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Conidiogenous Stock Photos and Images
RMRGKBXH–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. 250 D. L. HAWKSWORTH Observations: The superficial appearance of this species is remarkably similar to that of Sclerococcum sphaerale, which is known to inhabit saxicolous but not corticolous Pertusaria species, but on microscopic examination proves to be readily distinguishable by the 0(-l) celled conidia and less complex conidiogenous apparatus. At first I wondered if S. simplex should be placed in the same genus as S. sphaerale but as they agree in most characters apart from the arrangement of the conidiogenous cells and the conidia
RMRGKBYX–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 245. Fig. 30 Psammina stipitata (1MI 225006—holotype). A, Conidium. B, Conidiogenous cell with the arms of a conidium starting to develop. C, Detail of portion of a conidium.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). London : BM(NH)
RMRGKCA3–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. 214 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fig. 12 Dictyophrynella bignoniacearum (URM 28007—holotype). A study of the original material by both light and scanning electron microscopy left no doubt as to the accuracy of Batista & Cavalcanti's (1964) description and illustration. Dictyophrynella appears superficially like a Hansfordiellopsis in which the role of the vertical conidiogenous cells has been taken over by the cells subtending them. If this were so the merits of retaining Dictyophry- nella as a distinct genus might be doubted, but in addition
RMRGJHCW–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. LICHENICOLOUS COELOMYCETES 45. lOjLLm Fig. 21 Minutophoma chrysophthalmae (IMI 237276—holotype). A, Vertical section of pycnidium. B, Surface view of cells from the upper part of the pycnidium which easily separate. C, Conidia. D, Conidiogenous cells. elongated and also pigmented below, and the extremely small conidia. An additional feature might be the absence of a very deeply pigmented area around the ostiole, but this is not emphasized here because the whole of the exposed part of the pycnidium in M. chrysophthalmae might b
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 233 rCir>^ ^^"cS^^>>^. Fig. 23 Illosporium carneum (Jaap, Fungi sel. Exs. 450, K). A, Vertical section of sporodochium on a Peltigera thallus. B, Conidiogenous cells and chains of conidia. C, Conidia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). London : BM(NH) Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGKC4A/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-botany-the-lichenicolous-hyphomycetes-233-rcirgt-quotcsgtgt-fig-23-illosporium-carneum-jaap-fungi-sel-exs-450-k-a-vertical-section-of-sporodochium-on-a-peltigera-thallus-b-conidiogenous-cells-and-chains-of-conidia-c-conidia-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-british-museum-natural-history-london-bmnh-RGKC4A.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 233 rCir>^ ^^"cS^^>>^. Fig. 23 Illosporium carneum (Jaap, Fungi sel. Exs. 450, K). A, Vertical section of sporodochium on a Peltigera thallus. B, Conidiogenous cells and chains of conidia. C, Conidia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). London : BM(NH) Stock Photo")
RMRGKC4A–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 233 rCir>^ ^^"cS^^>>^. Fig. 23 Illosporium carneum (Jaap, Fungi sel. Exs. 450, K). A, Vertical section of sporodochium on a Peltigera thallus. B, Conidiogenous cells and chains of conidia. C, Conidia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). London : BM(NH)
RMRGGD44–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 32 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fig. 17 Libertiella malmeydensis (K—isotype). A, Pycnidia on the host thallus showing the deeply pigmented ring around the ostiole. B, Vertical section of pycnidium. C, Vertical section of pycnidial wall with granular encrustations on the outer cells. D, Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. E, Conidia. 1880.' There can consequently be no doubt that Spegazzini's article, which was an appendix to that of Roumeguere, appeared before the printing and distribution of the part ofGrevillea including Cooke's pap
RMRGJHMC–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. lOjwn Fig. 9 Epicladonia stenospora (Dobbeler 1827). A, Vertical section of pycnidial wall with conidiogenous cells. B, Conidia. VI. KARSTENIOMYCES D. Hawksw. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 74 : 371 (1980). Conidiomata pycnidial, arising singly, scattered or loosely aggregated, subglobose, superficial, nectrioid, translucent pale orange to deep red, ostiole irregular and forming schizogenously; walls thick, composed of thick-walled pseudosclerenchymatous cells with much-reduced lumina. Conidiophores cylindrical, sympodially branched.
