FUNGI AND LICHENS IN THE BALTICS AND BEYOND XVIII ...

FUNGI AND LICHENS IN THE BALTICS AND BEYOND 

XVIII Symposium of the Baltic Mycologists and 

Lichenologists 

Nordic Lichen Society Meeting 

Lithuania, Dubingiai, September 19–23, 2011 

Programme and Abstracts 

Vilnius, 2011

XVIII Symposium of the Baltic Mycologists and Lichenologists. Nordic Lichen Society 

Meeting. Lithuania, Dubingiai, September 19–23, 2011. Programme and Abstracts. Vilnius, 

2011. – 40 p. 

Editors: Gražina Adamonytė and Jurga Motiejūnaitė 

The symposium is organized by: 

Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany 

Vilnius University, Department of Botany and Genetics 

Lithuanian Mycological Society 

Organizing committee 

Jurga Motiejūnaitė, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre 

Gražina Adamonytė, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre 

Ernestas Kutorga, Department of Botany and Genetics, Vilnius University; Lithuanian 

Mycological Society 

Svetlana Markovskaja, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre; Lithuanian Mycological 

Society 

Jonas Kasparavičius, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre 

Ingrida Prigodina Lukošienė, Department of Botany and Genetics, Vilnius University 

Reda Iršėnaitė, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre 

© Reda Iršėnaitė: Symposium logo. 

© Authors: Abstracts. 

© Jurga Motiejūnaitė: Field trip site descriptions. 

ISBN 978-9986-443-56-8 

Gamtos tyrimų centro leidykla 

2011

CONTENTS 

Programme 

Field trip sites 

Abstracts (Mycology) 

Abstracts (Lichenology) 

List of participants 

The symposium was financially supported by the Research 

Council of Lithuania (grant No MOR-3/2011). 

The organizers express their gratitude to Darius Stončius and to the staff of Asveja Regional 

Park who helped to organize the field trips. The staff of Dubingiai and Purviniškiai forestries 

are thanked for the provision of forest maps.

PROGRAMME 

SEPTEMBER 19 TH , MONDAY 

17.00 Registration 

19.00 Dinner 

20.00 Opening of the Symposium 

21.00 Nordic Lichen Society meeting 

SEPTEMBER 20 TH , TUESDAY 

8.00 Breakfast 

9.00–15.00 Field trip to the valley of the Žverna rivulet (lunch in field) 

15.30 Coffee-break 

16.00–18.00 Oral presentations 

MYCOLOGICAL SECTION 

T. Varvas, K. Kasekamp. Do endophytic fungi of timothy have potential for bioprospecting 

R. D. Ķiesnere, D. Kļaviņa, N. Arhipova, T. Gaitnieks, O. Polis, A. Korica, M. 

Daugavietis. Conifer bark against pine needle cast Data about conifer bark extract impact on 

Lophodermium seditiosum mycelium growth in vitro. 

R. Rodeva, Z. Stoyanova, E. Survilienė, P. Chavdarov. Fungi associated with seed and 

plant infection of pepper. 

LICHENOLOGICAL SECTION 

F. Högnabba, H. Rämä, P. Halonen, H. Lindgren, S. Velmala, S. Stenroos, L. Myllys. 

Phylogenetic studies of three pendent Usnea species. 

L. V. Gagarina. Spore ornamentation and apothecia surface in the lichen families 

Gyalectaceae and Coenogoniaceae. 

M. Kukwa. The lichen genus Ochrolechia in Europe. 

19.00 Dinner 

20.00–21.00 Poster session 

21.00 Work at the laboratory 

SEPTEMBER 21 ST , WEDNESDAY 


9.00–15.00 Field trip to the Blužnėnai forest (lunch in field) 



MYCOLOGICAL SECTION 

Ž. Preikša. Diversity of rare wood-inhabiting fungi in East European temperate old-growth 

forests 

M. A. Tomoshevich, E. V. Banaev. Pathogenic mycobiota on plants of the genus Alnus Mill. 

B. Bankina, G. Bimsteine. Erysiphales – new tendencies of systematics.

LICHENOLOGICAL SECTION 

E. Farkas, L. Lőkös, K. Molnár. Further results on conservation of lichenised fungi in 

Hungary. 

P. Lõhmus, A. Lõhmus, J. Kouki. Lichens in a chronosequence of 16–236 year-old kelo 

trees. 

E. S. Kuznetsova, D. E. Himelbrant, I. S. Stepanchikova. Lichens as indicators of oldgrowth 

and pristine forests in Russian Far East. 

M. A. Fadeeva, A. V. Kravchenko. Role of the Fennoscandian green belt in conservation of 

the lichen biota in eastern Fennoscandia. 

19.00 Dinner 

20.00–21.00 Poster session 

21.00 Work at the laboratory 

SEPTEMBER 22 ND , THURSDAY 


9.00–15.00 Field trip to the valley of Jurkiškis and Stirnelė (Melnyčėlė) rivulets (lunch in 

field) 



J. Pykälä. Lichens of calcareous rocks in Finland. 

S. Abdulmanova. Post-fire recovery of the lichen cover in a West Siberian forest: zonal 

aspects. 

L. Konoreva. On the lichens of Svalbard archipelago. 

G. Kononenko. Mycotoxins in the reindeer lichens. 

19.30 Symposium dinner 

SEPTEMBER 23 RD , FRIDAY 


9.00 Departure, excursion 

17.00 Planned arrival to Vilnius

FIELD TRIP SITES 

All sites are situated in Asveja Regional Park. The Park was established in 1992 to 

conserve the lake system of Asveja, its natural and cultural-historical values. The area of the 

Park was formed by the last glacier, on elevations of terminal moraines. Its territory is 

characterized by an exceptional abundance of glacial formations. The most important natural 

accent of the Park – lake Asveja, the longest lake in Lithuania. Apart from Asveja, there are 

30 lakes in the Park. Half of the Park’s territory is occupied by forests comprising a wide 

variety of stands. 

Valley of the Žverna rivulet 

Lithuania, Asveja Regional Park, Molėtai district, Dubingiai forest district, forest squares No 

33–31, 55 o 03’ N 25 o 34’E 

Broad-leaved forest in a valley of a rivulet. North of the road – Žverna hydrographic 

Sanctuary, established for conservation of natural features of the forest rivulet (0.8 km long) 

and its valley. Woodland key habitats of broad-leaved forests and wetland forests type. Stands 

of old oaks (Quercus robur) and presence of deadwood make good habitat for lichens and 

fungi. No detailed lichenological or mycological studies performed there, though several 

noteworthy species were recorded from this area: Bulgaria inquinans, Agonimia allobata, 

Calicium adspersum, Cliostomum corrugatum, Sclerophora coniophaea. 

Blužnėnai forest 

Lithuania, Asveja Regional Park, Švenčionys district, Purviniškiai forest district, forest 

squares No 135, 136, 139, 140, 789, 55 o 00’ N 25 o 39’E 

Wetland forest with alders (Alnus glutinosa) and spruces (Picea abies), inspersed with 

patches of old oak (Quercus robur) stands. Woodland key habitat of wetland forest type. The 

presence of deadwood and humid microclimate create good conditions for fungi or lichens, 

but the area has never been studied in detail. Few noteworthy lichens are known from this 

forest: Chaenotheca chlorella, Arthonia arthonioides, Lobaria pulmonaria. 

Valley of Jurkiškis and Stirnelė (Melnyčėlė) rivulets 

Lithuania, Asveja Regional Park, Molėtai district, Dubingiai forest district, forest squares No 

1071, 1077, 1124, between the lakes Asveja and Suoselis, 55 o 04’ N 25 o 25’E 

Valley of two confluent rivulets – Stirnelė (1.3 km length) and Jurkiškis (other name – 

Melnyčėlė, 1.2 km length). The beds of the rivulets are stony, with numerous boulders 

bearing a comparatively rich aquatic lichen flora, including Red Data Book species Leptogium 

lichenoides. Steep and high slopes are overgrown with deciduous stands where old trees 

(especially Fraxinus excelsior) host noteworthy calicioid lichens including Sclerophora 

farinacea and Chaenotheca cinerea. Mycologically the area has not been studied.

Alternative trip: 

Šakymas Strict Nature Reserve 

Lithuania, Asveja Regional Park, Molėtai district, Dubingiai forest district, forest squares 65, 

66, 70, 71, 55 o 02’ N 25 o 29’E 

Strict Nature Reserve (141 ha area) with no management since 1995. It is intended for 

conservation of old deciduous forest and specifically – oak stands (Quercus robur). Oldgrowth 

hardwood forest stands of oaks and groups of old ashes (Fraxinus excelsior) with 

mosaic of fens and slopes overgrown by pines (Pinus sylvestris) make habitats for a number 

of rare and threatened organisms: plants (299 species, including 8 Red Data Book species), 

birds and lichens, e. g.: Nephroma parile, Biatoridium monasteriense, Sclerophora 

coniophaea, Fellhanera gyrophorica, Leptogium teretiusculum. It bears one of the largest 

populations of Lobaria pulmonaria in Lithuania.

MYCOLOGY 

OCCURENCE OF THREE RARE MYXOMYCETE SPECIES IN GREAT 

CORMORANT COLONY IN LITHUANIA 

G. ADAMONYTĖ 1 , R. TARAŠKEVIČIUS 2 , D. MATULEVIČIŪTĖ 1 

1 Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, LT-08406 Vilnius, 

Lithuania 

2 Institute of Geology and Geography, Nature Research Centre, Ševčenkos Str. 13, 

LT-03223 Vilnius, Lithuania 

E-mails: grazina.adamonyte@botanika.lt, taraskevicius@geo.lt, 

dalyte.matuleviciute@botanika.lt 

Three worldwide rare species – Arcyria leiocarpa, Badhamia apiculospora and 

Comatricha mirabilis – were recorded on various substrata in a colony of continental 

subspecies of a great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in the western Lithuania, the 

Curronian Spit. Seven collections of Comatricha mirabilis from litter, 22 collections of 

Arcyria leiocarpa from Sambucus spp. and Pinus sylvestris bark as well as litter, and 113 

collections of Badhamia apiculospora from Quercus robur, Sambucus spp., Pinus sylvestris 

bark and litter were obtained from moist chamber cultures. These are the first records of all 

three species for Lithuania. The greatest abundance of these myxomycetes was observed 

within the most active part of the colony with sporadic records in the oldest colony part and a 

territory adjacent to the colony (control plots). All species demonstrated their preference to 

substrates with high pH. 

Acknowledgements. This research was funded by a grant No LEK-23/2010 from the 

Research Council of Lithuania. 

Erysiphales – NEW TENDENCIES OF SYSTEMATICS 

B. BANKINA, G. BIMSTEINE 

Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Agriculture 

Liela Street 2, LV 3001 Jelgava, Latvia 

E-mail: Biruta.Bankina@llu.lv 

Mildew is a common disease of different wild and cultivated plants. Causal agents of 

mildew belong to order Erysiphales, division Ascomycota. Life cycle of these fungi include 

anamorph and teleomorph. Previous systematics of Erysiphales was based on the 

morphological features of ascocarp appendages and number of ascospores in the ascocarp. 

Typical ascocarp formed by Erysiphales is chasmothecium, previous term cleistothecium. 

Chasmothecium is a spherical fruiting body without natural opening. 

Systematics of powdery mildew causal agents has significantly changed during the 

last years (Glawe, 2008). Identification of pathogens from Erysiphales now requires 

morphological characters of teleomorph and anamorph incorporating characteristics of the 

whole fungus (anamorph plus teleomorph, i.e., the holomorph). New systematic system was 

supported by DNA sequences, evolutionary lineages within Erysiphales are more clearly 

reflected in differences in anamorphic states than in teleomorphic features, such as ascocarp 

appendages. Morphological peculiarities of chasmothecia appendages, number of asci and

production of conidia (a single conidium, true chain or a pseudochain) are the most important 

factors for identification of causal agent of mildew. 

New tendencies of systematics have been illustrated by identification of two 

comparatively new Erysiphales genera in Latvia. 

Mildew of strawberries was noted first in 2007 in an open field in Latvia, but regular 

observations were started in 2008 in the Research and Study farm “Vecauce” of the Latvia 

University of Agriculture (Jarmolica, Bankina, 2009). Causal agent of strawberry mildew 

belongs to genus Podosphaera according to present systematics (previous name 

Sphaerotecha). Chasmothecia of Podosphaera contain single ascus, appendages are hyphalike 

and conidia form true chains. Two species were mentioned (P. aphanis and P. macularis) 

as causal agents of strawberry mildew, these pathogens do not differ in morphological 

features, but P. aphanis was described as the most important pathogen in UK and other 

countries. 

