Four new lichen-associated Trimmatostromaspecies ... - SNL

Four new lichen-associated Trimmatostroma species 

(hyphomycetes) 

Paul Diederich 1 , Uwe Braun 2 , Bettina Heuchert 2 & Damien Ertz 3 

1 

Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg (paul.diederich@education.lu) 

2 

Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, 

Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany (uwe.braun@botanik.uni-halle.de and bettina.heuchert@botanik. 

uni-halle.de) 

3 

Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Domaine de Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgique (damien.ertz@br.fgov.be) 

Diederich P., U. Braun, B. Heuchert & D. Ertz, 2010. Four new lichen-associated Trimmatostroma 

species (hyphomycetes). Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois 111: 

47-55. 

Abstract. Four new lichen-associated species of Trimmatostroma s. lat. are described. 

T. dendrographae is found on Dendrographa in California (U.S.A.), T. hierrense on cf. 

Arthonia endlicheri in El Hierro (Canary Islands), T. lecanoricola on saxicolous Lecanora 

in Peru; T. quercicola develops over bark of Quercus and is facultatively lichenicolous on 

degenerate lichen thalli in Belgium and Luxembourg. A key to the known lichenicolous 

species of Trimmatostroma is provided. 

Key words. Anamorphic fungi, Intralichen, lichenicolous, Taeniolella. 

1. Introduction 

The genus Trimmatostroma Corda (1837), 

with T. salicis Corda as type species, was 

introduced for bark-inhabiting saprobic 

hyphomycetes. This genus is characterized 

by having simple, little differentiated 

conidiophores and conidiogenous 

cells as well as polymorphous conidia 

formed in irregular basipetal chains (Ellis 

1971, 1976). T. lichenicola M.S. Christ. & 

D. Hawksw. (in Hawksworth 1979) was 

the first lichenicolous species assigned to 

this genus. Hawksworth & Cole (2002) 

revised and reassessed T. lichenicola and 

similar lichenicolous hyphomycetes and 

introduced the new genus Intralichen D. 

Hawksw. & M.S. Cole, mainly differentiated 

from Trimmatostroma by its lichenicolous 

habit, an immersed mycelium, entirely 

immersed micronematous conidiophores, 

and pale, smooth-walled conidia with few 

septa. Based on molecular sequence analyses, 

Trimmatostroma proved to be very 

heterogeneous and must probably be confined 

to T. salicis and a few closely allied 

species phylogenetically pertaining to the 

Helotiales (Crous et al. 2007). Other species 

were transferred to the new genus Catenulostroma 

Crous & U. Braun (Crous et 

al. 2007). They are morphologically close 

to Trimmatostroma s. str., but belong to the 

Teratosphaeriaceae (Capnodiales). However, 

even Catenulostroma is in its current 

circumscription probably not monophyletic 

(Crous et al. 2009). 

During the course of monographic studies 

on lichenicolous Taeniolella S. Hughes 

species, several collections provisionally 

named “Taeniolella sp.” were encountered 

that turned out to be Trimmatostroma-like. 

Species of Taeniolella are easily distinguishable 

by having superficial, semimacronematous 

conidiophores, conidia formed 

in acropetal chains, and lacking multicellular 

aggregations of conidial cells, which 

are common in Trimmatostroma. As no 

sequence data are available for these species 

and as conidiomata are not stromatic 

(the type species T. salicis and related species 

have sporodochial conidiomata with 

a basal stroma), an inclusion in Trimmatostroma 

might be questionable. On the 

other hand, the formation of stromata 

Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 111 (2010) 47

and conidiophores in sporodochia is often 

unreliable as distinctive generic character 

in hyphomycete genera. However, no 

other suitable genus is available. Therefore, 

we prefer to include the new lichenicolous 

taxa tentatively in Trimmatostroma 

s. lat. The final generic position of lichenicolous 

Trimmatostroma-like hyphomycetes 

depends on the phylogenetic affinity of the 

taxa concerned. 

Fig. 1. Trimmatostroma dendrographae. A–C, Infected thalli of Dendrographa. D, Conidiophore with chains of 

conidia, in water. E, Same, in KOH. F–J, Chains of conidia, in water. K, Conidiophore, in water. A: California, 

Monterey, Crocker Grove; B–C, F–K: holotype; D–E: Diederich 16767. Scale bars: B = 1 mm, C = 0.5 mm, D–K 

(same scale bar) = 10 μm. 