RMRGKC84–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. 222 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. lOum Fig. 16 Hansfordiellopsis elongata (IMI 85643—holotype). A, Conidia. B, Mycelium and attached conidiogenous cells. C, Mycelium in surface view showing arrangement of the hyphopodia-like cells. range to H. lichenicola, but any categoric statement would be premature in the absence of further material. Perithecia are abundantly developed from mycelia of Hansfordiellopsis elongata in the type collection and some perithecia were also noted on IMI 52353c, although in that material they were effete. The perfect stat
RMRGGD58–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 10/im Fig. 15A-B, Laeviomyces opegraphae (E—holotype); A, conidiogenous cells; B, conidia. C, L. pertusariicola (IMI 186240), conidia. Distribution: British Isles (Scotland). Evidently not uncommon in Scotland on this host and to be expected throughout the range of the host lichen. Observations: This new species is included within Laeviomyces with some hesitation as the pycnidial wall is so poorly developed and almost hyphal, rather than pseudoparen- chymatous as in L. pertusariicola. However, the pigmented and annellate conid
RMRGKBFN–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. . 10um B-D J A 50um Fig. 45 Gliocephalis pulchella (PAD—holotype), A, Conidiophore apex. B, Arrangement of conidiogenous cells. C-D, Conidia. which are discoloured brownish. As the fungus, superficially reminiscent of the Mucorales, occurred on only a single fragment, on its upper and lower surfaces, and was originally reported associated with adjacent mosses, I consider that it is a saprophyte which is not obligately licheni- colous and which arose secondarily on decaying thalli of the lichen; it is consequently treated here and not i
RMRGJH5X–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. Fig. 29 Pseudoseptoria usneae (K—isotype). A, Conidiogenous cells. B, Conidia. C, Surface view of cells of pycnidial wall. collection are infected with Lichenoconium usneae (Anzi) D. Hawksw., and some dark brown torulose mycelium and galls that may be young Abrothallus usneae Rabenh. are present on other parts of the thallus. Distribution: Italy and Spain (fide Santesson, 1960 : 519). Observations: Vouaux described this taxon on the basis of the example of Arnold's exsiccatum in Harmand's herbarium. This could not be located a
RMRGKCAE–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. . 10um Dendrodochium subeffusum (K—isotype). A, Conidiogenous cells. B, Conidia. Colonies spreading, ± superficial, white to very pale orange, arising in dying areas of the host thalli; mycelium partly superficial and partly penetrating the upper layers of the host, hyphae flexuose, thin-walled, hyaline, mainly 2-5-4 urn wide. Conidiophores macronematous, forming translucent, applanate, irregular, gelatinized sporodochia mainly 300-500 um across and pale orange, compacted, individually hyaline, branched, irregularly subverticillate wit
RMRGKBJE–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 273 (17—) 19—26(—32) x 5-7-5 urn; these are borne on unbranched, or more rarely 1-3 branched, coni- diophores which are very variable in length but mainly 50-70x2-5-3 (am; the conidiogenous cells are phialidic. This species proved to be conspecific with the taxon generally called Cylindrocarpon tonkinense Bugnicourt (eg. Booth, 1966) but as Massalongo's epithet predates Bugnicourt's by 36 years, the new combination Cylindrocarpon lichenicola (C. Massal.) D. Hawksw. comb. nov. is made for this species here
RMRGJH44–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 62 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fig. 31 Pyrenotrichum splitgerberi (IMI 44258/). A, Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. B, Conidia. otherwise convoluted, slightly thicker at the rounded apex, truncated and to about 1 jam wide at the extreme base, hyaline, multiseptate, with to 8 septa when mature, often with numerous guttules, smooth-walled, 55-80 x 2-3 jum. Hosts: According to Santesson (1952:40) this species is restricted to the thalli of foliicolous lichens belong to the genera Lopadium Korber (9 species) and Ta
RMRGKBJ0–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. . Fig. 43 Raffaelea barbatum (NY—holotype). A, Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. B, Conidia. Massalongo's original collection agrees in almost all details with the description of Cylindro- carpon tonkinense provided by Booth (1966 : 42^13) which was largely based on cultures. The only differences noted were that the chlamydospores tended to be slightly smaller (7-8 urn vs 7-11 urn diam) and the conidiophores somewhat longer, features scarcely meriting taxonomic separation in this group of fungi. Topotype material, collected by Mas
RMRGKC6C–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. 226 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fig. 19 Hansfordiellopsis lichenicola. A, Seta of Tricharia sp. with hyphae of the lichenicolous fungus growing up it (I MI 523536, x 1300). B, Conidiogenous cells, mycelium and conidia (1M1 106122a, x3600). C, Apex of conidiogenous cell showing scar left by conidium secessation (IMI 106122a, x 12 000). A-C Scanning electron micrographs. Observations: Hansfordiellopsis lichenicola is evidently not an uncommon species although it has rarely been mentioned in the literature. The mycelial characters are generally con
