The occurrence of pink mold rot fungus Trichothecium roseum on ...

Vol. 7(13), pp. 1128-1135, 26 March, 2013 

DOI: 10.5897/AJMR12.2069 

ISSN 1996-0808 © 2013 Academic Journals 

http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR 

Full Length Research Paper 

African Journal <strong>of</strong> Microbiology Research 

<strong>The</strong> <strong>occurrence</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>pink</strong> <strong>mold</strong> <strong>rot</strong> <strong>fungus</strong> <strong>Trichothecium</strong> 

<strong>roseum</strong> on tomatoes in Korea 

Yeo Hong Yun 1 , Seung Yeol Son 1 , Chang Won Choi 3 , Jeum Kyu Hong 4 , Young Shick Kim 5 , 

and Seong Hwan Kim 1,2 * 

1 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea. 

2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Basic Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea. 

3 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology and Medicinal Science, Paichai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. 

4 Department <strong>of</strong> Horticultural Sciences, Gyeongnam National University <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology, Gyeongnam 660- 

758, Korea. 

5 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Science and Technology, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 330-720, Korea. 

Accepted 15 March, 2013 

<strong>Trichothecium</strong> <strong>roseum</strong> DUCC502 was isolated from leaves <strong>of</strong> tomato plants at a greenhouse located in 

Buyeo, Chungchungnamdo. <strong>The</strong> colony color <strong>of</strong> the isolate was white initially and became pale <strong>pink</strong> on 

potato dextrose agar and oatmeal agar. Conidiophores <strong>of</strong> the isolate were long and slender, unbranched, 

and 73 – 112 x 2.1 – 3.3 µm in size. Its conidia were two-celled, hyaline colored, and ovoid or ellipsoid 

shaped, and 11 – 18.3 x 6.1 – 8.5 µm in size. <strong>The</strong> 28S rDNA sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> the isolate showed it 

shared 99% similarity with that <strong>of</strong> T. <strong>roseum</strong> CBS113334. Mycelia <strong>of</strong> the isolate grew well on PDA plates 

under the conditions <strong>of</strong> pH 7–9 and temperature 20–25℃, respectively. A pathogenicity test showed the 

isolate caused nec<strong>rot</strong>ic regions and produced white to pale <strong>pink</strong> mycelia with spores on the surface <strong>of</strong> 

tomato fruits and leaves. This <strong>fungus</strong> was sensitive to benomyl and tebuconazole but less sensitive to 

dimethomorph, triflumizole and azoxystobin at 10 ug/ml concentration. 

Key words: Fungicide sensitivity, <strong>pink</strong> <strong>mold</strong> <strong>rot</strong>, postharvest disease, tomato, <strong>Trichothecium</strong> <strong>roseum</strong>. 

INTRODUCTION 

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one <strong>of</strong> the most 

popular vegetable crops in the world. In Korea, tomato is 

also one <strong>of</strong> economical vegetables for export to foreign 

countries. In 2011, the area for tomato cultivation in 

Korea was about 5,800 ha and tomato production 

reached 36 metric tons. Table and cherry tomatoes are 

cultivated year round in greenhouses across the nation. 

Diverse diseases and disorders can affect tomato 

production during its cultivation. Diseases, especially 

those caused by bacteria and fungi, are major factors in 

the depreciation <strong>of</strong> the quality <strong>of</strong> fresh fruits in tomato 

production. Regarding fungal diseases, Septoria leaf spot, 

early blight, late blight, gray <strong>mold</strong>, leaf <strong>mold</strong> and powdery 

mildew are well known in tomato (Jones et al., 1997). 

<strong>Trichothecium</strong> fungi belong to the class 

Sordariomycetes <strong>of</strong> the phylum Ascomycota and are 

closely related to Acremonium spp. (Summerbell, 2011). 

