Crustacea: Copepoda - Cerambycoidea.com

The invertebrates of living & decaying 

timber in Britain and Ireland - 

a provisional annotated checklist 

No. 467 - 

English Nature Research Reports 

working today 

for nature tomorrow

English Nature Research Reports 

Number 467 

The invertebrates of living and decaying timber 

In Britain & Ireland 

A provisional annotated checklist 

Compiled by Keith N A Alexander 

(Ancient Tree Forum) 

You may reproduce as many additional copies of 

this report as you like, provided such copies stipulate that 

copyright remains with English Nature, 

Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA 

ISSN 0967-876X 

© Copyright English Nature 2002

Summary 

A list of all the invertebrates known to be dependent on decaying wood in Britain and 

Ireland. The species names are annotated with basic information on the known ecology and 

distribution. The British list currently approaches 1800 species while the Irish list contains 

just over 600 species. The listing is intended to be a starting point for further analysis of this 

important fauna

Contents 

Summary 

1. Introduction....................................................................................................................9 

2. Summary Table............................................................................................................13 

3. An annotated checklist of the invertebrates of living and decaying timber in 

Britain and Ireland .......................................................................................................16 

4. Acknowledgements....................................................................................................123 

5. References..................................................................................................................124 

6. Index ..........................................................................................................................126

1. Introduction 

This checklist of the invertebrates that develop in timber and the products of its decay has 

been compiled for a number of reasons. It is provided as a working tool for field workers, for 

nature conservationists and for ecologists: 

�� to facilitate the recording of particular species on particular sites, to focus field 

workers on the significant habitat features; 

�� to draw the attention of nature conservationists to the enormous variety of niches 

exploited in wooded habitats and to emphasis the importance of wood decay 

succession; 

�� to stimulate ecological research of the fauna. 

It is a working document, not intended to be complete or set in stone, a starting point to focus 

minds onto its strengths and weaknesses, and to stimulate ideas on where to go from here. 

Ideally it should be on a web-site for ease of up-dating and dissemination, and this will be 

one of the next stages. It is very much a statement of the information I have collated to date 

and so another purpose is to stimulate people to make available information that may 

contribute to the next edition. There will be lots here for people to criticise - if they so wish - 

but it is hoped that people will prefer a more constructive approach and help to up-grade this 

Provisional list into something more useful. 

The compilation has made it possible to identify how many of our species are known to be 

dependant on the process of wood decay – the answer is close 1800 for Britain and over 600 

for Ireland (see Summary Table). The next stage will be to break this fauna down into its 

constituent communities, a process that will inform and develop our understanding of the 

relative importance of particular sites. 

The checklist is very much provisional at this stage. It is provided in a spirit of co-operation 

and partnership, with the express hope that other specialists will help me to build on it rather 

than pull it apart with criticism. It is certainly provided as an Aunt Sally, to be knocked 

around and hammered into something better. It aims to be the first stage in building 

something more useful, as a baseline for future developments in our understanding and 

appreciation of this rich and important habitat. 

Whether or not a species occurs on a particular site which appears to provide suitable habitat 

depends on two things: firstly the biogeography of the species and secondly on the 

management history of the area. A detailed examination of the fauna is also essential if we 

are to make sensible assessments of which species are characteristic of long-established sites, 

ie ancient woodlands and ancient wood pastures, and hence which may be used as indicators 

of ecological continuity and conservation value. While some species individually may be 

good indicators of ecological continuity, and are clearly part of the urwaldtiere or relict old 

forest fauna of these islands, it is perhaps most advisable to use them collectively - the more 

of the identified indicators known from a particular site the more ecological continuity can be 

inferred. This latter approach has been advocated with deadwood Coleoptera and Syrphidae 

(e.g. Alexander, 1995). 

A large proportion of this fauna shows strong association with areas of relict old growth – old 

forest, medieval parks and chases, wooded commons, old wood pastures and similar 

9

situations. These are sites where there has been sufficient habitat to maintain viable 

populations throughout the historic period. There may be periodic expansions and 

contractions from these refugia in response to fluctuations in climate and habitat availability, 

as we have recently seen following the Great Storm of 1987, the appearance of oak dieback 

disease as well as human induced climate change. 

Content 

My working definition for inclusion of particular species in this checklist has been that the 

immature stages develop in some part of the wood-decay succession or on products of it. I 

have included species which develop in un-decayed timber and bark as I regard this as the 

start of the process of wood-decay. 

I have included those species that are dependent on tree cavities for a variety of reasons, 

including those that primarily occur in the nests of cavity-nesting birds and social 

Hymenoptera, or in bat roosts. The list is not intended to cover epiphyte communities. 

The central core of the list is straightforward, but there are many grey areas around the 

fringes: 

Fungi. Species which develop in fungi are very much a case in point. Fungi are 

fundamental in the timber decay and recycling processes. But not all fungi are woodrotters 

or associated with wood-rotters; some species of a particular genus or family 

of fungi may be wood-rotters but others not. Thus insect species that are associated 

with that taxonomic grouping may or may not be confined to the wood-decay species. 

I have tried to include all species where wood-decay fungi are a significant proportion 

of the species that are used. 

Decay. The later stages in the decay process of timber are not essentially dissimilar to 

other decaying organic matter and this introduces similar complications to those that 

arise from the fungivores. I have included, for instance, the beetle Denticollis linearis 

as it is a widespread species developing in decaying timber, but it also develops in 

peat on moorland. Decaying timber eventually supports what is essentially a soil 

fauna, dominated by millipedes, woodlice and centipedes. The present list does not 

include such species. 

Wood. Another significant grey area concerns the definition of dead and decaying 

wood. In some cases the invertebrate species occur in twigs or in the woody growth 

of herbaceous plants or shrubs such as bramble, rose or even wild cabbage. The 

dying process of the wood also produces problems. The wood does not need to be 

strictly dead, as some species will colonise sickly or dying wood, and may even 

contribute to that condition. For the sake of completeness I have included those 

relatively few species which actually feed on living wood. 

Rot-holes are all too often not holes in decaying wood but cavities formed on the 

exterior of the tree, eg in branch crotches, in which debris and rainwater accumulates 

and composts. This habitat is not strictly “wood-decay” but is included here as 

cavities actually in wood-decay can similarly fill with debris and rainwater, as can 

compartmentalised rot cavities – whether there is any real distinction so far as the 

invertebrates are concerned is unclear. 

10

Epiphyte associates: the algae, mosses, liverworts, lichens and micro-fungi which 

use exposed bark surfaces as structure to grow upon provide further difficulties, 

mainly through misinterpretation by the human recorders. Plaited door snail 

Cochlodina laminata is commonly found on tree trunks and branches and may be 

found sheltering deep inside wood-decay cavities, but it is most definitely part of the 

epiphyte communities not wood-decay. The greatest difficulties occur with predatory 

species, as species using the epiphytes as cover and shelter will feed not only on the 

inhabitants of the epiphyte cover but also on any wood-decay associates which they 

encounter. Many spiders are characteristic of the outer bark of trees and, like plaited 

door snail, may shelter deep within decay cavities and even foray for food into the 

interior of the tree. 

Caches, etc: an interesting note by Whitehead (1986) drew attention to the presence 

of skeletal fragments of a wide range of woodland beetles inside a hollowed oak 

pollard which were associated with a cache of nuts and seeds gathered by a wood 

mouse. This is a useful warning for when attempting to draw conclusions based on 

fragments found in wood decay. 

Life history and ecology. Decaying wood provides excellent cover or shelter for 

many species that do not actually develop within it. Many species which may be 

encountered while sampling decaying wood may therefore be irrelevant to this listing, 

although the details of their life histories and ecology may be so inadequate that they 

are included by mistake. Examples include species that are diurnal and spend the 

hours of darkness within wood and vice versa, others that over-winter or aestivate in 

deadwood, and even those which pupate in deadwood but develop elsewhere. 

Biogeography 

There are essentially two major faunas here, the Atlantic version of temperate broad-leaved 

forest fauna and the boreal forest fauna. The Atlantic temperate fauna is widespread over 

lowland Britain, as far north as southern Scotland; it becomes increasingly species poor in the 

west, although this is perhaps a reflection of the increasingly "highland conditions" of the 

older rocks. In Ireland, the fauna is very much a relict one owing to the very extensive forest 

clearances, and the character is something of a hybrid between the temperate and boreal 

forests of Britain. The northern parts of Scotland have boreal pine, birch and aspen forests, 

with a fauna more akin to that of Scandinavia than to the rest of Britain. A good proportion 

of the species are common to both broad categories, but others are clearly characteristic of 

temperate or boreal forest in the British Isles. Relationships with the continental faunas has 

not been considered to any great extent. 

Structure of the annotated list 

The species accounts are a synthesis and summary of a large number of records and 

observations, both published and unpublished, and include some ecological analysis of the 

available information. It was felt that full citations would make the text unacceptably 

cumbersome. The decision was therefore taken not to include details of the source, but to 

provide a bibliography of some of the most important sources. The non-aculeate 

Hymenoptera is treated as an exception as knowledge of the taxonomy and biology of this 

11

group is particularly dynamic and the compiler was advised that citations were essential if old 

and out-of-date interpretations were not to cause severe confusion. 

The status given alongside the scientific name is the status in Britain only; comments on Irish 

status are given in the text where sufficient information is available. The terminology is that 

developed through the Invertebrate Site Register project (Nature Conservancy Council & 

later Joint Nature Conservation Committee). “Priority Species” are Species of Conservation 

Concern (SoCC) within the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), being those species targeted 

for action through Species Action Plans or Grouped Species Statements. SoCC meet one or 

more of four criteria – endemic, in rapid decline, internationally significant, and listed in 

international legislation. 

Species known to occur in Ireland are indicated by an asterisk. 

Nomenclature largely follows that in the RECORDER software produced and maintained by 

JNCC. 

12

2. Summary Table 

Taxonomic grouping Number of 

species 

reported 

from Ireland 

Number of GB 

listed native 

species (excl. 

extinct species) 

Number of 

Nationally 

Scarce (GB) 

species 

Number of 

Red Data 

Book (GB) 

species 

Annelida 1 2 n/a n/a 

Mollusca 1 2 1 0 

Crustacea 1 n/a n/a 

Diplopoda 5 6 1 0 

Chilopoda 2 2 0 0 

Pseudoscorpiones 1 5 0 1 

Araneae 7 11 1 3 

Acari ? ? 

Collembola ? ? 

Hemiptera 4 14 3 2 

Thysanoptera ? 21 n/a n/a 

Raphidioptera 4 0 0 

Trichoptera 2 0 0 

Lepidoptera 6 44 15 8 

Coleoptera 

Carabidae 4 7 1 

Histeridae 1 9 2 4 

Ptiliidae 10 15 3 5 

Leiodidae 5 14 0 3 

Scydmaenidae 1 9 2 6 

Staphylinidae 51 123 38 26 

Pselaphidae 5 16 5 8 

Scirtidae 1 1 1 0 

Eucinetidae 1 0 0 

Clambidae 2 3 0 1 

Lucanidae 2 3 1 0 

Scarabaeidae 5 0 2 

Buprestidae 8 5 0 

Eucnemidae 1 6 1 4 

Throscidae 1 0 1 

Elateridae 7 23 8 11 

Lycidae 1 4 3 1 

Cantharidae 10 15 5 1 

Dermestidae 4 1 2 

Bostrichidae 2 5 1 0 

Anobiidae 9 30 9 5 

Lymexylidae 1 2 1 1 

Phloiophilidae 1 1 1 0 

Trogosittidae 1 3 1 2 

Cleridae 2 6 3 1 

Melyridae 3 13 5 3 

Sphindidae 1 2 1 0 

Nitidulidae 18 29 9 3 

Rhizophagidae 6 13 3 2 

Silvanidae 5 3 1 

Cucujidae 2 1 0 

Laemophloeidae 1 6 2 2 

Cryptophagidae 6 21 4 13 

Erotylidae 1 7 2 2 

13 

% of GB 

species with 

conservation 

status


species 

reported 

Number of GB 

listed native 


Number of 

Nationally 

Scarce (GB) 

Number of 

Red Data 

Book (GB) 

% of GB 

species with 

conservation 

from Ireland extinct species) species species status 

Biphyllidae 2 1 0 

Cerylonidae 3 3 1 0 

Endomychidae 1 2 1 0 

Corylophidae 1 3 0 0 

Lathridiidae 1 16 5 3 

Mycetophagidae 1 10 4 0 

Ciidae 11 22 4 3 

Tetratomidae 2 3 2 0 

Melandryidae 7 18 13 4 

Mordellidae 1 4 1 1 

Rhipiphoridae 1 1 0 0 

Colydiidae 1 12 3 6 

Tenebrionidae 4 20 6 5 

Oedemeridae 2 6 2 3 

Pythidae 1 1 0 

Pyrochroidae 1 3 1 0 

Salpingidae 9 10 4 0 

Aderidae 3 2 1 

Scraptiidae 8 15 1 5 

Cerambycidae 21 47 15 12 

Chrysomelidae 1 

Anthribidae 1 5 3 2 

Rhynchophoridae 1 1 

Curculionidae 14 25 14 1 

Scolytidae 16 43 13 4 

Platypodidae 2 1 1 

Sub-total 259 700 219 162 54 

Hymenoptera 

Symphyta 7 n/a n/a 

Parasitica 27 163 n/a n/a 

Aculeata 9 76 15 8 30 

Diptera 

Tipulidae 8 16 3 7 

Pediciidae 2 2 

Limoniidae 7 22 4 9 

Bolitophilidae 5 7 

Diadocidiidae 2 3 1 

Ditomyiidae 1 3 1 

Keroplatidae 10 18 1 2 

Mycetophilidae 61 123 8 25 

Sciaridae 15 34 n/a n/a 

Ptychopteridae 1 1 

Cecidomyiidae 3 42 n/a n/a 

Psychodidae 4 6 n/a n/a 

Trichoceridae 4 5 1 

Anisopodidae 2 2 

Mycetobiidae 2 3 3 

Scatopsiidae 5 11 n/a n/a 

Culicidae 1 3 1 

Ceratopogonidae 5 24 n/a n/a 

Chironomidae 4 7 n/a n/a 

Xylophagidae 1 3 2 

14


species 

reported 

Number of GB 

listed native 


Number of 

Nationally 

Scarce (GB) 

Number of 

Red Data 

Book (GB) 

% of GB 

species with 

conservation 

from Ireland extinct species) species species status 

Rhagionidae 1 1 

Xylomyiidae 2 1 1 

Stratiomyiidae 4 7 4 

Therevidae 1 2 1 

Scenopinidae 1 1 1 

Asilidae 3 1 2 

Hybotidae 9 25 8 7 

Empididae 2 7 1 3 

Dolichopodidae 14 49 13 16 

Opetiidae 1 1 

Platypezidae 14 31 3 6 

Phoridae 8 12 n/a n/a 

Syrphidae 18 39 17 10 

Pseudopomyzidae 1 1 

Micropezidae 1 1 

Tanypezidae 1 1 

Strongylophthalmyiidae 1 1 

Megamerinidae 1 1 

Psilidae 2 3 2 

Lonchaeidae 5 32 8 1 

Pallopteridae 3 4 1 

Piophilidae 1 

Ulidiidae 3 3 

Lauxaniidae 1 3 

Sciomyzidae 1 1 

Clusiidae 5 10 2 3 

Acartophthalmidae 2 2 1 

Odiniidae 2 8 1 5 

Agromyzidae 1 6 n/a n/a 

Anthomyzidae 1 

Aulacigastridae 1 1 

Periscelididae 3 1 2 

Asteiidae 3 5 1 

Milichidae 9 4 

Carnidae 1 1 

Chloropidae 2 6 2 1 

Heleomyzidae 4 7 1 

Chyromyidae 1 2 

Sphaeroceridae 3 8 

Drosophilidae 15 31 4 7 

Nycteribiidae 2 

Anthomyiidae 2 7 1 1 

Fanniidae 7 12 2 2 

Muscidae 14 23 2 7 

Calliphoridae 1 

Rhinophoridae 3 3 

Sarcophagidae 1 5 1 1 

Tachinidae 1 10 4 

Sub-total 293 730 99 143 33 

Siphonaptera 3 n/a n/a 

TOTAL 615+ 1792+ 354 327 38 

n/a = groups for which conservation status has not yet been assessed by JNCC. 

15

3. An annotated checklist of the invertebrates of living 

and decaying timber in Britain and Ireland 

Annelida 

Earthworms are often to be found in the debris beneath loose bark and in moist heart-rot, 

even high up in a standing tree. The following two species are the most likely to be found in 

these situations. 

Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny)* - Associated with soils having a high organic content such 

as peat, rotting tree stumps, leaf litter, etc. Widespread. 

Dendrodrilus rubidus (Savigny) - Found under moss and loose bark on old trees and in 

rotting wood; also in moist litter and under stones in wet habitats generally. 

Widespread. 

Mollusca - Slugs & Snails 

A wide range of slugs and snails may be found on the trunks and main boughs of trees, but 

most of these are browsing epiphytes and are present irrespective of any rot development. 

The following two species are most often found on older trees, where rot development has 

started, and are believed to be dependent for food, to some extent at least, on the fruiting 

bodies of wood-rotting fungi. 

Limacidae 

Limax cinereoniger Wolf* - Ash-black Slug. Grazes Pleurococcus algae on tree trunks and 

boughs and on dead wood; also feeds on fungi; shelters in nooks and crannies on trees 

and in dead wood under cold or dry conditions; most active when air relatively still, 

warm & humid. Thinly scattered in ancient woods and wood pastures over much of 

GB, but apparently absent from much of E. Midlands & E. Anglia. Very thin scatter 

of sites across Ireland. 

Limax tenellus Müller - Slender Slug. Nationally Scarce B. Feeds on fungi on dead and 

decaying timber; in GB it appears to require large rotting balks for moist shelter as 

well as feeding, although this isn’t the case across the English Channel; ancient wood 

pastures. Very thinly scattered, but throughout much of GB, and distinct 

concentrations in Weald, Chilterns, Welsh Borders, N. England and Scottish 

Highlands. 

Crustacea: Copepoda 

Moraria arboricola Scourfield - Free-living in water in rot-holes in trees; known from 

Epping Forest, Felbrigg Woods, New Forest & Savernake Forest. Also reported from 

among damp dead leaves in woods; and one Yorkshire site in wet moss on moorland. 

Diplopoda - Millipedes 

The vast majority of millipedes eat decaying plant material and fragments of organic matter; 

most also require a humid environment. So a wide range could be found in dead and decaying 

timber. However, only the following can be considered to be particularly associated with this 

situation. 

Polyxenidae 

Polyxenus lagurus Linnaeus* - Bristly Millipede. Most often found under bark of dead timber 

or within dry-rotted heartwood, but also on ground in leaf litter and on rocks. A 

specialist feeder on encrusting algae. Mostly in Central & Southern Britain, but very 

thin scatter of sites elsewhere, up into Highlands. Apparently largely coastal in 

Ireland. 

16

Julidae 

Cylindroiulus punctatus (Leach)* - Inhabits dead and decaying timber, but moves into soil 

and leaf-litter in winter. Common and widespread throughout Britain and Ireland. 

Cylindroiulus britannicus (Verhoeff)* - Most often found under bark of dead broadleaves and 

in wood-decay beneath. Widespread but very local. 

Cylindroiulus parisiorum (Brolemann & Verhoeff) - Nationally Scarce. Under bark of old 

stumps. Very thin scatter of sites across England from Dorset to Scottish border. 

Blaniulidae 

Proteroiulus fuscus (Am Stein)* Typically living under bark of deadwood of conifers and 

broadleaves; occasionally in leaf litter and soil. Common & widespread. 

Nemasomatidae 

Nemasoma varicorne C.L. Koch* - Almost exclusively under bark of deadwood of conifers 

and broadleaves; most frequently associated with beech, ash and poplar. Throughout 

GB, but local. Apparently very rare in Ireland. 

Chilopoda - Centipedes 

Centipedes are dorso-ventrally flattened animals and thereby ideally suited to life between 

bark and sapwood on decaying wood. A wide variety of species may be found within 

decaying wood but only the following may be considered characteristic of this situation 

although none are confined to it. All are primarily general predators of other invertebrates. 

Geophilidae 

Brachygeophilus truncorum (Bergso & Meinert)* - Particularly common beneath bark and in 

decaying timber generally, but occasionally found in other situations. 

Lithobiidae 

Lithobius variegatus Leach* - Widespread and common in semi-natural habitats in oceanic 

Britain and Ireland, but increasingly confined to woodland in the east of its range. In 

woods, regularly found beneath bark on decaying timber. 

Pseudoscorpiones - False Scorpions 

False scorpions are all carnivorous and live in a wide variety of habitats. Only a few are 

associated with dead and decaying timber. 

Lamprochernes chyzeri (Tomosvary) - Under bark of deadwood of old broadleaves; phoretic 

on flies. Scattered across lowland England, mainly in old wood pastures. 

Allochernes wideri (C.L. Koch) - Under bark and in rotten wood of dead trees, especially 

oak; also in hay & grain in barns. Mostly C & E. England; old records for N. 

Lancashire & Manchester. 

Chernes cimicoides (Fabricius)* - Typical of old native woodland and wood pasture; under 

bark and in rotting wood of dead and decaying trees, especially oak and beech. 

Widespread in Lowland Britain north to Yorkshire. Reported from Ireland. 

Dendrochernes cyrneus (L. Koch) - RDB3. Ancient woodland and wood pasture, under 

pieces of loose bark and in very dry sapwood of dead parts of overmature trees, 

especially oak; also in rot holes. Prefers timber heated by the sun, and reported to be 

active on outside surfaces of trunk on calm warm summer evenings. Rare species, 

most sites within area enclosed by London to Sherwood to Gloucestershire. Phoretic 

on longhorn beetles. 

Withius piger (Simon) - Under dead oak bark at Dunham Park, Cheshire; otherwise only 

known from warehouses. 

17

Araneae - Spiders 

While many spiders can be found amongst dead and decaying timber, few are particularly 

associated with it. The following appear to be the closest associates. All are carnivorous. 

Amaurobiidae 

Amaurobius fenestralis (Stroem)* - Webs in crevices in trunks of trees and under stones; 

needs long tubular crevices in large-sized wood. Common & widespread. 

Dysderidae 

Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli)* - Occurs within decaying wood of trees, where feeds on 

woodlice. 

Agelenidae 

Mastigusa macrophthalma Kulczynski - RDB3. Strongly associated with ants, primarily in 

and around overmature trees and deadwood, usually Lasius brunneus and L. 

fuliginosus, but also in underground of Formica nests. 

Mastigusa arietina (Thorell) - RDB2. Only in the nests of the ants Lasius brunneus and L. 

fuliginosus, within tree stumps and old trees. 

Metidae 

Meta menardi (Latreille)* - The Cave Spider. A spider of stable, dark, humid cavities, and 

known mostly from cave type situations, including cellars and road culverts, but also 

occurring widely in hollow tree trunks. Widespread across British Isles but 

apparently very scarce in the East Midlands and East Anglia. 

Zygiella stroemi (Thorell) - Nationally Scarce B. On deeply fissured trunks of pine and large 

oaks. Very local; C.S. England & Highlands. 

Araneidae 

Nuctenea umbratica (Clerck)* - Under bark on dead timber; isolated trees as well as woods, 

parks, etc. Common and widespread throughout Britain, but rare in Ireland. 

Linyphiidae - Money Spiders 

Thyreosthenius parasiticus (Westring)* - Regular inhabitant of dark crevices in dead and 

dying wood in trees, especially oak and hawthorn; also in darker buildings and bird 

nests. Widespread across Britain, but apparently rare in the south-west, and very local 

in Ireland. 

Lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohlert)* - In holes in trees, walls & buildings generally. 

Widespread. 

Lepthyphantes midas Simon - RDB2. Primarily found in hollow trees, associated with bird 

nest material, squirrel dreys and other litter; beech, hornbeam, oak. Ancient forests 

and historic deer parks. 

Lepthyphantes minutus (Blackwall)* - In holes in trees, walls & buildings generally. 

Widespread & fairly common. 

Acari - Mites & Ticks 

Dead and decaying timber normally supports large populations of mites, including free-living 

and animal-associated species. They feed on a wide variety of substances ranging from 

decaying organic matter to the living tissues of both plants and animals. The animal 

associations range from commensalism to true parasitism, the latter including both internal 

and external parasites. The British Isles have at least 1 600 species. A review of which of 

these are closely associated with saproxylic habitats has not been attempted but an example is 

listed. 

18

Order Astigmata 

Canestriniidae 

Canestrinia dorcicola Berlese - Only known in association with the beetle Dorcus and a 

parasitic relationship has been suggested. 

Collembola - Springtails 

Dead and decaying timber normally supports large populations of springtails, feeding on dead 

and decaying plant material. No attempt has been made to review any saproxylic specialists. 

Hemiptera - Bugs 

Aradidae - Flatbugs & barkbugs. The bugs of this family mainly feed on fungal mycelia in 

decaying wood. 

Aradus corticalis (Linnaeus) - RDB3. On fungus covered stumps and under bark on dead 

timber; beech and other trees, including conifers. Only recorded from a few counties 

in southern and eastern England; mostly from the New Forest. 

Aradus betulae (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce. Under bark on dead standing or fallen birch, 

and on Fomes fungi growing on birch; a northern species, known in GB only from the 

Highlands of Scotland. 

Aradus depressus (Fabricius)* - On stumps and under bark on various dead trees, but 

especially beech, birch and oak; feeds on mycelia and fruiting bodies of Polyporus 

and other fungi. Widespread in England & Wales. 

Aradus aterrimus Fieber - RDB3. Particularly poorly understood, having been found 

associated with wood-chippings of oak and sweet chestnut in actively managed 

woodland, and also hedge cuttings and decayed sacking; only Kent & W. Sussex. 

Aradus cinnamomeus (Panzer) - Pine flatbug. Naturalised. Under bark scales of Scots pine 

less than 25 years old, feeding on pine sap; S & SE England, first recognised GB in 

1951. 

Aneurus laevis (Fabricius) - Common barkbug. Adults and larvae gregarious under bark of 

fallen logs and trees colonised by fungi; most broadleaves, especially oak; feed on 

fungal mycelia. Widespread in England. 

Aneurus avenius (Dufour) - Mostly under bark of small dead boughs and twigs of willow, oak 

and shrubs such as privet, elder, spindle and wayfaring tree. Widespread in southern 

Britain. 

Reduviidae – Assassin bugs. 

Reduvius personatus (L.) - Flybug. Best known from buildings, feeding on silverfish, 

booklice, etc, but also in old hollow trees. 

Cimicidae - These are predominantly predatory bugs, feeding on a variety of thrips, aphids, 

mites, etc. 

Xylocoris cursitans (Fallen) - Beneath bark of dead trunks and limbs, especially beech and 

oak, which are in early stages of decay; feed on beetles such as Bitoma crenata and 

Rhizophagus, springtails, thrips, etc; eggs laid in soft corky material on inside of bark. 

Widely in ancient woodlands and wood pastures; England, Wales and Scottish 

Borders. 

Cardiastethus fasciiventris (Garbiglietti) - On a wide variety of trees and shrubs, but thought 

to be mainly subcortical in habits, in dead timber. Widely across southern England. 

Xylocoridea brevipennis Reuter - Nationally Scarce. Under bark of dead apple, hawthorn 

and other trees incl. larch. A scatter of localities across southern England. 

19

Dufouriellus ater (Dufour)* - Under sappy bark of recently dead wood of both conifers and 

broadleaves; also in beehives, where it apparently preys on psocids. Widespread, but 

uncommon, across southern England; a single Irish locality is known. 

Microphysidae - Minute Bugs. These are perhaps more associated with epiphytes but are 

also found with wood-decay fungi. 

Loricula pselaphiformis Curtis* - Found on decaying branchwood and amongst epiphytic 

lichen cover; probably predatory. Widespread in GB, but rare in Ireland. 

Loricula elegantula (Baerensprung)* - Widespread in Britain on the bark of trees and on 

rocks, associated with lichens and wood-decay fungi; feed on mites, springtails, fly 

larvae and bark flies (Psocoptera). 

Myrmedobia coleoptrata (Fallen) - Nationally Scarce. Under bark of various dead trees, 

including spruce, and in tufts of moss around trunk bases; also in other situations, but 

usually in well-wooded sites; feeds on small aphids & other insects. Females are 

flightless. Widespread in England, but largely southern. 

Thysanoptera - Thrips 

These insects have piercing mouthparts and feed by penetrating the living tissues of plants 

and sucking up the sap. Some suck the body fluids of small insects. More than 100 species 

occur in Britain; a few have specialised feeding habits on wood-decay fungi. Information on 

the Irish fauna has not been incorporated into the following list. 

Phlaeothripidae - Most members of this family are associated with the early stages of 

fungal decay on dead wood or in leaf litter. They apparently feed on fungal hyphae or 

their breakdown products, although all species in the subfamily Idolothripinae feed on 

fungal spores. 

Idolothripinae 

Cryptothrips nigripes (Reuter) - Feeds on spores on dead branches; infrequent. 

Megalothrips bonannii Uzel - Feeds on fungal spores beneath bark on deadwood; 

Woodwalton Fen. 

Megathrips nobilis Bagnall - Feeds on fungal spores on dead Salix branches; Wicken Fen and 

Ross-shire. 

Phlaeothripinae 

Abiastothrips schaubergeri (Priesner) - Probably in dead branches; one record from Box Hill, 

Surrey. 

Acanthothrips nodicornis (Reuter) - Larvae feed on fungi in cracks in tree bark; not very 

common. 

Haplothrips flavitibia Williams - Probably on dead twigs; rare. 

Haplothrips fuliginosus Schille - On dead twigs or under bark of various trees and shrubs; 

widespread but not common. 

Haplothrips minutus Uzel - Probably on dead twigs; Westmorland. 

Haplothrips subtilissimus (Haliday) - On oak branches, probably feeding on small 

arthropods; locally common. 

Hoplandrothrips bidens (Bagnall) - On dead branches; not common. 

Hoplothrips corticis (De Geer) - On dead wood of broadleaves, feeding on fungi; very local. 

Hoplothrips fungi (Zetterstedt) - Lives beneath encrustations of Peniophora fungus on dead 

oak branches; widespread and common. 

Hoplothrips longisetis (Bagnall) - On dead branches, probably carnivorous; very local. 

Hoplothrips pedicularius (Haliday) - Fairly common on deadwood of broadleaves, feeding on 

Stereum fungus. 

20

Hoplothrips polysticti (Morison) - On pine dead wood, feeding on the fungus Polystictus 

abietinus; Only Scotland during 1939-1964. 

Hoplothrips semicaecus (Uzel) - On dead wood of broadleaves; mainly in south-east of 

England. 

Hoplothrips ulmi (Fabricius) - On dead wood of broadleaves, feeding on fungi - possibly 

Peniophora; widespread and common. 

Hoplothrips unicolor Vuillet - ?Naturalised. On dead pine branches, feeding on the fungus 

Polystictus abietinus; locally common from 1939-1964 in Aberdeen and Kincardine, 

probably introduced. 

Phlaeothrips annulipes Reuter - Occurs on dead twigs and branches of birch, feeding on 

fungal mycelia and spores. Widespread and locally abundant. 

Phlaeothrips coriaceus Haliday - Infrequent; on dead branches. 

Poecilothrips albopictus Uzel - On dead branches; near Ascot, Berkshire. 

Raphidioptera 

Raphidiidae – Snakeflies. The larvae of snakeflies are predatory and forage beneath bark 

on dead wood. The adults are largely arboreal. None have been found in Ireland. 

Subilla confinis (Stephens) =Raphidia cognata Rambur - Local and uncommon; southern and 

eastern England. 

Atlantoraphidia maculicollis (Stephens) - Reputedly restricted to large conifer plantations; 

larvae have been reared from under loose bark of pine logs; widespread in Britain but 

most frequent in Surrey and Hampshire. 

Phaeostigma notata (Fabricius) - Has been reared from larvae found in oak deadwood; 

widespread across lowland England, extending into the Welsh borders 

Xanthostigma xanthostigma (Schummel) - Has been reared from larvae found in oak 

deadwood; widespread and locally common in Midlands and East Anglia, but few 

records in southern and western counties. 

Trichoptera - Caddis Flies 

Psychomyiidae 

Lype phaeopa (Stephens) - Submerged rotting twigs and branches in rivers, lakes and 

streams, but mainly in the larger water bodies; common throughout Britain, although 

scarcer in Scotland. 

Lype reducta (Hagen) - Submerged rotting twigs and branches in streams and to a lesser 

extent in rivers; common throughout Britain. 

Lepidoptera - Moths 

Cossidae 

Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus - Leopard Moth. The larval stage lasts 2-3 years, boring into live 

branches of various broadleaved trees and shrubs in woods, gardens, parkland and 

orchards. Widespread in lowland southern Britain, rarer in west. 

Cossus cossus Linnaeus - Goat Moth. Nationally Scarce B. The larva feeds internally on the 

solid wood of various broad-leaved trees, most usually elm, poplar, ash & willow, and 

generally stressed or over-mature trees; overwinters 3-4 times, passing final winter in 

cocoon in the ground in which it eventually pupates; dense woods to isolated 

riverbank trees; very local, but widely scattered throughout Britain. 

21

Psychidae 

Diplodoma herminata (Geoffroy) - The eggs are laid singly in cracks in bark; the larvae feed 

on decaying leaves, fungi, dead insects and moss or lichen growing at the base of 

trees or stumps, or under loose bark; larva in a hard triangular inner case enclosed in a 

shorter soft case covered with detritus, fragments of dead insects, etc. Usually living 2 

years; pupates in case attached low down to a trunk or stump. Locally not uncommon 

in wooded areas throughout Britain. 

Tineidae 

Morophaga choragella (D. & S.) - The larvae feed in galleries excavated within the fruiting 

bodies of various wood-rotting fungi, especially Inonotus and Ganoderma spp, 

pupating either in the fungus or in deadwood. In open wood pastures as well as dense 

woodland. Very local in southern England, extending from Kent to Dorset and 

Herefordshire, with a thin scatter of old records northwards to Northumberland. 

Nemapogon granella (Linaeus) - Corn Moth. Larvae most often encountered feeding on 

stored vegetable products, but also feed on dry-rot fungus and, out-of-doors, on the 

fruiting bodies of various wood-rotting fungi. A localised species, but reported 

widely and as far north as Inverness - distributional differences between wild sites and 

indoor populations are not clear at present. 

Nemapogon cloacella (Haworth) - Cork Moth. The larvae are most frequently found feeding 

on bracket-fungi, especially birch polypore Piptoporus betulinus and on callus tissue 

around tree wounds; also reared from Hypoxylon multiforme on birch; more rarely on 

stored products. Common in woods and in areas with much dead wood; throughout 

Britain. 

Nemapogon inconditella (Lucas) - The only known British record is of one found in S. Devon 

in 1979, but it is thought to be a resident. It has been reared on the Continent from the 

bracket fungus Trametes versicolor. 

Nemapogon wolffiella Karsholt & Nielsen - Nationally Scarce B. Has been reared from the 

fruiting bodies of the wood-decay fungus Hypoxylon multiforme developing on 

deadwood of birch. Very local in wooded localities from Devon to Kent to Cumbria. 

Nemapogon variatella (Clemens) = N. personella. Larvae develop in fruiting bodies of woodrotting 

fungi, and occasionally in stored vegetable products. Mainly reported from the 

London area, but also Brighton and Moccas Park. 

Nemapogon ruricolella (Stainton)* - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae develop in fruiting bodies 

of wood-rotting fungi. A local species in southern England and more common in the 

west. Also reported from SW Ireland, and old records from North Wales and 

Northern England. 

Nemapogon clematella (Fabricius)* - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae reputedly develop in 

wood-rotting fungi of various broadleaves, although Diatrype disciformis in dead 

hazel poles may be primary larval habitat. Has been reared from the fruiting bodies of 

the wood-decay fungus Hypoxylon multiforme developing on deadwood of birch. 

Locally common from Kent and Cornwall to Cumbria; one old Scottish record and 

reported from Ireland. 

Nemapogon picarella (Clerck) - pRDB1. The larva develops in bracket fungi, especially 

birch polypore Piptoporus betulinus, and bores into the adjacent wood. Uncommon; a 

northern and western species in Britain but not reported from Ireland. Most records 

come from the Durham area and the Scottish Highlands. 

Archinemapogon yildizae Kocak - Nationally Scarce B. A Scottish speciality, the larvae 

developing in bracket fungi on birch - Piptoporus betulinus and Fomes fomentarius, 

and when in the latter normally in association with the beetle Bolitophagus 

22

eticulatus, which may be necessary to break up this very hard fungus for the moth 

larvae. Known from a few Highland areas of Scotland. 

Nemaxera betulinella (Fabricius)* - The larvae develop in wood-rotting fungi on broadleaved 

timber. Very local, but scattered throughout England, with the exception of 

the south-west. There are old reports from Co. Dublin. 

Triaxomera parasitella (Hubner) - Develops in a variety of wood-rotting fungi. Widespread 

and common over much of lowland southern England; scarcer in the north, with 

isolated records from Northumberland and Stirlingshire. Not known from Wales or 

Ireland. 

Triaxomera fulvimitrella (Sodovsky) - Larvae develop in various wood-rotting fungi; 

occasionally on callus-tissue around tree wounds. Southern records mostly from oak 

and beech, while northern ones are mainly from birch polypore. Locally throughout 

Britain, and most common in central Highlands of Scotland. 

Triaxomasia caprimulgella (Stainton) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae in dead wood of beech, 

oak or elm. Ecology unclear; possibly associated with tree cavities, perhaps feeding 

on dead insects in spider webs; but also believed to feed on wood, perhaps on scar 

tissue. Only reported from SE England, from Kent to Berkshire and Suffolk. 

Monopis fenestratella (Heyden) – pRDB. A rare species in Britain and Europe, reported 

from: Chatteris, Cambs in 1877, where thought to have bred in rotten elm stumps in a 

garden; Loxley, Warks in 1980, reared from kestrel nest in a hedgerow oak; and 

Richmond Park, Surrey in 1995, at light trap close to old hollow oaks. Elsewhere in 

Europe has been reared from nests of kestrel, owls, and hornet, as well as associated 

with fungi, dead wood and dry plant material. 

Niditinea piercella (Bentinck) - Develops in bird nests inside hollow trees and in nest boxes; 

larvae feed on feathers and other animal fibres; lowland southern and eastern Britain; 

local. 

Sesiidae 

Sesia apiformis (Clerck)* - Hornet Moth. Nationally Scarce A. The eggs are laid low down 

in bark crevices or in old emergence holes on living poplars; larva tunnels between 

bark and wood in lower trunk and roots. Occurs over much of lowland England, 

absent only from south-west and much of north; extends into southern and northern 

coastal districts of Wales; present in Ireland. 

Sesia bembeciformis (Hubner) - Lunar Hornet Clearwing. Nationally Scarce A. The eggs are 

laid low down on the trunks of various living Salix spp.; larva initially tunnels 

haphazardly below the bark at and below ground level, boring deeper into wood in 

second year, when excavate vertical tunnels. Pupates at upper end of larval borings. 

Occurs widely throughout Britain. 

Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rottemburg) - Dusky Clearwing. Either associated with the galls 

of the longhorn beetle Saperda populnea on aspen, or boring in roots or bark; few GB 

records, all SE. 

Synanthedon vespiformis (Linnaeus) - Yellow-legged Clearwing. Nationally Scarce B. The 

eggs are laid along edges or within bark crevices of oak stumps of up to 3 years age, 

and in crevices of sap-runs on living trunks; larvae develop under sappy bark, where 

also pupate; occasionally other broad-leaves. Widespread in southern Britain, but 

absent from the far west. 

Synanthedon spheciformis (Denis & Schiffer) - White-barred Clearwing. Nationally Scarce 

A. Eggs laid in ground near bark crevices of alder and birch; larvae tunnelling in 

trunks; local but widespread over central and southern England and Wales. 

23

Synanthedon scoliaeformis (Borkhausen) - Welsh Clearwing. RDB3. Eggs are laid in old 

emergence holes or in bark crevices in the lower part of old birch trunks; larvae tunnel 

below bark; a northern and western species. 

Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen) - Red-belted Clearwing. Nationally Scarce A. 

Eggs laid in bark crevices of various Prunaceae;larvae bore in timber; southern and 

eastern Britain. 

Synanthedon culiciformis (Linnaeus) - Large Red-belted Clearwing. Nationally Scarce A. 

Eggs laid within crevices of birch stumps of 1-3 years and living stems, also on alder; 

larvae bore under bark; heaths and open woods, widely across lowland Britain; also in 

N. Scotland. 

Oecophoridae 

Schiffermuelleria grandis (Desvignes) - pRDB1. Larva feeds in soft decaying wood beneath 

bark on oak, beech, elm and even gorse and ivy; pupates under bark. Local in New 

Forest, N. Wales & West Midlands. 

Schiffermuelleria similella (Hubner) - Larva on fungus under dead bark of pine or sycamore; 

also reared from Fomes fomentarius and Daldinia concentrica; pupates in feeding 

place. Local from Staffordshire northwards; a hill country species. 

Schiffermuelleria tinctella (Hubner) - Larva in dead wood and under decaying bark of trees, 

where pupates; woodland species, widespread in southern England. 

Denisia albimaculea (Haworth) - Larvae feed in galleries in dead outer bark of a wide variety 

of trees, including elm, Malus, lime, sycamore and larch. Local in England. 

Batia lunaris (Haworth) - Larva under dead bark of various trees and shrubs; in dead wood 

on fencing, etc; in mite galls on Salix. Locally common in southern England. 

Batia unitella (Hubner) - Larva on dead wood and fungus under bark of various trees; dull 

pinkish brown with yellowish lines, head chestnut brown. Local in southern England. 

Dafa formosella (D. & S.) - pRDB1. Larva feeds under dead bark, chiefly of Malus; larva 

light grey, head and plate light chestnut; only known from Wanstead and possibly 

Epping Forest areas, probably extinct in GB. 

Telechrysis tripuncta (Haworth) - Larva unknown, but probably in rotten wood in hedges and 

thickets; local in England. 

Esperia sulphurella (Fabricius)* - Eggs laid in crevices in dead and decaying wood; larva on 

dead wood and under bark of various trees, and on fungus therein, exuding much 

frass, including Daldinia concentrica. Larva greyish white, pinacula dark grey, head 

and plates chestnut brown; pupates in cocoon of silk and frass. Widespread in Britain 

and Ireland, north to Clyde. 

Esperia oliviella (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. Eggs laid in crevices in dead and 

decaying wood; larva on decayed wood of oak, blackthorn, hazel, Robinia, etc; also in 

rotten cut wood; larva pale yellowish grey with black dots, head and plate brown. 

Local across southern England. 

Oecophora bractella Linnaeus - pRDB3. Larva develops under dead bark of oak, ash, larch, 

pine, etc, especially when tree has been colonised by honey fungus Armillaria mellea 

agg. In gallery of loosely woven silk and frass between bark and tree; larva olivegrey-brown, 

pinacula darker, head pale brown, plates darker. Northern and western 

England. 

Alabonia geoffrella (Linnaeus)* - Larva on decayed wood; whitish with darker spots, head 

and prothoracic plate yellow-brown; hedges; common in England and southern 

Ireland. 

Cosmopterigidae 

Euclemensia woodiella (Curtis) – Extinct. Larva in dead wood; adult taken in 1829 at Kersall 

Moor, Manchester. 

24

Dystebenna stephensi (Stainton) - pRDB3. Eggs laid in crevice in bark of old oak trees, larva 

feeds in the bark; large and old trees preferred. Local in London area, Dorset, Essex 

& Yorkshire. 

Tortricidae 

Cydia leguminana (Lienig & Zeller) - RDB1. Larva in decaying bark, especially on elm 

pollards which have excrescences with soft bark; probably also on other tree species; 

hedgerows and wood margins; Wicken Fen until elms lost in 1970s; Epping Forest, up 

until 1890. 

Cydia corollana (Hubner) - RDB1. Larva in old or occupied galls of beetle Saperda 

populnea on twigs of aspen; one specimen taken c.1850 at Whittlesea Mere, Hunts; 

and one Burnt Oak Wood, Orlestone, Kent 1982 

Pyralidae 

Apomyelois bistriatella (Durrant) - Nationally Scarce B. Egg laid on Daldinia vernicosa on 

burnt gorse or D. concentrica on dead birch; larvae detected by breaking off fungus to 

look for white threads; full-grown larva usually burrows into the dead wood to 

hibernate, pupating there next spring, although pupae have been found in the fungus; 

very local, on heaths and downs across southern Britain. 

Euzophera pinguis Haworth - On ash, preferring pollards; larva on living inner bark, forming 

galleries, throwing black frass from entrance hole, and infesting certain trees that are 

eventually killed by the larvae; local S of Yorkshire. 

Noctuidae 

Parascotia fuliginaria (Linnaeus) - Waved Black. Nationally Scarce B. Larva feeds on 

fungi, most commonly on fallen timber: Trametes versicolor, Hirschioporus abietina 

and Piptoporus betulinus; also reported from Daldinia concentrica, Phaeolus 

schweinitzi, Paxillus panuoides, Stereum hirsutum and Botryobasidium; also on tree 

stumps, logs, etc; makes a hammock-like cocoon suspended below the fungus or bark 

by threads from each end; damp woods and wooded heaths. Most frequent in 

Bagshot Sands area of Surrey-Hampshire border; but also over a wide area from 

Spithead to Suffolk; may be a recent arrival - first reported in London Docks, later on 

well-recorded Surrey heaths. 

Coleoptera - Beetles 

Carabidae - Only a few species are confined to trees, occurring either under bark on dead 

trunks, boughs and branches, or within rotting timber, and are active predators. 

Others use deadwood primarily as a refuge during periods of inactivity, and these are 

not included in the following list. 

Bembidion harpaloides Serville* - Under bark on rotting timber; also stones on moist clay; 

immature adults have been found in nests of jay Garrulus glandarius; moderately 

common & widespread. 

Dromius quadrimaculatus (L.)* - Adults feed on mites, Collembola, etc, on bark surface; 

shelter under loose bark on various standing trees; larval development beneath the 

bark, where also predatory, may also feed over exposed bark surface; common. 

Dromius agilis (F.) - Adults and larvae under loose bark on various standing trees; local. 

Dromius angustus Brullé - On pine Pinus; probable immigrant to Britain, but in E. Highlands 

as well as S. England. 

Dromius meridionalis Dejean* - Mostly on broad-leaved trees, also in other situations. 

Dromius spilotus (Illiger)* =quadrinotatus (Panzer) - On various trees; moderately common. 

Dromius quadrisignatus Dejean - RDB1 & BAP Priority Species. On broad-leaved trees; S. 

England, Glamorgan, Fife. 

25

Rhysodidae 

Rhysodes sulcatus (Fabricius) – Fossil. In thoroughly rotten timber where it is thought to feed 

on fungi, most often in beech Fagus; no modern records from British Isles, most 

recently known c3000 BP; sub-fossil records from Somerset Levels and East Anglia 

(early Holocene). A relict species of primary, wholly undisturbed forest, ie before it 

has been disturbed by human activity. Extremely rare and mainly a southern 

European species, from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus, extending northward through 

Hungary and Austria to southern Germany; last recorded in Sweden in 1863, and the 

few German records are old. 

Histeridae - Hister Beetles. Predatory, especially on larvae of other deadwood insects, also 

mites and springtails. 

Teretrius fabricii Mazur - RDB1. Preys on larvae of the beetles Lyctus brunneus, L. linearis 

and L. fuscus and other bostrichoids; majority of records from fresh oak Quercus 

palings. 19C records London, W. Glamorgan, Norfolk, Bristol, W. Sussex, and most 

recently Surrey in 1907. 

Plegaderus dissectus Erichson - Nationally Scarce B. Confined to ancient wood pastures; 

lives in moist crumbly decaying timber of various broad-leaved trees, and 

occasionally found under sappy bark; central southern and eastern England, north up 

to Nottinghamshire, but absent from west. 

Plegaderus vulneratus (Panzer) – Naturalised. Under bark of dead conifers, occasionally 

broad-leaved trees; association with bark beetle Hylastes attenuatus has been 

suggested; first discovered in Britain in 1962. 

Abraeus perpusillus (Marsham)* =globosus (Hoffman, J.) - In moist rotten wood of various 

broad-leaved trees; usually ancient woodland or wood pasture, especially in the west; 

widespread but local throughout much of England, except far north and west. Rare in 

Wales and Ireland. 

Abraeus granulum Erichson - Nationally Scarce A. In moist crumbly rotten wood of various 

broad-leaved trees; sites are typically ancient wood pastures. Scattered from southeast 

to East Anglia and across to Mersey. 

Aeletes atomarius (Aubé) - RDB3. Usually in burrows of lesser stag beetle Dorcus 

parallelopipedus in moist crumbly decaying heartwood, although also recorded with 

Sinodendron cylindricum and brown tree ant Lasius brunneus; in beech Fagus, ash 

Fraxinus, willow Salix, alder Alnus. Ancient wood pastures; mostly central England, 

to Yorkshire in north and Hampshire and Kent in south-east. 

Gnathoncus buyssoni Auzat - Nationally Scarce A. A scavenger, living particularly in the 

nests of birds within hollow trees, but also in squirrel dreys and other situations. 

Widespread across the lowlands of southern Britain, but very localised within its 

range. 

Gnathoncus nannetensis (Marseul) - Most often found in the nests of birds within hollow 

trees, but also in a variety of other situations. Uncommon. 

Gnathoncus nanus (Scriba) - Most often found in the nests of birds within hollow trees, but 

also in a variety of other situations. Uncommon. 

Gnathoncus schmidti Reitter - Most often found in the nests of birds within hollow trees, 

rarely in other situations. Uncommon. 

Dendrophilus punctatus (Herbst) - Most often found in the nests of birds within hollow trees, 

but also in a variety of other situations, including the nests of wood ant Formica rufa. 

Uncommon. 

Paromalus flavicornis (Herbst) - Associated with debris beneath bark on deadwood of 

medium age, and sometimes in the rotten wood and fungi; larvae feed on smaller 

larvae; broad-leaved trees generally; local, mostly old parks and ancient woodlands in 

26

S. & E. England, north to Yorkshire; rarer in west; Gwent, Powys. Association with 

ancient sites strongest in west. 

Paromalus parallelepipedus (Herbst) - RDB1. Under bark on dead timber; New Forest & 

Kent. Relict old forest species. 

Epierus comptus Erichson – RDBK. Discovered under bark of a mature fallen beech Fagus, 

1980, Groveley Wood, S. Wilts, and also under beech bark in the New Forest in 2000. 

Ptiliidae Feather-winged Beetles - Mould-feeders, living between the bark and sapwood of 

dead trees, where conditions are slightly moist and mouldy. 

Nossidium pilosellum (Marsham)* - Nationally Scarce. Develops in decaying wood, 

particularly rotten stumps and damp, rotten, fungus-colonised timber, and especially 

elm Ulmus and beech Fagus; in Polyporus squamosus on ash Fraxinus (Glos); in 

hollow apple tree Malus (Worcs); in a gill fungus on oak Quercus; in wood frass in 

Dorcus burrows. 

Ptenidium formicetorum Kraatz* - Rotten wood is probably the main habitat of this species, 

even though it does occur from time to time in nests of wood ants Formica spp and in 

decaying vegetable material. 

Ptenidium gressneri Erichson* - Nationally Scarce. Only found in ancient deciduous forests, 

generally in moist crumbly wood mould in hollow trunks & rot holes; also in nests of 

hornet Vespa crabro and squirrel dreys in hollow trees; most records from beech 

Fagus. 

Ptenidium turgidum Thomson, C.G. – RDBK. In moist crumbly decayed cavities inside 

trunks of old broad-leaved trees, particularly beech Fagus and elm Ulmus, often in 

company with ants. 

Oligella intermedia Besuchet – RDBK. In humus at foot of old trees on Continent; Yorkshire 

& 19C. 

Micridium halidaii (Matthews, A.) – RDBK. Has been found in red-rotten wood from inside 

hollow live oak Quercus (Windsor), also under bark of dead oak (Sherwood); 

probably associated with mycelia of Laetiporus sulphureus. Also Richmond Park & 

Calke Park. All sites are typical ancient wood pastures. 

Ptiliolum caledonicum (Sharp) – RDBK. Mostly under bark of dead pine Pinus, but also 

recorded on dead standing alder Alnus; Highlands. 

Plitium subvariolosum (Britten) - With brown tree ant Lasius brunneus. 

Ptinella aptera (Guérin-Méneville)* - Under bark of decaying oak Quercus and beech Fagus 

timber. 

Ptinella cavelli (Broun)* - Naturalised. Under tight bark of dead broad-leaves and conifers; 

widespread; immigrant New Zealand species, widespread in Britain and Ireland. 

Ptinella denticollis (Fairmaire)* - Nationally Scarce. Under tight bark of dead broad-leaved 

timber; very local & rare. 

Ptinella errabunda Johnson* - Naturalised. Under tight bark of most species of dead trees; 

widespread & common in Britain and Ireland; immigrant, probably from New 

Zealand. 

Ptinella limbata (Heer)* - RDBK. Under bark of various dead broad-leaved trees and 

conifers; old forest areas. 

Ptinella taylorae Johnson* - Naturalised. Under tight bark of dead trees; immigrant New 

Zealand species; not uncommon in W. England & Ireland. 

Pteryx suturalis (Heer)* - Under bark and in rotten wood of dead broad-leaved trees, rarely in 

conifer; local & scarce. 

Leiodidae - Some species feed on carrion, others on subterranean fungi or on slime fungi 

(Myxomycetes) on dead wood. All species of Anisotoma have an obligate association 

27

with slime fungi, with adults and larvae feeding on the spores. Species of Agathidium 

are most likely primarily associated with slime fungi but the evidence is less clear. 

Anisotoma castanea (Herbst) - Develops in slime fungi under bark on pine Pinus; a northern 

species recorded from Caledonian pine forests. 

Anisotoma glabra (F.) - Under fungoid bark on pine Pinus; a northern species not uncommon 

in Caledonian pine forests, and recently found in Yorkshire. 

Anisotoma humeralis (F.)* - Develops in slime fungi under bark on the trunks or fallen 

boughs of dead trees, adults found in ripe powdery stage, also in bracket fungi; 

widespread across British Isles, although scarcer in Ireland. 

Anisotoma orbicularis (Herbst)* - Possibly a woodland species; widely distributed in Britain. 

Amphicyllis globus (F.)* - In rotten, fungus-infested timber, mostly in ancient woodland areas 

in south and east; records up to Northumberland; rare in Ireland. 

Agathidium arcticum C. G. Thomson – RDBK. At slime moulds under fungoid bark, pine 

Pinus and birch Betula; a northern species best known from Caledonian pine forests, 

but also recently in SW Yorkshire. 

Agathidium badium Erichson – RDBK. Thought to be associated with decaying timber; a 

very few localities in the hill country of northern England. 

Agathidium confusum Brisout – RDBI. In fungi on tree stumps; very few British records. 

Agathidium nigrinum Sturm - Under bark on dead timber, usually associated with fleshy 

fungi, but larval habitat unknown. Generally distributed in Britain, although very 

local, and possibly a species of dense shady woodland conditions. 

Agathidium nigripenne (F.)* - Usually under sappy bark of various dead broad-leaved trees 

and conifers in woodland; also beaten from ivy Hedera blossom; widespread but 

local; rare in Ireland. 

Agathidium rotundatum Gyllenhal* - Develops in slime fungi on dead trees, broadleaves and 

conifers. Possibly mainly a species of dense shady woodland. Widespread in Britain, 

although local. 

Agathidium seminulum (L.) - Associated with rotten wood, various broad-leaved trees, in 

woodland; widespread in Britain, although local. 

Agathidium varians Beck* - In piles of small branchwood, under bark on dead timber, damp 

woodland leaf litter etc. Generally distributed in Britain, rare Ireland. Possibly a 

species of dense shady woodland. 

Nemadus colonoides (Kraatz) - Frequents the rot-holes in trees that have been used by birds 

for nesting. 

Scydmaenidae - Stone Beetles. Predatory on mites, in moist situations; a few frequent 

decaying wood. 

Eutheia formicetorum Reitter - RDB1. In moist crumbly dead wood and wood mould, 

particularly beech Fagus and oak Quercus; has been found with brown tree ant Lasius 

brunneus; southern old forests: Windsor, New Forest, and the ancient neglected 

coppice of Prattle Wood, Oxon. 

Eutheia linearis Mulsant - RDB1. Under dead bark and in moist crumbly dead wood, 

especially mature oak Quercus; old forest areas: Sherwood, Windsor, New Forest, and 

unconfirmed records elsewhere. 

Neuraphes plicicollis Reitter - Nationally Scarce. Mainly subcortical, in rotten wood; also in 

decaying beech Fagus leaf litter and in Sphagnum moss. 

Stenichnus bicolor (Denny)* - Under bark and in moist crumbly decaying timber of various 

dead trees; widespread in Britain, but apparently absent from East Anglia and much of 

the eastern Midlands; mostly in ancient wood pastures. 

Stenichnus godarti (Latreille) - RDB3. Only in areas of ancient woodland and forest, usually 

under bark and in moist crumbly wood of old hollow fallen trees of oak Quercus and 

28

eech Fagus, often in company with tree-nesting ants; flightless; S. England to 

Cheshire. 

Microscydmus minimus (Chaudoir) - RDB3. In cavities in old hollow oaks Quercus and 

beech Fagus, particularly in wood mould and red-rot; old oak Quercus forests: 

Sherwood, Bagots Park (Needwood Forest), Windsor, New Forest. 

Microscydmus nanus (Schaum) - Nationally Scarce. In rotten wood and under bark; also in 

leaf litter and moss. Mostly ancient woodlands and wood pastures. 

Euconnus pragensis (Machulka) - RDB1. With the ant Lasius brunneus in decaying 

heartwood of old trees, especially oak Quercus; Windsor Forest; mainly east-mid 

European. 

Scydmaenus rufus Müller, P.W.J., & Kunze - RDB2. Usually under bark and in moist 

crumbly wood or wood mould of various broad-leaved trees; also found among dung 

and other farmyard debris during winter months. 

Staphylinidae - Rove Beetles. A small number restricted to deadwood, but many 

associated with fungal fruiting bodies and the degree of association with wood-decay 

fungi is often unclear. 

Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae - Shining Fungus Beetles. Associated with fungoid wood, 

fleshy and bracket. 

Scaphisoma agaricinum (L.)* - In rotting timber; widespread. 

Scaphisoma assimile Erichson – RDBI. A specialist of wood-decay fungi; only known from 

SE. 

Scaphisoma boleti (Panzer)* - Nationally Scarce B. A specialist of wood-decay fungi. 

Scaphidium quadrimaculatum Olivier - Fungivorous in rotting timber; widespread in Britain. 

Staphylinidae: Proteininae 

Megarthrus hemipterus (Illiger) - Nationally Scarce A. Consistently associated with 

decaying fungi, including beefsteak Fistulina hepatica. Widespread across southern 

Britain. 

Staphylinidae: Omaliinae 

Phyllodrepoidea crenata (Gravenhorst)* - Nationally Scarce B. Adults and larvae occur 

under bark of relatively freshly dead trees or branches, usually broad-leaved trees in 

England, pines Pinus in relict pine forest; feed on fungal decay; hill country of N & 

W - relatively common in Scotland, scattered in N England, Wales and Killarney. 

