une espe’ce novelle 

d`Ideobisium, genre des Pseudoscorpions de 

l`Europe. Bull. Soc. zool. France 26, 86-89. 

Ellingsen, E. 1903. Norske Pseudoscorpioner II. Forh. 

Videnskabsselsk. Christiania 5, 1-18. 

Ellingsen, E. 1910. Myriapoda und Pseudoscorpiones. 

Nyt Mag. Naturvidensk. 48, 344-348. 

Frøiland, Ø. 1976. Pseudoscorpiones. Zoological 

Museum, University of Bergen. Fauna Hardangervidda 

8, 11-12. 

Gärdenfors, U. & Wilander, P. 1992. Sveriges 

klokrypare med nyckel til arterna. Ent. Tidskr. 113, 

20-35. 

Harvey, M. S. 1990. Catalogue of the Pseudoscorpionida. 

726 pp. Manchester University Press. 

Henriksen, K. L. 1938. Opiliones and Chernetes. The 

Zoology of Iceland 3 (53), 1-9. 

Hippa, H, Koponen, S. & Mannila, R. 1984. 


Invertebrates of Scandinavien Caves I. Araneae, 

Opiliones and Pseudoscorpionida (Arachnida). 

Ann. Ent. Fenn. 50, 23-29. 

Kaisila, J. 1949. A revision of the pseudoscorpion 

fauna of Eastern Fennoscandia. Ann. Ent. Fenn. 15, 

72-92. 

Klausen, F. E. 1975. Notes on the Pseudoscorpiones of 

Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 22, 63-65. 

Klausen, F. E. 1998. Additional records of 

pseudoscorpions from Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B 

45, 100-103. 

Lohmander, H. 1939. Zur Kenntnis der Pseudoskorpion 

fauna Schwedens. Ent. Tidskr. 60, 279-323. 

Palmgren, P. 1973. Über die Biotopverteilung 

Waldbodenlebender Pseudoscorpionidea (Arachnoidea) 

in Finland und Österreich. Comm. Biol. 61, 

1-11. 

Skipper, L. 2002. Pseudoscorpiones - mosskorpioner. 

http://hjem.get2net.dk/lars skipper/mosskorpioner1. 

htm 

Stol, I. 2005. Nordiske mosskorpioner (Pseudoscorpiones). 

Norske Insekttabeller (Oslo) 18, 1-35. 

Thydsen Meinertz, N. 1962. Mosskorpioner og mejere. 

Danm. Fauna 67, 7-109. 

Received 20 January 2006, 


87

The mistletoe associated psyllid Cacopsylla visci 

(Curtis, 1835) (Homo ptera, Psyllidae) in Norway 

Lars Ove Hansen & Ian D. Hodkinson 

INTRODUCTION 

The Fennoscandian populations of mistletoe 

(Viscum album) are small and restricted (Hultén 

1971). In Norway the distribution covers 

some small islands in the Oslofjord and some 

populations on the adjacent mainland (Hanssen 

1933, Lid 1985). In Sweden mistletoe is found 

around Mälaren, some places in Kalmar and 

one place in Östergötland (Hultén 1971, Lid 

1985). The Danish populations are restricted to 

the westcoast of Zealand, but it is also present 

some other places where it has been introduced 

to gardens. Mistletoe is not found in Finland. The 

present distribution of V. album is given in Figure 

1. Several species of insects are associated with 

V. album in C and S Europe (e.g. Coleoptera, 

Hemiptera), but none of these have hitherto been 

recorded in the Nordic countries. This contribution 

deals with the first record of the psyllid Cacopsylla 

visci (Curtis, 1835) in the Nordic countries. 

According to Klima szew ski (1973), this species 

is monophagous on V. album in Europe. 

THE RECORDS 


Hansen, L. O. & Hodkinson, I.D. 2006. The mistletoe associated psyllid Cacopsylla visci (Curtis, 

1835) (Homoptera, Psyllidae) in Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 89–91. 

Approximately 50 specimens of Cacopsylla visci were reared from a branch of mistletoe (Viscum 

album) collected on the small Oslofjord island of Mølen at Hurum, E Buskerud (BØ); July 1990. 

Attacks were also observed in July 1999, and both adults and nymphs (IV-V) were observed in early 

May 2000, which indicates that the species may hibernate in these stages. This is the first Fennoscandian 

records of the species and represents most probably a new northern limit for the species. 