<strong>The</strong> genus <strong>Trichothecium</strong> is comprised <strong>of</strong> six fungal 

species and distributed on decaying vegetables and in 

the soil. In general, fungi in this group have been 

considered as contaminants except for T. <strong>roseum</strong> which 

causes <strong>pink</strong> <strong>mold</strong> <strong>rot</strong>, one <strong>of</strong> the postharvest diseases <strong>of</strong> 

tomatoes reported in Argentina, Brazil and the United 

State <strong>of</strong> America (Bello, 2008; Inácio et al., 2011; Welch 

*Corresponding author. E-mail: piceae@dankook.ac.kr. Tel.: +82-41-550-3454, Fax: +82-41-523-3454

et al., 1975). T. <strong>roseum</strong> has also been isolated from 

apples (Zabka et al., 2006) and eggplants (Pandey, 

2010). This species has been known to produce 

mycotoxins such as roseotoxin B and trichothecin 

(Engstrom et al., 1975; Ghosal et al., 1982). However, 

suitable fungicides and their efficient concentration for the 

control <strong>of</strong> <strong>pink</strong> <strong>mold</strong> <strong>rot</strong> have not yet been reported. In 

Korea, <strong>pink</strong> <strong>mold</strong> <strong>rot</strong> diseases caused by the species 

have been reported in melons and strawberries but not in 

tomatoes (Kwon et al., 1998, 2010). In this study we 

report its first <strong>occurrence</strong> in tomatoes in Korea together 

with its morphological and physiological properties. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Fungal isolation and culture conditions 

In May 2012, during consulting <strong>of</strong> tomato growers in a greenhouse 

located in Buyeo, Chungchungnamdo, Korea, we sampled leaves <strong>of</strong> 

tomato plants (cultivar Unicon). Conidia formed on the surface <strong>of</strong> 

the infected tomato leaves were detached under a 

stereomicroscope using a sterile inoculation needle and transferred 

into a 1.5 ml sterile micro-fuge tube containing 1 ml <strong>of</strong> sterile 

distilled water. After being mixed by voltexing, the conidial 

suspension was serially diluted with sterile distilled water. 200 ul <strong>of</strong> 

the diluted conidial suspension was spread on potato dextrose agar 

(PDA, BD company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA)). <strong>The</strong> conidiainoculated 

PDA plate was incubated at 25°C for 3 days, and fungal 

hypha grown out from each single conidium was taken and 

transferred into a new PDA medium. In the same way, several 

single conidium isolates were obtained. <strong>The</strong> obtained single 

conidium isolates were maintained on PDA during the present study 

and stored either at -80°Cin 10% glycerol for long-term storage or in 

water at 4℃ for short-term storage. 

Microscopic analysis 

<strong>The</strong> DUCC502 isolate was subcultured on PDA at 25℃ for 5 days. 

A phase-contrast microscope (Axioskop 40, Carl Zeiss, Germany) 

and a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-430, Hitachi, 

Japan) were used for the observation <strong>of</strong> morphological 

characteristics. For the observation using a SEM, culture agar 

blocks were cut from the <strong>fungus</strong> grown PDA medium and fixed with 

2% glutaraldehyde in a 0.1 M cacodylate buffer for 12 h and then 

1% osmic acid for 1 h (Yun et al., 2009). <strong>The</strong> fixed sample was 

washed with a 0.05 M cacodylate buffer and followed by 

dehydration in a series <strong>of</strong> different concentrations <strong>of</strong> ethanol from 

50 to 100% for 30 min each. <strong>The</strong> sample was dried with a critical 

point dryer (Hitachi, Japan) and coated with platinum palladium for 

60 s using an ion sputter (Hitachi E-1030, Japan). <strong>The</strong> SEM was 

operated at 10 kV. 

Growth test 

To identify optimal growth conditions, pre-cultured DUCC502 isolate 

was transferred to the center <strong>of</strong> Petri plates. Difco TM media <strong>of</strong> potato 

dextrose agar(PDA; potato starch 4 g, dextrose 20 g, agar 15 g, 

and water 1 L), malt extract agar (MEA; maltose 12.75 g, dextrin 

2.75 g, glycerol 2.35 g, peptone 0.78 g, agar 15 g, and water 1 L) 

and oatmeal agar (OA; oat meal 60 g, agar 12.5 g, and water 1 L) 

were used to evaluate the mycelia growth <strong>of</strong> the isolate DUCC502. 

Yun et al. 1129 

<strong>The</strong>se media were purchased from BD company (Franklin Lakes, 

NJ, USA) and prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. 