Since 2006 symptoms of powdery mildew have been detected on rhododendron in 

Latvia. In the summer of 2009 several collections of rhododendrons have been inspected in 

different regions of Latvia to identify the pathogen and evaluate the spread of the disease 

(Bankina et al., in press). Symptoms differed depending on rhododendron variety: white 

mycelium covered the surface of upper or lower leaves or only purple blotch on the leaves 

were observed during first stage of infection. Chasmothecia contained several asci, they had 

more than 20 short, equatorial, hyaline appendages. Branching of appendages was regular, 

dichotomous. Conidia were ellipsoid-cylindrical, formed singly. The fungus was identified as 

Erysiphe azaleae (U. Braun) U. Braun & S. Takam according to morphological and 

anatomical characteristics (previous name Microsphaera azalea). 

FUNGI COLLECTED IN RIGA FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE NATURAL 

HISTORY MUSEUM OF LATVIA 

I. DANIELE, D. MEIERE 

Natural History Museum of Latvia, K. Barona Str. 4, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia 

E-mails: inita.daniele@ldm.gov.lv, diana.meiere@ldm.gov.lv 

Collection of macroscopic fungi of the Natural History Museum of Latvia consists of 

6594 units, and 665 specimens belonging to 402 species are from the territory of Riga City. 

Most of specimens are occasional collections of the specialists of the museum or have been 

brought to the museum by visitors for the identification. There is variety of different biotopes 

on the territory of Riga, they include parks, gardens, dunes, pine forests as well as deciduous 

and mixed forests. Lists of rare for Latvia species are given in the abstract. 

Rare species on old deciduous trees, dead wood and stumps in gardens and parks of 

Riga: Aleurodiscus disciforme, Artromyces pyxidatus, Fistulina hepatica, Flammulina 

velutipes, Grifola frondosa, Hapalopilus croceus, Hericium clathroides, Hypsizygus 

ulmarius, Pleurotus calyptratus, Pleurotus cornucopiae, Pluteus luteovirens, Pluteus pellitus, 

Ramicola centunculus, Volvariella bombycina, Xerula radicata. 

Rare species in park lawns and gardens: Agaricus augustus, Agaricus macrosporus, 

Agaricus vaporarius, Agaricus xanthoderma, Arrhenia sphathulata, Boletus reticulatus, 

Calocybe carnea, Clitocybe inornata, Clitopilus scyphoides, Coprinus auricomus, Coprinus 

radians, Inocybe erubescens, Lepiota oreadiformis, Leucoagaricus holosericus, 

Leucoagaricus bresadola, Leucocoprinus cepistipes, Lepiota subincarnata, Limacella 

vinosorubescens, Xerocomus rubellus.

Rare species in pine and mixed forests in urban areas: Geastrum pectinatum, 

Geastrum rufescens, Geastrum schmidelii, Gymnopilus spectabilis, Leucopaxillus gentianeus, 

Melanoleuca verrucutipes, Sparassis crispa. 

Rare and characteristic species in dunes and humid dune slacks: Agaricus devoniensis, 

Geastrum minimum, Hebeloma dunense, Hebeloma leucosarx, Inocybe halophila, Inocybe 

paludinella, Inocybe serotina, Inocybe squarrosa, Macrolepiota excoriata, Peziza arenaria, 

Phallus hadriani, Psathyrella ammophila, Rhizopogon obtextus, Rhizopogon roseolus, 

Sepultaria arenicola, Suillus flavidus, Tremiscus helvelloides, Tulostoma brumale. 

DISTRIBUTION AND FRUCTIFICATION OF A RARE ASCOMYCETE 

SARCOSOMA GLOBOSUM IN LITHUANIA 

M. GIMBICKAITĖ, E. KUTORGA 

Department of Botany and Genetics, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21/27, LT- 

03101 Vilnius, Lithuania 

E-mails: migle.gimbickaite@gmail.com, ernestas.kutorga@gf.vu.lt 

Sarcosoma globosum (Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales, Ascomycota) belongs to the rarest 

fungi of Lithuania and as an endangered species is listed in the Red Data Book of Lithuania 

(1(E) category). Only three documented localities of this ascomycete were known until 1960. 

During 2008–2009 the species was recorded again from three new localities in the 

northeastern part of Lithuania. The aim of this study was to evaluate three S. globosum 

populations by examination of spatial distribution, number and maturity of ascocarps. 

Investigation on S. globosum ascocarp biology was carried out in 2009–2011 at each 

of the three currently known localities: Žiliškės forest (Panevėžys district), Antazavė forest 

(Zarasai district) and Vyžiai forest (Utena district). The fungus started to produce ascocarps in 

the second part of March and the first part of April, during or just after the snowmelt. The end 

of fructification occurred in the second part of May and first part of June. The development of 

individual fruiting bodies lasted up to two months. Total number of fruiting bodies and spatial 

distribution varied in different localities. During three years period in Žiliškės forest 10 

ascocarps were observed in ca. 400 m 2 area, in Antazavė forest – 6 in ca. 2500 m 2 , and in 

Vyžiai forest – 112 in ca. 100 m 2 , respectively. S. globosum exhibited annual fluctuations in 

the fruiting patterns in two localities, while in Žiliškės forest it fruited annually. Major part of 

ascocarps withered before reaching maturity in all populations. Mature ascocarps, i.e. those 

bearing ascospores, were observed in May and only from two localities (Žiliškės and Vyžiai 

forests). 

PRELIMINARY NOTES ON PYRENOMYCETOUS FUNGI OF MIXED FOREST IN 

THE NORKAIČIAI BOTANICAL RESERVE (LITHUANIA) 

E. GUDELIŪNAITĖ, J. RUKŠĖNIENĖ 

Department of Botany and Genetics, Vilnius University, Čiurlionio Str. 21/27, 


E-mails: Egle.Gudeliunaite@gmail.com, Jone.Rukseniene@gf.vu.lt 

The material was collected during field trips in May–July and September–November, 

2010 in the mixed forest, Norkaičiai Botanical Reserve (quarter 67), Šilutė district (western 

Lithuania).

Among the collected 81 herbarium specimens 34 species of pyrenomycetous fungi 

were identified. They represent nine orders: Chaetosphaeriales, Coronophorales, 

Diaporthales, Hypocreales, Sordariales, Xylariales, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideales, 

Pleosporales. The highest number of species (17) belonged to the order Xylariales. Diatrype 

disciformis (Hoffm.) Fr., Valsa abietis Fr. and Dothidea sambuci (Pers.) Fr. were recorded for 

the first time in Lithuania. 

The identified species were found on various species of woody plants such as Pinus 

sylvestris L., Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus robur L., Betula pendula 

Roth., Acer platanoides L., Corylus avellana L. and Frangula alnus Mill. The highest number 

of species was found on Fagus sylvatica. The pyrenomycetous fungi inhabited such types of 

substrates as dead lying twigs, dead lying branches, dead lying trunks, dead attached twigs, 

dead attached branches and stumps. The majority of the studied species was found on dead 

lying twigs and branches. 

The studied fungi inhabited wood debris with diameter from 0.2 up to 38 cm. Most of 

the inhabited substrates were 1.5 cm in diameter. 

PRELIMINARY DATA ON PYRENOMYCETES AND 

LOCULOASCOMYCETES (Ascomycota) OF ALLUVIAL FORESTS (LITHUANIA) 

T. IZNOVA, J. RUKŠĖNIENĖ 

Vilnius University, Department of Botany and Genetics, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21/27, LT- 

03101, Vilnius, Lithuania 

E-mails: tatjana.iznova@gf.vu.lt, jone.rukseniene@gf.vu.lt 

The pyrenomycetes and loculoascomycetes were collected in six alluvial forests in 

Lithuania: Ignalina district (the Pakalniškiai and the Raistas forests), Lazdijai district (the 

northern part of the Ančia lake and the Rinkotas forests), Trakai district (the Spindžius forest) 

and Vilnius district (the Šveicarai forest). These forests belong to various EEC habitats. 

The material was gathered during April – June and September – November, 2010. The 

route method and two methods of stationary plots were applied for investigation of ecology 

and diversity of the studied fungi. The samples of pyrenomycetes and loculoascomycetes 

were collected using these methods twice in a month, in total 28 field trips in the abovementioned 

alluvial forests. 

In these forests circular plots (100 m 2 of area, 5.8 m radsius) were chosen for research 

using two stationary methods: 

1. In the above-mentioned forests, five plots have been selected for studies. In 

these plots samples of woody plant and grass debris, bearing pyrenomycetes and 

loculoascomycetes were collected. Approximately 15 samples were taken in each plot. 

2. In every studied forest five plots were selected for different investigation 

method. In these plots, 100 different samples of woody plant and grass debris were gathered 

by going round. Of these, only the samples with pyrenomycetes and loculoascomycetes were 

chosen for further research. 

Using both methods, preliminary results of various ecological aspects of the studied 

pyrenomycetes and loculoascomycetes are presented.

DIRECT AMPLIFICATION OF FUNGAL DNA FROM VARIOUS SAMPLES 

A. KAČERGIUS 

Institute of Botany, Nature Research Center, Žaliųjų ežerų Str. 49, LT-08406, Vilnius, 

Lithuania 

E-mail: audrius.kacergius@botanika.lt 

Thermo Scientific Phire Plant Direct PCR Kit enables DNA amplification directly 

from various plant tissues, including fungal samples: mycorrhiza, diseased plant parts and 

axenic cultures. Such procedure saves both time and costs. The simple protocol for target 

fungal DNA amplification without primary DNA purification is presented. The Phire Plant 

Direct PCR Kit contains reagents and tools for two alternative methods: direct and dilution 

protocols. Dilution protocol is also suitable for storing the DNA samples for short periods at 

+4°C, and for long-time storage at -20 °C. The kit employs Phire Hot Start II DNA 

Polymerase, a specially engineered enzyme that exhibits extremely high resistance to many 

PCR inhibitors found in plants and fungi. We applied the method for mycorrhizal fungi, 

amplifying part of rRNR gene, as well as phytopathogenic fungi from axenic cultures and 

directly from diseased plants. Suitable amplicons were sequenced after conventional 

EXO/SAP purification, manually editing ambiguous readings, and queried in sequence 

database at NCBI using blastn algorithm. These protocols were employed for identification of 

mycorrhizae in the project “Changes in biotic and abiotic ecosystem components induced by 

an invasive species: case study of the great cormorant”, funded by a grant (No. LEK-23/2010) 

from the Research Council of Lithuania. 

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF Phomopsis ISOLATES FROM DIFFERENT 

HOST PLANTS 

A. KAČERGIUS 1 , R. RODEVA 2 , J. GABLER 3 , Z. STOYANOVA 2 

1 Institute of Botany, Nature Research Center, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, LT-08406, Vilnius, 

Lithuania 

2 Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of BAS, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 

3 

Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics of the Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI) – 

Federal Research Centre of Cultivated Plants, D-06484 Quedlinburg, Germany 

E-mails: audrius.kacergius@botanika.lt, r.rodeva@abv.bg, jutta.gabler@jki.bund.de 

Phomopsis is a large genus of plant-inhabiting Coelomycetes fungi distributed 

worldwide. Phomopsis is the only known anamorph of Diaporthe. Fungi in the genus 

Phomopsis and its sexual state Diaporthe cause serious diseases on a wide variety of hosts. 

Lately new emerging plant diseases caused by Phomopsis spp. have been established on 

various hosts in Bulgaria, Germany and Lithuania. So far their identification to the species 

level was unsatisfying because of the insufficient morphological and cultural characteristics. 

Phylogenetic analysis was performed on 76 isolates of Phomopsis using sequences from the 

Internal Transcribed Spacers 1 and 2, including 5.8S region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. In 

this study we used NCBI database, CLUSTALW and DNASTAR Lasergene 8.1.4 softwares. 

The results from phylogenetic trees indicated, that some non-identified to species level 

isolates had very close relationships to Diaporthe angelicae (97–99 %) and to Phomopsis 

diachenii (98–99 %). Bootstrap analysis showed strongly defined clade (99 %) of Phomopsis 

isolates from Lactuca sativa. The results of present study confirm previous observations that

different fungal species of the same genus can infect the same host. Thus both Phomopsis 

vaccinii and P. conorum can infect Vaccinium spp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 

relationship of teleomorph species Diaporthe angelicae and asexually reproducing fungi like 

Phomopsis diachenii, P. foeniculi and some newly isolated Phomopsis spp. from 

umbeliferous crops in Bulgaria and Lithuania. 