RMRGJHGT–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. LICHENICOLOUS COELOMYCETES 27. Fig. 13 Keissleriomyces sandstedeanus (W 1921/185—holotype). A, Vertical section of pycnidium. B, Vertical section of pycnidium wall. C, Surface view of pycnidial wall. D, Conidiogenous cells. E, Conidia. Type species: Laeviomyces pertusariicola (Nyl.) D. Hawksw. (syn. Spilomium pertusarii- cola Nyl.—holotypus). Number of species: Two, both lichenicolous. Observations: The type species of this genus was retained in Lichenoconium as an interim measure by Hawksworth (1977) because a suitable generi
RMRGKCGH–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. 196 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fig. 2 Acremonium spegazzinii (LPS 11.339—holotype). conidiogenous cell. Conidia catenate or sometimes solitary, dry, ellipsoid, obclavate, subcylindri- cal or lemoniform, brown to dark brown, non-septate or transversely septate. Type species: Ampullifera foliicola Deight. Perfect state: ? Teratoschaeta Bat. & Fonseca; see under A. amoeboides. Number of species: Six species are accepted here, one of which is newly described. All occur as obligately lichenicolous fungi on foliicolous lichens with the possible e
RMRGKC8J–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 219. Fig. 15 Fusarium peltigerae (K—isotype). A, Conidiogenous cells with attached conidia. B, ? Microconidia. C, Macroconidia. The epithet 'peltigerae is generally cited as being published in 1851, but that work (Westendorp, 1852 : 407) did not appear until 1852; the latter date is clearly printed on the paper cover of the journal, although the issue was for 1851. The exsiccatum label, which is reproduced word-for- word in Westendorp (loc. cit.), was, however, published in 1849 (Sayre, 1969 : 56) and so
RMRGJH9G–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 25/im. Fig. 26 Phoma dubia (E—holotype). A, Vertical section of pycnidium. B, Conidiogenous cells and pycnidial wall. C, Conidiogenous cells. D, Conidia. at Blainville in 1906 labelled 'Phyllosticta cytospora mini' present which agrees in all details with Vouaux's original description and later collections; the Blainville specimen is consequently designated as neotype for this name here. The name Phyllosticta lichenicola Allescher may have been partly based on a fungus very close to Phoma cytospora (see p. 83). Phoma caperatae
RMRGKC0Y–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. . Fig. 28 Monodictys anaptychiae (HBG—isotype). A, Conidiogenous cells with attached conidia. B, Conidia. Reproduced from Hawksworth (1975o : 220). Hosts: Most commonly collected from decorticate wood in xeric situations and on which it can thrive. This fungus is often found associated with lichen thalli (e.g. dead Parmelia cf. subaurifera Nyl. in the holotype, Lecanora expallens Ach. in Vize's exsiccatum) but appears to be a pathogen of Lecanora conizaeoides Nyl. ex Cromb.; in the latter species the fungus appears as black flecks over
RMRGKBN6–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 259. lOum Fig. 38 Taeniolella verrucosa (hb. Christiansen 569—holotype). almost prostrate, often 1-2 branched at the base, dark brown, smooth-walled at first but some- times with the outer wall splitting to produce a coarsely verrucose ornamentation, thick-walled, septate, constricted at the septa, mainly 30-50 x 6-7 um. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic inte- grated, terminal, subcylindrical, dark brown, not well-defined with the terminal cells in turn acting as conidiogenous cells. Conidia adhering in cha
RMRGK03M–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. LICHENICOLOUS COELOMYCETES. D lOjLim Fig. 1 Asterophoma mazaediicola (herb. Hafellner—holotype). A, Infected mazaedium with pycnidia extruding conidia in mucilaginous drops. B, Vertical section of pycnidium. C, Conidiogenous cells. D, Conidia. attenuated and projecting slightly at the exterior to give the whole a star-like appearance, 5-8 x 2-4 //m, lined internally with smaller subhyaline to hyaline subglobose to polyhedral pseudoparenchymatous cells 1 -5-3*5 jum diam; mycelium ramifying through the mazae- dium, hyphae hyalin