For optimum temperature determination, incubations were carried 

out for 7 days on PDA (pH 7.0) at various temperatures (20, 25, 30 

and 35°C). To determine optimum pH, a growth test was performed 

at 25°C on PDA at pH 5, 7 and 9 for 7 days. <strong>The</strong> colony diameter 

was measured for mycelia growth assessment. Three replicates 

were performed per each experiment. Data were subjected to oneway 

analysis <strong>of</strong> variance (ANOVA) in SPSS version 21.0. <strong>The</strong> 

significant differences between group means were compared using 

Duncan’s multiple range test. Differences were considered 

significant at p

1130 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 

Figure 1. Symptom and morphology <strong>of</strong> <strong>Trichothecium</strong> <strong>roseum</strong> DUCC502. Tomato leaves 

with brown and yellow patches assumed to be infected with leaf <strong>mold</strong> (A). Back surface <strong>of</strong> a 

tomato leaf colonized by T. <strong>roseum</strong> with white conidiophores and by Cladosporium fulvum 

with dark brown conidiophores (B, bar = 1 mm). Colony morphology T. <strong>roseum</strong> DUCC502 

grown on a PDA media plate (C). Conidiophores and conidia <strong>of</strong> T. <strong>roseum</strong> observed by a 

light microscope (D, E) and a scanning electron microscope (F, G). Bar = 10 μm. 

as the leaf inoculations. Sterile water was used for a control 

inoculation. <strong>The</strong> inoculated fruits and leaves were placed on the 

surface <strong>of</strong> antiseptic gauzes that were moistened with sterile water 

and put in plastic containers (20 x 15 x 20 cm) which kept humidity 

above 85% during incubation at 25°C for 7 days. During the 

incubation period, the production <strong>of</strong> white to pale <strong>pink</strong> mycelia with 

conidia and nec<strong>rot</strong>ic regions on the surface <strong>of</strong> tomato fruits and 

leaves was examined. To verify the infection and colonization <strong>of</strong> the 

inoculated <strong>fungus</strong>, small pieces (0.3 x 0.2 mm) <strong>of</strong> plant tissues were 

dissected from the nec<strong>rot</strong>ic regions, surface sterilized with 0.02% 

sodium chlorite solution for 30 s, rinsed twice with sterile water, and 

placed on PDA plates. Mycelia and conidia grown out and formed 

from the small plant tissues were observed using a light microscope 

as mentioned above in the microscopic analysis section. 

Extracellular enzyme activity test 

Fungal isolate was precultured on PDA at 25°C for 5 days. To 

evaluate the ability <strong>of</strong> producing extracellular enzymes which could 

have a role in the degradation <strong>of</strong> plant tissues, T. <strong>roseum</strong> DUCC502 

was grown on chromogenic media described by Yoon et al. (2007). 

<strong>The</strong> chromogenic media contained enzymatic carbon sources such 

as D-cellobiose (Sigma, USA) for β-glucosidase, polygalactronic 

acid (MP Biomedicals, USA) for pectinase, starch (Sigma, USA) for 

amylase, xylan (Sigma, USA) for xylanase , CM-cellulose (Sigma, 

USA) and avicel (Fluka, Ireland) for cellulase, and skim milk (Fluka, 

Ireland) for p<strong>rot</strong>ease. After 10 days <strong>of</strong> culturing at 25°C, the 

formation <strong>of</strong> a clear zone which resulted from the enzymatic 

reaction <strong>of</strong> the carbon source substrate and extracellular enzymes 

produced by the <strong>fungus</strong> was assessed by measuring its size. <strong>The</strong> 

size <strong>of</strong> the clear zone was considered as relative enzyme activity. 

Each test was performed with three replicates. 

Fungicide sensitivity test 

To investigate fungicide sensitivity, the isolate DUCC502 was tested 

at 25°C on PDA plates supplemented with five different fungicides: 

azoxystobin, benomyl, dimethomorph, tebuconazole and triflumizole 

(Blixt et al., 2009). For the test concentration, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 

200 μg/ml were used, respectively. After 7 days <strong>of</strong> culturing at 25°C, 

colony diameter was determined. Each test was performed with 

three replicates. 

Statistical analysis 

Data were subjected to a one-way analysis <strong>of</strong> variance (ANOVA) in 

SPSS version 21.0. <strong>The</strong> significant differences between treatment 

means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. 

Differences were considered significant at p

Table 1. Comparison <strong>of</strong> morphological characters <strong>of</strong> the isolate DUCC502 with those <strong>of</strong> known <strong>Trichothecium</strong> <strong>roseum</strong>. 