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON DIVERSITY OF AGARICOID FUNGI IN PINE 

FOREST DAMAGED BY GREAT CORMORANTS 

J. KASPARAVIČIUS, A. KAČERGIUS, G. ADAMONYTĖ 

Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, LT-08406, Vilnius, 

Lithuania 

E-mails: jonas.kasparavicius@botanika.lt, audrius.kacergius@botanika.lt, 

grazina.adamonyte@botanika.lt 

Agaricoid fungi strongly react to various factors influencing forest ecosystem, 

therefore they are good disturbance indicators. The aim of this study was to investigate the 

influence of a piscivorous bird colony on diversity of above- and below-ground agaricoid 

fungus complexes. The study was carried out in pine forest affected by a nesting colony of 

continental subspecies of great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in the Curonian 

Spit, Western Lithuania. Eighteen permanent study plots were established in the forest with 

different degree of damage. Both above- and below-ground agaricoid fungus species diversity 

and diversity of trophic groups was higher in the plots outside the colony. The lowest 

diversity of trophic groups was observed in the plots with highest nest density and in the 

higher elevated colony centre already abandoned by nesting birds. The depauperation of 

trophic group diversity in these plots was mainly at the expense of soil saprobes and 

mycorrhizal fungi. Notably, living ectomycorrhiza was still found in plots with high numbers 

of nests, provided there were still living trees present, though no fruit bodies of 

ectomycorrhizal species were found. 

Acknowledgements. Research was funded by a grant No LEK–23/2010 from the 


CONIFER BARK AGAINST PINE NEEDLE CAST DATA ABOUT CONIFER 

BARK EXTRACT IMPACT ON Lophodermium seditiosum MYCELIUM 

GROWTH in vitro 

R. D. ĶIESNERE, D. KĻAVIŅA*, N. ARHIPOVA, T.GAITNIEKS, O. POLIS, A. KORICA, 

M.DAUGAVIETIS 

LSFRI “Silava”, Riga Str. 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia 

*E-mail: darta.klavina@silava.lv 

Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar is one of the most significant 

conifer pathogens in European forest nurseries and plantations. A number of chemical defence 

agents is widely used for disease control but it would be valuable to produce an effective 

biological control agent for seedling protection against L. seditiosum. Growth rate of L. 

seditiosum mycelia on malt agar media with addition of pine or spruce bark and needle 

extracts were tested in vitro. To add the extract sterile filter papers (ø 7 cm) impregnated with 

certain extract were used.

Needle extracts did not inhibit the growth of L. seditiosum. Therefore only bark 

extracts were used in further experiments. Bark extracts prepared with different extraction 

methods were used in present study. Ethanol-based bark extracts in higher concentrations had 

stimulating effect on fungal growth but in low concentrations (0.1%) inhibited fungal growth. 

Bark extract on the base of sodium hydroxide in 1% and 1.5% concentrations inhibited 

mycelial growth. In addition, L. seditiosum isolates of different origins were tested on media 

with addition of different extracts. 

Interesting aspect was that fungal culture growth forms differed according to extract 

added to media – on some extracts fungi formed mycelia mostly on media surface but on 

some extracts fungi grew deep into the agar media. 

NEW PATHOGENS ON LEAVES OF Alnus spp. IN LITHUANIA 

S. MARKOVSKAJA 

Institute of Botany, Nature Research Center, Laboratory of Mycology, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, 


E-mail: svetlana.markovskaja@botanika.lt 

In the mid-1990ies an epidemic of foliar rust affecting alder trees began in Europe. 

The agent was identified as new host-alternating rust fungus Melampsoridium hiratsukanum 

S. Ito ex Hirats., which for the first time was recorded in Baltic region by the end of 1990ies. 

In Lithuania it also appeared around 1998 (according to the first collected specimen preserved 

in BILAS herbarium). This Asian rust fungus probably was introduced to Europe with its first 

(aecial) host plants Larix spp. and have been rapidly spreading in Europe by the 

urediniospores on their second (telial) host plants Alnus spp. Apparently it is a relatively 

aggressive pathogen especially for grey alder, which may also infect leaves of more resistant 

black alder. During present study we found that M. hiratsukanum is already widely spread in 

our country on Alnus incana and started to appear on Alnus glutinosa. In 2010 we found M. 

hiratsukanum at the edge of the great cormorant colony (Curonian Spit) strongly affecting 

leaves of both A. incana and A. glutinosa. Other pathogen, an eriophyid mite Acalitus 

brevitarsus Fockeu (by symptoms resembling rust fungi) was found on Alnus glutinosa leaves 

together with the fungus. In the other parts of Curonian Spit and continental Lithuania these 

pathogens – the rust fungus and the mite are never found together, this only exception was 

recorded in the forest affected by cormorants. The reason for this is that Melampsoridium 

hiratsukanum mainly infects leaves of Alnus incana, meantime Acalitus brevitarsus affects 

only leaves of A. glutinosa. Evidently, the forest affected by cormorant activity became more 

susceptible to pathogens and invasive species. 

Acknowledgements. This research was funded by a grant No LEK -23/2010 from the 

Research Council of Lithuania.

FUNGI IN SOIL BELOW CORMORANT (PHALACROCORAX CARBO SINENSIS) 

COLONY IN WESTERN LITHUANIA 

D. PEČIULYTĖ*, V. DIRGINČIUTĖ-VOLODKIENĖ 

Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, LT-08412 Vilnius, 

Lithuania 

*E-mails: dalia.peciulyte@botanika.lt, vaidiluted@gmail.com 

The possible effects of a great cormorant Phalocrocorax carbo colony on abundance, 

diversity, and species composition of soil fungi communities were investigated in a 

coniferous forest near the Curonian Bay in western Lithuania. Samples were collected at five 

study sites that had the same vegetation composition but were in different stages of breeding 

colony establishment and a site outside cormorant colony (control). Samples of the soil (0–10 

cm) were collected in August 2010 and May 2011. The dilution plating method and several 

selective media were used for fungal isolation and identification. In the present study, we did 

not find significant correlations between the abundance of soil fungi and intensity of the forest 

stand damage by cormorants (i.e. stand intensively colonized by cormorants from 1983 up to 

2011, moderately or newly colonized, and control area), but we found fungal species severely 

affected by the colonization intensity. Total numbers of cultivable fungi in soil at formerly 

colonized and the control sites were higher in spring, while at newly and intensively colonized 

sites – in autumn. The lowest fungal abundance was determined in the soil of sites with 

maximal vegetation damage and obviously slowed down organic mater destruction. Trends of 

the negative correlation between the total number of fungi and total carbon content in these 

sites (R=–0.51, p>0.05) also shows the slowed organic matter destruction process in soil. 

Fungal abundance negatively correlated with low (~ 3.1–3.8) soil pH and phosphorus content 

(R=–0.6537 and 0.6358, p

2007-2009 in 25 m radius sample plots. Totally were evaluated 100 plots. Forest stand 

parameters, dead-wood and species of fungi were evaluated in each plot. Only old-growth 

indicator species were taken into account. 

Totally 27 species of fungi were discovered. The most common species were 

Xylobolus frustulatus (105 occurences), Fomitopsis rosea (46) and Clavicorone pyxidata (30). 

Meanwhile 5 species were recorded only once. Among the most interesting species for the 

region can be mentioned Piptoporus quercinus and Hapalopilus salmonicolor. 

The most important tree species for the rare wood-inhabiting fungi were determined being 

Quercus robur, Picea abies and Populus tremula. The highest species richness of fungi was 

registered on Picea wood, followed by Populus and Quercus. Meanwhile biggest abundance 

was detected on Quercus, followed by Picea and Populus. Coarse dead wood of medium 

decay stages proved to be most important substratum for rare fungi. 

Significant difference in rare species diversity and abundance was found 

between long-time untouched and managed forests. 

MONITORING OF FUNGAL DISEASES IN STRAWBERRY COMMERCIAL 

FIELDS IN LATVIA 

R. RANCANE, L. VILKA, J. VOLKOVA*, M.EIHE, A. BAZHENOVA 

Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre, Struktoru Str. 14a, LV-1039 Riga, Latvia 

*E-mail: julija.volkova@laapc.lv 

The diversity of strawberry fungal pathogens and their distribution in commercial 

fields in Latvia has been investigated since 2007. Ecological, climatic and agricultural factors 

cause changes in the distribution of fungal diseases, and their importance. 

The first observation was done in 2007, when 31 commercial strawberry plantations 

were surveyed in all territory of Latvia. Samples of damaged leaves and rotted berries were 

collected during survey. From the leaves and berries fungi were isolated directly on the 

isolation plates and identified by comparing morphological characteristics from descriptions 

in the literature. Further observations were carried out in the following years. During the 

monitoring in 2007, from berries mainly traditional pathogen Botrytis cinerea was isolated; it 

was found in all observed fields. Also secondary fungi – Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp. and 

Fusarium spp. were observed frequently. Other isolated pathogens: Hainesia lythri, Idriella 

lunata and Coniella castaneicola were found in a few samples. Phomopsis obscurans was 

isolated just in one sample in 2007, but in the later observations it was observed more 

frequently from leaves and berries, especially from the fields with imported planting material. 

Plants of strawberry’s variety ‘Sonata’ were often infected with Phomopsis obscurans. In 

2007 powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca macularis was observed only in Kurzeme 

region which is located more to South, South-West part of Latvia, but in further observations 

in 2010 and 2011 powdery mildew was observed also in Central and Northern regions of 

Latvia, especially on susceptible varieties, such as ‘Zephyr’, ‘Kent’, ‘Petrina’. Some damages 

related to different Phytophtora species were observed in fields in 2011 but further 

investigations and observations are necessary.

FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH SEED AND PLANT INFECTION OF PEPPER 

R. RODEVA 1 , Z. STOYANOVA 1 , E. SURVILIENE 2 , P. CHAVDAROV 3 

1 Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of BAS, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 

2 Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno 30, 

Babtai LT-54333, Kaunas distr., Lithuania 

3 Institute for Plant Genetic Resources, Sadovo, Bulgaria 

E-mails: r.rodeva@abv.bg, zornica_st@abv.bg, e.surviliene@lsdi.lt, 

chavdarov_petar@abv.bg 

Plant diseases can be a limiting factor in pepper production in Bulgaria and Lithuania. 

Fungus related diseases are the most common. Plants may exhibit wilting, discoloration, poor 

growth, and spots. Plant problems are often associated with infected seeds. An investigation 

was undertaken to range over the most distributed fungi associated with seed and plant 

infection of pepper. Root, stem, leaf, fruit and seed samples were collected from diseased 

pepper plants. Seeds or pieces of damaged tissue were surface sterilized and transferred on 

potato dextrose agar medium. Fungal pathogens were isolated, identified and characterized 

mainly at species level. Alternaria alternata, Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. 

capsici, Verticillium dahliae, Verticillium albo-atrum, Colletotrichum coccodes and 

Macrophomina phaseolina were found predominant in plants showing symptoms of wilting. 

The most frequently isolated fungi from aboveground plant parts were Botrytis cinerea, 

Alternaria alternata, A. solani, Colletotrichum acutatum, C. coccodes, C. gloeosporioides, 

Phomopsis capsici, Phoma sp., Fusarium solani. Fungal species Phytophthora capsici and 

Leveillula taurica were found only occasionally. Microbiological analysis on the potato 

dextrose agar medium of 16 varieties of sweet pepper seeds showed fungal infection up to 

5.63% and bacterial up to 16.88%. The dominant species and isolates of fungi determined by 

their morphological characteristics were Acremonium sp., Alternaria radicina, A. alternata, A. 

solani, Aspergillus sp., Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium sp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. 

herbarum, C. sphaerospermum, Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum dematium, Mortierella 

sp., Mortierella hyaline, Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis 

basicola, Torula herbarum, Verticillium sp. and Mycelia sterilia. Adequate knowledge 

concerning the pathogens is essential for appropriate pest management. 

PATHOGENIC MICROBIOTA OF TREE LEAVES IN URBAN GREENERY OF 

MINSK 

A. TELESH 

Department of Forest Protection and Wood Science, Belarusian State Technological 

University, Sverdlova Str. 13a, 220006 Minsk, Belarus 

E-mail: oxygene2009@tut.by 

Tillet (Tilia cordata), horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and Norway maple are 

the predominating species which are used in green areas in transport and recreation areas of 

Minsk. Their frequency is 24.4%, 20.9% and 16.9% respectively. In the city conditions fungal 

diseases of leaves of these species such as blotch or powdery mildew are widespread. The 

distribution of leaf blotch of horse chestnuts reaches 50.0%, 18.1% of Norway maples and 

35.1% of tillets. Following species of disease agents of leaves are the most widespread and 

harmful: brown blotch (Phillosticta sphaeropsoidea (Ellis et Everh.) Petrak), yellow blotch 

(Phillosticta castaneae Ell. et Ev.), brown blotch (Cylindrosporium castanicola (Desm.)

Berl.), powdery mildew (Erysiphe flexuosa (Peck) U. Braun et S. Takamats) on horse 

chestnut; black blotch (Rhytisma acerinum Fr.), brown blotch (Phillosticta negundinis Sacc. 

et Speg.), powdery mildew (Uncinula aceris Saсс.) on Norway maple; dark-brown blotch 

(Cercospora microsora Saсс.), brown blotch (Phillosticta tilia Sacc. et Speg.) on tillet. 