48 Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 111 (2010)

2. Material and Methods 

The specimens examined are deposited in B, 

BR, HAL, NY, UCR and UPS, and in the private 

herbarium of P. Diederich. For microscopical 

examination, small fragments were 

examined in water, after light pressure on 

the cover glass, and in 5% KOH. 

3. Results 

Trimmatostroma dendrographae Diederich, 

Ertz, U. Braun & Heuchert sp. nov. Fig. 1 

MycoBank 518957. 

Trimmatostromatis quercicolae simile, sed catenis 

conidiorum macroscopice non distinctis, 

thallu hospitis plus minusve fuscescens, conidiis 

olivaceo-bruneis in aqua, intense olivaceis in 

KOH, 5.5–8.5 µm latis, pariete usque ad 1.2 µm 

crasso. Differt a Trimmatostromate salicis et T. 

betulino habitu lichenicola, stromatibus et sporodochiis 

nullis, coloniis dispersis supra thallos 

Dendrographae, conidiis olivaceo-brunneis, olivaceis 

in KOH, 0–pluriseptatis, 7–25 × 5.5–8.5 

µm, pariete rugoso-rimuloso. 

Type: U.S.A., California, Monterey Co., Carmel, 

Point Lobos State Reserve, 30 m alt., on Dendrographa 

sp., on Cupressus macrocarpa, 18 Jul. 

2008, P. Diederich 16789 & D. Ertz (BR – holotype; 

HAL, NY, UCR, herb. Diederich – isotypes). 

Colonies lichenicolous over the thallus of 

Dendrographa, usually covering the entire 

surface of the host thallus, blackish, macroscopically 

appearing as a finely granular 

mixture of blackish conidia and white 

host hyphae, the whole appearing pale to 

dark greyish at a low magnification (e.g., 

in the field), individual chains of conidia 

hardly visible. Mycelium internal, hyphae 

sparingly branched, 2.5–3.5 µm wide, subhyaline 

to pale brown, septate, thin-walled, 

rugose. Stroma lacking. Conidiophores usually 

immersed, occasionally somewhat 

erumpent, micronematous, c. 20–70 × 2.5–4 

µm, hyphal filaments gradually developing 

into fertile threads by becoming somewhat 

wider and darker, with slightly thicker 

wall, but differentiation between hyphae 

and conidiophores very difficult, rugose. 

Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, 

monoblastic (i.e., the terminal cell functioning 

as conidiogenous cell), c. 5.5–9 × 3.5–4 

µm, conidiogenous loci undifferentiated, 

subtruncate. Conidia in simple or rarely 

branched, irregular, rarely disarticulating, 

basipetal chains, shape and size very variable, 

mostly ellipsoid-ovoid to subcylindrical 

or oblong, transversely 0–pluriseptate, 

rarely dictyosporous, ends more or less 

rounded, c. 7–25 × 5.5–8.5 µm, sometimes 

forming irregular aggregations, medium to 

dark brown or olivaceous-brown, distinctly 

olivaceous in KOH, wall 0.8–1.2 μm thick, 

wall rugose-rimulose. 

This species is distinguished from T. lecanoricola 

by olivaceous conidia in KOH, from 

T. hierrense by rugose-rimulose conidia and 

from T. quercicola by narrower conidia that 

are not visible macroscopically. Attempts to 

culture freshly collected material failed. 

Ecology, hosts and distribution: All known 

specimens are lichenicolous on epiphytic 

and saxicolous thalli of Dendrographa, 

including crustose, sorediate thalli that are 

considered to be the primary morph of the 

host, before the fruticose structures appear. 

In many specimens, fruticose thalli start 

growing, but are so heavily parasitized by 

this hyphomycete that they just reach up to 

1 cm in length and then die. This species is 

known only from the coast of California, and 

it appears to be rather common in localities 

where the host Dendrographa is present. 

Additional specimen examined (all on Dendrographa): 

USA, California, Monterey Co.: 

same locality as the type, on Cupressus macrocarpa, 

2008, Ertz 12482, 12487 & Diederich (BR); 

ibid., sheltered rock face near the sea, 2008, Ertz 

12441, 12453 & Diederich (BR); SW of Monterey, 

17 Mile Drive, Crocker Grove, alt. 15 m, on C. 

macrocarpa, 2008, Diederich 16767 & Ertz 12462 

(BR, herb. Diederich); along coast S of Asilomar, 

China Rock, alt. 5 m, on rock outcrop on the 

beach, 2008, Ertz 12480 & Diederich (BR). 