Characters <strong>Trichothecium</strong> <strong>roseum</strong> a Present study 

Colony color pale rosy <strong>pink</strong> to pale <strong>pink</strong> to 

Conidiophore hyaline or brightly colored hyaline 

Conidia 

a Data from Bello (2008). N.D : no description. 

shape long and slender long and slender 

size N.D 73 - 112 x 2.1-3.3 ㎛ 

color hyaline hyaline 

shape ovoid ovoid or ellipsoid 

size 12 - 22 x 5 - 10 ㎛ 11 - 18.3 x 6.1 - 8.5 ㎛ 

no. <strong>of</strong> cell 2 cells 2 cells 

(Figure 1B). This fungal species was found to develop 

rapidly from lower leaves to the upper surface as seen in 

Figure 1A. But when we carefully observed the sampled 

leaves we also found conidiophores with white color on 

the back surface <strong>of</strong> the sampled leaves (Figure 1B). Thus, 

we sampled white conidiophores and performed spore 

isolation from the conidiophores. Several single spore 

isolates which showed very similar growth rates and colony 

patterns on PDA plates were obtained. One <strong>of</strong> the 

single-spore isolates was coded as DUCC502 and examined 

in detail for this study. <strong>The</strong> voucher specimen was 

deposited in the Dankook University Culture Collection 

(Cheonan, Korea). 

Microscopic analysis 

<strong>The</strong> fungal colonies were flat, granular, powdery, and formed 

concentric zonation on PDA at 25°C. <strong>The</strong> colony 

color was white initially and became pale <strong>pink</strong> to peachcolored; 

the reverse plate was pale (Figure 1C). Conidiophores 

<strong>of</strong> the isolate were long and slender, unbranched, 

73 - 112 µm in length and 2.1 – 3.3 µm in width (Figure 

1D). Conidia <strong>of</strong> the isolate were two-celled, hyaline colored, 

ovoid or ellipsoid shaped, 11 – 18.3 µm in length and 

6.1 – 8.5 µm in width (Figure 1E-G). <strong>The</strong>se morphological 

properties were similar to those <strong>of</strong> T. <strong>roseum</strong> reported by 

Bello (2008) (Table 1). 

Growth test 

A mycelial growth test showed that the isolate DUCC502 

grew faster on oatmeal agar (OA) than on malt extract 

agar (MEA) and PDA (Figure 3A). <strong>The</strong> optimum pH and 

temperature for mycelial growth <strong>of</strong> the DUCC502 isolate 

on PDA were pH 7-9 and 20 or 25°C, respectively (Figure 

3B-C). <strong>The</strong>re was no significant difference in pH over the 

growth <strong>of</strong> the <strong>fungus</strong>. After 7 days <strong>of</strong> incubation on PDA, 

mycelia <strong>of</strong> the isolate grew to a diameter <strong>of</strong> 32.6 mm at 


20°C, 33.8 mm at 25°C, 18.3 mm at 30°C and 8.5 mm at 

35°C (Figure 3C). Kwon et al. (2010) reported that the 

optimum temperature <strong>of</strong> T. <strong>roseum</strong> in strawberries was 

25°C. <strong>The</strong>ir report agreed with our results. However, our 

results disagreed with the report <strong>of</strong> Hasija and Agarwal 

(1978) that optimal temperature and pH for both T. 

<strong>roseum</strong> isolates from apples (Malus sylvestris) and plums 

(Prunus bokhariensis) were 28°C and 6.0, respectively. It 

seems that different strains <strong>of</strong> T. <strong>roseum</strong> may have 

different growth properties. 

Molecular analysis 

To further confirm the identification <strong>of</strong> the DUCC502 

isolate, molecular analysis <strong>of</strong> 28S rDNA was performed. 

We obtained PCR amplicon <strong>of</strong> a 791 bp-sized partial 28S 

rDNA sequence. A nucleotide sequence similarity search 

<strong>of</strong> the GenBank database using the Blast program revealed 

that the DUCC502 isolate’s 28S rDNA shared 

99% similarity with that <strong>of</strong> T. <strong>roseum</strong> CBS113334 

(EU552162). A phylogenetic tree showed that the isolate 

DUCC502 positioned with T. <strong>roseum</strong> CBS113334 (Figure 

4). <strong>The</strong>se molecular results conformed to the morphological 

data (Table 1) that the DUCC502 isolate resembled T. 