Infection rate of various diseases is closely connected to the specificity of the 

conditions of urban environment. For example, high concentration of gaseous pollutants 

aggravates the state of trees and influences such pathogens as incitants of the powdery 

mildew. Powdery mildew develops worse on the streets with heavy traffic, than in public 

green spaces, so the greatest degree of the spread of the disease was noticed on territories that 

were less polluted. The same dependence was also noticed with regard to the species 

composition of the incitants of the diseases of leaves: more fungi occurred in situations of 

lower pollution. Similar tendency was noticed for blotches: the prevalence and the intensity of 

the diseases were higher where pollution was lower. 

THE SEARCH OF WOODY PLANT PATHOGEN – PHYTOPHTHORA SPP. IN 

LITHUANIA 

V. SNIEŠKIENĖ 1 , A. STANKEVIČIENĖ 1 , K. ŽEIMAVIČIUS 1 , R. PŪKIENĖ 2 , A. VITAS 2 

1 Kaunas Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University, Z. E. Žilibero 6, 

LT-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania 

2 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Environmental Research Centre, Vytautas Magnus University, 

Z. E. Žilibero 6, LT-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania 

E-mails: v.snieskiene@bs.vdu.lt, a.vitas@gmf.vdu.lt 

The global climate change influences intensity, migration and spread of Phytophthora 

genus fungi causing woody plant injuries. During 2010–2011 in Lithuania, trees of 16 species 

from various genera, e.g., Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Betula, Quercus, Populus, Salix, Tilia with 

stem damages (wet rust-colour spots) typical to Phytophthora fungi genus were found. 

Acknowledgements. The research was supported by the Research Council of Lithuania 

(Project No LEK-21/2010). 

PATHOGENIC MYCOBIOTA ON PLANTS OF THE GENUS Alnus Mill. 

M. A. TOMOSHEVICH*, E. V. BANAEV 

Central Siberian Botanical Garden of RAS, Zolotodolinskaya Str. 101, 630090 Novosibirsk, 

Russia 

*E-mail: arysa9@mail.ru 

The genus Alnus Mill. includes about 30 species mainly distributed in the 

circumboreal zone. Study of mycobiota on alder plants within the area of host plant 

distribution with consideration of different environmental factors is of a special interest. A 

significant difference in numbers of pathogen species on various alder species is probably 

connected not much with resistance of host plants but with a better study of A. rubra. 

The research conducted on Alnus species in Siberia substantiates this conclusion. In 

the arboretum of Central Siberian Botanical Garden, SB RAS, for the first time to Russia, 

Mycopappus alni (Dearn. et Barthol.) Readhead et G. P. White has been discovered on the 

leaves of A. incana (L.) Moench and A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., whereas earlier this species 

was only found in A. rubra and A. crispa (Aiton) Pursh subsp. sinuata (Regel) Hultén. in

North America. Presence of this fungus in alder species from different subgenera (i.e. Alnus 

and Alnobetula (Ehrh.) Peterm.) is an evidence of absence of species-specificity of the 

pathogen and likelihood of its occurrence in other species. 

The study of pathogenic mycobiota of leaves in natural alder populations revealed its 

significant diversity. A complex of micromycetes was found on leaves of A. fruticosa Rupr. 

in the nature reserve “Stolby” (Krasnoyarsk, Russia). Melampsoridium alni (Thum.) Dietel 

and Microsphaera penicillata (Wallr. : Fr.) Lev. were found on the lower side of leaves. 

Uredospori of rust fungi were damaged by hyperparasite Ramularia uredinis (W. Voss) Sacc. 

(a new host for this Ramularia). A new species of sporodochial hyphomycete Cheiromycella 

foliicola U. Braun, Melnik & Tomoshevich, sp. nov. was found on the upper side of leaves. 

Acknowledgements. This work was partly supported by the Council of the city 

Novosibirsk (grant № 35-10). 

INVESTIGATION OF Venturia inaequalis POPULATION IN DIFFERENT 

AGROECOSYSTEMS 

A. VALIUŠKAITĖ*, E. SURVILIENĖ, D. BANIULIS 

Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno 30, 

Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania 

E-mail: a.valiuskaite@lsdi.lt 

The aim of the present study is to assess the variation of genetic structure of Venturia 

inaequalis isolates originating from different agroecosystems. Specimens were collected from 

Anykščiai, Biržai, Kaunas, Panevėžys, Pasvalys regions. Samples were collected from fruits 

and leaves with characteristic symptoms of Venturia inaequalis infection grown at different 

locations, average 10 specimens per region. Fungal cultures were established using wet 

chamber and growth on solid medium methods and assessed microscopically. Isolates were 

grown on Potato dextrose agar pH 5.0 (PDA) (Merck KGaA) at 20 ± 2°C in the dark for 2–3 

weeks, and identified according to fungal identification manuals. AFLP samples were 

prepared using AFLP Microbial fingerprinting kit (“Applied Biosystems” Ltd.) using 

manufacturer instructions based on method described by Vos et al. (1995). Allele scoring was 

performed using Gene Mapper v.4.0 (“Applied Biosystems” Ltd.). The scoring parameters of 

50 to 500 bp range and higher than 50 rfu signal intensity was used. To assess genetic 

distance of different isolates, cluster analysis was performed on Systat v.13 software (“Systat 

Software” Ltd.) using hierarchical analysis algorithm of χ 2 distance. 

An assessment of genetic polymorphism of the 22 selected Venturia inaequalis 

isolates using AFLP method with three pairs of primers with one selective nucleotide resulted 

in identification of 630 polymorphic alleles. Cluster analysis of genetic similarity of the 

isolates revealed seven distinct groups with genetic distance value less than 0.5. A high 

genetic polymorphism characterized different geographical areas. It was found that genetic 

diversity was characteristic of geographic area boundaries. Genetic groups with genetic 

similarity were associated with a common origin of the planting material. 

Acknowledgements. The study was supported by the Research Council of Lithuania 

(Acronym GENŪKIS, 2008–2009).

DO ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI OF TIMOTHY HAVE POTENTIAL FOR 

BIOPROSPECTING 

T. VARVAS, K. KASEKAMP 

Department of Mycology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian 

University of Life Sciences, Riia 181, 51014 Tartu, Estonia 

E-mails: triin.varvas@emu.ee, kristina.kasekamp@gmail.com 

Timothy is a widespread perennial grass in North America and Europe, but has been 

studied little in regard to its endophytic fungi. Research has demonstrated that several 

endophytes produce compounds that inhibit a range of fungal pathogens of grasses or cause 

toxicity in animals. Research up to date has shown that endophyte-infected timothy plants had 

less leaf spot disease caused by Cladosporium phlei and stem rust caused by Puccinia 

graminis when compared with endophyte-free plants (Sampson, 1933; Greulich et al., 1999; 

Tajimi, 1990). There is little known about fungal metabolites of timothy. In this presentation 

an overview is given of the metabolites that may have an effect on fungal pathogens or 

animals. 

In our study, 58 endophyte strains were obtained using morphological and molecular 

methods from the 60 timothy plants and ten fungal taxa were identified: Epicoccum nigrum, 

Alternaria arbusti, Lewia viburni, Apiospora montagnei, Aureobasidium pullulans, Fusarium 

sporotrichioides, Gibberella avenacea, Paraphaeosphaeria michotii, Phaeosphaeria 

herpotrichoides and Monographella sp. Fast advances in modern spectrometry allow rapid 

and complex analyses of metabolites. Preliminary study on metabolites from identified 

timothy endophytes is given using GC-MS analyzer from pure culture. 

MONITORING OF FUNGAL DISEASES IN BLUEBERRY COMMERCIAL FIELDS 

IN LATVIA 

L. VILKA, R. RANCANE, J. VOLKOVA*, M. EIHE, A. BAZHENOVA 

Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre, Struktoru Str. 14a, LV-1039 Riga, Latvia 

*E-mail: julija.volkova@laapc.lv 

The diversity of blueberry fungal pathogens and their distribution in commercial fields 

in Latvia has been investigated since 2009, to reveal the main fungal diseases in the blueberry 

fields. The first observation was done in 2009, when 14 commercial blueberry plantations 

were surveyed in all territory of Latvia. Samples of damaged leaves, stems and rotted berries 

were collected during survey. From the leaves and berries fungi were isolated directly on the 

isolation plates and detected by comparing morphological characteristics from descriptions in 

the literature. Further observations were done in the next years, to follow up the main 

problems, which were found out during survey. 

Botrytis cinerea was isolated in seven plantations, from berries, and also from 

damaged shoots and leaves. In 2010 and 2011 significant flowers damages of Botrytis cinerea 

were observed in the particular plantations. During storage about 30−70% of berries became 

rotted. Colletotrichum sp. was found in 3 plantations, and in one of them it caused significant 

losses of berries, during storage about 80% of berries became rotted. Wilting of new shoots 

was also associated with the infection of Colletotrichum sp. Quarantine pathogen Phomopsis 

vaccinii was found in 13 from 14 observed plantations. In 2009 Phomopsis vaccinii was 

isolated just from dead shoots, but in 2010, during hot weather conditions, also from berries, 

but infection level was not high. Fusicoccum putrefaciens (Godronia canker) is the main

pathogen of shoots, and was detected in 9 plantations. Pathogen does not always cause the 

death of infected shoots at the first year, but survives, and can be presented in two-tree years 

olds shoots and weaken them. The most susceptible blueberry varieties to Godronia canker 

under Latvia conditions are ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Blue Ray’. 

Other fungi were isolated from shoots – Nectria cinnabarina, Allantophomopsis spp., 

Discosia artocreas, Pestalotia vaccinii, Epicoccum spp., Phyllosticta spp., also Alternaria 

spp. and Fusarium spp., from leaves – Gloeosporium minus. Further investigations and 

observations will be performed in 2011, during harvest time. 

PATHOGENIC FUNGAL DISEASES OF BRANCHES OF ASH IN DRYING OUT 

PLANTATIONS IN BELARUS 

V. B. ZVYAGINTSEV 1* , O. Yu. BARANOV 2 , L. F. МELNIK 1 

1 Belarusian State Technological University, Sverdlova Str. 13a, 220006 Minsk, Belarus 

2 Forest Research Institute, Proletarskaya Str. 71, 246001 Homel, Belarus 

*E-mail: mycolog@tut.by 

The beginning of widespread dieback of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) was first 

recorded by National Forest Monitoring Network in Belarus in 2003 (Zvyagintsev & 

Sazonov, 2005). To date, more than 90% of ash stands have been damaged. The symptoms of 

disease are shoot and branch dieback, wilting, leaf and bark lesions, formation of secondary 

crown, presence of significant signs of bark beetle (Hylesinus sp.) infestation, detection of 

root, root-collar and butt rot caused by Armillaria cepistipes и A. borealis. Affected trees have 

been declining gradually during several years, and were prone to windfall (Zvyagintsev, 

Sazonov, 2007). Similar symptoms were observed in almost all affected stands of common 

ash in Belarus. The necrotrophic fungus Chalara fraxinea has been previously recognized by 

a large number of researchers (Kowalski, 2006; Halmschlager, Kirisits, 2008; Kowalski, 

Holdenrieder, 2008) as the main causative agent of common ash dieback in different parts of 

Europe. 

In summer 2010, new symptoms in the form of multiple necrotic spots were observed 

on the twigs of decline trees from central and south regions of Belarus. 

Three pathogenic species were isolated on malt extract agar (MEA) from surface of 

small sterilized pieces of the affected twigs and incubated at 24 o C in the dark. Colonies had 

different morphology and growth features. 

Molecular analysis showed that the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the 

ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of fungal isolates were identical to samples of Chalara fraxinea, 

Neofabraea alba and Phaeoacremonium sp. from NCBI GenBank database. Nucleotide 

sequences from each species were submitted to Genbank (Accession numbers JF342718, 

JF342719, JF342720).

LICHENOLOGY 

POST-FIRE RECOVERY OF THE LICHEN COVER IN A WEST SIBERIAN 

FOREST: ZONAL ASPECTS 

S. ABDULMANOVA 

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division of RAS, 8th March Str. 202, 620144 

Yekaterinburg, Russia 

E-mail: svabdulmanova@e1.ru 

Regular fires have significant influence on tundra and taiga ecosystems. Features of 

vegetation recovery in these territories are determined by climatic conditions and degree of 

disturbance. We sought to assess impacts of fire on lichen communities in West Siberia, 

Russia. 

The goal of our study is to present an original assessment of lichen cover during postfire 

recovery in latitudinal gradient from forest-tundra to taiga zones. 