Acrulia inflata (Gyllenhal)* - Adults and larvae under fungoid bark on sound timber of 

various broad-leaved trees, where moist interface; also in fungi growing on wood; 

general scavengers, feeding on insect material; N & W Britain, including Somerset, 

Gloucestershire, and Lincolnshire; Killarney. 

Phyllodrepa nigra (Gravenhorst) – RDBI. Larvae probably develop in bird nests in hollow 

trees or in wood mould beneath; adults mostly found in decaying wood or mould of 

old, generally hollow trees or at hawthorn Crataegus blossom; but also in tree fungi, 

at sap runs, in pigeon dung and in hornet Vespa crabro nest; predatory and/or 

scavengers; old forest species of highly restricted distribution: Windsor Forest and 

unconfirmed records elsewhere. 

Dropephylla spp. - Adults and larvae are found under the bark of dead wood, although those 

of some (perhaps all) are attracted to flowers in early summer. Adults and larvae are 

cannibalistic and feed on small insects or other arthropods living under bark. 

Dropephylla gracilicornis (Fairmaire & Laboulbène)* - Nationally Scarce. Under bark and 

in rotten wood of dead branches of broad-leaved trees, especially oak Quercus; adults 

also occasionally found in reed Phragmites refuse. Scarce in GB; Ireland: 2 records. 

29

Dropephylla devillei (Bernhauer)* =grandiloqua (Luze) - Under bark of conifers in 

Highlands, and broadleaves and conifers in old forest areas elsewhere; northern and 

western species in GB; also in N. Ireland. Widespread but rare in Europe as a whole. 

Dropephylla heeri (Heer) - Nationally Scarce. In fungi on rotten birch Betula trees and 

under pine Pinus bark; Scotland 

Dropephylla ioptera (Stephens)* - Under bark of dead branchwood; broad-leaved trees; 

adults visit flowers of rowan Sorbus aucuparia, etc; widespread GB, probably very 

local in Ireland. 

Dropephylla vilis (Erichson)* - Under bark of broad-leaved trees and conifers; widespread 

GB, probably local in Ireland. 

Hapalaraea pygmaea (Paykull)* - Largely confined to areas of mature woodland, where it is 

found in bracket fungi, bird nests and squirrel dreys in tree canopy, rotten wood, etc.; 

probably not a true wood-decay associate; widespread in GB, but only one old record 

from Ireland. 

Phloeonomus punctipennis Thomson, C.G.* - Adults and larvae under bark of various broadleaved 

trees; fungal feeder; widespread in Britain and Ireland; under-recorded due to 

confusion with P. pusillus. 

Phloeonomus pusillus (Gravenhorst)* - Adults and larvae under bark, mostly conifers; 

widespread GB, less so Ireland. 

Phloeostiba lapponica (Zetterstedt) - Under bark on Scots pine Pinus sylvestris; formerly 

confined to Scottish Highlands, but now also in southern pine plantations. 

Phloeostiba plana (Paykull)* - Adults attracted to fresh sap of broad-leaved trees – feed on 

the sap; larvae under bark, feeding on sap as well as insects; mostly in areas of ancient 

woodland; scarce GB and mainly Killarney area of Ireland. 

Xylostiba monilicornis (Gyllenhal) - Nationally Scarce. Develops under bark of dead timber 

of various trees, but especially conifers; larvae predatory; adults also taken in 

decaying fungi; said to be a characteristic Scottish Highlands species, but now widely 

in northern and western Britain and has begun to turn up in southern conifer 

plantations. 

Xylodromus testaceus (Erichson) - RDB1. Under bark and in decaying wood; old forest 

species, only known from Blean Woods. 

Coryphium angusticolle Stephens* - Under bark and in red-rotten oak Quercus, mostly in 

wooded areas, possibly only ancient sites; widespread GB, but probably very local in 

Ireland. 

Staphylinidae: Piestinae 

Siagonium quadricorne Kirby, W.* - Under moist bark on various broad-leaved trees, 

especially elm Ulmus; saprophagous; south of Lancashire & Yorkshire in GB; very 

local and mainly southern in Ireland. 

Staphylinidae: Phloeocharinae 

Phloeocharis subtilissima Mannerheim* - Amongst debris under beech Fagus bark, in moss 

on trees, on bracket fungi especially Daedaleopsis confragrosa on Salix, etc. Very 

local, Britain & Ireland. 

Staphylinidae: Staphylininae 

Atrecus affinis (Paykull)* - Under bark and in rotten wood of various trees, conifers & broadleaved 

trees. Widespread and locally common throughout Britain and Ireland. 

Nudobius lentus (Gravenhorst) - Develops under bark of coniferous logs, preying on other 

insects and larvae; occasionally in nearby deadwood of broadleaves; originally 

characteristic of Scottish pine Pinus forest, but has spread greatly over recent years 

and now well established in S England & associated with hardwoods as well as soft. 

30

Xantholinus angularis Ganglbauer - Nationally Scarce A. Found in damp wood mould 

beneath bird nests or in ant nests in hollow trees; various broad-leaved trees; southern 

England. 

Philonthus subuliformis (Gravenhorst) - In bird nests, mainly those in tree holes. 

Gabrius splendidulus (Gravenhorst)* - Under bark, especially of beech Fagus; widespread, 

Britain; rare in Ireland. 

Velleius dilatatus (F.) - RDB1. Within hornet Vespa crabro nests inside old trees; adults and 

larvae prey on fly larvae in nest debris; adults also at sap of goat moth Cossus trees 

and comes to sugary baits. Southern England. 

Quedius aetolicus Kraatz - Nationally Scarce A. Most often found in squirrel dreys and bird 

nests in hollow trees, and in wood mould beneath; also in fungi, in rotting wood and 

under bark. Extreme south-east of England. 

Quedius assimilis (Nordmann)* =fulgidus (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. In rot-holes and 

compost. Britain; also Counties Down and Armagh. 

Quedius brevicornis (Thomson)* - Nationally Scarce B. In nests of birds and hornet Vespa 

crabro inside tree cavities, also in rot holes and fungi. Britain; Co. Waterford. 

Quedius maurus (Sahlberg, C.R.) - Rather strictly subcortical, and in moist crumbly rotten 

wood. Widespread in central and eastern England; also in Cumbria and Ayrshire. 

Quedius microps Gravenhorst - Nationally Scarce B. In moist crumbly, very rotten timber, 

often with dense, clay-like blackish mould, in tree holes and hollow trunks; wide 

variety of broad-leaved trees. Widespread in southern and eastern England; also in 

Co Durham. 

Quedius plagiatus Mannerheim* - Under bark, broad-leaved trees & conifers; moist wellrotted 

timber; in northern hill country woods in Britain, where widespread; rare in 

Ireland & only known from Counties Dublin, Cavan, Kerry, and Wicklow. 

Quedius scitus (Gravenhorst) - Nationally Scarce B. Usually subcortical, in moist crumbly 

red-rot of various broad-leaved trees. Mainly central and eastern England, but records 

also from Carmarthenshire and Lanarkshire in old parks. 

Quedius truncicola Fairmaire & Laboulbène* =ventralis (Aragona) - Nationally Scarce B. 

In wet, very rotten timber, often with dense, clay-like blackish mould, in tree holes 

and hollow trunks, generally beneath bird nests; also reported from rotten fungi and at 

sap. Widely across lowland England, but absent from far west; only Denbighshire in 

Wales and Co. Dublin in Ireland. 

Quedius xanthopus Erichson - Nationally Scarce B. Under bark in decaying timber and in 

the fruiting bodies of fungi growing from it. A wide variety of tree species form 

suitable habitat. Primarily a species of ancient woodlands and wood pastures. 

Widespread in Britain. 

Staphylinidae: Trichophyinae 

Trichophya pilicornis (Gyllenhal) - Nationally Scarce B. A woodland species, associated 

with freshly cut timber; also from squirrel drey in rotten beech Fagus, pine Pinus 

needles, in moss and dead leaves. Larvae and adults fungivorous, feeding on 

mycelium and spores, but also partly feeding on other arthropods. Europe, Madeira, 

India, N. America. 

Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae 

Sepedophilus - Mycetophagous species, feeding on hyphae not fruiting bodies; 10km dot 

maps in Hammond (1973). 

Sepedophilus bipunctatus (Gravenhorst) - Nationally Scarce B. Under bark or in very 

moist/wet logs and tree stumps, mostly willow Salix, but also other broad-leaved trees 

and pine Pinus; southern England; Central European species. 

31

Sepedophilus constans (Fowler) - Nationally Scarce. Primarily associated with fungoid or 

rotting wood; also reported from pasture and flood litter. North of Severn-Wash line, 

largely boreo-montane. 

Sepedophilus littoreus (L.)* - Rarely away from dead and decaying wood of some kind; also 

in leaf and other vegetable litter; generally distributed in GB, largely in ancient 

woodlands; Co. Derry; Holarctic. 

Sepedophilus lusitanicus Hammond - Under pine Pinus logs and in pine litter; HQ in pine 

area of Breckland, but also in band across to S Wales; principally Atlantic or broadly 

Lusitanian (W. Europe). 

Sepedophilus testaceus (F.) - Nationally Scarce. Largely rotten and fungoid hardwood, 

associated primarily with ancient broad-leaved woodland; GB generally scarce and S 

of Severn-Wash line; widespread in W. Palearctic. 

Tachinus bipustulatus (F.) - RDB1. A predatory species, most often found at sap-flows from 

broad-leaved trees, especially at goat moth Cossus sap runs. Formerly known from a 

number of southern English sites, but appears to have declined and was last recorded 

from Windsor Forest in 1930s. 

Tachinus lignorum (L.) - Nationally Scarce. Most often reported from decaying fungi and at 

sap; also in decaying wood frass, and horse dung. 

Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae 

Cypha imitator (Luze) – RDBK. In rotten wood of old beech Fagus stump & under sycamore 

Acer pseudoplatanus bark; also in haystack litter. 

Cypha seminulum (Erichson)* - RDBK. In rotting wood, fungi, under bark and in moss; elm 

Ulmus and sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus. Britain & old possibly doubtful records 

from Ireland. 

Holobus (Oligota) apicatus (Erichson)* - Nationally Scarce. Occurs in bracket fungi on 

trees: Stereum hirsutum, Polyporus squamosus, Trametes versicolor; possibly preys 

on Cis beetle larvae; also recorded in leaf litter inside a hollow oak Quercus, under 

beech Fagus bark, etc. Britain, widespread, & Co. Antrim. 

Gyrophaena - Larvae feed on fungal spores. 

Gyrophaena affinis Mannerheim* - In bracket fungi in woods. Britain & Ireland; 

widespread. 

Gyrophaena angustata (Stephens) - Nationally Scarce. In bracket fungi, e.g. Polyporus 

squamosus on ash Fraxinus stump, and under bark. 

Gyrophaena bihamata Thomson, C.G.* - On bracket fungi in woods. Very local in southern 

Britain; Killarney. 

Gyrophaena congrua Erichson - Nationally Scarce. In bracket fungi Polyporus squamosus, 

Trametes versicolor, Pseudotrametes gibbosa. 

Gyrophaena fasciata (Marsham)* - Bracket fungi in woods. Britain; widespread in Ireland 

but rare. 

Gyrophaena gentilis Erichson* - Bracket fungi in woods. Britain: widespread but local; & 

Ireland: rare, in north. 

Gyrophaena joyi Wendeler* - Nationally Scarce. Associated with wood-decaying fungi in 

wet woodland, including Lentinus tigrinus and Polyporus squamosus. Southern 

Britain & Co Down. 

Gyrophaena latissima (Stephens)* - Amongst fungoid bark and on bracket fungi in woods. 

Britain; widespread if rare in Ireland. 

Gyrophaena lucidula Erichson - Nationally Scarce. In fungi on trees, incl. Lentinus tigrinus 

and Gymnopilus junonius on ash Fraxinus stump. Wet woodlands. 

Gyrophaena minima Erichson* - In small yellow fleshy fungus on dead stumps. Britain & 

Ireland: Cos. Antrim & Sligo. 

32

Gyrophaena munsteri Strand – RDBK. In fruiting bodies of wood-rotting fungi, incl. 

polypores & gill fungi, but also the non-wood-rotter Hebeloma saccharoliens. 

Southern Britain. 

Gyrophaena nana (Paykull)* - In fleshy fungus on stump. Britain & Ireland: Co. Meath. 

Gyrophaena poweri Crotch* - RDBK. In fruiting bodies of wood-rotting fungi, such as 

Hypholoma fasciculare and Pleurotus. Rare, south-east England; Killarney. 

Gyrophaena pseudonana Strand – RDBI. Only known from 2 taken in 1967 from 

Hypholoma fasciculare at Chippenham Fen. 

Gyrophaena pulchella Heer* - RDBK. Has been recorded from the fungus Hypholoma 

fasciculare. Rare in Britain; possibly less so in Ireland. 

Gyrophaena rousi Dvořák – RDBI. Discovered on bracket of Polyporus squamosus at 

Chippenham Fen in 1999. 

Gyrophaena strictula Erichson* - Nationally Scarce. Characteristically associated with the 

bracket fungus Daedalea quercina but occasionally reported with other fungi; Britain 

& Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow. Widely distributed and not uncommon in N Europe. 

Placusa complanata Erichson – Status unclear. Recently taken in frass under bark of burnt 

dead Scots pine Pinus sylvestris in Surrey. 

Placusa depressa Maeklin - Nationally Scarce. Lives in burrows of bark beetle Tomicus 

piniperda under pine Pinus bark; predominantly northern Britain. 

Placusa pumilio (Gravenhorst) - Under bark of oak Quercus, etc. 

Placusa tachyporoides (Waltl) - Nationally Scarce. Associated with freshly exposed sap of 

oak Quercus and sweet chestnut Castanea. 

Homalota plana (Gyllenhal)* - Under bark on dead beech Fagus; adult feeds on detritus and 

fungi. Local in southern Britain; Ireland: Cos. Kerry, Antrim & Down. 

Anomognathus cuspidatus (Erichson)* - Under fungoid bark of dead beech Fagus, oak 

Quercus, etc. Widely distributed but local in Britain & Ireland. 

Cyphea curtula (Erichson) - ?RDB. Under bark on fallen branchwood of various broadleaved 

trees; usually in early stages of decay, with bark still attached. Discovered new 

to GB in Gamlingay Wood, Cambs, in 1996. 

Silusa rubiginosa Erichson - Nationally Scarce. At sap and under bark, especially goat moth 

Cossus trees. 

Thecturota marchii (Dodero) - Found in sawdust from broad-leaved trees. 

Leptusa fumida Kraatz* - Under bark on dead wood of various trees, also in rot holes; feed 

mostly on detritus and fungi, but will eat insect larvae and eggs. Widespread and 

frequent in Britain; common around Belfast. 

Leptusa norvegica Strand - Nationally Scarce. Under bark of dead pine Pinus and birch 

Betula; widespread in Highlands, but also scattered records southwards as far as 

southern England. 

Leptusa pulchella (Mannerheim)* - Under dead bark on a wide variety of tree species. 

Mainly in ancient woodlands, especially where wet. Widespread but local in southern 

Britain & Co. Antrim. 

Euryusa optabilis Erichson – RDBI. In decaying wood of old trees, especially oak Quercus 

and beech Fagus, also elm Ulmus; often with Lasius ants; also litter at base of goat 

moth Cossus trees. 

Euryusa sinuata Erichson – RDBI. In decaying wood of old trees, especially oak Quercus 

and beech Fagus, often with Lasius brunneus ants, but not dependant on them. 

Tachyusida gracilis (Erichson) - RDB1. In wood mould of old trees, especially oak Quercus, 

usually with Lasius brunneus; Windsor Great Park & Forest. 

Bolitochara bella Maerkel - Associated with fleshy fungi on dead broad-leaved trees. 

33

Bolitochara lucida (Gravenhorst)* - In fleshy fungus on old stumps. Very local in Britain; 

Co. Dublin. 

Bolitochara mulsanti Sharp - Nationally Scarce. In rotten and fungus infested wood, under 

bark on fungus-infested pine Pinus, and in fungus Piptoporus betulinus on birch 

Betula. 

Bolitochara obliqua Erichson* - Under bark of various deciduous trees, especially associated 

with the small bracket fungus Trametes versicolor; adult fungal feeder, larvae also 

feeding on phloem and dead larvae. Common in Britain & Ireland. 

Bolitochara pulchra (Gravenhorst) - Nationally Scarce. In Piptoporus betulinus and other 

fungi, under beech Fagus bark and in rotten wood. 

Bolitochara reyi Sharp – RDBI. In fungus in woodland; Windsor Great Park. 

Autalia impressa (Olivier)* - Abundant in decaying fungi on wood. Britain & Ireland. 

Autalia longicornis Scheerpeltz - In fungi on deadwood. Widespread. 

Notothecta confusa (Markel) - Nationally Scarce. Occurs with the ant Lasius fuliginosus in 

hollow trees and sand-hills. 

Dinaraea aequata (Erichson)* - Under bark of beech Fagus and birch Betula. Widespread in 

Britain; Killarney & Powerscourt 

Dinaraea linearis (Gravenhorst)* - Under bark. Uncommon in Britain; Killarney. 

Paranopleta inhabilis (Kraatz) – RDBK. Under bark of Scot's Pine Pinus sylvestris, 

Highlands & SE England. 

Dadobia immersa (Erichson)* - Under pine Pinus bark. Widespread in Britain; Co. Kerry. 

Atheta autumnalis (Erichson) – RDBK. One found in damp rotten wood of a lying willow 

Salix in a field by the River Wye in Herefordshire (1936). On Continent associated 

with deadwood and wood-rotting fungi; a rare species of middle and southern Europe. 

Atheta boletophila (Thomson) – RDBK. Has been found in bracket fungus Pholiota adiposa 

on spruce; Rothiemurchus Forest, 1968. Very rare, although widely scattered 

throughout central Europe, where associated with Fomes on Fagus; associated with 

Pseudotrametes gibbosa, Piptoporus betulinus and Laetiporus sulphureus in Sweden. 

Atheta consanguinea (Eppels.) – RDBK. Found in debris in hollow beech Fagus and elm 

Ulmus stumps; also in haystack litter and in nest of brown tree ant Lasius brunneus; 

Britain; widely distributed but rare in C. Europe & Scandinavia. 

Atheta hansseni Strand – RDBK. Recorded in sap-soaked moss on birch Betula, and in nest 

material in hole in Scots pine Pinus sylvestris; Highlands. 

Atheta hybrida (Sharp) – RDBK. Found at sap; Yorks & Midlothian. 

Atheta laevicauda Sahlb., J. – RDBK. Cornwall & Devon; under bark on deadwood. Boreoalpine 

distribution, in mid-Europe inhabiting the sub-alpine parts of the higher 

mountains. 

Atheta liturata (Stephens) - On bracket fungi in old woods and parks; widespread in Britain. 

Atheta picipes (Thomson)* - Nationally Scarce. At tree roots, under dead bark, in wooddecay 

fungi such as Piptoporus betulinus, Meripilus giganteus & Hypholoma; also in 

tussocks. Britain. Rare in Ireland. 

Atheta pilicornis (Thomson)* - Nationally Scarce. Chiefly subcortical; also in wood-decay 

fungi, moss and among dead leaves; damp woodlands. 

Atheta subglabra (Sharp) - In rotten wood of elm Ulmus and ash Fraxinus. 

Atheta taxiceroides Munster - In tree hollow nests of birds or mammals; Hampshire to Kent. 

Boreo-alpine, a rarity confined to northern Norway and the Beskid Mountains in 

central Europe. 

Thamiaraea cinnamomea (Gravenhorst) - At the exuding frass of goat moth Cossus colonised 

trees. 

34

Thamiaraea hospita (Märkel)* - Nationally Scarce. At exuding sap on tree trunks, especially 

oak. Scattered throughout England. 

Zyras cognatus Märkel – RDBK. In runs and nests of jet ant Lasius fuliginosus; S & SE 

England. 

Zyras funestus (Gravenhorst) - In runs of jet ant Lasius fuliginosus. 

Zyras haworthi Stephens - Nationally Scarce A. In runs and nests of jet ant Lasius 

fuliginosus; also found in leaf litter and flood debris. 

Zyras laticollis (Maerkel) - In runs of jet ant Lasius fuliginosus. 

Zyras lugens (Gravenhorst) - Nationally Scarce. In runs and nests of jet ant Lasius 

fuliginosus. 

Phloeodroma concolor Kraatz – RDBI. Found under bark in 1941 from Gopsall Park, Leics. 

Phloeopora bernhaueri Lohse (teres (Gravenhorst)) - Under bark on the deadwood of a 

variety of trees. 

Phloeopora corticalis (Gravenhorst)(angustiformis Baudi) - Nationally Scarce. Under bark 

on the deadwood of a variety of trees, especially beech Fagus. 

Phloeopora nitidiventris Fauvel – Status unclear. Recently taken in frass under bark of burnt 

dead Scots pine Pinus sylvestris in Surrey. 

Phloeopora testacea (Mannerheim)* - Under bark on deadwood of various broad-leaved 

trees; predator. Britain; local in Ireland. 

Amarochara bonnairei (Faunel) – RDBI. With the ants Lasius brunneus and L.fuliginosus in 

old tree stumps, moss and leaf litter; most found in runs of L.fuliginosus at root of an 

old beech Fagus tree, but not in the nest; Ancient forest species in Britain. 

Oxypoda recondita Kraatz - Associated with red-rotten wood and ants. 

Oxypoda vittata Maerkel* - In runs of jet ant L.fuliginosus. Britain; Co. Antrim. 

Stichoglossa semirufa (Erichson) – RDBI. Develops in decaying wood and wood mould of 

old broad-leaved trees; also found at base of trees; old forests of southern Britain. 

Ischnoglossa obscura Wunderle - From mature timber sites, exclusively beneath bark on 

deadwood. Bradgate and Donington Parks, Leics. 

Ischnoglossa prolixa (Gravenhorst)* - Found beneath bark on freshly dead timber; 

widespread in Britain, although apparently very rare south of the Thames; very local 

in Ireland. Widespread on Continent. 

Ischnoglossa turcica Wunderle - Mediterranean area as far east as Turkey, but apparently not 

in central Europe; southern Britain; under bark of dead trunks and branches, and 

within decaying heartwood, various tree species. 

Dexiogyia corticina (Erichson) - Nationally Scarce. Old forest species associated with 

decaying broad-leaved timber. 

Thiasophila inquilana (Maerkel) - Nationally Scarce. Deep in nests of the ant L.fuliginosus 

in the base of old trees. 

Haploglossa gentilis (Maerkel) - With jet ant L. fuliginosus and in owl nests. 

Pselaphidae - Short-winged Mould Beetles. Predatory, particularly on mites; a number 

associated with deadwood. 

Bibloporus bicolor (Denny)* - Under bark and in rotten wood of a wide variety of trees, 

broad-leaves and conifers. 

Bibloporus minutus Raffray - Nationally Scarce B. Adults live under bark on dead broadleaved 

timber; larvae predatory; all records from areas of old forest. 

Euplectus bescidicus Reitter – RDBK. Reported from rotten wood, under bark and in leaf 

litter. 

Euplectus bonvouloiri rosae Raffrey - Nationally Scarce. Associated with decaying tree 

roots. 

35

Euplectus brunneus (Grimmer) - RDB1. Found under dead bark and in rotten wood; may be 

associated with Myrmica ants. Cobham Park, Kent, is only confirmed locality. 

Euplectus fauveli Guillebeau* - Nationally Scarce. In bird nests, under dead bark and in 

rotten wood; oak Quercus and beech Fagus. 

Euplectus infirmus Raffray* - In rotten wood and under bark, especially willow Salix. 

Euplectus kirbyi Denny - Nationally Scarce. Found beneath bark on dead broad-leaved 

timber; also in tree hollows. 

Euplectus nanus (Reichenbach) – RDBI. Under bark and in moist crumbly rotten broadleaved 

timber. 

Euplectus piceus Motschulsky* - Under bark of oak Quercus and beech Fagus, and in redrotten 

oak. 

Euplectus punctatus Mulsant* - RDB3. In moist crumbly rotten wood, oak Quercus and 

beech Fagus, also pine Pinus in Highlands; primarily a relict species of primary 

forest. 

Plectophloeus nitidus (Fairmaire) - RDB2. In red-rotten heartwood and wood mould in old 

hollow oaks Quercus; old forests and parks. 

Trichonyx sulcicollis (Reichenbach) - RDB2. In rotten broad-leaved wood, especially old elm 

Ulmus stumps. Possibly associated with Lasius ants. 

Batrisus formicarius Aubé – Fossil. In Britain up until at least the Late Neolithic/Early 

Bronze Age, from which fossil material has been found in Somerset Levels. 

Batrisodes adnexus (Hampe) - RDB1. Adults in decaying timber of old broad-leaved trees, 

with brown tree ant Lasius brunneus; probably a mite predator; has been reared from 

a bracket fungus. Windsor & Epping Forests. 

Batrisodes delaporti (Aubé) - RDB1. Adult in nests of brown tree ant L. brunneus, in 

decaying wood of old broad-leaved trees; probably a mite predator. Windsor Forest. 

Batrisodes venustus (Reichenbach) - Nationally Scarce A. Adults in decaying heartwood of 

old broad-leaved trees; occasionally found in nests of brown tree ant L. brunneus and 

jet ant L. fuliginosus. Widespread in Lowland England, although most often found in 

the south. 

Scirtidae 

Prionocyphon serricornis (Müller, P.W.J.)* - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in waterlogged 

hollows in old trees, especially beech Fagus, and including hollows amongst 

roots; larvae aquatic, feed on detritus from dead leaves; adults active fliers, shortlived. 

Widely across lowland England, but scarcer in the west and north; one record 

from central Scotland. 

Eucinetidae - Plate-thigh Beetles. 

Eucinetus meridionalis (Laporte de Castelnau) - Larvae feed on fungi under bark of dead 

trees, especially pine Pinus; adults at flowers, wintering amongst litter. Discovered 

relatively recently; most likely a casual importation. 

Clambidae 

Clambus nigriclavis Stephens - Develop on damp twigs partly standing in water, larvae 

feeding on hyphae and spores of moulds; northern & western sp. 

Clambus pallidulus Reitter* - RDBK. In hollow apple Malus tree (Worcestershire); in debris 

in rotten elm Ulmus stump, in moss among rotten logs. 

Clambus punctulum (Beck)* - Slime mould feeder. 

Lucanidae Stag Beetles - Develop in rotten deciduous wood. 

Lucanus cervus (L.) - The Stag Beetle. Nationally Scarce B & BAP Priority Species. 

Larvae in moist decaying wood near or below the soil surface, including decaying old 

stumps, but also in base of fence posts; generally in light soils; larval development c.4 

36

years; adults feed on fruit and sap and fly mainly in evening. Distribution centred on 

the Thames, Solent and Severn Basins. 

Dorcus parallelepipedus (L.)* - Lesser Stag Beetle. Larvae develop in heartwood of various 

broad-leave trees where it is being decayed by a white-rot fungus. Flies on summer 

evenings and attracted to light. 

Sinodendron cylindricum (L.)* - Rhinoceros Beetle. Bores in dead heartwood of large broadleaved 

trees, and also pine Pinus, including stumps. Larval development takes 2-3 

years, burrowing even into quite hard timber. Particularly associated with ancient 

woodlands and wood pastures, although apparently not confined to them. Reported 

from floating timber in both freshwater and seawater. Widespread in Britain & 

Ireland. Flies in daylight in early summer. 

Platycerus caraboides (Linnaeus) – Extinct. Fossil evidence for presence in Britain up until 

Bronze Age in E.Yorks. Reports of specimens up until 1830; Oxford & Windsor. 

Scarabaeidae 

Saprosites mendax Blackburn – Naturalised. Australian introduction; in borings of Dorcus 

and Sinodendron beetles. 

Oxythyrea funesta (Poda) - Status unclear. 19 th C records from the north-west, regarded as 

casuals; also one found in decaying beech stump in the New Forest in 2000. 

Trichius fasciatus (L.) - Bee Chafer. Develops in wood mould of decayed heartwood in large 

birch Betula stumps; prefers mixed broad-leaved woods in river valleys; adults feed 

on pollen on tall flowering herbs, flying in daylight. 

Trichius zonatus Germar – Vagrant. Doubtfully native; occasional records. 

Gnorimus nobilis (L.) - The Noble Chafer. RDB2 & BAP Priority Species. The larvae 

develop in decaying wood deep within hollowing old trees, feeding on relatively hard 

wood with their stout mandibles. At least two years are spent in the larval stage. The 

full-grown larvae stop feeding in the autumn and pupate the following May, 

hollowing out a space for this purpose among frass and wood fragments. Adults 

appear in late May or June but spend most of their time below the surface among frass 

and wood fragments. They apparently mate while buried and eggs are laid at random. 

The favoured trees in Britain appear to be oak Quercus, willow Salix and orchard 

trees – plum and cherry Prunus, pear Pyrus, apple Malus, although beech Fagus and 

false acacia Robinia are also used on the continent. The trees need to be open grown 

individuals, so that the decaying wood maintains a suitable temperature and humidity. 

The requirement for open grown trees explains why the species is better known from 

orchard trees within its old forest strongholds. The adult beetles are reported to be 

attracted to blossom, favouring white or pale colours such as hogweed Heracleum, 

dog rose Rosa, elder Sambucus, etc, and fly on sunny days during June to August. A 

speciality of relict old forest areas along the lower Thames, Severn and Solent Basins. 

Gnorimus variabilis (L.) - RDB1 & BAP Grouped Species Statement. Larvae at interface 

of hard oak Quercus heartwood with moist decayed interior red-rot; 2-3 year 

development; adults in larval habitat May-July, and at large on bark or in flight July. 

Buprestidae - Jewel Beetles or Metallic Wood-borers 

Melanophila acuminata (Degeer) - Fire Beetle. Larvae feed in and under bark of scorched 

and burnt conifers; also recorded from burnt birch Betula; adults oviposit on very 

recently burnt and scorched trees, and fly great distances to forest fires. Ascot district 

only in GB. Assumed to be an established exotic, although the evidence for this is 

unclear. 

Anthaxia nitidula (L.) – Extinct. Larvae under bark of blackthorn Prunus spinosa and other 

woody Rosaceae; adults frequent flowers of hawthorn Crataegus, guelder rose 

37

Viburnum, rose Rosa and buttercup Ranunculus. Only known in GB from New 

Forest. 

Anthaxia quadripunctata (L.) - Occasional Introduction. Larvae develop under the bark of 

dead and dying conifers, especially spruce Picea and pine Pinus. Not native to Britain 

but occasionally introduced. Widespread elsewhere in Europe, from west to Siberia 

and Balkans. 

Agrilus angustulus (Illiger) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae feed under the bark of younger 

stems and branches, causing unevenly raised marks on the outer surface of the thin 

bark; oak Quercus, hazel Corylus & other broad-leaved trees and shrubs. Mainly in 

coppice woodlands. Eurosiberian. 

Agrilus laticornis (Illiger) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae in dying branches of oak Quercus, 

usually in larger branches than A. angustulus and with thicker bark. 

Agrilus olivicolor Kiesenwetter - The larvae are reported to develop under the bark of 

branches and twigs of live hazel, hornbeam and beech on the Continent. Adults were 

first taken in Britain in closed woodland in Hertfordshire during 2001. It is unclear 

whether this is an introduced population or the start of colonisation, or both. 

Agrilus biguttatus (Fab.) = pannonicus (Piller & Mitterpacher) – Oak Jewel Beetle. 

Nationally Scarce A. Larvae tunnel in and under thick oak Quercus bark, mainly old 

dying and dead trees; main refugia are ancient woodlands and wood pastures, but 

spreads more widely on occasion. Eurosiberian. 

Agrilus sinuatus (Olivier) – Hawthorn Jewel Beetle. Nationally Scarce A. Larvae in standing 

dying main limbs and trunks of hawthorn Crataegus; the larvae may cause the 

premature death of the stems. Wide variety of situations, but with refugia in old wood 

pastures. 

Agrilus sulcicollis Lacordaire - Recently Established. Larvae in dying branches of oak 

Quercus. Recently established in country north of London: Hertfordshire 1993, Essex 

1997, Middlesex 1998 and Bedfordshire 2000. 

Agrilus viridis (L.) - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae in dying boughs of Salix caprea and S 

.cinerea, especially recently split poles; also reported in oak Quercus. Very restricted 

distribution in south-east, with old record from Wyre Forest. Possibly associated 

mainly with old wood pasture commons. 

Cerophytidae 

Cerophytum elateroides Latreille – Extinct. Once reputed to have been native. 

Eucnemidae False Click Beetles 

Melasis buprestoides (L.)* - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in rather hard dead timber, 

especially boughs, of a wide variety of broad-leaved trees; standing & fallen timber. 

Lowland England, extending into Wales; and SW Ireland. 

Hylis cariniceps (Reitter) - RDB1. Larvae probably in dead wood of old beeches Fagus; New 

Forest and Brownsea Island. Although only recently discovered, believed to be a 

relict native distribution. 

Hylis olexai (Palm) - RDB3. Larvae in decaying heartwood of beech Fagus, etc, usually in 

woodlands and particularly those on Chalk; SE England. Although only recently 

discovered, believed to be a relict native distribution. 

Epiphanus cornutus Eschscholtz - Develops in decaying wood of various trees, conifers and 

broad-leaves; Glos, Oxon, Bucks, Norfolk & S. Scotland. Reputedly a North 

American species, only recently established in GB, but evidence unclear and most GB 

sites are long-established and rich in other saproxylics. 

Microrhagus pygmaeus (F.) - RDB3. Larvae in well-decayed wood of broad-leaved trees; 

particularly in old shady oak Quercus woods; adult on wing sparingly May-Sept; very 

thin scatter throughout much of Britain, although particularly widespread in parts of 

38

Hampshire and Sussex, and absent from E Midlands & E Anglia; widespread in north 

and central Europe. Has become much more frequent in recent decades. 

Isorhipis melasoides (Laporte de Castelnau) – Fossil. In rotten wood, particularly beech 

Fagus, in old, established forest; relatively thermophilous; locally in Europe but no 

modern records from British Isles. Sub-fossil records from Somerset Levels, London, 

Nottinghamshire and Thorne Moors where found in pupal chambers in alder Alnus. 

Dromaeolus barnabita (Villa) – Fossil. Found in late Neolithic deposits at Runnymede, 

Surrey. 

Eucnemis capucina Ahrens - RDB1 & BAP Grouped Species Statement. Larvae develop in 

hard dead wood and under bark, mainly in old beech Fagus, also ash Fraxinus; pupae 

have been found in mould beneath fallen beech Fagus branch; adults May-August; 

old forest relic, Windsor, New Forest & north Cotswolds, with sub-fossils from 

Thorne Moors. 

Throscidae - Most beetles of this family develop in the soil, feeding on ectotrophic 

mycorrhizae. 

Aulonothroscus brevicollis (de Bonvouloir) - RDB3. Larvae develop under bark in dead 

branches and in wood mould, probably mainly oak Quercus; very thin scatter of 

records and all ancient wood pastures. 

Elateridae Click Beetles - 10km square & VC maps available (Mendel, 1996). 

Lacon querceus (Herbst) - RDB1 & BAP Grouped Species Statement. Develops 

exclusively in red-rotten oak Quercus trunks and main boughs; larvae probably 

preying on larvae of the beetle Mycetophagus piceus; pupate at end of season and 

hibernate as adult; adult nocturnal; typical primary forest relic, scarce and sporadic in 

C. Europe; Windsor Forest. 

Calambus bipustulatus (L.)* - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae a predator living in relatively 

soft rotten wood in stumps and trunks of oak Quercus & other broadleaves; pupate at 

end of season and hibernate as adult; adult nectars at blackthorn Prunus spinosa and 

hogweed Heracleum in daylight; S Britain, thin scatter, plus old record in SE Ireland. 

Denticollis linearis (L.)* - Larvae under bark and in decaying heartwood; broad-leaved trees 

and pine Pinus; omnivorous, feeding on live larvae as well as phloem, etc; pupate in 

spring; fairly common & widespread. Also develops on moorlands, where larvae are 

active in the upper peat and moss layers. 

Limoniscus violaceus (Müller, P.W.J.) - RDB1 & BAP Priority Species. Larvae predatory 

and develop in mixture of wood and leaf mould in base of hollow beech Fagus and 

ash Fraxinus, possibly requiring presence of bird nest material above larval habitat to 

raise nitrogen level of substrate; larvae pupate at end of their second season, adults 

over-wintering in pupal cell; adults largely nocturnal, nectaring at hawthorn 

Crataegus blossom; relict species, confined to areas of ancient broad-leaved high 

forest; Windsor & north Cotswolds; scattered localities in C & S Europe. 

Diacanthous undulatus (Degeer) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae under thick bark or in dead 

wood immediately beneath bark of dead birch Betula timber, 4-5 years duration; 

pupate in spring; adult crepuscular; usually fallen trunks; northern British birchwoods 

– relatively widespread in northern boreal forest. 

Hemicrepidius hirtus (Herbst)* - The larvae are reported to develop in decaying wood. 

Widespread across Britain and Ireland although generally on richer soils and most 

commonly in the lowlands. 

Stenagostus rhombeus (Olivier) - Larvae develop under loose bark of deadwood of various 

broad-leaved trees, most frequently in beech Fagus; sometimes in the relatively soft 

rotting heartwood beneath; predator of longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) larvae; at 

least two summers in larval stage in southern England and pupate in spring; adults 

39

very short-lived, crepuscular and nocturnal, attracted to light. Widespread in C & SE 

England; also Wales. 

Ampedus balteatus (L.)* - Develops in red-rotten stumps and boughs of various trees; pupates 

at end of season and hibernates as adult. In woodlands and on peatlands; an 

association with ancient wood pastures has been suggested in northern England. 

Adults have been take in flight in June & July, and may be found sheltering amongst 

tree foliage during daylight at this time. Widespread, although no records from the far 

west, and in Ireland strangely only known from Rathlin Island. 

Ampedus cardinalis (Schiodte) - RDB2. Develops in red-rotten heartwood of old oaks 

Quercus, in smaller boughs as well as trunks; relict old forests and ancient parks. 

Long larval period and adult dormancy; adults in pupal cells Sept-April, and under 

loose bark May-July; mostly Thames and Severn Basins, very thin scatter elsewhere 

in central England. 

Ampedus cinnabarinus (Eschscholtz) - RDB3. Larvae in dead timber of various broad-leaved 

trees, mainly in heart-rot, but also under bark on rotten limbs; feed on larvae of the 

beetle Dorcus, etc; pupate at end of season and hibernate as adult. Principally 

associated with old oak Quercus forest; centred on Hants, W. Sussex and Forest of 

Dean; also N. Devon. 

Ampedus elongantulus (F.) - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae in red-rotten wood of oak Quercus 

and pine Pinus, also from beech Fagus; pupate at end of season and hibernate as 

adult; ancient woods and wood pastures. Adults fly mid May to July, and attracted to 

hawthorn Crataegus blossom. Mainly S & SE England. 

Ampedus nigerrimus (Lacordaire) - RDB1 & BAP Grouped Species Statement. Develops 

exclusively in large decayed oak Quercus - trunk, boughs, especially stumps - chiefly 

red-rotten ones; pupate at end of season and hibernate as adult; adult has been taken at 

hawthorn Crataegus blossom. Old forest relic only known from Windsor Forest. 

Ampedus nigrinus (Herbst) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae in heart-rot of pine Pinus and 

birch Betula; probably other trees too; pupate at end of season and hibernate as adult; 

predominantly in Scottish pinewoods, but also found elsewhere & a thin scatter in N 

& W England. 

Ampedus pomonae (Stephens)* - Ireland only. Primarily known from the Glencar area of Co 

Kerry, where it has been found developing in soft red-rotten heartwood of birch 

Betula on peatland; pupate at end of season and hibernate as adult. 

Ampedus pomorum (Herbst)* - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae in decayed timber of oak 

Quercus, birch Betula, pine Pinus & probably other trees; pupate at end of season and 

hibernate as adult; very thin scatter in N & W Britain and widely in Ireland. Primarily 

associated with ancient wood pastures, also widely known from birches around 

peatlands. Adults active May & June. 

Ampedus quercicola du Buysson - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in decayed heartwood of 

birch Betula, beech Fagus, hawthorn Crataegus and probably other trees; pupate at 

end of season and hibernate as adult; adults attracted to hawthorn blossom. Primarily 

associated with ancient wood pastures. Concentrated in Hants and E.Midlands. 

Ampedus ruficeps (Mulsant & Guillebeau) - RDB1 & BAP Grouped Species Statement. 

Develop mainly in red-rotted ancient oaks Quercus, often in lining of cavities in 

trunks & main boughs; pupate at end of season and hibernate as adult; old forest relic, 

Windsor Great Park; very rare species of S-C & S Europe. 

Ampedus rufipennis (Stephens) - RDB2 & BAP Grouped Species Statement. Larvae 

develop in relatively soft rotten heartwood of beech Fagus (at Windsor & Moccas), 

ash Fraxinus (Cotswolds), elm Ulmus (Moccas & Cotswolds); in trunks, logs and 

boughs, more rarely in stumps; pupate at end of season and hibernate as adult; adults 

40

have occasionally been taken off hawthorn Crataegus blossom; mainly Windsor, 

Moccas Park & North Cotswolds, plus a few other areas. 

Ampedus sanguineus (L.) – Extinct. Probably a conifer associate; Salisbury & New Forest 

C19. Long extinct, if ever native. Widespread on continent. 

Ampedus sanguinolentus (Schrank) - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae in dead wood of birch 

Betula, especially stumps, on acid soils, heaths and woods; pupate at end of season 

and hibernate as adult; mainly southern England; also Anglesey. 

Ampedus tristis (L.) - RDB2. Larvae in well-rotted heartwood of fallen pine Pinus trunks 

(and birch Betula elsewhere in Europe); larval stage probably 3-6 years; opportunistic 

carnivores; pupate at end of season and hibernate as adult. Native old growth 

pinewoods of Scottish Highlands. 

Ischnodes sanguinicollis (Panzer) - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae develop in soft decaying 

wood and black wood mould, mainly in ash Fraxinus and elm Ulmus, but also field 

maple Acer campestre and beech Fagus; generally beneath bird nests; pupate at end 

of season and hibernate as adult. Adults crepuscular. Mainly S and SE England. 

Porthmidius austriacus (Schrank) - Sub-fossil. Develops in decaying stumps of broad-leaved 

trees or in forest soil with deep litter layer. Known from mid-Holocene deposits in 

Shropshire and present in Britain in the Neolithic period. 

Megapenthes lugens (Redtenbacher) - RDB1 & BAP Grouped Species Statement. 

Develops in decaying elm Ulmus and beech Fagus, mainly hollow trunks and boughs; 

larvae feed in harder, drier heartwood than Ampedus, probably on Cossonine weevil 

larvae; pupate at end of season and hibernate as adult; adults nocturnal and attracted 

to blossom. SE England. 

Procraerus tibialis (Boisduval & Lacordaire) - RDB3. Larvae develop in decaying 

heartwood of oak Quercus, beech Fagus, ash Fraxinus and probably other trees; 

probably feed on the larvae of the weevils Stereocorynes truncorum & Phloeophagus 

lignarius; pupate at end of season and hibernate as adult. C & SE England, mainly 

Thames and Severn Basins. 

Elater ferrugineus L. - RDB1 & BAP Grouped Species Statement. Develops in black wood 

mould in interior of old trunks and boughs; elm Ulmus, beech Fagus, ash Fraxinus, 

and once in oak Quercus; larvae often in rot-holes where there has been a nest; pupate 

in the spring; carnivorous, in captivity eats small worms and Dorcus larvae; adult 

short-lived & crepuscular, attracted to lights; Thames Basin & E. Anglia. 

Melanotus villosus (Fourcroy)* - Larvae most frequently develop in red-rotted timber, but 

also in decaying wood generally. Common & widespread. The adult flies after dark 

and is attracted to light. 

Cardiophorus gramineus (Scopoli) – Extinct. Associated with deadwood of oak Quercus and 

poplar Populus on Continent; larvae in semi-dry wood decay; open sunlit habitats 

within forest; various localities in Stephens (1830). 

Cardiophorus ruficollis (L.) – Extinct. Larvae in decaying trunks and stumps of conifers on 

continent, in pine Pinus forest; London & Norfolk in Stephens (1830). 

Lycidae - Net-winged Beetles 

Dictyoptera aurora (Herbst) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae develop in decaying pine Pinus 

timber; adults fly in evening sunshine; Scottish Highlands. 

Pyropterus nigroruber (Degeer)* - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae develop in decaying 

heartwood of various broad-leaved trees, especially birch Betula and beech Fagus; 

known from a large area of country in S. Yorkshire and adjacent parts of 

Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Lincolnshire; also Caledonian Pine Forest relicts 

and Killarney oakwoods of SW Ireland. 

41

Platycis cosnardi (Chevrolat) – RDBI. Larvae develop in decaying heartwood of old beech 

Fagus hulks; Wye Gorge and West Sussex Downs. 

Platycis minutus (F.) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae develop in large relatively soft moist 

decaying heartwood, especially beech Fagus and probably ash Fraxinus; mostly in 

closed-canopy areas of ancient woodland; southern and eastern England. 

Cantharidae - Soldier Beetles. Larvae of Malthininae probably all develop in decaying 

branchwood or heartwood. 

Malthinus balteatus Suffrian* - Nationally Scarce B. Associated with poorly-drained broadleaved 

woodland across southern Britain, particularly wooded streamsides, but also 

along base of wooded limestone escarpments. Small relict population in woods of 

Morecambe Bay limestone. 

Malthinus punctatus (Geoffroy)* =flaveolus (Herbst) - Widespread in broad-leaved woodland 

and hedgerows. 

Malthinus frontalis (Marsham) - Nationally Scarce B. Associated particularly with large old 

and open-grown trees in parkland or other situations. Formerly widespread but has 

become increasingly scarce. 

Malthinus seriepunctatus Kiesenwetter* - Widespread in southern woodlands, and extending 

furthest north along the western coastal districts well into Scotland. 

Malthodes crassicornis (Maklin) - RDB3. Larvae develop in moist crumbly red heart-rot of 

large old oaks Quercus. A speciality of relict old forest with open-grown ancient 

trees. 

Malthodes dispar (Germar)* - A species of wet woodlands and shaded riverbanks. 

Malthodes fibulatus Kiesenwetter - Nationally Scarce B. A species of calcareous woodlands. 

Malthodes flavoguttatus Kiesenwetter* - Most frequent in acidic oak Quercus and birch 

Betula woods of north and west, and absent from south and east. 

Malthodes fuscus (Waltl)* - Most frequent in acidic oak Quercus and birch Betula woods of 

north and west; also widely in south. 

Malthodes guttifer Kiesenwetter* - Nationally Scarce B. Very thinly scattered throughout 

the broad-leaved woodlands of the British Isles, but most frequent in certain areas of 

the north and west. 

Malthodes marginatus (Latreille)* - Larvae develop in decaying wood or beneath bark on 

dead timber; mainly predatory on insect larvae including dead ones, but will also feed 

on decaying timber to some extent. Widespread. 

Malthodes maurus (Laporte) - Nationally Scarce B. A little known species. 

Malthodes minimus (L.)* - Common and widespread in the south and east, scarcer elsewhere. 

Malthodes mysticus Kiesenwetter - A widespread species of the hill country woodlands of the 

north and west, and present in the Weald. 

Malthodes pumilus (Brebisson)* - Possibly associated particularly with large and old opengrown 

trees, especially oak Quercus and willow Salix. Also with old scrub such as 

broom Cytisus. But also widely found on chalk and limestone pastures. 

Dermestidae - Hide Beetles. Four species specifically attached to trees; all have larvae 

which live in the crevices beneath dead bark on the trunks of large old living oak 

Quercus trees, or under the dry loose bark of dead standing oaks, where they are 

associated with the webs of the larger bark-frequenting spiders. They feed on the 

remains of insects eaten and left over by the spiders; and pupate within the larval skin, 

which splits along the back, and affords some protection. 

Globicornis rufitarsis (Panzer) = nigripes (F.) - RDB1. Larvae develop under loose bark and 

in old decayed wood where feed on dry larval & pupal skins of other insects, 

generally in tree hollows beneath bird nests; adults occasionally found at blossom - 

especially umbellifers. Two centres known in Britain: i) Windsor Forest, and ii) S. 

42

Worcestershire/Gloucestershire, where it is found in low-lying areas with large old 

willow Salix pollards in ancient field boundaries (P. Whitehead, pers. comm.) as well 

as ancient wood pasture oaks Quercus. 

Megatoma undata (L.) - Nationally Scarce B. A scavenger in the nests or burrows of other 

insects, and in spider webs, in decaying wood in old trees, feeding on remnants of 

insects, spider exuviae, etc; also known from bee-hives and bee burrows, where its 

larvae feed on cast skins, pupae etc; rarely within human buildings. Adults have been 

found at flowers, and have been observed feeding on cast aphid skins and even dead 

cat fleas. Widespread in lowland England, although most frequent in south-east and 

Midlands; Europe & Siberia. 

Ctesias serra (F.) – Common Cobweb Beetle. [Nationally Scarce Category B]. Larvae 

under loose webby bark, or in rotting trees or stumps of mainly broad-leaved, overmature 

trees; it is found in insect galleries, in old fungus, around webs of tube- and 

sheet-web building spiders, where it apparently feeds on dead insects and woodlice 

which accumulate near the webs; it has also been recorded attacking the immature 

stages of various moths including the egg masses. Adults have been collected at the 

fermenting sap of an oak Quercus tree infested with goat moth Cossus. Widespread 

in lowland Britain, but scarcer in the west and only a few sites in southern Scotland; a 

relatively mobile species, occurring anywhere there are mature trees, e.g. old parks, 

woodlands, wood pastures, hedgerows etc, and identified from nearly 150 10km 

squares. 

Trinodes hirtus (F.) - RDB3. Adults and larvae amongst webs of tube- and sheet-web 

building spiders beneath loose dry bark on large ancient trees, mainly of oak Quercus, 

where they feed on the dead remains of insects and spider exuviae. Adults have been 

found at blossom and on foliage. Relict old forest species of lowland England; 

Europe, Algeria, Caucasus & Turkmen. 

Bostrichidae - False Powder-post Beetles. Developing in dead hard timber continuously 

until interior reduced to powder. 

Bostrichus capucinus (L.) – Extinct. Develops in dead oak Quercus; last recorded in wild in 

Britain in early C20th. 

Lyctus brunneus (Stephens)* - Nationally Scarce [no official status]. Adults mate at dusk or 

later immediately after emergence; females live c.6 weeks, males c.2-3; strong flier & 

attracted to light; oviposition 2-3 days after mating, in hardwood timbers; ovipositor 

penetrates wood and 1-3 eggs laid in lumen of a xylem vessel; larvae excavate tunnels 

in surrounding tissue; high moisture content to wood required; pupates just beneath 

outer surface; life cycle usually 1 year in Britain. In southern Europe in oak Quercus 

woods, and may have a relict distribution in northern old forest sites. Commonest of 

family in Britain but still very scarce; cosmopolitan. 

Lyctus cavicollis LeConte – Naturalised 

Lyctus linearis (Goeze)* - Nationally Scarce B. Usually found on fresh oak Quercus palings; 

it develops in dead sapwood of oak, beech Fagus & ash Fraxinus; formerly more 

frequent then Lyctus brunneus. 

Lyctus planicollis LeConte – Naturalised. 

Lyctus sinensis Lesne – Naturalised. Established in some timber yards and occasionally 

found in the wild. 

Anobiidae - Most live in dead wood. 

Hedobia (Ptinomorphus) imperialis (L.)* - Nationally Scarce B. Has been reared from dead 

stems of Rosa and hawthorn Crataegus; at least 2 year development; England & 

Scottish Borders (Lanarkshire & Roxburghshire). 

43

Grynobius planus* - Develops in dead timber of various broad-leaved trees. Widespread, 

although locally scarce; more frequent in Ireland than Britain. 

Dryophilus pusillus (Gyllenhal)* - Naturalised. In wood and debris of pine Pinus and larch 

Larix. 

Ochina ptinoides (Marsham)* - Develops in dead thick stems of ivy Hedera on trees. 

Xestobium rufovillosum (Degeer)* - Deathwatch Beetle. Bores in hard dead heartwood of 

several hardwood species where damp and fungal decay is present - in building 

timbers one fungus in particular Donkioporia expansa may be especially important; 

larval period anything between 1 and 13 years, usually 3-7; pupates beneath outer 

surface of timber in late summer (earliest 18 July), 3-4 weeks later adult, but remains 

in pupal chamber until next Spring, when become sexually mature; males emerge 

first; adult life short, at most 9-10 weeks after pairing; exit holes 2.1-3.1mm diameter; 

wings well-developed, but flight very rarely recorded, and unlikely to colonise 

buildings naturally. Flight occurs only when temperatures exceed 17�C and attracted 

to light. Reputedly common in lowland England, but very rare in native situations in 

the north (mainly introduced with timber in these areas?); throughout Europe; 

introduced elsewhere. Develops in a range of trees on the Continent, but mainly oak 

Quercus and willow Salix in southern Britain and confined to oak in the north 

Midlands. 

Ernobius abietis (F.) - Vagrant? New Forest, 1899. 

Ernobius angusticollis (Ratzeburg) - Vagrant? Surrey. 

Ernobius gigas (Mulsant & Rey) – Naturalised. Associated with burnt and dead pines Pinus 

in S England. 

Ernobius mollis (L.)* - Develops in dead branches of softwoods, larvae consuming the bark 

but scoring sapwood, i.e. cambium feeder. Indigenous to north temperate regions, 

being common in northern Europe, especially in Scandinavia; widespread in Britain & 

Ireland; introduction in many parts of World. 

Ernobius nigrinus (Sturm) - Develops in thin branches of pine Pinus and spruce Picea after 

primary attack of Magdalis weevils and Hylastes bark beetles. Formerly confined to 

Scottish Highlands, but now also in southern pine plantations. 

Ernobius pini (Sturm) – Naturalised. Pine Pinus associate in S England. 

Gastrallus immarginatus (Müller, P.W.J.) - RDB1 & BAP Priority Species. Develops in the 

bark of old field maple Acer campestre and fruit trees, clusters of tiny exit-holes 

occurring on well-lit live trunks; very localised in Windsor Forest but widely over 

north Cotswolds and adjoining country. Sub-fossil records from Somerset Levels. 

Hemicoelus fulvicornis (Sturm) - Develops in small dead branches of broad-leaved trees in 

hedges, parks and woods; largely southern and eastern in Britain. 

Hemicoelus nitidus (Herbst) – RDBI. On grey poplar in Suffolk, and reared from dead fallen 

branch of field maple Acer campestre in Windsor Great Park. Possibly a relict old 

forest associate. 

Anobium inexpectatum Lohse - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in thick woody old ivy 

Hedera stems; S. Britain, north to Yorks. 

Anobium punctatum (Degeer)* - Furniture Beetle. Eggs laid in crack or groove in exposed 

dead sapwood of living and dead trees, larvae bore within sapwood and heartwood, 

and pupate just beneath outer surface; pupal stage a few weeks, but adult remains in 

pupal chamber initially. Throughout British Isles, but most frequent in mild wet 

climate of west, and in seaboard counties generally; indigenous in Temperate Europe 

and probably Asia, introduced elsewhere. 

44

Hadrobregmus denticollis (Creutzer) - Nationally Scarce B. Develop in dead heartwood of 

various broad-leaved trees, e.g. red-rot of Salix fragilis, old oak Quercus, pear Pyrus 

and hawthorn Crataegus. Southern England as far north as Worcester. 

Priobium carpini (Herbst) – Naturalised. Known from South Kensington area of London 

since 1980s; in dry timber of conifers and broad-leaved trees. An uncommon species 

of central and northern Europe. 

Ptilinus pectinicornis (L.)* - Bores in exposed dry heartwood of old broad-leaved trees, 

making small pinholes; especially in beech Fagus, but also in most other species; 

female attracts males by release of pheromone, effective over a few metres; females 

bore breeding passages into timber to lay eggs, vertical surfaces preferred; may also 

use existing flight hole to gain entry; only a few females actually leave the old 

breeding site to initiate new infestation. Widespread. 

Xyletinus longitarsus Jansson - RDB2. In very brittle & powdery dead wood of broom 

Cytisus and in decaying timber; scattered distribution, clumped in N. Midlands, 

Herefordshire/Forest of Dean, and southern counties. 

Dorcatoma ambjoerni Baranowski – RDBK. Reared from fruiting bodies of the bracket 

fungus Inonotus cuticularis on old beeches Fagus; and from red-rotten heartwood; 

probably hibernates in larval stage, like others of genus; active later in summer than 

others of genus; discovered in Windsor Forest in 1990 and now known from three 

localities. 

Dorcatoma chrysomelina Sturm - Develops in the interior of boughs and trunks of oak 

Quercus which are red-rotten, due to activity of the fungus Laetiporus sulphureus; has 

also been found in a red-rotted ash Fraxinus stump. Ancient wood pastures. Dyfed to 

East Anglia, north to Lancs. and Yorks., but apparently absent from SW England. 

Dorcatoma dresdensis Herbst - Nationally Scarce A. Develops in hard perennial bracket 

fungi on broad-leaved trees, incl. Ganoderma on old beech Fagus and Phellinus spp. 

Ancient wood pastures of south-east England, west to Severn Vale. 

Dorcatoma flavicornis (F.) - Nationally Scarce B. Similar habits to D. chrysomelina; 

widespread across southern Britain, but rare in south-west. 

Dorcatoma serra Panzer - Nationally Scarce A. Develops in hard bracket fungi on 

broadleaved trees, especially Inonotus dryadeus; ancient wood pastures of central and 

south-eastern England, reaching into the Welsh Marches. 

Anitys rubens (Hoffmann, J.J.) - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in red-rotted heartwood of 

old oaks Quercus in ancient wood pastures; southern England to Yorkshire, and 

Ceredigion. 

Anobiidae: Ptininae - Spider Beetles 

Ptinus fur (Linnaeus) - Larvae develop in a wide range of dry organic matter, including 

fungoid heartwood and old bracket fungi. They are a regular feature of ancient trees. 

Ptinus lichenum Marsham - RDB3. Larvae bore in dry wood and bark, in old palings, etc. 

Also a scavenger in bird nests. 

Ptinus palliatus Perris - Nationally Scarce A. Associated with dry but rotten dead timber, of 

oak Quercus, especially in old posts. 

Ptinus pilosus Müller, PWJ - Vagrant? In old wood, very rare. 

Ptinus subpilosus Sturm* - Nationally Scarce B. In old hollow trees and under bark, mainly 

of oak Quercus, and old pines Pinus in Highlands; also scavenger in bird nests. Relict 

old forest species. 

Lymexylidae - Larvae develop in dying or dead timber, and cultivate microscopic fungi 

(ambrosia) in their galleries. 