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. LICHENICOLOUS COELOMYCETES 31. A^ i.^v^^^ v*-**- - " Fig. 16 Libertiella malmeydensis (K—isotype). A, Vertical section of pycnidium (x 500). B, Vertical section of pycnidial wall with conidiogenous cells and conidia (x 1020). wide. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, arising terminally and laterally from short conidio- phores or directly from the inner wall of the pycnidial cavity, cylindrical, phialidic with a short collarette, rarely proliferating, hyaline, 10-12 x 2-3*5//m. Conidia abundant, adhering together in gelatin Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGGD4N/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-botany-botany-lichenicolous-coelomycetes-31-a-iv-v-quot-fig-16-libertiella-malmeydensis-kisotype-a-vertical-section-of-pycnidium-x-500-b-vertical-section-of-pycnidial-wall-with-conidiogenous-cells-and-conidia-x-1020-wide-conidiogenous-cells-enteroblastic-arising-terminally-and-laterally-from-short-conidio-phores-or-directly-from-the-inner-wall-of-the-pycnidial-cavity-cylindrical-phialidic-with-a-short-collarette-rarely-proliferating-hyaline-10-12-x-2-35m-conidia-abundant-adhering-together-in-gelatin-RGGD4N.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. LICHENICOLOUS COELOMYCETES 31. A^ i.^v^^^ v*-**- - " Fig. 16 Libertiella malmeydensis (K—isotype). A, Vertical section of pycnidium (x 500). B, Vertical section of pycnidial wall with conidiogenous cells and conidia (x 1020). wide. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, arising terminally and laterally from short conidio- phores or directly from the inner wall of the pycnidial cavity, cylindrical, phialidic with a short collarette, rarely proliferating, hyaline, 10-12 x 2-3*5//m. Conidia abundant, adhering together in gelatin Stock Photo")
RMRGGD4N–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. LICHENICOLOUS COELOMYCETES 31. A^ i.^v^^^ v*-**- - " Fig. 16 Libertiella malmeydensis (K—isotype). A, Vertical section of pycnidium (x 500). B, Vertical section of pycnidial wall with conidiogenous cells and conidia (x 1020). wide. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, arising terminally and laterally from short conidio- phores or directly from the inner wall of the pycnidial cavity, cylindrical, phialidic with a short collarette, rarely proliferating, hyaline, 10-12 x 2-3*5//m. Conidia abundant, adhering together in gelatin
RMRGJHBE–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. lOjim Fig. 23 Nigropuncta rugulosa (IMI 241409—holotype). A, Conidiogenous cells and detail of pycnidial wall. B, Conidiogenous chain with developing conidia. C, Cells squashed from the irregular multicellular conidia. outer part composed of 2-5 irregular layers of loosely to moderately compacted interwoven hyphae, hyphae thick-walled, hyaline, 2*5-3 jum wide, inner part comprising thinner-walled mainly isodiametric loosely packed pseudoparenchymatous cells, 2—3*5 jum diam, these scarcely distinguishable from conidiophores. Co
RMRGJHWW–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. LICHENICOLOUS COELOMYCETES. Fig. 5A-B, Epicladonia sandstedei (IMI 240228); A, infected podetium with galls (x 125); B, vertical section of pycnidium (x 500). C, E. stenospora (Dobbeler 1827), infected squamule showing decolorization and pycnidia (x 20). appearing almost cellular in parts. Conidiophores absent or short-cylindrical, simple or sparsely branched at the base, hyaline, variable in length, to 25 jum tall, 3^//m wide. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, arising directly from the pycnidial wall or integrated into the con
RMRGJH0W–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fig. 36 Verrucaster lichenicola. A, Infected podetium (x2). B, Gall with pycnidia (x 12). C, Conidiophores (x 1000). D, Conidiogenous cells (x 1000). E, Conidia (x 1000). Reproduced from Tobler(1913: 383). Corda's collection occurred only fortuitously. Corda's fungus is correctly placed in Seimatosporium and has an extensive synonymy (Sutton, 1975 : 136); it is the anamorph of Clathridium corticola (Fuckel) Shoem. & E. Mliller (syn. Griphosphaeria corticola (Fuckel) Hohnel) the connection between the two
RMRGKBY8–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 247. Fig. 31 Pseudocercospora lichenum (W 1912/117—holotype). A, Conidiophores, some with young conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells. B, Conidia. flexuose, pale brown, relatively thin-walled, sometimes sparse, 1-5-3 urn wide. Stroma arising on the surface of the apothecial disc, very variable in extent, to 40 urn wide and 20 urn tall but structure often obscure due to mixture with the epithecial tissue and its granular pigments, composed of brown torulose hyphae with cells mainly 3-7 urn long. Coni
RMRGKC5G–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 229. 10/im Fig. 21 Hansfordiellopsis tenuissima (1MI 990866—holotype). recalls H. variegata in having very short conidiogenous cells, but differs from that species in the coloration of the conidia and shape of the basal cell of the conidia. Additional specimen: Ghana: Aburia, on indet. lichens on Cola verticillata, 5 April 1953, T. W. Tinsley (IM1 53448e>!). 4. Hansfordiellopsis tenuissima D. Hawksw. sp. nov. (Fig. 21) Fungus lichenicola. Mycelium superficiale, ex hyphis repentibus, cellulis brunneis p
RMRGJHB3–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 50 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fig. 24 Phoma caloplacae (UPS—holotype). A, Surface view of pycnidium. B, Surface view of pycnidial wall. C, Conidiogenous cells and pycnidial wall. D, Conidia. Observations: Phoma-like fungi on lichens have often been placed in Phyllosticta Pers. ex Desm., a genus formerly adopted for similar fungi on leaves as opposed to stems, presumably in the belief that lichen thalli approximated more closely to 'leaves' than 'stems'. The type species of Phyllosticta, however, is in any case very different, conformin