Key plots were located into post-fire community of tundra and forest sites in foresttundra 

zone and also in three subzones of taiga: northern light forest, middle and southern 

boreal forests. We sampled a total of 76 plots with a 100 m 2 size. 

We had several primary trends in this study: a) species diversity and richness of postfire 

lichen communities in different zones; b) analysis of ecological and geographical 

structure of biota throughout succession stage; c) indicator species of post-fire communities; 

d) dynamics of lichen mat structure and phytomass. 

Lichen mat conditions and successional status of different stages of post-fire recovery 

into study zones were indicated using occurrence, abundance, total and average cover of both 

individual species and their morphological groups. Indicator species for uneven-aged 

pyrogenic communities and four stages of post-fire lichen cover were defined from analysis of 

these parameters. Differences of height, age and growth of Cladonia species confirmed 

validity of defining stages. 

Biomass of lichen mat and its structure in multiple-aged stage post-fire communities 

depended on zonal conditions of study areas and dynamics of other parameters which 

characterized lichen cover. 

LICHENS AND LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI ON STANDING ‘DEAD WOOD’ 

IN POLISH WESTERN CARPATHIANS 

P. CZARNOTA 

Department of Agroecology and Landscape Architecture, University of Rzeszów, 

Ćwiklińskiej 2, PL-35-601 Rzeszów, Poland 

E-mail: pawczarnota@poczta.onet.pl 

Three mountain ranges of Polish Western Carpathians (Gorce Mts, Babia Góra Massif 

and Tatra Mts) were explored in the period 2008–2010 to investigate the diversity of 

lichenized and lichenicolous fungi occupying dead spruce trees and snags in natural forests 

destroyed by bark beetle Ips typographus. 400 objects in strictly protected areas of national 

parks have been studied, representing the type of simple, group and large-scale destruction of 

stands. 161 species of fungi (144 on wood and 101 on bark remnants) were found; 140 

lichenized, 20 lichenicolous and commonly occurring non-lichenized Mycocalicium subtile.

The frequency more than 10% showed 31 species, among them only one was not found in all 

three mountain ranges. Destroyed spruce stands seem to be key habitats for many lichen 

species listed as threatened taxa in recent national Red List of Lichens. Some of them are 

frequent there, e.g. Chaenotheca xyloxena (frequency 21%; VU), Lecidea turgidula (20%; 

VU) and Calicium trabinellum (19%; EN); next 15 threatened species are common for the 

three ranges, but more rarely found. Among them are also other endangered taxa (category 

EN) in Poland: Chaenotheca brunneola, Ch. stemonea and Lecanactis abietina. Buellia 

arborea, Puttea margaritella and Phaeopyxis varia are presented as new to Poland and the 

last species additionally as new for Central Europe and Carpathians. For these and several 

noteworthy species taxonomical remarks and some details on ecology and world distribution 

are included. 

ROLE OF THE FENNOSCANDIAN GREEN BELT IN CONSERVATION OF 

THE LICHEN BIOTA IN EASTERN FENNOSCANDIA 

M. A. FADEEVA, A. V. KRAVCHENKO 

Forest Research Institute, Karelian Research Centre of RAS, 

11 Pushkinskaya Str., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia 

E-mails: fadeeva@krc.karelia.ru, alex.kravchen@mail.ru 

The Green Belt of Eastern Fennoscandia (GBEF) stretches from south to north along 

the Russian-Finnish and Russian-Norwegian border within Finland, Norway and Russia – 

Republic of Karelia, Leningrad and Murmansk Regions. Owing to its borderland location and 

remoteness from industrial centres, extensive – 50,000 ha and more – areas of pristine taiga, 

Europe’s westernmost ones, have survived in GBEF. This fact makes GBEF the key element 

of the East Fennoscandian ecological framework – the system of taiga corridors which 

enables native flora and fauna to disperse freely – and a crucial prerequisite for conservation 

of the region’s original biodiversity (Kurhinen et al., 2009, 2011, etc.). On the Russian side, 

GBEF comprises operating and several planned protected areas (PAs) with the federal (two 

strict nature reserves, two designated national parks and one scheduled for designation in 

2011) and regional status (nature park, nature reserves). 

In the present paper we assess the role of PAs of Karelia and the Murmansk Region 

within GBEF in conserving nationally and regionally red-listed species of lichens and allied 

fungi. 

Lichenological data are analysed for 8 operating and planned PAs in Karelia and 2 in 

the Murmansk Region. All in all, 80 (73.4 % of the total number) regionally red-listed species 

have been found in PAs of Karelia. GBF PAs alone harbour 18 (16.5 % of the total number of 

red-listed species). PAs of the Murmansk Region host 53 such species (41.7 % of the total 

number). Three PAs stand out in terms of the number of species they harbour: operating 

Paanajärvi NP and planned Ladoga Skerries NP in Karelia, and Kutsa nature reserve in the 

Murmansk Region with 41 (37.6 % of the total number of red-listed species), 61 (56.1 %) and 

45 (35.4 %) red-listed species, respectively. The number of red-listed species in other PAs 

ranges from 3 (2.8 %) to 18 (14.2 %).

FURTHER RESULTS ON CONSERVATION OF LICHENISED FUNGI IN 

HUNGARY 

E. FARKAS 1 , L. LŐKÖS 2 , K. MOLNÁR 1 

1 Institute of Ecology and Botany of HAS, H-2163 Vácrátót, Hungary 

2 Botany Department, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Pf. 222, H-1476 Budapest, 

Hungary 

E-mails: efarkas@botanika.hu, lokos@bot.nhmus.hu, kmcz100@gmail.com 

Efforts for legal protection of lichens in Hungary from 1999 to 2004 were summarised 

in a former presentation during the XVIth Symposium of Mycologists and Lichenologists of 

the Baltic States, Latvia, September 2005. Due to our activities 5 lichen species (Cetraria 

aculeata, Cladonia magyarica, Usnea florida, Xanthoparmelia pseudohungarica and X. 

subdiffluens) became protected by law (23/2005(VIII.31) KvVM) in August 2005. Further 3 

lichen species of the genus Cladina (C. arbuscula, C. mitis and C. rangiferina) were included 

in an additional law (18/2008(VI.19) KvVM) for conserving further rare and endangered 

organisms in Hungary. However, recent studies emphasize that Hungarian populations of 

these species need taxonomic revision urgently. Our forecast about a better understanding of 

the importance of biodiversity seems to be fulfilled. We still hope that even more species will 

gain protection in future and our results in taxonomy will support conservation of lichenised 

fungi. 

Acknowledgements. Our work was supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research 

Fund (OTKA T47160 and K81232). 

SPORE ORNAMENTATION AND APOTHECIA SURFACE IN THE LICHEN 

FAMILIES Gyalectaceae AND Coenogoniaceae 

L. V. GAGARINA 

Laboratory of Lichenology and Bryology, Komarov Botanical Institute of RAS, Prof. Popov 

Str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia 

E-mail: kvercus@yandex.ru 

The Gyalectaceae and Coenogoniaceae are families of lichenized ascomycetes. The 

family Gyalectaceae includes widely distributed species. Coenogoniaceae occur mainly in 

tropical regions. Morphology and anatomy of these families is poorly investigated. 

The aim of our research is to study the spore ornamentation and apothecia surface in 

the lichen families Gyalectaceae and Coenogoniaceae by the method of scanning electron 

microscopy. Totally twenty four species were investigated. The spores and apothecia were 

examined and photographed in JSM 63 90 LA scanning electron microscope (SEM). 

The lichens from families Gyalectaceae and Coenogoniaceae can be divided into five 

groups on the basis of spore ornamentation: 1) smooth, without ornamentation – Belonia 

herculina, B. russula, Coenogonium luteum, C. pineti, Gyalecta derivata, G. friesii, G. 

jenensis, G. kukriensis, G. leucaspis, G. liguriensis, G. schisticola, G. subclausa, G. titovii, G. 

truncigena, G. ulmi, Pachyphiale carneola, P. fagicola, P. ophiospora, Ramonia luteola; 2) 

with poorly developed ornamentation – Gyalecta flotovii; 3) slightly verrucose – Gyalecta 

foveolaris, G. peziza; 4) verrucose – Gyalecta geoica; 5) areolate – Gyalecta nigricans. 

Some information concerning apothecia surface has been obtained. Margin surface is 

similar for all studied species. According to the disc surface, species were divided into three 

main groups:

1. Disc surface waxy-looking – Belonia herculina, B. russula, Coenogonium luteum, 

C. pineti, Gyalecta foveolaris, G. geoica, G. liguriensis, G. peziza, G. schisticola, G. titovii, 

Pachyphiale carneola, P. fagicola, P. ophiospora. 

2. Disc surface without waxy cover. Paraphyse tips of different shapes are visible on 

the apothecia surface: 2.1. Capitate – Gyalecta flotovii, G. friesii, G. kukriensis, G. subclausa, 

G. truncigena, G. ulmi; 2.2. Reticulate – Gyalecta nigricans; 2.3. Crater-like – Gyalecta 

jenensis; 2.4. Linguiform – Gyalecta derivate. 

3. Disc surface with numerous crystals – Gyalecta leucaspis. 

THE PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS 

FROM IN VITRO CULTURED MYCELIA OF Protoparmeliopsis muralis 

B. GUZOW-KRZEMIŃSKA 1 , J. DYBUŚĆ 2 

Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland 

1 E-mail: beatagk@biotech.ug.gda.pl; 2 e-mail: czaprowska@wp.pl 

Lichens have been used in folk medicine for centuries. Many secondary metabolites 

have been identified and isolated from lichens and some of them were found to have 

antimicrobial activity. Although numerous studies were published on antibacterial activity of 

metabolites extracted from lichen thalli, mycelial cultures did not get that much attention so 

far. Antimicrobial activity of in vitro cultured mycelia of Protoparmeliopsis muralis (syn. 

Lecanora muralis) was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We tested 

acetone and methanol extracts from mycelia grown on PDA and GLBM media. The following 

bacterial strains were used in disc diffusion tests: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyllococcus aureus. We observed a stronger antibacterial 

activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative strains. 

Acknowledgements. The study was financially supported by Marie Curie European 

Reintegration Grant within 7 th European Community Framework Programme project no. 

239343. 

LICHENS IN RED DATA BOOK OF LENINGRAD REGION – CURRENT 

SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES 

D. E. HIMELBRANT, E. S. KUZNETSOVA, 

I. S. STEPANCHIKOVA 

Department of Botany, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. 

Petersburg, Russia 



E-mails: d_brant@mail.ru, igel_kuzn@mail.ru, stepa_ir@mail.ru 

The first edition of Red Data Book (RDB) of Leningrad Region (LR) was published in 

2000. The list of lichens includes 49 species. At that moment it was about 7% of known 

lichen diversity in the region (Zavarzin et al., 1999). At present we have data about 

approximately 950 species inhabiting LR (e. g. Kuznetsova, 2007; Stepanchikova et al., 2009, 

2010). It means that only 5% of lichens are protected. 

The species were included in RDB according to the following criteria: 1) species listed 

in RDB of RSFSR (1988); 2) species that need protection throughout LR; 3) rare species

known from a few localities; 4) easily visible species. The ecological features and the 

distribution of species were also taken in account. For example, preference was given to 

moderately rare species inhabiting highly populated and transformed territories over more rare 

species inhabiting less disturbed parts of the region. We suppose that the lichen red list should 

be combined on the base of rather other principles: 1) naturally rare species with scattered 

decreasing distribution area in Russia or in the World; 2) regionally rare species which are 

situated on the border of their distribution within LR; 3) species connected to rare and most 

valuable plant communities and landscapes within LR; 4) species listed in RDB of Russia 

(2008). 

The recent lichenological investigations in LR make obvious that current red list 

doesn’t cover the whole species diversity requiring protection. The increasing of the list to 

90–95 species should make it more representative for purposes of revealing and protection of 

the most valuable and unique communities as well as of conservation of the whole lichen 

flora. 

According to current rules the RDB must be re-published every ten years. 

Unfortunately due to economical reasons the republishing of RDB of LR is shelved. 

PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES OF THREE PENDENT Usnea SPECIES 

F. HÖGNABBA 1 , H. RÄMÄ 2 , P. HALONEN 3 , H. LINDGREN 1 , S. VELMALA 1 , 

S. STENROOS 1 , L. MYLLYS 1 

1 Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, University of Helsinki, 

FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland 

2 Senjavegen 25, N-9012 Tromsø, Norway 

3 Botanical Museum, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 3000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 

Oulu, Finland 

E-mails: filip.hognabba@helsinki.fi, heini.rama@gmail.com, pekkahalonen@hotmail.fi, 

hanna.lindgren@helsinki.fi, saara.velmala@helsinki.fi, soili.stenroos@helsinki.fi, 

leena.myllys@helsinki.fi 

The taxonomy of the pendent Usnea species U. barbata, U. chaetophora. and U. 

dasypoga (lichen-forming ascomycetes) has remained unclear. The species have similar 

chemistry and have been distinguished based on morphological features. The characters used 

to separate the species are however not always clear-cut and the species delimitation is often 

problematic. In this study the phylogenetic relationships of the three pendent Usnea species 

are reconstructed to get a framework for better understanding the taxonomy of the species. To 

reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences in a parsimony analysis 

were used. The variation in the sequence data was low. The results from the phylogenetic 

analysis confirm the taxonomic problems of the species, as none of the three species form 

monophyletic entities. However, most of the examined U. chaetophora specimens are 

included in one clade. Also most of the U. dasypoga specimens are included in one 

phylogenetic group. U. chaetophora and U. dasypoga might therefore be considered distinct 

species although there are still some problems with the species definitions. The examined U. 

barbata specimens are included in several distantly related clades and probably consist of 

several species. Preliminary findings indicate that the taxonomy of the three pendent Usnea 

species needs to be revised, however further studies including more loci is needed before final 

conclusions can be made.

ON THE LICHENS OF SVALBARD ARCHIPELAGO 

L. KONOREVA 

Laboratory of Flora and Vegetation, Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, Kola Science 

Center of RAS, 184209 Kirovsk, Murmansk Region, Russia 



E-mail: ajdarzapov@yandex.ru 

Svalbard is situated between 76°28' and 80°41' N with total area 61229 sq. km. The 

archipelago includes more than 1000 islands of various sizes. Arctic type of the climate is 

significantly mitigated by the influence of the warm Gulfstream, which bypasses the 

archipelago to the west and south with two branches. The topography of the archipelago is 

sharply dissected and more than half of the area is covered by glaciers. The territory belongs 

to the arctic polar desert zone, the northern arctic tundra zone and the middle arctic tundra 

zone. 

According to Øvstedal et al. (2009) the lichen flora of Svalbard includes 742 species. 

We have continued lichenological study in 2008–2010 with the expedition of Polar-Alpine 

Botanical Garden-institute. The material collected in the surroundings of Barentsburg, 

Pyramiden and Kolesbay (Colesdalen) settlements, Grøndalen and Grønfjorddalen river 

valleys, vicinity of the Aldegonda glacier and coast of the Trygghamna bay. In total we found 

131 species of lichens. With the literature data the check-list of lichen flora of these areas 

includes 204 species. 

For the first time in the Barentsburg area 15 lichen species were found (total 93 

species), and in the Pyramiden settlement area – 80 species (total 82 species), in the Kolesbay 

settlement area – 25 species (total 32 species), in the Aldegonda glacier area – 41 species 

(total 48 species), in the Grøndalen river valley – 7 species (total 37 species), in the 

Trygghamna bay – 21 species (total 23 species). Ecology and substrate analysis revealed that 

epilitic species are dominated in Svalbard. Rare to the archipelago species were identified 

(Buellia geophila (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Lynge, Euopsis granatina (Sommerf.) Nyl., Physcia 

tenella (Scop.) DC. ssp. marina (A. Nyl.) D. Hawksw., Protomicarea limosa (Ach.) 

Hafellner, Protothelenella sphinctrinoidella (Nyl.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt, Thelocarpon 

epibolum Nyl.). Five new lichen species to Svalbard are: Acarospora moenium (Vain.) 

Räsänen, Amygdalaria elegantior (H. Magn.) Hertel & Brodo, A. pelobotryon (Wahlenb.) 

Norman, Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman, Xylographa parallela (Ach.: Fr.) Behlen 

& Desberger. 

CONCERNING THE LICHEN FLORA OF SAMARA REGION 

E. S. KORCHIKOV 

Samara State University, Acad. Pavlova Str., 1, 443011 Samara, Russia 

E-mail: evkor@inbox.ru 

There are many areas in Samara region that are fairly poorly known regarding lichen 

flora. Our investigations since 2002 allowed to compile a checklist of lichens of Samara region 

that includes 322 species (Корчиков, 2006). 14 species are thought to be erroneous records: 

Aspicilia farinosa Arnold, Bacidia vermifera (Nyl.) Th. Fr., Bryoria implexa (Hoffm.) Brodo et 

D. Hawksw., B. subcana (Nyl. et Stiz.) Brodo et D. Hawksw., Chaenothecopsis viridireagens 

(Nádv.) Schmidt., Cladonia decorticata (Flörke) Spreng., C. digitata (L.) Hoffm., C. glauca

Flörke, C. portentosa (Dufour) Coem., C. scabriuscula (Delise in Duby) Nyl., Hypogymnia 

bitteri (Lynge) Ahti, Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. 

Hawksw. et Lumbsch, Protoparmelia nephaea (Sommerf.) R. Sant., Varicellaria carneonivea 

(Anz.) Erichs. 

41 species were found for the first time in Samara Region (Шустов, 2007; Корчиков, 

2009, 2010): Absconditella lignicola Vezda et Pisut, Arthonia dispersa (Schrad.) Nyl., A. 

mediella Nyl., A. radiata (Pers.) Ach., Bacidia beckhausii Körb., B. polychroa (Th. Fr.) Körb., B. 

subincompta (Nyl.) Arnold, Calicium viride Pers., Caloplaca cerinelloides (Erichs.) Poelt, C. 

transcaspica (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein., Candelariella reflexa (Nyl.) 

Lettau, Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Mig., C. furfuracea (L.) Tibell, C. laevigata 

Nádv., C. stemonea (Ach.) Müll. Arg., C. trichialis (Ach.) Th. Fr., Chaenothecopsis pusilla 

(Ach.) A. F. W. Schmidt, C. rubescens Vain., Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd., Coenogonium pineti 

(Schrad. ex Ach.) Lücking et Lumbsch, Cyphelium tigillare (Ach.) Ach., Diplotomma alboatrum 

(Hoffm.) Flot., Eopyrenula leucoplaca (Wallr.) R. C. Harris, Graphis scripta (L.) Ach., Julella 

fallaciosa (Stizenb ex Arnold) R. C. Harris., Lecanora leptyrodes (Nyl.) Degel., Lecidella 

elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy, Micarea denigrata (Fr.) Hedl., M. misella (Nyl.) Hedl., M. 

peliocarpa (Anzi) Coppins et R. Sant., Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala, Ochrolechia 

pallescens (L.) A. Massal., Pachyphiale fagicola (Hepp) Zwackh, Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) 

Nyl., P. hymenea (Ach.) Schaer., Piccolia ochrophora (Nyl.) Hafellner, Platismatia glauca (L.) 

W. L. Culb. et C. F. Culb., Staurothele frustulenta Vain., S. levinae Oxn., Usnea scabrata Nyl. 

DIVERSITY OF EPIPHYTIC LICHENS OF THE OAK-HORNBEAM FOREST IN 

THE OLSZTYN LAKELAND (N POLAND) 

D. KUBIAK 

Department of Mycology, Warmia and Mazury University in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 

PL-10-719 Olsztyn, Poland 

E-mail: darku@uwm.edu.pl 

Epiphytic lichen cover and diversity were analysed in the oak-hornbeam forest in the 

Olsztyn Lakeland. The mesoregion, covering ca. 4,000 km 2 , is located in the northern Poland, 

in the impact zone of sub-oceanic and sub-continental climates. Thirty study sites, with the 

constant area of 400m 2 , were sampled in the best preserved old-growth forest stand, situated 

both within protected areas, with the nature reserve status, as well as within managed forests. 

The sites were concentrated in three locations in the region (S, N and NE). At each site, all 

lichen species on each tree up to a height of 2 m were identified. A total of 405 trees, 

belonging to eleven tree species, were studied. A total of 130 lichen species were identified, 

with a range between 17 and 58 species per site (average 45). The highest number was 

recorded on Carpinus betulus with 103 species, followed by Quercus robur with 86 species, 

Acer platanoides with 52, Tilia cordata with 50, and Fagus sylvatica with 37 species. Most of 

the recorded lichens (80%) were crustose (104 taxa), while only 26 foliose and fruticose 

species were recorded. The common lichen species were 19 taxa (occurring in 80% of the 

sites), whilst the rare species (occurring in 20% of the sites) were 65 taxa. Out of the reported 

species, 43% of the taxa (57 species) are red-listed, 12% are protected by law in Poland (15 

species), and 25 species are considered to be the lichens-indicators of lowland old-growth 

forest in Poland. Particularly noteworthy collections include: Caloplaca lucifuga, 

Candelariella efflorescens, Cliostomum griffithii, Phaeophyscia endophoenicea and Pyrenula 

laevigata. The results could provide a reference point (in a regional and supra-regional scale) 

and a practical tool, both in assessing the state of conservation of lichen biota, as well as the 

degree of transformation of meso-and eutrophic deciduous forests. It seems to be particularly

important because of the recently described changes in natural forest ecosystems caused not 

only by their economic exploitation but also by the global warming. 

THE LICHEN GENUS Ochrolechia IN EUROPE 

M. KUKWA 

Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Al. 

Legionów 9, PL-80-441 Gdańsk, Poland 

E-mail: dokmak@ug.edu.pl 

27 taxa of Ochrolechia have been confirmed from Europe, with one taxon tentatively 

referred to O. aff. mahluensis. One species has been described as new and one new 

combination proposed. Ochrolechia mahluensis has been proposed for O. androgyna A sensu 

Tønsberg (1992) with O. androgyna var. pergranulosa as its synonym. The new division of 

the genus into taxonomically informal groups and 18 new synonyms have been proposed. 44 

names have been lectotypified and two epitypified. Four names have been excluded from the 

genus, and the identity of 12 names has remained unclear. New data on the chemistry have 

been reported. Ochrolechia juvenalis, O. oregonensis, O. subathallina and O. subpallescens 

have been excluded from the European lichen biota. 

LICHENS AS INDICATORS OF OLD-GROWTH AND PRISTINE FORESTS IN 

RUSSIAN FAR EAST 

E. S. KUZNETSOVA, D. E. HIMELBRANT, 

I. S. STEPANCHIKOVA 





E-mails: igel_kuzn@mail.ru, d_brant@mail.ru, stepa_ir@mail.ru 

In contrast to Europe, the investigation of lichens as indicators of long ecological 

continuity of the forests has a quite short history in Russia (Red Data Book of Komi Republic, 

1998, 2009; Anderson et al., 2009). However the attempts to select indicators for the purpose 

of their further use to surveying of forests and evaluation of their quality were undertaken not 

only in European part of Russia, but in the Far East as well. 

During last ten years the lichen flora of main plant communities of Kamchatka 

Peninsula was investigated in the frame of the phytosociological expeditions of Komarov 

Botanical Institute RAS (e. g., Neshataeva et al., 2002–2009; Himelbrant, Stepanchikova, 

2011). The complexes of species indicating the long ecological continuity of stone-birch 

(Betula ermanii), spruce (Picea ajanensis) and flood-plain forests (dominated with Populus 

suaveolens and Chosenia arbutifolia) were detected. Some of the species were included in 

Red Data Book of Kamchatka Region (2007) as associated with rare and vulnerable 

communities. Abies gracilis stand remains on Kamchatka only as a very small grove (ca. 20 

ha) on the Eastern Coast. The lichen flora of this community is quite poor and doesn't include 

any indicator species. 

The first investigation aimed to select species associated with undisturbed old-growth 

and pristine forests in Primorye Region (Sikhote Alin’) were carried out in 2010. Fir-spruce

forests (Abies nephrolepis) and mixed forests (Picea spp., Pinus koraiénsis, Abies 

nephrolepis, Acer spp., Betula spp.) were investigated. The lichen flora of Primorye Region is 

exceptionally rich and diverse not only in old-growth and pristine forests, but in disturbed and 

secondary communities as well. Some species like Usnea longissima that we are used to treat 

as very good indicators in other regions loose here their indicator value. Due to these reasons, 

it is not so easy to select the most sensitive and threatened core of the flora. On the current 

stage of investigations it is possible to propose only preliminary list of the main indicator 

species. 

LICHENS IN A CHRONOSEQUENCE OF 16-236 YEAR-OLD KELO TREES 

P. LÕHMUS 1* , A. LÕHMUS 1 , J. KOUKI 2 

1 Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise st. 46, 

EE-51014, Tartu, Estonia 

2 

School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, 

Finland 

*E-mail: piret.lohmus@ut.ee 

Standing (debarked) dead trees support diverse and unique lichen communities in 

boreal forests. At the trunk scale, tree species, wood exposure and decay stage are known to 

have key importance for lichen richness and composition, but the role of exposure time has 

not been explored. We used a unique study system of 25 dendrochronologically dated kelo 

trees (slowly decaying standing pines) in Hietavaara primeval forest, East-Finland, which 

spanned over 16–236 years since their death. The abundance of lichenized and allied fungi 

was investigated at every 0.5-m section of each trunk, from the base up to 3.5 m, and some 

additional characteristics of each kelo were described 

In total, 88 species were found. That exceeds considerably the known richness 

numbers found in comparable studies. The time since kelo death was not related to lichen 

species richness (multiple regression) or their species composition (MRPP test). However, the 

kelos that had died at a younger age and were more decayed by now had more species. The 

variation in lichen community composition was best explained by the average decay stage and 

the proportion of exposed wood. Comparisons of the species composition along the height 

sections provided support to the prevailing practice to sample lichens up to 2 m heights in 

dead trees (sections >1.5 m did not add specific species). 