Key-words: Homoptera, Psyllidae, mistletoe, Viscum album, Tilio-Ulmetum, Oslofjord, Mølen. 

Lars Ove Hansen, Zoological section, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, POBox 1172 

Blindern, NO-0562 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: l.o.hansen@nhm.uio.no. 

Ian D. Hodkinson, School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 

Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England. 

Attacks by the psyllid Cacopsylla visci (Curtis, 

1835) were recorded on the island of Mølen 

in E Buskerud BØ, Hurum: (EIS 19; UTM 

32VNL8595) on V. album. A small branch (c. 15 

cm.) attacked by nymphs (II-V) was collected on 4 

July 1990, and about 50 psyllids hatched through 

July and early August. Later attacks of C. visci 

were observed in July 1999, and both adults and 

nymphs (IV-V) were observed in early May 2000. 

This may indicate that the species hibernates in 

these stages. The collected material is deposited 

in the collections at the Natural History Museum, 

University of Oslo. 

The island Mølen is 0.25 km 2 and lies about 3.5 

km from the mainland. The flora is interesting 

from a national point of view (Hagen 1950). 

Remarkably, here is an old and dense elm-lime 

forest (Tilio-Ulmetum), which covers a large part 

of the interior of the island. An interesting insect 

and arachnid fauna has been recorded (Hauge & 

Hansen 1991, Hansen & Ligaard 1992). Mistletoe 

89

Hansen & Hodkinson: Cacopsylla visci (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Norway 

Fig. 1. The distribution of Mistletoe (Viscum album) in Fennoscandia and Denmark (after Hultén 

1971, Lid 1985). Introduced populations are not included. 

is quite abundant on the island, and attacks several 

hosts (e.g. Crataegus, Malus, Rosa, Frangula), 

but most frequently lime (Tilia cordata), on 

which the psyllids were found. One of the limetrees 

where the psyllids were collected, is shown 

in Figure 2. This tree suffers from quite heavily 

attacs of mistletoe. 

The vernacular Norwegian name «mistelteinsuger» 

is suggested. 

90 

DISTRIBUTION 

C. visci is not recorded from Sweden, Denmark, 

Finland, or the Baltic countries, but is found in 

Austria, the former Czechoslovakia, France, 

Hungary, Poland, Switzerland, U.K. and the 

southwestern parts of the former USSR, including 

Georgia and the Ukraine (Klima szew ski 1973). 

The present record represents most probably a 

new northern limit for the species. Even though 

C. visci has not been recorded elsewhere in 

Fennoscandia and Denmark, it may follow

Fig. 2. One of the lime-trees (Tilea cordata) where 

attacks of C. visci were observed on Viscum 

album at the island Mølen in Hurum municipality, 

1999. Photo: Lars Ove Hansen. 

Fig. 3. The male genitalia (terminalia) with right 

paramere of Cacopsylla visci. 

the natural distribution of V. album, but less 

probable on localities where mistletoe has been 

introduced. 

DETERMINATION 

C. visci is not included in the monograph on 

the Psylloidea of Fennoscandia and Denmark 

(Ossiannilsson 1992). However, C. visci may be 

separated from other species of Cacopsylla by 

the means of the genital terminalia of the male 

(Figure 3). Due to the association of C. visci with 

mistletoe, the species may easy be recognized 

when it is hatched from this plant. 

Acknowledgements. Thanks are due to Anders 

Dahl for field assistance, to the late Sigurd Hansen 

for the loan of boat, and to Eirik Rindal for hints 

and comments on previous drafs of the article, 

and for help with drawings of the genitalia. 

REFERENCES 


Hagen, A. 1950. Mølens flora. 69 pp. Landsforbundet 

for naturfredninger i Norge. 

Hansen, L.O. & Ligaard, S. 1992. Coleoptera from six 

small islands in the middle Oslo fjord, SE Norway. 

Fauna norv. Ser. B 39, 23–31. 

Hanssen, J. 1933. Mistelteinen i Norge. Nyt mag. f. 

Naturv. 72, 283-340. 

Hauge, E. & Hansen, L.O. 1991. Spiders (Araneae) 

from six small islands in the middle Oslo fjord, SE 

Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B 38, 45–52. 

Hultén, E. 1971. Atlas of the distribution of vascular 

plants in Northwestern Europe. 532 pp. Generalstabens 

litografiska anstalts förlag, Stockholm. 