RMRGJHJ6–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 24 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fif>. 11 Karsteniomyces peltigerae (H-KARST 2041—holotype). A, Vertical section of pycnidium. B, Cells from the inner part of the pycnidial wall. C, Cells from the outer part of the pycnidial wall. D, Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. E, Conidia. Host: Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. and P. rufescens (Weis) Humb., thalli. The type specimen was originally stated to be on P. canina but that host has been redetermined by Mr O. Vmkainen as P. rufescens. The species is, however, correctly reported here fro
RMRGK02G–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. Fig. 2 Bachmanniomyces uncialicola (W 1929/2—holotype of Sirococcus lichenicola). A, Gall with pycnidia close to the apex of a branch, note the thinner stem above the gall (x 125). B, Gall with pycnidia arising laterally, the branch similar in thickness above and below the gall (x 12*5). Number of species: Monotypic. Observations: Bachmanniomyces has no very close allies amongst the non-lichenicolous Coelomycetes. The conidiogenous cells in Discosporium Hohnel (type species D. populeum (Sacc.) B. Sutton) are rather similar but
RMRGJH7K–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. E ^§1% 1%^ y. 10/im Fig. 27 Phoma peltigerae (H-KARST 2041—holotype). A, Surface view of pycnidium. B, Vertical section of pycnidium. C, Surface view of pycnidial wall. D, Conidiogenous cells and pycnidial wall. E, Conidia. Observations: Phoma peltigerae recalls P. cytospora but differs in the broader conidia, thickening of the pycnidial wall cells, and larger pycnidia, as well as in occurring on quite different hosts. Phyllosticta peltigerae was originally described from 'Mustiala' but no material under this name from that lo
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. Fig. 19 Lichenosticta alcicornaria. A-E (Rasanen, Lick. Exs. no. 600, K); A, pycnidia on podetia of the host; B, vertical section of pycnidium; C, cells from the pycnidial wall; D, chains of conidiogenous cells; E, conidia. F (Hafellner 1834), Conidiogenous cells and conidia. G (BM—isotype), Conidiogenous cells and conidia. conspicuous narrow proliferations) 1-1 "5 /mi wide. Conidia adhering in slime and extruded as a gelatinous drop, lacriform, plano-convex to concavo-convex, rounded at the apex and distinctly attenuated Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGGD0W/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-botany-botany-fig-19-lichenosticta-alcicornaria-a-e-rasanen-lick-exs-no-600-k-a-pycnidia-on-podetia-of-the-host-b-vertical-section-of-pycnidium-c-cells-from-the-pycnidial-wall-d-chains-of-conidiogenous-cells-e-conidia-f-hafellner-1834-conidiogenous-cells-and-conidia-g-bmisotype-conidiogenous-cells-and-conidia-conspicuous-narrow-proliferations-1-1-quot5-mi-wide-conidia-adhering-in-slime-and-extruded-as-a-gelatinous-drop-lacriform-plano-convex-to-concavo-convex-rounded-at-the-apex-and-distinctly-attenuated-RGGD0W.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. Fig. 19 Lichenosticta alcicornaria. A-E (Rasanen, Lick. Exs. no. 600, K); A, pycnidia on podetia of the host; B, vertical section of pycnidium; C, cells from the pycnidial wall; D, chains of conidiogenous cells; E, conidia. F (Hafellner 1834), Conidiogenous cells and conidia. G (BM—isotype), Conidiogenous cells and conidia. conspicuous narrow proliferations) 1-1 "5 /mi wide. Conidia adhering in slime and extruded as a gelatinous drop, lacriform, plano-convex to concavo-convex, rounded at the apex and distinctly attenuated Stock Photo")
RMRGGD0W–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. Fig. 19 Lichenosticta alcicornaria. A-E (Rasanen, Lick. Exs. no. 600, K); A, pycnidia on podetia of the host; B, vertical section of pycnidium; C, cells from the pycnidial wall; D, chains of conidiogenous cells; E, conidia. F (Hafellner 1834), Conidiogenous cells and conidia. G (BM—isotype), Conidiogenous cells and conidia. conspicuous narrow proliferations) 1-1 "5 /mi wide. Conidia adhering in slime and extruded as a gelatinous drop, lacriform, plano-convex to concavo-convex, rounded at the apex and distinctly attenuated
RMRGK00E–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. Fig. 4 Cornutispora lichenicola (IMI 186831—holotype). A, Conidiogenous cells. B, Conidia. Reproduced from Hawksworth (1976 : 52). Somerset, Nettlecombe Park, on Parmelia sulcata, 20 September 1980, D. L. Hawkswvrth 5069 (IMI 251487!). Scotland, Kintyre, c. 7 km SW of Crinan, on islet N of Carsaig Island, on Lobaria pulmonaria, 14 August 1977, N. Brandt (E!, IMI 224707!; with Endophragmiella hughesii). —Italy: Sudtirol, Otztaler Alpen, Vinschgau, on Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca, 18 October 1975, J. Hafellner (GZU!; with Lichenoconiu