Hylecoetus dermestoides (L.)* - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in dead timber and root 

stumps of hardwoods and softwoods; bores vertically into the heartwood; adult stage 

45

very short, only a few days, from early April to early July; eggs laid in batches in 

wood crevices, in rough bark or in boreholes; hatch 7-14 days later, larval galleries 

unbranched and curved, in sapwood and heartwood; bore dust ejected creating piles of 

dust; feed on ambrosia fungus growing on walls of larval passage, introduced from 

egg-shell; pupal chamber excavated near the ingress hole, and pupal stage lasts a 

week. Very common in N & C Europe; most widespread in England in north and 

west; in Scotland favours northern birchwoods; relict old forest species in southern 

parts of main range at least. SW Ireland. Has appeared in Surrey in 2001, although 

whether this represents an expansion of the British or continental ranges, or an 

accidental introduction through movement of timber, is not clear. Widespread in 

Europe. 

Lymexylon navale (L.) - RDB2. Confined to ancient forest areas, where larvae bore into 

heartwood of living and dead standing oaks Quercus and occasionally sweet chestnut 

Castanea, usually well above ground level, of in felled trunks or stumps, but always 

where bark has been damaged, drying out the underlying sapwood to some extent; 

eggs laid in such situations from end of May to July; larvae bore very narrow galleries 

straight into the centre of the trunk; auxiliary passages constructed as larvae get 

larger; feeds on cellulose, etc, not fungi; pupal chamber under outer wood surface 

close to ingress point; at least 1 year life cycle. A clustered distribution in Britain, in 

West Midlands and south-east; N, E, & C Europe. 

Phloiophilidae 

Phloiophilus edwardsii Stephens* - Nationally Scarce B. An autumn species, developing in 

fungus Phlebia merismoides, which grows on the bark of dead boughs and branches 

of various broad-leaved trees and shrubs. Widespread throughout much of Britain. 

Trogossitidae - Flat Beetles 

Nemozoma elongatum (L.) - RDB3. Lives in the burrows of the bark beetles Pteleobius 

vittatus and Leperisinus varius, mostly in old palings. 

Ostoma ferrugineum (L.) - RDB1. Larvae feed in heartwood and sapwood of large Scots pine 

Pinus sylvestris that have been extensively rotted by the fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii; 

adults usually found under bark; relict old pine forest in GB, also ancient spruce Picea 

forest elsewhere in Europe; widely distributed Palaearctic sp. 

Zimioma grossum (L.) – Fossil. Apparently associated with birch Betula damaged by forest 

fires, and sub-fossils found at Thorne Moors, 3000 BP. 

Thymalus limbatus (F.)* - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae and adults live beneath loose bark on 

decaying broad-leaved timber, especially oak Quercus, and in the later stages of 

white-rot decay when the heartwood is dry and soft. In Britain has a northern & 

western distribution extending across to the Weald in southern England. Ireland: 

Kerry. Confined to ancient wood pastures. 

Cleridae - Checkered Beetles 

Tillus elongatus (L.)* - Nationally Scarce B. A predator of other beetles on old broad-leaved 

trees, especially larvae of Ptilinus pectinicornis, and usually in hard dead heartwood 

of beech Fagus. The larvae hunt nocturnally under bark and on the outside of the 

tree. Mainly in southern and south-eastern England, but with single records from 

Cumbria and Co Kerry. Throughout much of Europe. 

Tilloidea unifasciata (F.) – Extinct. A predator on immature stages of Lyctus beetles in old 

stumps and under bark on dead oak Quercus and beech Fagus; most usually in GB in 

fresh oak palings. Adults attracted to flowering shrubs. Widespread across Europe. 

Opilo mollis (L.) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae predatory on anobiid beetle larvae in old 

hard timber; Opilo larvae crawl through Anobium tunnels in search of prey; eggs laid 

only if adult Anobium have been found; pupate beneath bark. Nocturnal. Widespread 

46

in lowland England, but absent from south-west and north; Welsh record from 

Denbighshire. Widespread on continent. 

Thanasimus formicarius (L.)* - Pink larvae and adults feed on bark beetles, and also other 

beetles, in hard dead timber; especially ash Fraxinus and elm Ulmus, but also pine 

Pinus and oak Quercus. Widespread in central and eastern England, more sparingly 

in north and west. Rare in Ireland and only reported from Counties Dublin and 

Wicklow. 

Thanasimus femoralis (Zetterstedt) = rufipes (Brahm) - RDB3. Associated with Scots pine 

Pinus sylvestris in Highlands; feed on bark beetles. North and central Europe. 

Paratillus carus (Newman) - Naturalised. Larvae feed on the larvae of Lyctus beetles; 

usually in timber yards, but occasionally in native situations. An Australian import, 

first recorded in Britain in 1933. 

Tarsostenus univittatus (Rossi) – Extinct. A predator of immature stages of Lyctus beetles. 

Cosmopolitan. 

Korynetes caeruleus (Degeer) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae in galleries of Anobium and 

Xestobium beetles in old hard timber, both in old trees and in buildings, and predatory 

on their larvae; also reported from old bones where feed on dermestid larvae. 

Melyridae - Soft-winged Flower Beetles. Larvae predatory, some associated with dead 

timber, although in some cases perhaps only as a pupation site. 

Aplocnemus impressus (Marsham) = pini Redtenbacher - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae feed 

on scolytid beetle larvae, in branches, eg of pear Pyrus, oak Quercus, sycamore Acer 

& pine Pinus. 

Aplocnemus nigricornis (F.) - Nationally Scarce A. As above. Possibly some association 

with hollow oaks Quercus. Mainly known from ancient wood pastures. 

Dasytes aeratus Stephens* - Favours open woodland situations, especially on neutral to baserich 

soils: adults usually found at blossom, especially on hawthorns Crataegus; the 

larvae are carnivorous over and under bark on live trunks as well as deadwood, 

feeding on dead invertebrates - has been reared in numbers from oak Quercus timber. 

Locally common in southern England, becoming very much more local in the north. 

Dasytes niger (L.) - Nationally Scarce A. Adults frequent open grasslands, visiting flowers, 

but have also been found in numbers active over a standing dead tree trunk in warm 

sunshine. Larvae are believed to develop in decaying wood. 

Dasytes plumbeus (Müller, O.F.) - Nationally Scarce B. Adults most often found in 

grasslands, but perhaps always near to trees. Larvae are said to develop in decaying 

wood. 

Dasytes puncticollis Reitter - Nationally Scarce B. Associated with a variety of grassland 

situations. 

Ebaeus pedicularius (L.) – Extinct. Windsor Forest, 19th C. 

Hypebaeus flavipes (F.) - RDB1 & BAP Grouped Species Statement. Larvae in galleries 

made by woodborers in ancient oaks Quercus in open sunny situations; Moccas Park. 

Axinotarsus marginalis (Laporte) - Recent Colonist. Reared from larvae in fallen oak 

Quercus branch; recent arrival apparently from near Continent, probably a natural 

range extension, now well established over much of S England. 

Axinotarsus ruficollis (Olivier) - Probably develops in dead twigs. 

Sphinginus lobatus (Olivier) – RDBK. Probably develops in dead twigs of oak Quercus or 

other trees; discovered in Hampshire in 1982. 

Malachius aeneus (L.) - RDB3. Larvae under bark on logs. Adults active in grassy clearings 

and rides within woodland. 

47

Malachius bipustulatus (L.)* - Larvae partly predatory in holes of wood-borers, partly 

feeding on their excreta and larval skins; adults sun-loving and feed on pollen, also 

seen to attack and eat the beetle Dasytes aerosus. 

Anthocomus fasciatus (L.)* - Larvae probably predatory in borings of anobiid beetles; adults 

usually found by sweeping beneath trees or at umbel flowers. 

Sphindidae - All the known Sphindidae breed exclusively in slime fungus spore bodies. 

Sphindus dubius (Gyllenhal) - Nationally Scarce B. 

Aspidiphorus orbiculatus (Gyllenhal)* 

Nitidulidae - Sap or Blossom Beetles. A number of species are attracted to sap flows, 

especially during fermentation; at freshly cut stumps, sickly trees attacked by bark 

beetles and Hylecoetus, as well as exudations caused by the wood-boring larva of the 

goat moth Cossus. 

Soronia grisea (Linnaeus)* - Under bark on dead ash Fraxinus; associated solely with ash in 

Ireland. 

Soronia punctatissima (Illiger)* - Associated with oak Quercus and alder Alnus; attracted to 

sappy stumps, as well as trees attacked by goat moth Cossus and clearwing moths 

(Sesiidae); associated with ash Fraxinus in Ireland. 

Amphotis marginata (F.) – RDBK. In nests and runs of jet ant Lasius fuliginosus in 

woodland. 

Cryptarcha strigata (F.) - Nationally Scarce B. Associated with freshly exposed and 

fermenting sap; oak Quercus and ash Fraxinus reported. 

Cryptarcha undata (Olivier) - Nationally Scarce B. Associated with freshly exposed and 

fermenting sap; oak Quercus. 

Glischrochilus hortensis (Fourcroy)* - Usually at sappy stumps, in fungi, or amongst 

chippings from broad-leaved trees or conifers. 

Glischrochilus quadriguttatus (Fabricius)* - As above; feeds on fermenting sap; associated 

with ash Fraxinus in Ireland. 

Glischrochilus quadripunctatus (Linnaeus)* - On conifers. 

Pityophagus ferrugineus (L.)* - Under bark on dead pine Pinus. Also reported from plant 

roots in arable land. 

Carpophilus sexpustulatus (F.) - Under bark on sappy recently dead timber, especially sweet 

chestnut Castanea, but has also been reported from under bark with the fruiting 

bodies of the fungus Bulgaria inquinans; may be predator of bark beetles. Peculiar 

history in Britain, with earlier records all from stored products, but has increasingly 

been found in old wood pastures. Largely eastern distribution in Britain, and 

especially in south-east and east side of Pennines, but also known from 

Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Lancashire. 

Epuraea aestiva (L.)* - Adults at flowers of trees and shrubs, e.g. rowan Sorbus, gorse Ulex. 

Common. 

Epuraea angustula Sturm* - Nationally Scarce B. Associated with the borings of Xyloterus 

bark beetles in sickly or freshly dead trunks and boughs, especially of birch Betula, 

oak Quercus and beech Fagus; lowland England, except south-west; pine Pinus in 

Highlands; also in Co Donegal. Associated with ancient wood pastures. 

Epuraea biguttata (Thunberg) - Under sappy bark on dead timber and in bracket fungi; feed 

largely on sap and other vegetable matter, but will also eat insect eggs; larvae below 

loose bark and on the bark surface, feed readily on scolytid eggs and small larvae, 

also dead or dying larger larvae; not uncommon in Scotland. 

Epuraea binotata Reitter – Extinct. Single British specimen swept in N.Essex in 1895. 

48

Epuraea distincta (Grimmer) - Nationally Scarce A. Develops in the bracket fungi 

Daedaleopsis confragosa on waterside Salix; adults have been reported overwintering 

in reed litter; possibly a recent arrival. 

Epuraea fuscicollis (Stephens) - Nationally Scarce B. At exuding sap of trees, especially 

those attacked by goat moth Cossus; very rare in mid-Europe. 

Epuraea guttata (Olivier) - Nationally Scarce B. At exuding sap of trees, including those 

attacked by goat moth Cossus. 

Epuraea limbata (F.) - In tree fungi. 

Epuraea longula Erichson* - Nationally Scarce B. Adults have been found at goat moth 

Cossus burrows, but are more regularly found at woodland flowers; also from rotten 

elm Ulmus. 

Epuraea marseuli Reitter = pusilla (Illiger)* - At flowers, under sappy bark of deadwood and 

in tree fungi. 

Epuraea melanocephala (Marsham)* - At flowers of trees and shrubs. 

Epuraea melina Erichson* - At flowers. 

Epuraea neglecta (Heer) – RDBI. At sap and under sappy bark of deadwood; also in faggots. 

Epuraea pallescens (Stephens) = florea Erichson* - At flowers and tree-sap; also in fungi. 

Epuraea rufomarginata (Stephens)* - Amongst borings of the beetle Xyloterus domesticus in 

a cut bough; also under dead spruce Picea bark and in oak Quercus faggots; and in 

Daldinia fungus on ash. 

Epuraea silacea (Herbst)* = deleta Sturm - At flowers, under sappy bark on dead wood, and 

in bracket fungi. Very rare in mid-Europe. 

Epuraea terminalis* Mannerheim = adumbrata Mannerheim - Nationally Scarce. Under 

bark of sappy dead oak Quercus, birch Betula and pine Pinus timber; relict old forest 

species, rare in England but widespread in Scottish Highlands - first recognised GB in 

1972. 

Epuraea thoracica Tournier* - Nationally Scarce. Under bark of deadwood and on resinous 

stumps and planks of conifers; mainly Scottish, but appears to have spread with 

conifer forestry. 

Epuraea unicolor (Olivier)* - At sappy birch Betula and oak Quercus stumps; also develops 

in compost. 

Epuraea variegata (Herbst) – RDBK. In brackets of the fungi Piptoporus betulinus and 

Fomes fomentarius on birch Betula; mainly Scottish Highlands. 

Rhizophagidae - Larvae feed on larvae of other small beetles, including certain scolytid 

bark beetles; in damp conditions where there is mould or sap. 

Rhizophagus bipustulatus (Fabricius) - Adults and larvae under bark of most dead broadleaved 

trees; feed on fungal hyphae and will also eat dead scolytid bark beetle larvae. 

Rhizophagus cribratus Gyllenhal* - Usually found around tree roots in litter, etc, especially 

oaks. 

Rhizophagus depressus (Fabricius)* - Under bark of dead pine Pinus. 

Rhizophagus dispar (Paykull)* - Under bark of most dead broad-leaved trees, and in bracket 

fungi; adult has been observed feeding on a fly larva. Common and widespread, 

particularly so in the north and west. 

Rhizophagus ferrugineus (Paykull)* - Under bark on deadwood & in heart-rot. 

Rhizophagus grandis Gyllenhal – Introduction. Introduced to GB by Forestry Commission 

since 1983 as a control on the spruce bark beetle Dendroctonus micans. 

Rhizophagus nitidulus (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. Under sappy bark of freshly dead 

wood of various broad-leaved trees. Ancient woodlands and wood pastures 

throughout Britain. 

49

Rhizophagus oblongicollis Blatch & Horner - RDB1. Probably develops underground at the 

roots of old oaks Quercus, but at times comes to the surface and seeks new larval 

habitat. Above ground it is attracted to sap associated with damaged bark. 

Rhizophagus parallelocollis Gyllenhal* - Under bark on deadwood. 

Rhizophagus parvulus (Paykull) - RDB3. Under bark of dead broad-leaved trees; Scottish 

Highlands. 

Rhizophagus perforatus Erichson* - Under bark on dead broad-leaved trees. 

Rhizophagus picipes (Olivier) - Nationally Scarce A. Under sappy bark of various dead 

trees. 

Cyanostolus aeneus (Richter) - Nationally Scarce A. Under bark on dead wood and in 

crevices in bark, usually on or near water; probably a predator of bark beetles; N & W 

Britain & Weald. 

Silvanidae - Larvae predators on other insect larvae beneath bark on deadwood. 

Silvanus bidentatus (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. Under sappy bark of deadwood of 

various trees, incl. pine Pinus; usually with S. unidentatus. Central and eastern 

England, as far north as Co Durham; absent Wales and south-west; a single Scottish 

record in west. 

Silvanus unidentatus (Olivier) - Under sappy bark of deadwood of oak Quercus and beech 

Fagus, but also a wide range of other broad-leaved trees. Central and eastern 

England; widespread; single locality in Kirkcudbrightshire. 

Silvanoprus fagi (Guérin-Méneville) - RDB1. Under bark of beech Fagus and pine Pinus 

deadwood. 

Uleiota planata (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae probably fungus-feeders under 

sappy bark, typically beech Fagus and sweet chestnut Castanea, but also from other 

broad-leaved trees; adults over-winter. Mainly in southern and eastern England, but 

with single reports from W. Glamorgan and Aberdeenshire. 

Dendrophagus crenatus (Paykull) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae are fungus-feeders under 

dead bark of broad-leaved trees and conifers; relict woodlands of primary pine Pinus 

forest; Scotland. Limited to the mountainous and colder areas elsewhere in Europe, 

especially ancient spruce Picea forest. 

Cucujidae - Flat Bark Beetles. Larvae predators on other insect larvae beneath bark on 

deadwood. 

Pediacus depressus (Herbst) - Nationally Scarce A. Attracted to freshly cut or broken 

stumps; also from goat moth Cossus burrows. Very thin scatter of sites across 

England; one Welsh locality, in Carmarthenshire. 

Pediacus dermestoides (Fabricius) - Develops beneath bark on dead broad-leaved timber in 

the early stages of decay, especially in shattered ends of broken boughs; larvae feed 

on other insect larvae, while adults are fungivorous. Widespread in ancient 

woodlands and wood pastures throughout southern Britain, as far north as N. 

Yorkshire. 

Laemophloeidae 

Laemophloeus monilis (Fabricius) - RDB1. Under bark of cut ends of beech Fagus. 

Cryptolestes confusus – [RDB1]. In beech Fagus log, Windsor 1987. 

Cryptolestes duplicatus (Waltl) - Under bark on dead timber, reputedly widespread in S. 

England. 

Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens)* - Under bark on beech Fagus, especially where still 

sappy; also on oak Quercus, horse chestnut Aesculus, etc. Possibly associated with 

ancient wood pastures, but also in granaries. Scattered across southern England. 

Cryptolestes spartii (Curtis) - Nationally Scarce A. Mainly in dead broom Cytisus stems, but 

also under bark of deadwood of various broad-leaved trees. 

50

Notolaemus unifasciatus (Latreille) - Nationally Scarce A. Under sappy bark of freshly dead 

beech Fagus and oak Quercus; old beech-woods of south-eastern England; also 

widely scattered in Midlands. 

Prostomis mandibularis (Fabricius) – Fossil. Very local and rare in a handful of isolated 

semi-natural forest remnants in Europe, where it lives in damp decaying timber. A 

relict old forest species apparently extinct in Central Europe since 1960s. 

Accidentally introduced in southern British Columbian forests and now established 

there. Sub-fossil records from Somerset Levels. 

Cryptophagidae - Silken Fungus Beetles. 

Henoticus serratus (Gyllenhal)* - Under bark on deadwood or at blossom, near fresh water; 

widely distributed but very sparse, especially in Scotland. 

Cryptophagus spp. - usually fungal or detritus feeders. 

Cryptophagus acuminatus Coombs & Woodroffe - Old wood of oak Quercus and alder 

Alnus. 

Cryptophagus angustus Ganglbauer - Nationally Scarce. A pine Pinus associate, widely 

reported in Scotland, and also known from southern and eastern England. Found 

under bark on dead timber. 

Cryptophagus confusus Bruce – RDBK. In moist crumbly dead beech Fagus timber, 

including saw dust from insect borers; Windsor & Richmond. 

Cryptophagus corticinus Thomson,C.G. – RDBI. Associated with burnt birch Betula wood 

and the fungus Daldinia vernicosa; Speyside & Lanarkshire. 

Cryptophagus dentatus (Herbst)* - In fungi and in buildings; larvae will feed on dead or 

dying insect larvae. 

Cryptophagus falcozi Roubal – RDBI. Old forest relict. In moist crumbly fungoid dead wood 

on ancient beeches Fagus and associated with Ganoderma bracket fungi, Windsor & 

Reading. 

Cryptophagus fallax Balfour-Browne – RDBI. Reported from jackdaw nests and bat roosts. 

Cryptophagus intermedius Bruce* - RDBK. Known from borings of bark beetle Leperesinus 

varius under ash Fraxinus bark and at sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus sap. 

Cryptophagus labilis Erichson - Nationally Scarce. Under bark on deadwood and in moist 

crumbly rotten wood and old stumps, generally where these have been bored by lesser 

stag beetle Dorcus parallelipipedus; ancient wood pastures. 

Cryptophagus micaceus Rey – RDBK. In tree hole nests of hornet Vespa crabro and social 

wasps (Vespidae); also reported from rotting timber, fungi, sap and nest debris. 

Cryptophagus pallidus Sturm 

Cryptophagus ruficornis Stephens* - Nationally Scarce. Associated with the fungi Daldinia 

concentrica growing on ash Fraxinus and D. vernicosa on burnt birch Betula. Britain 

& Co Antrim. 

Cryptophagus scanicus (L.) 

Micrambe bimaculata (Panzer)* - RDBK. Thought to be associated with pine Pinus 

deadwood. Northern Britain. 

Cryptophagidae: Atomariinae - Adults and larvae of most species probably feed on 

fungal hyphae and moulds. With the present state of knowledge, individual species 

are particularly difficult to allocate to the decaying wood category with confidence 

when individuals have been found in leaf litter or flood refuse (both including 

decaying twigs), as well as more distinct decaying wood habitats. 

Caenoscelis sibirica Reitter – [RDB?] Should be sought around rotten tree stumps and wood 

in the hill country of northern and western Britain. A boreo-alpine species only known 

in Britain from a single specimen found in S.W. Yorkshire. 

51

Atomaria badia Erichson – RDBI. Under bark on deadwood of pine Pinus and in wasp 

(Vespidae) nests; boreo-alpine species, restricted to Caledonian pine forest of 

Speyside. 

Atomaria lohsei Johnson & Strand – Naturalised. Apparently a recent immigrant to Britain. 

Known from rotten wood debris abroad; mainly conifer forest. 

Atomaria morio Kolenati – RDBK. Primarily associated with bird nests in tree cavities, but 

also reported from squirrel dreys, a mole nest and a cut stump. 

Atomaria procerula Erichson – RDBK. In rotting timber of a variety of tree species. 

Scotland. Mainly a boreo-alpine species in Europe. 

Atomaria pulchra Erichson - Has been found in all kinds of decaying wood: heaps of bark 

shavings, burnt wood, sawn logs and stacked timber. Widely distributed in 

woodlands. 

Atomaria puncticollis Thomson – RDBK. Known from sawn timber and mouldy wood 

shavings; broad-leaved trees. 

Atomaria umbrina (Gyllenhal)* - Nationally Scarce. Associated with the fruiting bodies of 

wood-rotting fungi, especially the gill fungi Armillaria mellea and Pholiota spp, in 

woodlands. Also taken in grass heaps. 

Erotylidae 

Triplax aenea (Schaller) - Usually associated with the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus growing on 

trunks of broad-leaved trees. Widespread in old wood pastures of Britain, although 

possibly absent from East Anglia. 

Triplax lacordairii Crotch - RDB3. In Pleurotus and from ash Fraxinus and elm Ulmus; 

centred on Thames and Hampshire Basins, but also reported from Worcestershire. 

Triplax russica (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in fungal fruiting bodies on 

various broad-leaved trees, particularly Inonotus hispidus on ash Fraxinus in the west, 

while preferring Fomes fomentarius on birch Betula in the north. Also reported from 

other broad-leaved trees, without reference to the associated fungus. Adults may also 

be found feeding at the bracket fungi. 

Triplax scutellaris Charpentier - RDB3. Recorded in Pleurotus, and in fungi on elm Ulmus 

and holly Ilex; larvae have been found hibernating in moss at foot of trees, adults 

emerging in spring. Known from a few localities in northern England 

Tritoma bipustulata Fabricius - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae develop in wood-decay fungi, 

especially on beech Fagus. Widespread in lowland England; a single record from S. 

Wales. 

Dacne bipustulata (Thunberg)* - Adults normally frequent fruiting brackets of the softer 

polypore fungi on trunks of broad-leaved trees. Has been reared from Laetiporus 

sulphureus & Piptoporus betulinus. Widespread in lowland Britain; rare in Ireland. 

Dacne rufifrons (Fabricius) - Adults normally frequent fruiting brackets of the softer 

polypore fungi on trunks of broad-leaved trees. Widespread in lowland England but 

more local than D. bipustulata. . 

Biphyllidae - False Hide Beetles 

Biphyllus lunatus (Fabricius) - Develop in the fruiting body of the fungus Daldinia 

concentrica growing on ash Fraxinus and, to a lesser extent, other broad-leaved trees; 

pupate in the fruit body. Widespread in lowland England, although rarer in the west 

where strongly associated with ancient wood pastures; Dyfed. Rare and threatened in 

central Europe. 

Diplocoelus fagi Guérin-Méneville - Nationally Scarce B. Until recently, exclusively 

associated with beech Fagus, the adults occurring under bark on deadwood, 

particularly the loose outer layer. In 1998 found in association with sooty bark 

disease on sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus logs in the London area. Adults over- 

52

winter in deadwood, including oak Quercus. Associated with the fungus 

Tubercularia confluens in Scandinavia. Ancient woodlands and wood pastures, 

although increasingly less so; south and south-east England. 

Cerylonidae - Feed on fungal hyphae & spores. 

Cerylon fagi Brisout* - Nationally Scarce B. Lives under bark of deadwood and within 

decaying heartwood, especially oak Quercus, and especially in later stages of decay. 

Also found in beech Fagus and ash Fraxinus. Widespread in lowland Britain and 

most frequent in south-east; north to Lanarkshire and west to Devon and Gwent. 

Confined to ancient woodlands and wood pastures. 

Cerylon ferrugineum Stephens* - Develops beneath bark on dead broad-leaved timber in the 

early stages of decay; feed on fungal hyphae and spores. Mostly in ancient woodland 

and wood pasture; widespread in Britain, scarce in Ireland. 

Cerylon histeroides (Fabricius)* - In fungoid and decaying timber of various broadleaves & 

pine Pinus. Mostly in ancient woodland and wood pasture; widespread in Britain, 

although most frequent in lowland England; rare in Ireland. 

Endomychidae 

Symbiotes latus Redtenbacher - Nationally Scarce B. In fungi and under bark on deadwood; 

elm Ulmus, poplar Populus, ash Fraxinus, beech Fagus. 

Endomychus coccineus (Linnaeus)* - Lives gregariously with its larvae on or around fungoid 

growth under bark of dead timber; especially in beech Fagus, but also in apple Malus, 

crack willow Salix fragilis, horse chestnut Aesculus, birch Betula. 

Corylophidae 

Orthoperus mundus Matthews, A. 

Orthoperus aequalis Sharp = nitidulus Allen 

Orthoperus nigrescens Stephens* - Under fungoid bark. 

Lathridiidae - Brown Scavenger or Plaster Beetles. Most feed on mould. 

Stephostethus alternans (Mannerheim) – [RDB?]Associated with mouldy bark of broadleaved 

trees, especially beech Fagus. Generally rare in central Europe, extending into 

northern and western parts; discovered at Dinefwr Deer Park, W. Wales, in 1996, 

possibly a recent immigrant. 

Cartodere constricta (Gyllenhal) - Under bark on deadwood. 

Lathridius consimilis Mannerheim - Nationally Scarce. In fungi on trees, mainly birch 

polypore Piptoporus betulinus, also from ash Fraxinus, beech Fagus & elm Ulmus. 

Widely scattered across lowland England, with records from SE Devon and 

Cardiganshire in the extreme west; 10km square map in Tozer (1973). 

Enicmus brevicornis (Mannerheim) - Nationally Scarce. Associated with mouldy bark of 

beech Fagus, birch Betula, ash Fraxinus and sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus. 

Appears to have increased in numbers and range in recent years through favouring the 

development of sooty bark disease Cryptostroma corticale on sycamore. Central and 

south-eastern England; also in Cumbria. 

Enicmus fungicola Thomson - Nationally Scarce. In ripe powdery slime fungi on oak 

Quercus and beech Fagus boughs and trunks. 

Enicmus rugosus (Herbst) - Nationally Scarce. In slime mould on trees, often under bark on 

deadwood; mainly oak Quercus, but also ash Fraxinus, beech Fagus, alder Alnus and 

pine Pinus. Old forest areas: Highlands, Lanarkshire, and central and south-eastern 

England. 

Enicmus testaceus (Stephens)* - In ripe slime fungus on beech Fagus and other trunks. 

53

Dienerella elongata (Curtis) - Occurs under bark on deadwood and amongst wood-chips and 

sawdust; also reported from moss in winter, mouldy hay/straw, and in a blackbird nest 

in February. 

Dienerella separanda (Reitter) - Indoors and out; in moist crumbly timber when outdoors. 

Widespread. 

Corticaria alleni Johnson - Nationally Scarce. Lives under loose dry bark usually; also in 

myxomycete fungus and in dry crumbly heartwood. Associated with areas of old 

deciduous (oak Quercus/ beech Fagus) woodlands in S/SE England; also recorded 

from Sherwood Forest and Easterness. 

Corticaria dubia Dajoz - In slime moulds on trees. 

Corticaria fagi Wollaston – RDBI. Associated with old mouldy deadwood; Windsor Forest 

(1936), Sussex (1974) & Suffolk (1983). Widely distributed in Europe although rare 

and sporadic. 

Corticaria linearis (Paykull) - Nationally Scarce. Primarily associated with decaying pine 

Pinus timber; also reported from oak Quercus. Mostly Scottish, although widely in 

England. 

Corticaria longicollis (Zetterstedt) – RDBK. Recorded in a red-rotten hollow oak Quercus, 

beneath bark on dead wood, and in wood ant Formica rufa nest. 

Corticaria polypori Sahlberg, J. - Develops in Fomes fomentarius bracket fungi on dead 

birches Betula in Scottish Highlands; N & C European species; rare. 

Melanophthalma suturalis (Mannerheim) - In bracket fungi. 

Mycetophagidae - Hairy Fungus Beetles. Associated with fungoid bark and wood. 

Pseudotriphyllus suturalis (Fabricius) - Adults associated with bracket fungi, most often 

Laetiporus sulphureus and Polyporus squamosus. Widespread over lowland central 

and eastern England, extending north into the Lothians. 

Triphyllus bicolor (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. Adults mainly found at fresh fruiting 

bodies of Fistulina hepatica, but also Laetiporus sulphureu,s on oak Quercus trunks; 

also reported from fungi on beech Fagus. Ancient woodlands and wood pastures of 

lowland Britain; apparently absent from far west. 

Litargus connexus (Fourcroy)* - Larvae develop in the fungus Daldinia concentrica; the 

adults are generally found under dead bark close to the fruiting bodies. Widespread 

across lowland Britain, but rare in west, and with only single known localities in 

southern Scotland & northern Ireland. 

Mycetophagus atomarius (Fabricius) – Larvae develop in the hard black fruiting bodies of 

Hypoxylon fragiforme on dead & dying beech Fagus, or Daldinia concentrica on ash 

Fraxinus; pupae reported under bark and in deadwood. Throughout England, 

although rare in west; Welsh Borders; extending into S and W Scotland. 

Mycetophagus fulvicollis Fabricius – Extinct. Only a 19th Century record from Black Wood 

of Rannoch. Sub-fossil records from Somerset Levels. 

Mycetophagus multipunctatus Fabricius - With fungi on ash Fraxinus and other broad-leaved 

trees; widespread in lowland England and especially along alluvial floodplain 

situations, but increasingly scarce to the north and west; not known from Cornwall 

and Devon, and mainly in border counties of Wales; rare in Scotland. 

Mycetophagus piceus (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. Most often develops in red-rotten 

heartwood in oak Quercus trunks and boughs, i.e. in the decay caused by the fungus 

Laetiporus sulphureus, the larvae occurring where the decay is fresh and moist. 

Adults are also found feeding on fruiting bodies of other bracket fungi. Primarily in 

ancient woodlands and wood pastures. Widespread over much of England and Wales, 

but absent from far south-west and north; one southern Scottish record. 

54

Mycetophagus populi Fabricius - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae probably develop within 

fungal mycelia within decaying wood, although the favoured situations and conditions 

are not known. Adults are most often found during winter and spring and so were 

probably not in breeding habitat at the time; reported from under loose bark on wood 

and in soft moist decaying sapwood of elm Ulmus and other broadleaves; spring 

records include association with fresh sap. Status probably needs up-grading to RDB. 

Mycetophagus quadriguttatus Müller, P.W.J. - Nationally Scarce A. In old decaying broadleaved 

timber with mildewy cavities, very rare; also very occasionally in stored 

products where fungal decay, e.g. granary refuse, haystacks, etc. 

Mycetophagus quadripustulatus (Linnaeus) - Adults found beneath fungoid bark and at soft 

bracket fungi, on a wide range of broad-leaved trees; develops most frequently in the 

fruiting brackets of Polyporus squamosus. 

Eulagius filicornis (Reitter) - Naturalised. A species of southern Europe and N. Africa 

which has become established in the Reading area, 1993 onwards. Possibly 

associated with the fungus Stereum hirsutum growing on dead branches of broadleaved 

trees. 

Ciidae - Minute Tree Fungus Beetles. Develop in bracket and other fungi in and on dead 

and dying timber. While the larvae appear to have restricted fungal associations, 

adults may feed on wood-decay fungi more widely. 

Octotemnus glabriculus (Gyllenhal)* - Develop chiefly in young, expanding brackets of 

Trametes versicolor; also in Pseudotrametes gibbosa; particularly characteristic of 

beech Fagus woods, but also found in association with other broad-leaved tree 

species. 

Rhopalodontus baudueri Abeille – Fossil. Develops in fungal fruiting bodies on decaying 

wood. Fossil evidence for presence in Britain up until 980 +/-110 BP, from Thorne 

Moors. 

Rhopalodontus perforatus (Gyllenhal) - RDB3. In brackets of Fomes fomentarius on birch 

Betula; Highlands. 

Sulcacis affinis (Gyllenhal) - Develop in brackets of the fungus Trametes versicolor, but 

occasionally also reported from other fungi 

Sulcacis bicornis (Mellié) - Nationally Scarce B. Develop in brackets of the fungus 

Trametes versicolor; characteristic of beech Fagus woods but also found with ash 

Fraxinus. 

Cis alni Gyllenhal* - Associated with Jew's Ear Fungus Auricularia auricula-judae, mainly 

on dead elder Sambucus, in S. England, probably also other fungi; larvae found in the 

soft fungoid sapwood of the colonised dead host tissues. 

Cis bidentatus (Olivier)* - Most regularly develops in the brackets of Piptoporus betulinus 

and Laetiporus sulphureus, but also reported from Pleurotus, Polyporus squamosus, 

and Ganoderma spp. 

Cis bilamellatus Wood – Naturalised. Under fungoid bark and in various bracket fungi, most 

often in Piptoporus betulinus on birch Betula; also in Ganoderma applanatum and 

other bracket fungi; reached Britain from Australia in 1870's; now widespread. 

Cis boleti (Scopoli)* - Develop in the fully expanded fruit bodies of the fungus Trametes 

versicolor. The most frequent species of the family. 

Cis coluber Abeille - RDB3. In fungi on trees: oak Quercus, Salix, alder Alnus. 

Cis dentatus Mellié - RDB3. Birch polypore Piptoporus betulinus, and under fungoid pine 

Pinus bark; Scottish Highlands. 

Cis fagi Waltl* - Primarily develops in the mycelium of Laetiporus sulphureus in cubical redrotten 

oak Quercus heartwood; larvae have also reported from subcortical mycelial 

55

sheets of Armillaria sp; adults reported widely, feeding at wide variety of wood-decay 

fungi. Very thinly scattered across Britain. 

Cis festivus (Panzer)* - Nationally Scarce B. In fungal brackets on decaying timber; Salix, 

birch Betula, and aspen Populus tremula. 

Cis hispidus (Paykull)* - Develop in the brackets of the fungi Trametes hirsutus and T. 

versicolor; possibly favours open wood pasture situations. 

Cis jacquemarti Mellié - Nationally Scarce B. In bracket fungi; Scotland. 

Cis lineatocribratus Mellié - Nationally Scarce B. In hard bracket fungi; Scotland and 

northern England. 

Cis micans (Fabricius) - Most often found in association with oak Quercus. 

Cis nitidus (Fabricius)* - Develops in the brackets of Ganoderma spp in particular; the larvae 

have particularly heavily developed mandibles for chewing this exceptionally woody 

fungus; can also develop in Piptoporus betulinus. Most often found in old parklands 

or wood pastures. 

Cis punctulatus Gyllenhal - In Hirschioporus abietinus, on larch Larix and pine Pinus; 

Scotland, but recently established in S and E England. 

Cis pygmaeus (Marsham) - Larval ecology not known; adults are reported to be attracted to 

the ascomycete fungus Ascodichaena rugosa on moribund peripheral twigs of oak 

Quercus; southern Britain. 

Cis setiger Mellié* - Larvae develop under fungoid bark colonised by Trametes versicolor. 

Adults feed on hyphae of a wider variety of wood-decay fungi. 

Cis vestitus Mellié* - Mainly on dead oak Quercus branches, especially on old trees; also 

polypore fungi on elm Ulmus and beech Fagus. Apparently more frequent now than 

in the recorded past. 

Ennearthron cornutum (Gyllenhal)* - Larvae develop in the fruiting bodies of various 

bracket fungi. 

Tetratomidae - Associated with bracket fungi. 

Tetratoma ancora Fabricius* - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae under encrusting fruit-bodies of 

Phlebia merismoides and perhaps other fungi on dead branches of oak Quercus and 

other broadleaved trees. Ancient woodlands and wood pastures. Notably thin scatter 

of records throughout Britain, although none from East Anglia and adjacent Midlands; 

has declined throughout England. 

Tetratoma desmaresti Latreille - Nationally Scarce A. Most often associated with dead, 

shaded out, lower boughs of mature and overmature oaks Quercus, possibly 

developing in Stereum; adult has once been found at the fruiting body of Laetiporus 

sulphureus on old oak; probably pupates at ground level as larva and pupae have been 

recorded under moss below oak. Thinly scattered over much of lowland Britain. 

Tetratoma fungorum Fabricius* - Develop successfully, and most commonly, in fruiting 

bodies of Piptoporus betulinus on birch Betula; and has been found developing in 

Pleurotus cornucopiae, P. ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes, Fistulina hepatica and 

Paxillus panuoides; has also been taken on Inonotus cuticularis, Bjerkandera adusta 

and Polyporus squamosus. Adults nocturnal. Widespread throughout much of 

Britain, but scarcer in west, and only a single record from Ireland. 

Melandryidae - False Darkling Beetles 

Hallomenus binotatus (Quensel)* - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in the fruiting bodies of 

large polypore fungi in ancient wood pastures, particularly in Laetiporus sulphureus, 

but also in pine-associates in the ancient Scottish pine forests. Thinly scattered over 

much of Britain and scarcest in the west. 

Orchesia micans (Panzer)* - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in a variety of large polypore 

fungi: especially Inonotus hispidus on ash Fraxinus, but also I. radiatus on alder 

56

Alnus, I. cuticularis on beech Fagus, and even reported from Fistulina hepatica on 

oak Quercus; mainly but possibly not exclusively in ancient woodland and wood 

pasture. Widespread in England and Wales, but rare in southwest and north; Co. 

Kerry. 

Orchesia minor Walker* - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in the fruiting bodies of a variety 

of wood-decay polypore fungi and possibly certain Ascomycetes; especially in 

permanently damp woodlands, in carr or gorge situations. Most often found in 

ancient woodland and wood pasture. Widespread in Britain, although increasingly 

scarce in west. Co. Kerry. 

Orchesia undulata Kraatz* - Develops in decaying dead branches of oak Quercus trees, 

where possibly associated with the fungus Exidia glandulosa; also reported from 

other broad-leaved trees to some extent. Adults are relatively mobile and occasionally 

turn up in association with the dead wood of a wider variety of tree species outside of 

the period June/July, and these may have been attracted to fruiting wood-decay fungi 

for feeding (particularly in May) or be merely sheltering between periods of activity, 

especially while over-wintering. Adults are occasionally found at hawthorn and umbel 

blossom. Mainly found in ancient wood pastures; widespread in Britain; rare in 

Ireland. Rare and threatened in central Europe. 

Anisoxya fuscula (Illiger) - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae in decaying boughs and twigs, of a 

wide variety of broad-leaved trees. Associated particularly with ancient wood-pasture 

type habitats, including floodplain willow pollard systems; Glamorgan to Kent and 

north to Yorkshire. 

Abdera affinis (Paykull) - RDB1. In fungi on trees; either birch Betula or pine Pinus; Scottish 

Highlands. 

Abdera biflexuosa (Curtis) - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in decaying branchwood of oak 

Quercus, and to a lesser extent other broad-leaved trees. Generally found on lower 

dead branches which have been shaded out by the tree's own canopy. Widespread 

across southern and southeastern Britain, as far west as Radnor and SE Devon, and 

north to Soke of Peterborough and Cheshire; predominantly in ancient woodland and 

wood pasture. 

Abdera flexuosa (Paykull)* - Nationally Scarce B. Mainly develops in the small bracket 

fungus Inonotus radiatus which grows especially on the dead trunks of alder Alnus, 

also willow Salix & birch Betula; adult once reported from under beech Fagus bark in 

winter. Most records are from ancient woodlands and wood pastures. Widely but 

very thinly scattered over much of Britain. Also found on I. dryadeus fruiting on oak 

Quercus in Co Fermanagh and Phellinus pini in Aberdeenshire. 

Abdera quadrifasciata (Curtis) - Nationally Scarce A. Develops in decaying branchwood; 

most often associated with hornbeam Carpinus, oak Quercus, and beech Fagus, but 

also horse chestnut Aesculus. Generally found on lower dead branches which have 

been shaded out by the tree's own canopy. Scattered across lowland southern Britain, 

into the Welsh Marches, but not known from the southwest. Mainly in ancient wood 

pastures, but occasionally in ancient woods. 

Abdera triguttata (Gyllenhal) - Nationally Scarce A. Formerly confined to Scottish 

Highlands, but now also in East Anglia. Has been found in association with oak 

Quercus in Suffolk, as well as pine Pinus. 

Phloiotrya vaudoueri Mulsant - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in relatively soft dead 

sapwood of boughs and trunks of beech Fagus and oak Quercus, also other broadleaved 

trees. Widespread in lowland England, except the far southwest and north; 

almost invariably in areas of ancient wood pasture. 

57

Xylita laevigata (Hellenius) - Nationally Scarce A. Within decaying wood; Scottish 

Highlands. 

Hypulus quercinus (Quensel) - RDB2. In decaying heartwood of oak Quercus, hazel Corylus 

and birch Betula. Relict old forest species; mostly eastern and southeastern England, 

as far north as Yorkshire; also Avon Gorge, S. Devon & S. Wales. 

Zilora ferruginea (Paykull) - Nationally Scarce B. In Hirschioporus abietinus on dead pine 

Pinus; pupae under bark on deadwood; Highlands. 

Melandrya barbata (Fabricius) - RDB1. In decaying wood of oak Quercus and beech Fagus. 

Only known in Britain from a very few ancient wood pasture areas of south-east 

England. 

Melandrya caraboides (Linnaeus)* - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in relatively soft moist 

white-rotted heartwood of boughs, trunks and stumps; various broad-leaved trees, 

especially ash Fraxinus and beech Fagus. Widespread in England and Wales, but 

rare in Scotland and Ireland; mostly associated with ancient woodlands and wood 

pastures, including linear sites such as riverside trees. 

Conopalpus testaceus (Olivier)* - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in decaying boughs and 

branches, especially of oak Quercus, also hazel Corylus; adults may visit flowers, 

especially umbellifers. Associated with ancient wood pastures; widespread in central 

and southeastern England, rare in west; Dyfed. 

Osphya bipunctata (Fabricius) - RDB3. Adults attracted to hawthorn Crataegus blossom, 

also wayfaring and guelder rose Viburnum, and field maple Acer campestre; larval 

habitat not known. Concentrated on Huntingdonshire, and extending sparingly in 

broad spread southwards as far as N. Somerset and E. Suffolk. 

Mordellidae - Tumbling Flower Beetles. The larvae of most genera in this family develop 

in galls or the stems of herbaceous plants, but a few specialise in decaying wood. 

Variimorda villosa (Shrank) is probably a stem species although has often been 

assumed to be a wood-decay species. 

Tomoxia bucephala (Gyllenhal) - Nationally Scarce A. Adults lay eggs in vacated anobiid 

borings in exposed heartwood on standing trunks; larvae develop in decayed timber; 

beech Fagus, horse chestnut Aesculus & other broad-leaved trees; adults visit umbel 

flowers. Confined to relict old forest areas of the southern- and eastern-most counties 

of England. 

Mordellochroa abdominalis (Fabricius) - Develops in dry sapwood of dead broad-leaved 

trees, including ash Fraxinus. Adults locally frequent at flowers of hawthorn 

Crataegus, hogweed Heracleum, etc. 

Mordellistena humeralis (Linnaeus) – RDBK. Adults have been found at blossom of umbels 

and meadowsweet Filipendula. A few confirmed records only, from the southeast and 

East Anglia. 

Mordellistena neuwaldeggiana (Panzer)* - RDBK. Has been reared from hornbeam 

Carpinus and field maple Acer campestre branch wood in early stages of decay; 

adults attracted to blossom. Restricted range in south and east of England, with most 

records from relict old forest or wood pasture. 

Rhipiphoridae 

Metoecus paradoxus (Linnaeus)* - Eggs deposited on wood, and larvae transported by wasps 

collecting wood pulp for nest materials into nests as triungulin larvae; larvae feed on 

wasp larvae, initially endoparasites, later ectoparasites; very quick growing, possibly 

a few days only; wasp nests in ground most usually, seldom in elevated situations 

such as buildings; host always the wasp V. vulgaris. 

58

Colydiidae - Cylindrical Bark Beetles. Mostly predatory. 

Synchita humeralis (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. Feed on fungus-colonised sappy bark 

or timber, of birch Betula, hawthorn Crataegus, hazel Corylus, alder Alnus, and 

especially beech Fagus; has been reared from Daldinia in long-established 

birchwoods. Central and eastern England, with single records from Scotland and 

Ireland. 

Synchita separanda (Reitter) - RDB3. Feed on fungus-colonised sappy bark and wood, 

mainly beech Fagus, but also sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus, where beetles common 

in dark brown powdery smut-like fungus under thin bark. Southeast England. 

Cicones undatus Guérin-Méneville - Associated with sooty bark disease on sycamore Acer 

pseudoplatanus, caused by the ascomycete fungus Cryptostroma corticale. Very local 

nationally, but common and widespread in the London area. 

Cicones variegata (Hellwig) - Nationally Scarce A. Normally associated with encrustations 

of the fungus Ustulina deusta on recently dead standing beech Fagus trunks; also on 

hornbeam Carpinus. South and southeast England, as far west as New Forest and 

Forest of Dean, and north to Huntingdon. 

Bitoma crenata (Fabricius) - Mainly beneath bark on dead beech Fagus & oak Quercus when 

in the early stages of decay and still sappy; also less frequently on birch Betula, horse 

chestnut Aesculus, sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus; mostly in ancient wood pastures, 

and especially so in the north and west. Very widespread over much of England, 

excepting the far north and south west; very local in Wales. 

Endophloeus markovichianus (Piller & Mitterpacher) - Extinct. Adults found under loose 

bark on dead beech Fagus trunks. New Forest, old specimens only. 

Langelandia anophthalma Aubé - RDB3. Soil dweller, decaying vegetable material, possibly 

associated with tree roots. 

Colydium elongatum (Fabricius) - RDB3. Under bark of various dead broad-leaved trees; 

also in conifers on Continent; predator of Platypus & Xyloterus beetle larvae. 

Increasing its distribution and abundance locally from mid 1990s, presumably in 

response to expansion of range of Platypus (q.v.); status now in need of revision. 

Aulonium trisulcum (Fourcroy) - Nationally Scarce A. Reputed to be a specialist predator of 

larvae and pupae of Scolytus on elm Ulmus, although more likely to be a scavenger 

exploiting the special conditions consequent upon the activities of developing elm 

bark beetles. Probably introduced into Britain from the Continent in early C20, and 

now widespread in the southeast, extending to Dorset, Dyfed and Leicestershire. A 

night flier. 

Pycnomerus fuliginosus Erichson* - Naturalised. Under bark of dead oak Quercus, sweet 

chestnut Castanea, birch Betula, hornbeam Carpinus, beech Fagus; an Australian 

import; very local, with concentrations in Hampshire/Surrey/Sussex border area, 

Devon, Epping Forest; also established in N. Ireland. 

Pycnomerus terebrans (Olivier) – Fossil. Most recently in Britain from Bronze Age in 

Shropshire, Somerset Levels and London. 

Teredus cylindricus (Olivier) - RDB1. Probably a predator; under bark of dead old oaks 

Quercus, also sweet chestnut Castanea and other trees; in red-rot, often with brown 

tree ant Lasius brunneus or anobiid beetles. Mainly known from Sherwood and 

Windsor Forests. 

Oxylaemus cylindricus (Panzer) – Extinct. Dead wood. 

Oxylaemus variolosus (Dufour) - RDB3. Has been found in litter at base of tree stump, and in 

the root pathogen fungus Collybia fusipes at the base of a red oak Quercus. 

59

Tenebrionidae - Darkling Beetles 

Bolitophagus reticulatus (Linnaeus) - RDB3. In old bracket fungi of Fomes fomentarius 

where it fruits on dead birch Betula trunks; confined in Britain to the Scottish 

Highlands, but much more widespread elsewhere in Europe. 

Eledona agricola (Herbst) - Nationally Scarce B. Develops primarily in the fruiting bodies 

of Laetiporus sulphureus and very occasionally adults have been reported from other 

similar soft annual bracket fungi; mostly in old wood pastures. Central and southern 

Britain; one record from Dumfriesshire. 

Diaperus boleti (Linnaeus) - RDB2. Develops deep inside large brackets of Piptoporus 

betulinus on birch Betula; also reported from Polyporus squamosus on black poplar 

Populus nigra; adults and larvae feed on soft fleshy part of the fungus just above the 

pore tubes and close to the stem; pupates within the fungus; one year development. 

Has been found widely across England, although very localised. 

Scaphidema metallicum (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. Associated with decaying wood, 

frequently on quite small sticks and branches, and usually in very moist and shady 

conditions; mostly reported from elm Ulmus, but also oak Quercus, beech Fagus, and 

hawthorn Crataegus; known from woods, parks, old scrub & hedgerows. Almost 

certainly declining and status in need of revision. 

Platydema violaceum (Fabricius) - RDB1. In the fungus Auricularia auricula-judae on elder 

Sambucus and A. mesenterica on elm Ulmus; larvae and adults in outer rotted parts of 

fungus, where also pupates. 

Alphitophagus bifasciatus (Say) - Mould feeder, mainly associated with mouldy grain and 

decaying vegetable matter generally including decaying tree stumps. 

Pentaphyllus testaceus (Hellwig) – Extinct. Found once in Britain in “Polyporus squamosus” 

placed as a trap in a “partially decayed oak”, Hornsey, N. London, 1876. Known on 

Continent from decaying bracket fungus Laetiporus sulphureus on oak, also in broadleaved 

leaf litter and red-rotten oak and other decaying timber. 

Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer)* - Lesser Mealworm Beetle. Mainly known from stored 

products and especially deep litter poultry houses, but also very occasionally in the 

wild associated with decaying timber. 

Alphitobius laevigatus (Fabricius) - Black Fungus Beetle. Mainly known from stored 

products, but occasionally in garden refuse or associated with decaying timber. 

Corticeus bicolor (Olivier) - Commensal in burrows of bark beetle Scolytus scolytus & S. 

multistriatus in elm Ulmus, mainly feeding on fungi and detritus, but will also feed on 

eggs, larvae and pupae of not only the bark beetle but also other associated insects; 

more rarely associated with Daldinia concentrica on old ash Fraxinus and with 

Polyporus squamosus; also occur under bark on oak Quercus. Eastern Britain, 

extending across to the Welsh Marches. 

Corticeus fraxini (Kugelann) – Naturalised. Inhabits burrows of bark beetle Ips sexdentatus 

in pine Pinus, also in burrows of Orthotomicus spp.; introduced in pine pit-props from 

France, early C19th. 

Corticeus linearis (Fabricius) - Inhabits burrows of bark beetle Pityogenes bidentatus under 

bark of smaller upper branches of conifers. Probably an adventive? - discovered new 

to GB in 1898 at Oxshott. 

Corticeus unicolor Piller & Mitterpacher - RDB3. Develops chiefly in freshly dead birch 

Betula wood, also beech Fagus and oak Quercus, and is probably predatory on larvae 

of the beetle Hylecoetus and other wood borers. Confined to the north Midlands, with 

two distinct areas: Nottinghamshire/S. Yorkshire and Cheshire, probably now extinct 

in latter area. 

60

Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus* - Mealworm Beetle. Stored-products and domestic pest; also 

develops in bird nests and in bat roosts where larvae scavengers; occasionally found 

in decaying timber. 

Helops caeruleus (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce B. In decaying trees, principally oak 

Quercus, but also in a wide variety of other species including pine Pinus; also in 

prepared timber; larvae in rather hard and dryish decaying wood; adults come to 

sugar, nocturnal; probably flightless. Most often found in coastal situations, but also 

in ancient wood pastures inland. South and east of England. 

Cylindrinotus laevioctostriatus (Goeze)* - Develops in decaying timber in ancient woodlands 

and wood pastures; also in peaty soils of heaths. Larvae feed indiscriminately on 

organic material. Adults nocturnal; feed on algae encrusting timber or lichens on 

heaths. Widespread in southern Britain. Mostly short-winged, but with occasional 

reports of flying individuals. 

Prionychus ater (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae most often develop in black wood 

mould in hollowing broad-leaved trees, often but not invariably beneath nests of birds 

such as jackdaw; also very occasionally found in accumulations of frass beneath loose 

bark on trunks and large boughs. Adults nocturnal. Widely in wood pastures across 

southern Britain, but absent from far west. 

Prionychus melanarius (Germar) - RDB2. Larvae develop in similar situations to P. ater, but 

with more emphasis on accumulations of frass and other debris beneath loose bark on 

decaying oak Quercus and other broad-leaved trees. Adults nocturnal. Relict old 

forest species known from Severn Vale, Sherwood, Arundel Park area of South 

Downs, and Staverton Park. 

Gonodera luperus (Herbst)* - Adults usually swept in calcareous woodlands; larvae 

presumed to be saproxylic. 

Pseudocistela ceramboides (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae in wood-mould of 

hollow decayed oaks Quercus, also beech Fagus, etc; generally beneath bird nests; 

adults generally in small numbers, come to blossom of hawthorn Crataegus. Widely 

in wood pastures of central southern and eastern England; also in old orchards. 

Mycetochara humeralis (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae develop in old decaying 

beech Fagus, oak Quercus and cherry Prunus, generally hollow trees, in wood mould 

beneath bird nests; adults generally found sheltering under bark. Mainly known from 

the wood pastures of East Midlands, East Anglia and southeast. 

Uloma culinaris (L.) - Extinct? or Vagrant? A 1950 specimen from rotten wood is in the 

Booth Museum, Brighton. 

Oedemeridae - False Blister Beetles. This family includes a mix of stem-borers and wooddecay 

species; two species have been assumed to be in the latter category on no firm 

evidence: Oedemera virescens and Oncomera femorata. 

Nacerdes melanura (Linnaeus)* - Wharf-borer. In decayed timber, especially in coastal and 

estuarine areas, but also canal and riversides; also railway sleepers; larvae develop in 

flooded timber, mainly softwood but occasionally in oak Quercus which is damp or 

wet and in process of fungal decay. Widespread, but commonest in Midlands & S & 

SE estuaries. 

Chrysanthia nigricornis (Westhoff) - RDB1. Larvae have been found in soft heartwood of an 

old pine Pinus branch (5cm thick) lying beneath tufts of moss and heather; Scottish 

Highlands. 

Ischnomera caerulea (Linnaeus) - RDB3. Larvae develop in relatively soft white-rotting 

heartwood of elm Ulmus in Britain, but reported from oak Quercus timber on 

Continent; adults attracted to hawthorn Crataegus blossom. Ancient wood pastures. 

61

Ischnomera cinerascens (Pandelle) - RDB2. Develops in white-rot heartwood of large old 

wych elms Ulmus glabra and perhaps other tree species; adults usually found in 

closed canopy woodlands or at blossom close by, but also in old wood pastures. 

Pyrenees to Caucasus, widespread but not common across C. Europe, rare or absent in 

N. Thin scatter of records across lowland England, mostly in limestone districts. 

Ischnomera cyanea (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae develop in relatively soft 

white-rotting heartwood of a great variety of broad-leaved trees; adults over-winter in 

pupal cell, later attracted to blossom of hawthorn Crataegus, privet Ligustrum, 

hogweed Heracleum, etc. Widespread in ancient woods and wood pastures over 

much of lowland England, reaching SE Devon, W. Somerset, Welsh Borders, and N. 

Yorkshire. 

Ischnomera sanguinicollis (Fabricius)* - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in old relatively soft 

dead wood of wych elms Ulmus glabra, adults at flowers of hawthorn Crataegus, 

field maple Acer campestre, sycamore A. pseudoplatanus, oak Quercus, lime Tilia, 

and guelder rose Viburnum. Most frequent in ancient woods and wood pastures of 

central southern England, but with outliers in parts of Wales, Sherwood and N. 

Yorkshire; throughout Europe, although more upland in S & SE. 

Pythidae 

Pytho depressus (L.) - Nationally Scarce A. Under fungoid bark on dead pine Pinus; 

Scottish Highlands. 

Pyrochroidae - Cardinal Beetles 

Pyrochroa coccinea (L.) - Black-headed Cardinal. [Nationally Scarce Category B] Larvae 

develop over two to three years, under bark of freshly dead broad-leaved timber 

where hunt other insects; cannibalism known; pupates in cell under bark. Mostly in 

ancient woodlands and wood pastures; widespread in England, extending into the 

Welsh Border counties, but not penetrating far into SW England, and northwards only 

into southern Cumbria; identified from about 120-150 10km squares. 

Pyrochroa serraticornis (Scopoli)* - Red-headed Cardinal. Larvae develop under bark on 

various dead broad-leaved trees, in a wide variety of situations in Britain. Rare in 

Ireland. 

Schizotus pectinicornis (L.) - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae under bark of recently dead birch 

Betula, oak Quercus, Salix and alder Alnus; probably feed on detritus or mould; 

Scottish Highlands & Welsh Borders. 

Salpingidae - Narrow-waisted Bark Beetles. Mainly live under bark on deadwood, though 

some in small branches and twigs, where adult and larva prey on other insects. 

Lissodema cursor (Gyllenhal) - Nationally Scarce A. Develop in dead and dying branch tips 

high in ash Fraxinus canopy; with pollarded ash only after c.14 years growth, not in 

young growth. Most widespread in southeastern and eastern England. 

Lissodema denticolle (Gyllenhal)* =quadripustulata (Marsham) - Nationally Scarce B. In 

dead wood of a wide variety of trees including pine Pinus. 

Rabocerus foveolatus (Ljungh)* - Nationally Scarce A. In dead wood, beech Fagus and pine 

Pinus. 

Rabocerus gabrieli Gerhardt* - Nationally Scarce B. In dead wood. 

Salpingus castaneus (Panzer)* - On conifers, dead and dying branches. 

Salpingus ater (Paykull)* - In burnt twigs; Scotland, Gower, Ireland. 

Salpingus reyi (Abeille)* - In burnt twigs. Locally common in England and Ireland. 

Vincenzellus ruficollis (Panzer)* - Under bark on various broad-leaved trees, especially 

hawthorn Crataegus& beech Fagus. 

Rhinosimus planirostris (Fabricius)* - Under bark on various broad-leaved trees in early 

stages of decay; normally saprophagous, but will also feed on insect larvae. 

62

Rhinosimus ruficollis (Linnaeus)* - As above. 

Aderidae - Larvae in decaying wood, particularly in red-rot. 