Trimmatostroma hierrense Diederich & 

Ertz sp. nov. Fig. 2 


Differt ab omnibus speciebus Trimmatostromatis 

conidiis transverse septatis et parietibus conidiorum 

unilateraliter incrassatis et fuscatis. 

Type: Spain, Canary Islands, El Hierro, E of 

Frontera, trail between Frontera and ‘mirador de 

Jinama’ (part below ‘Fuente de Tincos’), 27°45’29” 

N, 17°59’29” W, ‘fayal brezal’ forest and rocky 

outcrops, on a root under a rock along trail, on cf. 


Fig. 2. Trimmatostroma hierrense (holotype). A–B, Infected thalli of cf. Arthonia endlicheri. C, Conidia and conidial 

chains, in water. D–F, Same, in KOH (conidiophores visible in D). Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C–F = 10 μm. 

Arthonia endlicheri, 31 Aug. 2009, D. Ertz 13946 

(BR – holotype; herb. Diederich – isotypes). 

Colonies lichenicolous over the thallus of cf. 

Arthonia endlicheri, covering large parts of 

the host thallus, blackish, macroscopically 

appearing as a finely granular mixture of 

blackish conidia and white host hyphae, the 

whole appearing dark greyish to blackish at 

a low magnification (e.g., in the field), individual 

chains of conidia hardly visible. Mycelium 

internal, hyphae sparingly branched, 

2–2.5 µm wide, subhyaline to pale brown, 

septate, thin-walled, smooth. Stroma lacking. 

Conidiophores usually immersed, occasionally 

somewhat erumpent, micronematous, up 

to 40 μm long and 2.5–3.5 µm wide, hyphal 

filaments gradually developing into fertile 

threads by becoming somewhat wider and 

darker, but differentiation between hyphae 

and conidiophores very difficult, smooth. 

Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, 

monoblastic (i.e., the terminal cell functioning 

as conidiogenous cell), c. 5.5–10 × 

3.5–4.5 µm, conidiogenous loci undifferentiated, 

subtruncate. Conidia in simple or rarely 

branched, irregular, often disarticulating, 

basipetal chains, shape and size very variable, 

mostly ellipsoid-ovoid to subcylindrical 

or oblong, often with irregular convex and 

concave regions, transversely 0–pauciseptate, 

ends more or less rounded, c. 7.5–15 × 3.5– 

6.5 µm, pale to medium brown, partly with 

thickened walls and then dark brown, olivaceous 

brown in KOH; wall c. 0.5 μm thick in 

pale areas, c. 1 μm in darker areas, smooth. 

Macroscopically, the new species looks very 

similar to Trimmatostroma dendrographae, 

entirely darkening large areas of the host 


thallus. Microscopically, it is distinguished 

by conidia frequently with a dark and thick 

outer wall limited to one side of the conidium 

(resembling conidia of Milospium 

graphideorum). Furthermore, conidia are 

usually smoother than in T. dendrographae, 

best seen in KOH. Because of the unevenly 

pigmented conidial wall, T. hierrense might 

be mistaken for a species of Milospium. 

However, conidia of the type species, M. 

graphideorum (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., have a 

very different shape, being irregularly lobed 

and aseptate, and they are never catenate. 

Conidia of M. deslooveri Diederich & Sérus. 

(Sérusiaux et al. 1999) and M. planorbis 

(Aptroot & Sipman 2001; holotype from 

B examined) are strongly curved, multicellular, 

often with incomplete septa, and 

never catenate; furthermore, both species 

are lichenized, not lichenicolous. The new 

species could also be confused with Trimmatostroma 

scutellare (Berk. & Broome) M. 

B. Ellis, another species with an unevenly 

thickened and pigmented conidial wall, 

but in that species conidia are multicellular 

with transverse and longitudinal septa (Ellis 

1976). 

Ecology, hosts and distribution: The new 

species covers large parts of the thallus of 

a white crustose lichen with Trentepohlia 

reacting C+ red, that probably belongs to 

Arthonia endlicheri, growing on the root of 

a tree along a trail. Infected thalli become 

entirely dark greyish black. This species is 

known only from the type locality on the isle 

of El Hierro (Spain, Canary Islands). 