RMRGKBK3–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 267. Fig. 42 Xanthoriicola physciae. A, Infected discoloured apothecia of Xanthoria parietina ( x 16). B, Conidiophores immersed in the thecium of the host ( x 1400). C-D, Conidiogenous cells ( x3500). E, Conidium in optical section and surface view ( x3500). F, Group of conidia ( x 3000). G, Conidia showing verrucose ornamentation ( x 11 000). A, F-G IMI 171822; B-E IMI 164974. F-G Scanning electron micrographs.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digi
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. OqQ %0. 10/im Fig. 20A-F, Microcalicium subpediccllatum [anamorph] {Hafellner 1095): A, pycnidia on the host thallus; B, vertical section of pycnidium; C, cells from the upper part of the pycnidial wall; D, cells from the lower part of the pycnidial wall; E, conidiogenous cells: F, conidia. G-H, M. conversum [anamorph] (Santcsson 561H p.p); G, conidiogenous cells; H, conidia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance o Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGJHDA/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-botany-botany-oqq-0-10im-fig-20a-f-microcalicium-subpediccllatum-anamorph-hafellner-1095-a-pycnidia-on-the-host-thallus-b-vertical-section-of-pycnidium-c-cells-from-the-upper-part-of-the-pycnidial-wall-d-cells-from-the-lower-part-of-the-pycnidial-wall-e-conidiogenous-cells-f-conidia-g-h-m-conversum-anamorph-santcsson-561h-pp-g-conidiogenous-cells-h-conidia-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-o-RGJHDA.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. OqQ %0. 10/im Fig. 20A-F, Microcalicium subpediccllatum [anamorph] {Hafellner 1095): A, pycnidia on the host thallus; B, vertical section of pycnidium; C, cells from the upper part of the pycnidial wall; D, cells from the lower part of the pycnidial wall; E, conidiogenous cells: F, conidia. G-H, M. conversum [anamorph] (Santcsson 561H p.p); G, conidiogenous cells; H, conidia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance o Stock Photo")
RMRGJHDA–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. OqQ %0. 10/im Fig. 20A-F, Microcalicium subpediccllatum [anamorph] {Hafellner 1095): A, pycnidia on the host thallus; B, vertical section of pycnidium; C, cells from the upper part of the pycnidial wall; D, cells from the lower part of the pycnidial wall; E, conidiogenous cells: F, conidia. G-H, M. conversum [anamorph] (Santcsson 561H p.p); G, conidiogenous cells; H, conidia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance o
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 225. Fig. 18 Hansfordiellopsis lichenicola. A, Conidiogenous cells, conidia and mycelium with hyphopodia- like cells. B-E, Conidia. A 1MI 55448c, a' URM 18781 (holotype), B 1MI 106122c, C IMI 99552a, D IMI 89824a and E IMI 81812. Hosts: On foliicolous lichens, particularly Gyalectidium aspidotum (Vain.) R. Sant., G. rotuli- forme Mull. Arg., Setomyces giganteae Bat. & Bez., 5". orchidae Bat. & Peres, and Tricharia species. Ascocarp formation in the hosts is apparently often inhibited by the p Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGKC75/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-botany-the-lichenicolous-hyphomycetes-225-fig-18-hansfordiellopsis-lichenicola-a-conidiogenous-cells-conidia-and-mycelium-with-hyphopodia-like-cells-b-e-conidia-a-1mi-55448c-a-urm-18781-holotype-b-1mi-106122c-c-imi-99552a-d-imi-89824a-and-e-imi-81812-hosts-on-foliicolous-lichens-particularly-gyalectidium-aspidotum-vain-r-sant-g-rotuli-forme-mull-arg-setomyces-giganteae-bat-amp-bez-5quot-orchidae-bat-amp-peres-and-tricharia-species-ascocarp-formation-in-the-hosts-is-apparently-often-inhibited-by-the-p-RGKC75.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 225. Fig. 18 Hansfordiellopsis lichenicola. A, Conidiogenous cells, conidia and mycelium with hyphopodia- like cells. B-E, Conidia. A 1MI 55448c, a' URM 18781 (holotype), B 1MI 106122c, C IMI 99552a, D IMI 89824a and E IMI 81812. Hosts: On foliicolous lichens, particularly Gyalectidium aspidotum (Vain.) R. Sant., G. rotuli- forme Mull. Arg., Setomyces giganteae Bat. & Bez., 5". orchidae Bat. & Peres, and Tricharia species. Ascocarp formation in the hosts is apparently often inhibited by the p Stock Photo")
RMRGKC75–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. THE LICHENICOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES 225. Fig. 18 Hansfordiellopsis lichenicola. A, Conidiogenous cells, conidia and mycelium with hyphopodia- like cells. B-E, Conidia. A 1MI 55448c, a' URM 18781 (holotype), B 1MI 106122c, C IMI 99552a, D IMI 89824a and E IMI 81812. Hosts: On foliicolous lichens, particularly Gyalectidium aspidotum (Vain.) R. Sant., G. rotuli- forme Mull. Arg., Setomyces giganteae Bat. & Bez., 5". orchidae Bat. & Peres, and Tricharia species. Ascocarp formation in the hosts is apparently often inhibited by the p
RMRFCBJR–. Recent research on foliage diseases : conference proceedings : Carlisle, Pennsylvania, May 29-June 2, 1989. Leaves Diseases and pests United States Congresses. Figures 9-15.—Twig blight of Japanese cedar. 9. Dead twigs (arrow) resulting from inoculation of wounds. 10. A canker formed on a branch following inoculation. 11. A cross section of an acervulus of the twig blight fungus. 12. Conidia produced in chains from conidiogenous cells in an acervulus. 13. A scan- ning electron micrograph of conidia and conidiogenous cells. 14. Conidia with two nuclei, stained with HCl-Giemsa. 15. A transmiss