We conclude that the main “time frame” for the dispersal and establishment of woodinhabiting 

lichens is restricted to a few decades. In the long term, lichen communities appear 

to be most affected by the direct microhabitat characteristics, and their development, both 

during the life and after the death of the trees.

EPIPHYTIC AND EPIXYLIC LICHENS IN GREAT CORMORANT COLONY 

J. MOTIEJŪNAITĖ 1 , G. ADAMONYTĖ 1 , R. TARAŠKEVIČIUS 2 

1 Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, LT-08406 Vilnius, 

Lithuania 

2 Institute of Geology and Geography, Nature Research Centre, Ševčenkos Str. 13, 


E-mails: jurga.motiejunaite@botanika.lt, grazina.adamonyte@botanika.lt, 

taraskevicius@geo.lt 

In year 2010 a project was started aiming to investigate changes in the biotic and 

abiotic components of forest ecosystem induced by a colony of great cormorant 

(Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis). Lichens were among the study objects; they were 

investigated on all available substrate groups in various bird colony influence zones. 

Results of the preliminary investigations show that cormorant colony activities 

dramatically changed lichen communities which have transformed into species-poor 

nitrophilic assemblages with prevailing two highly nitrotolerant lichens, often forming 

monospecific communities on bark (Phaeophyscia orbicularis) or vertical wood surfaces 

(Xanthoria candelaria) in the centre of the colony. Outside the colony acidophilic and 

neutrophilic communities prevailed which were transformed into very much depauperated 

assemblages at the colony edges and into lichen desert in the most active part of the colony. 

Changes in lichen species numbers, composition, abundance and substrate 

colonization correlated with significant alterations of substrate chemical properties. Lichen 

desert in the most active part of the colony was, however, related not to the extreme elevation 

of pH and nutrient (N/P) levels but rather to the die-away of acidophilic lichen communities 

and apparently to too short time for establishment of nitrophilous species, as it is known that 

time span between the appearance of first cormorant nests and death of a tree makes only 2–5 

years. 

Acknowledgements. This research was funded by a grant No LEK-23/2010 from the 


STUDIES OF LICHEN DIVERSITY ON THE ANTHROPOGENIC SUBSTRATES IN 

OLD CEMETERIES 

I. PRIGODINA LUKOŠIENĖ, V. KUODYTĖ 

Department of Botany and Genetics, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21/27, LT- 

03101 Vilnius, Lithuania 

E-mails: ingrida.prigodina@gf.vu.lt, wilmmius@gmail.com. 

Studies of lichen diversity on the anthropogenic substrates in old Lithuanian 

cemeteries were started on 2010–2011. The research began at the Bernardinai cemetery 

established in 1810 in Vilnius. During the research 37 taxa of lichens were identified on the 

man-made substrates in Bernardinai cemetery. Analysis of morphological structure showed 

that foliose lichens dominated on the anthropogenic substrates. Number of fruticose lichen 

was quite small (barely one tenth of found species). Analysis of life forms showed that all 

studied substrates are dominated by Physcia lichen life form (one third of identified species). 

Exophleoidic and Parmelia- life forms of lichens were also abundant. During the research in 

Bernardinai cemetery lichen taxa were recorded on 6 types of substrates: on metal (22 taxa of 

lichens), on granite (30), on concrete (20), stone (3), on stone – concrete gravestones (10), on

wooden crosses (11). According to light requirement on anthropogenic substrates, most 

numerous are species, whose ecological amplitudes vary from averagely photophilous to 

extraphotophilous. These species accounted for 47 % of all taxa diagnosed in cemetery. 

During the research three indifferent to light requirement lichen species were identified: 

Lecanora albescens, Lecanora pulicaris, Caloplaca citrina. According to dependence on air 

humidity in cemetery dominate mesophilous species, and to a lesser extent – xerophilous 

lichens. Extraxerophilous indexes are characterized to Physconia perisidiosa and Physconia 

grisea species. During the research extrahigrophilous species were not found on 

anthropogenic substrates. According to eutrophication level averagely nitrophilous species are 

most numerous (50 % of all species). 2 rather rare, 4 rather common, 7 common and 21 very 

common lichen species were identified on anthropogenic substrates in Bernardinai cemetery. 

Two species from the rather rare category were reported – Aspicilia contorta ssp. 

hoffmanniana and Scoliciosporum umbrinum. It is planned to further study diversity of 

lichens of same age cemeteries in different parts of Lithuania. 

LICHENS OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS IN FINLAND 

J. PYKÄLÄ 

Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Environment Centre, P. O. Box 140, FI-00251 

Helsinki, Finland 

E-mail: juha.pykala@ymparisto.fi 

Calcareous rocks are threatened habitat types in Finland. The main threats are mining, 

building and forestry practices. Most calcareous rocks are very small, and thus vulnerable to 

changes in land use close to them. Lichens of calcareous rocks have been previously 

insufficiently known, although many rare species are known to occur only on calcareous 

rocks. 

During the years 2003–2008 120 calcareous rocks and lime quarries were studied in 

SW Finland. During the years 2009–2010 the study was expanded to cover all parts of 

Finland and additional 175 sites have been studied. The field work is continuing in 2011. 

The main aims are to study distribution and habitat characteristics of lichens of 

calcareous rocks and lime quarries in Finland, and to produce data for a more precise 

evaluation of their threat status. The results can be used to evaluate conservation and 

management needs of calcareous rocks and lime quarries and to develop management 

instructions for them. 

Over 13 000 specimens have been collected and up to date 137 lichens new to Finland 

have been found. The total number of calcicolous lichens is ca. 280 species, which is 16 % of 

all lichens occurring in Finland. The proportion of lichen species on calcareous rocks is more 

than 100-fold compared to the area of calcareous rocks. 

New localities have been found for most threatened lichens of calcareous rocks (e.g. 

Collema multipartitum, Nephroma helveticum, Peltigera retifoveata). Five species considered 

extinct from Finland have been refound (Caloplaca variabilis, Catapyrenium psoromoides, 

Coenogonium luteum, Gyalecta subclausa, Rinodina immersa). Numerous species of 

Verrucaria occur on calcareous rocks. 60 species new to Finland have been identified. 

However, a large number of species still remains unidentified. 

A strong south-north gradient occurs in the lichen flora of calcareous rocks. Many 

species occur only in southern or northern part of Finland. Many lichens on calcareous rocks 

are very rare. Small populations are typical to many species. 

Lime quarries are very important for many calcicolous lichens due to their large size. 

Several rare pioneer calcicolous lichens disperse rather effectively to lime quarries.

LICHEN STUDIES ON KARELIAN ISTHMUS (LENINGRAD REGION, RUSSIA) – 

HISTORY AND THE PRESENT SITUATION 

I. S. STEPANCHIKOVA, D. E.HIMELBRANT, 

E. S. KUZNETSOVA 





E-mails: stepa_ir@mail.ru, d_brant@mail.ru, igel_kuzn@mail.ru 

Karelian isthmus is located in the north-western Leningrad Region between Gulf of 

Finland and Ladoga Lake and has a total area of ca. 15 000 km 2 . It is covered with coniferous 

and mixed forests, broad-leaved trees are relatively rare. The area includes many lakes and 

rivers. This land has been populated for a long time, so it is rich in settlements and 

agricultural lands, many of them abandoned. In different historical periods the isthmus 

belonged to Sweden, Finland, USSR and Russia. 

The lichen investigations on the Karelian isthmus can be divided into four periods. 

The first (1799–1918) is an initial period which begins from Christian Steven’s and William 

Nylander’s collections. The second (1918–1945) is a period of active work of Finnish and 

Soviet lichenologists on different sides of the Soviet-Finnish border. The third (1945–1992) is 

a period of Soviet studies. Considerable part of the area for a long time after the World War II 

was closed (as military zone), therefore not much lichen material was collected. The forth 

period (1992–nowadays) is characterized by intensive studies: after the Perestroika the 

Russian-Finnish border became not so insuperable, and this gave rise to the international 

scientific collaboration. During the last decade the environmental activity in Leningrad 

Region has developed, and the biodiversity studies have been conducted within the protected 

area management. 

During the critical revision of the herbaria (H, LE, LECB) in 2007–2011 we found 

materials by more than 60 collectors from Karelian isthmus. As a result, ca. 560 species of 

lichens and lichenicolous fungi were listed; significant part of these species (about 50) was 

found only as additional to the main species in the envelopes (not mentioned on the labels). 

Our own collections (2004–2011), mostly from the western part of the Karelian isthmus, 

include 375 species. Altogether ca. 650 species are known from the Karelian isthmus now, 

and the studies are in progress. 

LICHENS IN STREAMS AND RIVERS OF ESTONIA 

A. SUIJA, M. SCHMEIMANN 

Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai Str. 40, EE51005 Tartu, 

Estonia 

E-mails: ave.suija@ut.ee, merje.s@gmail.com 

Lichens can occur in various extreme habitats including inundated stones and treeroots 

in freshwater. This small, highly specialized group of lichens include representatives 

mainly of Verrucariaceae, Lichinaceae, Hymeneliaceae. There are about 250 species

ecorded from the European streams, rivers, and lakes, of them c. 50 species are obligate 

freshwater lichens. 

In summer 2010, epilithic lichens were collected from 25 streams and rivers in 

Estonia. In addition, background data including habitat (e.g. openness, stoniness, current), 

water (pH, conductivity, total content of nitrogen and phosphorus) and stone characteristics 

(limestone vs granite, size and position in river) were collected. 

In total, 35 species were found; of these 14 belong to the group of obligate freshwater 

lichens. Three species – Verrucaria aquatilis, V. hydrela, V. praetermissa – have been found 

in most of the studied streams and rivers. Dermatocapon luridum, previously reported from 

five streams, was not recorded during the search. 

DIVERSITY OF EPIPHYTIC LICHENS AND AIR POLLUTION IN THE TOWN OF 

KAUNAS (CENTRAL LITHUANIA) 

G. SUJETOVIENĖ 

Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos Str. 8, LT-44404 Kaunas, Lithuania 

E-mail: g.sujetoviene@gmf.vdu.lt 

The results of a biomonitoring study carried out in the town of Kaunas (central 

Lithuania) using the diversity of epiphytic lichens as bioindicators of air pollution are 

reported. The relationship between different features of lichen communities and 

environmental variables was investigated. The lowest air quality was found to be in the centre 

of the town – in the part of the study area where the traffic was more intense. The lowest 

index of lichen diversity (ILD) was found in the urban centre also. NO 2 concentration was the 

significant variable; it correlated positively with the proportion of nitrophyte lichen cover and 

negatively with the total lichen cover. It was concluded that the main source of air pollution in 

the area was from the motorized traffic and lichen diversity was largely determined by 

nitrogen dioxide. By calculating the index of atmospheric purity (IAP), three zones were 

established with different air pollution levels (a “poor air quality zone”, a “medium air quality 

zone”, and a “good air quality zone”). The species Xanthoria parietina, Physcia tenella, 

Parmelia sulcata, Lecanora chlarotera, Hypocenomyce scalaris were found to be the most 

tolerant. 

PRESENTATION OF THE NORDIC LICHEN FLORA IV – PARMELIACEAE 

A. THELL 1 , R. MOBERG 2 

1 Lund University, Botanical Museum, Östra Vallgatan 18, SE-22361 Lund, Sweden 

2 Uppsala University, Museum of Evolution, Norrbyvägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden 

E-mails: arne.Thell@biol.lu.se, roland.moberg@em.uu.se 

Until recently the largest macrolichen family, the Parmeliaceae, was regarded to 

contain three larger genera, Parmelia, including foliose species with laminal fruiting bodies, 

Cetraria, erect foliose species with marginal fruiting bodies, and Usnea, beard-lichens, the 

largest of the fruticose genera. Since the middle of the 20th century, these large genera have 

been divided into smaller entities on the basis of thallus morphology, but gradually more 

attention was paid to cortex anatomy, secondary chemistry and reproductive structures, and 

more recently to phylogeny based on DNA sequences. The Parmeliaceae comprises about 

2300 species and 80 genera in the world, i.e., almost one sixth of all the known lichens. The

Nordic Lichen Flora vol. 4 – Parmeliaceae contains 152 species divided to 41 genera, treated 

as separate chapters by 13 researchers specializing in different groups of the Parmeliaceae. 