Aderus brevicornis (Perris) - RDB2. Larvae in moist crumbly heart-rot of oak Quercus, 

beech Fagus and elm Ulmus. Also recorded from pine Pinus. Adults active for 8-10 

weeks in late summer. Localities include some of the classic ancient wood pastures, 

but also found in other situations. 

Aderus oculatus (Paykull) - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in moist crumbly red-rot of old 

hollowing oaks Quercus; also reared from other broad-leaved trees. Adults favour 

elder Sambucus blossom. Widespread in ancient parks and wood pastures of southern 

Britain: north to Yorkshire and west to Ceredigion. 

Aderus populneus (Creutzer) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae probably in decaying heartwood; 

associated with various broad-leaved trees. Over-wintering adults have been found in 

decaying straw stacks, and at Salix catkins and hawthorn Crataegus blossom in the 

spring. Apparently very localised in southern Britain, from Severn across to East 

Anglia and Kent. A high proportion of the known localities are ancient wood pastures, 

including floodplain willow Salix pollard systems. 

Scraptiidae - Develop in rotten wood, adults fairly indiscriminately on flowers and 

sometimes on foliage. 

Scraptia - Adults active for little more than 2 weeks each year; in burrows of ants in heartrot. 

Scraptia dubia (Olivier) – Extinct. Larvae develop in decaying heartwood; adults at flowers 

of hawthorn Crataegus. 

Scraptia fuscula Müller, P.W.J. - RDB1. Larvae develop in relatively soft rotten heartwood 

of oak Quercus. A speciality of Windsor Great Park & Forest; single unconfirmed 

record from near Gloucester. 

Scraptia testacea Allen - RDB3. Larvae develop in relatively soft rotten heartwood of oak 

Quercus, also beech Fagus, hawthorn Crataegus. South and southeast England. 

Anaspis - Most if not all develop in dead wood; larvae of some have been found below loose 

bark; feed largely on wood fibres and fungi, although will take animal food; adults 

frequent flowers. 

Anaspis bohemica Schilsky - RDBK. Beaten from dead pine Pinus branches and at broom 

Cytisus blossom; Scottish Highlands; mainly boreo-montane. 

Anaspis costai Emery 

Anaspis fasciata (Forster)* =humeralis (Fabricius) - Has been reared in numbers from dead 

branchwood of oak Quercus. 

Anaspis frontalis (Linnaeus)* 

Anaspis garneysi Fowler*. 

Anaspis lurida Stephens* - Southern species, rare in north. Has been reared from dead 

branchwood of oak Quercus. Adults attracted to blossom, including elder Sambucus. 

Anaspis maculata Geoffroy* - Develops in small girth branchwood of a wide variety of 

broad-leaved trees. 

Anaspis melanostoma Costa,A. – RDBK. 

Anaspis pulicaria Costa,A. 

Anaspis regimbarti Schilsky* - Has been reared from a larva found in decaying oak Quercus 

log, and from large girth oak branchwood. 

Anaspis rufilabris (Gyllenhal)* - Has been reared from large girth oak Quercus branchwood. 

Anaspis septentrionalis Champion = schilskyana Csiki – RDBI. Larvae in midland England 

in half-dry red-rot of oak Quercus; adults on the most ancient oaks and at hawthorn 

Crataegus blossom. Confined to relict ancient wood pastures: Blenheim, Moccas, 

Sherwood, Calke; also known from Aviemore; a generally rare N. European species. 

63

Anaspis thoracica (Linnaeus)* - Nationally Scarce A. 

Cerambycidae - Longhorn Beetles. Many exotic longhorns turn up in timber yards and 

buildings due to importation of timber. Some have become established. Obvious 

casuals are not included. 10km square distribution maps are available (Twinn & 

Harding, 1999). 

Prionus coriarius (Linnaeus) -The Tanner. Nationally Scarce A. Develops in stumps and 

the decaying roots of old oaks Quercus, also in a wide range of other tree species; 

usually where tree growing in damp site; prefers old oak parkland or open wood 

pasture; larval development 3-4 years; pupates in earthen cocoon among roots and 

may take several years before reaching adult stage; beetles appear midsummer and are 

crepuscular. Thinly scattered across southern Britain and apparently extinct in many 

areas of former range. 

Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus) - Dusky Longhorn. Larva in standing and fallen trunks and 

stumps of various conifers, and will attack larvae of the long-horn beetle Asemum 

striatum if encountered; up to 2 years life cycle, pupal eclosion from May onwards; 

nocturnal, hiding under bark by day, but attracted to light after dark; also active in hot 

weather; Scottish native but has spread widely with conifer plantations over England. 

Arhopalus tristis (Fabricius) – Naturalised. Wood-borer in exposed roots and boles, also in 

dying trees and fire-damaged timber; pine Pinus & spruce Picea; larvae up to 4 years, 

pupating from June onwards; largely nocturnal, but sun on logs and stumps; active 

and agile beetle; presumed introduction. 

Asemum striatum (Linnaeus)* - Highland pine Pinus forest species which has spread with 

softwood forestry; mainly develops in pine stumps and exposed roots of freshly cut 

trees, but will use larch Larix and firs; 2-3 year life cycle, eclosion in April and May; 

crepuscular. 

Tetropium castaneum (Linnaeus) – Naturalised. Recent established in Scotland, from the 

Continent; typically a montane species, although has been found in lowlands. Larvae 

mainly in spruce Picea, but also other conifers; attacks standing live and dying trees; 

adult emerges in April and a strong flier. 

Tetropium gabrieli Weise – Naturalised. Larch Larix plantations, also in other conifers; 

adult oviposits in freshly cut larch logs and branches; also attacks live trees; one year 

cycle. 

Rhagium - The larvae feed upon bark, phloem and cambium. 

Rhagium bifasciatum Fabricius* - Develops in rotten boughs, stumps and trunks, prefers 

decaying logs and stumps of pine Pinus, but found very widely, even in old posts. 

Rhagium mordax (Degeer)* - Larvae develop in decaying timber, preferring the cambium 

and outer sapwood of rotting boles or stumps; most often found in oak Quercus, but 

also in a wide range of other trees; adult formed by August, but remains in pupal cell 

until following Spring. 

Rhagium inquisitor (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce B. Preference for conifers, but also birch 

Betula & oak Quercus, stumps and logs; native only in Scotland, adventives and 

accidental introductions elsewhere. 

Stenocorus meridianus (Linnaeus) - Develops in stumps and dead roots of a wide range of 

trees, and has been seen emerging from pine Pinus posts; two year larval duration; 

woods and hedgerows. 

Acmaeops collaris (Linnaeus) - RDB1. Larvae under bark on decaying exposed roots and 

dead branches of oak Quercus; also in ash Fraxinus and aspen Populus tremula; lives 

in empty galleries of other wood-borers, feeding on the underside of the loose bark; 

larva very active, and crawls over ground in search of other deadwood; after 2 years 

pupates in autumn in shallow underground cell close to host tree's roots; adults at 

64

flowers; claimed to have been formerly common in Kent hop-fields, although this 

now questionable, also in gardens and hedges, but now mainly Wyre Forest. 

Grammoptera holomelina Pool - At flowers; probably a variety of G. ruficornis; unknown on 

Continent. 

Grammoptera ruficornis (Fabricius)* - Polyphagous larvae, in dead twigs and decaying small 

branches of many broad-leaved trees; pupates in Spring; adults at blossom. Common 

England, Wales, Ireland, but scarcer in Scotland north of the Forth/Clyde line. 

Grammoptera ustulata (Schaller) - RDB3. Mostly Thames, Hampshire and Severn Basins; 

also Yorkshire; larva in dry dead or mouldy lichen-covered twigs of maple Acer 

campestre and oak Quercus, also other broad-leaved trees, where they feed on the 

outer sapwood; adults at blossom; life cycle one year. 

Grammoptera variegata (Germar)* - Nationally Scarce A. Larva feed on the outer sapwood 

of dead upper branches of oak Quercus, pear Pyrus and sweet chestnut Castanea, 

boring deeper to pupate; adults at blossom. 

Alosterna tabacicolor (Degeer)* - Larva in old damp rotten stumps of hazel Corylus, 

hornbeam Carpinus, maple Acer campestre and pine Pinus, often boring deeply into 

sapwood; 2 year cycle; adults at flowers. England and Wales, rarer in north. 

Leptura fulva Degeer - RDB3. Develops in decaying timber and cut logs, aspen Populus 

tremula and beech Fagus, including railway sleepers; adults at flowers. 

Leptura rubra Linnaeus – Naturalised. Larvae in logs and rotten roots and stumps of 

conifers; duration of larval stage 2 years; mainly East Anglia, presumed immigrant. 

Leptura sanguinolenta Linnaeus - RDB3. Larvae in dead conifers, especially fir Abies and 

spruce Picea and fire-charred pine Pinus; eggs laid below ground level in stumps and 

boles; adults at flowers; Scottish Highlands & S. England. 

Leptura scutellata Fabricius - Nationally Scarce A. Old forest areas with many ancient trees; 

larvae develop deep in the decaying heartwood of sun-exposed stumps, trunks and 

major boughs of beech Fagus, also in oak Quercus, birch Betula, hornbeam Carpinus 

and sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus; adults at hawthorn Crataegus blossom. 

Leptura sexguttata Fabricius* - RDB3. Develops in dead branches of oak Quercus and beech 

Fagus; adults most often seen nectaring at flowers of plants such as hogweed 

Heracleum and water-dropwort Oenanthe. Very much a relict old forest species, with 

a scattered distribution across southern Britain, reaching N. Yorkshire in the north, 

and Merionethshire and N, Devon in the west. 

Anoplodera (formerly Leptura) virens (Linnaeus) – Extinct. Authentic 19 th century records 

from Forest of Dean. 

Judolia cerambyciformis (Schrank) - Develops in exposed recently dead roots of various 

trees, especially those up-rooted by storms, and prefers damper undersides; after 2 

years pupates in ground quite a few inches deep; especially in wooded valleys and 

gorges; adults visit flowers; NW & Weald distribution. 

Judolia sexmaculata (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce A. Larva in stumps and old exposed 

roots of pine Pinus and spruce Picea; pupates after 2 years in shallow earthen cell 

near host tree's roots; adult at flowers; Scottish Highlands. 

Strangalia attenuata (Linnaeus) – Extinct. A few early 19th C records from S. England, and 

sub-fossil records. 

Strangalia aurulenta (Fabricius)* - Hornet Beetle. Nationally Scarce A. Larvae in dead and 

decaying stumps of broad-leaved trees, especially of oak Quercus; S and SW species; 

central and southern Europe; reputedly a relatively mobile species. 

Strangalia maculata (Poda)* - Develops in moist rotting wood of stumps and roots of broadleaved 

trees and pine Pinus, but particularly birch Betula; adults at flowers. 

Throughout Europe. 

65

Strangalia melanura (Linnaeus)* - Larvae in thin, decayed oak Quercus branches and in 

broom Cytisus roots; also in other trees. 

Strangalia nigra (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce A. Larval stages undescribed in GB, but 

probably in broad-leaved trees; adults at flowers. 

Strangalia quadrifasciata (Linnaeus)* - Four-banded Longhorn. Develops in dead and 

decaying stumps, especially birch Betula, but also a wide range of other broad-leaved 

trees, and once in spruce Picea; larvae make meandering galleries deep in the 

sapwood; wood sizes down to 15cm diameter, wet or dry, but dry needed for 

pupation; adults visit flowers, sun-loving and fly on hot sultry days. Widespread in 

the British Isles, albeit very thinly so in many areas and most sparingly in Ireland. 

Strangalia revestita (Linnaeus) - RDB1. Larval habitat not known in GB, but most probably 

in living oak Quercus branches, and possibly other broad-leaved trees; does not come 

to blossom; lives in tree canopy; S Midlands & SE England. Widespread on 

Continent, although has become rarer and more localised even there; develops 

preferably in trees on the edge of woodlands and open-grown situations such as parks; 

feed in thinner branches, especially those with damaged bark; also in moist decaying 

tree stumps. 

Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus – Fossil. Fossil evidence for occurrence in Britain up until 3690 

+/-100 BP, from Cambridgeshire fenland bog oaks Quercus. More recent records 

have all been casual importations. Widespread throughout Europe but increasingly 

rare or absent in the north. 

Cerambyx scopolii Fuessly - Extinct Native/Casual Import. 19 th Century records from the 

London area, and most recently 1902. Possibly a native in south-east England which 

has become extinct, but equally possibly an introduction with imported timber. 

Hesperophanes fasciculatus (Fald.) - Sub-fossil. A largely Mediterranean species, known in 

Britain from 2nd Century AD Roman site in Worcestershire, but presumed to have 

been imported in timber. 

Trinophyllum cribratum Bates – Naturalised. Import from India, but possibly established; in 

well-seasoned oak Quercus and other hard- and softwoods. 

Gracilia minuta (Fabricius) - Basket Longhorn. RDB2. Larvae in dry dead twigs and small 

branches, incl. bramble Rubus canes and wickerwork; flight holes c.2mm and oval; 2 

year cycle. 

Obrium brunneum (Fabricius) – Naturalised. Larvae in dead twigs and branches of pine 

Pinus, spruce Picea and larch Larix; accidental introduction south of the Thames. 

Obrium cantharinum (Linnaeus) – Extinct. Larvae in dead wood beneath bark on crab apple 

Malus, aspen and poplar Populus spp, possibly also oak Quercus and birch Betula; 

annual life cycle and larvae feed under bark, entering sapwood only to pupate; mainly 

northern outer London area in early 19 th century, also Bovey Tracey (1929), but not 

seen for since. 

Nathrius brevipennis (Mulsant)* - Naturalised. Established in Britain & Ireland; larva 

particularly attacks thin growths, such as osier Salix beds, dog-rose Rosa canina 

stems, wattle fences, wickerwork; 2 year cycle, pupating in April and May. 

Molorchus minor (Linnaeus) – Naturalised. 2 year cycle, larvae attacking exposed roots and 

dead or cut branches of various broad-leaves and conifers; pupae over-winter; adults 

at blossom. 

Molorchus umbellatarum (von Schreber) - Nationally Scarce A. Larva in trunks, slender or 

broken off branches and dead twigs of bramble Rubus, crab apple Malus, dog-rose 

Rosa canina, guelder rose Viburnum, pine Pinus, spruce Picea and fruit trees 

(Rosaceae); 2 year cycle; pupae over-winter; adults at blossom. 

66

Aromia moschata (Linnaeus)* - Musk Beetle. Nationally Scarce B. Develops in old willows 

and sallows, S. cinerea and S. alba, in wetlands and water meadows; larvae and pupae 

in dead wood of trunks and branches; also alder Alnus, poplar Populus and other 

broad-leaved trees; prefers young healthy growths rather than established trees; 3-4 

year cycle; larvae can endure flooding for many weeks; pupation in Spring; fly in hot 

sunshine, and visit blossom. 

Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus)* - House Longhorn. Naturalised. Established in buildings, in 

very dry well-seasoned timber, principally conifers; known in GB since 1795. 

Callidium violaceum (Linnaeus)* - Violet Longhorn. Naturalised. In dead birch Betula, pine 

Pinus, oak Quercus, etc, but mainly conifers, larvae feeding between bark and 

sapwood; not on standing timber, but favours milled softwood; 2-3 year cycle. 

Pyrrhidium sanguineum (Linnaeus) - RDB2. Oviposition on dead oak Quercus boughs, 

crown, felled trunks and stumps; also on other hardwoods; larvae develop in dead 

wood at bark/sapwood interface; 2-3 years to maturity; adults bask in sun and fly 

actively under suitable conditions, but not known from blossom. Welsh border 

counties; southern Europe. 

Phymatodes - The larvae feed on bark, phloem and cambium. 

Phymatodes alni (Linnaeus) - RDB? [Nationally Scarce B]. In recently dead or decaying 

twigs, slender branches and freshly cut palings; various broad-leaved trees; tunnels 

straight and parallel with grain; 1-2 year cycle, pupating in Spring. Very few modern 

records although formerly much more widespread. 

Phymatodes testaceus (Linnaeus) - Oak Longhorn. Develops in dead branches, dead boles 

and logs of various broad-leaved trees, also in conifers, but favourite is oak Quercus. 

Eggs laid under bark of recently cut or snapped trunks or boughs; larvae make 

characteristic borings in the bark and sapwood; 1-3 year cycle, pupating in Spring. 

Adults crepuscular, and attracted to light and sweet secretions. Widespread in 

southern Britain, extending into Devon in west and southern Scotland in north. 

Mainly associated with ancient woodlands and wood pastures. 

Clytus arietis (Linnaeus)* - Wasp Beetle. Develops in a variety of dead broad-leaved trees, 

occasionally in conifers; 2-3 year cycle, pupae over-wintering. Widespread in Britain, 

but very rare in Ireland. 

Plagionotus arcuatus (Linnaeus) – Extinct. Probably native at some sites in 19 th century, eg 

Hainault Forest in 1830s, although accidental importations also likely. 

Anaglyptus mysticus (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in boles and branches of 

dry or fresh hardwoods, especially where fire-scorched; adults attracted to hawthorn 

Crataegus blossom; larvae under bark and in the wood of very dry dead boles and 

branches; 2 year cycle, pupae over-wintering. 

Lamia textor (Linnaeus)* - The Weaver Beetle. RDB1. Associated with Salix, birch Betula 

and aspen Populus tremula in damp woodland, larvae developing in living healthy 

roots or boles of both young trees and moist decaying old boles; 2-4 year cycle; adults 

nocturnal, resting by day on trunks and roots, will nibble leaves of host plant. 

Mesosa nebulosa (Fabricius) - RDB3. Eggs laid on uppermost branches of dead or dying 

broad-leaved trees; larvae feed in cambial layer initially then bore in sapwood; 2 year 

cycle; adult forms in Autumn, but remains in pupal cell until following July; rarely 

descends from topmost branches; not attracted to blossom. 

Pogonocherus fasciculatus (Degeer) - Nationally Scarce B. Dead branches of pine Pinus and 

spruce Picea; centred on Scottish Highlands & has become established in southern 

pine plantations. 

Pogonocherus hispidulus (Piller & Mitterpacher)* - Develops in deadwood of a variety of 

tree species. 

67

Pogonocherus hispidus (Linnaeus)* - Develops in thin dead branches of a variety of broadleaved 

trees; especially in old hedgerows. 

Leiopus nebulosus (Linnaeus)* - Larvae bore beneath bark of dead lower branches of oak 

Quercus, also reported from a wide variety of other trees; larvae feed in cambial layer. 

Acanthocinus aedilis (Linnaeus) – The Timberman. Nationally Scarce B. Infests recently 

dead pines Pinus, larvae developing beneath bark of trunks and branches and appear 

to take 2 years to develop; pupates in cell within bark or beneath; Scottish Highlands, 

in old long-established pine woods. 

Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce A. Mainly aspen Populus tremula, also 

willows Salix, in damp woodland; female lays eggs near base of young trees into 

gnawed pits. 

Saperda populnea (Linnaeus) - Lesser Poplar Longhorn. Egg in soft layer of wood under 

bark of young branch, forming a characteristic gall in which the larva develops over 2 

years; mainly aspen Populus tremula, but also Salix, other Populus spp and hazel 

Corylus. 

Saperda scalaris (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae develop in dead wood, feeding 

in sapwood; from birch Betula, oak Quercus, sweet chestnut Castanea, beech Fagus 

and alder Alnus; larval development takes 2 years; pupation within bark or in cell in 

sapwood; adults feed on leaves, gnawing ragged holes along the veins. 

Oberea oculata (Linnaeus) - RDB1 & BAP Priority Species. Eggs laid on smooth bark of 

twigs and slender stems of living healthy Salix and larva bores a straight gallery, 

30cm plus in length, in pith channel, or sapwood in wider stems; ejected frass clinging 

to twigs shows larval presence; adults rest on upper branches, flying actively in 

sunshine. 

Stenostola dubia (Laicharting) - Nationally Scarce B. The larvae bore and pupate in the dead 

branches & twigs of various broad-leaved trees, preferring freshly dead ones and not 

more than 25mm diameter; usually branches lying on ground. Native lime, especially 

Tilia cordata, seems to be key factor in its presence or absence at a particular site in 

the western parts of its distribution range, although it will develop in hybrid lime Tilia 

vulgaris; also recorded from alder Alnus, elm Ulmus, hazel Corylus, oak Quercus, 

rowan and whitebeam Sorbus spp, and Salix branches. The larva feeds initially in the 

cambial layer, later boring in sapwood; adult feeds on leaves, perforating each leaf, 

and is a sun-loving insect, basking on the leaves of its tree hosts. Widespread in 

England and Welsh Borders, but most frequent in band of country from Cotswolds to 

North York Moors; appears to be confined to ancient woods and wood pastures. 

Tetrops praeusta (Linnaeus)* - Probably develops in dead branches; in old hedgerows, fruit 

trees, etc. 

Tetrops starkii Chevrolat – RDBK. From oak Quercus in Oxfordshire, 1991; also on ash 

Fraxinus in Europe. Develops in decaying or recently dead twigs, adults feeding on 

the leaves. 

Chrysomelidae 

Cryptocephalus querceti Suffrian - RDB2. Associated with ancient oaks Quercus inhabited 

by brown tree ant Lasius brunneus, larvae possibly myrmecophilous; favours open 

parkland to far greater extent than closed woodland. 

Anthribidae - Fungus Weevils 

Platyrhinus resinosus (Scopoli) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae develop in the fungus 

Daldinia concentrica, which usually grows on ash Fraxinus, and Hypoxylon 

fragiforme on beech Fagus; frequent along Jurassic Limestone belt of central 

England; also on Exmoor, SE England and widely in Yorkshire. Also birches Betula 

68

in Spey and Clyde Valleys, where presumably developing in Daldinia vernicosa. In 

ancient woods and wood pastures. Palaearctic. 

Tropideres sepicola (Fabricius) - RDB2. Larvae develop in decaying branches of oak 

Quercus, hornbeam Carpinus, beech Fagus, etc, in old primary woods. Central 

southern and south-eastern England. 

Tropideres niveirostris (Fabricius) - RDB2. Larvae develop in dead wood of branches of a 

variety of trees and shrubs, in woods and old neglected hedges. Central southern and 

south-eastern England. 

Platystomos albinus (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae develop in deadwood on dead 

and dying trees, also the fungus Daldinia, usually in woods. Central southern and 

eastern England. 

Choragus sheppardi Kirby, W.* - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae develop in rotten, fungusinfested 

wood of old ivy Hedera, in hedges and woods. 

Rhynchophoridae Weevils 

Dryophthorus corticalis (Paykull) - RDB1 & BAP Grouped Species Statement. At 

interface of hard oak Quercus timber with red-rot, also in beech Fagus, and often 

associated with the ant Lasius brunneus; larvae wood-feeders; old relict forest species 

presently confined to Windsor, but known from Somerset Levels and Thorne Moors 

in Neolithic. 

Curculionidae – Weevils 

Hylobius abietis (Linnaeus)* - Associated with Scots pine Pinus sylvestris. 

Pissodes - The larvae are cambium feeders of various conifers, usually only superficially 

grooving the sapwood. 

Pissodes castaneus (Degeer) 

Pissodes pini (Linnaeus) 

Pissodes validirostris (Sahlberg,C.R.) - RDB3. 

Magdalis - The larvae are cambium feeders, usually only superficially grooving the sapwood. 

Magdalis armigera (Fourcroy)* - Wood-boring species; female drills hole in dead elm branch 

and deposits egg inside; adults at flowers; hedgerows & scrubby places. Local in 

Britain & rare in Ireland. 

Magdalis barbicornis (Latreille) - Nationally Scarce A. Associated with dead Rosaceous 

trees and shrubs. 

Magdalis carbonaria (Linnaeus)* - Nationally Scarce B. Associated with dead birch Betula. 

Magdalis cerasi (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in dead boughs and branches, 

especially of Rosaceae, although has also been found on oak Quercus. 

Magdalis duplicata Germar - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae develop in dead twigs and 

branches of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris; Scotland and Cumbria. 

Magdalis memnonia (Gyllenhal) – Naturalised. Associated with sickly pines Pinus; Sussex 

& Surrey. Recent establishment. 

Magdalis phlegmatica (Herbst) - Nationally Scarce A. Associated with dead Scots pine 

Pinus sylvestris; Scotland, Cumbria, Yorkshire. 

Magdalis ruficornis (Linnaeus) 

Euophryum confine (Broun)* - Naturalised. Immigrant New Zealand species, first reported 

in 1937, now widespread throughout Britain; always found associated with timber 

where damp and decay evident; appear to have two overlapping life cycles per year, 

and adults long-lived; flight holes c.1.1mm and ragged outline, and dense channelled 

galleries in heartwood. Regularly found in cuboidal red rot of fungus Laetiporus 

sulphureus outdoors, but also in wet rot on timbers in buildings. 

Euophryum rufum (Broun)* - Naturalised. Possibly not a distinct species; first recorded in 

GB in 1934. A secondary pest of timber in buildings. 

69

Pentarthrum huttoni Wollaston* - Larvae and adults bore into timber which is damp and 

colonised by fungus; eggs laid in cracks and crevices; pupates 6-8 months after 

hatching; adults live for about 16 months after emergence; more often in floorboards, 

etc; hard- and softwoods, but softer layers of wood eaten away first, leaving harder 

rings untouched; flight holes narrowly oval with a ragged margin; very rare in wild, 

possibly only in N & W - where sufficiently damp climate. Possibly a longestablished 

alien, as all old records are from wooden casks at West Country ports. 

Mesites tardii (Curtis)* - Holly Weevil. Nationally Scarce B. Develops in dead heartwood of 

broad-leaved timber; may initiate decay; bore in cambium and xylem, forming 

random galleries; flight holes 1.57-3.42mm in diameter. Largely coastal and western, 

inland localities invariably being relict old forest areas; a few localities on damper 

eastern coasts, i.e. North York Moors and Norfolk. 

Cossonus linearis (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce A. Larvae and adults in dead wood of 

poplar Populus and willow Salix; discovered in East Anglia in 1939, subsequently 

also in Kent, Surrey & Sussex; a probable immigrant. 

Cossonus parallelepipedus (Herbst) - Nationally Scarce B. Larvae and adults in hard 

decaying heartwood of wide variety of trees, including conifers, but especially 

willows Salix; bore communally in heartwood of trunk & root base. Mainly in 

floodplains; central and eastern England. 

Eremotes elongatus Gyllenhal* - Fossil. Fossil evidence for presence in Britain & Ireland up 

until Bronze Age. 

Eremotes punctulatus Boheman – Fossil. Fossil evidence for presence in Britain up until 

Bronze Age. 

Eremotes strangulatus Perr. – Fossil. Fossil evidence for presence in Britain up until Late 

Neolithic/Early Bronze Age. 

Rhyncolus chloropus (Linnaeus) = ater (Linnaeus) - Following the decline of mature pine 

forest, disappeared from lowland Britain during the late Bronze Age, some 3000 years 

BP. Now confined to old pine Pinus forest areas of Scotland. 

Rhyncolus gracilis Rosenhauer – Extinct. Larvae and adults in dead wood of beech Fagus, 

birch Betula twigs, holly Ilex; presumed extinct. 

Phloeophagus lignarius (Marsham) - Develop in decayed heartwood of beech Fagus, 

hawthorn Crataegus, ash Fraxinus, etc. Widespread across lowland England, except 

in south-west and far north. 

Stereocorynes truncorum (Germar) - Nationally Scarce A. In damp hard dead timber inside 

of hollow oak Quercus, beech Fagus and poplar Populus. Confined to ancient wood 

pastures. Southern and south-eastern England, as far west as Herefordshire. 

Caulotrupodes aeneopiceus (Boheman)* - In damp rotten timber of various broad-leaved 

trees, in coastal woods and other coastal situations; also in driftwood; rare in 

buildings. Coasts of southern and western Britain. 

Pselactus spadix (Herbst)* - Nationally Scarce B. In rotten timber, coastal; old groins, 

driftwood, etc. 

Trachodes hispidus Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce B. The larvae develop in rotting small 

branchwood of oak Quercus and various other trees lying on woodland floor in 

ancient woodlands; mainly in southern and western Britain, but also Sherwood Forest 

region. 

Cryptorhynchus lapathi (Linnaeus)* - Nationally Scarce B. Attacks dead trunks of alder 

Alnus, poplar Populus, willow Salix and birch Betula, sometimes even living trees. 

Acalles - Larvae probably develop in dead branches. Adults flightless. 

Acalles misellus Boheman* = turbatus sensu auct.Brit. not Boheman 

70

Acalles ptinoides (Marsham)* - Nationally Scarce B. - Confined to primary woodland and 

old heathland. 

Acalles roboris Curtis* - Nationally Scarce B. 

Scolytidae - Bark Beetles. Species feeding on wood (xylem) and/or phloem are usually 

restricted to one or a few hosts, whereas those which carry their own symbiotic fungi 

which break down the xylem (ambrosia beetles) may colonize a larger range of hosts. 

Many species have been imported in timber and some have become established. A 

number are more strictly phytophagous, their larvae feeding in the still living inner 

bark of stressed or moribund stems or branches, but these have been included in the 

list nonetheless. 

Hylesinus crenatus (Fabricius)* - Large Ash Bark Beetle. Chiefly dying ash Fraxinus, also 

oak Quercus, walnut Juglans, etc; in rather thick bark of trunk. 

Hylesinus oleiperda (Fabricius) - Lesser Ash Bark Beetle. In recently dead branches & twigs 

of ash Fraxinus; southern. 

Hylesinus orni (Fuchs) - Nationally Scarce B. In recently dead slender branches of ash 

Fraxinus; possibly not a distinct species. 

Hylesinus varius Fabricius) - Common Ash Bark Beetle. In ash Fraxinus; in standing and 

fallen recently dead trunks and boughs; makes short blind hibernation galleries in 

crotches of live ash trees, where it is associated with bacterial disease ash rose canker; 

usually two broods annually, probably only one in north. 

Acrantus vittatus (Fabricius) - In recently dead thin-barked elm Ulmus, ash Fraxinus and lime 

Tilia. 

Xylechinus pilosus (Ratzeburg) – Extinct. In recently dead conifers, especially pine Pinus; 

old specimens only. 

Kissophagus hederae (Schmitt) - Nationally Scarce B. Develops in decaying ivy Hedera 

stems on trees. 

Phloeosinus thujae (Perris) – Naturalised. In recently dead Cupressus, Thuja and juniper 

Juniperus; new to GB in 1922; SW London, Surrey & Monks Wood. 

Hylurgops palliatus (Gyllenhal)* - Naturalised. Develops under bark of dead conifer timber. 

Hylastes angustatus (Herbst) - Naturalised. Pine Pinus and spruce Picea associate, longestablished 

in SE England. 

Hylastes ater (Fabricius) – Naturalised. Common in dead branches, stumps and roots of pine 

Pinus, S England. 

Hylastes attenuatus Erichson - Naturalised. Pine Pinus; Sussex etc. 

Hylastes brunneus Erichson* - In dying pine, widely, but mostly northern. 

Hylastes cunicularius Erichson* - Naturalised. In dead spruce Picea. 

Hylastes opacus Erichson* - In dead pine Pinus, but also elm Ulmus and ash Fraxinus. 

Tomicus minor (Hartig) - Lesser Pine Shoot Beetle. RDB3. Mainly in dead Scots pine Pinus 

sylvestris, also in Norway spruce Picea; only native in Scottish Highlands, but 

established in Dorset; tunnels under bark transverse. 

Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus)* - Pine Shoot Beetle. Dead conifers, especially pine Pinus; 

tunnels under bark longitudinal; two broods annually. Widespread. 

Polygraphus poligraphus (Linnaeus) - Naturalised. Dead pine Pinus and spruce Picea, 

E.England. 

Scolytus intricatus (Ratzeburg) - Develops under bark of sickly or freshly dead oak Quercus 

boughs and branches; also in sweet chestnut Castanea and other broadleaves. 

Widespread in England and Wales, reaching north to Lothians. 

Scolytus laevis Chapuis - In dead and dying wych elm Ulmus glabra; probably introduced. 

Scolytus mali (Bechstein) - Large Fruit Tree Bark Beetle. Nationally Scarce B. Larva in 

galleries in sapwood just under bark, where it feeds on living timber; mainly pear 

71

Pyrus, cherry Prunus, elm Ulmus and hawthorn Crataegus, also other fruit trees; in 

orchards, old hedgerows & woods. 

Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham)* - Small Elm Bark Beetle. In smaller thinner barked dying 

branches of various broad-leaved trees. 

Scolytus ratzeburgi Janson,E.W. - Birch Bark Beetle. Nationally Scarce B. Larvae in stumps 

of birch Betula; Scottish Highlands. Sub-fossil records from Thorne Moors. 

Scolytus rugulosus (Mueller,P.W.J.) - Small Fruit Tree Bark Beetle. In Pyrus, Prunus, Rosa, 

etc; may be 3 broods annually; widespread. 

Scolytus scolytus (Fabricius)* - Common Elm Bark Beetle. Mainly in Ulmus, also other 

broad-leaved trees; two generations a year; feed on bark of top twigs after emerging 

from thicker bark. 

Dryocoetes alni (Georg) - Nationally Scarce A. In freshly dead alder Alnus, beech Fagus, 

grey willow Salix cineraria and hazel Corylus timber; mostly in north of Britain. 

Dryocoetes villosus (Fabricius)* - Develops in relatively thick bark of freshly dead oak 

Quercus boughs and trunks; also in sweet chestnut Castanea & beech Fagus. 

Widespread in England and Wales, rare in Scotland and Ireland. 

Dryocoetes autographus (Ratzeburg)* - Naturalised. In dead and dying spruce Picea; 

occasionally reported from other conifers. A well-established species in northern and 

western Britain and spreading southwards. It first noted in GB in a plantation near 

Scarborough in 1869. 

Crypturgus subcribrosus Eggers – Naturalised. Dead and dying spruce Picea, in the galleries 

of Orthotomicus laricis and Polygraphus poligraphus; New Forest and West Sussex. 

Lymantor coryli (Perris) - RDB1. In dead dry branches of hazel Corylus, also in other broadleaved 

trees. 

Taphrorychus bicolor (Herbst) - Nationally Scarce A. In smaller dead branches and twigs of 

beech Fagus and hornbeam Carpinus; south-east England. 

Trypodendron - Ambrosia beetles. Life cycle in solid wood; dependent for nourishment upon 

fungi growing on walls of their galleries. 

Trypodendron domesticum (Linnaeus)* - An ambrosia beetle, developing in the sapwood of a 

wide range of freshly dead broadleaved timber. Adults excavate deep galleries in the 

sappy timber and feed on the fruiting bodies of fungi cultivated therein. Widespread 

in British Isles, but largely confined to ancient woodlands and wood pastures. 

Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier)* - Conifer Ambrosia Beetle. Dead wood of pine Pinus, 

spruce Picea, larch Larix, and fir Abies in N and W Britain. 

Trypodendron signatum (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. In dead oak Quercus and to a 

lesser extent beech Fagus; ancient wood pastures of northern and western Britain, 

plus the Weald. 

Cryphalus abietis (Ratzeburg) – Naturalised. In deadwood of conifers. 

Cryphalus asperatus (Gyllenhal)* - Naturalised. Develops in dead branches of spruce Picea. 

Ernoporus caucasicus Lindemann - Nationally Scarce A. In bark of dead branches of lime, 

both Tilia cordata and common T. vulgaris, but perhaps only in sites where former 

has been present historically; branches range from 1.5cm to 5cm girth; often restricted 

to one or small group of trees; a relict Wildwood species hanging on in areas of old 

parkland. Midlands; and found on mid-Holocene sites as far apart as London and 

Thorne, south Yorkshire. Neolithic records from Somerset Levels. Numbers 

sufficiently reduced by early Bronze Age to disappear from the fossil record. 

Ernoporus fagi (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce A. Mainly in freshly dead beech Fagus 

boughs, also oak Quercus and birch Betula ; ancient woodlands and wood pastures. 

Central and south-eastern England, reaching over Welsh border in Denbighshire. 

Ernoporus tiliae (Panzer) - RDB1 & BAP Priority Species. Freshly dead Tilia cordata. 

72

Trypophloeus binodulus (Ratzeburg) 

Trypophloeus granulatus (Ratzeburg) – Extinct. In freshly dead Populus; one old example 

from Surrey. 

Xyleborus dispar (Fabricius) - Shot-hole Borer or Pear-blight Beetle. Nationally Scarce B. 

Various broad-leaved trees, in freshly dead timber, including young trees and 

especially those oak Quercus and birch Betula killed by heath fires; also once 

reported in pines Pinus; often in old orchards. An ambrosia beetle. Widely in 

lowland England, but absent from west. 

Xyleborus dryographus (Ratzeburg) - Nationally Scarce B. Mainly freshly dead oak Quercus 

and sweet chestnut Castanea, also beech Fagus and elm Ulmus. Southern and southeastern 

England; also Carmarthenshire. 

Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg) - Galleries within thick bark of freshly dead or dying oak 

Quercus, beech Fagus, sweet chestnut Castanea, and other trees, including conifers 

on mainland Europe, in October, and in sapwood in small diameter branches of same 

hosts except beech Fagus, in May. Over-winters as adult, under bark. An ambrosia 

beetle. Lowland England. 

Pityophthorus lichtensteini (Ratzeburg) - RDB3. Dead pine Pinus twigs in Speyside and 

Deeside. 

Pityophthorus pubescens (Marsham)* - Pine Pinus and spruce Picea; in small dead stems of 

less than 1cm diameter. 

Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst)* - Pine Pinus and spruce Picea; in small dead thin-barked 

branches; widespread. 

Pityogenes chalcographus (Linnaeus) - Conifers, widely but rare. 

Pityogenes quadridens (Hartig) - Nationally Scarce A. Conifers in Highlands and northern 

England; early to mid Holocene as far south as Nottinghamshire. Develops in small 

thin-barked dead pine Pinus twigs. 

Pityogenes trepanatus (Nordlinger) - Nationally Scarce A. Scots pine Pinus sylvestris and 

other conifers, spreading from Highlands with plantations, e.g. SE England 1951, 

Suffolk 1970, Norfolk 1973. 

Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal) - Pine Pinus and larch Larix in north; Caledonian pine forests. 

Ips cembrae (Heer) – Larch Larix, spruce Picea and pine Pinus; Scotland. 

Ips sexdentatus (Boerner) – Pine Pinus; established in Dean; also in Scotland. 

Ips typographus (Linnaeus) - Spruce Bark Beetle. 

Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston) – Naturalised. Mediterranean species established in Forest 

of Dean in pine Pinus; no recent records. 

Orthotomicus laricis (Fabricius)* - Under bark of dead conifers, chiefly pine Pinus. 

Orthotomicus suturalis (Gyllenhal) - Pine Pinus and spruce Picea in Highlands and has 

spread south with softwood forestry: Berkshire, Wiltshire, Surrey, Hampshire. 

Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) - Great Spruce Bark Beetle. Naturalised. A solitary 

coloniser of live spruce Picea, not associated with any fungal pathogens, does not use 

aggregation pheromones, and co-exists with the living host during its whole life cycle, 

i.e. a true parasite; established in Welsh border counties. 

Platypodidae 

Platypus cylindrus (Fabricius) - Oak Pinhole Borer. Nationally Scarce B. Strongly attracted 

to smell of fermenting sap, arriving at freshly split or felled timber; male appears first 

and bores into a crack or crevice, female arriving later and entering tunnel; both 

emerge to mate, then female continues boring, producing white & splintery bore-dust, 

and eggs laid in main tunnels; larval period 1 year normally, and graze on lining of 

tunnel which is composed of small fragments of wood on which the fungal growth 

occurs; adults and larvae in galleries extending deep into heartwood, feeding on fungi 

73

cultured in borings; mainly oak Quercus, but also beech Fagus and other broadleaved 

trees. Widespread in southern England and Wales, but absent from far southwest. 

Platypus parallelus (Fabricius) – RDBI. Presently expanding its Oriental range; W Kent: 

only three specimens known - 1832, 1973, 1983, presumed to be only casual imports. 

Hymenoptera 

SYMPHYTA - Sawflies 

Xiphydriidae - The larvae bore in wood of broad-leaved trees; development is within a 

year; pupation in chamber below sapwood; dependent on the presence of a symbiotic 

fungus in the tunnels. 

Xiphydria camelus (Linnaeus) - Oviposit through bark of recently dead branch of streamside 

alder Alnus or birch Betula, eggs deposited in cambial layer; larva tunnels in wood for 

10 months; circular flight holes; rare & local. 

Xiphydria longicollis (Geoffroy) – [pRDBK]. Has been reared from fallen field maple Acer 

campestre branch, Windsor Forest; also at Maidenhead & Wisley. 

Xiphydria prolongata (Geoffroy) - Larvae develop in woody stems of willows Salix; adults 

emerge from mid June to mid August; oviposition in bark of fresh willow logs; larvae 

initially bore in cambial layer, then in superficial sapwood. Rare & local, mostly SE 

England, as far N as Nottinghamshire. 

Siricidae - The larvae bore in standing or freshly cut timber; males spend lives in tree tops 

where mate; females lay eggs into borings; larvae tunnel in wood for 2-4 years, but if 

wood cut & dried take longer; pupate below sapwood; abdominal sacs with spores of 

Amylostereum areolatum, which are injected into tree during oviposition. 

Tremex columba (Linnaeus) – Casual/ Importation. Bores in Acer, oak Quercus, elm 

Ulmus, etc; N. American sp., only in imported wood. 

Xeris spectrum (Linnaeus) - Lacks fungal spore sacs & only oviposits in trees previously 

colonised by other siricids; has been reared from larch Larix in Hants, and an 

occasional import. 

Uroceras gigas (Linnaeus) - Holarctic species established in GB, possibly native in 

Caledonian forest areas; bore conifers. 

Sirex noctilio Fabricius – Naturalised. Holarctic species established in GB; bores conifers. 

Sirex cyaneus Fabricius – Naturalised. Holarctic species established in S. England & 

Scotland, American in origin; bores conifers. 

Sirex juvencus (Linnaeus) – Holarctic species established in GB; possibly native. 

Cephidae 

Janus femoratus (Curtis) - Larvae develop in oak Quercus twigs; SE of Wash/Severn line. 

PARASITICA - Parasitic Wasps. Approx 5500 species in total, and very diverse in 

biology; these are particularly under-studied and the following is almost certainly 

only a poor representation of the total fauna. 

ICHNEUMONOIDEA - Exclusively parasitic (parasitoids). 

Ichneumonidae 

Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae - The majority are ectoparasitoids of immature 

Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera or Arachnida, while some are 

pseudo-parasitoids of spider egg sacs, and one group are endoparasitoids in 

endopterygote pupae and prepupae. Several species are hyperparasitic, often 

facultatively, and a few are cleptoparasitic on other pimplines. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

74

Ephialtes manifestator (Linnaeus)* - Hosts are rather deeply concealed in long dead and 

sometimes rotten wood, and it has on several occasions been observed probing old 

emergence holes of wood-boring beetles in dead trees and fence posts. This suggests 

that aculeate Hymenoptera may be among the regular hosts, as is borne out by the 

rearing of a single male from the digger wasp Trypoxylon sp. A specimen is also 

claimed to have been reared from the longhorn beetle Callidium violaceum. 

Uncommon; southern England and Wales; Co Kerry. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Dolichomitus agnoscendus (Roman)* - Has been reared from the weevil Mesites tardii, from 

dead Rosa stems, and alder Alnus logs. Rare, but widely distributed. (Fitton et al, 

1988). 

Dolichomitus diversicostae (Perkins) - Has been reared from the longhorn beetle 

Acanthocinus aedilis in pine Pinus; rare, northern Scotland (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Dolichomitus imperator (Kriechbaumer) - Circumstantial evidence that the hosts are in long 

dead timber, such as the longhorn beetle Rhagium, but one also found in the borings 

of Arhopalus rusticus in recently dead pine Pinus. In Scotland often in relict 

Caledonian pine forest, but also in the ancient birch Betula woods of the extreme 

north and west. Also reported from Hampshire. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Dolichomitus mesocentrus (Gravenhorst) - Appears to be associated principally with beetle 

hosts in dead oak Quercus and beech Fagus. Uncommon, but widely distributed in 

southern Britain. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Dolichomitus messor (Gravenhorst) - One specimen supposedly reared from the clearwing 

moth Synanthedon vespiformis in Herefordshire (Fitton et al, 1988). Reported to be 

parasitic on the longhorn beetles Lamia textor, Mesosa nebulosa. 

Dolichomitus populneus (Ratzeburg) - Has mostly been reared from the longhorn beetle 

Saperda populnea, but also from the clearwing moth Synanthedon flaviventris and the 

micro Lampronia fuscatella. These hosts all cause galls in small branches and twigs, 

respectively of Populus, Salix and Betula. Uncommon; widely in southern England. 

(Fitton et al, 1988). 

Dolichomitus pterelas (Say)* - Reared once from the longhorn beetle Stenostola ferrea. 

Southern England, rare; Co Kerry. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Dolichomitus terebrans (Ratzeburg) - Has often been reared as a parasitoid of the large 

weevils in pine Pinus bark Pissodes castaneus and P.pini; and has become a regular 

parasitoid of the recently established bark beetle Dendroctonus micans in spruce 

Picea. Uncommon, but widely distributed among conifers throughout Britain. (Fitton 

et al, 1988). 

Dolichomitus tuberculatus (Geoffroy)* - Reared from the bark weevil Hylobius abietis, the 

longhorns Acanthocinus aedilis and ?Rhagium mordax, and more doubtfully from the 

clearwing moth Synanthedon culiciformis; from conifers and Betula. Uncommon but 

widely distributed in GB and Ireland. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Townesia tenuiventris (Holmgren) - In Finland reared from the bee Chelostoma florisomne 

and less often from the digger wasp Trypoxylon figulus nesting in dead wood. Rare, 

but widely distributed in southern England. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Paraperithous gnathaulax (Thomson) - It is suggested that it probes for hosts pupating 

beneath partly loose bark. Rare, but widely distributed, in Scotland and to a lesser 

extent southern England. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Liotryphon spp - Use their ovipositors to probe bark crevices, etc, or to penetrate the weak, 

prepared exit sites of insects with non-mandibulate adults (eg moths) pupating in bark 

and wood, rather than to drill through bark. They are not therefore part of the 

saproxylic fauna. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

75

Afrephialtes cicatricosa (Ratzeburg) - Reared from the clearwing moth Synanthedon 

formicaeformis in sallow Salix branches. Rare; Dorset. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Perithous scurra (Panzer)* - Hosts are aculeates nesting in standing timber with soft rotten 

wood, such as the digger wasp Pemphredon. Moderately common and widespread. 


Pseudorhyssa alpestris (Holmgren) - Mostly reared from the woodwasp Xiphydria camelus; a 

cleptoparasite, using the oviposition drill hole left by the pimpline wasp Rhyssella 

approximator to reach the host larva. Rare, known from only six localities in central 

southern England. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Poemenia collaris (Haupt) - Reared from a piece of dead elder Sambucus containing nests of 

the digger wasp Passaloecus eremita and borings of the beetle ? Ptilinus 

pectinicornis; Aylesford Kent. On the Continent reared from Passaloecus corniger. 


Poemenia hectica (Gravenhorst)* - No host records but associated with deadwood. Southern 

England & Killarney. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Poemenia notata Holmgren - Associated with the digger wasp Passaloecus eremita; Kent. 


Deuteroxorides elevator (Panzer) =albitarsus (Gravenhorst)* - Hosts are wood-boring 

beetles, especially longhorn beetles, but also the weevil Mesites tardii. Southern 

England and Co Wicklow. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Podoschistus scutellaris (Desvignes) - No host records, but collected on standing dead oak 

Quercus with longhorn beetles. Southern England and Wales. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Rhyssa persuasoria (Linnaeus)* - Parasitoid of wood wasps Siricidae inhabiting conifers; 

uncommon, but widely distributed in GB and Ireland. (Fitton et al, 1988).. 

Rhyssella approximator (Fabricius) - Parasitoid of the Xiphydria woodwasps. Uncommon; 

widely distributed in England and Scotland. (Fitton et al, 1988). 

Ichneumonidae: Xoridinae - The larvae feed as external parasites of immature stages 

of wood-boring beetles. 

Ischnoceros caligatus (Gravenhorst) - Uncommon; lowland England. 

Ischnoceros rusticus (Geoffroy) - On various longhorn beetles; has been taken in cell of 

Rhagium inquisitor; fairly common & widespread. 

Odontocolon dentipes (Gmelin) - On longhorn beetles; uncommon, Inverness & Ireland. 

Odontocolon quercinum (Thomson) - On wood-boring weevils, possibly also scarabaeid 

beetles; rare: Devon & Berks. 

Xorides brachylabis (Kreichbaumer) - Parasite of longhorn beetles, incl. those in spruce 

Picea timber; rare: Lowland England. 

Xorides csikii Clement - One Surrey record. 

Xorides fuligator (Thunberg) - Fairly common over England & Wales. 

Xorides gravenhorstii (Curtis) - On longhorn beetles; uncommon, S England. 

Xorides irrigator (Fabricius) - Parasite of Mesosa nebulosa & other longhorn beetles; 

Ofxordshire. 

Xorides niger (Pfeffer) - Rare, Berkshire. 

Xorides praecatorius (Fabricius) - Reported to be parasite of Leiopus nebulosus & other oak 

Quercus longhorns; uncommon: S England to Herefordshire. 

Xorides rufipes (Gravenhorst) - One Oxfordshire record. 

Xorides rusticus (Desvignes) - One record Bewdley, Wyre Forest. 

Xorides securiformis (Holmgren) - Reported to be a parasite of the longhorn Leiopus 

nebulosus. 

76

Ichneumonidae: Phygadeuontinae 

Cubocephalus brevicornis (Taschenberg) - Has been taken in burrows of the longhorn beetle 

Tetropium gabrieli in larch Larix timber. 

Ichneumonidae: Banchinae 

Lissonota distincta Bridgman - Has been reared from bracket fungus Inonotus hispidus full of 

Orchesia micans beetle larvae, although said to develop in moth larvae. 

Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae 

Rhimphoctona melanura (Holmgren) - Reported to be a parasite on the longhorn beetle 

Mesosa nebulosa. 

Nemeritis caudatula Thomson - Reported to be a parasite of Raphidia snakeflies. 

Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae 

Dimophora robusta Brischke - Reported to be a parasite of the beetle Anobium punctatum. 

Cremastus spectator Gravenhorst - Has been reared from the bracket fungus Inonotus 

hispidus full of Orchesia micans beetle larvae. 

Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae 

Probles gilvipes (Gravenhorst) - Reported to be a parasite of the beetle Orchesia micans. 

Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae 

Hypsicera curvator (Fabricius) - Has been taken emerging from burrows of the beetle 

Anobium punctatum. 

Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae 

Orthocentrus fulvipes Gravenhorst - Reported to be a parasite of the longhorn beetle Leiopus 

nebulosus. 

Braconidae 

Braconidae: Doryctinae - The majority of British genera are ectoparasitoids of beetle 

larvae that live beneath bark or in dead wood. Mostly the hosts appear to be attacked 

as well-grown and actively feeding larvae. The adult females use the ovipositor to 

penetrate the substrate to oviposit on or near the host. In most cases the host is 

probably stung and paralysed first. (Shaw & Huddleston, 1991; Shaw & Quicke, 

1999). 

Doryctes leucogaster (Nees) - Reported to be a parasite of Anobium beetles; has also been 

found in burrows of Bostrychus capucinus in imported timber. 

Doryctes pomarius Reinhard - Reported to be a parasite of the longhorn beetle Leiopus 

nebulosus. 

Doryctes striatellus (Nees) - Has been taken in burrows of the beetle Ernobius mollis. 

Wachsmannia spathiformis (Ratzeburg) - Reported to be a parasite of Anobium beetles. 

Dendrosoter protuberans (Nees) - Has been reared from burrows of Tomicus beetles in larch 

Larix timber. 

Spathius curvicaudis - A specialist parasite on bark-inhabiting buprestid beetles; reared in 

Britain twice from Agrilus pannonicus. 

Spathius exarator (Linnaeus)* - The commonest and most regular parasite of Anobium 

beetles, occurring in most infested timbers. 

Spathius rubidus (Rossius)* - Reported to be a parasite of Anobium beetles. 

Hecabolus sulcatus Curtis - Has been observed ovipositing in borings of the beetle Lyctus 

brunneus. 

Braconidae: Braconinae - Ectoparasitoids of concealed hosts, usually concentrating 

attack on the actively feeding late larval instars. Most inject venoms that induce longterm 

paralysis of the host before they oviposit on or near to it. However, some species 

77

leave the host in a condition in which it can resume activity, becoming quiescent only 

some days later. (Shaw & Huddleston, 1991). 

Bracon spp - The overall host range is very wide although many species are quite narrow 

niche specialists. 

Bracon caudatus Ratzeburg - Has been reared from pupae of the bark beetle Hylesinus 

fraxini. 

Bracon ratzeburgi Dalle Torre - Has been reared from pupae of the bark beetle Hylesinus 

fraxini. 

Coeloides - Moderately common parasitoids of various bark inhabiting beetles (Scolytidae 

and Curculionidae). Five species are listed as British (Shaw & Quicke, 1999; Shaw, 

2000). 

Coeloides abdominalis (Zetterstedt) - A parasitoid of relatively large scolytids in rather thick 

pine Pinus bark, but appears capable of feeding on other beetles in this or similar 

substrates. 

Coeloides filiformis Ratzeburg - Widespread in southern England; particularly a parasitoid of 

scolytid beetles of the genus Leperisinus developing in ash Fraxinus bark, but 

recorded also from other beetles in the same substrate. 

Coeloides melanotus Wesmael - Possibly a specialist on Leperisinus bark beetles developing 

in ash Fraxinus bark. 

Coeloides scolyticida Wesmael - A parasitoid of bark beetles developing in elm Ulmus bark, 

and can become locally common during outbreaks of Dutch elm disease. 

Coeloides sordidator (Ratzeborg) - A parasitoid of beetles feeding in pine Pinus bark, 

especially Pissodes weevils; discovered in Norfolk 1983-85. 

Braconidae: Histeromerinae 

Histeromerus - Parasitoids of wood or fungus inhabiting beetle larvae or pupae of various 

families (Shaw & Huddleston, 1991). 

Histeromerus mystacinus Wesmael* - A gregarious ectoparasitoid of wood-boring beetle 

larvae and pupae; reared from larvae and pupae of Leptura scutellata feeding in dead 

alder Alnus in southern England; rare. Females tunnel through beetle-infested wood to 

find their hosts; the host is paralysed prior to oviposition, and the female remains with 

it while the brood develops (Shaw, 1995). 

Braconidae: Rogadinae - Wood-decay species are ectoparasitoids (Shaw & Huddleston, 

1991). 

Chremylus have been reared from beetle-infested wood, as well as from clothes moths (Shaw 

& Huddleston, 1991). 

Pambolus reared from beetle-infested wood as well as from Chrysomelidae (Shaw & 

Huddleston, 1991). 

Rhyssalus indagator (Haliday) - Has been reared from cocoons found under bark of fallen 

oak Quercus branches. 

Braconidae: Helconinae - Hosts of the tribe Helconini appear to be larvae of 

Cerambycidae, and perhaps other wood-boring beetles. Endoparasitoids. (Shaw & 

Huddleston, 1991). 

Helconidea annulicornis (Nees) - Has been found to be a parasite on the longhorn Mesosa 

nebulosa. 

Helconidea dentator (Fabricius) 

Helconidea ruspator (Linnaeus) - Has been found to be a parasite on the longhorn Strangalia 

quadrifasciata. 

Helcon tardator Nees - Has been found as a parasite of the longhorn Leiopus nebulosus. 

Diospilus ephippium (Nees) - Has been found parasitic on the anobiid beetles Dorcatoma 

serra and D.dresdensis. 

78

Braconidae: Meteorinae 

Meteorus - Some species exclusively attack larval beetles in wood or tree bark, or in arboreal 

bracket fungi; others attack micro-moth larvae in bracket fungi on trees. Most, 

however, are endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae. (Shaw & Huddleston, 1991) 

Meteorus obfuscatus (Nees) - Has been found as a parasite of the fungus beetle Orchesia 

micans. 

Meteorus profligator (Haliday)* - Has been reared from Cis boleti in Ireland (O’Connor et al, 

1999). 

Meteorus tabidus (Wesmael)* - Has been found as a parasite of the longhorn beetle Leiopus 

nebulosus. 

Braconidae: Cenocoeliinae - Endoparasitoids of wood or bark boring beetle larvae, 

killing the host only after it has prepared for pupation and completing their feeding 

externally. A cocoon is then spun within the host’s pupation cell or gallery. (Shaw & 

Huddleston, 1991) 

Cenocoelius aartseni (van Achterberg) - Has been reared from logs with the longhorns 

Grammoptera ruficornis, Pogonocherus hispidus and Tetrops praeusta at Silwood 

Park, Berkshire; also known from New Forest and Highmeadow Woods, Glos (Shaw, 

1999) 

Cenocoelius analis (Nees) - Reared from hawthorn Crataegus and rowan Sorbus twigs with 

the longhorn Tetrops praeusta at Silwood Park, Berkshire (Shaw, 1999). Also known 

from: Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire; Santon Downham, Norfolk; and Pamber 

Forest, Hampshire. 

Lestricus secalis (Linnaeus) - Doubtfully British. A northerly species in Europe and has been 

recorded from cerambycid and other beetle hosts that feed in the bark or wood of 

conifers, including the native pine Pinus wood speciality longhorn Pogonocherus 

fasciculatus (Shaw, 1999). 

Braconidae: Alysiinae 

Asobara tabida (Nees)* - Parasitoid of Drosophila fruit flies including those associated with 

fungi. 

Tanycarpa bicolor* - Parasitoid of Drosophila fruit flies including those associated with 

fungi. 

Tanycarpa punctata - Parasitoid of Drosophila fruit flies including those associated with 

fungi. 

EVANIOIDEA 

Aulacidae 

Aulacus striatus Jurine - A parasite of Xiphydria sawflies. 

CYNIPOIDEA 

Eucoilidae - Parasitoids of Drosophila fruit flies including those associated with fungi. 

Internal parasites of the larvae and emerge from the puparia (Quinlan, 1978). 

Kleidotoma dolichocera Thompson* 

Kleidotoma elegans Cameron - Once taken from a Hylurgops (Scolytidae) gallery (Quinlan, 

1978). 

Ibaliidae: Ibaliinae - Internal parasites of siricid wood wasps in timber (Fergusson, 

1986). 

Ibalia leucospoides (Hochenwarth) - Host: Siricidae in Pinaceae; widespread. 

Ibalia rufipes Cresson - Host: Siricidae in Pinaceae; rare. 

79

CHALCIDOIDEA 

Chalcididae 

Neochalcis fertoni - Believed to be a parasitoid of aculeata Hymenoptera nesting in twigs and 

stems; Norfolk (Askew, 1992b). 

Eurytomidae 

Eurytoma arctica Thomson - Has been reared from pupae of the ash Fraxinus bark beetle 

Hylesinus fraxini. 

Eurytoma nodularis – in GB??. Reported as a parasitoid of Passaloecus corniger wasps 

elsewhere in Europe. 

Perilampidae 

Perilampus micans Dalman - Has been reared from Lyctus beetle larvae (Ferrière & Kerrich, 

1958). 

Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae include species parasitic on insect larvae in concealed 

situations, including deadwood and leaf-mines. 

Cleonymus laticornis Walker* - Parasitic on deadwood Coleoptera; has been reared in 

England from the longhorn beetle Molorchus minor. Widely distributed in Europe. 

(Graham 1969). 

Cleonymus obscurus Walker - Has been reared in France from the elm Ulmus bark beetle 

Scolytus scolytus.(Graham 1969). 

Macromesinae 

Macromesus amphiretus Walker – Most recorded hosts are Scolytidae on Coniferae on the 

Continent, where it is widely scattered. The only reported British host is however 

Phloeophthorus rhododactylus on broom Cytisus scoparius. A rare and very localised 

species in Britain: Wytham Wood (Berks), Romsey (S. Hants) and Silwood Park 

(Berks) (Askew & Shaw, 2001). 

Spalangiinae 

Spalangia crassicornis Boucek - Hosts are myrmecophilous Diptera associated with the ant 

Lasius fuliginosus.(Graham 1969). 

Cerocephalinae 

Cerocephala cornigera Westwood - Has been found in Poland as a parasite of the ash 

Fraxinus bark beetle Leperesinus orni. (Graham 1969). 

Cerocephala rufa (Walker) - Has been reared in central Europe from Anobiidae, Agrilus and 

Xylocleptes. Possibly a secondary parasite through Spathius exarator (L.) 

(Braconidae). (Graham 1969). 

Theocolax formiciformis Westwood* - Well known as a parasite of Anobium spp; and has 

been said to attach Leperesinus fraxini, but this may be erroneous. (Graham 1969). 

Miscogasterinae 

Trigonoderus cyanescens (Forster) - Biology unknown (Graham 1969). 

Trigonoderus filatus Walker - Has been reared in Sweden from the longhorn beetle 

Pogonocherus hispidus.(Graham 1969). 

Trigonoderus princeps Westwood* - Has been reared in Sweden from Scolytus ratzeburgi. 


Trigonoderus pulcher Walker - Biology unknown (Graham 1969). 

Plutothrix acuminata (Thomson) 

Plutothrix cisae Hedqvist - Probably a parasite of the beetle Cis boleti (Graham 1969). 

Plutothrix coelius (Walker)* - Has been reared from the beetle Anobium punctatum in 

southern England & Ireland (Graham 1969); widespread in Europe. 

Plutothrix obtusiclava Graham - Silwood Park, Berkshire, on alder Alnus (Graham, 1993) 

80

Plutothrix bicolorata (Spinola) syn. scenicus (Walker)* - Has been reared with the beetle 

Anobium punctatum from gorse Ulex stems on Scilly (Graham 1969); widespread in 

England. 

Plutothrix trifasciatus (Thomson) - Biology unknown (Graham 1969). 

Janssoniella ambigua Graham - Has been reared from polypore fungi on Continent.(Graham 

1969). 

Janssoniella caudata Kerrich - Has been reared from polypores, including Trametes 

versicolor on the Continent (Graham 1969); ? associated with Cis beetles. 

Platygerrhus affinis (Walker) - Has been reared from Anobium punctatum (Graham 1969). 

Platygerrhus ductilis (Walker)* - Has been taken from burrows of Ips suturalis in spruce 

Picea bark, and probably reared from the beetle Anobium punctatum (Graham 1969). 

Platygerrhus longigena Graham* - Biology unknown (Graham 1969). 

Platygerrhus subglaber Graham - Reared from alder Alnus logs in Norfolk (Graham 1969). 

Platygerrhus tarrha (Walker) - Biology unknown (Graham 1969). 

Platygerrhus unicolor Graham - Reared from alder Alnus logs in Norfolk; also pine Pinus on 

Continent (Graham 1969). 

Pteromalinae 

Dinotiscus - These are chiefly parasitic on bark beetles (Scolytidae)(Askew, 1992a). 

Dinotiscus aponius (Walker) - Parasite of Scolytus rugulosus, S.multistriatus, S.ratzeburgi 

and the ash bark beetle Hylesinus fraxini. North-west and central Europe.(Graham 

1969). 

Dinotiscus colon (Linnaeus) - Parasite of Blastophagus piniperda, B.minor and Ips 

acuminatus. (Graham 1969). 

Dinotiscus eupterus (Walker) - Parasitic on several species of Scolytidae, primarily conifer 

associates.(Graham 1969). 

Rhopalicus - These are chiefly parasitic on bark beetles (Scolytidae)(Askew, 1992a). 

Rhopalicus brevicornis Thomson - Parasite of various conifer Scolytidae. 

Rhopalicus guttatus (Ratzeburg) - Reared in Sweden from Pissodes validirostris 

(Curculionidae) (Graham 1969). 

Rhopalicus tutela (Walker)* - Widely distributed in Europe; a common parasite of a number 

of genera and species of Scolytidae; also recorded from Pissodes (Curculionidae) 


Acrocormus semifasciatus Thomson - Reared in Sweden from Scolytus intricatus; in 

Bohemia from Magdalis armigera in elm Ulmus twigs; in Slovakia from Hylesinus 

toranio on ash Fraxinus; in England from Acrantus vittatus on elm Ulmus. (Graham 

1969). 

Cheiropachus - These are chiefly parasitic on bark beetles (Scolytidae)(Askew, 1992a). 

Cheiropachus quadrum (Fabricius) - Has been found parasitic on many species of Scolytidae 


Rhaphitelus - These are chiefly parasitic on bark beetles (Scolytidae)(Askew, 1992a). 

Rhaphitelus maculatus Walker - Recorded widely in Europe and North America as a parasite 

of various Scolytidae (Graham 1969). 

Metacolus azureus (Ratzeburg) - A parasitoid of the bark beetle Pityogenes on Pinus (Askew, 

1992a). 

Pandelus flavipes (Förster) - A parasitoid of the beetle Ptilinus (Askew, 1992a). 

Roptrocerus brevicornis Thomson - A parasitoid of the bark beetle Pityogenes on Pinus 

(Askew, 1992a). 

Roptrocerus mirus (Walker) - Parasite of Scolytidae; reared in GB from Myelophilus 

piniperda, and in Sweden from Ips typographus (Graham 1969). 

81

Roptrocerus xylophagorum (Ratzeburg) - Widely distributed in Europe and reared from many 

Scolytidae (Graham 1969). 

Xiphydriophagus meyerinckii (Ratzeberg) - Parasitic on Xiphydria sawflies (Graham 1969). 

Habritys brevicornis (Ratzeburg)* - Parasitic chiefly on crabronid wasps (Sphecidae) 

including Coelocrabro ambiguus in a dead willow Salix (Graham 1969). 

Perniphora robusta Ruschka - Parasite of Trypodendron domesticum and other species of 

that genus; Xyleborus spp, etc ; larva lives as an ectoparasite on the host (Graham 

1969). 

Endomychobius endomychi (Walker) - A parasite of the larvae of the beetle Endomychus 

coccineus (Graham 1969). 

Dinotoides tenebricus (Walker) - Reared in Czechoslovakia from twigs of Malus silvestris 

with Magdalis ruficornis, Tetrops praeusta and Scolytus sp.; also recorded from 

Magdalis barbicornis in Sardinia (Graham 1969). 

Ablaxia anaxenor (Walker)* - Biology unknown (Graham 1969). 

Ablaxia megachlora (Walker) - Biology unknown (Graham 1969). 

Ablaxia parviclava (Thomson) - Biology unknown (Graham 1969). 

Ablaxia squamifera (Thomson) - Has been reared in England in association with wood-boring 

beetles (Magdalis, Scolytus, etc) (Graham 1969). 

Ablaxia temporalis Graham - Biology unknown. 

Aggelma spiracularis (Thomson) - Biology unknown, but related species are parasites of 

Agrilus viridis and Magdalis violacea (Graham 1969). 

Holcaeus spp. - biology unknown but taxonomically very close to Cricellius (Graham 1969). 

Holcaeus calligetus (Walker) 

Holcaeus compressus (Walker) 

Holcaeus gogasus (Walker) 

Holcaeus stenogaster (Walker) 

Holcaeus stylatus Graham 

Holcaeus varro (Walker) 

Cricellius - a non-British species has been reared from lime Tilia twigs attacked by insect 

larvae (Graham 1969). 

Cricellius gracilis (Walker) - Local, in woods, particularly in shady areas (Graham 1969). 

Cricellius repandus Graham 

Kaleva corynocera Graham - Reared with Spilomena troglodytes from the decayed branch of 

an old oak Quercus in Norfolk (Graham 1969). 

Karpinskiella pityophthori Boucek - A parasitoid of various Scolytidae beetles, especially 

Pityogenes (Askew, 1992a). 

Cratominae 

Cratomus megacephalus (Fabricius) - Biology unknown, but associated with old wood and 

palings (Graham 1969). 

Calosotinae 

Calosota aestivalis Curtis syn. vernalis Curtis* - A parasite of the beetle Anobium punctatum; 

has been observed ovipositing in burrows of Ptilinus pectinicornis, and taken in 

burrows of Priobium castaneum. 

Eulophidae 

Astichus arithmeticus (Forster) - Parasitic upon beetles in bracket fungi (Askew, 1968); has 

been taken in a slime mould in which Sphindus dubius developing; also reared from 

Cis micans. Known from south and midland England. 

Astichus solutus Forster - A parasite of Cis spp. beetles. Berkshire. (Askew, 1968). 

82

Entedon ergias Walker - Has been reared from borings of the bark beetle Scolytus mali in 

apple Malus and S.multistriatus in elm Ulmus. 

Tetrastichus brachyopae - A parasitoid of Brachyopa hoverfly larvae, discovered in Britain 

in 1993. 

PROCTOTRUPOIDEA 

Proctotrupidae 

Phaenoserphus calcar (Haliday) - Has been reared from subcortical beetle Bolitochara 

obliqua; internal parasite of larva. 

Brachyserphus parvulus (Nees) - Parasite of the beetle Orchesia micans. 

Diapriidae: Belytinae - Hosts little known, probably mostly Diptera, a few have been 

reared from Mycetophilidae in rotting fungi. 

Rhynchopsilus donisthorpei (Nixon) - Has been found in nests of the ant Lasius brunneus in 

Windsor Forest (Nixon, 1957). 

Acanosema reitteri Kieffer - Has been found with brown tree ant Lasius brunneus in Windsor 

Park (Nixon, 1957). 

Acanosema nervosa (Thomson) - Has once been taken from rotten Prunus log in which the 

gnat Sciara was developing (Nixon, 1957). 

Diapriidae: Diapriinae - The hosts are believed to be all Diptera, the wasps developing 

as internal parasites in the puparia (Nixon, 1980). 

Psilus inaequalifrons (Jansson) - Has been reared from Lonchaea cariecola under elm Ulmus 

bark, and from puparium under bark. 

Platygastridae 

Platygaster sp - Have been reared from burrows of the bark beetle Tomicus in larch Larix 

bark. 

CERAPHRONOIDEA 

Ceraphronidae 

Aphanogmus fasciipennis Thomson - Has been taken in fungus in which the beetle Sphindus 

dubius was developing. 

ACULEATA - Bees & Wasps. Cavity-nesting aculeates provide particular difficulties 

since suitable cavities can include situations as diverse as hollow stems of plants such 

as bramble and fissures in crumbling mortar, as well beetle exit holes in decaying 

wood. 

Bethylidae - The larvae mostly live as external parasites of beetle larvae. 

Cephalonomia formiciformis Westwood - A parasite of Ciidae beetles, taken in burrows of 

Cis boleti in various fungi, and associated with Cis pygmaeus. 

Cephalonomia hammi Richards - A female has been found carrying a ?Cis larva on which 

were 4 eggs. 

Plastanoxus chittendeni (Ashmead) - Has been reared from the fungus Stereum growing on 

rotten oak Quercus with Cis festivus. 

Chrysididae - Ruby-tailed wasps. Many are parasitoids of hosts which use dead wood for 

nesting to some extent at least, but few are dependent on dead wood. 

Chrysis schencki Linsenmaier - Nationally Scarce A. Probably a parasitoid of larvae of other 

aculeates; host(s) possibly nest in dead wood in open sunny situations. Sparsely 

scattered across southern England. 

83

Chrysogona gracillima (Foerster) - RDB2. A parasitoid of larvae of other aculeates; host(s) 

probably need deadwood for nesting; heaths, downs & hedgerows in south-east 

England. 

Chrysura radians (Harris)- Nationally Scarce A. A parasitoid of Osmia bees, specialising in 

species such as O. leaiana, which nest in dead wood; open sunny situations. 

Widespread across lowland England. 

Trichrysis cyanea (Linnaeus) - A parasitic on various wood-boring aculeates. 

Omalus aeneus (Fabricius) – A brood parasite of stem and wood-nesting Sphecid wasps of 

the sub-family Pemphredoninae. Widespread across lowland Britain. 

Omalus puncticollis (Mocsary) - Nationally Scarce A. Probably a parasitoid of larvae of 

small deadwood-nesting sphecid wasps such as Passaloecus and Pemphredon; usually 

found in wooded situations. 

Omalus truncatus Dahlbom - RDB1. Probably a parasitoid of larvae of small deadwood or 

stem-nesting sphecid wasps. 

Omalus violaceus (Scopoli) - Nationally Scarce B. A parasitoid of larvae of small sphecid 

wasps, with rearing records for Pemphredon lugubris and Passaloecus corniger nests, 

both in dead wood and in Lipara galls on Phragmites; occurs in a wide variety of 

situations where dead wood available. 

Sapygidae 

Sapyga clavicornis (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce B. A brood parasite of megachilid bees of 

the genus Chelostoma and Osmia, which nest in dead wood usually at heights of 5- 

10m, and usually in situations fully exposed to the sun. Widespread in lowland 

southern Britain. 

Sapyga quinquepunctata (Fab.) - Widespread across southern Britain. Its host bees – Osmia 

and Chelostoma spp. - nest in a wide range of cavities including dead wood. 

Formicidae - 10km square maps, BRC 1979 

Leptothorax acervorum (Fabricius) - Nests in tree stumps and under bark of deadwood in the 

south, but is more usually found under stones, in peat or partly buried twigs in the 

north & west. 

Leptothorax nylanderi (Forster) - Forms small colonies under bark on deadwood or in tree 

stumps; local; inland in S England from Devon to Shropshire. 

Lasius brunneus (Latreille) - Brown Tree Ant. Nationally Scarce B. Fugitive tree-dwelling 

species, typically nesting in heartwood of old oak Quercus trees in parkland, also 

occasionally in open woodland and hedgerows, and also in other broadleaves; 

frequent in old orchard trees through the Severn Vale; workers tend aphids which are 

feeding on the tree; a very localised distribution in central southern England. 

Lasius fuliginosus (Latreille) - Forms populous colonies in old trees, stumps, hedges, old 

walls and in sand dunes; nest is of carton, macerated wood hardened by secretions 

from the mandibular glands. 

Lasius umbratus (Nylander) - Nests in the base of old trees, in partly buried logs, stumps, 

and also under boulders. 

Pompilidae - Spider Wasps. None appear to be particularly closely associated with 

decaying wood. The following four species are the most likely to be found. 

Dipogon bifasciatus (Geoffroy) - RDB3. Often found running in and around decaying 

stumps; nests in vacated insect borings in dead wood as well as cavities in walls; 

partitions are constructed of wood particles; preys on crab spiders (Thomisidae). 

Southern & eastern England, particularly from wooded downland. 

Dipogon subintermedius (Magretti) - A cavity-nesting species, using flight holes in 

deadwood and even hard bracket fungi, as well as bramble stems and walls, 

84

provisioning with the spider Segestria senoculata; a speciality of mature timber and 

old hedgerows. 

Dipogon variegatus (Linnaeus) - Will nest in almost any cavity, including borings in timber, 

walls & snail shells. 

Auplopus carbonarius (Scopoli) - Nationally Scarce B. Constructs cells in sheltered 

situations such as beneath stones or in hollow tree trunks; preys on a wide range of 

free-living spiders. 

Eumenidae - Symmorphus and some Ancistrocerus nest in tubes, usually selecting hollow 

plant stems, such as bramble Rubus, elder Sambucus and even the straws of thatched 

roofs. Many other kinds of crevices are also used, including holes in dead wood, tree 

trunks and fence posts. 

Microdynerus exilis (Herrich-Schaffer) - Nationally Scarce B. Nests in small beetle holes in 

wood, and very occasionally in bramble Rubus stems; nest stocked with weevil larvae. 

Southern and eastern England, first reported in 1937. 

Symmorphus bifasciatus Linnaeus* - Often nests in dead wood, as well as plant stems and 

crevices in old walls. Damp habitats, often near streams. Widespread. 

Symmorphus connexus (Curtis) - Red Data Book Category 3 (Rare). Often nests in dead 

wood, as well as plant stems and crevices in old walls. Damp habitats, often near 

streams. Rare and increasingly so; south-east and eastern England. 

Symmorphus crassicornis (Panzer) - Red Data Book Category 3 (Rare). Often nests in dead 

wood, as well as plant stems and crevices in old walls. Damp habitats, often near 

streams. Southern Britain. 

Symmorphus gracilis (Brulle) - Probably nests in holes in wood. Damp habitats, often near 

streams; preys on larvae of the beetles Chrysolina populi and Cionus hortulanus; 

adults at Scrophularia flowers. Widespread across the lowlands of England and 

Wales. 

Vespidae 

Vespa crabro Linnaeus - The Hornet. Nests usually in hollow trees, less often in buildings; 

feed on nectar, fruit, honey, and various insects. 

Sphecidae 

Crossocerus annulipes (Lepeletier & Brulle) - Nest usually in rotten wood; preys on 

Homoptera. 

Crossocerus binotatus Lepeletier & Brulle - Nationally Scarce B. Nest in hard dead wood in 

a wide variety of situations, including logs, old stumps, fence posts and building 

timbers, in woods, parks, wetlands, farmland and gardens; preys on medium-sized 

flies such as Rhagio and lauxaniids. Very widespread over England & Wales, 

although very sparingly; only one Scottish record, in Dumbartonshire (1903). Never 

known as a common insect, but no real evidence of any decline. 

Crossocerus cetratus (Shuckard) 

Crossocerus dimidiatus (Fabricius)* - Nest in cavities such as those in rotten wood or soft 

mortar in walls; preys on Diptera, particularly snipe flies Rhagio in Britain. 

Widespread in Britain & Ireland, and most frequent in Britain in the north and west - 

a northern European species. 

Crossocerus distinguendus (Morawitz, A.) – First found in GB in 1979 in Kent, and now 

well-distributed over south-east and was first found in Yorkshire in 2000. Normally 

nests in ground, but may also nest in holes in dead wood. 

Crossocerus leucostoma (Linnaeus) - Nationally Scarce A. Nest in deadwood in warm 

sunny situations, often using the abandoned larval tunnels of scolytid beetles; preys 

on small Diptera such as simuliids. A northern, conifer associate, formerly mainly 

native pine Pinus woods but now more widespread through plantations. 

85

Crossocerus megacephalus (Rossius) - Nests in rotten wood; preys on Diptera. 

Crossocerus podagricus (Van der Linden) - Nest in hard dead wood; preys on small Diptera, 

especially Nematocera. 

Crossocerus vagabundus (Panzer) - RDB1. Nests constructed in old beetle galleries, 

branched or straight, within dead timber; found where a combination of suitable nest 

sites in dappled shade and damp or lush areas rich in its prey of crane flies. Formerly 

sparingly widespread across lowland England, from Dorset to Lincolnshire, but has 

declined very seriously. 

Crossocerus walkeri (Shuckard) - Nationally Scarce B. Nest in deadwood of various 

broadleaves; preys on mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Widespread but very local; 

associated with rivers and streams of high water quality. 

Nitela – very small black wasps, nesting in beetle burrows and other holes in dead wood and 

walls or in pithy plant stems. Both of the following species are said to be common in 

northern Europe. 

Nitela borealis Valkeila – RDBK. Known from gardens and waste ground in the extreme 

south-east of England; very common in northern and central Europe. Nest sites 

include vacated beetle borings in wooden posts, as well as small holes in old walls; 

stocked with bark flies (Psocoptera). 

Nitela lucens Gayubo & Felton – RDBK. Generally similar to N. borealis except the nest 

sites are more frequent in old walls and the species is more widely distributed in south 

and south-east England. 

Lestica clypeata (Schreber) – Extinct. Nest in dead wood; preys on adult Lepidoptera; 19th 

C, Weybridge only. 

Ectemnius borealis (Zetterstedt) – Found in the western Weald of Sussex, Hampshire and 

Surrey, where first recognised in 1972, although an older specimen has been found 

dated 1938. Nests in dead wood such as fence posts. 

Ectemnius cavifrons (Thomson) 

Ectemnius cephalotes (Olivier)* - Nest tunnels are excavated in fairly large pieces of rotten 

wood, such as stumps, fallen trunks, rotting logs and occasionally building timbers; 

adults attracted to umbellifer flowers. The wasps prey upon medium-sized Diptera. 

Widespead in the English lowlands, scarce elsewhere - a small concentration of 

records in south-east Ireland. 

Ectemnius continuus (Fabricius)* - Nests in burrows within rotten wood such as old tree 

stumps, fallen trunks and limbs, fence posts, even building timbers; preys upon 

medium-sized Diptera. Widespead in the English lowlands, scarce elsewhere. 

Ectemnius dives (Lepeletier & Brullé) - Nest tunnels excavated in dead wood and cells 

stocked with flies such as syrphids and tachinids. Favour relatively open situations. 

Very localised distribution, mainly south-east and Yorkshire. 

Ectemnius lapidarius (Panzer)* - Nests in decaying wood, even quite small pieces; preys 

upon medium-sized flies. Widespread. 

Ectemnius lituratus (Panzer) - Nests in beetle burrows in a variety of dead wood, including 

tree stumps and fence posts. The nest cells are stocked with medium-sized flies, 

particularly calypterates. Mainly in woodlands. The adults are often found at 

umbellifer flowerheads. Common in the more southern English counties but rapidly 

decreases northwards. 

Ectemnius ruficornis (Zetterstedt) * - Nationally Scarce B. Nest in tree stumps, old trees, 

fence posts and other forms of rotten wood; cells are stocked with hoverflies and other 

Diptera. Adults often found at umbellifer flowerheads. Southern half of Britain. 

Reported from Co.Antrim. 

86

Ectemnius sexcinctus (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce B. Nest in beetle burrows in tree 

stumps, fence posts, building timbers, exposed wood-decay in living trees and rotten 

wood generally; cells stocked with medium-sized flies such as calypterates and 

hoverflies. Southern half of Britain. 

Rhopalum clavipes (L.)* - A common and widespread cavity nesting species, favouring dead 

wood, stems and old mortar. Preys on Psocoptera and occasionally certain Diptera or 

Hemiptera. 

Mimumesa dahlbomi (Wesmael)* - Nest in beetle holes in dead wood; preys on delphacids 

and cicadellids (Homoptera). Widespread across the lowlands of southern Britain; one 

record from Ireland. 

Stigmus pendulus – First recorded in Britain only in 1986, at Smarden, Kent. Well-distributed 

in south-east England. 

Stigmus solskyi Morawitz, A. – Fairly common and widespread. Nests in small old beetle 

holes in dead wood. 

Pemphredon inornatus Say* - A common cavity nesting species over much of England, 

Wales and Ireland, extending into southern Scotland. 

Pemphredon lugubris (Fabricius)* - Nest in rotten wood; prey aphids. 

Pemphredon morio Van der Linden - Nationally Scarce B. Nest in decaying wood in warm 

sunny situations; prey aphids. Widespread in lowland England. 

Pemphredon wesmaeli (Morawitz, A.) - RDB3. Nest in hard wood or bark of dead pine Pinus 

timber in native pine woodland; prey aphids. 

Passaloecus are small black wasps which nest particularly in beetle borings in posts and other 

cavities, and prey on aphids. 

Passaloecus corniger Shuckard - Nests in wooden posts or old timber containing nests of 

other Passaloecus wasps; steals aphid prey from other Passaloecus or Psenulus 

pallipes wasps. Widespread. Occasionally found in reedbeds where nests in Lipara 

galls on common reed Phragmites. 

Passaloecus eremita Kohl – Discovered as recently as 1978 in West Sussex, but now known 

to be locally common in south-east England and found as far north as Warwickshire 

and Norfolk. Nest constructed in old beetle holes in pine Pinus and other trees, fence 

posts and other dead wood – the hole is plugged with pine resin. 

Passaloecus gracilis (Curtis) - Nest in beetle burrows or burrows of tortricid moth 

Rhyaciona; also in dry hollow plant stems; prey aphids. In a wide variety of habitats, 

including suburban gardens. Widespread in England, although most frequent in south. 

Passaloecus insignis (Van der Linden) - Nests constructed in old beetle burrows in decayed 

wood or in stems with the pith excavated; prey upon aphids; in a variety of open 

ruderal habitats. Widespread in southern Britain although not common. 

Passaloecus monilicornis Dahlbom - Nests in abandoned beetle burrows in deadwood, which 

are cleaned of wood dust and frass; prey aphids. A northern species. 

Passaloecus singularis Dahlbom - Nests in pithy stems or abandoned beetle borings in dead 

wood, even occasionally in old Lipara galls on reed Phragmites stems; prey aphids; 

common and widespread, although scarcer in west. 

Passaloecus turionum Dahlbom – ?RDB. English specimens dating back to 1924 but only 

recently published. Has been reared from nests in old beetle holes in dead pine Pinus 

bark at Ambersham Common, West Sussex, and may use resins in nest construction; 

mainly known from pine and heathland localities in Kent, Surrey and Sussex. Thought 

to be boreo-alpine in Europe. 

Spilomena troglodytes (Van der Linden) - Nest in holes in wood; prey thrips nymphs. 

87

Megachilidae 

Stelis breviuscula – RDBK. Brood parasite of the bee Heriades truncorum; only discovered 

in West Sussex in 1984 and now found almost wherever Heriades is present. 

Heriades truncorum (Linnaeus) – RDBK. Nest in burrows in dead wood and pithy stems, 

also occasionally crumbling masonry; pollen sources restricted to composites. Southeast 

England, on Bagshot Sand and Chalk; rare and very restricted within its range. 

Chelostoma campanularum (Kirby) - Nest in wood; visits Campanula. 

Chelostoma florisomne (Linnaeus) - Nest in wood. 

Osmia pilicornis Smith, F. - Nationally Scarce A. Nest in rotten wood, including old coppice 

stools; visits bugle Ajuga. A woodland species found across southern England; very 

local and has clearly declined. 

Osmia uncinata Gerstaecher - RDB2. Boreo-alpine old pine Pinus forest species; nest in 

borings in trunk and stumps of pine, especially those of the longhorn beetle Rhagium 

inquisitor; provisions cells with pollen from birds-foot trefoil Lotus, broom Cytisus 

and bilberry Vaccinium. A speciality of western and central Europe. 

Megachile ligniseca (Kirby) - Nest in decaying wood; visits thistle and Rubus flowers. 

Megachile versicolor Smith, F. - Nest in dead wood; visits flowers of Lotus corniculatus and 

thistles. 

Anthophoridae 

Anthophora furcata (Panzer) - Nest in wood, e.g.rotten gate posts. 

Apidae 

Apis mellifera mellifera L. - Native Honey Bee. The main natural nest site for this species in 

Britain is standing hollow trees, although the bees forage widely in the surrounding 

countryside. 

Diptera – Flies. Over 400 species develop in dead wood situations. Many are 

polyphagous on fungi. 

Craneflies 

Tipulidae 

Ctenophora (Cnemoncosis) ornata Meigen - RDB1. Larvae reared from porridge-like wet 

wood mould in standing or fallen beech trees. Adults come to m.v. light after dark. 

Mainly known from the New Forest, but also from Windsor Forest, Ashridge, 

Ashtead Common, and Portmadoc, N. Wales. 

Ctenophora (Ctenophora) flaveolata (Fabricius) - RDB2. Probably associated with large 

overmature trees, especially beech in the south-east, about which a female has been 

seen flying, although also occurs in sites lacking beech; larvae in decaying wood, 

probably one year cycle. Adults visit blossom such as hawthorn. Associated with 

ancient broadleaved woodland and wood pasture, widely across southern Britain – 

does not warrant RDB status. 

Ctenophora (Ctenophora) pectinicornis (Linnaeus)* - Nationally Scarce. Associated with 

rot-holes in large broadleaved trees, especially beech; larvae often occur in the rotten 

shattered ends of trunks and have been found in rotten boughs which have freshly 

fallen from at least 10m up. Widespread in southern Britain, scarcer in west and 

north. 

Dictenidia bimaculata (Linnaeus)* - In fens and ancient woodland, developing in welldecayed 

timber of a variety of broad-leaved trees. 

Tanyptera atrata (Linnaeus)* - Nationally Scarce. Larvae develop in decaying logs and 

fallen trunks of birch and alder, and to a lesser extent in other broadleaves; apparently 

favours harder deadwood for larval development than others of genus. Usually 

88

associated with old forest areas and heaths, and widespread across GB, but not known 

from New Forest. A rather marked decline seems apparent in Britain. 

Tanyptera nigricornis (Meigen) - RDB3. Develops in dead wood of a range of broadleaves; 

recently a female found in open woodland at a live ash tree with one side of the trunk 

rotted away. Associated with ancient woodland and wood pasture; frequent in New 

Forest, and widespread though rare across the north Midlands/Lancs/Yorks district; 

also Scotland. 

Tipula (Dendrotipula) flavolineata Meigen* - Develops in soft rotting and also in quite hard 

white-rotted wood of various broadleaves, especially beech and large birches. 

Tipula (Lunatipula) cava Riedel* - Recorded from dead wood but probably not specific to it. 

Tipula (Lunatipula) peliostigma Schummel* - Nationally Scarce. Occasionally develops 

under bark on decaying wood; more usually in bird nests. 

Tipula (Lunatipula) selene Meigen - RDB3. Larvae in dead wood, even in small branches, 

lying on wet soil; has been reared from a small ash branch on fen peat & from a bird’s 

nest. A species of southern woodlands, best represented in south-west. 

Tipula (Mediotipula) sarajevensis Strobl – RDB1. Only a single British record, a female take 

in the New Forest in 1901. The larval ecology is unknown but related species breed in 

dead wood. 

Tipula (Mediotipula) siebkei Zetterstedt - RDB1. The larvae on the Continent have been 

reported from rotting wood of aspen. A male was taken in Mark Ash in New Forest 

in 1953. 

Tipula (Pterelachisus) irrorata Macquart* - Grey leatherjacket larvae often frequent under 

bark of hardwood logs; also in decaying heartwood and rot-hole material. A local but 

widespread woodland species. 

Tipula (Savtshenkia) confusa van der Wulp* - Develops under bark on dead wood. 

Tipula (Vestiplex) hortorum Linnaeus* - RDB3. May develop in deadwood. 

Tipula (Vestiplex) scripta Meigen* - Has been reared from under bark of rotten wood, but 

may not be confined to this situation. 

Pediciidae 

Ula mollissima Haliday* - Larvae mostly develop in fungi growing in and on dead wood in 

woodlands. 

Ula sylvatica (Meigen)* - Polyphagous in fungi; terrestrial species predominate more so than 

Ula mollissima. 

Limoniidae - Some species which develop in wet soil, e.g., Symplecta stictica (Meigen), or 

leaf litter, e.g. Limonia nubeculosa Meigen, have been reared from rot-hole material 

but these cannot be regarded as true wood-decay species and are not included. 

Gnophomyia elsneri Starý - RDB1. Develops in porridge-like wet wood mould in hollow 

beech or beech stumps; Windsor Forest. 

Gnophomyia viridipennis (Gimmerthal) - Nationally Scarce. Yellowish larvae develop in the 

fibrous cambial layer beneath bark of recently felled trees, usually Populus (including 

aspen) or beech, possibly also willows; larvae gregarious; mainly fen and carr. 

Southern species, but with a few sites in northern Britain. 

Scleroprocta pentagonalis (Loew) - RDB3. Wet woodland, where case-bearing larvae have 

been found in rotting birch polypore fungus Piptoporus betulinus when it has fallen 

from the tree in the spring. 

Scleroprocta sororcula (Zetterstedt) - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from larvae in 

galleries in birch polypore Piptoporus betulinus. 

Tasiocera collini Freeman* - RDB1. Only known in Britain from Chippenham Fen; also in 

Ireland. Larvae may develop in dead wood of poplar. 

89

Austrolimnophila ochracea (Meigen)* - Common species, developing in dead wood, even 

small pieces, in woodlands. 

Epiphragma ocellare (Linnaeus)* - Develops in hard dead wood in long-established 

woodland. 

Achyrolimonia decemmaculata (Loew) - Larvae develop in dead wood invaded by fungi, 

polyphagous in Polyporaceae, Meruliaceae and Thelephoraceae. Mainly southern, but 

extends into Scotland. 

Atypophthalmus inustus (Meigen) - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from decaying 

Merulius tremellosus fungus. 

Discobola annulata (Linnaeus) - RDB3. Has been reared from the bracket fungi Fomes and 

Pholiota, and various terrestrial fungi. Known only from the Scottish Highlands. 

Limonia phragmitidis (Schrank) = tripunctata (Fabricius) - Lowland broad-leaved woods on 

good soils; larvae normally in soil overlain by leaf-litter but has been reared from 

various bracket fungi - Laetiporus sulphureus and Inonotus hispidus in 

Gloucestershire. 

Lipsothrix ecucullata Edwards - RDB3 & BAP Priority Species. Larvae have been reared 

from wet decaying wood. Confined to Scottish Highlands, where it occurs at 

seepages in non-acid woodland. 

Lipsothrix errans (Walker)- Nationally Scarce & BAP Priority Species. Larvae have been 

reared from wet decaying wood; wooded streamsides in upland Britain. 

Lipsothrix nervosa Edwards – Endemic & BAP Priority Species. Woodland seepages, 

especially in carr, where larvae probably in lying rotting wood; southern species. 

Lipsothrix nigristigma Edwards - RDB1 & BAP Priority Species. Females have been 

observed laying eggs in barkless ash branches in a log jam in streams near Ironbridge, 

Shropshire, 1994; only other known British record is from 1924 at Clapton-le-Dale, 

Lancashire. 

Lipsothrix remota (Walker)* - Develops in wet dead wood in seepages and carr, and in wet 

ground by streams. 

Metalimnobia bifasciata (Schrank)* - Develops in a wide range of fungi – polypores, 

encrusting species, boleti and gill fungi, terrestrial as well as wood-decay. 

Metalimnobia quadrimaculata (Linnaeus) - RDB2. Larvae in a wide variety of bracket fungi 

on trees in broad-leaved woodland. 

Neolimonia dumetorum Meigen* - Larvae in very rotten dead wood of various broadleaves; 

woodland and fenland species. 

Rhipidia ctenophora (Loew)* - RDB2. Broad-leaved woodlands, where the long almost 

transparent larvae have been reared from a wide range of dead wood situations, incl. 

rot-holes, sap and rotting stumps; elm, horse chestnut and sycamore. A few scattered 

localities from southern England north to Yorkshire. 

Rhipidia maculata Meigen =duplicata misident. - Has been reared from an oak rot hole. 

Rhipidia uniseriata (Schiner) - RDB3. Larvae in dead and decaying timber in old broadleaved 

woodland and hedgerows; rot-holes; elm, beech, birch, oak. Southern & 

Midland England. 

Bibionidae - Bibionid larvae develop in the soil and some have been reared from rot-hole 

material and wood in the advanced stages of decay. These are true soil species and 

cannot be considered as true wood-decay species. The following have all been reared 

from wood decay: Bibio clavipes Meigen, Bibio hortulanus (Linnaeus), Bibio marci 

(Linnaeus), Bibio nigriventris Haliday, Bibio pomonae (Fabricius), Bibio venosus 

(Meigen), Bibio varipes Meigen, Dilophus febrilis (Linnaeus), and Dilophus 

femoratus Meigen. 

90

Fungus Gnats - About 75% of the species are associated with fungal fruiting bodies, 

including Myxomycetes, about 20% with rotting wood - these live on the surface or 

under bark, only a few penetrate the wood; spore-feeding larvae spin webs on bracket 

and encrusting fungi, and produce cocoons on or near the substrate. Very few are 

known to be host specific. 

Bolitophilidae 

Bolitophila (Bolitophila) cinerea Meigen* - Has been reared from Panaeolus campanulatus, 

Hypholoma spp., Pholiota spp., and other fungi, not all saproxylic. 

Bolitophila (Bolitophila) saundersii (Curtis)* - Has been reared mainly from Hypholoma 

fasciculare, but also the non-wood-rotters Panaeolus campanulatus, Lepista 

personata and others, not all saproxylic. 

Bolitophila (Bolitophila) tenella Winnertz - Most rearing records from wood-decay agarics, 

including Armillaria, Pholiota and Hypholoma. 

Bolitophila (Cliopisa) hybrida (Meigen)* - Develops primarily in Paxillus involutus but has 

been reported from a variety of other fungi. 

Bolitophila (Cliopisa) maculipennis Walker - Polyphagous fungus feeder including Pholiota. 

Bolitophila (Cliopisa) occlusa Edwards* - Has been reported developing in Oligoporus 

(Tyromyces) lacteus, O.caesius and O.stipticus. 

Bolitophila (Cliopisa) pseudohybrida Landrock* - Has been reared from the non-wood-decay 

Clitocybe cerrusata and Flammulina velutipes as well as the wood-rotter 

Physisporinus sanguinolentus; not infrequent in Britain, and in the Antrim Glens. 

Diadocidiidae 

Diadocidia valida Mik - RDB2. Larvae in mucous tubes under rotting logs. 

Diadocidia ferruginosa (Meigen)* - Larvae under bark, in long dry silk tubes; reared from 

Peniophora. 

Diadocidia spinosula Tollet* - Britain & Ireland. Presumed to be associated with wooddecay. 

Ditomyiidae 

Ditomyia fasciata (Meigen) - Nationally Scarce. Reared from the fruiting bodies of a wide 

variety of hard polypore wood-decaying fungi, eg Bjerkandera adusta and Trametes 

versicolor, but also the non-wood-rotter Hydnellum spongiosipes. 

Symmerus annulatus (Meigen)* - Larvae in rotting timber; reared from Hypoxylon 

rubiginosum. Ireland: Charleville Woods. 

Symmerus nobilis Lackschewitz - Adults around rotten logs; probably develop in dead wood 

like Symmerus annulatus. Only known British site is Glen Coiltie in Inverness-shire. 

Keroplatidae 

Cerotelion striatum (Gmelin)* - Larvae under rotting logs, especially encrusted with 

polyporaceous or other encrusting fungi. 

Keroplatus testaceus Dalman - Nationally Scarce. Larvae have been found under a 

mucilaginous net on underside of logs, usually with polypore fungi; has been reared 

from cocoons on rotten wood. Frequency of finds and range appear to be expanding. 

Rocetelion humerale (Zetterstedt) - RDB1. Larvae have been found on the surface of a 

resupinate white fungal fruiting body with a porous spore-bearing surface on a birch 

log; the larvae had spun loose strands of silk with drops of fluid on the spore-bearing 

surface of the polypore; in native Scots pine woodland. Scotland & unsubstantiated 

reports from Gloucestershire and Somerset. 

Macrorrhyncha flava Winnertz* - Reared from rotting wood; web; adults nectar at flowers; 

Ireland. 

91

Macrorrhyncha rostrata (Zetterstedt) - Has been found associated with a standing dead beech 

trunk. 

Orfelia fasciata (Meigen)* - Associated with moulds under wet bark. 

Orfelia nemoralis (Meigen)* - Web. 

Orfelia nigricornis (Fabricius) - Web. Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Orfelia unicolor (Staeger)* - Reared from pupa suspended in threads on Trametes versicolor. 

Platyura marginata Meigen - Under rotting logs; web. 

Macrocera anglica Edwards - Larvae under loose bark on damp timber. 

Macrocera angulata Meigen - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Macrocera aterrima Stackelberg - RDB3. Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Macrocera centralis Meigen* - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Macrocera parva Lundström* - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Macrocera stigma Curtis* - Larvae under rotting wood; web. 

Macrocera stigmoides Edwards* - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Macrocera vittata Meigen* - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Mycetophilidae: Gnoristinae 

Apolephthisa subincana (Curtis)* - Larvae under bark or on bark-growing fungi, in a 

mucilaginous tube anchored with lateral threads; Phlebia fungus and under oak bark. 

Boletina trivittata (Meigen)* - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Coelosia tenella (Zetterstedt)* - Has been reared from Stereum hirsutum. 

Ectrepesthoneura hirta (Winnertz)* - From dead wood, sometimes associated with 

encrusting fungi such as Trametes. 

Gregorzekia collaris (Meigen) - RDB3. Larvae on damp rotten wood, either on the surface or 

suspended in a web-like structure; pupation on surface of wood. 

Saigusaia flaviventris (Strobl)* - Develops in decaying wood. 

Syntemna hungarica (Lundstroem) - Rotting beech wood. 

Syntemna nitidula Edwards - RDB3. Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Tetragoneura sylvatica (Curtis)* - Larvae in mucilaginous tube among bark encrusting fungi 

on small fallen branches. Xylodon versipora. 

Mycetophilidae: Leiinae 

Docosia fuscipes (von Roser) - Nationally Scarce. 

Docosia gilvipes (Haliday)* - Polyphagous in polypores and Auricularia, as well as terrestrial 

species. 

Docosia sciarina (Meigen) 

Leia bilineata (Winnertz)* = bifasciata Gimmerthal - Nationally Scarce. Reared from red 

squirrel drey and under oak bark. 

Rondaniella dimidiata (Meigen) - Polyphagous in fungi; polypores, Stereum and Sparassis, 

as well as terrestrial species. 

Mycetophilidae: Manotinae 

Manota unifurcata Lundstroem - RDB2. Has been reared from rotten beech timber with 

myxomycete growth. 

Mycetophilidae: Mycetophilinae 

Allodia grata (Meigen)* - Rearing records include Pluteus cervinus and P.salicinus. 

Allodia lugens (Wiedemann)* - Polyphagous in fungi, inclduing both wood-decay and 

terrestrial species. 

Allodia ornaticollis (Meigen)* - Polyphagous in fungi, including both wood-decay and 


Anatella are mostly of unknown biology, but the two known associations suggest that the rest 

too may be associated with ascomycetes or other small wood-decay fungi. 

92

Anatella alpina Plassmann* - RDB3 

Anatella ankeli Plassmann* - RDB3 

Anatella bremia Chandler 

Anatella ciliata Winnertz* 

Anatella dampfi Landrock - RDB3 

Anatella emergens Caspers* 

Anatella flavomaculata Edwards* - Reared from the ascomycete Cudoniella aciculare on a 

rotten oak stump. 

Anatella lenis Dziedzicki* - Nationally Scarce. Reared from the wood-decay fungus Exidia 

glandulosa. 

Anatella longisetosa Dziedzicki* 

Anatella minuta (Staeger) 

Anatella pseudogibba Plassmann - RDB1 

Anatella setigera Edwards* 

Anatella simpatica Dziedzicki* 

Anatella turi Dziedzicki* 

Anatella unguigera Edwards* 

Brachypeza armata Winnertz* - RDB2. Has been reared from Pleurotus sp., like other 

members of the genus, but also recorded from terrestrial Cortinarius and Hydnum spp. 

Brachypeza bisignata Winnertz - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from Pleurotus 

ostreatus. 

Brachypeza radiata Jenkinson - Repeatedly reared from Pleurotus, chiefly P.cornucopiae but 

also P.ostreatus, and possibly confined mainly to this fungus genus - there is an 

Estonian record from Armillaria mellea; common. 

Dynatosoma cochleare Edwards - RDB2. Reared from under pine bark at Loch Maree 

(probably a pupation site; larvae likely to be on polypore fungi like other members of 

the genus). All records from Scottish pinewoods except one from Conford, Sussex. 

Dynatosoma fuscicorne (Meigen)* - Develop in a wide range of polypores, large larvae at 

base of tube layer. 

Dynatosoma nigromaculatum Lundström - RDB3. Develops in Fomes fomentarius and also a 

record from Panellus serotinus; a very local species confined in Britain to the Scottish 

Highlands, seen around Fomes there in 1997. 

Dynatosoma norwegiense Zaitzev & Okland = thoracicum sensu Landrock - Biology 

unknown but closely related non-British species develop in Laetiporus sulphureus. 

Only known in Britain from four localities in south-east England. 

Epicypta aterrima (Zetterstedt)* - Case-bearing larvae live on surface of dead wood. 

Exechia bicincta (Staeger) - Reared from Pleurotus ostreatus, Pluteus salicinus and some 

terrestrial agarics. 

Exechia fusca (Meigen)* - Polyphagous in fungi, both wood-decay (some soft polypores) and 


Exechia lucidula (Zetterstedt) - RDB2. Mostly develops in terrestrial agarics, but a few 

records from wood-decay species, Pholiota and Kuehneromyces. 

Exechia macula Chandler - Rearing records from Armillaria as well as some terrestrial 

agarics. 

Exechia parva (Lundström)* - Polyphagous in agarics, including both wood-decay and 


Exechia repanda Johannsen* - Mostly reared from terrestrial agarics but also from 

Kuehneromyces mutabilis. 

Tarnania fenestralis (Meigen)* - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

93

Mycetophila cingulum Meigen* - Repeatedly reared from Polyporus squamosus, and 

probably confined to it; common. 

Mycetophila dentata Lundström* - Rearing record from Piptoporus betulinus, also one from 

terrestrial Leccinum scabrum. 

Mycetophila forcipata Lundström* - Specific to Piptoporus betulinus; Ireland. 

Mycetophila formosa Lundström* - Reared from Phlebia. 

Mycetophila fraterna Winnertz* - Has been reared from Physisporinus vitreus. 

Mycetophila fungorum (De Geer)* - Polyphagous in fungi including both wood-decay and 

terrestrial species. Often found in Armillaria mellea. 

Mycetophila luctuosa Meigen* - Polyphagous in fungi including both wood-decay and 


Mycetophila lunata Meigen - On Coniophora. 

Mycetophila marginata Winnertz* - Develop in fruiting bodies of various wood-decaying 

fungi. 

Mycetophila ocellus Walker* - Has been reared from a wide range of wood-decay fungi; 

considered to predominantly have deadwood associations, although also some 

terrestrial agarics have been reported. 

Mycetophila ornata Stephens* - In fruiting bodies of various wood decaying fungi, incl. 

Meripilus giganteus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Stereum, etc. 

Mycetophila pictula Meigen - Has been reared from the wood encrusting fungus Xylodon 

versipora. 

Mycetophila pumila Winnertz* - Has been reared from an undetermined polypore fungus. 

Mycetophila sepulta (Laffoon) - Has been reared from Hypholoma elongatum. 

Mycetophila spectabilis Winnertz* - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Mycetophila strigatoides Landrock - RDB2. Records from Polyporus and ?Trametes spp as 

well as one from terrestrial Russula. 

Mycetophila tridentata Lundstroem - Has been reared from Laetiporus sulphureus on several 

occasions and also from Inonotus cuticularis; a record from Ganoderma is probably 

erroneous. 

Mycetophila trinotata Staeger* - Develops in Trametes versicolor and other bracket fungi. 

Mycetophila vittipes Zetterstedt* - Has been reared from slime moulds. 

Phronia basalis Winnertz* - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Phronia biarcuata (Becker)* - Case-bearing larvae on encrusting fungi. 

Phronia braueri Dziedzicki* - Larvae feeds on moulds on sodden fallen and barkless 

branches. 

Phronia conformis (Walker)* - Larvae in thin white mucilage on encrusting fungi. 

Phronia coritanica Chandler* - Larvae in thin white mucilage on encrusting fungi. 

Phronia humeralis Winnertz* - Corticium sp. 

Phronia nitidiventris (van der Wulp)* - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Phronia siebeckii Dziedzicki - Calocera viscosa. 

Phronia strenua Winnertz* - Cased larvae feed on moulds on sodden fallen and barkless 

branches. 

Phronia tenuis Winnertz* - Larvae in thin white mucilage on encrusting fungi. 

Platurocypta punctum (Stannius)* - Reared from slime moulds; Ireland. 

Platurocypta testata (Edwards)* - Has been reared from larvae in slime moulds Mucilago 

spongiosa on hornbeam log, Tubifera ferruginosa from Scots pine log and Reticularia 

lycoperdon. 

Synplasta gracilis (Winnertz) = excogitata (Dziedzicki)* - Only rearing records are from 

Pleurotus dryinus and Mycoacia uda. 

94

Trichonta apicalis Strobl = vernalis Landruck - Develops in the fungus Calocera cornea; 

larvae feed internally. 

Trichonta atricauda (Zetterstedt)* - Corticium sp. 

Trichonta falcata Lundström* - Apparently develops only in the fungus Stereum hirsutum. 

Trichonta foeda Loew* = stereana Edwards - Develops in the fungus Stereum hirsutum. 

Trichonta melanura (Staeger)* - Stereum hirsutum, Pholiota mutabilis. 

Trichonta terminalis (Walker)* - Corticium, Peniophora cinerea, P. incarnata. 

Trichonta vitta (Meigen)* - Xylodon spp. 

Mycetophilidae: Mycomyinae 

Mycomya annulata (Meigen)* = incisurata (Zetterstedt) - Reared from a Polyporus sp. 

Mycomya cinerascens (Macquart)* - Reared from Stereum. 

Mycomya griseovittata (Zetterstedt) - RDB3. An old rearing record from Ganoderma 

applanatum. 

Mycomya insignis (Winnertz) =wrzesniowskii (Dziedzicki) - RDB2. On Xylodon. 

Mycomya marginata (Meigen)* - Reared from various fungi, all growing on bark, incl. 

Stereum, Trametes versicolor, Simocybe sp., Auricularia mesenterica; also fungoid 

wood. 

Mycomya occultans (Winnertz) - RDB1. Has been reared from polypore fungi elsewhere in 

the Palaearctic; South Wales. Britain & Ireland. 

Mycomya prominens (Lundstroem)* - From Agaricaceae (non-saproxylic), but also from 

rotten wood. 

Mycomya sigma Johannsen* = duplicata Edwards - From Auricularia. 

Mycomya trivittata (Zetterstedt)* - Nationally Scarce. Only rearing record is from a rotten 

birch log in Norfolk; probably associated with encrusting fungi like some other 

members of the genus. 

Mycomya tumida (Winnertz) - Has been reared from Trametes versicolor. 

Mycomya wankowiczii (Dziedzicki)* - On Stereum on fallen birch branches. Also on 

Hypholoma and non-saproxylic Phallus. 

Mycomya winnertzi (Dziedzicki)* - On Ganoderma and Phellinus; reared from Phellinus 

ferruginosus. 

Neoempheria lineola (Meigen) - RDB1. Develops in large decayed beech logs; New Forest & 

Oakley Wood, Glos. 

Neoempheria bimaculata Roser - RDB2. Biology unknown. 

Neoempheria pictipennis (Haliday)* - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Neoempheria striata (Meigen) - RDB1. Larvae in mucous webs under polypore brackets on 

poplars; and in webs on lying pine branches; carnivorous. 

Neoempheria winnertzi (Edwards) - RDB1. Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Mycetophilidae: Sciophilinae 

Acnemia amoena Winnertz - RDB2. Relict ancient woodland species; has been swept around 

a standing beech stump. Reared in Europe from Thelephora and Paxillus. 

Acnemia nitidicollis (Meigen)* - Cocoon in dead wood. 

Allocotocera pulchella (Curtis)* - Recorded as associated with Daldinia. 

Leptomorphus walkeri Curtis - Larvae quite common in webs on bark-growing fungi (on 

Xylodon versipora etc) on fallen branches. 

Monoclona rufilatera (Walker)* - Has been reared from rotten wood attacked by ?Poria; 

larva in mucilaginous tube and pupation in a dry silken cocoon in a crevice of the 

wood. 

Phthinia humilis Winnertz - A female, presumed to be this species, associated with dead 

hornbeam timber; Ireland. Identity needs confirmation. 

Phthinia winnertzi Mik* - ?Associated with Pholiota on rotting wood; Ireland. 

95

Polylepta guttiventris (Zetterstedt)* - Has been reared from rotten wood. 

Sciophila antiqua Chandler - RDB1. Adult around dead wood at Scadbury Park, Kent, 1985; 

subsequently found at Sydling’s Copse, Oxon, and at Wicken Fen, Cambs. 

Sciophila baltica Zaitzev - ?RDB. Known from three sites in south-east England; cocoons 

associated with dead wood overseas; probably develops in wood-decay fungi. 

Sciophila buxtoni Freeman - RDB2. Develops in tough lignicolous polypores, eg Trametes, 

Laetiporus sulphureus, Daedaleopsis, Pseudotrametes, etc. 

Sciophila geniculata Zetterstedt* - Nationally Scarce. A little known species, probably 

feeding in one of the Polyporaceae. A few old woodlands in southern England; Isle of 

Arran; Ireland. 

Sciophila hirta Meigen – Reared from various wood-decay fungi. 

Sciophila limbatella Zetterstedt - RDB1. Develops in webs on Fomes fomentarius and 

Phellinus spp. 

Sciophila lutea Macquart* - Polyphagous in fungi, including polypores and encrusting fungi; 

also terrestrial species. 

Sciophila nonnisilva Hutson - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from Auricularia 

auricula-judae. 

Sciophila rufa Meigen - Nationally Scarce. Specific to Fomes fomentarius on birch in 

Scotland. 

Sciophila ochracea Stephens in Walker - RDB1. Larvae spin webs on surface of hard bracket 

fungi (Phellinus pomaceus) on plum and cherry, feeding on spores; orchards and 

gardens. 

Sciaridae 

Bradysia confinis (Winnertz)* - Reared from rotten wood. 

Bradysia fungicola (Winnertz)* - Reared from rotten wood. 

Corynoptera abblanda Freeman - Reared from rotten wood. 

Corynoptera blanda (Winnertz) - Reared from rotten wood. 

Corynoptera minima Meigen* - Reared from rotten wood. 

Cratyna pernitida Edwards - Reared from rotten wood. 

Cratyna schineri (Winnertz) - Reared from rotten wood. 

Cratyna keilini Edwards - Reared from rotten wood. 

Cratyna egertoni Edwards - Under dead oak bark. 

Cratyna falcifera (Lengersdorf) - Reared from rotten wood. 

Cratyna nobilis (Winnertz)* - Develops in rotten wood. 

Ctenosciara hyalipennis (Meigen)* - Has been reared from Bjerkandera adusta. 

Epidapus atomarius (De Geer)* - Reared from rotten wood. 

Epidapus gracilis (Walker) - Beech deadwood.Leptosciarella pilosa (Staeger) - 

Reared from rotten wood. 

Leptosciarella rejecta (Winnertz)* = pilosa misident. - Has been reared from rotting wood. 

Leptosciarella scutellata (Staeger) - Reared from rotten wood. 

Leptosciarella trochanterata (Zetterstedt)* = coarctata (Winnertz) – Associated with wooddecay. 

Leptosciarella viatica (Winnertz)* - Has been reared from rotting wood. 

Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour)* = solani (Winnertz) - Polyphagous in decaying fungi 

(including soft polypores) as well as decomposing plant material. 

Lycoriella lundstroemi (Frey) - Reared from rotten wood. 

Scatopsciara atomaria (Zetterstedt) - Reared from rotten wood. 

Scatopsciara pusilla (Meigen) - Reared from rotten wood. 

Scatopsciara tricuspidata (Winnertz) - Reared from rotten wood encrusted with Stereum. 

Scatopsciara vitripennis (Meigen)* - Reared from rotten wood. 

96

Sciara hemerobioides (Scopoli)* = thomae (Linnaeus) - Develop in wood detritus; adult 

attracted to sap. 

Scythropochroa quercicola (Winnertz) - Reared from a rotten log by J.Cole & added to the 

British list in 1990. 

Scythropochroa radialis Lengersdorf - Reared from rotten timber. 

Trichosia glabra (Meigen) - Reared from larva under dead bark. 

Trichosia morio (Fabricius)* = caudata (Walker) - Reared once from rotten willow log. 

Trichosia pulchricornis (Edwards) - Larvae in rotten wood. 

Xylosciara heptacantha Tuomikoski - Reared from rotten wood. 

Xylosciara lignicola (Winnertz)* - Some reared from bark of spruce and pine; also associated 

with oak and birch. 

Zygoneura sciarina Meigen* - Reared from beneath poplar bark and recorded from 

Auricularia. 

Ptychopteridae 

Ptychoptera albimana (Fabricius)* - Has been reared from buttress rot holes of beech, 

although more usually larvae occur in mud. 

Cecidomyiidae - Many of the sub-family Lestremiinae develop in dead wood. 

Bryomyia bergrothi Kieffer - Reared from Piptoporus betulinus in Norway. 

Campylomyza flavipes Meigen - Reared from Piptoporus betulinus in Norway. 

Neurolyga bifida (Edwards) - Has been reported at a newly felled birch stump. 

Neurolyga fenestralis Ronduris = xylophila Edwards - Has been reported over a burnt larch 

stump. 

Lestremia cinerea Macquart* - Reared from Chondrostereum purpureum, and larvae reported 

from brown decayed wood. 

Lestremia leucophaea (Meigen)* - Has been reported about old beech logs. 

Aprionus associated with old logs and stumps, especially of beech. 

Aprionus acutus Edwards - Has been reported about old beech logs. 

Aprionus flavidus (Winnertz) - Larvae reported from brown decayed fir wood. 

Aprionus halteratus (Zetterstedt) = flaviventris (Winnertz) - Adults reported about old beech 

logs. 

Aprionus miki Kieffer - Adults about old beeches and larva found in spruce stump. 

Aprionus spiniger Kieffer - Adults about old beeches. 

Monardia magna Edwards - Adults reported over fallen cherry trunk. 

Monardia stirpium Kieffer = Pezomyia vanderwulpi (de Meijere) - Has been found over a 

hazel stump. 

Monardia ulmaria Edwards - Has been reared from a rotten elm stump. 

Trichopteromyia modesta Williston - Has been reported from an old beech and an oak log. 

Xylopriona atra (Meigen)* =querceti Edwards - Found around old beech stumps. 

Peromyia muscorum (Kieffer) - Beneath decaying oak bark. 

Peromyia monilis Mamaev =alni Kleesattel - Below fir and spruce bark. 

Cecidomyiidae: Porricondylinae - Includes a number of rotten wood feeders, 

especially the tribe Heteropezini which has paedogenetic larvae. 

Asynapta magdalini (Panelius) - Develops in tunnels of Magdalis under pine bark. 

Asynapta populina Panelius - Reared from Populus trunks in Finland. 

Camptomyia multinoda (Felt) =tiliarum Mamaev - Under bark of Tilia and Populus. 

Brittenia fraxinicola Edwards - Develops in dead wood of beech, ash, hazel & oak: also 

recorded from Daldinia and Arcyria incarnata. 

Heteropeza pygmaea Winnertz - Large colony reported from below oak bark. 

Heteropezula tenuis Wyatt - Has been found at chestnut logs. 

Leptosyna nervosa (Winnertz) - Has been found under bark; chestnut. 

97

Miastor castaneae Wyatt - Has been found at chestnut bark. 

Miastor metraloas Meinert - Has been found under bark; birch. 

Holoneurus pini (Mamaev) - Reared from fungus on pine stump. 

Winnertzia spp. - Most species develop under bark, but the 3 British species have not been 

recorded from this habitat. 

Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae 

Camptodiplosis auriculariae Barnes - Reared on many occasions from the fungus 

Auricularia auricula-judae. 

Cecidomyia harrisi Nijveldt - Only the larva known: resin flow on Pinus sylvestris. 

Described in 1987. 

Cecidomyia magna (Möhn) - Resin flow on Picea abies. Added to the British list in 1986. 

Cecidomyia pini (De Geer) - Resin flows on Pinus and Picea spp. 

Cecidomyia sarae Nijveldt - Only the larva known: resin flow on Pinus sylvestris. Described 

in 1987. 

Lestodiplosis fascipennis (Winnertz) - Larvae feed on other fly larvae on rotten wood. 

Lestodiplosis polypori (Loew) - Larvae feed on other larvae in polypore fungi (recorded from 

Polyporus squamosus and Fomitopsis pinicola. 

Mycocecis ovalis Edwards - Forms a canopy of silk and frass over a galled area of the fungus 

Hypoxylon rubiginosum. Outside the canopy a yellow gall tissue is produced. South 

and central England. 

Resseliella dizygomyzae (Barnes) - An inquiline of Phytobia cambii in Salix spp. 

Resseliella crataegi (Barnes) - Clusters of larvae occur under bark of hawthorn. 

Resseliella quercivora (Mamaev) - Cambium miner of broadleaved trees, not actually on the 

British list but a possible record of causing growths on oak. 

Brachineura quercina Edwards - Has been reported over an oak log. 

Brachyneurina peniophorae Harris - Forms galls in the fungus Peniophora cinerea and P. 

limitata. The larvae form a cinnamon-coloured fibrous oval gall about 5-20mm. The 

pupal cases are extruded in the following spring and the midges emerge in June-July. 

South and central England, locally common. 

Psychodidae - Moth Flies. Most British tree-hole species are very rare, with few recent 

records. 

Psychoda lobata Tonnoir - Polyphagous in fungi, including Trametes, Armillaria and Pluteus 

as well as terrestrial species. 

Telmatoscopus tristis (Meigen)* - Has been reared from tree rot-holes, oak, ash and birch. 

Telmatoscopus advenus (Eaton)* - Has been reared from tree rot-holes, various broad-leaves; 

fairly frequent in Britain; the commonest and most catholic of psychodids developing 

in Irish rot-holes. 

Telmatoscopus laurencei Freeman – Develops in tree rot-holes. 

Telmatoscopus rothschildii Eaton* - Has been reared from sap-runs and rot-holes. Records 

scattered across southern Britain; Ireland. 

Trichomyia urbica Haliday* - Larva in rotting wood of fallen trees where it makes a gallery 

running in the direction of the grain. Has been reared from an oak rot hole; also birch 

in Ireland. A frequent species in Britain. 

Trichoceridae - Winter Gnats 

Diazosma hirtipenne (Siebke) - Nationally Scarce. Unknown in larval stage, probably 

associated with decaying timber. 

Trichocera annulata Meigen* - Develops in various decaying materials including fungi; 

recorded from Grifola. 

Trichocera hiemalis (De Geer)* - Polyphagous; fungal hosts recorded are mainly lignicolous 

species. 

98

Trichocera rufescens Edwards* - A rearing record from Hypholoma. 

Trichocera saltator (Harris)* - Polyphagous; fungal hosts mainly terrestrial but also 

including Piptoporus and Pholiota. 

Anisopodidae - Window midges. The larvae of Sylvicola spp develop in decaying 

vegetable matter including decaying leaves in tree rot-holes, slime flux from tree 

wounds, as well as a wide range of other situations. 

Sylvicola cinctus (F.)* - May be particularly associated with soft decaying saproxylic fungi, 

such as Bulgaria inquinans and Pleurotus ostreatus. 

Sylvicola fenestralis (Scopoli)* - Polyphagous in decomposing plant material; occasional in 

fungus, including Piptoporus. 

Mycetobiidae 

Mycetobia gemella Mamaev - Scots Pine Wood Gnat. Nationally Scarce. Pupae found in a 

rot hole on a live pine, Rothiemurchus, 1991. Larvae also found in material in a piny 

water run, mostly under loose bark on a dead standing Scots pine, Abernethy Forest, 

1994, and under bark of dead pine in Glen Affric. 

Mycetobia pallipes Meigen* - Nationally Scarce. Larvae feed on decomposing sap in sapruns 

on or beneath the bark on tree trunks; also reared from rot hole broadleaved 

woodland and parkland. Widespread in Britain; Ireland: Glengarriff, Killarney & 

Westmeath. 

Mycetobia obscura Mamaev* - Nationally Scarce. Ireland: Charleville Woods & Glen of the 

Downs, reared from wet rot-hole material in living oaks. Scotland: Kinnord, reared 

from larvae in a sap-run on aspen, 1995; Epping Forest. 

Scatopsidae - Several species are known to develop in rot-holes or other wood decay 

habitats. 

Ectaetia christii Rotheray & Horsfield - Reared from decayed aspen bark in Inverness-shire, 

1990. 

Ectaetia clavipes (Loew) - Reared from rotten wood. 

Ectaetia lignicola Edwards - Reared from wood debris. 

Ectaetia platyscelis (Loew)* - Reared from damp rot-hole material at ground level in living 

ash and elm; and from rotting beech, elm and lime. Southern Britain. Ireland: 

Charleville Woods & Wicklow. 

Holoplagia richardsi (Edwards) - Reared from rotten elm and beech. 

Holoplagia transversalis (Loew) - May be associated with the tree-nesting ant Lasius 

fuliginosus. 

Apiloscatopse flavicollis (Meigen)* - Has been reared from Tricholoma sp. fungus. 

Apiloscatopse scutellata (Loew)* - Has been reared from the fungus Bjerkandera adusta. 

Adults visit ivy blossom. 

Scatopse notata (Linnaeus)* - A very widespread synanthropic species; known from cow 

dung, and nests of birds, mammals and wasps. Reared from oak rot hole. 

Coboldia fuscipes (Meigen)* - A synanthropic species, developing in a very wide variety of 

decomposing materials, including a wide range of fungi. 

Rhexoza subnitens (Verrall) - Larvae recorded from beneath decaying poplar bark in fenland. 

Culicidae - Mosquitoes & Gnats. A wide range of culicids have been reared from waterfilled 

holes in trees. The following are believed to be particularly associated with this 

habitat. 

Anopheles plumbeus Haliday in Stephens* - Develops in water-filled holes on mature trees; 

eggs laid on side of tree holes just above waterline and hatch only when flooded. 

Aedes geniculatus (Olivier) - Develops in water-filled tree holes, especially in beech but also 

in a very wide range of broadleaves; most common in larger rot holes, but also small 

99

ones, often at base of trunks. Eggs are laid on the sides of cavities and hatch after 

rainfall. Widespread and often abundant in English woodlands. 

Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis (Rondani) - RDB3. Develops in water-filled tree holes, 

especially in beech, elm and horse chestnut; over-wintering larvae, develop to pupae 

by June-July and adults emerge soon after; females appear to feed on birds. Only 

known from old records across south-east England, from Purbeck to Lincolnshire. 

Ceratopogonidae - Biting Midges. Some species develop under bark, in sap-runs, and a 

few in fungi. 

Culicoides chiopterus (Meigen)* - Sap in elm wound; also dry cakes of cow dung. 

Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen)* - In tree-holes. 

Culicoides fagineus Edwards - In tree-holes. 

Culicoides riethi Kieffer* 

Culicoides scoticus Downes & Kettle* - Polyphagous in fungi, including soft polypores. 

Culicoides truncorum Edwards - In tree-holes. 

Dasyhelea dufouri (Laboulbene) - Larvae feed on decomposing sap in wounds on elm; also in 

rot holes? 

Dasyhelea flavifrons (Guérin-Méneville) - Larvae feed on decomposing sap of beech and 

horse chestnut. 

Dasyhelea versicolor (Winnertz) = obscura (Walker) - Larvae feed on decomposing sap; elm 

& horse chestnut; also water-filled rot-holes in oak, poplar; also in humus around 

roots of Arctium, Spiraea, Angelica. 

Forcipomyia - Larvae gregarious in dark cavities where very humid and feed on moulds and 

other fungi. 

Forcipomyia bipunctata (Linnaeus)* - Under bark. A North American record from Phellinus 

gilvus. 

Forcipomyia brevipennis (Macquart) 

Forcipomyia ciliata (Winnertz) - Polyphagous, including a few records from lignicolous 

fungi. 

Forcipomyia costata Zetterstedt = picea (Winnertz) - Under bark. 

Forcipomyia eques (Johannsen) 

Forcipomyia fuliginosa (Meigen) - A record from Abortiporus. 

Forcipomyia kaltenbachii (Winnertz) - Under bark; oak, pine, poplar sap. 

Forcipomyia monilicornis (Coquillett)Forcipomyia nigra (Winnertz) - Oak logs. 

Forcipomyia pulchrithorax Edwards - In the granular, solidifying sap in open wounds on 

elm, chestnut & ash trees; also poplar rot hole 

Forcipomyia rugosa Chan & Le Roux 

Forcipomyia sphagnophila Kieffer =solonensis Wirth 

Atrichopogon winnertzi Goetghebuer – Has been reared from rotting pine bark, logs and 

fallen branches in Poland. 

Atrichopogon oedemerarum Stora – Has been reared from rotting pine bark, logs and fallen 

branches in Poland. 

Atrichopogon pavidus (Winnertz) = A. pollinivorus Downes – Has been reared from under 

bark of rotting tree. 

Chironomidae - Non-biting Midges. Some terrestrial species are associated with 

lignicolous fungi and some aquatic species burrow in wood. 

Glyptotendipes glaucus (Meigen) - Larvae occur in decaying wood. 

Stenochironomus gibbus (Fabricius)* - Larvae have been found in alder branches and other 

unidentified wood. 

Bryophaenocladius ictericus (Meigen) - Records from the wood-decay fungus Xylaria as 

well as from Lycoperdon. 

100

Metriocnemus albolineatus Meigen* = atratulus Zetterstedt - Has been reared from old 

darkened sporophores of the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum. 

Metriocnemus martinii Thienemann* - Larvae in water-filled tree-holes, especially beech. 

S.England & Co Waterford. 

Orthocladius lignicola Kieffer* - Larvae mine in submerged rotten wood. 

Paraphaenocladius spp - Larvae occur in decaying wood. 

Xylophagidae – Awl-flies 

Xylophagus ater Meigen* - The Awl-fly. Larvae develop beneath bark on branchwood of a 

wide variety of dead broadleaves, in early stages of decay. Feed on larvae of larger 

beetles and possibly other insects, although probably injured larvae, and has been 

implicated as the cause of those injuries. Confined to ancient woodlands and wood 

pastures; mainly in the hill country of northern and western Britain, extending into the 

lowland fringes and across the south into the weald. Rare in Ireland. 

Xylophagus cinctus (De Geer) – Red-belted Awl-fly. RDB3. Larvae under bark on relatively 

freshly dead pine timber; prey on pupae and larvae of long-horns and other 

Coleoptera; primarily known from old Caledonian pine forest relicts, but also reported 

from commercial pine and spruce plantations in recent years. 

Xylophagus junki (Szilady) – Glenmore Awl-fly. RDB1. Probably develops in overmature 

pine trees, old pine forest; once only, Glenmore Forest, 1913. 

Rhagionidae - The larvae of most species develop in the soil, but there are a few which 

use decaying wood. Some Rhagio that are normally soil dwelling may also be found 

in the more advanced stages of decaying wood and in accumulations of decaying 

vegetable matter in cavities such as rot-holes, especially Rhagio lineola Fabricius and 

Rhagio scolopaceus. Ptiolina larvae feed among mosses on trees and stones, and may 

occasionally be found within the decaying wood of mossy logs – pupation may occur 

in the decay. 

Chrysopilus laetus Zetterstedt – Tree Snipefly. RDB1. Larvae develop in moist wood mould 

in decaying stumps, rot holes and aerial dead boughs, nearly always in beech. Sites 

tend to be open structured beech woodland with ancient trees. It appears to be a relict 

old forest species and is most widespread in Windsor Forest; also known from 

Cambridgeshire, Burnham Beeches and Cobham Woods, Kent. 

Xylomyiidae – Wood-soldierflies 

Solva marginata (Meigen) – Drab Wood-soldierfly. Nationally Scarce. The hard reddish 

brown larvae are usually found in dead Populus, especially hybrid black poplar, in 

rotting fibrous cambium layer in fallen trunks after 2-3 years; also other broadleaves. 

Solva varia (Meigen) – Long-horned Wood-soldierfly. Extinct. Has been reared from oak 

deadwood abroad. Two early 19 th century specimens are allegedly from Britain. 

Xylomya maculata (Meigen) – Wasp Wood-soldierfly. RDB2. Larvae in rot-holes, in damp 

wood-decay, in beech; probably feed on rotting organic matter; also described as 

living a semi-aquatic existence in water-filled rot-holes. May take up to two years to 

develop. Confined to ancient forest: New Forest, Windsor Forest and Epping Forest. 

Stratiomyidae – the larvae of a few of the terrestrial species are most often found in 

decaying wood and rot holes in trees. 

Chorisops tibialis (Meigen)* - Dull Four-spined Legionnaire. Larvae in small shallow rot 

holes developed where a small limb has ripped off a tree trunk; within small 

accumulations of mildly moist wood detritus. Also found in grass tussocks. 

Chorisops nagatomii Roskozny* - Bright Four-spined Legionnaire. Nationally Scarce. 

Possibly similar habits. Has been reared from flood refuse. 

101

Eupachygaster tarsalis (Zetterstedt) – Scarce Black. Nationally Scarce. Larvae in very small 

rot-holes, especially those high up in trees, either where branches have broken off a 

trunk or at the edge of where a piece of bark is missing from a trunk; in beech, birch, 

ash, pine, elm and poplar. Possibly a relict old forest species in Britain. 

Neopachygaster meromelas (Dufour) – Silver-strips Black. Nationally Scarce. The flattened 

greyish larvae can be frequent in the moist detritus beneath loose bark on dead poplar; 

also willow, holly, horse chestnut, elm, etc; and in beetle tunnels. Feed on the detritus. 

Widely across English lowlands. 

Pachygaster atra (Panzer)* - Dark-winged Black. Although larvae are regularly to be found 

amongst debris beneath loose bark on decaying timber, they appear to be generalist 

detritivores rather than specialist saproxylics, and are also found in decaying 

vegetation in other situations. Widespread across English lowlands but rarer in north. 

Pachygaster leachii Stephens in Curtis* - Yellow-legged Black. Although larvae are 

regularly to be found beneath loose bark on decaying timber, especially oak, like P. 

atra they appear to be generalist detritivores rather than specialist saproxylics. 

Widespread across southern England. 

Zabrachia tenella (Jaennicke)* = minutissima misident. – Pine Black. Nationally Scarce. 

Larvae in wood detritus in galleries of bark beetles under loose bark of dead pines, 

also fir, larch, birch; widespread. 

Therevidae - Stiletto Flies 

Pandivirilia melaleuca (Loew) – Forest Silver-stiletto. RDB1. Larvae in very dry powdery 

red-rotten heartwood of oak and in decaying heartwood of ash, often devoid of other 

living macro-organisms; wide scatter of reports across southern Britain (although 

confirmation through rearing only from Windsor), but always ancient wood pastures. 

Thereva nobilitata (Fabricius)* - Common Stiletto. Has been reared from decaying 

heartwood and wood mould in hollow ashes, where the larvae occur with Prionychus 

beetle larvae on which they probably prey. Also develops in a wide range of other 

situations. Widespread. 

Scenopinidae – In the wild, the natural habitat of windowflies is probably old timber, 

including bird nests in tree cavities and in the decaying wood itself. Some species 

have become synanthropic and occur within buildings. 

Scenopinus niger (De Geer)* - Forest Windowfly. Nationally Scarce. Larvae predatory on 

dermestid and probably other beetle larvae in dry red-rotting heartwood of various 

broad-leaved trees in ancient wood pastures; also found under bark and in dry rot 

holes of elm and beech. 

Asilidae - Sub-family Laphriinae develop as predators in decaying wood. 

Choerades gilvus (Linnaeus) – Ginger Robberfly. RDBK. Larvae feed on the larvae and 

pupae of saproxylic weevils and longhorn beetles within pine timber; adults are active 

hunters, preying upon a wide variety of insects. Established in south-eastern England 

on pine-covered heaths. 

Choerades marginatus (Linnaeus) – Golden-haired Robberfly. Nationally Scarce. In ancient 

oak woods and wood pastures of C and S England. The larvae have been reported 

from beetle burrows in decaying oak branches, while the adults hunt a wide variety of 

insects. 

Laphria flava (Linnaeus) – Bumblebee Robberfly. RDB3. Develops in massive deadwood of 

Scots pine, where feeds on longhorn beetle larvae; also reported from spruce and 

birch on Continent. Ancient Caledonian pine forests. 

Empids - Dance Flies. A large grouping of flies with inadequate knowledge of life 

histories; most adults are predators of other insects and this is probably also the case 

102

for larvae; some Drapetis and Tachypeza are cursorial on bark as adults and develop 

beneath bark on deadwood, while a few develop in rotten wood, e.g. Oedalea, 

Euthyneura, Hilara lurida, Rhamphomyia marginata and R. albidiventris. 

Hybotidae 

Ocydromiinae 

Leptopeza flavipes (Meigen)* - Has been reared from decaying wood of elm. 

Oropezella sphenoptera (Loew)* - Seems likely to develop in decaying wood. 

Euthyneura albipennis (Zetterstedt) - RDB1. Windsor Forest speciality. 

Euthyneura gyllenhali (Zetterstedt) - Nationally Scarce. Locally frequent in woods 

throughout Britain. 

Euthyneura halidayi Collin* - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from a rot hole in willow; 

local in woodland, including carr, England, Scotland & Ireland. 

Euthyneura inermis (Becker) - RDB1. Has been reared from rotten beech timber; also adults 

taken at hawthorn blossom. New Forest, Windsor & Hartslock Wood, Oxon. 

Euthyneura myricae Haliday* - Ireland only. One female known, Ireland. 

Euthyneura myrtilli Macquart - Beech deadwood; commonest of genus in Britain and not 

confined to older woodlands; not recorded from Ireland. 

Oedalea apicalis Loew - Nationally Scarce. Ancient woodlands & old forest; hovers over 

shattered ends of large fallen trunks, especially beech; Cossus oaks & elm; probably 

develops in dead wood. Southern. 

Oedalea flavipes Zetterstedt* - Oak; has been reared in numbers from relatively fresh 

branchwood.. 

Oedalea holmgreni Zetterstedt - Probably develops in deadwood. 

Oedalea hybotina (Fallén) – RDB. Discovered new to Britain in Aberdeenshire, 1991, taken 

on birch foliage; subsequently found in Kent and Inverness-shire. Widespread in 

Europe. 

Oedalea oriunda Collin - RDB1 

Oedalea ringdahli Chvala - RDB1 

Oedalea stigmatella Zetterstedt* 

Oedalea tibialis Macquart - Nationally Scarce. Larvae in deadwood. 

Oedalea zetterstedti Collin* - Nationally Scarce 

Tachydrominae 

Drapetis larvae have been reared from subcortical situations and from decaying tree stumps; 

adults are generally found running across tree trunks. 

Drapetis arcuata Loew - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from inside a hollow horse 

chestnut. 

Drapetis assimilis (Fallén) - Common at tree trunks. 

Drapetis simulans Collin - Nationally Scarce. Has been found in an owl nest in a hollow 

willow; also rot holes in sycamore, beech & poplar. 

Tachydromia umbrarum Haliday* - Develops in decaying wood, eg ash. Britain & Ireland; 

rare in Scotland. 

Tachypeza fennica Tuomikoski - Recorded from Scotland; not certainly distinct from T.heeri. 

Tachypeza fuscipennis (Fallén) - Nationally Scarce. In wood detritus, rot holes, etc; willow, 

ash, beech, horse chestnut, etc. 

Tachypeza heeri Zetterstedt - RDB2. Develops under bark of fallen aspen in north-east 

Scotland. 

Tachypeza nubila (Meigen)* - Has been reared from beneath bark, in rot holes, and fungi 

such as Bjerkandera, but also non-saproxylic species. A very widespread species. 

Tachypeza truncorum (Fallén) - RDB3 

103

Empididae 

Hilara lurida (Fallén) - Develops in rotten wood. 

Rhamphomyia albidiventris Strobl - RDB1. Has been reared from pine bark. 

Rhamphomyia marginata (Fabricius) – RDBK. Has been reared from decaying stubs of fir. 

Only known from woods in Kent, 

Rhamphomyia pilifer Meigen = dentipes Zetterstedt* - Has been reared from rotten birch 

timber. 

Rhamphomyia sulcata (Meigen)* - Decaying beech. 

Dryodromya testacea (Rondani) - Nationally Scarce. Possibly develops in deadwood. 

Hormopeza obliterata Zetterstedt - RDB1. Development unknown, but adults found around 

burning stumps and in bonfire smoke where they prey on Microsania species 

(Platypezidae). Only known in Britain from Windsor Forest and Crowthorne areas, 

Berkshire. 

Dolichopodidae 

Achalcus melanotrichus Mik* - Nationally Scarce. Unusual in its genus because of its 

association with trees. Reared from tree hole rot debris in various living broadleaves; 

and seen on sapping oak with rot-hole. 

Hercostomus nigrilamellatus (Macquart) - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from 

decomposing wood debris in the base of hollow trees, etc; willow, poplar & elm. 

Hercostomus nigriplantis (Stannius) - Has been reared from decomposing wood debris. 

Medetera - The larvae are found in burrows of bark beetles and other beetles on whose larvae 

and pupae they feed. May also be associated with wet decaying sap under bark. The 

adults court, mate and catch prey on tree trunks and logs, and also walls and 

signposts. The adults are not known to favour particular tree species, though they may 

tend to be found more on some trees than others as a result on habitat associations. 

The range of trees used for egg-laying is narrower than that used for hunting food and 

courtship. 

Medetera abstrusa Thuneberg* - Common on tree trunks, usually beech, but also oak; has 

been reared from the fruiting body of the wood-decay fungus Pleurotus cornucopiae. 

Medetera ambigua (Zetterstedt) - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from galleries of Ips 

spp in pine and spruce; also adults on birch. 

Medetera bispinosa Negrobov = M.nitida Macquart - Nationally Scarce. The yellowish 

maggot-like larvae develop in Scolytus scolytus bark beetle galleries under elm bark, 

and are largely restricted to galleries in branches of more than 7-8cm diameter, 

effectively restricting it to this scolytid in elm; adults hunt over vertical tree trunks, 

and have been found on lime. Larvae have on the Continent also been found under 

beech bark in the burrows of the scolytid Taphrorychus bicolor and, and occasionally 

in the passages of Trypodendron domesticum and T.signatum. Cornwall, Berks, 

Essex, Glos, Worcs. 

Medetera borealis Thuneberg – RDBK 

Medetera cuspidata Collin – RDBK 

Medetera dendrobaena Kowarz* - Larvae feed on Pityogenes chalcographus in spruce and 

Taphrorychus bicolor in beech on the Continent. Adults reported from oak, birch & 

pine. 

Medetera diadema (Linnaeus) 

Medetera excellens Frey – RDBK. Has been reared from Scots pine, spruce and larch in 

Scotland. 

Medetera fasciata Frey - ?RDBK. Has been reared from larvae found under bark on dead 

Scots pine; Strathspey, Tayside, Aberdeenshire. 

104

Medetera flavipes Meigen - Reared from detritus-filled hole at end of dead branch on horse 

chestnut. Southern England; also Midlothian. 

Medetera freyi Thuneberg – ?RDBK. Reared from decaying aspen Populus tremula in 

Inverness-shire in 1998. 

Medetera impigra Collin* - Reared from larch, spruce, grey poplar, hornbeam, beech, ash 

and elm - in galleries of Scolytus scolytus. Has also been reared from the fruiting body 

of the wood-decay fungus Daldinia. 

Medetera infumata Loew - RDBK. Reared from pine. 

Medetera inspissata Collin - RDB3. Reared from various poplars, including decaying sap 

under bark, in Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Somerset; develops under bark of fallen 

aspen in north-east Scotland. 

Medetera jacula (Fallén)* - On sycamore, beech, birch, ash, poplar and pine. 

Medetera jugalis Collin - Nationally Scarce. Poplars. 

Medetera melancholica Lundbeck - RDB3. On the continent reared from pine as well as ash 

and grey alder. 

Medetera micacea Loew 

Medetera muralis Meigen* - Adults found on oak, pine & holly. 

Medetera nitida (Macquart) - Status not known. British status unclear due to past confusion 

with M.bispinosa which was only resolved in 1996. 

Medetera obscura (Zetterstedt) - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from elm log debris, 

and pupae under pine bark. 

Medetera oscillans Allen - RDB3. Has been reared from grey poplar bark. 

Medetera pallipes (Zetterstedt) - Adults reported at oozing sap of a wound on horse chestnut. 

Medetera parenti Stackelberg – RDBK. Reared from bark and sappy material from grey 

poplars. 

Medetera petrophila Kowarz - Nationally Scarce. Reported on birch. 

Medetera petrophiloides Parent* - Found on oak. 

Medetera pinicola Kowarz - Nationally Scarce. Reared from bark beetle tunnels in pine 

logs. Associated in N.America with various conifer scolytids including Dryocoetes 

autographus. 

Medetera saxatilis Collin* - Adults reported from poplar & oak. 

Medetera setiventris Thuneberg – ?RDBK. Discovered in a Malaise trap in a Speyside native 

pinewood in 1985. On the Continent (Finland and Russia) reared from scolytid 

galleries in spruce and pine, with Hylurgops palliatus, Pityogenes chalcographus, 

P.quadridens and P.bidentis. 

Medetera striata Parent - Of doubtful occurrence in Britain owing to confusion with M. 

fasciata. 

Medetera tristis (Zetterstedt) - Reported on beech and pine deadwood. 

Medetera truncorum Meigen* - A very common species in Britain, on a wide range of 

broadleaved trees. Established in N.America where has been reared from Prunus bark 

and dead maple. 

Medetera unisetosa Collin - RDB3. Biology unknown. Only recorded from New Forest, 

Wiltshire and Westerness. 

Medetera veles Loew – RDBK. Scotland. 

Systenus - All species have been reared from sap exudations on deciduous tree wounds or 

from moist tree-hole debris; larvae predators of larvae of rot-hole dwelling 

ceratopogonid midges. 

Systenus bipartitus (Loew) - Nationally Scarce. Associated with a variety of broadleaves, 

including elm, beech, horse chestnut and sycamore. 

Systenus leucurus Loew* - Nationally Scarce. In wide range of broad-leaved trees. 

105

Systenus mallochi MacGowan - RDB? Reared from material in detritus-filled crevices in oak 

trunk in woodland, Morayshire, 1995, new to science. Other material reared from bark 

on dead aspen, Cossus elm, and birch rot-holes. 

Systenus pallipes (von Roser)* = S.adpropinquans (Loew) = Systenus pallidus Vaillant - 

Nationally Scarce. Sap-runs and rot hole detritus in various broad-leaved trees. 

Systenus scholtzii sensu auct.Brit.* =S.alpinus - Nationally Scarce. In wide range of broadleaved 

trees; reared from damp black wood mould & decaying leaves in rot-hole 10ft 

up in ancient beech trunk; also from rot-holes in birch, poplar, horse chestnut and elm; 

also reared from fungus in a beech rot-hole; adults probably largely arboreal. 

Systenus tener Loew - Associated with a variety of broadleaves, including elm, beech, horse 

chestnut and sycamore. 

Neurigona - three non-British species from eastern Asia have been reared from decomposing 

wood, and one N. American species from rotten hickory wood, but biology in Europe 

unknown. Adults are mainly found on tree trunks. 

Neurigona abdominalis (Fallén) – RDBI. Rare, less than five British records. 

Neurigona biflexa Strobl – RDBI. Known in UK from a single female. 

Neurigona pallida (Fallén)* 

Neurigona quadrifasciata (Fabricius) - Possibly develops under bark on dead wood. 

Neurigona suturalis (Fallén) - Nationally Scarce 

Sciapus platypterus (Fabricius)* - Under bark. 

Opetiidae 

Opetia nigra Meigen* - Has been reared from rotten birch wood in Ireland. Adults also found 

in emergence traps on open ground so evidently not confined to wood. 

Platypezidae - All larvae develop in fungi; oligophagous or monophagous. 

Platypezidae: Callomyiinae 

Agathomyia appear to develop internally in the tougher Polyporaceae fungi. 

Agathomyia antennata (Zetterstedt) - Probably develops in the fruiting bodies of the fungus 

Trametes versicolor. 

Agathomyia cinerea (Zetterstedt) - Only recently confirmed to occur in Britain; development 

is unknown but presumed to be in polypore or allied fungi. 

Agathomyia collini Verrall - RDB2. Possibly develops in fungus on fruit trees. 

Agathomyia elegantula (Fallén) = boreella (Zetterstedt) - Nationally Scarce. Biology 

unknown. 

Agathomyia falleni (Zetterstedt) - RDB3. Larvae feed inside the fungus Bjerkandera adusta. 

Agathomyia lundbecki Chandler = biseta misident. - Develops in fruiting bodies of Inonotus 

radiatus on decaying alder trunks. 

Agathomyia unicolor Oldenberg* - Larvae feed inside the fungus Bjerkandera adusta. 

Agathomyia viduella (Zetterstedt)* - Biology unknown. 

Agathomyia wankowiczii (Schnabl) - Larvae form galls under brackets of Ganoderma 

applanatum; known from various sites in south-east England as well as Dunham 

Massey Park, Manchester. Presumed to be a recent establishment as the galls are 

conspicuous and records increasing. 

Agathomyia woodella Chandler =cinerea misident. - Development is unknown but presumed 

to be in polypore or allied fungi. 

Callomyia spp - Larva probably surface feeders on encrusting fungi on dead wood; only 

amoena has been reared. 

Callomyia amoena Meigen* - Larvae feed on the surface of bark encrusting fungi (Corticium 

spp.) in damp situations. 

Callomyia dives Zetterstedt - Nationally Scarce. 

Callomyia elegans Meigen* - RDB2. 

106

Callomyia speciosa Meigen* 

Platypezidae: Microsaniinae 

Microsania - Smoke flies. Biology unknown but adults attracted to wood smoke. 

Microsania collarti Chandler 

Microsania pallipes (Meigen) 

Microsania pectipennis (Meigen)* 

Microsania straeleni Collart - RDB3. 

Microsania vrydaghi Collart - ?RDBK. Added to the British list in 2001, from a bonfire site 

in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire. 

Platypezidae: Platypezinae 

Bolopus furcatus (Fallén)* - Larvae feed within the fruiting bodies of polypores. 

Paraplatypeza atra (Meigen)* - Develops in the fruiting bodies of the fungus Pluteus 

cervinus. 

Paraplatypeza bicincta (Szilady) – Probably associated with gill fungi; known from one site 

in Surrey 

Platypeza aterrima Walker 

Platypeza consobrina Zetterstedt* - Larvae feed between the gills of the fruiting body of 

honey fungus, Armillaria mellea agg. 

Platypeza fasciata Meigen* - Larvae feed between the gills of the fruiting body of honey 

fungus, Armillaria mellea agg. Has also been reared from non-saproxylic fungi. 

Platypeza hirticeps Verrall - Nationally Scarce. 

Polyporivora ornata (Meigen)* = infumata (Haliday) - Larvae feed within the fruiting body 

of the fungus Trametes. 

Polyporivora picta (Meigen)* - Larvae feed within the fruiting body of the fungus Trametes. 

Protoclythia modesta (Zetterstedt)* - Larvae feed between the gills of the soft fruiting body 

of honey fungus Armillaria mellea agg. 

Protoclythia rufa (Meigen)* - Has been reared from the soft fruiting body of honey fungus 

Armillaria mellea agg. 

Seri obscuripennis (Oldenberg) - RDB2. Has been reared from a soft polypore, possibly 

Polyporus squamosus. 

Phoridae - Larvae of some in fungi. 

Anevrina spp - Adults occur on tree trunks; presumably develop under bark on dead wood. 

Megaselia spp - mostly fungus associated but one parasitoid of sciarid larvae. 

Megaselia cinereifrons (Strobl)* - Larvae develop in Merulius and Scutiger ovinus and/or 

Ovinus cristatus. 

Megaselia frameata Schmitz* =buxtoni Colyer & imberbis Schmitz - Develops in the fruits 

of polypores and other wood-decay fungi - records from Laetiporus sulphureus, 

Polyporus, Bjerkandera, Meripilus, Plicaturopsis, Hypoxylon, Pleurotus and Xylaria. 

Megaselia halterata (Wood)* =plurispinulosa (Lundbeck) - Has been reared from Pleurotus 

as well as some terrestrial fungi (Coprinus and Boletus). 

Megaselia hyalipennis (Wood)* - Has been reared from Meripilus. 

Megaselia maura (Wood)* - Has been reared from wood-decay agarics. 

Megaselia obscuripennis (Wood)* - Reported to be a parasitoid of the sciarid flies Trichosia 

morio and T.trochanterata. 

Megaselia rubella (Schmitz)* - Polyphagous in fungi including Pleurotus, Lentinus, Pholiota 

and Kuehneromyces. 

Megaselia wickenensis Disney - Single male reared from rot hole debris in a willow at 

Wicken Fen in 1993. 

Triphleba gracilis (Wood)* - Has been reared from puparia found under bark of rotting larch 

and spruce logs. 

107

Triphleba minuta (Fabricius) - Develops in fungus Gymnopilus junonius which grows on the 

base of trees and around cut stumps. Has also been reared from some terrestrial agaric 

fungi. 

Woodiphora retroversa (Wood) – RDBK. Larval natural history not known, but association 

with goat moth larval burrows has been suggested. 

Syrphidae 

Blera fallax (Linnaeus) - RDB1 & BAP Priority Species. Larvae have been found inside 

wet, heart-rot cavities in pine stumps; old native pine forest areas of Speyside. 

Brachyopa bicolor (Fallén) - RDB3. Larvae feed on decomposing sap in sap-runs, most often 

on oak and beech. A rare species of the old forest areas of south-east England, 

especially the New Forest and the Windsor area. 

Brachyopa insensilis Collin* - Nationally Scarce. Larvae feed on decomposing sap in sapruns 

on various broadleaves: elm, horse chestnut, ash, beech, lime, oak; widespread in 

Britain & Ireland. 

Brachyopa pilosa Collin - Nationally Scarce. Associated with beech, birch and oak trees in 

southern England, but aspen in northern Scotland; a female has been seen to oviposit 

into fissures in bark surface of felled beech trunk, where in early steps in development 

of scaling of bark under way; puparium has been found under outer layer of bark on a 

fallen trunk; larvae feed on decomposing sap in sap-runs. Disjunct distribution: 

widespread although scarce in southern England, and also in north-east Scotland. 

Brachyopa scutellaris Robineau-Desvoidy* - Larvae feed on decomposing sap in sap-runs 

low down at the base of a wide variety of broadleaves and even yew. Widespread in 

England and Wales, but more isolated populations in Scotland. Also Ireland. 

Brachypalpoides lentus (Meigen)* - Develops in decaying heartwood in old live beech, 

particularly trees with exposed decay at ground level which extends into the roots. 

England & Wales; scattered across central Scotland; Ireland. 

Brachypalpus laphriformis (Fallén)* - Nationally Scarce. Widespread in old forest areas 

across much of England and Wales, although apparently absent from East Anglia; 

known from Ireland. Larvae develop in rot-holes in large old broad-leaved trees; 

adults tend to favour oviposition in standing hollow trunks broken off 2-4m above 

ground, particularly beech, but also oak and ash. 

Caliprobola speciosa (Rossi) - RDB1. Larvae develop in decaying heartwood of beech trees, 

especially large old stumps, extending underground in the roots; southern old forest 

species, mainly the New Forest and Windsor. 

Callicera larvae probably feed on micro-organisms in their tree rot-hole habitats, the duration 

to pupation varying according to fluctuations in food levels. 

Callicera aurata (Rossi) - RDB3. Adult primarily arboreal, descending rarely to drink by 

dapple-shaded streams or to feed at bramble flowers; larvae in water-filled rot-holes 

in live beeches & birches. A rare species of southern old forests in GB; across Europe, 

extending into Caucasus. 

Callicera rufa Schummel - Nationally Scarce [RDB3]. Larvae in wet rot-holes in large old 

Scots pine in old pine forest; will also develop in larch; puparia in fissures and 

between plates of bark on host tree; duration of larval stage from 2-5 years. Adults 

primarily arboreal, but females descend to freshly-cut stumps in sunshine or to visit 

rot-holes; widespread in native pine forest areas of Scottish Highlands and so not 

meriting its current RDB status in GB; also reported from Holland and Corsica. 

Callicera spinolae Rondani - RDB1 & BAP Priority Species. Ancient beech-oak forest with 

overmature and senescent trees; adult primarily arboreal, but descends to feed at 

flowers of Angelica, ivy, golden-rod, or to drink at streams; larvae in water-filled rot- 

108

holes in living beech, also Populus elsewhere in Europe; East Anglia; across southern 

half of Europe. 

Chalcosyrphus eunotus (Loew) - RDB2. Develops in sap-runs and other accumulations of 

sap in bark cavities. Adults tend to be associated with fallen deadwood lying semisubmerged 

in small streams. A rare species, confined to the rain-shadow country of 

the south-west, from Dorset to Denbighshire. 

Chalcosyrphus nemorum (Fabricius)* - An early successional wood decay species of wet 

woodlands. Larvae under bark of fallen trunks and branches either in a layer of 

decaying sap or in moist decaying bark and sapwood. Widespread in Britain but very 

local throughout its range; Ireland. 

Criorhina asilica (Fallén) - Nationally Scarce. Develops in decayed heartwood debris in the 

base of hollowed trees, probably mainly beech; adults at hawthorn blossom. 

Widespread in England and Wales but scarce within this range. 

Criorhina berberina (Fabricius)* - Eggs are mainly laid in bark crevices around the base of 

stumps and on the undersides of leaves of plants growing on or next to stumps, 

particularly beech; the larvae develop in wet heart-rot within the tree roots; later 

puparia are formed in leaf litter around the stumps. The species also develops in wet 

rot-holes in tree trunks. The adults require blossom for nectaring, especially 

hawthorn. Mainly associated with ancient woodlands and wood pastures; widespread 

over much of England, Wales & Ireland, also in southern Scotland. 

Criorhina floccosa (Meigen)* - Larvae develop in wet decaying wood debris in cavities and 

roots of elm, sycamore and beech. A scarce woodland species, although extending out 

along adjoining hedgerows where available. Widespread but scarce. 

Criorhina ranunculi (Panzer)* - Nationally Scarce. Develops in moist decaying heartwood 

in bases and roots of old trees and stumps, especially beech. Adults usually found at 

blossom of early spring-flowering shrubs. Primarily an old woodland species. 

Widespread across England; Ireland; rare in Scotland. 

Ferdinandea cuprea (Scopoli)* - The larvae mainly develop in sap-runs on oak and other 

broad-leaved trees, but have also been found in other situations with semi-liquid 

decaying material; puparia have been found around the roots of such trees. Mainly 

ancient woodlands and wood pastures; widespread throughout much of Britain. Also 

in Ireland. 

Ferdinandea ruficornis (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce. Develop in sap-runs in ancient 

woodlands and wood pastures. Very sparsely scattered across lowland England. 

Hammerschmidtia ferruginea (Fallén) - RDB1 & BAP Priority Species. Develops in 

accumulations of decaying sap under the bark of recently dead mature aspen; two year 

development; adult at flowers of rose and bird cherry; mainly Speyside, where 

populations are very restricted and scattered. 

Mallota cimbiciformis (Fallén) - Nationally Scarce. Larvae in water-filled rot-holes of 

varying sizes and heights on a wide variety of small and large broad-leaves; puparia 

occur just above in drier detritus. A species of relict ancient woodlands and wood 

pastures, widely but sparingly across lowland England, but also known from North 

Wales and the Clyde Valley woods. 

Microdon analis (Macquart)* = eggeri Mik - Nationally Scarce. Breeds beneath bark on 

well-decayed pine and birch logs or stumps on heathland, within nests of Formica and 

other ants; larvae feed on ant larvae and pupae. Disjunct distribution: central southern 

England and northern Scotland; Ireland. 

Myathropa florea (Linnaeus)* - Develops in a wide range of wet decaying timber 

microhabitats from rot-holes high in the canopy to decaying roots underground and 

shallow pools of water on the bark of fallen trees; also in sap runs; not yet found 

109

under bark; puparia just above the surface of wet wood detritus or the water, either 

buried in decaying wood or exposed; wide range of broad-leaved trees. Very 

widespread in Britain. Ireland. 

Myolepta dubia (F.) = luteola (Gmelin) - Nationally Scarce. Larvae in wet rot-holes of 

varying sizes on a wide variety of small and large broad-leaves; rot-holes high and 

low on trees. Ancient woodlands and wood pastures across southern and eastern 

England. 

Myolepta potens (Harris) - RDB1 & BAP Priority Species. Develops in water-filled rotholes 

at base of ancient beech and other broad-leaved trees; only known from the 

Avon Gorge area of Bristol and the Somerset Levels; not seen since 1961 and feared 

extinct. 

Pocota personata (Harris) - RDB2. Develops in rot-holes, especially in beech but also ash, 

mostly high above ground; restricted to woodlands and parklands with ancient trees; 

scattered widely although very sparingly across lowland England, especially Windsor 

Forest and the New Forest. 

Psilota anthracina Meigen - RDB2. Larvae have been reported from sap runs on living oak 

trees on the Continent; adults at hawthorn blossom. Restricted to sites with large 

numbers of ancient trees, such as Windsor Forest, the New Forest and Richmond 

Park, but known from as far north as Derbyshire 

Sphegina clunipes (Fallén)* - Larvae develop in decaying sap under bark and in sap-runs on a 

range of trees, including conifers, most abundant in timber lying in streams. Also 

reported to develop in sap-runs. Adults nectar at partially shaded flowers along the 

edges of rides and clearings. Associated with damp shady ancient woodland 

situations. Very widespread in Britain. Ireland. 

Sphegina elegans (Schummel)* =kimakowiczi Strobl - Larvae develop in accumulations of 

decaying sap under wet bark; damp shady woodlands, generally in much wetter 

situations than S. clunipes. Scattered but widespread in Britain & Ireland. 

Sphegina sibirica Stackelberg - A northern and western species in Britain, only recently 

discovered: several Scottish records, also Wenlock Edge, Shropshire, & SE Wales. 

On the continent in Picea forest. and known to be spreading westwards. 

Sphegina verecunda Collin - Nationally Scarce. Larvae in decaying sap under wet bark of 

broadleaves and conifers, including sap in tunnels of the weevil Hylobius abietis in 

conifer stumps. Most frequent in the damper south-west of Britain, but scattered over 

much of GB. 

Volucella inflata (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce. Larvae develop in sap-runs, probably 

feeding on other insect larvae. In or near woodland with large mature and older trees. 

Widespread and locally frequent across central southern and south-eastern England, 

extending more sparingly into the Midlands and East Anglia. 

Xylota abiens Meigen* - Nationally Scarce. Larvae in wet decaying roots of beech stumps. 

Mainly known from ancient wood pastures. Concentrated in central southern England 

but extending sparingly as far north as the Lake District. Ireland. 

Xylota florum (Fabricius)* - Nationally Scarce. Larvae in decaying wood and sap; adults 

usually found in damp places within woodlands such as streamsides. Sparingly 

scattered across much of England and Wales; Ireland. 

Xylota jakutorum Bagachanova = coeruleiventris Zetterstedt* - Nationally Scarce. Develops 

in the sap-filled tunnels of the bark weevil Hylobius abietis; mainly known from 

conifer plantations. Originally regarded as a species of native pine forest but has 

responded to the widespread planting of conifers and now occurs throughout northern 

and western Britain. Ireland. 

110

Xylota segnis (Linnaeus)* - Develops in decaying sap under freshly dead broad-leaved and 

coniferous timber, in wet sawdust, sap runs, etc; also in silage and decaying potatoes. 

Widespread in all sorts of woodland and scrub, also along hedgerows and in parks and 

gardens; Britain & Ireland. 

Xylota sylvarum (Linnaeus)* - Major larval development site is wet decaying roots of broadleaved 

trees, larvae ascending, beneath bark, to pupate; also in rot-holes. Widespread 

in old woods and wood pastures across Britain & Ireland.. 

Xylota tarda Meigen* - Nationally Scarce. Develops in sap-runs of aspen in Scotland; larval 

habitat in England not known. Usually in damp situations in woodland, nearly always 

where old trees are present. Thinly scattered across much of lowland England; 

Scottish populations very restricted and scattered. Ireland. 

Xylota xanthocnema Collin - Nationally Scarce. Larvae in rot-holes on various broad-leaves 

and yew; usually in or near ancient woodland or wood pasture. Thinly scattered across 

southern England, extending northwards as far as Yorkshire. 

Pseudopomyzidae 

Pseudopomyza atrimana (Meigen) - RDB1. Larvae possibly in dead wood - the adults have 

been found in numbers over fallen trunks in Finland. Only added to GB list in 1983, 

and known from three specimens: New Forest, Kent and Isle of Skye. 

Micropezidae - The larvae of some species develop in rotten wood. 

Rainieria calceata (Fallén) - RDB1. The larvae are assumed to live in decaying wood of 

stumps and logs, with a preference for those with bark still attached; probably old 

beeches and possibly oak; Windsor Forest, Burnham Beeches & sites in Surrey. 

Tanypezidae 

Tanypeza longimana Fallén - RDB2. Possibly associated with decaying wood, although 

reared in laboratory on watermelon rind and pulp in USA. Usually in damp 

broadleaved woodland, often by rivers or streams. 

Strongylophthalmyiidae 

Strongylophthalmyia ustulata (Zetterstedt) - RDB1. Larvae develop in thick wet decaying 

cambial layers under bark of dead aspen stems in northern Scotland; only other GB 

record a single adult at Monks Wood, Cambridgeshire; elsewhere in Europe known 

from several countries to east. 

Megamerinidae 

Megamerina dolium (Fabricius) - Nationally Scarce. Larvae under bark of dead and dying 

broadleaves, apparently predaceous or necrophagous. In GB confined to ancient 

woodlands. Widespread across Europe, occurring in Germany & Russia. 

Psilidae - Some species develop under the bark of trees. 

Chyliza annulipes Macquart = fuscipennis (Robineau-Desvoidy) - Nationally Scarce. Larvae 

develop in resinous wounds on conifers. Old records for some native pinewoods, but 

now better known from commercial plantations. Widely recorded across England and 

Wales; also in Speyside. 

Chyliza leptogaster Panzer* =scutellata (Fabricius) - Larva of either this or C. nova have 

been recorded under bark of 23 species of broadleaved trees on the Continent. Most 

associations probably relate to this species which is commonly found on damaged 

living trees. Larval feeding results in formation of phloem necroses. They were also 

found in association with the ?non-British cambium-mining cecidomyiid Resseliella 

quercivora (Mamaev). 

Chyliza nova Collin* - Nationally Scarce. Records of this scarcer species were not separated 

from C. leptogaster in the above research, and it appears that both species have 

similar habits. There is also a separate record of C. nova reared from under bark of a 

111

lilac Syringa branch in a note in the Polish checklist. Scattered across southern 

Britain. 

Lonchaeidae - Lance Flies. The larvae of most Lonchaea feed on the larvae of bark beetles 

(Scolytidae) in their galleries in and beneath bark on recently dead or dying timber. 

The adults of these species are usually to be found around the host trees. Most are 

found mainly in old established woodland, although few are restricted to the classic 

ancient woodland sites. 

Dasiops perpropinquus Morge - Larvae develop under bark on deadwood; hornbeam & 

probably other species. 

Dasiops spatiosus Becker - Larvae develop under bark on deadwood; in well-decayed soft 

sapwood of birch & lime. 

Lonchaea affinis Malloch - Only recently distinguished in Britain from L. laxa Collin. 

Scottish Highlands; probably associated with pine. 

Lonchaea albitarsis Zetterstedt - Apparently a boreal species, known from Rassal Ashwood 

(Wester Ross), Finland, Sweden and north west Russia. 

Lonchaea britteni Collin* - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from under beech bark. 

England & Ireland. 

Lonchaea bukowskii Czerny - ?RDBK. Discovered in Burnham Beeches, Buckinghamshire 

(1995) and Somerset (2000). 

Lonchaea caledonica MacGowan & Rotheray - One of three species which had been 

confused as L. laticornis. Has been reared from larvae found under bark on Scots 

pine; Caledonian pinewoods, Finland and Netherlands 

Lonchaea caucasica Kovalev - A recent addition to the British list; previously confused with 

L .limatula. Larvae found on surface of a polypore on beech trunk in north-west 

Caucasus. Found on beech in southern England; has been reared from under birch 

bark in Scotland. 

Lonchaea collini Hackman - Nationally Scarce. Usually found on pines and is a facultative 

predator of scolytid beetles. England & Scotland. 

Lonchaea contigua Collin* - Decaying beech timber; widespread England; Ireland. 

Lonchaea contraria Czerny - Has been reared from under bark on beeches in New Forest and 

Burnham Beeches. Quite widespread in central Europe. 

Lonchaea corusca Czerny - Nationally Scarce. Broadleaves. Widely scattered across Britain. 

Lonchaea fraxina MacGowan & Rotheray* - Misidentified as L.hirticeps until very recently. 

All reared material are from puparia found beneath bark on dead ash. Widespread 

across GB and across western Europe from Finland to Spain. 

Lonchaea fugax Becker - Poplar and aspen. 

Lonchaea hackmani Kovalev - Has been reared from under bark on Populus tremula widely 

in northern Scotland; also male taken in Sandwell Valley, English Midlands; Russia 

& Finland. 

Lonchaea hirticeps Zetterstedt - Occurrence in GB needs confirmation. 

Lonchaea laticornis Meigen - Occurrence in GB needs confirmation. 

Lonchaea laxa Collin - Nationally Scarce. Beech and birch in GB, but spruce on Continent. 

Widely scattered across Britain. 

Lonchaea limatula Collin 

Lonchaea mallochi MacGowan & Rotheray - One of three species which had been confused 

as L.laticornis. Has been reared from larvae found under bark on various broadleaves 

– Fraxinus, Quercus, Betula, Fagus, Alnus, Acer. Widespread in Scotland; in various 

lowland wood pastures in England; France, Netherlands & Spain. 

Lonchaea nitens (Bigot) - Nationally Scarce. Very local in woodland; biology unknown. 

Widely scattered across Britain. 

112

Lonchaea obscuritarsis Collin - Biology unrecorded but probably develops under bark on 

deadwood. 

Lonchaea palposa Zetterstedt - Nationally Scarce. Birch, hawthorn, poplar, aspen. England 

& Scotland. 

Lonchaea patens Collin* - Broadleaves. 

Lonchaea peregrina Becker - Nationally Scarce. Under bark of Salix, Populus, elm, 

sycamore & ash. Common under bark of fallen aspen in north-east Scotland; widely 

scattered across Britain. 

Lonchaea postica Collin - Occurs around decaying beeches, biology unrecorded. 

Lonchaea ragnari Hackman - Larvae within decaying sapwood on fallen Betula; in various 

old birch wood areas of Scotland; also Finland, Sweden & Russia. 

Lonchaea scutellaris Rondani - Reared from galleries of bark beetle Scolytus ratzeburgi in 

Czech Republic. 

Lonchaea serrata MacGowan & Rotheray - One of three species which had been confused as 

L. laticornis. Has been reared from softened sapwood under bark on Fagus and Salix. 

Known from various lowland wood pastures in England: Ashridge, Burnham 

Beeches, New Forest, etc. 

Lonchaea sylvatica Beling* =deutschi misident. - Reared from under bark on dead oak. 

Frequent on decayed beeches. 

Lonchaea ultima Collin - Nationally Scarce. Very local, in woodland; southern England; 

biology unknown. 

Lonchaea zetterstedti Becker - Has been reared from under bark on Pinus, Picea and an 

exotic conifer in Scottish plantations. A holarctic species; in Europe known from 

Scandinavia, Alps and Germany. 

Pallopteridae - The larvae of some species occur under bark in detritus of burrowing 

beetles. 

Palloptera anderssoni Rotheray - Reared from under bark of various broadleaved trees, Tilia, 

Betula, Fagus and Acer pseudoplatanus, in Scotland. 

Palloptera muliebris (Harris)* - Has been bred from debris in workings of beetle larvae in 

pine bark; possibly also in broadleaved trees. 

Palloptera usta (Meigen)* - RDB3. Mainly Scottish, but with scattered localities throughout 

England, plus Anglesey; at sappy pine; larvae predatory on scolytid beetle larvae. 

Palloptera ustulata Fallén* - Has been reared from elm bark attacked by Scolytus bark 

beetles, and found under grey poplar bark. 

Piophilidae – a small group of flies generally associated with carrion, or in some cases 

rotting fungi or bird nests. 

Mycetaulus bipunctatus (Fallén) - Larvae have been found in decaying fungi and it has also 

been reared from rotten wood and bird nests. 

Ulidiidae 

Myennis octopunctata (Coquebert) - RDB2. Larvae occur beneath bark on deadwood; adults 

characteristically rest on tree trunks; broad-leaved woods and parks, especially 

poplars, mostly in south-east England. 

Homalocephala albitarsis Zetterstedt = bipunctata (Loew) – RDBK. Larvae under bark on 

beech, apparently feeding on the breakdown products of the decaying cambial layers; 

North York Moors, Midlothian and Inverness-shire. Has been reared from aspen in 

Norway and pine in Sweden. 

Homalocephala biumbrata (Wahlberg) = albitarsis misident. - RDB1. Larvae and puparia 

under bark of freshly fallen aspen, the larva apparently feeding on the breakdown 

products of the decaying cambial layers caused by micro-organisms. Northern 

Scotland. In Sweden puparia have been found under bark of dead and dying conifers. 

113

Lauxaniidae - The larval stages are mostly saprophagous, including rotting wood. 

Lyciella stylata Papp – Often on tree trunks and said to be associated with tree sap. 

Meiosimyza (=Lyciella) affinis (Zetterstedt) - Has been reared from a rotting birch stump. 

Peplomyza litura (Meigen)* - Reared from beneath bark of beech, ash and aspen, also rot 

hole on ash; previous rearing records from a withered crab apple leaf and a bird nest 

so not specific to this habitat. 

Sciomyzidae 

Pherbellia annulipes (Zetterstedt) - Nationally Scarce. Included as the larvae are predators 

of snails on deadwood and the adult is nearly always found in association with dead 

wood. 

Clusiidae - Larvae in rotten wood and fungi. Adults appear to prefer exposed, bare 

patches of sapwood on fallen trees and branches above a diameter of about 20cm. 

Females oviposit in cracks and crevices at broken branch ends, on smooth bark and 

among encrusting fungi. The larvae occur just below the surface in soft, decayed 

sapwood. 

Clusia flava (Meigen)* - In decaying timber of a wide variety of broadleaves. Widespread in 

Britain. 

Clusiodes (Clusiaria) apicalis (Zetterstedt) - Nationally Scarce. Associated with decaying 

wood of birch and aspen in Scottish Highlands; also reported in North Wales. 

Clusiodes (Clusiaria) geomyzinus (Fallén) - RDB3. Larvae probably develop in dead wood 

of pine. Mainly Speyside, plus Sutherland. 

Clusiodes (Clusiaria) ruficollis (Meigen) =facialis Collin - Larvae & pupae have been found 

under bark of recently felled hornbeam. Adults seen at beech. Rare species in southeast 

England; also known from a few northern Scottish localities. 

Clusiodes (Clusiodes) albimanus (Meigen)* - Has been reared from damp rotten ash and 

beech and probably also breeds in birch, usually in large logs and stumps. 

Widespread in Britain. 

Clusiodes (Clusiodes) caledonicus (Collin)* - Nationally Scarce. Larvae develop under 

loose bark of deadwood of pine. Scottish Highlands plus Rhum & Eigg. Ireland. 

Clusiodes (Clusiodes) gentilis (Collin)* - Has been reared from rotten willow and birch; 

usually in large logs or stumps. Also found on beech. Common in southern England; 

also Midlothian. 

Clusiodes (Columbiella) verticalis (Collin)* - Has been reared from rotten fallen small oak 

branch and birch. 

Heteromeringia nigrimana (Loew) - RDB1. Larvae probably develop in soft wood decay; 

known from six scattered localities across southern England. 

Paraclusia tigrina (Fallén) - RDB2. Larvae develop in decaying wood of broadleaved trees. 

Highly scattered across southern Britain. 

Acartophthalmidae 

Acartophthalmus bicolor Oldenberg* - RDB3. Widespread in southern England; adult often 

in numbers about decaying fruiting bodies, mainly of wood-decay fungi incl. 

Polyporus squamosus and a Mycena; also recorded at carrion. Larval biology 

unknown. 

Acartophthalmus nigrinus (Zetterstedt)* - In fungi on deadwood; Scotland, Herefordshire, 

New Forest, Knole Park, Co Wicklow, etc. Has been recorded in numbers attracted to 

Meripilus giganteus on beech. 

Odiniidae - Where the larval habits are known, they are all associated with wounded, dead 

or dying timber. Also mostly associated with the galleries of wood-boring beetles, 

114

ut some occur in galleries of Diptera and Lepidoptera. Saprophagous, or possibly 

feeding on frass or dead insects. 

Odinia betulae MacGowan & Rotheray – Adults found under brackets of birch polypore 

Piptoporus betulinus in Wester Ross. 

Odinia boletina (Zetterstedt)* - Larva probably develops in beetle borings in Polyporaceae, 

mainly Ganoderma, but also Fomes, Polyporus squamosus, Bjerkandera; females 

seen on underside of brackets, and also at sap run on horse chestnut. England & 

Ireland. 

Odinia hendeli Collin - RDB2. Has been found with larvae of the beetle Ischnomera in a 

decaying large elm. Only known from three sites across southern England. 

Odinia maculata (Meigen) - RDB3. Larvae associated with sappy workings of wood-boring 

beetle larvae and goat moth in oak, and adult has been found at a sap run on oak. Five 

localities across southern England. 

Odinia meijerei Collin - Nationally Scarce. Larvae are commensal in borings of the elm 

bark beetles Scolytus scolytus & S. multistriatus. Southern England. 

Odinia ornata (Zetterstedt) - RDB2. Known from spruce in USSR, although associated with 

birch woods in East Anglia. 

Odinia pomona Cogan - RDB1. Larvae reared from beneath bark on dead apple tree; 

Danbury, Essex (1964). 

Odinia xanthocera Collin* - RDB2. Larvae occur in second year galls of the beetle Saperda 

populnea in aspen and Salix stems, feeding on pre-pupae, pupae and pre-adults; 

Glengariff (Co Cork), Bernwood Forest (Oxfordshire) and Cobham (Surrey). 

Agromyzidae 

Hexomyza schineri (Giraud) - Forms twig galls on Populus nigra and P. tremula. 

Hexomyza simplicoides (Hendel) - Forms twig galls on Salix spp., especially S.caprea. 

Phytobia - All species are believed to feed in cambium of twigs or trunks of trees. 

Phytobia cambii (Hendel)* - The larva bores in the cambium of stems of Salix spp and aspen, 

pupating on the ground beneath; widespread. 