RMRGJH26–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. lOjLLm Fig. 33A-B, Vouauxiomyces ramalinae (IMI 194098); A, conidiogenous cells; B, conidia. C-D, V. santessonii (UPS—holotype); C, conidiogenous cells; D, conidia. E, V. truncatus (Savoie, Santesson, UPS), conidia. Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed at first but becoming erumpent, to about half exposed at maturity, arising singly, scattered or sometimes in a ring in young infections, black, ostiolate, 55—75 //m diam; pycnidial wall mainly 3-5 cells thick, thickest in the exposed part adjacent to the ostiole, 5-12/im thick, dark
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. i -. *JL <Si: ":. rF*s Fig. 30 Pyrenotrichum splitgerberi (A-B, D-F, IMI 44258/; C, IMI 246129). A-B, Dark conidiomata (x 16). C, Light conMiomata (x25). D, Vertical section of conidoma showing portion with conidiogenous cells (left) and papillae not bearing conidia (centre to right) (x 1020). E, Vertical section of conidioma (x 250). F, Vertical section of lower part of conidioma showing the branched conidiophores (x 1020).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digit Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGJH4G/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-botany-botany-i-jl-ltsi-quot-rfs-fig-30-pyrenotrichum-splitgerberi-a-b-d-f-imi-44258-c-imi-246129-a-b-dark-conidiomata-x-16-c-light-conmiomata-x25-d-vertical-section-of-conidoma-showing-portion-with-conidiogenous-cells-left-and-papillae-not-bearing-conidia-centre-to-right-x-1020-e-vertical-section-of-conidioma-x-250-f-vertical-section-of-lower-part-of-conidioma-showing-the-branched-conidiophores-x-1020-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digit-RGJH4G.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. i -. *JL <Si: ":. rF*s Fig. 30 Pyrenotrichum splitgerberi (A-B, D-F, IMI 44258/; C, IMI 246129). A-B, Dark conidiomata (x 16). C, Light conMiomata (x25). D, Vertical section of conidoma showing portion with conidiogenous cells (left) and papillae not bearing conidia (centre to right) (x 1020). E, Vertical section of conidioma (x 250). F, Vertical section of lower part of conidioma showing the branched conidiophores (x 1020).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digit Stock Photo")
RMRGJH4G–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. i -. *JL <Si: ":. rF*s Fig. 30 Pyrenotrichum splitgerberi (A-B, D-F, IMI 44258/; C, IMI 246129). A-B, Dark conidiomata (x 16). C, Light conMiomata (x25). D, Vertical section of conidoma showing portion with conidiogenous cells (left) and papillae not bearing conidia (centre to right) (x 1020). E, Vertical section of conidioma (x 250). F, Vertical section of lower part of conidioma showing the branched conidiophores (x 1020).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digit
RMRF3T2J–. Recent research on foliage diseases : conference proceedings : Carlisle, Pennsylvania, May 29-June 2, 1989. Leaves Diseases and pests United States Congresses. Figures 9-15.—Twig blight of Japanese cedar. 9. Dead twigs (arrow) resulting from inoculation of wounds. 10. A canker formed on a branch following inoculation. 11. A cross section of an acervulus of the twig blight fungus. 12. Conidia produced in chains from conidiogenous cells in an acervulus. 13. A scan- ning electron micrograph of conidia and conidiogenous cells. 14. Conidia with two nuclei, stained with HCl-Giemsa. 15. A transmiss
RMRGJHNJ–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. LICHENICOLOUS COELOMYCETES 21. Fig. 8 Epicladonia simplex (H- â holotype). A, Vertical section of pycnidial wall. B, Conidiogenous cells. C, Conidia. strongly tapered towards the apex, hyaline, smooth-walled, no annellations seen, mainly 7-12 x 3-3-5 jum. Conidia arising singly, not catenate, subcylindrical to almost cymbiform, often rather irregular in shape, the apex rounded to slightly attenuated and the base narrowed and abruptly truncated by a scar c. 1-1*5 jum wide, simple or exceptionally 1 -septate, frequently 2 or mor
RMRT0GHC–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 34 D. L. HAWKSWORTH B. lOjLim Fig. 18 Lichenoconium species, conidiogenous cells and conidia. A, L. echinosporum (UPS—holotype). B, L. erodens (herb. Christiansen—holotype). C, L. cargillianum (E—holotype). D, L. lichenicola (H-KARST 1246—holotype). E, L. lecanorae (IMI 192264). F, I. pyxidatae (L—holotype). G, L. usneae (K—isotype). H, L. xanthoriae (C—holotype). Reproduced from Hawksworth (1977 : 162, 164).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readabi
RMRGJHCD–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. LICHENICOLOUS COELOMYCETES 47 L2< J t. Fig. 22 Nigropuncta rugulosa (IMI 241409—holotype). A, Infected areolae (x 30). B, Infected areolae showing the emergent conidial masses (x 80). C, Vertical section of pycnidium (lower part) to show the pycnidial wall and conidiogenous cells (x 1020). D, Conidia (x 1020). 3-4 jum latae, Conidia catenata, in cirrhum accumulata, irregulariter, e cellulis numerosis composita, plerumque 20-40 //m diam, atro-olivacea vel nigra, cellulis subglobosis vel angularibus, plerumque simplicibus, ru