Trimmatostroma lecanoricola Diederich, 

Etayo, U. Braun & Heuchert sp. nov. Fig. 3 


Trimmatostromatis dendrographae et T. quercicolae 

simile, sed catenis conidiorum disarticulantium 

aurantiaco-brunneis in KOH, nec umquam 

Fig. 3. Trimmatostroma lecanoricola (holotype). A, Thallus of saxicolous Lecanora with young infection. B, Thallus 

with older infection. C, Chains of conidia, in water. D, Same, in KOH. E, Disarticulating chain of conidia, in water. 

F, Conidium in surface view, showing verrucose, mosaic-like outer layer of conidial wall, in water. Scale bars: A–B 

= 0.5 mm, C–F = 10 μm. 


olivaceo-brunneis, et partibus atrioribus paginae 

conidiorum minoribus in conidiis vetustioribus 

rimulosis. 

Type: Peru, Dep. La Libertad, Prov. Trujillo, Cerro 

Malabrigo, SW of Puerto Chicama, on saxicolous 

Lecanora, 100–150 m alt., 9 Apr. 1981, R. Santesson 

& A. Tehler P128:1 (UPS – holotype). 

Colonies lichenicolous, over the thallus and 

apothecia of a saxicolous Lecanora; when 

young, appearing as irregular, branched, 

blackish filaments (representing conidial 

chains), soon aggregating in very dense 

tufts of conidial chains, the infected parts of 

the host becoming entirely blackish. Mycelium 

internal, hyphae sparingly branched, 

1.5–3 µm wide, subhyaline to pale brown, 

septate, thin-walled, smooth. Stroma lacking. 

Conidiophores usually immersed, occasionally 

somewhat erumpent, micronematous, 

c. 20–40 × 2–4 µm, hyphal filaments 

gradually developing into fertile threads 

by becoming somewhat wider and darker, 

with slightly thicker wall, but differentiation 

between hyphae and conidiophores very 

difficult. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, 

monoblastic (i.e., the terminal cell 

functioning as conidiogenous cell), c. 4–7 

× 3–4.5 µm, conidiogenous loci undifferentiated, 

subtruncate. Conidia in simple or 

rarely branched, irregular, easily disarticulating, 

basipetal chains, often subspherical 

and 1-septate, 6.5–10 × 6–8 μm, or oblong, 

transversely pluriseptate to dictyosporous, 

c. 11–24 × 5–9 µm, medium to dark brown, 

orange brown in KOH, wall 0.5–1.2 µm 

thick, rugose-rimulose to irregularly verrucose, 

ends more or less rounded. 

This species is readily distinguished from 

the other taxa treated here by conidial chains 

becoming orange brown in KOH, never with 

an olivaceous tinge, and by chains of disarticulating 

conidia. Furthermore, when the 

outer layer of the conidial wall splits with 

age, the resulting darker patches are often 

smaller than in the other species, giving the 

conidial surface a mosaic-like appearance. 

Ecology, host and distribution: This species 

is known only from the type collection 

made in Peru on an unidentified saxicolous 

Lecanora. Infected host thalli and apothecia 

are damaged, suggesting that the fungus is 

pathogenic. 

Trimmatostroma quercicola Diederich, U. 

Braun & Heuchert sp. nov. Figs 4–5 


Trimmatostromatis dendrographae simile, sed 

catenis conidiorum macroscopice expedite conspicuis, 

irregulariter reticuloideis, conidiis badiis 

in aqua et olivaceo-brunneis in KOH, 5–15 µm 

latis, pariete usque ad 2 μm crasso. Differt a T. 

lecanoricola catenis conidiorum raro disarticulatis, 

conidiis olivaceo-brunneis in KOH, et strato 

exteriore conidiorum obscuriore in conidiis 

vetustioribus rimulosis. 

Type: Luxembourg, Vogelsmühle, valley of Halerbaach, 

left side of river, on bark of Quercus, possibly 

associated with sterile crustose lichens, 9 Dec. 

2007, P. Diederich 16723 (BR – holotype; HAL, 

herb. Diederich – isotypes). 