Klimaszewski, S.M. 1973. The jumping plant-lice or 

psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloidea) of the Palaearctic: 

an annotated check-list. Ann. Zool., Warsaw, 30, 

155–286. 

Lid, J. 1985. Norsk og svensk flora. 837 pp. Det norske 

Samlaget. Oslo. 

Ossiannilsson, F. 1992. The Psylloidea (Homoptera) 

of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Ent. Scand. 

26, 1- 347. 



91

The division of Norway in 

geographical regions – «The 

Strand-system». 

The division of Norway in 37 geographical 

regions. Each region represents 

part of a county (except Ø, AK and VE 

which are not divided). Abbreviations 

of counties: Ø = Østfold, AK = Akershus, 

HE = Hed mark, O = Opp land, 

B = Buskerud, VE = Vestfold, TE = 

Tele mark, AA = Aust-Ag der, VA = Vest- 

Agder, R = Rogaland, HO = Hordaland, 

SF = Sogn og Fjordane, MR = Møre 

og Romsdal, ST = Sør-Trøn delag, NT 

= Nord-Trøndelag, N = Nord land, TR = 

Troms, F = Finnmark. Abbreviations of 

subdivisions: I = interior, Y = coastal, S 

= southern, N= northern, V= Western, 

Ø = eastern. 

The division of Norway in geographical regions – «The Strand-system». 

93

The EIS-grid system of Norway 

94 

The EIS-grid system of Norway 

EIS-grid map of Norway based on 

50x50 km squares.

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CONTENTS 

Norw. J. Entomol. 53 (1) 2006 

ISSN 1501-8415. 

Articles 

Skartveit, J. Tipula (s.str.) oleracea Linnaeus, 1758, in Norway, with a key to the 

Norwegian Tipula (s.str.) (Diptera, Tipulidae) ..................................................................................... 1 

Lønnve, O., Nordmoen, J.-A. & Sømme, L. The overwintering of Gonioctena pallida L. 

(Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in the alpine zone at Finse, Norway ..................................................... 5 

Solevåg, P.K. Contribution to the knowledge of Coleoptera from Western Norway......................... 10 

Gammelmo, Ø. & Lønnve, O. Clitellaria ephippium (Fabricius, 1775) (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) 

rediscovered in Norway .................................................................................................................... 20 

Bergersen, R., Olsen, K. M., Djursvoll, P. & Nilssen, A. C. Centipedes (Chilopoda) and 

millipedes (Diplopoda) in North Norway .......................................................................................... 23 

Laugsand, A. E. Uleiota planata (L. 1761) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae) new to Norway ...................... 39 

Lønnve, O. Notes on Norwegian sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I ........................................... 43 

Gammelmo, Ø. & Rindal, E. On the family Ditomyiidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) in Norway ............. 47 

Olberg, S. Gonodera luperus (Herbst, 1783) (Col., Tenebrionidae) and Anthocomus rufus 

(Herbst, 1784) (Col., Melyridae) new to Norway .............................................................................. 51 

Gammelmo, Ø. & Søli, G. Norwegian fungus gnats of the family Mycetophilidae 

(Diptera, Nematocera) ...................................................................................................................... 57 

Hågvar, S. & Aakra, K. Spiders active on snow in Southern Norway ............................................... 71 

Greve, L. Lauxania minor Martinek, 1974 (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) in Norway and Sapromyza 

obsoleta Fallén, 1820 (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) deleted from the Norwegian fauna ........................... 83 

Stol, I. Checklist of Nordic Pseudoscorpiones ................................................................................... 85 

Hansen, L. O. & Hodkinson, I. D. The mistletoe associated psyllid Cacopsylla visci 

(Curtis, 1835) (Hymenoptera, Psyllidae) in Norway ......................................................................... 89 

Book review • Bokanmeldelse .................................................................................................. 55 

Information 

The division of Norway in geographical regions - «The Strand System» ......................................... 93 

The EIS grid system of Norway ......................................................................................................... 94 

The present journal is a continuation of Fauna norvegica Series B (Norwegian Journal of Entomology). 

With Volume 45 (1998) the publication of this journal by the Foundation for Nature Research and Cultural 

Heritage Research (NINA-NIKU) has been discontinued. Starting with Volume 46, the journal is published 

as Norwegian Journal of Entomology by the Norwegian Entomological Society. Editor is Professor 

Lauritz Sømme, University of Oslo.

Norwegian Journal of Entomology - Norsk entomologisk forening

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