Phytobia carbonaria (Zetterstedt) - Bores in Rosaceae: Crataegus, Malus. Hertfordshire, 

Cambridgeshire, Cornwall, Dunbartonshire. 

Phytobia cerasiferae (Kangas) - The larva bores in stems of Prunus cerasifera, and pupates 

in early spring on the ground beneath. East Malling & Corsica. 

Phytobia errans (Meigen) - Host species unknown; Kent, Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire, 

Dunbartonshire. 

Anthomyzidae 

Fungomyza albimana (Meigen) - Has been recorded visiting various decaying fungi 

including some wood decay species; presumed to develop in fungi, unlike most other 

members of family which are higher plant feeders. 

Aulacigastridae 

Aulacigaster leucopeza (Meigen) - Nationally Scarce. Larvae feed on decomposing sap of 

sap-runs; adults can be fairly frequent at sap on horse chestnut, and were formerly so 

at elm before Dutch elm disease; also reported at yew and oak. Southern Britain and 

Scotland. 

Periscelididae - Larvae are said to develop in decomposing sap of tree wounds. 

Periscelis (Microperiscelis) annulata (Fallén) - Nationally Scarce. Larvae appear to develop 

in the fermenting sap of broadleaved trees, including beech, elm, ash and sycamore. 

Adults are usually found near to sap runs. Prefers old woods with post-mature trees; 

mostly in southern England. Also a few records from Edinburgh area and Perthshire 

where non-woodland trees involved. 

115

Periscelis (Microperiscelis) winnertzi Egger - RDB1. Reported at sap; larval biology 

unknown. New Forest, Wyre Forest & Moccas Park. 

Periscelis (Periscelis) nigra (Zetterstedt) - RDB1. Probably develops in sap runs, requires 

confirmation. Spey Valley & elsewhere in Scotland; Yorkshire. 

Asteiidae - Larvae in debris in hollow trees, etc. 

Asteia amoena Meigen* - Feeds at ivy blossom and sap; develops in wood detritus, in hollow 

trees, etc. 

Astiosoma rufifrons Duda - RDB2. Attracted to cold wood ash; may feed at sap. 

Leiomyza dudai Sabrosky - Has been reared from fungi, chiefly lignicolous. 

Leiomyza laevigata (Meigen)* - Breeds in fungi including those on deadwood, eg Pleurotus 

cornucopiae. 

Leiomyza scatophagina (Fallén)* - Breeds in various fungi, including Polyporus squamosus. 

Larvae have also been recorded from dried reed stems. 

Milichiidae 

Desmometopa palpalia (Wahlberg) - Reared from Cossus tree, Ulmus, at Barton Mills, 

Suffolk, in 1909. 

Madiza britannica Hennig - RDB2. Develops in wood detritus & rot holes; beech, sycamore, 

poplar and elm. 

Madiza pachymera Becker - RDB3. Previously confused with M. britannica. Most rearing in 

fact relate to this species, which is commoner than britannica. Develops in rotten 

wood of beech, birch and elm. Nine confirmed localities. 

Neophyllomyza acyglossa (Villeneuve) – RDBK. Widespread in southern England, 

especially frequent in Windsor and New Forests; adults usually found running about 

on oak foliage. A few northern Scottish records, where puparia have been found in 

moist decaying sapwood of birch. Only previous rearing record is from a birch water 

trough affected by wet rot in Russia, together with larvae of the fly Lonchaea 

limatula. 

Neophyllomyza leanderi Hendel - All specimens known are from New Forest. Biology 

unknown, but possibly deadwood associated if this is the regular habitat of 

N.acyglossa. 

Milichia ludens (Wahlberg) – RDBK. Associated with the tree-nesting ant Lasius fuliginosus. 

Phyllomyza donisthorpei Schmitz - Associated with the tree-nesting ant Lasius fuliginosus. 

Phyllomyza equitans (Hendel) - Associated with the tree-nesting ant Lasius fuliginosus. 

Phyllomyza longipalpis (Schmitz) - Biology unknown but most records are from old forest 

areas, especially Windsor and New Forests; adults running about on oak foliage; may 

be associated with tree-nesting ants, Lasius brunneus being a possibility at some sites. 

Carnidae 

Meoneura neottiophila Collin* - Has been reared from bird nests and from the terrestrial 

bolete Leccinum scabrum; adult males were found on caps of Pleurotus during survey 

of Ashridge, Hertfordshire. According to A. Godfrey (pers.comm.) it has been found 

on detritus below sap runs. 

Chloropidae 

Gaurax britannicus Deeming – RDBK. Reared from an elm log in Worcestershire; three 

other records from southern England. 

Gaurax dubius (Macquart) - Has been reared from birch polypore Piptoporus betulinus, and 

the adult has been found resting under brackets of Trametes and Bjerkandera. 

Gaurax fascipes Becker* - Reared from under bark in a dead branch; also recorded from 

Piptoporus and from bird nests. Widely distributed in England and Wales; present in 

Ireland. 

116

Lasiambia baliola (Collin) - Nationally Scarce. Associated with sap flows: adults may visit 

sap for feeding, and has been reared from sappy bark. 

Lasiambia brevibucca (Duda) - Nationally Scarce. Associated with sap flows and rot holes; 

adults may visit sap for feeding; has been reared from both rot-hole debris from sappy 

bark. Widespread in lowland England. 

Tricimba cincta (Meigen)* - Polyphagous in fungi including both wood decay (Bjerkandera 

& Chondrostereum) and terrestrial species (Russula). Common in Britain; only 

known in Ireland from Glengarriff, Co Cork. 

Heleomyzidae - Most are associated with nests of mammals or birds; the larvae of some 

species develop in rotting wood, while some Suillia spp breed in subterranean fungi. 

Neossus nidicola (Frey) - RDB3. Probably needs old hollow trees where it is associated with 

bird nests (barn owl & starling) or bat roosts (noctule); also in other dark, damp 

environments with the same hosts. Only three GB localities known. 

Neoleria ruficeps (Zetterstedt) - Polyphagous in fungi including some wood-decay species. 

Heteromyza oculata Fallén* - Has been reared from an unidentified lignicolous fungus. 

Tephrochlamys flavipes (Zetterstedt) - Polyphagous in fungi including some wood decay 

species. Also develops in bird nests and rot holes. 

Suillia atricornis (Meigen)* - Polyphagous in terrestrial agarics; also develops in Armillaria. 

Suillia bicolor (Zetterstedt)* - Polyphagous in fungi including some wood decay species. 

Suillia variegata (Loew)* - Polyphagous in fungi including some wood decay species. 

Chyromyidae - The larvae of some species develop in guano near the nests or roosting 

places of birds, in mammal burrows and under the bark of trees. 

Chyromya flava (Linnaeus)* - Common in Britain, developing in bird nests and wood 

detritus. 

Gymnochiromyia inermis (Collin) - In wood detritus or bird nests, and reared from rotten 

wood debris in a decaying elm. 

Sphaeroceridae - Some are associated with sap-runs or fungi, but possibly none 

specialising on old trees. 

Crumomyia roserii (Rondani)* - Has been reared from Armillaria mellea and other decay 

fungi. 

Apteromyia claviventris (Strobl) - Polyphagous in fungi including some wood decay species. 

Opalimosina denticulata (Duda) - On decaying tree fungi. 

Opalimosina mirabilis (Collin)* - On decaying fungi, especially tree fungi. 

Opalimosina simplex (Richards) - Decaying tree fungi. 

Phthitia (Kimosina) plumosula (Rondani) - Reported from a fungus-encrusted log; Knole, 

Windsor, Cliveden. 

Spelobia parapusio (Dahl) - Polyphagous in fungi including some wood decay species, eg 

Pleurotus. 

Sphaerocera curvipes Latreille* - In rotting tree fungi, including Polyporus squamosus. 

Drosophilidae - Chymomyza spp develop under bark on freshly dead timber. The adults 

are attracted to wood which has recently had its bark removed or has been freshly 

exposed, through physical damage, where they perform their courtship displays. 

Chymomyza costata (Zetterstedt) - Nationally Scarce. Widely in Scotland, where puparia 

found under bark of Picea and Pinus stumps; also reported from birch stumps; only a 

handful of southern English records. Adults attracted to tree sap and decaying fruit; 

also use Fomes brackets on birch as courtship sites (P.J. Chandler, pers.comm.). 

Chymomyza distincta Egger – RDBK. Adults have been found on cut ends of recently felled 

pine trunks. Possibly confined to Windsor Forest. 

117

Chymomyza fuscimana (Egger)* - Larvae develop in fermenting sap under bark, adults 

usually being found at cut ends of fresh logs and freshly broken ends, eg ash, beech 

and poplar. 

Drosophila (Dorsilopha) busckii Coquillett* - Has been reared from rot-hole debris, as well 

as woodland agarics, and decaying plant material generally, and the adult is attracted 

to fruit. Widely distributed and cosmopolitan. 

Drosophila (Drosophila) cameraria Haliday* - Polyphagous in decaying fungi and other 

decaying materials, including Laetiporus sulphureus as well as many terrestrial fungi. 

Drosophila (Drosophila) funebris (Fabricius) - Polyphagous in fungi including both wood 

decay and terrestrial species. 

Drosophila (Drosophila) histrio Duda - Polyphagous in fungi including some soft polypores: 

Meripilus and Grifola. 

Drosophila (Drosophila) immigrans Sturtevant* - Sap. 

Drosophila (Drosophila) kuntzei Duda - Has been reared from Polyporus and Auricularia. 

Drosophila (Drosophila) littoralis Meigen* - Has been reared from sap on a sycamore stump 

in Midlothian. 

Drosophila (Drosophila) phalerata Meigen* - Polyphagous in fungi including both wood 

decay and terrestrial species. 

Drosophila (Drosophila) transversa Fallén* - Polyphagous in fungi including both wood 

decay (Polyporus & Ustulina recorded) and terrestrial species. 

Drosophila (Hirtodrosophila) confusa Staeger - Adult flies have been taken on Polyporus 

squamosus on elm, and at fresh Ganoderma: often seen at rest beneath Ganoderma 

brackets among droplets of reddish moisture weeping from the spore-producing 

surface. 

Drosophila (Scaptodrosophila) deflexa Duda* - Associated with trees and shrubs in damp 

situations. 

Drosophila (Sophophora) obscura Fallén* - A widespread species, most often found in 

broadleaved woodlands and parks. Larvae have been found beneath sappy bark with 

yeast on elm and the fly has been reared from sappy stumps of Salix and sycamore 

sap. The fly is attracted to a wide range of sweet and decaying substances. 

Drosophila (Sophophora) subobscura Collin* - The natural breeding media are tree sap and 

fungus, but it has also been reared from diseased Iris root and fermenting oak galls of 

Biorrhiza pallida. Adults are attracted to a wide range of sweet and decaying 

materials. Common and widespread throughout Britain, in open as well as wooded 

country. 

Drosophila (Sophophora) subsilvestris Hardy & Kaneshiro* = silvestris Basden - 

Discovered, new to Science, in Scotland in 1951, but earlier material has subsequently 

been found in collections. Also in England & Ireland. Only found near trees and 

bushes, in woods, plantations, copses and occasionally in hedgerows, but most 

abundantly in broadleaved woodland. 

Drosophila (Sophophora) tristis Fallén* - Most often found in woodland and parkland, but 

also in unwooded terrain. It is attracted to a variety of tree saps and also decaying 

fruit. Uncommon. 

Amiota albilabris (Roth) - RDB2. Biology unrecorded, possibly similar habits to other 

members of genus. Only known from three localities. 

Amiota alboguttata (Wahlberg) - Nationally Scarce. Mainly a tree top species, the adults 

attracted to sap and decaying timber. Larvae have been reared from the gelatinous 

contents of atypical stromata of the fungus Daldinia concentrica growing on birch, 

alder, beech, oak, etc, (although strangely not reported from ash, which most 

commonly has Daldinia) and also D. vernicosa on gorse. 

118

Amiota basdeni Fonseca - RDB2. Known from only five British localities, four in the 

southeast, one in Yorkshire; thought to breed in fermenting tree sap. 

Amiota collini Beuk & Maca - Added to British list in 1995 from Chippenham Fen; also 

known from Ashridge, Hertfordshire. 

Amiota rufescens (Oldenberg) - Biology unrecorded, possibly similar habits to other members 

of genus. 

Amiota subtusradiata Duda – RDBK. Previously confused with A. alboguttata; known from 

a handful of sites across south-east England. Adults found on a fallen beech trunk 

with Daldinia. 

Amiota variegata (Fallén) - RDB1. Life history unknown, though adults have been found in 

large numbers at sap runs. New Forest speciality. 

Leucophenga maculata (Dufour)* - Has been reared from the fruiting bodies of many species 

of fungi, including Inonotus cuticularis on beech, Trametes, Meripilus, Hypoxylon, 

Ganoderma, Sarcodon, Polyporus and Pleurotus. Uncommon. 

Stegana coleoptrata (Scopoli)* - Nationally Scarce. The most widespread of genus in 

Britain, although less frequent than S. similis in the south. Several localities are birch 

woodland; also in mixed woodland; generally ancient woodlands. Taken from foliage, 

at sap, and on a fallen birch bearing Stereum fungus. Scottish sites mostly aspen, 

where has been reared from under bark of fallen trees; also developing in black fungal 

growth under lenticels on dead birch timber. In Ireland known from three very widely 

dispersed localities: Co Down, Killarney National Park and Co Cavan. 

Stegana hypoleuca Meigen – RDBK. Known from one birchwood in Perthshire, although 

reported on oak on the Continent. 

Stegana longifibula Okada - RDB3. Apparently southern and very local. Biology unknown. 

Stegana nigrithorax Strobl - Nationally Scarce. Principally found in beechwoods, around 

decaying logs and stumps; larvae develop in the fungus Hypoxylon fragiforme. 

Frequent in the south; also in Dumbarton and Cumbria. 

Stegana similis Laštovka & Máca* - Mixed woodland throughout south; around rotten wood. 

Nycteribiidae 

Basilia nana Theodor & Moscona - An external parasite of tree bats, eg Bechstein's. 

Nycteribia kolenatii Theodor & Moscona - An external parasite of tree-roosting bats, 

principally Daubenton's. 

Anthomyiidae 

Anthomyia procellaris Rondani - Has been reared from the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and 

from bird nests. 

Hylemya nigrimana (Meigen)* - May develop under bark; also in other habitats. 

Eustalomyia - Cuckoo parasites of crabronid wasp nests, probably all in deadwood; adults 

bask in sunshine on dead timber. 

Eustalomyia festiva (Zetterstedt)* - Associated with Ectemnius cavifrons and E. cephalotes, 

ovipositing into the entrance of the beetle exit holes in which the wasp is nesting; 

scarce, but widely in lowland England; northern and central Europe & N. America. 

Eustalomyia hilaris (Fallén) - RDB3. Throughout Europe; various London area, Hampstead 

Heath & Windsor Forest. Associated with sphecid wasps nesting in deadwood. 

Eustalomyia histrio (Zetterstedt) - Reared from nest holes of sphecids in deadwood. 

Uncommon; lowland England; northern and central Europe & N. America. 

Eustalomyia vittipes (Zetterstedt) - Nationally Scarce. S. England; northern and central 

Europe & N.America. Develops in sphecid nests in deadwood. 

Pegomya transversa (Fallén) - Larvae burrow in the fruiting bodies of the fungus 

Oudemansiella mucida on old beech trunks; has also been reared from O. radicata 

and Armillaria mellea agg. 

119

Fanniidae 

Fannia - Many of the rarer species have been obtained by rearing from bird nests and debris 

from bat roosts. 

Fannia aequilineata Ringdahl* - The larvae have been reared from wood detritus, from the 

fungi Inonotus dryadeus and Daldinia concentrica, and from blackbird nest; adults 

associated with sap-runs. 

Fannia difficilis (Stein) - Has been reared from sap runs, although also from bird nests and 

terrestrial fungi. 

Fannia gotlandica Ringdahl - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from detritus and litter 

collected from hollow bole of elm tree; also from beech. 

Fannia lineata (Stein) – RDBK. Nidicolous species; reared from rotten debris in tree; also 

from heron nest. 

Fannia manicata (Meigen)* - Polyphagous in fungi, including Laetiporus sulphureus, but 

mostly terrestrial agarics and boleti. 

Fannia monilis (Haliday)* - Has been reared from various fungi incl. Pleurotus and 

Polyporus squamosus, from decaying beech timber, and from decomposing leaf litter 

and detritus from a rotten oak tree; larvae also found in rotten bracken; and in house 

martin nests. The larva is believed to feed primarily on fungi. It has been suggested 

that it flourishes in a maritime, rather than a continental, climate. Britain & Co.Down. 

Fannia polychaeta (Stein)* - Has been reared from leaf-litter and detritus in a rotten tree 

stump. 

Fannia postica (Stein)* - Has been reared from a pupa found in a rotten oak stump. Generally 

distributed and frequent in Britain; also in Counties Down & Antrim. 

Fannia umbrosa (Stein)* - Has been reared from leaf-litter and detritus from rotten oak. 

Fannia vespertilionis Ringdahl - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from noctule 

droppings; Glos, Herefs, Brecons. 

Piezura boletorum (Rondani) – RDBK. Females have been reported visiting fungi on poplar 

trunks & elm stump; known from localities across south-east England. 

Piezura graminicola (Zett.)* – Associated with the fungus Coprinus micaceus on stumps and 

tree debris. 

Muscidae 

Hydrotaea lundbecki (Michelsen) – pRDB. Probably confined to areas of old beech 

woodland; reared from decaying wood in beech woods near Copenhagen, Denmark, 

and taken in Wytham Wood (1962) and Failand (1968). Males probably swarm 

aerially. 

Muscina levida (Harris)* =assimilis (Fallén) - Predatory larvae in many fungi, mostly 

terrestrial but also Polyporus, Pleurotus, Pluteus and Armillaria. 

Muscina stabulans (Fallén)* - Predatory larvae in wide range of substrates, only occasionally 

in fungi, but including Pleurotus. 

Potamia littoralis Robineau-Desvoidy =Dendrophaonia querceti (Bouché) - Rot-holes in 

elm; other habitats. 

Potamia setifemur (Stein) - RDB1. Has been reared from detritus collected in beech rot hole 

and in artificial rot hole containing beech sawdust; New Forest, Windsor, Wandlebury 

(Cambridgeshire). 

Mydaea maculiventris Zetterstedt =spinipes Karl - RDB3. Has been reared from the fungus 

Polyporus squamosus. 

Helina abdominalis (Zetterstedt)* - Nationally Scarce. Larvae in rot-holes in old or dead 

trees. Mainly southern Britain; also one Irish record, from Rostrevor Oakwood, Co. 

Down. 

120

Helina pertusa (Meigen)* - Larvae under the loose bark of decaying trees and in rot-holes, 

where they prey on other fly larvae; also reported from a bird nest in a dead willow 

branch. Midlands & south England, uncommon; Cos. Clare and Antrim. 

Helina pulchella (Ringdahl) - RDB3. Has been reared from the nest of a tawny owl. 

Helina subvittata (Séguy)* = rothi Ringdahl - Has been reared from larvae found beneath 

poplar bark. 

Phaonia - The larvae of various species can occur under bark, though not exclusive to dead 

wood habitats; there are also more specific deadwood species the larvae of which are 

predators: 

Phaonia canescens Stein - RDB3. Has been reared from under bark, in rotten wood and from 

fungi; south Britain. 

Phaonia cincta (Zetterstedt)* - Develops in sap runs of broad-leaved trees, especially elm and 

horse chestnut, where larvae prey upon those of lonchaeid, clusiid and Mycetobia 

pallipes flies; also from wet, rotten fungus-ridden wood within trunk base of large old 

live beech, and from damp tree humus from rot-hole in large live sycamore; south 

Britain & Ireland. 

Phaonia exoleta (Meigen)* - RDB3. Develops in water holes in old trees: elm, ash, beech, 

horse chestnut, sycamore; its larva swims actively and feeds on mosquito larvae. 

England & Scotland. 

Phaonia gobertii (Mik)* - Larva found under sodden bark, especially elm and poplar, where 

it preys on lonchaeid and clusiid fly larvae; it also develops in woodland leaf-litter 

and fungi; widespread in Britain but very localised to older woods. 

Phaonia laeta (Fallén) = trigonalis (Meigen) - RDB3. Develops in sap-runs on birch, horse 

chestnut and oak, including trees with goat moth Cossus; has been reared from pupa 

in birch rot-hole; southern Britain, but also reared from spruce in Tayside. 

Phaonia mystica (Meigen)* = vittifera (Zetterstedt) - Has been reared from a rotten log. 

Phaonia pallida (Fabricius)* - Has been reared from terrestrial fungi and rotten wood in 

woodland; common and widespread in Britain and Ireland. 

Phaonia palpata (Stein)* - Has been reared from wood mould and rotten wood in damp 

shady woodland; wide-ranging but localised over most of Britain and Ireland. 

Phaonia pratensis (Robineau-Desvoidy) - Nationally Scarce. Has been reared from larvae in 

sap exuding from birch; south Britain. 

Phaonia rufiventris (Scopoli)* = populi Meigen - Has been reared from fungi and dead or 

dying trees; widespread and fairly common throughout Britain and Ireland. 

Phaonia serva (Meigen)* - Has been reared from larvae found beneath poplar bark; in 

wooded or at least well-treed areas. Wide ranging and fairly common in Britain and 

Ireland. 

Phaonia subventa (Harris)* =variegata (Meigen) - Develops in mostly terrestrial fungi; also 

rotten wood, including conifers. Widespread and common in woods. 

Calliphoridae 

Bellardia bayeri (Jacentkovský) - A parasitoid of earthworms living in rotten wood, reared in 

Scotland and adults collected at two English sites: Mark Ash in New Forest, and 

Buckingham Palace Gardens. 

Rhinophoridae 

Melanophora roralis (Linnaeus)* - Parasitic on woodlice in deadwood. 

Paykullia maculata (Fallén)* - Parasitic on woodlice under loose bark on deadwood; adult 

runs actively over surface of tree trunks. 

Rhinophora lepida (Meigen)* - Parasitic on woodlice in deadwood. 

121

Sarcophagidae - Cleptoparasites in crabronid wasp nests and on other insects. 

Amobia signata (Meigen) - Develops in nests of sphecid wasps, mainly wood-nesting species, 

but also nests of potter wasps and solitary bees. 

Macronychia polyodon (Meigen)* - RDB3. Specialist parasite of deadwood-nesting sphecid 

wasps. 

Macronychia striginervis (Zetterstedt) - Nationally Scarce. Specialist parasite of deadwoodnesting 

sphecid wasps. 

Oebalia cylindrica (Fallén) - Associated with wasps such as Crossocerus. 

Oebalia minuta (Fallén) =rufitarsis (Meigen) 

Tachinidae - All tachinids are parasitoids, their larvae developing within other arthropods, 

predominantly other insects. The majority attack Lepidoptera larvae. Admontia are 

specialist parasitoids of Tipulidae larvae. 

Billaea irrorata (Meigen) - A specialist parasitoid on Saperda populnea beetle larvae in 

timber galls; may also use other Cerambycidae or clearwing moth larvae as hosts. 

Over-winters as a larva within the host, killing it in the spring and pupating inside the 

gallery. Most localities are woodlands. Known from S. England & Edinburgh. 

Admontia blanda (Fallén) - Only host records are from Continent and include Tipula 

hortorum. First instar larva very sensitive to drying out and has little mobility, so egg 

probably laid directly on the host in moist conditions. Widespread across Britain. 

Admontia maculisquama (Zetterstedt) - Parasitic on crane fly larvae in deadwood. Tipula 

irrorata, T. meigeni and T. lunata. Widespread across Britain. 

Admontia seria (Meigen) - RDB2. Associated with ancient semi-natural woodlands in 

Southern England, where a parasitoid on saproxylic crane flies: Ctenophora 

bimaculata, Tipula flavolineata and T. irrorata. 

Xylotachina diluta (Meigen) - RDB1. Specific parasitoid on goat moth larvae in timber. 

Pupation occurs in host gallery. Rare; southern England. 

Elodia ambulatoria (Meigen) - RDB3. Specialised parasitoid of Tineid moth larvae, mainly 

Morophaga choragella, developing in bracket fungi. S & SE England. 

Loewia phaeoptera (Meigen) - Parasitic on centipedes in deadwood. 

Phytomyptera cingulata (Robineau-Desvoidy) - Chiefly parasitic on microlepidoptera larvae 

in rotting wood, fungi or lichens. Widely across Britain. 

Leskia aurea (Fallén) - RDB1. Eggs laid on bark of trees infested with wood-boring 

clearwing moth larvae, first instar larva searches for host gallery. Over-winters as 

second instar in the host, pupating in host gallery. Recorded near Romsey, Hants in 

1928. 

Triarthria setipennis (Fallén)* - Parasitic on earwigs in deadwood. 

Siphonaptera – Fleas 

Ischnopsyllus elongatus (Curtis) - A flea on noctules. 

Ischnopsyllus intermedius (Rothschild) - A flea on serotine, noctule & Leisler's bats. 

Nycteridopsylla eusarca Dampf - A flea of noctule. 

122

4. Acknowledgements 

The author is very grateful to English Nature for publishing this work in their Research 

Reports series. Roger Key and Jonathan Webb have been instrumental in taking this to 

fruition. 

Many invertebrate specialists have helped this project reach the present stage, in providing 

advice as well as information. Special thanks are due to: 

PJ Chandler and A Godfrey for the considerable help that they have provided with regard to 

Diptera, and also to CE Dyte and I.Perry; Mark Shaw, for helpful advise with non-aculeate 

Hymenoptera; MW Storey for help with fungal information; AE Stubbs for his constructive 

comments throughout the lengthy process of compilation and verification; and more latterly 

to Roger Key and Oliver Cheeseman for the encouragement to make the irretrievable step of 

publication. 

Particular thanks are due to Hazel Horton for dealing with the final formating and for 

compiling the Index. 

123

5. References 

General 

ALEXANDER, K.N.A., 1995. Historic parks and pasture-woodlands: the National Trust 

resource and its conservation. In: DJ Bullock & HJ Harvey, eds. The National Trust and 

nature conservation: 100 years on. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1995 56 

(Suppl.): 155-175. 

WHITEHEAD, P.F. 1986. An avid collector of beetles. The Coleopterist’s Newsletter No.25: 

4. 

Hymenoptera 

ASKEW, R.R. 1968. Hymenoptera 2.Chalcidoidea Section b, Handb.Ident.Br.Insects VIII 

(2b). 

ASKEW, R.R. 1992a. Pteromalidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea) new to Britain, with records of 

other uncommon species. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 128: 81-84. 

ASKEW, R.R. 1992b. An English record of Neochalcis fertoni (Kieffer)(Hym., 

Chalcididae).. Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 128: 164. 

ASKEW, R.R., & SHAW, M.R. 2001. An annotated list of Macromesus Walker and a British 

host record for M. amphiretus Walker (Hym., Pteromalidae). Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 137: 

227-231. 

FERGUSSON, N.D.M. 1986. Charipidae, Ibaliidae & Figitidae (Hymenoptera Cynipoidea), 

Handb.Ident.Br.Insects VIII (1c). 

FERRIERE, C., & KERRICH, G.J. 1958. Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, 

Handb.Ident.Br.Insects VIII (2a). 

FITTON, M.G., SHAW, M.R. & GAULD, I.D. 1988. Pimpline Ichneumon-flies. 

Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae (Pimplinae), Handb.Ident.Br.Insects VII (1). 

GRAHAM, M.W.R. de V. 1969. The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe (Hymenoptera: 

Chalcidoidea). Bull. Brit. Museum (Natural History) Entomology Supplement 16. 

GRAHAM, M.W.R. de V. 1991. Revision of the western European species of Ericydnus 

Haliday (Hym., Encyrtidae), including one species new to Science. Entomologist’s mon. 

Mag., 127: 177-189. 

GRAHAM, M.W.R. de V. 1993. Revision of European species of the genera Trigonoderus 

Westwood and Plutothrix Förster (Hym., Pteromalidae). Entomologist’s mon. Mag, 129: 107- 

118. 

124

NIXON, G.E.J. 1957. Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea. Diapriidae subfamily Belytinae, 

Handb.Ident.Br.Insects VIII (3dii). 

NIXON, G.E.J.,1980, Diapriidae (Diaprinae) Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea, 

Handb.Ident.Br.Insects VIII (3di). 

O’CONNOR, J.P., NASH, R., & VAN ACHTERBERG, C. 1999. A Catalogue of the Irish 

Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Occ.Publ.Ir.biogeog. Soc. No.4. 

QUINLAN, J. 1978. Hymenoptera Cynipoidea Eucoilidae, Handb.Ident.Br.Insects VIII (1b). 

SHAW, M.R. 1995. Observations on the adult behaviour and biology of Histeromerus 

mystacinus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The Entomologist 114 (1): 1-13. 

SHAW, M.R. 1999. Rearing records of two species of Cenocoelius Haliday from Britain 

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Cenocoeliinae). Entomologist’s Gazette 50: 283-286. 

SHAW, M.R. 2000. Two species of Coeloides (Hym., Braconidae, Braconinae) new to 

Britain, with notes on congeners. Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 136: 137-140. 

SHAW, M.R. & HUDDLESTON, T. 1991. Classification and biology of Braconid wasps 

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Handb.Ident.Br.Insects VII (11). 

SHAW, M.R. & QUICKE, D.L.J. 1999. The British genera of Braconinae (Hym., 

Braconidae). Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 135: 95-101. 

125

6. Index 

Abdera affinis ...............................................................57 

Abdera biflexuosa .........................................................57 

Abdera flexuosa ............................................................57 

Abdera quadrifasciata ..................................................57 

Abdera triguttata ..........................................................57 

Abiastothrips schaubergeri...........................................20 

Ablaxia anaxenor..........................................................82 

Ablaxia megachlora......................................................82 

Ablaxia parviclava........................................................82 

Ablaxia squamifera.......................................................82 

Ablaxia temporalis........................................................82 

Abraeus granulum ........................................................26 

Abraeus perpusillus ......................................................26 

Acalles ..........................................................................70 

Acalles misellus ............................................................70 

Acalles ptinoides...........................................................71 

Acalles roboris..............................................................71 

Acanosema nervosa ......................................................83 

Acanosema reitteri........................................................83 

Acanthocinus aedilis.....................................................68 

Acanthothrips nodicornis..............................................20 

Acari .............................................................................18 

Acartophthalmidae......................................................114 

Acartophthalmus bicolor ............................................114 

Acartophthalmus nigrinus...........................................114 

Achalcus melanotrichus..............................................104 

Achyrolimonia decemmaculata.....................................90 

Acmaeops collaris.........................................................64 

Acnemia amoena...........................................................95 

Acnemia nitidicollis ......................................................95 

Acrantus vittatus ...........................................................71 

Acrocormus semifasciatus ............................................81 

Acrulia inflata...............................................................29 

Aculeata........................................................................83 

Aderidae .......................................................................63 

Aderus brevicornis........................................................63 

Aderus oculatus ............................................................63 

Aderus populneus..........................................................63 

Admontia blanda.........................................................122 

Admontia maculisquama.............................................122 

Admontia seria............................................................122 

Aedes geniculatus .........................................................99 

Aeletes atomarius..........................................................26 

Afrephialtes cicatricosa ................................................76 

Agathidium arcticum.....................................................28 

Agathidium badium.......................................................28 

Agathidium confusum ...................................................28 

Agathidium nigrinum....................................................28 

Agathidium nigripenne .................................................28 

Agathidium rotundatum................................................28 

Agathidium seminulum .................................................28 

Agathidium varians.......................................................28 

Agathomyia.................................................................106 

Agathomyia antennata ................................................106 

Agathomyia cinerea....................................................106 

Agathomyia collini......................................................106 

Agathomyia elegantula ...............................................106 

Agathomyia falleni......................................................106 

Agathomyia lundbecki.................................................106 

Agathomyia unicolor...................................................106 

Agathomyia viduella ...................................................106 

Agathomyia wankowiczii ............................................106 

126 

Agathomyia woodella..................................................106 

Agelenidae ....................................................................18 

Aggelma spiracularis....................................................82 

Agrilus angustulus ........................................................38 

Agrilus biguttatus..........................................................38 

Agrilus laticornis ..........................................................38 

Agrilus olivicolor ..........................................................38 

Agrilus sinuatus ............................................................38 

Agrilus sulcicollis .........................................................38 

Agrilus viridis ...............................................................38 

Agromyzidae...............................................................115 

Alabonia geoffrella .......................................................24 

Allochernes wideri ........................................................17 

Allocotocera pulchella..................................................95 

Allodia grata.................................................................92 

Allodia lugens ...............................................................92 

Allodia ornaticollis .......................................................92 

Alosterna tabacicolor....................................................65 

Alphitobius diaperinus..................................................60 

Alphitobius laevigatus...................................................60 

Alphitophagus bifasciatus.............................................60 

Amarochara bonnairei..................................................35 

Amaurobiidae................................................................18 

Amaurobius fenestralis .................................................18 

Amiota albilabris ........................................................118 

Amiota alboguttata......................................................118 

Amiota basdeni ...........................................................119 

Amiota collini..............................................................119 

Amiota rufescens.........................................................119 

Amiota subtusradiata..................................................119 

Amiota variegata.........................................................119 

Amobia signata ...........................................................122 

Ampedus balteatus ........................................................40 

Ampedus cardinalis.......................................................40 

Ampedus cinnabarinus..................................................40 

Ampedus elongantulus ..................................................40 

Ampedus nigerrimus .....................................................40 

Ampedus nigrinus .........................................................40 

Ampedus pomonae ........................................................40 

Ampedus pomorum........................................................40 

Ampedus quercicola......................................................40 

Ampedus ruficeps..........................................................40 

Ampedus rufipennis.......................................................40 

Ampedus sanguineus.....................................................41 

Ampedus sanguinolentus...............................................41 

Ampedus tristis..............................................................41 

Amphicyllis globus........................................................28 

Amphotis marginata......................................................48 

Anaglyptus mysticus......................................................67 

Anaspis..........................................................................63 

Anaspis bohemica .........................................................63 

Anaspis costai ...............................................................63 

Anaspis fasciata ............................................................63 

Anaspis frontalis ...........................................................63 

Anaspis garneysi ...........................................................63 

Anaspis lurida...............................................................63 

Anaspis maculata..........................................................63 

Anaspis melanostoma....................................................63 

Anaspis pulicaria ..........................................................63 

Anaspis regimbarti........................................................63 

Anaspis rufilabris..........................................................63 

Anaspis septentrionalis .................................................63

Anaspis thoracica .........................................................64 

Anatella.........................................................................92 

Anatella alpina .............................................................93 

Anatella ankeli..............................................................93 

Anatella bremia ............................................................93 

Anatella ciliata .............................................................93 

Anatella dampfi.............................................................93 

Anatella emergens ........................................................93 

Anatella flavomaculata.................................................93 

Anatella lenis ................................................................93 

Anatella longisetosa......................................................93 

Anatella minuta.............................................................93 

Anatella pseudogibba ...................................................93 

Anatella simpatica ........................................................93 

Anatella turi..................................................................93 

Anatella unguigera .......................................................93 

Aneurus avenius............................................................19 

Aneurus laevis...............................................................19 

Anevrina .....................................................................107 

Anisopodidae................................................................99 

Anisotoma castanea......................................................28 

Anisotoma glabra..........................................................28 

Anisotoma humeralis ....................................................28 

Anisotoma orbicularis...................................................28 

Anisoxya fuscula ...........................................................57 

Anitys rubens ................................................................45 

Annelida .......................................................................16 

Anobiidae......................................................................43 

Anobiidae: Ptininae ......................................................45 

Anobium inexpectatum..................................................44 

Anobium punctatum......................................................44 

Anomognathus cuspidatus ............................................33 

Anopheles plumbeus .....................................................99 

Anoplodera ...................................................................65 

Anthaxia nitidula ..........................................................37 

Anthaxia quadripunctata ..............................................38 

Anthocomus fasciatus ...................................................48 

Anthomyia procellaris.................................................119 

Anthomyiidae .............................................................119 

Anthomyzidae.............................................................115 

Anthophora furcata.......................................................88 

Anthophoridae ..............................................................88 

Anthribidae ...................................................................68 

Aphanogmus fasciipennis .............................................83 

Apidae...........................................................................88 

Apiloscatopse flavicollis ...............................................99 

Apiloscatopse scutellata ...............................................99 

Apis mellifera mellifera ................................................88 

Aplocnemus impressus..................................................47 

Aplocnemus nigricornis................................................47 

Apolephthisa subincana................................................92 

Apomyelois bistriatella .................................................25 

Aprionus .......................................................................97 

Aprionus acutus ............................................................97 

Aprionus flavidus..........................................................97 

Aprionus halteratus ......................................................97 

Aprionus miki................................................................97 

Aprionus spiniger..........................................................97 

Apteromyia claviventris ..............................................117 

Aradidae .......................................................................19 

Aradus aterrimus ..........................................................19 

Aradus betulae..............................................................19 

Aradus cinnamomeus....................................................19 

Aradus corticalis...........................................................19 

Aradus depressus..........................................................19 

Araneae.........................................................................18 

Araneidae......................................................................18 

127 

Archinemapogon yildizae..............................................22 

Arhopalus rusticus ........................................................64 

Arhopalus tristis............................................................64 

Aromia moschata ..........................................................67 

Asemum striatum...........................................................64 

Asilidae.......................................................................102 

Asobara tabida..............................................................79 

Aspidiphorus orbiculatus..............................................48 

Asteia amoena.............................................................116 

Asteiidae .....................................................................116 

Astichus arithmeticus....................................................82 

Astichus solutus.............................................................82 

Astiosoma rufifrons.....................................................116 

Asynapta magdalini ......................................................97 

Asynapta populina ........................................................97 

Atheta autumnalis .........................................................34 

Atheta boletophila.........................................................34 

Atheta consanguinea.....................................................34 

Atheta hansseni.............................................................34 

Atheta hybrida...............................................................34 

Atheta laevicauda .........................................................34 

Atheta liturata...............................................................34 

Atheta picipes................................................................34 

Atheta pilicornis............................................................34 

Atheta subglabra...........................................................34 

Atheta taxiceroides........................................................34 

Atlantoraphidia maculicollis.........................................21 

Atomaria badia .............................................................52 

Atomaria lohsei.............................................................52 

Atomaria morio.............................................................52 

Atomaria procerula.......................................................52 

Atomaria pulchra..........................................................52 

Atomaria puncticollis....................................................52 

Atomaria umbrina.........................................................52 

Atrecus affinis ...............................................................30 

Atrichopogon oedemerarum .......................................100 

Atrichopogon pavidus .................................................100 

Atrichopogon winnertzi...............................................100 

Atypophthalmus inustus ................................................90 

Aulacidae ......................................................................79 

Aulacigaster leucopeza ...............................................115 

Aulacigastridae ...........................................................115 

Aulacus striatus.............................................................79 

Aulonium trisulcum.......................................................59 

Aulonothroscus brevicollis............................................39 

Auplopus carbonarius...................................................85 

Austrolimnophila ochracea...........................................90 

Autalia impressa ...........................................................34 

Autalia longicornis........................................................34 

Axinotarsus marginalis .................................................47 

Axinotarsus ruficollis....................................................47 

Basilia nana................................................................119 

Batia lunaris .................................................................24 

Batia unitella.................................................................24 

Batrisodes adnexus .......................................................36 

Batrisodes delaporti......................................................36 

Batrisodes venustus.......................................................36 

Batrisus formicarius......................................................36 

Bellardia bayeri ..........................................................121 

Bembidion harpaloides .................................................25 

Bethylidae .....................................................................83 

Bibionidae.....................................................................90 

Bibloporus bicolor ........................................................35 

Bibloporus minutus.......................................................35 

Billaea irrorata...........................................................122 

Biphyllidae....................................................................52 

Biphyllus lunatus...........................................................52

Bitoma crenata .............................................................59 

Blaniulidae....................................................................17 

Blera fallax .................................................................108 

Boletina trivittata..........................................................92 

Bolitochara bella ..........................................................33 

Bolitochara lucida ........................................................34 

Bolitochara mulsanti.....................................................34 

Bolitochara obliqua......................................................34 

Bolitochara pulchra......................................................34 

Bolitochara reyi............................................................34 

Bolitophagus reticulatus...............................................60 

Bolitophila (Bolitophila) cinerea..................................91 

Bolitophila (Bolitophila) saundersii .............................91 

Bolitophila (Bolitophila) tenella...................................91 

Bolitophila (Cliopisa) occlusa .....................................91 

Bolitophila (Cliopisa) hybrida......................................91 

Bolitophila (Cliopisa) maculipennis .............................91 

Bolitophila (Cliopisa) pseudohybrida...........................91 

Bolitophilidae ...............................................................91 

Bolopus furcatus.........................................................107 

Bostrichidae..................................................................43 

Bostrichus capucinus....................................................43 

Brachineura quercina...................................................98 

Brachygeophilus truncorum..........................................17 

Brachyneurina peniophorae .........................................98 

Brachyopa bicolor ......................................................108 

Brachyopa insensilis...................................................108 

Brachyopa pilosa........................................................108 

Brachyopa scutellaris .................................................108 

Brachypalpoides lentus...............................................108 

Brachypalpus laphriformis .........................................108 

Brachypeza armata.......................................................93 

Brachypeza bisignata....................................................93 

Brachypeza radiata.......................................................93 

Brachyserphus parvulus ...............................................83 

Bracon ..........................................................................78 

Bracon caudatus ...........................................................78 

Bracon ratzeburgi.........................................................78 

Braconidae....................................................................77 

Braconidae: Alysiinae...................................................79 

Braconidae: Braconinae................................................77 

Braconidae: Cenocoeliinae ...........................................79 

Braconidae: Doryctinae ................................................77 

Braconidae: Helconinae................................................78 

Braconidae: Histeromerinae..........................................78 

Braconidae: Meteorinae................................................79 

Braconidae: Rogadinae.................................................78 

Bradysia confinis ..........................................................96 

Bradysia fungicola........................................................96 

Brittenia fraxinicola......................................................97 

Bryomyia bergrothi.......................................................97 

Bryophaenocladius ictericus.......................................100 

Buprestidae ...................................................................37 

Caenoscelis sibirica......................................................51 

Calambus bipustulatus..................................................39 

Caliprobola speciosa..................................................108 

Callicera.....................................................................108 

Callicera aurata..........................................................108 

Callicera rufa .............................................................108 

Callicera spinolae.......................................................108 

Callidium violaceum.....................................................67 

Calliphoridae ..............................................................121 

Callomyia ...................................................................106 

Callomyia amoena......................................................106 

Callomyia dives ..........................................................106 

Callomyia elegans ......................................................106 

Callomyia speciosa.....................................................107 

128 

Calosota aestivalis........................................................82 

Calosotinae ...................................................................82 

Camptodiplosis auriculariae.........................................98 

Camptomyia multinoda.................................................97 

Campylomyza flavipes ..................................................97 

Canestrinia dorcicola ...................................................19 

Canestriniidae ...............................................................19 

Cantharidae...................................................................42 

Carabidae ......................................................................25 

Cardiastethus fasciiventris............................................19 

Cardiophorus gramineus ..............................................41 

Cardiophorus ruficollis.................................................41 

Carnidae......................................................................116 

Carpophilus sexpustulatus............................................48 

Cartodere constricta .....................................................53 

Caulotrupodes aeneopiceus ..........................................70 

Cecidomyia harrisi........................................................98 

Cecidomyia magna........................................................98 

Cecidomyia pini ............................................................98 

Cecidomyia sarae .........................................................98 

Cecidomyiidae ..............................................................97 

Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae ....................................98 

Cecidomyiidae: Porricondylinae...................................97 

Cenocoelius aartseni.....................................................79 

Cenocoelius analis........................................................79 

Cephalonomia formiciformis ........................................83 

Cephalonomia hammi ...................................................83 

Cephidae .......................................................................74 

Cerambycidae ...............................................................64 

Cerambyx cerdo............................................................66 

Cerambyx scopolii ........................................................66 

Ceraphronidae...............................................................83 

Ceraphronoidea.............................................................83 

Ceratopogonidae .........................................................100 

Cerocephala cornigera .................................................80 

Cerocephala rufa ..........................................................80 

Cerocephalinae..............................................................80 

Cerophytidae.................................................................38 

Cerophytum elateroides................................................38 

Cerotelion striatum.......................................................91 

Cerylon fagi ..................................................................53 

Cerylon ferrugineum.....................................................53 

Cerylon histeroides.......................................................53 

Cerylonidae...................................................................53 

Chalcididae ...................................................................80 

Chalcidoidea .................................................................80 

Chalcosyrphus eunotus ...............................................109 

Chalcosyrphus nemorum.............................................109 

Cheiropachus................................................................81 

Cheiropachus quadrum.................................................81 

Chelostoma campanularum ..........................................88 

Chelostoma florisomne .................................................88 

Chernes cimicoides .......................................................17 

Chilopoda......................................................................17 

Chironomidae..............................................................100 

Chloropidae.................................................................116 

Choerades gilvus.........................................................102 

Choerades marginatus................................................102 

Choragus sheppardi......................................................69 

Chorisops nagatomii...................................................101 

Chorisops tibialis........................................................101 

Chremylus.....................................................................78 

Chrysanthia nigricornis................................................61 

Chrysididae ...................................................................83 

Chrysis schencki ...........................................................83 

Chrysogona gracillima .................................................84 

Chrysomelidae ..............................................................68

Chrysopilus laetus ......................................................101 

Chrysura radians..........................................................84 

Chyliza annulipes........................................................111 

Chyliza leptogaster .....................................................111 

Chyliza nova ...............................................................111 

Chymomyza costata ....................................................117 

Chymomyza distincta..................................................117 

Chymomyza fuscimana ...............................................118 

Chyromya flava...........................................................117 

Chyromyidae ..............................................................117 

Cicones undatus............................................................59 

Cicones variegata .........................................................59 

Ciidae............................................................................55 

Cimicidae......................................................................19 

Cis alni..........................................................................55 

Cis bidentatus ...............................................................55 

Cis bilamellatus ............................................................55 

Cis boleti.......................................................................55 

Cis coluber....................................................................55 

Cis dentatus ..................................................................55 

Cis fagi..........................................................................55 

Cis festivus....................................................................56 

Cis hispidus...................................................................56 

Cis jacquemarti.............................................................56 

Cis lineatocribratus ......................................................56 

Cis micans.....................................................................56 

Cis nitidus.....................................................................56 

Cis punctulatus .............................................................56 

Cis pygmaeus................................................................56 

Cis setiger.....................................................................56 

Cis vestitus....................................................................56 

Clambidae.....................................................................36 

Clambus nigriclavis......................................................36 

Clambus pallidulus .......................................................36 

Clambus punctulum ......................................................36 

Cleonymus laticornis ....................................................80 

Cleonymus obscurus .....................................................80 

Cleridae.........................................................................46 

Clusiidae.....................................................................114 

Clusiodes (Clusiaria) geomyzinus .............................114 

Clusiodes (Clusiaria) ruficollis..................................114 

Clusiodes (Clusiaria) apicalis ....................................114 

Clusiodes (Clusiodes) albimanus................................114 

Clusiodes (Clusiodes) caledonicus .............................114 

Clusiodes (Clusiodes) gentilis.....................................114 

Clusiodes (Columbiella) verticalis..............................114 

Clytus arietis.................................................................67 

Coboldia fuscipes..........................................................99 

Coeloides ......................................................................78 

Coeloides abdominalis..................................................78 

Coeloides filiformis.......................................................78 

Coeloides melanotus.....................................................78 

Coeloides scolyticida....................................................78 

Coeloides sordidator.....................................................78 

Coelosia tenella ............................................................92 

Coleoptera.....................................................................25 

Collembola....................................................................19 

Colydiidae.....................................................................59 

Colydium elongatum.....................................................59 

Conopalpus testaceus ...................................................58 

Corticaria alleni ...........................................................54 

Corticaria dubia ...........................................................54 

Corticaria fagi ..............................................................54 

Corticaria linearis ........................................................54 

Corticaria longicollis....................................................54 

Corticaria polypori.......................................................54 

Corticeus bicolor ..........................................................60 

129 

Corticeus fraxini ...........................................................60 

Corticeus linearis..........................................................60 

Corticeus unicolor ........................................................60 

Corylophidae.................................................................53 

Corynoptera abblanda ..................................................96 

Corynoptera blanda......................................................96 

Corynoptera minima .....................................................96 

Coryphium angusticolle................................................30 

Cosmopterigidae ...........................................................24 

Cossidae........................................................................21 

Cossonus linearis..........................................................70 

Cossonus parallelepipedus ...........................................70 

Cossus cossus................................................................21 

Craneflies......................................................................88 

Cratominae....................................................................82 

Cratomus megacephalus...............................................82 

Cratyna egertoni...........................................................96 

Cratyna falcifera...........................................................96 

Cratyna keilini ..............................................................96 

Cratyna nobilis .............................................................96 

Cratyna pernitida..........................................................96 

Cratyna schineri ...........................................................96 

Cremastus spectator......................................................77 

Cricellius.......................................................................82 

Cricellius gracilis .........................................................82 

Cricellius repandus.......................................................82 

Criorhina asilica.........................................................109 

Criorhina berberina....................................................109 

Criorhina floccosa ......................................................109 

Crossocerus annulipes..................................................85 

Crossocerus binotatus...................................................85 

Crossocerus cetratus.....................................................85 

Crossocerus dimidiatus.................................................85 

Crossocerus distinguendus ...........................................85 

Crossocerus leucostoma ...............................................85 

Crossocerus megacephalus...........................................86 

Crossocerus podagricus................................................86 

Crossocerus vagabundus ..............................................86 

Crossocerus walkeri......................................................86 

Crumomyia roserii......................................................117 

Crustacea: Copepoda ....................................................16 

Cryphalus abietis ..........................................................72 

Cryphalus asperatus .....................................................72 

Cryptarcha strigata.......................................................48 

Cryptarcha undata........................................................48 

Cryptocephalus querceti ...............................................68 

Cryptolestes confusus....................................................50 

Cryptolestes duplicatus.................................................50 

Cryptolestes ferrugineus ...............................................50 

Cryptolestes spartii.......................................................50 

Cryptophagidae.............................................................51 

Cryptophagidae: Atomariinae .......................................51 

Cryptophagus................................................................51 

Cryptophagus acuminatus.............................................51 

Cryptophagus angustus.................................................51 

Cryptophagus confusus.................................................51 

Cryptophagus corticinus...............................................51 

Cryptophagus dentatus .................................................51 

Cryptophagus falcozi ....................................................51 

Cryptophagus fallax......................................................51 

Cryptophagus intermedius ............................................51 

Cryptophagus labilis.....................................................51 

Cryptophagus micaceus................................................51 

Cryptophagus pallidus..................................................51 

Cryptophagus ruficornis ...............................................51 

Cryptophagus scanicus .................................................51 

Cryptorhynchus lapathi ................................................70

Cryptothrips nigripes....................................................20 

Crypturgus subcribrosus...............................................72 

Ctenophora (Cnemoncosis) ornata...............................88 

Ctenophora (Ctenophora) flaveolata............................88 

Ctenophora (Ctenophora) pectinicornis.......................88 

Ctenosciara hyalipennis ...............................................96 

Ctesias serra .................................................................43 

Cubocephalus brevicornis ............................................77 

Cucujidae......................................................................50 

Culicidae.......................................................................99 

Culicoides chiopterus .................................................100 

Culicoides fagineus.....................................................100 

Culicoides obsoletus ...................................................100 

Culicoides riethi..........................................................100 

Culicoides scoticus .....................................................100 

Culicoides truncorum .................................................100 

Curculionidae................................................................69 

Cyanostolus aeneus ......................................................50 

Cydia corollana ............................................................25 

Cydia leguminana.........................................................25 

Cylindrinotus laevioctostriatus.....................................61 

Cylindroiulus britannicus .............................................17 

Cylindroiulus parisiorum..............................................17 

Cylindroiulus punctatus................................................17 

Cynipoidea....................................................................79 

Cypha imitator..............................................................32 

Cypha seminulum..........................................................32 

Cyphea curtula .............................................................33 

Dacne bipustulata.........................................................52 

Dacne rufifrons.............................................................52 

Dadobia immersa..........................................................34 

Dafa formosella ............................................................24 

Dasiops perpropinquus...............................................112 

Dasiops spatiosus .......................................................112 

Dasyhelea flavifrons ...................................................100 

Dasyhelea versicolor ..................................................100 

Dasytes aeratus.............................................................47 

Dasytes niger ................................................................47 

Dasytes plumbeus .........................................................47 

Dasytes puncticollis......................................................47 

Dendrobaena octaedra .................................................16 

Dendrochernes cyrneus ................................................17 

Dendroctonus micans ...................................................73 

Dendrodrilus rubidus....................................................16 

Dendrophagus crenatus................................................50 

Dendrophilus punctatus................................................26 

Dendrosoter protuberans..............................................77 

Denisia albimaculea .....................................................24 

Denticollis linearis........................................................39 

Dermestidae ..................................................................42 

Desmometopa palpalia ...............................................116 

Deuteroxorides elevator ...............................................76 

Dexiogyia corticina ......................................................35 

Diacanthous undulatus .................................................39 

Diadocidia ferruginosa.................................................91 

Diadocidia spinosula....................................................91 

Diadocidia valida .........................................................91 

Diadocidiidae................................................................91 

Diaperus boleti .............................................................60 

Diapriidae: Belytinae ....................................................83 

Diapriidae: Diapriinae...................................................83 

Diazosma hirtipenne.....................................................98 

Dictenidia bimaculata...................................................88 

Dictyoptera aurora .......................................................41 

Dienerella elongata ......................................................54 

Dienerella separanda ...................................................54 

Dimophora robusta.......................................................77 

130 

Dinaraea aequata .........................................................34 

Dinaraea linearis..........................................................34 

Dinotiscus .....................................................................81 

Dinotiscus aponius........................................................81 

Dinotiscus colon ...........................................................81 

Dinotiscus eupterus.......................................................81 

Dinotoides tenebricus ...................................................82 

Diospilus ephippium .....................................................78 

Diplocoelus fagi............................................................52 

Diplodoma herminata ...................................................22 

Diplopoda .....................................................................16 

Dipogon bifasciatus ......................................................84 

Dipogon subintermedius ...............................................84 

Dipogon variegatus.......................................................85 

Diptera ..........................................................................88 

Discobola annulata.......................................................90 

Ditomyia fasciata..........................................................91 

Ditomyiidae ..................................................................91 

Docosia fuscipes ...........................................................92 

Docosia gilvipes............................................................92 

Docosia sciarina...........................................................92 

Dolichomitus agnoscendus ...........................................75 

Dolichomitus diversicostae...........................................75 

Dolichomitus imperator................................................75 

Dolichomitus mesocentrus ............................................75 

Dolichomitus messor.....................................................75 

Dolichomitus populneus................................................75 

Dolichomitus pterelas ...................................................75 

Dolichomitus terebrans.................................................75 

Dolichomitus tuberculatus............................................75 

Dolichopodidae...........................................................104 

Dorcatoma ambjoerni...................................................45 

Dorcatoma chrysomelina..............................................45 

Dorcatoma dresdensis ..................................................45 

Dorcatoma flavicornis ..................................................45 

Dorcatoma serra...........................................................45 

Dorcus parallelepipedus...............................................37 

Doryctes leucogaster ....................................................77 

Doryctes pomarius........................................................77 

Doryctes striatellus .......................................................77 

Drapetis ......................................................................103 

Drapetis arcuata.........................................................103 

Drapetis assimilis .......................................................103 

Drapetis simulans .......................................................103 

Dromaeolus barnabita..................................................39 

Dromius agilis...............................................................25 

Dromius angustus .........................................................25 

Dromius meridionalis ...................................................25 

Dromius quadrimaculatus.............................................25 

Dromius quadrisignatus................................................25 

Dromius spilotus...........................................................25 

Dropephylla ..................................................................29 

Dropephylla devillei......................................................30 

Dropephylla gracilicornis.............................................29 

Dropephylla heeri .........................................................30 

Dropephylla ioptera......................................................30 

Dropephylla vilis...........................................................30 

Drosophila (Dorsilopha) busckii ................................118 

Drosophila (Drosophila) cameraria ...........................118 

Drosophila (Drosophila) funebris...............................118 

Drosophila (Drosophila) histrio .................................118 

Drosophila (Drosophila) immigrans...........................118 

Drosophila (Drosophila) kuntzei ................................118 

Drosophila (Drosophila) littoralis..............................118 

Drosophila (Drosophila) phalerata ............................118 

Drosophila (Drosophila) transversa...........................118 

Drosophila (Hirtodrosophila) confusa........................118

Drosophila (Scaptodrosophila) deflexa ......................118 

Drosophila (Sophophora) obscura .............................118 

Drosophila (Sophophora) subobscura........................118 

Drosophila (Sophophora) subsilvestris.......................118 

Drosophila (Sophophora) tristis.................................118 

Drosophilidae..............................................................117 

Dryocoetes alni.............................................................72 

Dryocoetes autographus...............................................72 

Dryocoetes villosus.......................................................72 

Dryodromya testacea..................................................104 

Dryophilus pusillus.......................................................44 

Dryophthorus corticalis................................................69 

Dufouriellus ater...........................................................20 

Dynatosoma cochleare .................................................93 

Dynatosoma fuscicorne.................................................93 

Dynatosoma nigromaculatum.......................................93 

Dynatosoma norwegiense.............................................93 

Dysderidae....................................................................18 

Dystebenna stephensi....................................................25 

Ebaeus pedicularius......................................................47 

Ectaetia christii.............................................................99 

Ectaetia clavipes...........................................................99 

Ectaetia lignicola..........................................................99 

Ectemnius borealis........................................................86 

Ectemnius cavifrons......................................................86 

Ectemnius cephalotes....................................................86 

Ectemnius continuus .....................................................86 

Ectemnius dives ............................................................86 

Ectemnius lapidarius ....................................................86 

Ectemnius lituratus .......................................................86 

Ectemnius ruficornis.....................................................86 

Ectemnius sexcinctus ....................................................87 

Ectrepesthoneura hirta .................................................92 

Elater ferrugineus.........................................................41 

Elateridae......................................................................39 

Eledona agricola ..........................................................60 

Elodia ambulatoria.....................................................122 

Empididae...................................................................104 

Empids........................................................................102 