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 64 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fig. 32 Pyrenotrichum staurosporum (IMI 4440d). A, Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. B, Conidia. Specimens: Ghana: Aburi, on Landolphia owariensis, 24 May 1949, S. J. Hughes 791 (IMI 4440d).—Malaysia: Cameron Highlands, on Lasioloma arachnoideum on Xanthophvllum affina, 6 September 1953, W. J. Cherwick [A. Johnston no. 1113] (IMI 54915/-;?!). XIX. VOUAUXIELLA Petrak & H. Sydow Beik Repert. now Spec. Regni vegAl: 482 (1927). Alysia Cavalc. & Silva, Publcoes Inst. Micol. Recife 647 : 32 ( Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGJH3H/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-botany-botany-64-d-l-hawksworth-fig-32-pyrenotrichum-staurosporum-imi-4440d-a-conidiogenous-cells-and-developing-conidia-b-conidia-specimens-ghana-aburi-on-landolphia-owariensis-24-may-1949-s-j-hughes-791-imi-4440dmalaysia-cameron-highlands-on-lasioloma-arachnoideum-on-xanthophvllum-affina-6-september-1953-w-j-cherwick-a-johnston-no-1113-imi-54915-!-xix-vouauxiella-petrak-amp-h-sydow-beik-repert-now-spec-regni-vegal-482-1927-alysia-cavalc-amp-silva-publcoes-inst-micol-recife-647-32-RGJH3H.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 64 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fig. 32 Pyrenotrichum staurosporum (IMI 4440d). A, Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. B, Conidia. Specimens: Ghana: Aburi, on Landolphia owariensis, 24 May 1949, S. J. Hughes 791 (IMI 4440d).—Malaysia: Cameron Highlands, on Lasioloma arachnoideum on Xanthophvllum affina, 6 September 1953, W. J. Cherwick [A. Johnston no. 1113] (IMI 54915/-;?!). XIX. VOUAUXIELLA Petrak & H. Sydow Beik Repert. now Spec. Regni vegAl: 482 (1927). Alysia Cavalc. & Silva, Publcoes Inst. Micol. Recife 647 : 32 ( Stock Photo")
RMRGJH3H–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 64 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fig. 32 Pyrenotrichum staurosporum (IMI 4440d). A, Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. B, Conidia. Specimens: Ghana: Aburi, on Landolphia owariensis, 24 May 1949, S. J. Hughes 791 (IMI 4440d).—Malaysia: Cameron Highlands, on Lasioloma arachnoideum on Xanthophvllum affina, 6 September 1953, W. J. Cherwick [A. Johnston no. 1113] (IMI 54915/-;?!). XIX. VOUAUXIELLA Petrak & H. Sydow Beik Repert. now Spec. Regni vegAl: 482 (1927). Alysia Cavalc. & Silva, Publcoes Inst. Micol. Recife 647 : 32 (
RMRGK022–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 12 D. L. HAWKSWORTH B. lOum Fiu. 3 Bachmanniomyces uncialicola (W 1929/2—holotype of Sirococcus lichenicola). A, Gall on geniculately deformed branch. B, Vertical section of pycnidium. C, Vertical section of pycnidial wall. D, Conidiogenous cells. E, Conidia. Exsiccatae*: Arnold, Lick. Exs. no. 1021a (BM!; sub Cladonia uncialis f. biuncialis).—Sandstede, Clad. Exs. no. 161 (BM!; sub C. uncialis), no. 162 (BM!, UPS!; sub C. uncialis).—Schaerer, Lich. If civ. no. 514 (not found on this number in BM but cited by Sandstede, 1931 :
RMRGJH78–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. 56 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. 10/im Fig. 28 Phoma physciicola (W 1910/609—holotype). A, Vertical section of pycnidium. B, Conidiogenous cells and pycnidial wall. C, Surface view of pycnidial wall. D, Conidi- genous cells. E, Conidia. 5. Phoma physciicola Keissler, Hedwigia 50 : 294 (1911). (Fig. 28A-E) Type: Austria, Steiermark, Gams bei Hieflau, on Phvscia aipolia, June 1910, K. von Keissler (W 1910/609—holotype!). Icones: Keissler, Hedwigia 50:295 fig. la-c (1911).—Keissler, Rabenh. Krvpt.-Fl. 8:539 figs. 102-103(1930). Conidiomata p
RMRGJHR7–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany; Botany. lOjim Fig. 6 Epicladonia sandstedei. A-C (IMI 240228); A, vertical section of pycnidial wall; B, conidiogenous cells; C, conidia. D (Krypt. Exs. Vindob. no. 1330/?, K), conidia. E-F (1 893. Harmand, Angers); E, conidiogenous cell; F, conidia. C. comma (L.) Hoffm., C. cyanipes (Sommerf.) Vainio, C. deformis (L.) Hoffm., C.fimbriata (L.) Fr. (incl. C. major (Hagen) Sandst.), C. grayi G. K. Merrill ex Sandst., C. ochrochlora Florke. C. plcurota (Florke) Schaerer, C. pyxidata (L.) Hoflrn., C. subulata (L.) Wigg., and C. turgida Eh
RMRGKC51–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany. 230 D. L. HAWKSWORTH. Fig. 22 Hansfordiellopsis variegata (IMI 4778c—holotype). A, Conidia. B, Conidiogenous cells and mycelium with hyphopodia-like cells. C, Conidium in a very early stage of formation. scar, 18-20x3-5-5 urn. Conidia solitary, dry, acrogenous, obclavate, smooth-walled, 3^4(—5) septate, portion excluding the terminal cell 12-15x3-5-5 urn, brown, basal cell truncated with a scar 1-1 -5 urn wide, apical cell markedly elongated, subhyaline, mainly 10-12 urn long but variable in length, tapering to 1-2 urn wide near the ap
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