Colonies over bark of Quercus, frequently 

overgrowing and probably parasitizing 

degenerate crustose lichen thalli or corticolous 

algae, effuse, loose to dense, fumoseblack, 

macroscopically appearing as relatively 

short, prostrate, irregularly formed 

and branched, often agglomerated conidial 

chains. Mycelium internal, hyphae sparingly 

branched, 1–3.5 µm wide, subhyaline to pale 

brown, septate, thin-walled, smooth. Stroma 

lacking. Conidiophores usually immersed, 

occasionally somewhat erumpent, micronematous, 

c. 5–40 × 2–6 µm, hyphal filaments 

gradually developing into fertile threads 

by becoming somewhat wider and darker, 

with slightly thicker wall, but differentiation 

between hyphae and conidiophores very 

difficult. Conidiogenous cells integrated, 

terminal, monoblastic (i.e., the terminal 

cell functioning as conidiogenous cell), c. 

5–10 × 3–4 µm, conidiogenous loci undifferentiated, 

subtruncate. Conidia in simple 

or rarely branched, irregular, occasionally 

disarticulating, basipetal chains, shape and 

size very variable, globose or subglobose, 

0–1(–2)-septate, 4–9 µm diam., or ellipsoidovoid, 

subcylindrical, oblong, 1–4(–5)-septate, 

transversely septate to dictyosporous, c. 

6–30 × 5–15 µm, sometimes forming irregular 

aggregations, medium to dark brown, 

olivaceous-brown in KOH, wall thick, up to 

2 µm, occasionally distinctly two-layered, 

i.e., with a distinct, paler inner layer (but not 

distoseptate), wall rugose-rimulose to irregularly 

verrucose, ends more or less rounded. 


Amongst the new species described here, T. 

quercicola is macroscopically rather distinct, 

as conidial chains are easily visible at a strong 

magnification (× 40), appearing as an irregular, 

branched net of relatively thick hyphae 

overgrowing the substratum. Microscopically, 

the species has much thicker conidial 

chains than the three others. It is chemically 

distinct from T. lecanoricola by the K+ olivaceous 

conidial chains and differs slightly from 

T. dendrographae in having brown conidia (in 

water) without a distinct olivaceous tinge. 

Trimmatostroma quercinum (Hoffm.) Höhn. 

(syn. Phragmotrichum quercinum Hoffm.) 

was described from rotten manufactured 

wood of Quercus in Germany. The species 

forms black, superficial, dispersed, orbicular, 

pulvinate stromata, and oblong, muricate, 

transversally septate to irregularly 

muriform, indistinctly catenate conidia 

25–30 × 12–15 μm (Migula 1921, Sutton & 

Pirozynski 1965). Although the type of this 

species has never been restudied and the 

species never been reported after its original 

description, it seems to differ clearly from 

the new T. quercicola by the pulvinate, stromatic 

conidiomata, the different ecology 

(rotten wood, versus bark of Quercus) and 

the mostly larger conidia. 

Ecology, hosts and distribution: The new 

species is known from two collections on 

the bark of old Quercus. As conidiophores 

at least occasionally overgrow and possibly 

parasitize reduced lichen thalli, the species 

may be considered as facultatively lichenicolous. 

It is probably widespread, but overlooked 

in similar habitats, and currently 

known from Belgium and Luxembourg. 

Additional specimen examined: Belgium, SE of 

Buzenol, on bark of Quercus, possibly associated 

with sterile crustose lichens, 19 June 1984, P. Diederich 

5576 (herb. Diederich). 

Fig. 4. Trimmatostroma quercicola (holotype). A, Conidiophores with and without conidia. B, Plagiotropous conidial 

chain. C, Conidia. Scale bar = 10 µm. U. Braun del. 


Fig. 5. Trimmatostroma quercicola. A, Overgrowing degenerate lichen thalli on Quercus bark. B, Saprobic over Quercus 

bark. C, Squash preparation of infected lichen thallus, in water. D, Chains of conidia, in water. E, Same, in KOH. 

A, C: holotype; B, D–E: Diederich 5576. Scale bars: A–B = 200 μm, C–E = 10 μm. 

4. Discussion 

Hawksworth (1979) described the lichenicolous 

Trimmatostroma lichenicola M.S.Christ. 

& D. Hawksw., intrahymenial in Candelariella 

vitellina. Later, Hawksworth & Cole (2002) 

introduced the new generic name Intralichen 

for this and several similar species, and 

no lichenicolous species was subsequently 

accepted in Trimmatostroma. 