<strong>roseum</strong>. Thus, we concluded that the DUCC502 isolate 

was identified as T. <strong>roseum</strong>. <strong>The</strong> 28S rDNA sequence <strong>of</strong> 

T. <strong>roseum</strong> DUCC502 was deposited in the GenBank 

DNA database under accession number JX458860. 

Pathogenicity test 

T. <strong>roseum</strong> has been mostly reported in tomato fruit. In this 

study it was isolated from leaves. Thus, it is interesting to 

know whether T. <strong>roseum</strong> DUCC502 is able to infect not 

only tomato fruits but also tomato leaves. Dark nec<strong>rot</strong>ic 

lesions were observed on tomato leaves inoculated with T. 

<strong>roseum</strong> DUCC502 conidia (Figure 3A). White mycelia 

with spores appeared on the surface <strong>of</strong> T. <strong>roseum</strong> 

DUCC502 conidia-inoculated tomato fruits (Figure 3B).


Table 2. Extracellular enzyme activities <strong>of</strong> the isolate DUCC502 shown on a 

chromogenic reaction medium containing each carbon substrate. 

Extracellular enzyme 

AMY AVI CB CMC XYL PEC PRO 

+ + ++ + + + ++ 

AMY, Amylase; AVI, avicelase; CB, β-glucosidase; CMC, CM-cellulase; XYL, 

xylanase; PEC, pectinase; PRO, p<strong>rot</strong>ease; +, moderate activity; ++, strong activity. 

Figure 2. Pathogenicity test results <strong>of</strong> T. <strong>roseum</strong> 

DUCC502 on a young leaf and a tomato fruit. Arrows 

indicate nec<strong>rot</strong>ic lesions formed on a tomato leaf by the 

artificial inoculation <strong>of</strong> the fungal spore suspension (A). 

Symptoms <strong>of</strong> <strong>mold</strong>y <strong>rot</strong> on a tomato fruit by the artificial 

inoculation <strong>of</strong> the fungal spore suspension (B). Rotted 

lesion is shown near inoculation point in the vertically 

sectioned tomato fruit <strong>of</strong> Fig. 2 (C). Bar = 10 mm. 

Symptoms on the tomato fruit were similar to those 

reported by Bello (2008). When we vertically sectioned 

the fruit with symptoms, <strong>rot</strong>ted lesions were observed 

(Figure 3C). <strong>The</strong>re were no changes on the leaves and 

fruits with the control inoculation (data not shown). T. 

<strong>roseum</strong> was re-isolated from the nec<strong>rot</strong>ic leaf lesion and 

<strong>rot</strong>ted fruit lesion, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. <strong>The</strong>se in 

vitro results demonstrated that T. <strong>roseum</strong> DUCC502 was 

able to infect both leaves and fruits <strong>of</strong> tomatoes. 

Extracellular enzyme activity 

T. <strong>roseum</strong> DUCC502 showed amylase, avicelase, β-glucosidase, 

CM-cellulase, xylanase, pectinase and pro- 

tease activities (Table 2). β-glucosidase and p<strong>rot</strong>ease 

activities, especially, were stronger than other extracellular 

enzymes. <strong>The</strong>se results showed that T. <strong>roseum</strong> 

DUCC502 has the ability to degrade some components <strong>of</strong> 

plant tissues such as cellulose, xylan and pectin. <strong>The</strong> 

reports on amylase, β-glucosidase, and pectinase by 

Janda-Ulfig et al. (2009), cellulase by Subash et al. (2005), 

and p<strong>rot</strong>ease by Buckley and Jeffries (1981) support our 

results that T. <strong>roseum</strong> has the ability to produce plant cell 

degrading extracellular enzymes. This may explain how 

the T. <strong>roseum</strong> DUCC502 could cause nec<strong>rot</strong>ic and <strong>rot</strong>ted 

lesions in tomatoes as shown in Figure 2. 