This new flora is presented including novelties in taxonomy and changes in distribution of 

some of the Nordic species. 

LICHENS OF GOMEL REGION STUDY: HISTORY OF THE SUBJECT 

A. H. TSURYKAU, V. M. KHRAMCHANKOVA 

F. Skoryna Gomel State University, Sovetskaya Str. 104, Gomel, Belarus 

E-mails: tsurikov@front.ru, hramchenkova@gsu.by 

The lichen flora of the Republic of Belarus is studied very unevenly. The main data 

concerns “Byelovezhskaya Pushcha” National park and the northern part of the Republic. 

Lichens of the southern part of Belarus are understudied. A more integrated analysis of the 

species structure of lichen flora of Gomel region seems important. 

The initial information about Gomel Polesye lichen flora relates to the beginning of 

the XX century (Savich, 1909). By 1914 V. P. Savich and L. I. Lubitskaya had described 137 

lichen species mainly for Mozyr and Rechitsa vicinities. The next step in lichen investigation 

was the article by D. K. Ges published in 1960 in which 67 species of lichens were reported 

including 15 new to Gomel region. The Handbooks of lichens of Belarus published in 1965 

and 1973 by N. V. Gorbach were a huge generalization of the long-term data. The total 

number of lichen species for Belarus was 494, including 121 species for Gomel region, 21 of 

which were new to it. 

The lichen flora of “Pripyatsky” National park was studied in 1982–1983 by the 

researchers of V. F. Kuprevich Experimental Botany Institute of the National Academy of 

Sciences of Belarus. In his PhD thesis, V. V. Golubkov reported 184 species and 2 subspecies 

for the National park and 97 for “Mozyr ravines” reserve. The thesis contained the 

information about 84 rare species for Gomel region including 43 species new to it. 25 years 

later, in 2007, V. V. Golubkov et al. reported 163 species for “Mozyr ravines” reserve. 15 

species were new to Gomel region. In 1994–1999 during the lichen monitoring research 45 

species of lichens were found in the cities of Gomel and Svetlogorsk by L. A. Kravchuk. 5 

new species among them were recorded. 

Since 2002 we have been carrying out investigations in Gomel and neighbouring 

districts. As a result 3 families, 3 genera, 27 species and 1 subspecies were determined for 

Gomel region for the first time. 3 lichen species (i.e. Arthonia fuliginosa (Schaerer) Flotow, 

Caloplaca flavocitrina (Nyl.) H. Olivier and Cyphelium notarisii (Tul.) Blomb. & Forssel) 

were found to be new to Belarus (Tsurykau, 2011; Tsurykau, Kondratyuk, 2011). 

So far 263 species and 1 subspecies of lichens are known for Gomel region. 

LICHENS ON SUBSTRATES RICH IN COPPER AND IRON 

S. WALL 

Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE- 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden 

E-mail: wall@chem.gu.se 

There is a number of lichens restricted to substrates rich in iron and/or copper. These 

can mainly be found on waste heaps around mines. Especially when these waste heaps have 

been exposed for around 50 years or more the lichen flora is usually very rich. Investigations

from such a site, Fredriksbergs mining area, will be reported and discussed. The rarely found 

lichen Rhizocarpon furfurosum restricted to copper containing minerals will be also 

discussed. One concern is that such areas are eventually covered with vegetation and the 

lichens on the rocks disappear then. It means that such areas are in great need of protection 

and management. 

Another interesting aspect is the chemistry. Iron and especially copper are toxic to 

most organisms at least when present in excess. There is an interesting question why they can 

manage to live on such substrates. Many of these lichens seems also be depending on 

relatively high concentrations of these metals. In the literature very little has been discussed 

about the mechanism behind this tolerance to toxic metals. However it is proposed that the 

secondary metabolites in the lichen thallus may be the answer to this question. These usually 

phenolic substances can immobilize metal ions and bring down the free concentrations to 

tolerable levels. 

MYCOTOXINS IN THE REINDEER LICHENS 

G. P. KONONENKO, A. A. BURKIN 

All-Russian Research Institute for Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 

Zvenigorodskoe shosse 5, Moscow 123022, Russia 

E-mails: kononenkogp@mail.ru, aaburkin@mail.ru 

Assemblages of diverse filamentous fungi are the integral part of many lichen 

organisms (Arnold et al., 2009) but their metabolic profile is still largely underexplored. By 

the usage of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) we revealed mycotoxins – specific 

metabolites of free-living fungi of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Fusarium – 

in “reindeer moss” extracts and supposed that toxigenic fungi were the actual licheninhabitants 

(Burkin, Kononenko, 2010, 2011). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 

occurrence of mycotoxins in the lichens Cladonia stellaris (Opiz) Pouz et Vězda, C. 

rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg., C.arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot., C. mitis Sandst., Cetraria islandica 

(L.) Ach. and Allocetraria nivalis (L.) Randl. et Saag. A total of 228 thallus samples were 

collected from the expansive territories of the Russian European North (Murmansk region, 

Karelia, Laplandskii zapovednik, Pechoro-Ilychskii zapovednik), the south of Tver region, 

Taimyr district and some of them were divided into low (aged) and high (young) fragments 

before analysis. 

All species were shown to be similar in the mycotoxin composition. High percentage 

of samples contained emodin (89–100%), sterigmatocistin (80–100%), alternariol (61–100%) 

and mycophenolic acid (46–100%). Less frequency was observed for diacetoxyscirpenol (21– 

61%) and citrinin (9–61%). Low appearance of other fungal metabolites – cyclopiazonic acid, 

ergoalkaloids and PR toxin was predominatingly occurred in a few territories or aged lichen 

tissues. Deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonosins, ochratoxin A were very sporadically 

detected. Mycotoxins were present in amounts not exceeding 0.005% of the air-dried thallus 

weight. Wide ranges of concentrations were established for emodin (33–50120 ng/g), 

sterigmatocistin (6–1050 ng/g) and alternariol (20–4898 ng/g). All these data can be regarded 

as evidence of the interaction of uniform multi-component complex of toxigenic fungi with 

various ecophysiological factors and may be its competition with other lichen-associated 

microorganism. Mycotoxins were also detected in herbarium samples and consequently could 

be preserved in the lichens for a very long time (Burkin et al., 2011, in press).

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 

BELARUS 

Ann Telesh, Belarussian State Technological University; oxygene2009@tut.by 

Andrei Tsurykau, F. Skoryna Gomel State University; tsurikov@front.ru 

Vicheslav B. Zviagincev, Belarussian State Technological University; mycolog@tut.by 

BULGARIA 

Rumiana Pandeva, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics; r.pandeva@abv.bg 

Rossitza Rodeva, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics; r.rodeva@abv.bg 

CANADA 

Martin Osis, Alberta Mycological Society; martin@cris-se.com 

ESTONIA 

Edde Leppik, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu; ede.leppik@ut.ee 

Piret Lõhmus, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu; 

piret.lohmus@ut.ee. 

Liis Marmor, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu; marmor@ut.ee 

Ave Suija, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu; ave.suija@ut.ee 

Triin Varvas, Estonian University of Life Sciences; triin.varvas@emu.ee 

FINLAND 

Filip Högnabba, Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History; 

fillip.hognabba@helsinki.fi 

Juha Pykälä, Finnish Environmental Institute; juha.pykala@ymparisto.fi 

GERMANY 

Peter Scholz, Paetzstraße 37, D-04435 Schkeuditz; flechten.scholz@gmx.de 

HUNGARY 

Edit Farkas, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; 

efarkas@botanika.hu 

Katalin Molnar, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; 

kmcz100@gmail.com 

LATVIA 

Biruta Bankina, Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Agriculture; 

biruta.bankina@llu.lv 

Anna Bazhenova, Latvian Plant Protection Research centre 

Gunita Bimsteine, Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Agriculture; 

Gunita.Bimsteine@llu.lv 

Inita Daniele, Natural History Museum of Latvia; inita.daniele@ldm.gov.lv 

Darta Klavina, LVMI “Silava”; darta.klavina@silava.lv 

Diana Meiere, Natural History Museum of Latvia; diana.meiere@ldm.gov.lv 

Regina Rancane, Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre; regina.rancane@laapc.lv 

Julija Volkova, Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre; julija.volkova@laapc.lv 

LITHUANIA 

Gražina Adamonytė, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre; 

grazina.adamonyte@botanika.lt

Vaidilutė Dirginčiutė-Volodkienė, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre; 

vaidiluted@gmail.com 

Reda Iršėnaitė, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre; reda.irsenaite@botanika.lt 

Tatjana Iznova, Department of Botany and Genetics, Vilnius University; 

tatjana.iznova@gf.vu.lt 

Audrius Kačergius, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre; 

audrius.kacergius@botanika.lt 

Jonas Kasparavičius, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre; 

jonas.kasparavicius@botanika.lt 

Ernestas Kutorga, Department of Botany and Genetics, Vilnius University; 

ernestas.kutorga@gf.vu.lt 

Svetlana Markovskaja, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre; 

svetlana.markovskaja@botanika.lt 

Jurga Motiejūnaitė, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre; 

jurga.motiejunaite@botanika.lt 

Dalia Pečiulytė, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre; dalia.peciulyte@botanika.lt 

Žydrūnas Preikša, Lithuanian University of Agriculture; griciukas@gmail.com 

Ingrida Prigodina Lukošienė, Department of Botany and Genetics, Vilnius University; 

ingrida.prigodina@gf.vu.lt 

Jolanta Rimšaitė Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, jolanta@ekoi.lt 

Jonė Rukšėnienė, Department of Botany and Genetics, Vilnius University; 

jone.rukseniene@gf.vu.lt 

Vilija Snieškienė, Kaunas Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University; 

v.snieskiene@bs.vdu.lt 

Antanina Stankevičienė, Kaunas Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University; 

a.stankeviciene@bs.vdu.lt 

Darius Stončius, Foundation for the Development of Nature Protection Projects; 

darius.s@glis.lt 

Gintarė Sujetovienė, Vytautas Magnus University ; g.sujetoviene@gmf.vdu.lt 

Elena Survilienė, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and 

Forestry; e.surviliene@lsdi.lt 

Alma Valiuškaitė, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and 

Forestry; a.valiuskaite@lsdi.lt 

POLAND 

Pawel Czarnota, Department of Agroecology and Landscape Architecture, University of 

Rzeszów; pawczarnota@poczta.onet.pl 

Beata Guzow-Krzeminska, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk; 

beatagk@biotech.ug.gda.pl 

Dariusz Kubiak, Department of Mycology, Warmia and Mazury University in Olsztyn; 

darkub@uwm.edu.pl 

Martin Kukwa, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of 

Gdansk; dokmak@univ.gda.pl. 

RUSSIA 

Svetlana U. Abdulmanova, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology UD RAS; 

svabdulmanova@e1.ru 

Evgeny Banaev, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of 

Sciences; alnus2005@mail.ru 

Margarita A. Fadeeva, Forest Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences; 

fadeeva@krc.karelia.ru 

Ludmila V. Gagarina, Komarov Botanical Institute; kvercus@yandex.ru

Dmitry E. Himelbrant, Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, St. Petersburg State University; 

d_brant@mail.ru 

Galina P. Kononenko, All-Russian Research Institute for Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and 

Ecology; kononenkogp@mail.ru 

Liudmila A. Konoreva, Polar-alpine Botanical Garden-Institute; ajdarzapov@yandex.ru 

Eugeny S. Korchikov, Department of Ecology, Botany and Nature Protection, Samara State 

University; evkor@inbox.ru 

Alexei V. Kravchenko, Forest Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences; 

alex.kravchen@mail.ru 

EkaterinaS. Kuznetsova, Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, St. Petersburg State 

University; igel_kuzn@mail.ru 

Irina S. Stepanchikova, Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, St. Petersburg State 

University; stepa_ir@mail.ru 

Maria Tomoshevich, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian 

Academy of Sciences; arysa9@mail.ru 

SWEDEN 

Toni Berglund, Mårbackavägen 13D, SE-691 38, Karlskoga, Sweden 

Arne Thell, Botanical Museum, Lund University; Arne.Thell@botmus.lu.se 

Staffan Wall, Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg; wall@chem.gu.se 

Martin Westberg, Swedish Museum of Natural History; Martin.Westberg@nrm.se

USEFUL TELEPHONE NUMBERS 

Emergency (police, ambulance) 112 

Info 118 

Organizers: 

Ms. Jurga Motiejūnaitė +370 61290616 

Ms. Gražina Adamonytė +370 61559971 

ISBN 978-9986-443-56-8

FUNGI AND LICHENS IN THE BALTICS AND BEYOND XVIII ...

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