The four new species share a large number 

of characters. They all have dark, micronematous 

conidiophores not arranged in 

sporodochia, lack stromatic hyphal aggregations, 

have integrated conidiogenous cells, 

and conidia produced in simple or rarely 

branched basipetal chains, 1–pluriseptate, 

irregular in size and form, with an often 

rough surface, the outer layer of the wall 

often splitting with age, resulting in pale 

to medium brown conidia covered by dark 

brown remnants of the outer layer, or unevenly 

pigmented. Furthermore, they all obligately 

or facultatively parasitize lichen thalli. 

Conidia are superficially similar to those of 

Spilodochium Syd. (Ellis 1971, 1976). However, 

the genus Spilodochium is easily distinguishable 

by its erumpent pseudoparenchymatic 

stromata, conidiophores arranged 

in sporodochia and conidia produced in 

branched acropetal chains. The entire habit 

of the new species is rather Intralichen-like. 

However, species of Intralichen have paler, 

smaller, smooth-walled, mostly 0–2-celled 

conidia, and conidiophores are usually 

entirely immersed in lichen thalli or apothecia, 

most commonly being intrahymenial, 

with only the mature conidia arising at the 

surface (Hawksworth & Cole 2002). On the 

other hand, the inclusion of these species 

in Taeniolella is no alternative, since species 

of this genus do not form dictyosporous 

conidia, and its conidial chains are acropetal. 

Microscopically, the new species are similar 

to Trimmatostroma salicis, the type species, 

and T. betulinum (Corda) S.Hughes, from 

which they are distinguished by the absence 

of a basal stroma and lacking pulvinate spo- 


odochia (Crous et al. 2007). The latter two 

species have been shown to belong to the 

Helotiales (Crous et al. 2007). Many Trimmatostroma-like 

fungi have recently been 

transferred to the new genus Catenulostroma 

in the Teratosphaeriaceae [Capnodiales] 

(Crous et al. 2007), which is, however, 

no alternative either, since this genus is also 

characterized by having stromatic conidiomata. 

The introduction of a new genus for 

the new lichenicolous species might be the 

best solution, but in the absence of molecular 

data, i.e., without knowledge of the phylogenetic 

affinity, we prefer to assign the new 

species tentatively to Trimmatostroma s. lat. 

5. Identification key for the known 

lichenicolous species of Trimmatostroma 

1. Conidia orange brown in KOH; conidial 

chains frequently disarticulating; outer layer of 

conidial wall splitting with age and then sometimes 

divided in many relatively small patches, 

looking mosaic-like (Fig. 3F); lichenicolous on 

saxicolous Lecanora................... T. lecanoricola 

1. Conidia olivaceous-brown in KOH; 

conidial chains rarely disarticulating; outer 

layer of conidial wall either smooth (Fig. 2) 

or splitting with age and then divided into 

several larger patches (Figs 1 & 5D) .......... 2 

2. Conidial chains easily visible macroscopically 

(× 40), appearing as an irregular net of 

blackish hyphae; conidia reddish brown in 

water, olivaceous-brown in KOH, 5–15 µm 

wide, wall up to 2 μm thick; saprobic on bark 

of Quercus, facultatively lichenicolous over 

degenerated lichen thalli ........... T. quercicola 

2. Conidial chains indistinct macroscopically, 

almost entirely blackening large parts 

of the host thallus; conidia olivaceousbrown 

in water, more intensively olivaceous 

in KOH, 5.5–8.5 µm wide, wall up to 1.2 μm 

thick; obligately lichenicolous on lichens 

with Trentepohlia .......................................... 3 

3. Conidia frequently with a dark outer 

wall limited to one side of the conidium 

(resembling conidia of Milospium), wall 

smooth; lichenicolous on cf. Arthonia endlicheri 

.......................................... T. hierrense 

3. Conidia with a dark outer wall splitting 

with age, but more evenly surrounding the 

entire conidia, wall rugose; lichenicolous on 

Dendrographa .................. T. dendrographae 

Acknowledgements 

We are much obliged to the curators of B and 

UPS for the possibility to examine collections 

from their herbaria, and to Prof. Walter Gams for 

critically commenting on the manuscript. 

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Four new lichen-associated Trimmatostromaspecies ... - SNL

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