Endomychidae ..............................................................53 

Endomychobius endomychi...........................................82 

Endomychus coccineus .................................................53 

Endophloeus markovichianus .......................................59 

Enicmus brevicornis .....................................................53 

Enicmus fungicola ........................................................53 

Enicmus rugosus...........................................................53 

Enicmus testaceus.........................................................53 

Ennearthron cornutum..................................................56 

Entedon ergias..............................................................83 

Ephialtes manifestator..................................................75 

Epicypta aterrima .........................................................93 

Epidapus atomarius......................................................96 

Epierus comptus............................................................27 

Epiphanus cornutus ......................................................38 

Epiphragma ocellare ....................................................90 

Epuraea aestiva ............................................................48 

Epuraea angustula........................................................48 

Epuraea biguttata .........................................................48 

Epuraea binotata ..........................................................48 

Epuraea distincta..........................................................49 

Epuraea fuscicollis .......................................................49 

Epuraea guttata ............................................................49 

Epuraea limbata ...........................................................49 

Epuraea longula ...........................................................49 

Epuraea marseuli..........................................................49 

Epuraea melanocephala ...............................................49 

Epuraea melina.............................................................49 

131 

Epuraea neglecta ..........................................................49 

Epuraea pallescens.......................................................49 

Epuraea rufomarginata ................................................49 

Epuraea silacea ............................................................49 

Epuraea terminalis........................................................49 

Epuraea thoracica ........................................................49 

Epuraea unicolor ..........................................................49 

Epuraea variegata ........................................................49 

Eremotes elongatus.......................................................70 

Eremotes punctulatus....................................................70 

Eremotes strangulatus ..................................................70 

Ernobius abietis ............................................................44 

Ernobius angusticollis ..................................................44 

Ernobius gigas ..............................................................44 

Ernobius mollis.............................................................44 

Ernobius nigrinus .........................................................44 

Ernobius pini.................................................................44 

Ernoporus caucasicus...................................................72 

Ernoporus fagi ..............................................................72 

Ernoporus tiliae............................................................72 

Erotylidae......................................................................52 

Esperia oliviella............................................................24 

Esperia sulphurella.......................................................24 

Eucinetidae ...................................................................36 

Eucinetus meridionalis..................................................36 

Euclemensia woodiella .................................................24 

Eucnemidae...................................................................38 

Eucnemis capucina .......................................................39 

Eucoilidae .....................................................................79 

Euconnus pragensis ......................................................29 

Eulagius filicornis.........................................................55 

Eulophidae ....................................................................82 

Eumenidae ....................................................................85 

Euophryum confine.......................................................69 

Euophryum rufum .........................................................69 

Eupachygaster tarsalis................................................102 

Euplectus bescidicus.....................................................35 

Euplectus bonvouloiri rosae .........................................35 

Euplectus brunneus.......................................................36 

Euplectus fauveli...........................................................36 

Euplectus infirmus ........................................................36 

Euplectus kirbyi ............................................................36 

Euplectus nanus............................................................36 

Euplectus piceus ...........................................................36 

Euplectus punctatus ......................................................36 

Eurytoma arctica ..........................................................80 

Eurytoma nodularis ......................................................80 

Eurytomidae..................................................................80 

Euryusa optabilis ..........................................................33 

Euryusa sinuata ............................................................33 

Eustalomyia ................................................................119 

Eustalomyia festiva.....................................................119 

Eustalomyia hilaris.....................................................119 

Eustalomyia histrio.....................................................119 

Eustalomyia vittipes....................................................119 

Eutheia formicetorum ...................................................28 

Eutheia linearis.............................................................28 

Euthyneura albipennis ................................................103 

Euthyneura gyllenhali.................................................103 

Euthyneura halidayi....................................................103 

Euthyneura inermis.....................................................103 

Euthyneura myricae....................................................103 

Euthyneura myrtilli.....................................................103 

Euzophera pinguis ........................................................25 

Evanioidea ....................................................................79 

Exechia bicincta............................................................93 

Exechia fusca ................................................................93

Exechia lucidula ...........................................................93 

Exechia macula.............................................................93 

Exechia parva ...............................................................93 

Exechia repanda ...........................................................93 

Fannia.........................................................................120 

Fannia aequilineata....................................................120 

Fannia difficilis...........................................................120 

Fannia gotlandica.......................................................120 

Fannia lineata.............................................................120 

Fannia monilis............................................................120 

Fannia polychaeta ......................................................120 

Fannia postica ............................................................120 

Fannia umbrosa..........................................................120 

Fannia vespertilionis ..................................................120 

Fanniidae ....................................................................120 

Ferdinandea cuprea....................................................109 

Ferdinandea ruficornis...............................................109 

Forcipomyia - .............................................................100 

Forcipomyia bipunctata..............................................100 

Forcipomyia brevipennis ............................................100 

Forcipomyia ciliata ....................................................100 

Forcipomyia costata ...................................................100 

Forcipomyia eques......................................................100 

Forcipomyia fuliginosa...............................................100 

Forcipomyia kaltenbachii...........................................100 

Forcipomyia monilicornis...........................................100 

Forcipomyia pulchrithorax.........................................100 

Forcipomyia rugosa....................................................100 

Forcipomyia sphagnophila.........................................100 

Formicidae....................................................................84 

Fungomyza albimana..................................................115 

Fungus Gnats ................................................................91 

Gabrius splendidulus....................................................31 

Gastrallus immarginatus ..............................................44 

Gaurax britannicus.....................................................116 

Gaurax dubius ............................................................116 

Gaurax fascipes ..........................................................116 

Geophilidae...................................................................17 

Glischrochilus hortensis ...............................................48 

Glischrochilus quadriguttatus ......................................48 

Glischrochilus quadripunctatus....................................48 

Globicornis rufitarsis....................................................42 

Glyptotendipes glaucus...............................................100 

Gnathoncus buyssoni....................................................26 

Gnathoncus nannetensis ...............................................26 

Gnathoncus nanus ........................................................26 

Gnathoncus schmidti.....................................................26 

Gnophomyia elsneri......................................................89 

Gnophomyia viridipennis..............................................89 

Gnorimus nobilis ..........................................................37 

Gnorimus variabilis......................................................37 

Gonodera luperus .........................................................61 

Gracilia minuta.............................................................66 

Grammoptera holomelina.............................................65 

Grammoptera ruficornis...............................................65 

Grammoptera ustulata..................................................65 

Grammoptera variegata ...............................................65 

Gregorzekia collaris .....................................................92 

Grynobius planus..........................................................44 

Gymnochiromyia inermis............................................117 

Gyrophaena ..................................................................32 

Gyrophaena affinis .......................................................32 

Gyrophaena angustata..................................................32 

Gyrophaena bihamata ..................................................32 

Gyrophaena congrua....................................................32 

Gyrophaena fasciata.....................................................32 

Gyrophaena gentilis......................................................32 

132 

Gyrophaena joyi ...........................................................32 

Gyrophaena latissima ...................................................32 

Gyrophaena lucidula ....................................................32 

Gyrophaena minima......................................................32 

Gyrophaena munsteri....................................................33 

Gyrophaena nana .........................................................33 

Gyrophaena poweri ......................................................33 

Gyrophaena pseudonana ..............................................33 

Gyrophaena pulchella...................................................33 

Gyrophaena rousi .........................................................33 

Gyrophaena strictula ....................................................33 

Habritys brevicornis .....................................................82 

Hadrobregmus denticollis.............................................45 

Hallomenus binotatus ...................................................56 

Hammerschmidtia ferruginea .....................................109 

Hapalaraea pygmaea....................................................30 

Haploglossa gentilis......................................................35 

Haplothrips flavitibia....................................................20 

Haplothrips fuliginosus.................................................20 

Haplothrips minutus......................................................20 

Haplothrips subtilissimus..............................................20 

Harpactea hombergi .....................................................18 

Hecabolus sulcatus .......................................................77 

Hedobia (Ptinomorphus) imperialis..............................43 

Helcon tardator.............................................................78 

Helconidea annulicornis...............................................78 

Helconidea dentator......................................................78 

Helconidea ruspator .....................................................78 

Heleomyzidae .............................................................117 

Helina abdominalis.....................................................120 

Helina pertusa.............................................................121 

Helina pulchella..........................................................121 

Helina subvittata.........................................................121 

Helops caeruleus...........................................................61 

Hemicoelus fulvicornis..................................................44 

Hemicoelus nitidus........................................................44 

Hemicrepidius hirtus.....................................................39 

Hemiptera .....................................................................19 

Henoticus serratus ........................................................51 

Hercostomus nigrilamellatus ......................................104 

Hercostomus nigriplantis............................................104 

Heriades truncorum......................................................88 

Hesperophanes fasciculatus..........................................66 

Heteromeringia nigrimana .........................................114 

Heteromyza oculata ....................................................117 

Heteropeza pygmaea.....................................................97 

Heteropezula tenuis ......................................................97 

Hexomyza schineri......................................................115 

Hexomyza simplicoides...............................................115 

Hilara lurida...............................................................104 

Histeridae......................................................................26 

Histeromerus.................................................................78 

Histeromerus mystacinus..............................................78 

Holcaeus .......................................................................82 

Holcaeus calligetus.......................................................82 

Holcaeus compressus....................................................82 

Holcaeus gogasus .........................................................82 

Holcaeus stenogaster....................................................82 

Holcaeus stylatus ..........................................................82 

Holcaeus varro .............................................................82 

Holobus (Oligota) apicatus...........................................32 

Holoneurus pini ............................................................98 

Holoplagia richardsi.....................................................99 

Holoplagia transversalis...............................................99 

Homalocephala albitarsis...........................................113 

Homalocephala biumbrata .........................................113 

Homalota plana ............................................................33

Hoplandrothrips bidens................................................20 

Hoplothrips corticis......................................................20 

Hoplothrips fungi..........................................................20 

Hoplothrips longisetis...................................................20 

Hoplothrips pedicularius ..............................................20 

Hoplothrips polysticti ...................................................21 

Hoplothrips semicaecus................................................21 

Hoplothrips ulmi...........................................................21 

Hoplothrips unicolor.....................................................21 

Hormopeza obliterata.................................................104 

Hybotidae....................................................................103 

Hydrotaea lundbecki...................................................120 

Hylastes angustatus ......................................................71 

Hylastes ater.................................................................71 

Hylastes attenuatus.......................................................71 

Hylastes brunneus.........................................................71 

Hylastes cunicularius....................................................71 

Hylastes opacus ............................................................71 

Hylecoetus dermestoides...............................................45 

Hylemya nigrimana ....................................................119 

Hylesinus crenatus........................................................71 

Hylesinus oleiperda ......................................................71 

Hylesinus orni...............................................................71 

Hylesinus varius............................................................71 

Hylis cariniceps ............................................................38 

Hylis olexai...................................................................38 

Hylobius abietis ............................................................69 

Hylotrupes bajulus........................................................67 

Hylurgops palliatus ......................................................71 

Hymenoptera ................................................................74 

Hypebaeus flavipes .......................................................47 

Hypsicera curvator .......................................................77 

Hypulus quercinus ........................................................58 

Ibalia leucospoides .......................................................79 

Ibalia rufipes.................................................................79 

Ibaliidae: Ibaliinae ........................................................79 

Ichneumonidae..............................................................74 

Ichneumonidae: Banchinae...........................................77 

Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae...................................77 

Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae........................................77 

Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae..........................................77 

Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae....................................77 

Ichneumonidae: Phygadeuontinae ................................77 

Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae............................................74 

Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae......................................77 

Ichneumonidae: Xoridinae............................................76 

Ichneumonoidea............................................................74 

Idolothripinae................................................................20 

Ips acuminatus..............................................................73 

Ips cembrae...................................................................73 

Ips sexdentatus..............................................................73 

Ips typographus ............................................................73 

Ischnoceros caligatus ...................................................76 

Ischnoceros rusticus .....................................................76 

Ischnodes sanguinicollis...............................................41 

Ischnoglossa obscura....................................................35 

Ischnoglossa prolixa.....................................................35 

Ischnoglossa turcica .....................................................35 

Ischnomera caerulea.....................................................61 

Ischnomera cinerascens................................................62 

Ischnomera cyanea .......................................................62 

Ischnomera sanguinicollis ............................................62 

Ischnopsyllus elongatus..............................................122 

Ischnopsyllus intermedius...........................................122 

Isorhipis melasoides .....................................................39 

Janssoniella ambigua ...................................................81 

Janssoniella caudata.....................................................81 

133 

Janus femoratus ............................................................74 

Judolia cerambyciformis...............................................65 

Judolia sexmaculata......................................................65 

Julidae...........................................................................17 

Kaleva corynocera........................................................82 

Karpinskiella pityophthori ............................................82 

Keroplatidae..................................................................91 

Keroplatus testaceus .....................................................91 

Kissophagus hederae ....................................................71 

Kleidotoma dolichocera................................................79 

Kleidotoma elegans.......................................................79 

Korynetes caeruleus......................................................47 

Lacon querceus.............................................................39 

Laemophloeidae............................................................50 

Laemophloeus monilis ..................................................50 

Lamia textor..................................................................67 

Lamprochernes chyzeri.................................................17 

Langelandia anophthalma ............................................59 

Laphria flava...............................................................102 

Lasiambia baliola .......................................................117 

Lasiambia brevibucca.................................................117 

Lasius brunneus............................................................84 

Lasius fuliginosus .........................................................84 

Lasius umbratus............................................................84 

Lathridiidae...................................................................53 

Lathridius consimilis.....................................................53 

Lauxaniidae.................................................................114 

Leia bilineata................................................................92 

Leiodidae ......................................................................27 

Leiomyza dudai...........................................................116 

Leiomyza laevigata .....................................................116 

Leiomyza scatophagina...............................................116 

Leiopus nebulosus.........................................................68 

Lepidoptera...................................................................21 

Lepthyphantes leprosus.................................................18 

Lepthyphantes midas.....................................................18 

Lepthyphantes minutus..................................................18 

Leptomorphus walkeri ..................................................95 

Leptopeza flavipes.......................................................103 

Leptosciarella rejecta ...................................................96 

Leptosciarella scutellata...............................................96 

Leptosciarella trochanterata.........................................96 

Leptosciarella viatica....................................................96 

Leptosyna nervosa ........................................................97 

Leptothorax acervorum.................................................84 

Leptothorax nylanderi...................................................84 

Leptura fulva.................................................................65 

Leptura rubra................................................................65 

Leptura sanguinolenta ..................................................65 

Leptura scutellata .........................................................65 

Leptura sexguttata ........................................................65 

Leptusa fumida..............................................................33 

Leptusa norvegica.........................................................33 

Leptusa pulchella..........................................................33 

Leskia aurea................................................................122 

Lestica clypeata ............................................................86 

Lestodiplosis fascipennis...............................................98 

Lestodiplosis polypori...................................................98 

Lestremia cinerea .........................................................97 

Lestremia leucophaea ...................................................97 

Lestricus secalis............................................................79 

Leucophenga maculata ...............................................119 

Limacidae .....................................................................16 

Limax cinereoniger.......................................................16 

Limax tenellus...............................................................16 

Limonia phragmitidis....................................................90 

Limoniidae....................................................................89

Limoniscus violaceus....................................................39 

Linyphiidae...................................................................18 

Liotryphon ....................................................................75 

Lipsothrix ecucullata ....................................................90 

Lipsothrix errans ..........................................................90 

Lipsothrix nervosa ........................................................90 

Lipsothrix nigristigma...................................................90 

Lipsothrix remota..........................................................90 

Lissodema cursor..........................................................62 

Lissodema denticolle.....................................................62 

Lissonota distincta........................................................77 

Litargus connexus.........................................................54 

Lithobiidae....................................................................17 

Lithobius variegatus .....................................................17 

Loewia phaeoptera .....................................................122 

Lonchaea affinis..........................................................112 

Lonchaea albitarsis ....................................................112 

Lonchaea britteni........................................................112 

Lonchaea bukowskii....................................................112 

Lonchaea caledonica..................................................112 

Lonchaea caucasica....................................................112 

Lonchaea collini .........................................................112 

Lonchaea contigua......................................................112 

Lonchaea contraria ....................................................112 

Lonchaea corusca.......................................................112 

Lonchaea fraxina........................................................112 

Lonchaea fugax...........................................................112 

Lonchaea hackmani....................................................112 

Lonchaea hirticeps......................................................112 

Lonchaea laticornis ....................................................112 

Lonchaea laxa.............................................................112 

Lonchaea limatula ......................................................112 

Lonchaea mallochi......................................................112 

Lonchaea nitens..........................................................112 

Lonchaea obscuritarsis...............................................113 

Lonchaea palposa.......................................................113 

Lonchaea patens.........................................................113 

Lonchaea peregrina....................................................113 

Lonchaea postica........................................................113 

Lonchaea ragnari .......................................................113 

Lonchaea scutellaris...................................................113 

Lonchaea serrata........................................................113 

Lonchaea sylvatica .....................................................113 

Lonchaea ultima .........................................................113 

Lonchaea zetterstedti ..................................................113 

Lonchaeidae................................................................112 

Loricula elegantula.......................................................20 

Loricula pselaphiformis................................................20 

Lucanidae......................................................................36 

Lucanus cervus .............................................................36 

Lycidae .........................................................................41 

Lyciella stylata............................................................114 

Lycoriella ingenua........................................................96 

Lycoriella lundstroemi..................................................96 

Lyctus brunneus............................................................43 

Lyctus cavicollis............................................................43 

Lyctus linearis...............................................................43 

Lyctus planicollis..........................................................43 

Lyctus sinensis ..............................................................43 

Lymantor coryli ............................................................72 

Lymexylidae .................................................................45 

Lymexylon navale .........................................................46 

Lype phaeopa................................................................21 

Lype reducta .................................................................21 

Macrocera anglica........................................................92 

Macrocera angulata .....................................................92 

Macrocera aterrima......................................................92 

134 

Macrocera centralis......................................................92 

Macrocera parva ..........................................................92 

Macrocera stigma .........................................................92 

Macrocera stigmoides...................................................92 

Macrocera vittata .........................................................92 

Macromesinae...............................................................80 

Macromesus amphiretus ...............................................80 

Macronychia polyodon ...............................................122 

Macronychia striginervis ............................................122 

Macrorrhyncha flava ....................................................91 

Macrorrhyncha rostrata ...............................................92 

Madiza britannica.......................................................116 

Madiza pachymera......................................................116 

Magdalis .......................................................................69 

Magdalis armigera........................................................69 

Magdalis barbicornis....................................................69 

Magdalis carbonaria ....................................................69 

Magdalis cerasi.............................................................69 

Magdalis duplicata .......................................................69 

Magdalis memnonia......................................................69 

Magdalis phlegmatica...................................................69 

Magdalis ruficornis.......................................................69 

Malachius aeneus .........................................................47 

Malachius bipustulatus .................................................48 

Mallota cimbiciformis.................................................109 

Malthinus balteatus.......................................................42 

Malthinus frontalis........................................................42 

Malthinus punctatus......................................................42 

Malthinus seriepunctatus..............................................42 

Malthodes crassicornis .................................................42 

Malthodes dispar ..........................................................42 

Malthodes fibulatus.......................................................42 

Malthodes flavoguttatus................................................42 

Malthodes fuscus...........................................................42 

Malthodes guttifer.........................................................42 

Malthodes marginatus ..................................................42 

Malthodes maurus.........................................................42 

Malthodes minimus .......................................................42 

Malthodes mysticus.......................................................42 

Malthodes pumilus........................................................42 

Manota unifurcata ........................................................92 

Mastigusa arietina ........................................................18 

Mastigusa macrophthalma............................................18 

Medetera .....................................................................104 

Medetera abstrusa ......................................................104 

Medetera ambigua ......................................................104 

Medetera bispinosa.....................................................104 

Medetera borealis.......................................................104 

Medetera cuspidata.....................................................104 

Medetera dendrobaena ...............................................104 

Medetera diadema ......................................................104 

Medetera excellens......................................................104 

Medetera fasciata .......................................................104 

Medetera flavipes........................................................105 

Medetera freyi.............................................................105 

Medetera impigra .......................................................105 

Medetera infumata......................................................105 

Medetera inspissata ....................................................105 

Medetera jacula ..........................................................105 

Medetera jugalis .........................................................105 

Medetera melancholica...............................................105 

Medetera micacea.......................................................105 

Medetera muralis........................................................105 

Medetera nitida...........................................................105 

Medetera obscura .......................................................105 

Medetera oscillans......................................................105 

Medetera pallipes .......................................................105

Medetera parenti ........................................................105 

Medetera petrophila ...................................................105 

Medetera petrophiloides.............................................105 

Medetera pinicola.......................................................105 

Medetera saxatilis.......................................................105 

Medetera setiventris....................................................105 

Medetera striata..........................................................105 

Medetera tristis...........................................................105 

Medetera truncorum ...................................................105 

Medetera unisetosa.....................................................105 

Medetera veles............................................................105 

Megachile ligniseca......................................................88 

Megachile versicolor ....................................................88 

Megachilidae ................................................................88 

Megalothrips bonannii..................................................20 

Megamerina dolium....................................................111 

Megamerinidae ...........................................................111 

Megapenthes lugens......................................................41 

Megarthrus hemipterus.................................................29 

Megaselia....................................................................107 

Megaselia cinereifrons ...............................................107 

Megaselia frameata ....................................................107 

Megaselia halterata....................................................107 

Megaselia hyalipennis ................................................107 

Megaselia maura ........................................................107 

Megaselia obscuripennis ............................................107 

Megaselia rubella .......................................................107 

Megaselia wickenensis................................................107 

Megathrips nobilis........................................................20 

Megatoma undata .........................................................43 

Meiosimyza .................................................................114 

Melandrya barbata .......................................................58 

Melandrya caraboides..................................................58 

Melandryidae ................................................................56 

Melanophila acuminata ................................................37 

Melanophora roralis...................................................121 

Melanophthalma suturalis ............................................54 

Melanotus villosus ........................................................41 

Melasis buprestoides.....................................................38 

Melyridae......................................................................47 

Meoneura neottiophila................................................116 

Mesites tardii ................................................................70 

Mesosa nebulosa...........................................................67 

Meta menardi................................................................18 

Metacolus azureus ........................................................81 

Metalimnobia bifasciata ...............................................90 

Metalimnobia quadrimaculata......................................90 

Meteorus .......................................................................79 

Meteorus obfuscatus .....................................................79 

Meteorus profligator.....................................................79 

Meteorus tabidus ..........................................................79 

Metidae.........................................................................18 

Metoecus paradoxus .....................................................58 

Metriocnemus albolineatus.........................................101 

Metriocnemus martinii................................................101 

Miastor castaneae.........................................................98 

Miastor metraloas.........................................................98 

Micrambe bimaculata...................................................51 

Micridium halidaii........................................................27 

Microdon analis..........................................................109 

Microdynerus exilis ......................................................85 

Micropezidae ..............................................................111 

Microphysidae ..............................................................20 

Microrhagus pygmaeus.................................................38 

Microsania..................................................................107 

Microsania collarti .....................................................107 

Microsania pallipes ....................................................107 

135 

Microsania pectipennis...............................................107 

Microsania straeleni ...................................................107 

Microsania vrydaghi...................................................107 

Microscydmus minimus.................................................29 

Microscydmus nanus.....................................................29 

Milichia ludens ...........................................................116 

Milichiidae..................................................................116 

Mimumesa dahlbomi.....................................................87 

Miscogasterinae ............................................................80 

Mollusca .......................................................................16 

Molorchus minor...........................................................66 

Molorchus umbellatarum..............................................66 

Monardia magna...........................................................97 

Monardia stirpium ........................................................97 

Monardia ulmaria.........................................................97 

Monoclona rufilatera....................................................95 

Monopis fenestratella....................................................23 

Moraria arboricola.......................................................16 

Mordellidae...................................................................58 

Mordellistena humeralis ...............................................58 

Mordellistena neuwaldeggiana.....................................58 

Mordellochroa abdominalis..........................................58 

Morophaga choragella .................................................22 

Muscidae.....................................................................120 

Muscina levida............................................................120 

Muscina stabulans ......................................................120 

Myathropa florea ........................................................109 

Mycetaulus bipunctatus...............................................113 

Mycetobia gemella........................................................99 

Mycetobia obscura........................................................99 

Mycetobia pallipes........................................................99 

Mycetobiidae ................................................................99 

Mycetochara humeralis.................................................61 

Mycetophagidae............................................................54 

Mycetophagus atomarius ..............................................54 

Mycetophagus fulvicollis...............................................54 

Mycetophagus multipunctatus.......................................54 

Mycetophagus piceus....................................................54 

Mycetophagus populi....................................................55 

Mycetophagus quadriguttatus.......................................55 

Mycetophagus quadripustulatus ...................................55 

Mycetophila cingulum...................................................94 

Mycetophila dentata......................................................94 

Mycetophila forcipata...................................................94 

Mycetophila formosa ....................................................94 

Mycetophila fraterna ....................................................94 

Mycetophila fungorum..................................................94 

Mycetophila luctuosa....................................................94 

Mycetophila lunata .......................................................94 

Mycetophila marginata.................................................94 

Mycetophila ocellus ......................................................94 

Mycetophila ornata.......................................................94 

Mycetophila pictula ......................................................94 

Mycetophila pumila ......................................................94 

Mycetophila sepulta......................................................94 

Mycetophila spectabilis.................................................94 

Mycetophila strigatoides...............................................94 

Mycetophila tridentata..................................................94 

Mycetophila trinotata....................................................94 

Mycetophila vittipes......................................................94 

Mycetophilidae: Gnoristinae.........................................92 

Mycetophilidae: Leiinae ...............................................92 

Mycetophilidae: Manotinae ..........................................92 

Mycetophilidae: Mycetophilinae ..................................92 

Mycetophilidae: Mycomyinae ......................................95 

Mycetophilidae: Sciophilinae........................................95 

Mycomya annulata........................................................95

Mycomya cinerascens...................................................95 

Mycomya griseovittata..................................................95 

Mycomya insignis .........................................................95 

Mycomya marginata .....................................................95 

Mycomya occultans ......................................................95 

Mycomya prominens.....................................................95 

Mycomya sigma ............................................................95 

Mycomya trivittata........................................................95 

Mycomya tumida...........................................................95 

Mycomya wankowiczii ..................................................95 

Mycomya winnertzi.......................................................95 

Mydaea maculiventris.................................................120 

Myennis octopunctata.................................................113 

Myolepta dubia ...........................................................110 

Myolepta potens..........................................................110 

Myrmedobia coleoptrata...............................................20 

Nacerdes melanura.......................................................61 

Nathrius brevipennis.....................................................66 

Nemadus colonoides .....................................................28 

Nemapogon clematella .................................................22 

Nemapogon cloacella ...................................................22 

Nemapogon granella.....................................................22 

Nemapogon inconditella...............................................22 

Nemapogon picarella....................................................22 

Nemapogon ruricolella.................................................22 

Nemapogon variatella...................................................22 

Nemapogon wolffiella...................................................22 

Nemasoma varicorne ....................................................17 

Nemasomatidae.............................................................17 

Nemaxera betulinella....................................................23 

Nemeritis caudatula......................................................77 

Nemozoma elongatum...................................................46 

Neochalcis fertoni.........................................................80 

Neoempheria bimaculata..............................................95 

Neoempheria lineola.....................................................95 

Neoempheria pictipennis ..............................................95 

Neoempheria striata .....................................................95 

Neoempheria winnertzi.................................................95 

Neoleria ruficeps ........................................................117 

Neolimonia dumetorum.................................................90 

Neopachygaster meromelas........................................102 

Neophyllomyza acyglossa...........................................116 

Neophyllomyza leanderi .............................................116 

Neossus nidicola .........................................................117 

Neuraphes plicicollis ....................................................28 

Neurigona...................................................................106 

Neurigona abdominalis...............................................106 

Neurigona biflexa .......................................................106 

Neurigona pallida.......................................................106 

Neurigona quadrifasciata...........................................106 

Neurigona suturalis ....................................................106 

Neurolyga bifida ...........................................................97 

Neurolyga fenestralis....................................................97 

Niditinea piercella ........................................................23 

Nitela ............................................................................86 

Nitela borealis ..............................................................86 

Nitela lucens .................................................................86 

Nitidulidae ....................................................................48 

Noctuidae......................................................................25 

Nossidium pilosellum....................................................27 

Notolaemus unifasciatus...............................................51 

Notothecta confusa .......................................................34 

Nuctenea umbratica......................................................18 

Nudobius lentus ............................................................30 

Nycteribia kolenatii ....................................................119 

Nycteribiidae ..............................................................119 

Nycteridopsylla eusarca .............................................122 

136 

Oberea oculata .............................................................68 

Obrium brunneum.........................................................66 

Obrium cantharinum.....................................................66 

Ochina ptinoides...........................................................44 

Octotemnus glabriculus ................................................55 

Ocydromiinae..............................................................103 

Odinia betulae.............................................................115 

Odinia boletina (Zetterstedt).......................................115 

Odinia hendeli.............................................................115 

Odinia maculata .........................................................115 

Odinia meijerei ...........................................................115 

Odinia ornata..............................................................115 

Odinia pomona ...........................................................115 

Odinia xanthocera ......................................................115 

Odiniidae.....................................................................114 

Odontocolon dentipes ...................................................76 

Odontocolon quercinum................................................76 

Oebalia cylindrica ......................................................122 

Oebalia minuta ...........................................................122 

Oecophora bractella .....................................................24 

Oecophoridae................................................................24 

Oedalea apicalis .........................................................103 

Oedalea flavipes .........................................................103 

Oedalea holmgreni......................................................103 

Oedalea hybotina........................................................103 

Oedalea oriunda .........................................................103 

Oedalea ringdahli.......................................................103 

Oedalea stigmatella ....................................................103 

Oedalea tibialis...........................................................103 

Oedalea zetterstedti ....................................................103 

Oedemeridae .................................................................61 

Oligella intermedia.......................................................27 

Omalus aeneus..............................................................84 

Omalus puncticollis ......................................................84 

Omalus truncatus..........................................................84 

Omalus violaceus..........................................................84 

Opalimosina denticulata.............................................117 

Opalimosina mirabilis ................................................117 

Opalimosina simplex...................................................117 

Opetia nigra................................................................106 

Opetiidae.....................................................................106 

Opilo mollis ..................................................................46 

Orchesia micans ...........................................................56 

Orchesia minor .............................................................57 

Orchesia undulata.........................................................57 

Orfelia fasciata .............................................................92 

Orfelia nemoralis..........................................................92 

Orfelia nigricornis ........................................................92 

Orfelia unicolor ............................................................92 

Oropezella sphenoptera..............................................103 

Orthocentrus fulvipes....................................................77 

Orthocladius lignicola ................................................101 

Orthoperus aequalis......................................................53 

Orthoperus mundus.......................................................53 

Orthoperus nigrescens..................................................53 

Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis.......................................100 

Orthotomicus erosus.....................................................73 

Orthotomicus laricis .....................................................73 

Orthotomicus suturalis..................................................73 

Osmia pilicornis............................................................88 

Osmia uncinata.............................................................88 

Osphya bipunctata ........................................................58 

Ostoma ferrugineum .....................................................46 

Oxylaemus cylindricus..................................................59 

Oxylaemus variolosus ...................................................59 

Oxypoda recondita........................................................35 

Oxypoda vittata.............................................................35

Oxythyrea funesta .........................................................37 

Pachygaster atra.........................................................102 

Pachygaster leachii ....................................................102 

Palloptera anderssoni.................................................113 

Palloptera muliebris ...................................................113 

Palloptera usta ...........................................................113 

Palloptera ustulata .....................................................113 

Pallopteridae ...............................................................113 

Pambolus ......................................................................78 

Pandelus flavipes..........................................................81 

Pandivirilia melaleuca................................................102 

Paraclusia tigrina.......................................................114 

Paranopleta inhabilis ...................................................34 

Paranthrene tabaniformis.............................................23 

Paraperithous gnathaulax ............................................75 

Paraphaenocladius.....................................................101 

Paraplatypeza atra .....................................................107 

Paraplatypeza bicincta ...............................................107 

Parascotia fuliginaria...................................................25 

Parasitica.......................................................................74 

Paratillus carus ............................................................47 

Paromalus flavicornis...................................................26 

Paromalus parallelepipedus.........................................27 

Passaloecus ..................................................................87 

Passaloecus corniger....................................................87 

Passaloecus eremita .....................................................87 

Passaloecus gracilis .....................................................87 

Passaloecus insignis .....................................................87 

Passaloecus monilicornis .............................................87 

Passaloecus singularis..................................................87 

Passaloecus turionum...................................................87 

Paykullia maculata .....................................................121 

Pediacus depressus.......................................................50 

Pediacus dermestoides..................................................50 

Pediciidae......................................................................89 

Pegomya transversa....................................................119 

Pemphredon inornatus..................................................87 

Pemphredon lugubris....................................................87 

Pemphredon morio .......................................................87 

Pemphredon wesmaeli ..................................................87 

Pentaphyllus testaceus..................................................60 

Pentarthrum huttoni......................................................70 

Peplomyza litura.........................................................114 

Perilampidae .................................................................80 

Perilampus micans........................................................80 

Periscelididae..............................................................115 

Periscelis (Microperiscelis) winnertzi .......................116 

Periscelis (Microperiscelis) annulata.........................115 

Periscelis (Periscelis) nigra........................................116 

Perithous scurra ...........................................................76 

Perniphora robusta.......................................................82 

Peromyia monilis..........................................................97 

Peromyia muscorum .....................................................97 

Phaenoserphus calcar...................................................83 

Phaeostigma notata ......................................................21 

Phaonia.......................................................................121 

Phaonia canescens......................................................121 

Phaonia cincta............................................................121 

Phaonia exoleta ..........................................................121 

Phaonia gobertii .........................................................121 

Phaonia laeta..............................................................121 

Phaonia mystica..........................................................121 

Phaonia pallida ..........................................................121 

Phaonia palpata..........................................................121 

Phaonia pratensis.......................................................121 

Phaonia rufiventris .....................................................121 

Phaonia serva.............................................................121 

137 

Phaonia subventa........................................................121 

Pherbellia annulipes ...................................................114 

Philonthus subuliformis ................................................31 

Phlaeothripidae .............................................................20 

Phlaeothripinae .............................................................20 

Phlaeothrips annulipes .................................................21 

Phlaeothrips coriaceus .................................................21 

Phloeocharis subtilissima .............................................30 

Phloeodroma concolor..................................................35 

Phloeonomus punctipennis ...........................................30 

Phloeonomus pusillus ...................................................30 

Phloeophagus lignarius ................................................70 

Phloeopora bernhaueri.................................................35 

Phloeopora corticalis....................................................35 

Phloeopora nitidiventris ...............................................35 

Phloeopora testacea......................................................35 

Phloeosinus thujae........................................................71 

Phloeostiba lapponica ..................................................30 

Phloeostiba plana .........................................................30 

Phloiophilidae ...............................................................46 

Phloiophilus edwardsii .................................................46 

Phloiotrya vaudoueri ....................................................57 

Phoridae ......................................................................107 

Phronia basalis.............................................................94 

Phronia biarcuata.........................................................94 

Phronia braueri ............................................................94 

Phronia conformis ........................................................94 

Phronia coritanica........................................................94 

Phronia humeralis ........................................................94 

Phronia nitidiventris .....................................................94 

Phronia siebeckii ..........................................................94 

Phronia strenua ............................................................94 

Phronia tenuis...............................................................94 

Phthinia humilis............................................................95 

Phthinia winnertzi.........................................................95 

Phthitia (Kimosina) plumosula ...................................117 

Phyllodrepa nigra.........................................................29 

Phyllodrepoidea crenata...............................................29 

Phyllomyza donisthorpei.............................................116 

Phyllomyza equitans ...................................................116 

Phyllomyza longipalpis...............................................116 

Phymatodes...................................................................67 

Phymatodes alni............................................................67 

Phymatodes testaceus ...................................................67 

Phytobia......................................................................115 

Phytobia cambii ..........................................................115 

Phytobia carbonaria ...................................................115 

Phytobia cerasiferae ...................................................115 

Phytobia errans...........................................................115 

Phytomyptera cingulata..............................................122 

Piezura boletorum.......................................................120 

Piezura graminicola....................................................120 

Piophilidae ..................................................................113 

Pissodes ........................................................................69 

Pissodes castaneus........................................................69 

Pissodes pini .................................................................69 

Pissodes validirostris....................................................69 

Pityogenes bidentatus ...................................................73 

Pityogenes chalcographus ............................................73 

Pityogenes quadridens..................................................73 

Pityogenes trepanatus...................................................73 

Pityophagus ferrugineus ...............................................48 

Pityophthorus lichtensteini ...........................................73 

Pityophthorus pubescens...............................................73 

Placusa complanata......................................................33 

Placusa depressa ..........................................................33 

Placusa pumilio ............................................................33

Placusa tachyporoides..................................................33 

Plagionotus arcuatus....................................................67 

Plastanoxus chittendeni ................................................83 

Platurocypta punctum...................................................94 

Platurocypta testata......................................................94 

Platycerus caraboides...................................................37 

Platycis cosnardi ..........................................................42 

Platycis minutus............................................................42 

Platydema violaceum....................................................60 

Platygastridae................................................................83 

Platygerrhus affinis ......................................................81 

Platygerrhus ductilis.....................................................81 

Platygerrhus longigena.................................................81 

Platygerrhus subglaber.................................................81 

Platygerrhus tarrha ......................................................81 

Platygerrhus unicolor...................................................81 

Platypeza aterrima......................................................107 

Platypeza consobrina..................................................107 

Platypeza fasciata.......................................................107 

Platypeza hirticeps......................................................107 

Platypezidae................................................................106 

Platypezidae: Callomyiinae ........................................106 

Platypezidae: Microsaniinae .......................................107 

Platypezidae: Platypezinae..........................................107 

Platypodidae .................................................................73 

Platypus cylindrus ........................................................73 

Platypus parallelus .......................................................74 

Platyrhinus resinosus....................................................68 

Platystomos albinus......................................................69 

Platyura marginata.......................................................92 

Plectophloeus nitidus....................................................36 

Plegaderus dissectus.....................................................26 

Plegaderus vulneratus ..................................................26 

Plitium subvariolosum ..................................................27 

Plutothrix acuminata ....................................................80 

Plutothrix bicolorata.....................................................81 

Plutothrix cisae.............................................................80 

Plutothrix coelius..........................................................80 

Plutothrix obtusiclava...................................................80 

Plutothrix trifasciatus ...................................................81 

Pocota personata........................................................110 

Podoschistus scutellaris................................................76 

Poecilothrips albopictus ...............................................21 

Poemenia collaris .........................................................76 

Poemenia hectica..........................................................76 

Poemenia notata ...........................................................76 

Pogonocherus fasciculatus ...........................................67 

Pogonocherus hispidulus..............................................67 

Pogonocherus hispidus.................................................68 

Polygraphus poligraphus..............................................71 

Polylepta guttiventris....................................................96 

Polyporivora ornata ...................................................107 

Polyporivora picta......................................................107 

Polyxenidae ..................................................................16 

Polyxenus lagurus.........................................................16 

Pompilidae....................................................................84 

Porthmidius austriacus.................................................41 

Potamia littoralis........................................................120 

Potamia setifemur.......................................................120 

Priobium carpini...........................................................45 

Prionocyphon serricornis .............................................36 

Prionus coriarius..........................................................64 

Prionychus ater.............................................................61 

Prionychus melanarius .................................................61 

Probles gilvipes ............................................................77 

Procraerus tibialis........................................................41 

Proctotrupidae...............................................................83 

138 

Proctotrupoidea.............................................................83 

Prostomis mandibularis................................................51 

Proteroiulus fuscus .......................................................17 

Protoclythia modesta ..................................................107 

Protoclythia rufa.........................................................107 

Pselactus spadix............................................................70 

Pselaphidae ...................................................................35 

Pseudocistela ceramboides...........................................61 

Pseudopomyza atrimana.............................................111 

Pseudopomyzidae .......................................................111 

Pseudorhyssa alpestris..................................................76 

Pseudoscorpiones..........................................................17 

Pseudotriphyllus suturalis.............................................54 

Psilidae........................................................................111 

Psilota anthracina.......................................................110 

Psilus inaequalifrons ....................................................83 

Psychidae ......................................................................22 

Psychoda lobata............................................................98 

Psychodidae ..................................................................98 

Psychomyiidae ..............................................................21 

Ptenidium formicetorum ...............................................27 

Ptenidium gressneri ......................................................27 

Ptenidium turgidum ......................................................27 

Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae ..........................................80 

Pteromalinae .................................................................81 

Pteryx suturalis.............................................................27 

Ptiliidae.........................................................................27 

Ptilinus pectinicornis ....................................................45 

Ptiliolum caledonicum ..................................................27 

Ptinella aptera ..............................................................27 

Ptinella cavelli ..............................................................27 

Ptinella denticollis ........................................................27 

Ptinella errabunda........................................................27 

Ptinella limbata.............................................................27 

Ptinella taylorae ...........................................................27 

Ptinus fur ......................................................................45 

Ptinus lichenum.............................................................45 

Ptinus palliatus .............................................................45 

Ptinus pilosus................................................................45 

Ptinus subpilosus ..........................................................45 

Ptychoptera albimana...................................................97 

Ptychopteridae ..............................................................97 

Pycnomerus fuliginosus ................................................59 

Pycnomerus terebrans ..................................................59 

Pyralidae .......................................................................25 

Pyrochroa coccinea ......................................................62 

Pyrochroa serraticornis................................................62 

Pyrochroidae .................................................................62 

Pyropterus nigroruber ..................................................41 

Pyrrhidium sanguineum................................................67 

Pythidae ........................................................................62 

Pytho depressus ............................................................62 

Quedius aetolicus..........................................................31 

Quedius assimilis ..........................................................31 

Quedius brevicornis......................................................31 

Quedius maurus............................................................31 

Quedius microps ...........................................................31 

Quedius plagiatus .........................................................31 

Quedius scitus...............................................................31 

Quedius truncicola........................................................31 

Quedius xanthopus........................................................31 

Rabocerus foveolatus....................................................62 

Rabocerus gabrieli........................................................62 

Rainieria calceata.......................................................111 

Raphidiidae...................................................................21 

Raphidioptera................................................................21 

Reduviidae ....................................................................19

Reduvius personatus .....................................................19 

Resseliella crataegi.......................................................98 

Resseliella dizygomyzae................................................98 

Resseliella quercivora...................................................98 

Rhagionidae................................................................101 

Rhagium........................................................................64 

Rhagium bifasciatum ....................................................64 

Rhagium inquisitor .......................................................64 

Rhagium mordax...........................................................64 

Rhamphomyia albidiventris ........................................104 

Rhamphomyia marginata............................................104 

Rhamphomyia pilifer...................................................104 

Rhamphomyia sulcata.................................................104 

Rhaphitelus ...................................................................81 

Rhaphitelus maculatus..................................................81 

Rhexoza subnitens.........................................................99 

Rhimphoctona melanura...............................................77 

Rhinophora lepida ......................................................121 

Rhinophoridae ............................................................121 

Rhinosimus planirostris ................................................62 

Rhinosimus ruficollis ....................................................63 

Rhipidia ctenophora .....................................................90 

Rhipidia maculata.........................................................90 

Rhipidia uniseriata .......................................................90 

Rhipiphoridae ...............................................................58 

Rhizophagidae ..............................................................49 

Rhizophagus bipustulatus .............................................49 

Rhizophagus cribratus ..................................................49 

Rhizophagus depressus.................................................49 

Rhizophagus dispar ......................................................49 

Rhizophagus ferrugineus ..............................................49 

Rhizophagus grandis ....................................................49 

Rhizophagus nitidulus...................................................49 

Rhizophagus oblongicollis............................................50 

Rhizophagus parallelocollis..........................................50 

Rhizophagus parvulus...................................................50 

Rhizophagus perforatus................................................50 

Rhizophagus picipes .....................................................50 

Rhopalicus ....................................................................81 

Rhopalicus brevicornis .................................................81 

Rhopalicus guttatus ......................................................81 

Rhopalicus tutela ..........................................................81 

Rhopalodontus baudueri...............................................55 

Rhopalodontus perforatus.............................................55 

Rhopalum clavipes........................................................87 

Rhynchophoridae..........................................................69 

Rhynchopsilus donisthorpei..........................................83 

Rhyncolus chloropus.....................................................70 

Rhyncolus gracilis ........................................................70 

Rhysodes sulcatus.........................................................26 

Rhysodidae ...................................................................26 

Rhyssa persuasoria.......................................................76 

Rhyssalus indagator......................................................78 

Rhyssella approximator................................................76 

Rocetelion humerale .....................................................91 

Rondaniella dimidiata...................................................92 

Roptrocerus brevicornis ...............................................81 

Roptrocerus mirus ........................................................81 

Roptrocerus xylophagorum...........................................82 

Saigusaia flaviventris....................................................92 

Salpingidae ...................................................................62 

Salpingus ater...............................................................62 

Salpingus castaneus......................................................62 

Salpingus reyi ...............................................................62 

Saperda carcharias.......................................................68 

Saperda populnea .........................................................68 

Saperda scalaris ...........................................................68 

139 

Saprosites mendax ........................................................37 

Sapyga clavicornis........................................................84 

Sapyga quinquepunctata...............................................84 

Sapygidae......................................................................84 

Sarcophagidae.............................................................122 

Scaphidema metallicum ................................................60 

Scaphidium quadrimaculatum ......................................29 

Scaphisoma agaricinum................................................29 

Scaphisoma assimile.....................................................29 

Scaphisoma boleti.........................................................29 

Scarabaeidae .................................................................37 

Scatopsciara atomaria..................................................96 

Scatopsciara pusilla......................................................96 

Scatopsciara tricuspidata .............................................96 

Scatopsciara vitripennis................................................96 

Scatopse notata.............................................................99 

Scatopsidae ...................................................................99 

Scenopinidae...............................................................102 

Scenopinus niger.........................................................102 

Schiffermuelleria grandis..............................................24 

Schiffermuelleria similella ............................................24 

Schiffermuelleria tinctella.............................................24 

Schizotus pectinicornis..................................................62 

Sciapus platypterus .....................................................106 

Sciara hemerobioides....................................................97 

Sciaridae .......................................................................96 

Sciomyzidae................................................................114 

Sciophila antiqua ..........................................................96 

Sciophila baltica ...........................................................96 

Sciophila buxtoni ..........................................................96 

Sciophila geniculata......................................................96 

Sciophila hirta...............................................................96 

Sciophila limbatella ......................................................96 

Sciophila lutea ..............................................................96 

Sciophila nonnisilva......................................................96 

Sciophila ochracea........................................................96 

Sciophila rufa................................................................96 

Scirtidae ........................................................................36 

Scleroprocta pentagonalis ............................................89 

Scleroprocta sororcula .................................................89 

Scolytidae .....................................................................71 

Scolytus intricatus.........................................................71 

Scolytus laevis...............................................................71 

Scolytus mali.................................................................71 

Scolytus multistriatus....................................................72 

Scolytus ratzeburgi........................................................72 

Scolytus rugulosus ........................................................72 

Scolytus scolytus ...........................................................72 

Scraptia.........................................................................63 

Scraptia dubia...............................................................63 

Scraptia fuscula ............................................................63 

Scraptia testacea...........................................................63 

Scraptiidae ....................................................................63 

Scydmaenidae ...............................................................28 

Scydmaenus rufus .........................................................29 

Scythropochroa quercicola...........................................97 

Scythropochroa radialis................................................97 

Sepedophilus.................................................................31 

Sepedophilus bipunctatus..............................................31 

Sepedophilus constans ..................................................32 

Sepedophilus littoreus...................................................32 

Sepedophilus lusitanicus...............................................32 

Sepedophilus testaceus..................................................32 

Seri obscuripennis.......................................................107 

Sesia apiformis..............................................................23 

Sesia bembeciformis......................................................23 

Sesiidae.........................................................................23

Siagonium quadricorne.................................................30 

Silusa rubiginosa ..........................................................33 

Silvanidae .....................................................................50 

Silvanoprus fagi............................................................50 

Silvanus bidentatus .......................................................50 

Silvanus unidentatus .....................................................50 

Sinodendron cylindricum..............................................37 

Siphonaptera ...............................................................122 

Sirex cyaneus ................................................................74 

Sirex juvencus...............................................................74 

Sirex noctilio.................................................................74 

Siricidae........................................................................74 

Solva marginata..........................................................101 

Solva varia..................................................................101 

Soronia grisea...............................................................48 

Soronia punctatissima...................................................48 

Spalangia crassicornis..................................................80 

Spalangiinae..................................................................80 

Spathius curvicaudis.....................................................77 

Spathius exarator..........................................................77 

Spathius rubidus ...........................................................77 

Spelobia parapusio .....................................................117 

Sphaerocera curvipes .................................................117 

Sphaeroceridae............................................................117 

Sphecidae......................................................................85 

Sphegina clunipes .......................................................110 

Sphegina elegans ........................................................110 

Sphegina sibirica ........................................................110 

Sphegina verecunda....................................................110 

Sphindidae ....................................................................48 

Sphindus dubius............................................................48 

Sphinginus lobatus........................................................47 

Spilomena troglodytes...................................................87 

Staphylinidae ................................................................29 

Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae .........................................32 

Staphylinidae: Omaliinae..............................................29 

Staphylinidae: Phloeocharinae......................................30 

Staphylinidae: Piestinae................................................30 

Staphylinidae: Proteininae ............................................29 

Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae..........................................29 

Staphylinidae: Staphylininae ........................................30 

Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae ........................................31 

Staphylinidae: Trichophyinae .......................................31 

Stegana coleoptrata ....................................................119 

Stegana hypoleuca......................................................119 

Stegana longifibula.....................................................119 

Stegana nigrithorax ....................................................119 

Stegana similis............................................................119 

Stelis breviuscula..........................................................88 

Stenagostus rhombeus...................................................39 

Stenichnus bicolor ........................................................28 

Stenichnus godarti ........................................................28 

Stenochironomus gibbus.............................................100 

Stenocorus meridianus..................................................64 

Stenostola dubia............................................................68 

Stephostethus alternans ................................................53 

Stereocorynes truncorum..............................................70 

Stichoglossa semirufa ...................................................35 

Stigmus pendulus ..........................................................87 

Stigmus solskyi..............................................................87 

Strangalia attenuata .....................................................65 

Strangalia aurulenta.....................................................65 

Strangalia maculata......................................................65 

Strangalia melanura .....................................................66 

Strangalia nigra............................................................66 

Strangalia quadrifasciata .............................................66 

Strangalia revestita.......................................................66 

140 

Stratiomyidae..............................................................101 

Strongylophthalmyia ustulata .....................................111 

Strongylophthalmyiidae..............................................111 

Subilla confinis .............................................................21 

Suillia atricornis .........................................................117 

Suillia bicolor .............................................................117 

Suillia variegata..........................................................117 

Sulcacis affinis ..............................................................55 

Sulcacis bicornis...........................................................55 

Sylvicola cinctus ...........................................................99 

Sylvicola fenestralis ......................................................99 

Symbiotes latus .............................................................53 

Symmerus annulatus .....................................................91 

Symmerus nobilis ..........................................................91 

Symmorphus bifasciatus................................................85 

Symmorphus connexus..................................................85 

Symmorphus crassicornis .............................................85 

Symmorphus gracilis.....................................................85 

Symphyta ......................................................................74 

Synanthedon culiciformis..............................................24 

Synanthedon myopaeformis ..........................................24 

Synanthedon scoliaeformis ...........................................24 

Synanthedon spheciformis.............................................23 

Synanthedon vespiformis...............................................23 

Synchita humeralis........................................................59 

Synchita separanda.......................................................59 

Synplasta gracilis..........................................................94 

Syntemna hungarica......................................................92 

Syntemna nitidula .........................................................92 

Syrphidae ....................................................................108 

Systenus.......................................................................105 

Systenus bipartitus ......................................................105 

Systenus leucurus........................................................105 

Systenus mallochi........................................................106 

Systenus pallipes.........................................................106 

Systenus scholtzii ........................................................106 

Systenus tener .............................................................106 

Tachinidae...................................................................122 

Tachinus bipustulatus ...................................................32 

Tachinus lignorum ........................................................32 

Tachydromia umbrarum .............................................103 

Tachydrominae ...........................................................103 

Tachypeza fennica.......................................................103 

Tachypeza fuscipennis ................................................103 

Tachypeza heeri ..........................................................103 

Tachypeza nubila ........................................................103 

Tachypeza truncorum..................................................103 

Tachyusida gracilis.......................................................33 

Tanycarpa bicolor.........................................................79 

Tanycarpa punctata ......................................................79 

Tanypeza longimana ...................................................111 

Tanypezidae................................................................111 

Tanyptera atrata ...........................................................88 

Tanyptera nigricornis ...................................................89 

Taphrorychus bicolor....................................................72 

Tarnania fenestralis......................................................93 

Tarsostenus univittatus .................................................47 

Tasiocera collini ...........................................................89 

Telechrysis tripuncta.....................................................24 

Telmatoscopus advenus ................................................98 

Telmatoscopus laurencei...............................................98 

Telmatoscopus rothschildii ...........................................98 

Telmatoscopus tristis ....................................................98 

Tenebrio molitor ...........................................................61 

Tenebrionidae ...............................................................60 

Tephrochlamys flavipes ..............................................117 

Teredus cylindricus.......................................................59

Teretrius fabricii...........................................................26 

Tetragoneura sylvatica .................................................92 

Tetrastichus brachyopae...............................................83 

Tetratoma ancora .........................................................56 

Tetratoma desmaresti ...................................................56 

Tetratoma fungorum .....................................................56 

Tetratomidae.................................................................56 

Tetropium castaneum....................................................64 

Tetropium gabrieli........................................................64 

Tetrops praeusta...........................................................68 

Tetrops starkii...............................................................68 

Thamiaraea cinnamomea .............................................34 

Thamiaraea hospita ......................................................35 

Thanasimus femoralis...................................................47 

Thanasimus formicarius ...............................................47 

Thecturota marchii .......................................................33 

Theocolax formiciformis...............................................80 

Thereva nobilitata.......................................................102 

Therevidae - Stiletto Flies...........................................102 

Thiasophila inquilana...................................................35 

Throscidae ....................................................................39 

Thymalus limbatus........................................................46 

Thyreosthenius parasiticus ...........................................18 

Thysanoptera ................................................................20 

Tilloidea unifasciata .....................................................46 

Tillus elongatus.............................................................46 

Tineidae ........................................................................22 

Tipula (Dendrotipula) flavolineata...............................89 

Tipula (Lunatipula) cava ..............................................89 

Tipula (Lunatipula) peliostigma ...................................89 

Tipula (Lunatipula) selene............................................89 

Tipula (Mediotipula) sarajevensis ................................89 

Tipula (Mediotipula) siebkei.........................................89 

Tipula (Pterelachisus) irrorata.....................................89 

Tipula (Savtshenkia) confusa........................................89 

Tipula (Vestiplex) hortorum..........................................89 

Tipula (Vestiplex) scripta..............................................89 

Tipulidae.......................................................................88 

Tomicus minor ..............................................................71 

Tomicus piniperda ........................................................71 

Tomoxia bucephala.......................................................58 

Tortricidae ....................................................................25 

Townesia tenuiventris ...................................................75 

Trachodes hispidus .......................................................70 

Tremex columba............................................................74 

Triarthria setipennis ...................................................122 

Triaxomasia caprimulgella...........................................23 

Triaxomera fulvimitrella...............................................23 

Triaxomera parasitella .................................................23 

Trichius fasciatus..........................................................37 

Trichius zonatus............................................................37 

Trichocera annulata .....................................................98 

Trichocera hiemalis......................................................98 

Trichocera rufescens.....................................................99 

Trichocera saltator .......................................................99 

Trichoceridae ................................................................98 

Trichomyia urbica ........................................................98 

Trichonta apicalis.........................................................95 

Trichonta atricauda......................................................95 

Trichonta falcata ..........................................................95 

Trichonta foeda.............................................................95 

Trichonta melanura ......................................................95 

Trichonta terminalis .....................................................95 

Trichonta vitta ..............................................................95 

Trichonyx sulcicollis.....................................................36 

Trichophya pilicornis....................................................31 

Trichoptera....................................................................21 

141 

Trichopteromyia modesta .............................................97 

Trichosia glabra ...........................................................97 

Trichosia morio.............................................................97 

Trichosia pulchricornis.................................................97 

Trichrysis cyanea..........................................................84 

Tricimba cincta...........................................................117 

Trigonoderus cyanescens..............................................80 

Trigonoderus filatus......................................................80 

Trigonoderus princeps..................................................80 

Trigonoderus pulcher....................................................80 

Trinodes hirtus..............................................................43 

Trinophyllum cribratum................................................66 

Triphleba gracilis .......................................................107 

Triphleba minuta.........................................................108 

Triphyllus bicolor .........................................................54 

Triplax aenea................................................................52 

Triplax lacordairii ........................................................52 

Triplax russica ..............................................................52 

Triplax scutellaris.........................................................52 

Tritoma bipustulata.......................................................52 

Trogossitidae.................................................................46 

Tropideres niveirostris..................................................69 

Tropideres sepicola.......................................................69 

Trypodendron................................................................72 

Trypodendron domesticum............................................72 

Trypodendron lineatum.................................................72 

Trypodendron signatum................................................72 

Trypophloeus binodulus................................................73 

Trypophloeus granulatus ..............................................73 

Ula mollissima ..............................................................89 

Ula sylvatica .................................................................89 

Uleiota planata .............................................................50 

Ulidiidae .....................................................................113 

Uloma culinaris ............................................................61 

Uroceras gigas..............................................................74 

Velleius dilatatus...........................................................31 

Vespa crabro.................................................................85 

Vespidae .......................................................................85 

Vincenzellus ruficollis...................................................62 

Volucella inflata..........................................................110 

Wachsmannia spathiformis...........................................77 

Winnertzia.....................................................................98 

Withius piger.................................................................17 

Woodiphora retroversa...............................................108 

Xantholinus angularis...................................................31 

Xanthostigma xanthostigma..........................................21 

Xeris spectrum ..............................................................74 

Xestobium rufovillosum ................................................44 

Xiphydria camelus ........................................................74 

Xiphydria longicollis.....................................................74 

Xiphydria prolongata....................................................74 

Xiphydriidae .................................................................74 

Xiphydriophagus meyerinckii........................................82 

Xorides brachylabis ......................................................76 

Xorides csikii.................................................................76 

Xorides fuligator...........................................................76 

Xorides gravenhorstii....................................................76 

Xorides irrigator...........................................................76 

Xorides niger.................................................................76 

Xorides praecatorius.....................................................76 

Xorides rufipes..............................................................76 

Xorides rusticus ............................................................76 

Xyleborinus saxeseni.....................................................73 

Xyleborus dispar...........................................................73 

Xyleborus dryographus.................................................73 

Xylechinus pilosus.........................................................71 

Xyletinus longitarsus.....................................................45

Xylita laevigata.............................................................58 

Xylocoridea brevipennis ...............................................19 

Xylocoris cursitans .......................................................19 

Xylodromus testaceus ...................................................30 

Xylomya maculata ......................................................101 

Xylomyiidae ...............................................................101 

Xylophagidae..............................................................101 

Xylophagus ater..........................................................101 

Xylophagus cinctus .....................................................101 

Xylophagus junki ........................................................101 

Xylopriona atra.............................................................97 

Xylosciara heptacantha ................................................97 

Xylosciara lignicola......................................................97 

Xylostiba monilicornis ..................................................30 

Xylota abiens ..............................................................110 

Xylota florum ..............................................................110 

Xylota jakutorum ........................................................110 

142 

Xylota segnis...............................................................111 

Xylota sylvarum ..........................................................111 

Xylota tarda ................................................................111 

Xylota xanthocnema....................................................111 

Xylotachina diluta.......................................................122 

Zabrachia tenella........................................................102 

Zeuzera pyrina ..............................................................21 

Zilora ferruginea...........................................................58 

Zimioma grossum..........................................................46 

Zygiella stroemi ............................................................18 

Zygoneura sciarina.......................................................97 

Zyras cognatus..............................................................35 

Zyras funestus ...............................................................35 

Zyras haworthi..............................................................35 

Zyras laticollis ..............................................................35 

Zyras lugens..................................................................35

Crustacea: Copepoda - Cerambycoidea.com

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