Fungicide sensitivity 

Currently, five kinds <strong>of</strong> fungicides are commercially available 

for ascomycete plant pathogens in Korea. <strong>The</strong> 

recommended concentration <strong>of</strong> these fungicides for field 

spray are 332 ug/ml in benomyl, 200 ug/ml in tuberconalzole, 

217 ug/ml in azoxystobin, 375 ug/ml in triflumizole, 

and 250 ug/ml in dimethomorph, respectively. However, 

these fungicides has never been tested for T. <strong>roseum</strong> in 

Korea. Thus, we tested these five fungicides. In the 

dimethomorph-supplemented media, the DUCC502 isolate 

could grow at all the tested concentrations (Figure 3D). In 

the triflumizole-supplemented media, its growth was completely 

inhibited only at 200 μg/ml. In the media contained 

azoxystobin, the hindrance <strong>of</strong> the isolate’s growth was 

apparent above 50 μg/ml. No growth was observed at 

any <strong>of</strong> the tested concentrations in the media which contained 

benomyl. <strong>The</strong> minimum concentration <strong>of</strong> benomyl 

was 10 μg/ml. This result confirmed that T. <strong>roseum</strong> is 

sensitive to benomyl (Luz et al., 2007). We also discovered 

that T. <strong>roseum</strong> is sensitive to tebuconazole at 10 

μg/ml. Overall, our work provides fundamental data for 

fungicide selection. Except for dimethomorph, the four 

other fungicides can be used at 200 μg/ml which is below 

the recommended concentrations for field spray. It is 

suggested that among the four fungicides, either benomyl 

or tebuconazole is a better choice for the chemical 

control <strong>of</strong> T. <strong>roseum</strong> due to their effect at 40 times or 20 

times lower concentration than the commercially recommended 

concentration. 

In summary, we have isolated, identified, and characterized 

<strong>pink</strong> <strong>mold</strong> <strong>rot</strong> <strong>fungus</strong> T. <strong>roseum</strong> from tomatoes 

grown in Korea. This is the first report <strong>of</strong> a detailed description 

<strong>of</strong> T. <strong>roseum</strong> in Korea. At this point, we are not sure


Figure 3. Mycelial growth <strong>of</strong> the fungal isolate DUCC502 under different growing conditions. Growth on three different media <strong>of</strong> PDA, 

MEA, and OA (oatmeal agar) (A), at five different temperatures on PDA (B), at three different pH on PDA (C) and on PDA containing 

five different fungicides (D). Growth was determined by measuring diameter <strong>of</strong> grown mycelia. Error bars indicate standard deviations. 

Mean separation by Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.01. <strong>The</strong> same letter above or near bars represented no significant difference 

between treatments. 

about the origin <strong>of</strong> this fungal species. Nowadays, tomato 

seeds have mostly been imported from Japan and European 

countries. Thus, one potent suspicion is that the 

pathogen could have been introduced with imported 

tomato seeds. <strong>The</strong> other suspicion is that it could have 

been introduced from other plant hosts such as melons or 

strawberries which are cultivated in domestic greenhouses. 

Because Korea has also imported melon seeds and 

strawberry seedlings from Japan and other countries, we 

also could not rule out the possibility that it could have 

been introduced with these imported plant seeds and 

seedlings. In Japan, the <strong>occurrence</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>pink</strong> <strong>mold</strong> <strong>rot</strong> in 

melons was reported in 1983 (Shinsu and Sakaguchi). To 

make clear its origin, inspection <strong>of</strong> imported seed and 

seedlings would be necessary. In addition, considering 

that this fungal species also has been known to be able 

to produce mycotoxins, further work needs to be performed 

regarding its distribution, yield loss, host range 

and food hygiene in tomato production. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

This research was supported by the National Institute <strong>of</strong> 

Biological Resources, the Research Center <strong>of</strong> Tomato 

Export (RCTE), and the Institute <strong>of</strong> Planning and Evaluation


Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree based on partial 28S rDNA <strong>of</strong> the isolate DUCC502. Phylogram was constructed by the 

neighbor-joining method using PAUP v.4.0b10. Bootstrap values above 50% are shown at the nodes supported. Bionectria 

epichloe CBS118752 was used as an outgroup. <strong>The</strong> letter “T” indicates the type strain <strong>of</strong> the species. 

for Technology <strong>of</strong> Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 

(IPET), Republic <strong>of</strong> Korea. 

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The occurrence of pink mold rot fungus Trichothecium roseum on ...

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